exhibit that proves the exception to the rule i attended the excellent presentation at the holocaust museum on jan. 29 and was impressed by the photos and film portraying the courageous acts of heroism among muslims in occupied albania during world war ii. no other muslim community displayed such a commitment to humanitarian aid to their jewish neighbors. when the question is asked why was not similar behavior encountered anywhere else in the muslim world in that period, it is imperative to understand what made the albanian brand of islam so different, and the besa tradition of hospitality and honor so wholly atypical. indeed it was startling to see albanian muslims proudly displaying their certificates of honor from israel, listening to albanian politicians boasting of their close ties with friends and colleagues in the albanian - israeli friendship association and listening to veterans among the former partisans who fought against the german and italian occupying forces recount their exploits and members of the communist party singing their international hymn. what is also worth remembering is that albania, turkey and iran were the first three muslim countries to extend diplomatic recognition to the state of israel in 1949 - 50 and all three incurred the wrath of the entire muslim world for refusing to go along with the invasion of palestine by the armies of six arab countries in order to crush the nascent jewish state in may 1948. these three states were long regarded throughout the muslim world as “ renegades. ” albania ’ s recognition of israel was de jure ( like that of the ussr and not simply de facto as was the case with american recognition ). the muslims of albania have traditionally been divided into two main communities : those associated with sunni islam and those associated with the “ deviant ” bektashi sufis, a mystical dervish order that arrived in albania during the ottoman period in the 18th and 19th centuries. this sect is to this day considered heretical by most mainstream muslims. the bektashis are found primarily in the lands of the south where the tosk dialect of albania prevails ( in contrast to the gheg variety in the north ). it is in the south that we find most of the courageous acts of muslim aid to the jews in world war ii. in the north and especially in neighboring bosnia where there has always been a strong albanian minority, the record of collaboration with the axis and even participation in a german organized ss unit ( the skanderberg dvision ) is very different. the 21st mountain waffen skanderberg division was established by heinrich himmler in march 1944 and named after george kastrioti skanderberg, the national hero of albanians who


ss unit ( the skanderberg dvision ) is very different. the 21st mountain waffen skanderberg division was established by heinrich himmler in march 1944 and named after george kastrioti skanderberg, the national hero of albanians who resisted ottoman invasion for 25 years. its purpose was to crush the resistance movement in yugoslavia and promote ethnic albanian identity and possible creation of a “ greater albania ” but it had little success as most of its conscripts were not enthusiastic about their being dragged into the conflict. the tradition of close albanian cooperation with their jewish neighbors and even pro - israel sentiments is still alive today. on a recent three - day trip in november 2011 to jerusalem and tel aviv, and in meetings with prime minister netanyahu and president shimon peres, albanian prime minister sali berisha criticized unilateral efforts by the palestinian authority to achieve the status of a sovereign state. he stated that “ such moves do not advance a political solution. the palestinians must understand that this is not the way. peace between israel and the palestinians must pass through direct negotiations and promises of security for the two states. ” berisha has sought to boost business ties with israel further, encouraging investors to participate in projects such as the construction of new hydropower stations and development of joint projects in the areas of agriculture, fishing, education, tourism, information technology and energy. albania ’ s readiness in april 1949 to recognize the state of israel, although not followed by an exchange of ambassadors, was a courageous act. it demonstrated the unwillingness, shared with turkey and iran ( all three are non - arab muslim countries ) not to fall prey to muslim extremism, so common in the arab world to promote hostility to israel as a religious issue. turkey, the first muslim state to recognize israel, had under its national leader kemal attaturk completely divorced islam from the state institutions and legal codes of the turkish republic and the iranian shah, who also recognized israel in 1950 was a pro - western leader who realized that economic development and progress for his people would most likely be realized if he followed the turkish model of secularism. the holocaust museum is to be commended for the besa exhibit and adding an important and moving positive portrayal of the record of righteous gentiles. originally printed in the the heritage - florida jewish news, feb. 3, 2012.


editors ' note : updated june 1, 2011. we do a lot of top products lists here at cnet, and manufacturers are usually pretty excited to see their products on those lists. but this is one " top " list that manufacturers probably aren ' t too thrilled to find their products on. as we note in our intro to the list, for a phone to pass fcc certification and be sold in the united states, its maximum sar level must be less than 1. 6 watts per kilogram. in europe, the level is capped at 2 watts per kilogram, whereas canada allows a maximum of 1. 6 watts per kilogram, just like we do. the sar level listed in our charts represents the highest sar level measured with the phone next to the ear as tested by the fcc. it ' s possible for the sar level to vary among different transmission bands ( the same phone can use multiple bands during a call ), and different testing bodies can obtain different results. i should also add our usual disclaimer when discussing cell phone radiation levels. as editor nicole lee says, we are in no way implying that cell phone use is harmful to your health by publishing this list. research abounds, but much of the literature is contradictory. cell phone radiation : harmless or health risk? q & a : researcher ' s strong signal on cell phone risk who : cell phones may cause cancer twenty lowest - radiation u. s. cell phones though some researchers, including the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ), an arm of the world health organization, have recently stated that cell phones could possibly cause cancer, others disagree and say there still is not conclusive or demonstrated evidence that cell phones cause or don ' t cause adverse health effects in humans. in short, the jury is still out. research into the matter will continue, and we will continue to monitor its results. ( for a more complete list of sar ratings for various phones, check out our full quick guide to cell phone radiation levels. ) click on any image to begin the slideshow. models are listed from lowest to highest sar rating, with the last phone on the list at no. 1.


since computer scientists and biochemists at the university of washington launched a project in 2008 that taps into the brainpower of computer gamers to fold proteins, almost 60, 000 people around the world have taken on the challenge. in the process, foldit players have been able to best computers on problems that require radical moves, risks, and long - term vision, according to results being published on thursday, in the journal nature. " the really fundamental question in most scientists ' minds was, ' what can it produce, in terms of results? is there any evidence that it ' s doing something useful? ' " says principal investigator zoran popovic, a uw associate professor of computer science and engineering who clearly not only loves his work, but who loved it back in his thesis days as well. " i hope this paper will convince a lot of those people who were sitting on the sidelines, and the whole genre of scientific discovery games will really take off. " there are more than 100, 000 different kinds of proteins in the human body alone, forming every cell and setting the speed of chemical reactions. while scientists already know the genetic sequences of many, they ' re still working to understand how they fold up into complex shapes that play vital biological roles. thousands of computers are already calculating how physical forces would cause a protein to fold. but computers do not always outperform humans, so the uw team decided to involve the power of thousands of human brains. it turns out that in foldit, which is free, people tend to outperform computers when a problem requires intuitive leaps or strategy shifts. foldit has been compared to tetris, but instead of stacking blocks, players fold a protein. players are awarded points based on the internal energy of the 3d protein structure, and every puzzle has a high score that players can try to best. the foldit energy calculations are carried out by rosetta, which was developed by uw biochemistry professor david baker, who co - authors the foldit paper. baker ' s group has used donated computer cycles through rosetta @ home to help sift through literally trillions of possible orientations for the chains of amino acid molecules that make up proteins. although the players have yet to design proteins that can, say, disable viruses or generate energy, the team at uw is confident that with so much brain and computing power involved, it is only a matter of time before medical issues are tackled. they even included in their author list an acknowledgement of more than 57, 000 fold


australian scientists conduct trials for hepatitis c vaccine in a bid to save people from deadly hepatitis c, australian scientists have developed a vaccine that is undergoing trials. around 200 million people worldwide are suffering from this disease. hepatitis c is an infectious disease that affects liver. the disease is caused by the hepatitis c virus ( hcv ). the infection generally does not have symptoms, but can results in scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, becomes evident after many years. in certain cases, those suffering from cirrhosis develop liver failure or liver cancer. the vaccine which is under trial is a result of a breakthrough work done by heidi drummer, associate professor from burnet institute and his team from its virology centre. for the development of vaccine drummer and her team overcame a major hurdle in hcv vaccine research, and went on to develop a vaccine candidate that protects against a number of different hcv strains, says a burnet statement. " hepatitis c has a great ability to change its structure and evade the immune response. this makes vaccine development challenging, " drummer has been quoted as saying. " our vaccine is unique as it contains only the most essential, conserved parts of the major viral surface protein, eliciting antibodies that prevent both closely and distantly related hepatitis c viruses from entering cells, thereby preventing infection, " drummer stated. drummer presented these findings at the prestigious immunotherapeutics and vaccine summit ( imvacs ) in cambridge, massachussets, us, on aug 13. - - with inputs from ians read more : cambridge road | s. v. u. p. g. centre | g. s. t. centre | k. p. centre | science institute lsg so | karnata health institute | indian institute of technology | central institute of technolog | k. r. centre | birouli rural institute | morarji desai national institute of yoga | central institute of psychiatry, ranchi | national institute of homeopathy | gandhigram rural institute | national dairy research institute | birbal sahni institute of palaeobotany | central institute of indian language | g20 summit | rio + 20 summit | national institute of virology priyanka chopra ' s life now part of school curriculum! may 23, 2013 at 8 : 48 am bjp was never a constructive opposition - shukla may 22, 2013 at 11 : 06 pm minus scam the upa report card is biased javadekar ( nnis exclusive ) may 22, 2013


from my research in hungary, one of the key things that has struck me is the way in which multiple representations and images are used to support the development of very abstract and complex mathematical ideas. this month ' s website will seek to illustrate this and offer some problems and resources that help students to develop notions of abstract mathematical ideas through exposure to a range of representations of them. this all sounds rather obscure and abstract in itself so let me illustrate this with two examples one from a class of 7 year old students and the other from a class of 15 year olds. for the younger students the concept under consideration was the idea of the number six. during the course of one lesson focused on this number, the children were offered a range of iconic and symbolic representations of six and asked to identify collections of six objects. this range comprised : pattern on a die, finger pattern, collections of objects, collections of actions, the cuisenaire rods, the ' number picture ', ( you can find them here doc. pdf ), dominoes with six spots, roman numerals, the symbol 6, number line, 6 o ' clock on an analogue clock face, coins. i would argue that this rich range of representations of 6 enabled the children to abstract a notion of the ' sixness ' of six that transcended the different representations. all the different representations have their value and potential applications : some stress the notion of a number representing a collection and so build from counting such as a collection of objects of actions ; others stress aspects of the structure of six such as the finger pattern which draws attention to six being one more than five ; others emphasise the wholeness of six as an entity that supports students away from a counting notion of number such as the symbol 6, the 6 cuisenaire rod or even potentially the die pattern that can be recognized without counting the spots ; some stress the place of six in the sequence of counting or natural numbers such as the number line. for the 15 year olds, the lesson that i observed was focused on the solution of simultaneous equations involving trigonometric functions. in this lesson the students were able to identify solutions to complicated pairs of equations through their knowledge of the meanings of the functions that were being considered. they were able to sketch the relevant graphs of the functions, consider their ranges and domains and use these ideas to produce solutions or to identify when solutions could not be found. this seemed to me to be linked to my observations of lessons with the younger children. in both cases the students had access to a range of representations,


ranges and domains and use these ideas to produce solutions or to identify when solutions could not be found. this seemed to me to be linked to my observations of lessons with the younger children. in both cases the students had access to a range of representations, images and mathematical models and were able to bring appropriate images to the problems with which they were presented. in some of our problems this month we offer a range of representations of mathematical ideas to work with, in others we offer a problem that lends itself to solution with one representation in mind. in all of the problems we are seeking to explore the power of a variety of representations, images and models with a view to supporting students in enriching their understanding of various abstract mathematical concepts through exposure to this variety. the aim of the exercise is to deepen students ' understanding of the abstract mathematical concepts involved in the process of generalizing from a variety of models and representations. matching numbers is an interactive game in which the task is to match different representations of numbers in pairs. in fact the set of cards has four possible representations of each of the numbers so children can discuss how each of those representations shows the number. when they have played the game themselves, they can make their own sets of number cards showing different representations of numbers using this blank set. how do you see it? is an activity with a difference in that as the children work on these they will have the opportunity to exhibit their own individual ways of thinking about simple calculations. the article referred to in the teachers ' notes will enable you to explore some of the findings about those calculations that children find more difficult because of the order of the information. let ' s divide up offers a story scenario in which three different conceptions of division are presented. we hope that children will be able to explore the different conceptions to deepen theri understanding of the mathematical operation of division. they may be encouraged to make up their own stories about that involve division conceived of as sharing, grouping, successive subtraction or the inverse of multiplication. matching fractions is another interactive game of memory but this time there are four representations of a number of fractions to match in pairs. we have a tendency to use pizzas as our main representation of fractions for young children and this can cause them problems with developing their conceptual understanding of fractions so this is a useful activity to tackle this as it offers a range of different representations including fractions of quantities bigger than one. once again children can create their own fraction representations and their own game using the blank card set. in


understanding of fractions so this is a useful activity to tackle this as it offers a range of different representations including fractions of quantities bigger than one. once again children can create their own fraction representations and their own game using the blank card set. in what numbers can we make?, students are invited to work with numbers chosen from a linear sequence. in order to explain the patterns they find, they need to explore ideas from modular arithmetic, which can be represented geometrically, numerically, and algebraically. the same representations can be adapted in the follow - up problems take three from five, and what numbers can we make now?. an understanding of algebraic and graphical representations is also required when playing diamond collector. factorising with multilink and pair products both make the links between number and algebra through geometric representations. students are encouraged to generalise by going beyond simple pattern - spotting and engaging instead with the underlying structure. polar bearings brings attention to the relationship between cartesian and polar coordinates. by striving to represent certain curve shapes using different systems, students will realise that choice of coordinates is actually arbitrary and can lead to useful algebraic simplification ( or unnecessary complication! ). the problem trig reps looks at different representations of ' trigonometry ' and encourages students to derive many familiar properties of sine and cosine using each representation. through engagement with this activity students will hopefully gain a deeper understanding of trigonometry and realise that certain representations are more useful for solving certain types of problem. both problems reinforce the important mathematical notion that the ' underlying ' mathematics can be dressed up in different ways as required. it reminds me of the popular saying that ' there is no such thing as bad weather, only the wrong choice of clothes.... '


many consumers assume that if their water looks, tastes, and smells okay that it ' s safe to drink. unfortunately, few contaminants can actually be detected by our senses, so water testing may be needed. the four main contaminant categories are as follows : most health departments require a total coliform test to determine if bacteria is present in a well when it is first put into service or when the property changes ownership. two additional forms of potential microbiological contamination include parasites and viruses, although these are most frequently found in surface water supplies. this category includes metals and minerals that can affect either the safety or taste of well water. they can be naturally occurring or may result from manmade contamination. some common inorganics found in well water include : chemicals can also leach into well water supplies from the application of pesticides, runoff from agricultural and industrial operations, or from gasoline storage tanks. the fourth type of contaminant sometime found in private wells would be radiological in nature, such as : to determine if any of these contaminants are present in your well water supply, you may want to have your water tested. local health departments can usually provide a list of state - certified drinking water laboratories to whom a water sample can be sent. if any contaminants are detected at levels that exceed epa or state guidelines for public drinking water supplies, consider installing a home water treatment system or using certified bottled water for drinking. to view a list of common contaminants that can be found in public and private drinking water supplies, view the contaminant guide. to find nsf certified products, visit the online product database.


photographs taken in china before about 1950 are relatively rare. during the cultural revolution many chinese destroyed their collections of photographs, as any evidence of a ‘ bourgeois ’ past could get you into serious trouble. some collections of photographs of china have been preserved elsewhere, but until recently most of those were fairly difficult to access. professor robert bickers of the university of bristol has been instrumental in making a number of those collections available through the visualising china website, where more than 8, 000 images can now be explored. these pictures include views of cities which have since completely changed, portraits of individual chinese both eminent and humble, and records of everyday life. some of the collections came from british people who were working in china as part of mercantile, imperial or missionary enterprises. others are photographs taken and collected by chinese that somehow ended up outside china. one of these collections comes from fu bingchang ( 1895 - 1965 ), who held various posts in the nationalist government and was also a keen amateur photographer. his snaps provide a very personal glimpse of elite life in china between the 1920s and 1940s. the images show a society poised between tradition and modernity. as well as cameras, motor cars and bathing suits, they include traditional architecture, gardens and furniture. exemplifying this period of huge change in chinese society, women are often portrayed wearing the cheongsam ( or qipao ) dress, based on male manchu dress but adopted by women from the 1920s onwards as a modern, progressive fashion and accessorised with scarves and handbags ( as was recently explained to me by wessieling ). fu binchang himself is sometimes portrayed in traditional dress and sometimes in up - to - the - minute plusfours and co - respondent shoes. an image of a fang jiangling next to a round window to me exemplifies this fascinating hybridity : the window is of a type that had been used for centuries in chinese garden walls to provide enticing and nicely framed glimpses of greenery and vistas beyond. at the same time, fang jiangling ’ s pose next to it is somehow very moderne, as she grasps the edge of the window like an art deco sylph playing with a ball or a bauhaus mannequin manipulating a cog in a machine. this image database is yet another example of the opening up and linking of online collections that i have mentioned in previous posts. thanks to visualising china fu binchang ’ s world can now be reappraised and studied in greater detail.


the 179, 755 - acre kalmiopsis wilderness, located in southwestern oregon in the rugged klamath / siskiyou mountains, is the third largest wilderness in the state. a portion of the current kalmiopsis was originally protected by the u. s. forest service in the 1940s and subsequently was included in areas protected by the wilderness act of 1964. ranging in elevation from stream canyons barely 500 feet above sea level to its highest point — pearsoll peak, at 5, 098 feet — kalmiopsis is named for one of the unique plant species endemic to the area, the ancient heath plant kalmiopsis leachiana. the delicate shrub produces five - petaled flowers that vary from pink to rose in hue and bloom through the transition from spring to summer. gold drew miners to the rivers and streams coursing out of these hills during the nineteenth century, and some small claims continue to be worked. the ultramafic soils in the eastern half of the kalmiopsis region contain heavy metals such as chromium, magnesium, and nickel and are toxic to many plant species. these valuable ores were mined extensively during the middle decades of the twentieth century, prior to the designation of the area as wilderness. some of the trails that now thread through the area overlay the beds of old mining roads, particularly in the emily cabin area. the rugged and remote kalmiopsis offers visitors outstanding opportunities to experience solitude, but some areas fall shy of being pristine because of the region ' s history of resource extraction. the kalmiopsis wilderness contains a singular level of rare endemic plants that only grow in niche environments. some of this botanical variety can be traced to particular soil types. many plants and shrubs in the area were named by botanist t. j. howell, including howell ' s mariposa lily, howell ' s saxifrage, and howell ' s manzanita. the brewer spruce, identifiable by its distinctive drooping limbs, is a native to the klamath mountains in the kalmiopsis. fen and seep habitats feature a native variation on the fly - catching pitcher plant : darlingtonia californica. the upper reaches of the rough and ready creek watershed — outside of the kalmiopsis wilderness but adjacent to its southeastern boundary — contain the greatest number of endemic species found anywhere in the state. the kalmiopsis and surrounding klamath - siskiyou mountains support the broadest array of vertebrate species in oregon. black bear


but adjacent to its southeastern boundary — contain the greatest number of endemic species found anywhere in the state. the kalmiopsis and surrounding klamath - siskiyou mountains support the broadest array of vertebrate species in oregon. black bear, elk, coyote, gray fox, cougar, black - tailed deer, and smaller mammals and rodents are relatively abundant throughout the region. the siskiyou chipmunk makes its home in the area and nowhere else. other species in the wilderness include the spotted owl, quail, grouse, pileated woodpecker, rattlesnake, and scarlet kingsnake. three wild and scenic rivers flow from or through the kalmiopsis wilderness : the north fork of the smith river ; the chetco river, in the southern range of the wilderness ; and, bisecting the north lobe of the area, the fabled whitewater stretch of the illinois river canyon. these clear, swift streams represent some of the least disturbed salmon habitat in oregon. another distinctive feature of the kalmiopsis wilderness are two small glacial cirque lakes that are a remnant of the ice age. the most accessible of these is babyfoot lake, a short hike from a trailhead on the eastern boundary of the wilderness. another, vulcan lake, is a short trek from the western, coastward boundary of the wilderness. the half - million acre biscuit fire in the summer of 2002 swept though the kalmiopsis wilderness and surrounding rogue river - siskiyou national forest, burning vast stretches of its old - growth forests and charring some of the better known areas in the wilderness, including the slopes surrounding babyfoot lake. the changes this fire wrought on large expanses of unlogged forests have attracted the attention of ecologists and botanists eager to determine the impact of fire on the plant life and to evaluate whether these plants and animals would prosper or suffer while the ecosystem regenerated. written by : william cornett " kalmiopsis wilderness. " wilderness. net. http : / / www. wilderness. net / index. cfm? fuse = nwps & sec = wildview & wid = 287. atzet, tom, diane e. white, lisa a. mccrimmon, patricia a. martinez, paula reid fong, and vince d. randall. " field guide to forested plant associations of southwestern oregon, " technical paper r6 - nr - ecol - tp - 17 - 96. portland, ore. : u


| comparing adult & juvenile offenders | | what time of day are adults and juveniles most likely to commit violent crimes? | | unlike violent crime by adult offenders, violent crime by juvenile offenders peaks in the late afternoon. note : violent crimes include murder, violent sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. data are from law enforcement agencies in 35 states and the district of columbia. [ text only ] [ excel file ] - in general, the number of violent crimes committed by adults increases hourly from 6 a. m. through the afternoon and evening hours, peaks at 10 p. m., and then drops to a low point at 6 a. m. in contrast, violent crimes by juveniles peak in the afternoon between 3 p. m. and 4 p. m., the hour at the end of the school day. - nearly one - third ( 29 % ) of all violent crime committed by juvenile offenders occurs between 3 p. m. and 7 p. m. in comparison, 26 % of all violent committed by adult offenders occurs between 8 p. m. and 12 p. m. internet citation : ojjdp statistical briefing book. online. available : http : / / www. ojjdp. gov / ojstatbb / offenders / qa03401. asp? qadate = 2008. released on december 21, 2010. adapted from snyder, h. & sickmund, m. ( 2006 ). juvenile offenders and victims : 2006 national report, chapter 3. washington, d. c. : office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention. data source : national archive of criminal justice data. national incident - based reporting system, 2008 : extract files [ computer file ]. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2010 - 08 - 13. usa. gov | privacy | policies & disclaimers | foia | site map | ask a question | ojjdp home a component of the office of justice programs, u. s. department of justice


- resurvey of a gloria target region in the swiss national park ( 2011 ) - there is no doubt that recent global climate change is in process and affects life on earth. especially mountain ecosystems are supposed to be highly sensitive to climate change due to the vertical compression of life zones, rough abiotic environment and limiting ecological factors. therefore, the european alps is one of the best observed ecosystems where many studies figured out how climate change is affecting biodiversity. probably the biggest and most well - known project is the gloria - europe initiative established by prof. dr. georg grabherr from university of vienna. the aim of this project is to establish a world - wide long - term monitoring network in alpine ecosystems to detect effects of climate change on the vegetation of mountain summits using standardised methods. this study is involved in the gloria initiative to resurvey four calcareous and four siliceous summits at swiss national park in summer 2009 / 10. the aim of this study is to answer the questions if there are changes between the first ( 2002 / 03 ) and second survey in plant species number, species frequency and in heterogeneity between plots. furthermore, is altitude, cardinal direction and bedrock influencing changes or are there species groups reacting different and what are the reasons behind it? in total 226 species were found in 2009 and 2010 with almost 80 % more species on the siliceous summits. species turnover rate between the two surveys is relatively high ( 15 - 30 % ) and also frequency is increasing for several species. but, there are no effects of bedrock or exposition and no differences for species groups. this study shows that fluctuation of species turnover is due to fluctuation of phenological development. furthermore, differences in plot heterogeneity can be explained by phenological fluctuation. however, there are hints for initiating effects of climate change. the occurrence of l. decidua on three lower summits and the high content of new found species with a lower distribution limit at the montane belt on pmu as well as general increase in plant frequency could be caused by climate change. hence, these hints of climate change should be focused on in future investigations as long - term effects of climate change are expected.


schwenzer, s. p. ; abramov, o. ; allan, c. c. ; clifford, s. m. ; cockell, c. s. ; filiberto, j. ; kring, d. a. ; lasue, j. ; mcgovern, p. j. ; newsom, h. e. ; treiman, a. h. ; vaniman, d. t. and wiens, r. c. puncturing mars : how impact craters interact with the martian cryosphere. earth and planetary science letters, 335 ( click here to request a copy from the ou author. geologic evidence suggests that the martian surface and atmospheric conditions underwent major changes in the late noachian, with a decline in observable water - related surface features, suggestive of a transition to a dryer and colder climate. based on that assumption, we have modeled the consequences of impacts into a ~ 2 – 6 km - thick cryosphere. we calculate that medium - sized ( few 10s of km diameter impact craters can physically and / or thermally penetrate through this cryosphere, creating liquid water through the melting of subsurface ice in an otherwise dry and frozen environment. the interaction of liquid water with the target rock produces alteration phases that thermochemical modeling predicts will include hydrous silicates ( e. g., nontronite, chlorite, serpentine ). thus, even small impact craters are environments that combine liquid water and the presence of alteration minerals that make them potential sites for life to proliferate. expanding on the well - known effects of large impact craters on target sites, we conclude that craters as small as ~ 5 – 20 km ( depending on latitude ) excavate large volumes of material from the subsurface while delivering sufficient heat to create liquid water ( through the melting of ground ice ) and drive hydrothermal activity. this connection between the surface and subsurface made by the formation of these small, and thus more frequent, impact craters may also represent the most favorable sites to test the hypothesis of life on early mars. | | 2012 elsevier b. v. | | nasa mars fundamental research programme, nasa mdap, nasa pgg, nasa mars science laboratory project, nasa astrobiology institute director ' s discretionary fund | | early mars ; cryosphere ; impact crater ; impact - generated hydrothermal ; astrobiology ; search for extraterrestrial life ; mars surface ; impact processes | | science >


scottish - irish settlers in america 1500s - 1800s cd276 including free viewer. if you ' ve got ancestors of scotch - irish descent, you ' ll want to explore the 13 volumes available here. among these significant volumes, you ' ll find a collection of pennsylvania genealogies from chester county, a location historically scarce on genealogical source material. approximately 215, 000 individuals referenced genealogically valuable because passenger and immigration lists can be an invaluable primary source for tracing most immigrants to the united states, particularly in the 19th century highlights include three out - of - print sources, including ford ' s the scotch - irish in america, providing an essential historical perspective. what are the data sources for this product? scotch irish pioneers in ulster and america by charles knowles bolton this is a study of the emigration from northern ireland of persons of scottish and english descent. chapters are devoted to the scotch - irish settlements in pennsylvania, maryland, south carolina, and massachusetts and include valuable lists of early pioneers. in addition, considerable space is devoted to the redoubtable settlers of londonderry, new hampshire. the book ' s extensive appendices contain lists of great genealogical importance, including ( 1 ) petitioners for transport from northern ireland ( 1718 ) ; ( 2 ) hometowns of ulster families, with names of the scotch - irish in new england from presbytery and synod records ( 1691 - 1718 ) ; ( 3 ) members of the charitable irish society in boston ( 1737 - 1743 ) ; ( 4 ) names of fathers in the presbyterian baptismal records in boston ( 1730 - 1736 ) ; and ( 5 ) names of ships carrying passengers from ireland to new england ( 1714 - 1720 ). the scotch - irish. or the scot in north britain, north ireland and north america, 2 volumes by charles this is the basic sourcebook on the scotch - irish in america, a massive compilation of source records pertaining to the scots who settled in the north of ireland and their descendants in america. volume i describes in detail the conditions obtaining in both scotland and ireland at the time of the scottish migrations to ireland and america. volume ii contains a detailed survey of scotch irish settlements in america in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring lists and records referring to tens of thousands of individuals. also included in this volume are chapters devoted to scottish names, scottish families, and locations of scottish families in ireland. scots - irish links, 1575 - 1725. 2 volumes by david dobson this resource can help persons of scotch - irish descent make the linkage first to


volume are chapters devoted to scottish names, scottish families, and locations of scottish families in ireland. scots - irish links, 1575 - 1725. 2 volumes by david dobson this resource can help persons of scotch - irish descent make the linkage first to ulster and then back to scotland. the work identifies some 1, 200 scotsmen who resided in ulster between the early 1600s and the early 1700s. many of them were young men from ireland many bearing scottish surnames attending universities in scotland. still other scots - irish links were apprentices, ministers, merchants, weavers, teachers, or persons in flight. in a number of cases mr. dobson is able to provide information on the man or woman ' s spouse, children, local origins, landholding, and, of course, the source of the information. while there is no certainty that each of the persons identified in scots - irish links or their descendants ultimately emigrated to america, undoubtedly many did or possessed kinsmen the scotch - irish in america by henry jones ford professor ford ' s history of the scotch - irish, though still considered by many to be the starting point for studying the history of the ulster plantation, has been out of print for many years. the scotch - irish in america tells the story of the ulster plantation and of the influences that formed the character of the scotch - irish people. professor ford commences with a detailed discussion of the events leading to the scottish migration to ulster in the seventeenth century, followed by an examination of the causes of the secondary exodus of these same " scotch - irish " to north america before the end of the century. entire chapters are then devoted to the scotch - irish settlement in new england, new york, the jerseys, pennsylvania, and along the colonial frontier. special chapters take up the role of the scotch - irish in the development of the presbyterian church in the u. s., some prominent scotch - irish preachers, the scotch - irish in the american revolution and the birth of the new nation, and the role of the scotch - irish in the spread of popular education in america. among the valuable resources at the back of the volume are a list of the " scottish undertakers " who applied for land in ulster in 1609, a list of sources consulted in the preparation of the work, and a subject / name index with references to many early scotch - irish luminaries. chronicles of the scotch - irish settlement in virginia, extracted from the original court records of augusta county, 1745 - 1800, 3 volumes by lyman chalkley referencing 50,


a subject / name index with references to many early scotch - irish luminaries. chronicles of the scotch - irish settlement in virginia, extracted from the original court records of augusta county, 1745 - 1800, 3 volumes by lyman chalkley referencing 50, 000 individuals, this monumental work consists of court records pertaining to the scotch - irish pioneers who first breached the mountain barrier sealing off the atlantic seaboard from the country west of the blue ridge. in 1745, when augusta county, virginia was erected, its domain extended from the alleghenies to the mississippi river, and from the northern part of tennessee to the great lakes. so, this stands as the supreme source of genealogical information for hundreds of thousands who trace their ancestry to augusta county, and the great valley the scotch - irish of colonial pennsylvania by wayland f. dunaway the best history of the scotch - irish of colonial pennsylvania ever written, dunaway ' s classic is indispensable to the genealogist. it outlines the circumstances behind the settlement of lowland scots in ulster, their life in that province for two or three generations, and the reasons for their emigration to america. this volume further traces the important migratory movements of the scotch - irish from northern ireland to pennsylvania, and from pennsylvania down the foothills of the appalachians through the great valley of virginia to the carolinas and georgia. pennsylvania genealogies, chiefly scotch - irish and german 2nd edition by william henry egle collection of pennsylvania genealogies is concerned primarily with families which, for the most part, settled in the extreme regions of colonial chester county, an area for which source material is notoriously scarce. fully two - thirds of the families included are of scotch - irish ancestry, and most, though not all, are brought down to the late nineteenth century. more than 3, 000 names are found in the index. vital records of londonderry, new hampshire, 1719 - 1910 by daniel gage annis in april 1719, a small band of scotch - irish settlers under the guiding spirit of rev. james macgregor founded the town of londonderry in new hampshire, which was destined to be an early presbyterian stronghold in america. the keeping of vital records in londonderry commenced almost at once. years later, when the town voted to fund the printing of these vital records for the period from 1719 to 1910, there were approximately 25, 000 records of births, marriages, marriage intentions and deaths. compiled by the former town clerk and tax collector, daniel annis, the records are given here in alphabetical order


vital records for the period from 1719 to 1910, there were approximately 25, 000 records of births, marriages, marriage intentions and deaths. compiled by the former town clerk and tax collector, daniel annis, the records are given here in alphabetical order under those four main headings. not all persons in these records are scotch - irish or of scotch - irish descent, but the historically significant scotch - irish element is traceable through all the nearly 200 years of records. scotch - irish migration to south carolina, 1772 : rev. william martin and his five shiploads of settlers by jean stephenson this book began as jean stephenson ' s effort to validate the family tradition that her great - great - grandparents emigrated from belfast to south carolina under the leadership of covenanter presbyterian minister william martin in 1772. the author was not only able to authenticate the crux of the story, but, in the process, to place nearly 500 scotch - irish families in south carolina on the eve of the revolutionary war. the author references records of the south carolina council journal and tax lists, passenger lists, church histories, and other sources housed at the south carolina department of archives view this cd using the search / view cd button in family tree maker v3. 02 or later, or ask us for a free copy of the family archive viewer cd when you place your order. scottish - irish settlers in america 1500s - 1800s cd276 is £24. 95


formation. location : the kimberley, nw australia. age : upper devonian, frasnian. 350 million years. fig. 1. 3d skull of the placoderm mcnamaraspis kaprios. courtesy of dr. j. long. the placoderm fish mcnamaraspis was approximately 25 cm long and, like other placoderms, had a bony head shield which was joined to the ' shark ' - like body ( fig. 1 ). placoderms were the first jawed fish. the mcnamaraspis skull exhibits annular cartilage preserved in the snout, which has never been observed in other placoderm specimens. this facilitated the entrance of water over its olfactory organs and hence its sense of smell was acute. this, together with the sharp teeth, probably made the fish a highly successful predator ( fig 2 ). fig 2. reconstruction of the placoderm mcnamaraspis kaprios. courtesy of dr. j. long fig 3. fig fig 3. front view of an arthrodire placoderm fish. note the hard, bony teeth used for grabbing shrimp - like crustaceans. fig 4. head plates of the long - snouted placoderm fallocosteus turnerae. courtesy of dr. j. long. fig 5. the skull and lower jaw of a gogo lungfish, griphognathus whitei. fig 6. the 3d skull morphology of another gogo lungfish, chirodipterus australis. fig 7. reconstruction of the gogo reef fauna. courtesy of dr. j. long.


broccoli may prevent stomach cancer april 10, 2009 by personal liberty news desk bacterium known as helicobacter pylori is a major cause of stomach ulcers which may cause stomach cancer, but new research has found compounds in broccoli sprouts may act to kill the germ. scientists in japan conducted a study of 48 helicobacter - infected people who were assigned 70 grams of fresh broccoli sprouts daily for eight weeks. what they found was what researchers around the world long suspected, namely that the phytochemical sulforaphane found in broccoli significantly reduced the bacteria count. after testing the group which ate broccoli they established h. pylori levels that were significantly lower at eight weeks among those patients who had eaten broccoli sprouts, while remaining the same for patients who had not. " broccoli has recently entered the public awareness as a preventive dietary agent, " says dr. jed fahey, research associate in the department of pharmacology at johns hopkins school of medicine. " this study supports the emerging evidence that broccoli sprouts may be able to prevent cancer in humans, not just in lab animals, " he adds. this finding adds to the mounting evidence of health benefits associated with broccoli consumption. an study published earlier this year found that the vegetable may help protect against respiratory inflammation that causes asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


theoria 22 ( 3 ) : 271 - 273 ( 2007 ) | abstract | | abduction is a typical theme where logic and philosophy of science meet today : occasionally, with computer science as a go - between. this is just one instance of a broader study of ‘ styles of reasoning ’, dating back to bolzano and peirce. the resulting concern with ‘ logical architecture ’ moves us closer to cognitive science, and the dynamics of reasoning intertwined with learning and belief revision. the crucial process of self - correction involved here is usually triggered by others, and hence a shared target of logic and philoso - phy of science should be the phenomenon of ‘ intelligent interaction ’ between rational agents | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles rineke verbrugge ( 2009 ). logic and social cognition. journal of philosophical logic 38 ( 6 ). michael h. g. hoffmann ( 2004 ). how to get it. diagrammatic reasoning as a tool of knowledge development and its pragmatic dimension. foundations of science 9 ( 3 ) : 285 - 305. rineke verbrugge ( 2009 ). logic and social cognition the facts matter, and so do computational models. journal of philosophical logic 38 ( 6 ) : 649 - 680. daniel g. campos ( forthcoming ). on the distinction between peirce ' s abduction and lipton ' s inference to the best explanation. synthese. jaime nubiola ( 2005 ). abduction or the logic of surprise. semiotica 153 ( 1 / 4 ) : 117 - 130. ilkka niiniluoto ( 1999 ). defending abduction. philosophy of science 66 ( 3 ) : 451. sami paavola ( 2004 ). abduction as a logic and methodology of discovery : the importance of strategies. foundations of science 9 ( 3 ) : 267 - 283. lorenzo magnani ( 2009 ). abductive cognition : the epistemological and eco - cognitive dimensions of hypothetical reasoning. springer verlag. michael hoffmann ( 1999 ). problems with peirce ' s concept of abduction. foundations of science 4 ( 3 ) : 271 - 305. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads3 ( # 201, 930 of 549, 090 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 63, 317 of 549, 090 ) how can i increase my downloads?


raze to the ground to destroy and sweep completely away. the expression ' raze to the ground ', like ' bated breath ' and ' just deserts ', is often spelled incorrectly. the sources of these misunderstandings are the homophones ' bated ' and ' baited ', ' deserts ' and ' desserts ' and, in ' raze to the ground ', ' raze ' and ' raise '. added to that is the fact that the correct spelling in each case is of an archaic word that is rarely used elsewhere. as a child, i heard stories of wwii and of cities like dresden and hiroshima being, as i thought, ' raised to the ground '. that seemed odd to me. how could destroying them with bombs raise them? were these cities underground? it makes a little more sense when we understand that ' raze ' is the verb that gave rise to the noun ' razor '. what ' s being said is akin to ' razored ( i. e. shaved ) to the ground '. it seems that others are similarly confused - there are currently ( oct 2009 ) many hits in google for ' raise the the ground '. raze is hardly a common word now ( in the uk at least - there is more use of it in other countries, notably the usa ), but it was in the 16th century ; for example, henry howard, the earl of surrey, used it in aeneid ii, 1547, in a context that makes the ' razored / erased ' meaning evident : " i saw troye fall down in burning gledes. neptunus town clene razed from the soil. " shakespeare also used it in henry vi, part ii, 1592 : " these are his substance, sinewes, armes, and strength, with which he... razeth your cities, and subverts your townes. " the earliest example that i can find of the precise ' raze to the ground ' form is in the glory of england, written by thomas gainsford in 1620 : " king lewis held nothing in italy but the lanterne of genes, which afterward the genouais razed to the ground. " if you invite your neighbours to a barn raising, you had better get the spelling right, or the consequences might be unfortunate. see also, ' beck and call '. see other phrases and sayings from shakespeare.


a stanford scientist has spelled out for the first time the direct links between increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and increases in human mortality, using a state - of - the - art computer model of the atmosphere that incorporates scores of physical and chemical environmental processes. the new findings, to be published in geophysical research letters, come to light just after the environmental protection agency ’ s recent ruling against states setting specific emission standards for this greenhouse gas based in part on the lack of data showing the link between carbon dioxide emissions and their health effects. while it has long been known that carbon dioxide emissions contribute to climate change, the new study details how for each increase of one degree celsius caused by carbon dioxide, the resulting air pollution would lead annually to about a thousand additional deaths and many more cases of respiratory illness and asthma in the united states, according to the paper by mark jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at stanford. worldwide, upward of 20, 000 air - pollution - related deaths per year per degree celsius may be due to this greenhouse gas. “ this is a cause and effect relationship, not just a correlation, ” said jacobson of his study, which on dec. 24 was accepted for publication in geophysical research letters. “ the study is the first specifically to isolate carbon dioxide ’ s effect from that of other global - warming agents and to find quantitatively that chemical and meteorological changes due to carbon dioxide itself increase mortality due to increased ozone, particles and carcinogens in the air. ” jacobson said that the research has particular implications for california. this study finds that the effects of carbon dioxide ’ s warming are most significant where the pollution is already severe. given that california is home to six of the 10 u. s. cities with the worst air quality, the state is likely to bear an increasingly disproportionate burden of death if no new restrictions are placed on carbon dioxide emissions. on dec. 19, the environmental protection agency denied california and 16 other states a waiver that would have allowed the states to set their own emission standards for carbon dioxide, which are not currently regulated. the epa denied the waiver partly on the grounds that no special circumstances existed to warrant an exception for the states. stephen l. johnson, the epa administrator, was widely quoted as saying that california ’ s petition was denied because the state had failed to prove the “ extraordinary and compelling conditions ” required to qualify for a waiver. while previous published research has focused on the global effect on pollution — but not health


was widely quoted as saying that california ’ s petition was denied because the state had failed to prove the “ extraordinary and compelling conditions ” required to qualify for a waiver. while previous published research has focused on the global effect on pollution — but not health — of all the greenhouse gases combined, the epa noted that, under the clean air act, it has to be shown that there is a reasonable anticipation of a specific pollutant endangering public health in the united states for the agency to regulate that pollutant. jacobson ’ s paper offers concrete evidence that california is facing a particularly dire situation if carbon dioxide emissions increase. “ with six of the 10 most polluted cities in the nation being in california, that alone creates a special circumstance for the state, ” he said, explaining that the health - related effects of carbon dioxide emissions are most pronounced in areas that already have significant pollution. as such, increased warming due to carbon dioxide will worsen people ’ s health in those cities at a much faster clip than elsewhere in the nation. according to jacobson, more than 30 percent of the 1, 000 excess deaths ( mean death rate value ) due to each degree celsius increase caused by carbon dioxide occurred in california, which has a population of about 12 percent of the united states. this indicates a much higher effect of carbon dioxide - induced warming on california health than that of the nation as a whole. jacobson added that much of the population of the united states already has been directly affected by climate change through the air they have inhaled over the last few decades and that, of course, the health effects would grow worse if temperatures continue to rise. jacobson ’ s work stands apart from previous research in that it uses a computer model of the atmosphere that takes into account many feedbacks between climate change and air pollution not considered in previous studies. developed by jacobson over the last 18 years, it is considered by many to be the most complex and complete atmospheric model worldwide. it incorporates principles of gas and particle emissions and transport, gas chemistry, particle production and evolution, ocean processes, soil processes, and the atmospheric effects of rain, winds, sunlight, heat and clouds, among other factors. for this study, jacobson used the computer model to determine the amounts of ozone and airborne particles that result from temperature increases, caused by increases in carbon dioxide emissions. ozone causes and worsens respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, emphysema and asthma, and many published studies have associated increased ozone with higher mortality. “ [ ozone ] is a very


that result from temperature increases, caused by increases in carbon dioxide emissions. ozone causes and worsens respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, emphysema and asthma, and many published studies have associated increased ozone with higher mortality. “ [ ozone ] is a very corrosive gas, it erodes rubber and statues, ” jacobson said. “ it cracks tires. so you can imagine what it does to your lungs in high enough concentrations. ” particles are responsible for cardiovascular and respiratory illness and asthma. jacobson arrived at his results of the impact of carbon dioxide globally and, at higher resolution, over the united states by modeling the changes that would occur when all current human and natural gas and particle emissions were considered versus considering all such emissions except human - emitted carbon dioxide. jacobson simultaneously calculated the effects of increasing temperatures on pollution. he observed two important effects : - higher temperatures due to carbon dioxide increased the chemical rate of ozone production in urban areas - increased water vapor due to carbon dioxide - induced higher temperatures boosted chemical ozone production even more in urban areas. interestingly, neither effect was so important under the low pollution conditions typical of rural regions, though other factors, such as higher organic gas emissions from vegetation, affected ozone in low - pollution areas. higher emissions of organic gases also increased the quantity of particles in the air, as organic gases can chemically react to form particles. and in general, where there was an increase in water vapor, particles that were present became more deadly, as they swelled from absorption of water. “ that added moisture allows other gases to dissolve in the particles — certain acid gases, like nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, ” jacobson said. that increases the toxicity of the particles, which are already a harmful component of air pollution. jacobson also found that air temperatures rose more rapidly due to carbon dioxide than did ground temperatures, changing the vertical temperature profile, which decreased pollution dispersion, thereby concentrating particles near where they formed. in the final stage of the study, jacobson used the computer model to factor in the spatially varying population of the united states with the health effects that have been demonstrated to be associated with the aforementioned pollutants. “ the simulations accounted for the changes in ozone and particles through chemistry, transport, clouds, emissions and other processes that affect pollution, ” jacobson said. “ carbon dioxide definitely caused these changes, because that was the only input that was varied. ” “ ultimately, you inhale a greater abundance of deleterious chemicals due to carbon dioxide and


medically, crying is known to be a symptom of physical pain or stress. but now a tel aviv university evolutionary biologist looks to empirical evidence showing that tears have emotional benefits and can make interpersonal relationships stronger. new analysis by dr. oren hasson of tau ' s department of zoology shows that tears still signal physiological distress, but they also function as an evolution - based mechanism to bring people closer together. " crying is a highly evolved behavior, " explains dr. hasson. " tears give clues and reliable information about submission, needs and social attachments between one another. my research is trying to answer what the evolutionary reasons are for having emotional tears. " my analysis suggests that by blurring vision, tears lower defences and reliably function as signals of submission, a cry for help, and even in a mutual display of attachment and as a group display of cohesion, " he reports. his research, published recently in evolutionary psychology, investigates the different kinds of tears we shed - - tears of joy, sadness and grief - - as well as the authenticity or sincerity of the tears. crying, dr. hasson says, has unique benefits among friends and others in our various communities. for crying out loud ( and behind closed doors ) approaching the topic with the deductive tools of an evolutionary biologist, dr. hasson investigated the use of tears in various emotional and social circumstances. tears are used to elicit mercy from an antagonistic enemy, he claims. they are also useful in eliciting the sympathy ― and perhaps more importantly the strategic assistance ― of people who were not part of the enemy group. " this is strictly human, " reasons dr. hasson. " emotional tears also signal appeasement, a need for attachment in times of grief, and a validation of emotions among family, friends and members of a group. " crying enhances attachments and friendships, says dr. hasson, but taboos are still there in certain cases. in some cultures, societies or circumstances, the expression of emotions is received as a weakness and the production of tears is suppressed. for example, it is rarely acceptable to cry in front of your boss at work - - especially if you are a man, he says. streets awash with tears? multiple studies across cultures show that crying helps us bond with our families, loved ones and allies, dr. hasson says. by blurring vision, tears reliably signal your vulnerability and that you love someone, a good evolutionary strategy to emotionally bind people closer to you.


project uses cell phones as computers in the classroomfebruary 9th, 2009 in technology / hi tech & innovation educational software for cell phones, a suite of tools developed at the university of michigan, is being used to turn smart phones into personal computers for students in two texas classrooms. their mobile learning environment includes programs that let students map concepts, animate their drawings, surf relevant parts of the internet and integrate their lessons and assignments. it also includes mini versions of microsoft word and excel. it is currently licensed through soloway ' s company goknow! to 40, 000 users around the world for larger palm - sized computers. cell phones change the game, though. the software developers are elliot soloway, an arthur f. thurnau professor in the department of electrical engineering and computer science, the school of information, and the school of education, and cathleen norris, a regents professor at the university of north texas. " this is the beginning of the future, " soloway said. " the future is mobile devices that are connected. they ' re going to be the new paper and pencil. " cell phones can be powerful computers, soloway says. they can do just about everything laptops can do for a fraction of the price. and many students are bringing them to school anyway. matt cook, a fifth - grade teacher from keller, texas who started the pilot project, says the popularity of cell phones got him thinking about how to harness their power for teaching. about half of the students in his class had phones before the project started. cook was looking for an answer when he met soloway at an education technology conference last year. he got verizon wireless involved to donate phone service. htc corp. is donating smart phones. celio corp. is donating screens for the phones. microsoft is providing training. the project equips 53 students in two fifth - grade classes at trinity meadows intermediate school with a smart phone of their own to use around - the - clock for the rest of the school year. students can ' t text message or make calls with them. but they can use the cameras, mp3 players, calendars, calculators and educational software. cook handed out the phones in late january. " the phones will be seamlessly integrated into my lessons, " cook said. " i think that right off the bat, this will add a level of student engagement. they ' ll be more interested in the lessons because we ' re talking in the students ' language. any time you can do that


lessons, " cook said. " i think that right off the bat, this will add a level of student engagement. they ' ll be more interested in the lessons because we ' re talking in the students ' language. any time you can do that, you ' re a lot more likely to be heard. " he explained how the devices will change his lesson on physical and chemical weathering. he will take the students outside with sidewalk chalk and let them decorate the concrete. normally, they would then go outside every day to watch the chalk fade over time. now, students will take a photos of the sidewalk every day and use the sketchy animation program to create a video of the fading process. soloway says this type of hands - on, reinforced learning is only possible when each student has his or her own device. " people ask why every child needs a computer and why can ' t students just share, " soloway said. " well, do you share pencils? " the school district is examining several aspects of student learning with these devices. they ' ll determine whether listening to recordings of texts enhances at - risk students ' reading comprehension. they are studying students ' technological savvy before and after the project. the teachers involved will also teach responsible and appropriate use of these phones. cook and school officials hope to expand the project next year. source : university of michigan " project uses cell phones as computers in the classroom. " february 9th, 2009. http : / / phys. org / news153400005. html


common lisp functions are partial ; they are not defined for all possible inputs. but acl2 functions are total. roughly speaking, the logical function of a given name in acl2 is a completion of the common lisp function of the same name obtained by adding some arbitrary but ` ` natural ' ' values on arguments outside the ` ` intended domain ' ' of the common lisp function. acl2 requires that every acl2 function symbol have a ` ` guard, ' ' which may be thought of as a predicate on the formals of the function describing the intended domain. the guard on the primitive car, for example, is ( or ( consp x ) ( equal x nil ) ), which requires the argument to be either an ordered pair or nil. we will discuss later how to specify a guard for a defined function ; when one is not specified, the guard is is just to say all arguments are allowed. but guards are entirely extra - logical : they are not involved in the axioms defining functions. if you put a guard on a defined function, the defining axiom added to the logic defines the function on all arguments, not just on the guarded domain. so what is the purpose of guards? the key to the utility of guards is that we provide a mechanism, called ` ` guard verification, ' ' for checking that all the guards in a formula are true. see verify - guards. this mechanism will attempt to prove that all the guards encountered in the evaluation of a guarded function are true every time they are encountered. for a thorough discussion of guards, see the paper [ km97 ] in the


the paycheck fairness act may come up for a vote in the u. s. senate today. this is a critical piece of legislation that addresses several shortfalls in current laws against unequal pay for women. we know from personal experience that these shoftfalls need to be addressed before we can hope to achieve the decades - old goal of equal pay. terrel mcsweeny writes at whitehouse. gov : wage discrimination is real. just ask lilly ledbetter. she is a mother. she didn ’ t seek a “ less stressful work environment ” than her male counter parts. and she was paid roughly 30 % less. if she had been allowed to share information about her pay with her colleagues she would have realized she was being paid less than men with less experience. but lilly couldn ’ t bring that case. she could have lost her job if she discussed her pay with her colleagues. the paycheck fairness act would provide that protection. the author [ of a wall street journal op - ed ] is right there are a lot of laws aimed at this problem – but because they don ’ t provide basic tools like pay transparency, discrimination persists. also see carol rose at boston. com : lawmakers meant for the equal pay act of 1963 to ensure equal pay for equal work, but over time, because of weak remedies and loopholes in the law, significant disparities in pay persist. the paycheck fairness act would give employees the legal tools they need to finally close the wage gap by, for example, requiring employers to demonstrate that wage differences between men and women doing the same work have a business justification ; prohibiting retaliation against workers who inquire about their wages ; and leveling the playing field by ensuring that women can obtain the same remedies as those subject to employment discrimination based on their race or national origin. the bill would also provide technical assistance to employers and provide important safeguards for small businesses. the paycheck fairness act already passed the u. s. house of representatives with bipartisan support and now has 40 co - sponsors in the senate — more than it has ever had in any previous congress. recently, a report from the white house national economic council underscored the need for the paycheck fairness act as an important step towards the economic security of women and our nation ’ s families. if we want the tools to eliminate pay discrimination against women, it is time to pass the paycheck fairness act.


the hudson river estuary, a stretch of the hudson river from troy, n. y. to its mouth in new york harbor, has begun a new stage of its life say geologists at columbia university ' s lamont - doherty earth observatory and queens college in flushing, n. y. researchers at both institutions have found that, aside from a few very specific locations, the estuary may have largely stopped filling in with new sediment. " the hudson has gone through many stages of evolution, " said cecilia m. g. mchugh, the lead scientist on the study being published in an upcoming issue of the journal geology. " now it ' s entering a new phase. " some new deposits are being laid down as a result of annual rise in sea level, mchugh continued, but on the whole, the river is at equilibrium. every year the hudson tributaries to the north discharge sand and silt into the river. the sand is trapped around islands and shoals near kingston, while the silt washes down into the hudson river estuary, filling areas where scouring or dredging has occurred. most of the silt is being trapped in a section of the river near the george washington bridge known as the estuarine turbidity maximum ( etm ). a small amount of silt is also being washed out to areas around the mouth of the lower new york bay. the valley that the hudson river occupies is a deep gouge in the bedrock that geologists believe was formed over the course of tens of millions of years. during the last glacial maximum nearly 18, 000 years ago, the valley was filled with ice from the laurentide glacier. as the glacier receded, ice and melt water formed a series of interconnected lakes in the valley that eventually merged to form the hudson river. the valley filled with river sediments for nearly 3, 000 years until sea level rose and the river merged with the encroaching atlantic ocean forming the hudson river estuary. the estuary, the section of river where river and ocean water mix and that rises and falls with the tide, formed nearly 6, 000 years ago. in places, sediment deposits beneath the estuary are more than 700 feet thick. previously it was thought that this process of sedimentation was continuing today. however, mchugh and her colleagues believe that accumulation ceased some time in the last 3, 000 – 1, 000 years. the researchers examined more than 100 two - meter - long sediment cores taken from the estuary and bay as well as high - resolution sonar and seismic imagery


and her colleagues believe that accumulation ceased some time in the last 3, 000 – 1, 000 years. the researchers examined more than 100 two - meter - long sediment cores taken from the estuary and bay as well as high - resolution sonar and seismic imagery of the bottom. they found that the current rate of sedimentation in the estuary as a whole is approximately 1mm per year - - about the same rate as sea level rise, which, together with scouring or dredging are the only processes that are providing space for new sediment in much of the estuary. of the estimated 1. 2 million to 5. 6 million metric tons of silt and fine sediment that wash into the river each year, about 300, 000 metric tons is trapped in the etm - - the place where friction between seawater and river water creates turbulence that causes fine sediment to drop out of suspension. currently, the etm is centered roughly at the george washington bridge, but its daily position is influenced by the tides and the strength of the river current. if sea level ever stopped or reversed, said mchugh, the etm could push all the way out into the mouth of the river and we could see the formation of an entirely new feature - - a hudson river delta. about 50, 000 metric tons of fine sediment is trapped every year in bays and bends of the river as well as on the river bottom in the hudson highlands where the river is narrow and most of the natural scouring occurs. in many places, only scouring of the river bottom caused by current and tides or human dredging is creating space for an appreciable amount to accumulate. as a result, said mchugh, these localized areas of new accumulation offer the potential for pollution to concentrate, creating toxic " hot spots " in the river bottom. a small amount of sediment carried by the hudson is flushed out into the lower new york bay and settles at sandy hook bay in new jersey, where it accumulates at a rate of about 5mm per year. mchugh said she had a flash of insight several years ago that something about the river must have changed when she saw sediment cores that displayed unusual scouring marks at the top and found localized accumulations of new sediment next to large expanses of old sediment. " that ' s when i thought of the hudson as a bathtub filled with sand, " she said. " only if it ' s scoured out can you fill it with new material. " source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john


my research focuses on the development of social and visual cognition in humans. specifically, my students and i are addressing the following questions from a developmental perspective : - what is the nature of the information that infants and children encode about humans and objects? - how do they organize this information to compute meaningful representations of people, objects, and events? - how do memory and other cognitive processes, such as expectancy, develop to enable the functional use of this information? i also collaborate with professor jane joseph of the medical university of south carolina to study brain development in typically developing children and those with autism spectrum disorder ( asd ). 1. one set of studies is examining the nature of the information that infants use to process faces and how that differs with age. other face studies that we are conducting are looking into the question of expertise. as adults, we are experts at detecting and attending to socially significant information in faces, such as race, gender, and emotion. we are investigating how infants process these kinds of information during the first year of life. 2. another set of studies is examining infants ’ knowledge about human bodies. our research suggests that at least by 9 months of age, infants are sensitive to certain aspects of bodies, such as the relative proportions of body parts. however, 5 - month - olds do not appear to be sensitive to such information. we are examining the nature of this development. 3. another area of research involves visual organization. when we look around us or imagine things, we don ’ t see unorganized bits and pieces of contours and shapes. rather we see a meaningful picture of objects and events around us. how does this happen? how does this capacity develop in infancy? to answer such questions, we are trying to understand how infants organize visual information into coherent objects and how this changes with age. 4. a fourth area of my research is a collaboration with dr. jane joseph of the medical university of south carolina in which we are using fmri techniques to understand the neural underpinnings of face processing in childhood. we are studying normally developing children, those with autism developmental disorder ( asd ), and non - diagnosed siblings of children with asd. infant cognition lab : http : / / www. uky. edu / ukinfantmemory · bhatt, r. s., & quinn, p. c. ( 2011 ). how does learning impact development in infancy? the case of perceptual organization. infancy, 16, 2 - 38. · joseph,


##ory · bhatt, r. s., & quinn, p. c. ( 2011 ). how does learning impact development in infancy? the case of perceptual organization. infancy, 16, 2 - 38. · joseph, j. e., bhatt, r. s., & gathers, a. d. ( 2011 ). progressive and regressive developmental changes in neural substrates for face processing : testing specific predictions of the interactive specialization account. developmental science, 14, 227 - 241. · zieber, n. *, bhatt, r. s., hayden, a. *, kangas, a. *, collins, r., & bada, h. ( 2010 ). body representation in the first year of life. infancy, 15 ( 5 ), 534 - 544. · hayden, a. *, bhatt, r. s., zieber, n. *, & kangas, a. * ( 2009 ). race - based perceptual asymmetries underlying face processing in infancy. psychonomic bulletin and review, 16, 270 - 275. · quinn, p. c., & bhatt, r. s. ( 2009 ). transfer and scaffolding of perceptual grouping occurs across organizing principles in 3 - to 7 - month - old infants. psychological science, 20, 933 - 938. · hayden, a. *, bhatt, r. s., reed, a. *, corbly, c. r. *, & joseph, j. e. ( 2007 ). the development of expert face processing : are infants sensitive to normal differences in second - order relational information? journal of experimental child psychology, 97, 85 - 98. · hayden, a. *, bhatt, r. s., joseph, j. e., & tanaka, j. w. ( 2007 ). the other - race effect in infancy : evidence using a morphing technique. infancy, 12, 95 - 104. · bhatt, r. s., bertin, e. *, hayden, a. *, & reed, a. * ( 2005 ). face processing in infancy : developmental changes in the use of different kinds of relational information. child development, 76, 169 - 181. * denotes undergraduate, graduate, or post - doctoral student.


individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | distance education or distance learning is a field of education that focuses on the pedagogy / andragogy, technology, and instructional systems design that is effectively incorporated in delivering education to students who are not physically " on site " to receive their education. instead, teachers and students may communicate asynchronously ( at times of their own choosing ) by exchanging printed or electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real time ( synchronously ). distance education courses that require a physical on - site presence for any reason including the taking of examinations is considered to be a hybrid or blended course or program. types of distance education courses : edit - correspondence conducted through regular mail - internet conducted either synchronously or asynchronously - telecourse / broadcast where content is delivered via radio or television - cd - rom where the student interacts with computer content stored on a cd - rom - pocketpc / mobile learning where the student accesses course content stored on a mobile device or through a wireless server one of the oldest distance education universities is the university of south africa, which has been offering de courses since 1946. the largest distance education university in the united kingdom is the open university founded 1969. in germany the fernuniversitat in hagen was founded 1974. there are now many similar institutions around the world and these are listed below. there are many private and public, non - profit and for - profit institutions offering courses and degree programs through distance education. levels of accreditation vary ; some institutions offering distance education in the united states have received little outside oversight, and some may be fraudulent diploma mills. in many other jurisdictions, an institution may not use the term " university " without accreditation and authorisation, normally by the national government. major institutions offering distance learning programsedit caution some organisations describing themselves as distance education institutions are nothing of the sort and their actions may bring the sector into disrepute. refer to diploma mills and list of unaccredited institutions of higher learning. go to www. azrena. org - correspondence schools are run by state education departments for students in remote areas, where they are too far away to attend any school. students and teachers use the postal system to communicate. - school of the air is a system similar to correspondence schools but use radios developed in the 1920s for the rfds to link students and teachers. universities which have comprehensive distance education programs : - athab


students and teachers use the postal system to communicate. - school of the air is a system similar to correspondence schools but use radios developed in the 1920s for the rfds to link students and teachers. universities which have comprehensive distance education programs : - athabasca university - royal roads university - simon fraser university - tele - universite ( part of uqam ) - thompson rivers university - university of waterloo - ryerson university - alberta distance learning centre - canadian virtual university - the open university of hong kong ( ouhk ) - school of professional and continuing education, the university of hong kong ( hku space ) - fernuniversitat in hagen - akad privathochschulen - diploma europaische hochschulen - europaische fernhochschule hamburg - fernfachhochschule riedlingen - hamburger fernhochschule - private fernfachhochschule darmstadt - indira gandhi national open university - school of distance education, andhra university - sikkim manipal university - amrita vishwa vidyapeetham - singapore institute of management - open university centre ( to be accorded university status as sim university in 2006 ) - heriot - watt university - open college of the arts - the open university ( also provides the ouvs verification services for degrees awarded by other institutions such as the maryvale institute ) - university of london - university of wales, lampeter ( including certain courses offered by midlands bible college ) - international correspondence schools - the international extension college - the national extension college - napier university - the university of glamorgan - baker college - breyer state university - california state university, dominguez hills - capella university - cleveland state university - charter oak state college - city college of san francisco - coastline community college - colorado technical university - empire state college - excelsior college - goddard college - harvard extension school - heritage college & heritage institute - imperial valley college - kennedy - western university - northern arizona university - pacific oaks college - saint joseph ' s college of maine - saint leo university - strayer university - thomas edison state college - union institute & university - university of alaska fairbanks - university of phoenix - university of maryland university college - university of north dakota - utah state university - norwich university - european graduate school in switzerland and the united states. - euclid university in belgium, central africa, pakistan and the united states. - universitas 21 global, an online university affiliated to the universitas 21 alliance in distance education, students may not be required to be present in


- euclid university in belgium, central africa, pakistan and the united states. - universitas 21 global, an online university affiliated to the universitas 21 alliance in distance education, students may not be required to be present in a classroom, but that also maybe a question of option. for example in the open universities in india, especially in the indira gandhi national open university, week end contact sessions are held. these are optional, but for certain courses which have practical components such as those for computers, attendance to the tune of about 90 % is compulsory. the national open university in india is based on the united kingdom open university model ( though it is many years since the latter has done so ). as for an electronic classroom or virtual learning environment, it may or not be a part of a distance education set up. electronic classrooms can be both on campus, and off campus. we would call such institutions as using a ' flexible ' delivery mode. distance education may also use all forms of technology, from print to the computer. this range will include radio, television, audio video conferencing, computer aided instruction, e - learning / on - line learning et al. ( e - learning / online - learning are largely synonymous ). a distinction is also made between open learning and distance learning. to clarify our thinking we can say that while ' open ' education is the system in which the student is free to choose the time and place, but distance education is a teaching methodology used when the student and teacher are separated by time and place. thus it follows that not all open - learning institutions use distance education and not all organisations that use distance education are open learning institutions. indeed there are many cases in which students are in traditional classrooms, connected via a video - conferencing link to a teacher in a distant classroom. this method is typical in geographically dispersed institutions. distance education has traversed four to five ' generations ' of technology in its history. these are print, audio / video broadcasting, audio / video teleconferencing, computer aided instruction, e - learning / online - learning, computer broadcasting / podcasting etc. yet the radio remains a very viable form, especially in the developing nations, because of its reach. in india the fm channel is very popular and is being used by the national open university ( the indira gandhi national open university ) and its consortia plus the state open universities, to broadcast educational programmes of variety on areas such as teacher education, rural development, programmes in agriculture for farmers,


popular and is being used by the national open university ( the indira gandhi national open university ) and its consortia plus the state open universities, to broadcast educational programmes of variety on areas such as teacher education, rural development, programmes in agriculture for farmers, science education, creative writing, mass communication, in addition to traditional courses in liberal arts, science and business administration. in short then, though a range of technology presupposes a distance education ' inventory ' it is technological appropriateness and connectivity, such as computer, or for that matter electrical connectivity that should be considered, when we think of the world as a whole, while fitting in technological applications to distance education. older models of distance education utilized regular mail to send written material, videos, audiotapes, and cd - roms or other media storage format ( e. g. sdram or compactflash cards ) to the student and to turn in the exercises. today ' s distance education course makes use of e - mail, the web, and video conferencing over broadband network connections for both wired physical locations and wireless mobile learning. in some countries, the material is supplemented by television and radio programming. to compete with the conventional sector, course material must be of very high quality and completeness, and will use modern technologies such as educational animation. full time or part - time study is possible, but most students choose part - time study. research study is possible as well. distance education is offered at all levels, but is most frequently an option for university - level studies. a form of educational program which is similar to this but which requires some amount of presence during the year is a low - residency program. distance education programs are sometimes called correspondence courses, an older term that originated in nineteenth - century vocational education programs that were conducted through postal mail. this term has been largely replaced by distance education, and expanded to encompass more sophisticated technologies and delivery methods. the first subject taught by correspondence was the pitman shorthand, a tool of stenography. primary and secondary education programs were also widely available by correspondence, usually for children living in remote areas. - call a historical perspective : computer - assisted language learning - diploma mill while many distance education programs provide valuable instruction, others offer degrees with little requirements. - distance learning courses for psychologists - educational technology - efficient learning method - european association of distance teaching universities - learning management system - online learning - e - learning glossary - aacis : american association for collegiate independent study - the distance education and training council - european association of distance


4. the story of genocide in afghanistan 13. genocide throughout the country the claim of the soviet union that it dispatched its “ limited contingent ” to repulse foreign aggression proved groundless after the uprising of february 1980, when its war machine began to kill not only the mujahideen but also defenseless civilians throughout the country. frustrated by the tough resistance and their inability to suppress it expeditiously, the soviets embarked on a program of genocide. genocide is a term that social scientists have defined in different ways, just as they have defined other social terms differently. this is not surprising, because definitions restrict, encase, and distort concepts. definitions also change with the passage of time as historical developments add new dimensions to social concepts. also, social scientists with different backgrounds and outlooks delimit terms by defining them in their own ways. yet definitions are the necessary conceptual constructions by which people communicate and scientists proceed with the formulation and organization of knowledge. the more precise definitions and generalizations are, the better is the state of knowledge. people have perpetrated genocide from time immemorial. it was, however, during world war ii, when it was committed on a massive scale, that the term genocide was coined and became the subject of scholarly study, as f. chalk and k. jonassohn have described and evaluated in detail in the history and sociology of genocide ( 1990 ). in a pioneering work, raphael lemkin described genocide as the coordinated and planned annihilation of a national, religious, or racial group by actions aimed at undermining the foundation essential to the survival of the group as a group. lemkin ’ s work, composed with a view to illustrating the nazi theory and practice of the extermination of the jews and the gypsies, underlined his statement about genocide. but the holocaust is unique in history. lemkin ’ s work partly influenced the united nations to consider first in 1946 and then in 1948 the issue of preventing and punishing genocide. calling genocide a “ crime under international law, ” the united nations in its convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, considered the following acts punishable : genocide ; conspiracy to commit genocide ; direct and public incitement to commit genocide ; attempt to commit genocide ; and complicity in genocide. but the united nations, as a “ club of sovereign states ” and under pressure from the communist bloc countries, adopted as its final resolution a compromise definition that excluded state victimization of groups of people on


to commit genocide ; and complicity in genocide. but the united nations, as a “ club of sovereign states ” and under pressure from the communist bloc countries, adopted as its final resolution a compromise definition that excluded state victimization of groups of people on political grounds. in the united nations ’ definition, genocide “ means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. ” political groups are excluded from this definition. excluding political groups from the definition of genocide is like excluding political history from history. such a definition excludes activities without which history is incomprehensible, especially in an age of totalitarian states and nation - states. war can also be understood in terms of the state, because “ war is not a licence to kill, but an obligation to kill for reasons of state. ” it is this all - embracing nature of the state that has made political genocide and, consequently, human rights important aspects of history in modern times, when the perpetrator of genocide is predominantly the state. that is why, although the united nations ’ definition marked a milestone in international law, and although it is the only internationally accepted one, it is of little use to scholars. because not one of the genocidal killings committed since the adoption of this resolution has been covered by it, “ it has never had any practical effect. ” it has thus been left to scholars to provide a precise definition of genocide, a full survey of which is to be found in the chalk and jonassohn ’ s work. rather than enumerate definitions of genocide, i will describe the empirically based categories about which students of genocide are close to consensus. these are retributive genocide, which is based on the desire for revenge ; institutional genocide, which is frequently incidental to military conquest ; utilitarian genocide, which is motivated by the desire for material gain ; monopolistic genocide, which originates in the desire to monopolize power ; and ideological genocide, which is motivated by the desire to impose a particular notion of salvation or purification on an entire society. chalk and jonassohn have combined these categories into a master definition : “ genocide is a form of one - sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator. ” for genocide to happen, there must be certain preconditions. foremost among them is a national culture that does not place a high


authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator. ” for genocide to happen, there must be certain preconditions. foremost among them is a national culture that does not place a high value on human life. a totalitarian society, with its assumed superior ideology, is also a precondition for genocidal acts. in addition, members of the dominant society must perceive their potential victims as less than fully human : as “ pagans, ” “ savages, ” “ uncouth barbarians, ” “ unbelievers, ” “ effete degenerates, ” “ ritual outlaws, ” “ racial inferiors, ” “ class antagonists, ” “ counterrevolutionaries, ” and so on. in themselves, these conditions are not enough for the perpetrators to commit genocide. to do that — that is, to commit genocide — the perpetrators need a strong, centralized authority and bureaucratic organization as well as pathological individuals and criminals. also required is a campaign of vilification and dehumanization of the victims by the perpetrators, who are usually new states or new regimes attempting to impose conformity to a new ideology and its model of society. features of genocide in afghanistan the afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. large numbers of afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the soviet union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in afghanistan. thus, the mass killing was political. incidents of the mass killing of noncombatant civilians were observed in the summer of 1980, when the mujahideen frustrated the invaders in their program of speedy conquest. three considerations prompted the invading army to resort to indiscriminate mass killing outside battle zones. unable to locate the elusive mujahideen, the wrath of the invading army fell on civilians as well, punishing them for their support of the mujahideen. the mujahideen had to be detached from the people. as guerrilla fighters, they could not be a viable force without the support of local populations. hence, the soviets felt it necessary to suppress defenseless civilians by killing them indiscriminately, by compelling them to flee abroad, and by destroying their crops and means of irrigation, the basis of their livelihood. the dropping of booby traps from the air, the planting of mines, and the use of chemical substances, though not on a wide scale, were also meant