here is the second half of climateprogress ’ summary of the ipcc summary : it is often more cost - effective to invest in end - use energy efficiency improvement than in increasing energy supply to satisfy demand for energy services. efficiency improvement has a positive effect on energy security, local and regional air pollution abatement, and employment. energy efficiency options for new and existing buildings could considerably reduce co2 emissions with net economic benefit. many barriers exist against tapping this potential, but there are also large co - benefits ( high agreement, much evidence ). by 2030, about 30 % of the projected ghg emissions in the building sector can be avoided with net economic benefit. changes in lifestyle and behaviour patterns can contribute to climate change mitigation across all sectors. management practices can also have a positive role. while studies use different methodologies, in all analyzed world regions near - term health co - benefits from reduced air pollution as a result of actions to reduce ghg emissions can be substantial and may offset a substantial fraction of mitigation costs ( high agreement, much evidence ). improved vehicle efficiency measures, leading to fuel savings, in many cases have net benefits ( at least for light - duty vehicles ), but the market potential is much lower than the economic potential due to the influence of other consumer considerations, such as performance and size. market forces alone, including rising fuel costs, are therefore not expected to lead to significant emission reductions. biofuels might play an important role in addressing ghg emissions in the transport sector, depending on their production pathway. medium term mitigation potential for co2 emissions from the aviation sector can come from improved fuel efficiency, which can be achieved through a variety of means, including technology, operations and air traffic management. however, such improvements are expected to only partially offset the growth of aviation emissions. total mitigation potential in the sector would also need to account for non - co2 climate impacts of aviation emissions. realizing emissions reductions in the transport sector is often a co - benefit of addressing traffic congestion, air quality and energy security. renewable energy generally has a positive effect on energy security, employment and on air quality. agricultural practices collectively can make a significant contribution at low cost to increasing soil carbon sinks, to ghg emission reductions, and by contributing biomass feedstocks for energy use ( medium agreement, medium evidence ). forest - related mitigation activities can considerably reduce emissions from sources and increase co2 removals by sinks at low costs, and can be designed to create synergies with adaptation


the national oceanic and atmospheric administration confirmed that july was the hottest on record in the contiguous united states, causing massive fish kills across the country and uncontrollable wildfires that consumed 2 million acres. the drought expanded to cover 63 percent of the lower 48 states in july, according to noaa data. the warm july weather contributed to a record - warm first seven months of the year and the warmest 12 - month period the nation has experienced since record - keeping began in 1895. higher - than - average temperatures engulfed much of the contiguous country during july, with the largest temperature departures from the 20th century average occurring across most of the plains, the midwest and along the eastern seaboard. virginia had its warmest july on record, with a statewide temperature 4 degrees f above average. thirty - two states had july temperatures among its 10 warmest, with seven states having their second - warmest july on record. drier - than - average conditions continued across the central plains and midwest during july. nebraska, iowa, illinois and missouri had july precipitation totals ranking among their 10 driest. maine had its fifth - driest july on record. the warm and dry conditions over a large portion of the country were associated with ideal wildfire conditions. more than 2 million acres burned nationwide in july because of wildfires, nearly half a million acres above average and the fourth - most on record since 2000.


by gail dutton it departments can ’ t ensure data security. despite firewalls and anti - virus and anti - malware applications, cybersecurity experts say most computer systems already are infected, and there ’ s little it administrators can do to prevent it. that ’ s the biggest surprise non - it employees experience during computer security training. “ non - it employees think cybersecurity isn ’ t their problem... and that it has taken care of it, ” notes prenston gale, director of information security for dynamics resource corporation, which trains government agencies in cybersecurity. at one time, reliance upon the it department was sufficient. today, however, organizations ’ security perimeter is human, and humans are the weakest link. lone hackers have been replaced by sophisticated criminal organizations and by hacktivists ( such as anonymous ) that engage in automated, advanced persistent threats ( apts ) that often gain entry by exploiting end - users. all organizations are vulnerable. attackers target small companies, as well as multinationals, and general employees, as well as senior executives. social engineering and spear phishing are core tactics, according to the report, “ when advanced persistent threats go mainstream, ” by the security for business innovation council ( sbic ) and rsa. unlike earlier scams, the e - mails or phone calls associated with social engineering appear legitimate. the better business bureau ( bbb ) scam is an example. companies receive an e - mail or phone call — purportedly from the bbb — alerting them about a customer complaint, along with the attached complaint form, or a case number and log - in information to a site link. once the link is clicked, malware that steals information and destroys files is loaded onto the pc. “ social engineering attacks are based upon interacting with people pretending to be with a particular organization and then stealing information, ” gale says. “ e - mail is one of biggest threat vectors. ” another attack uses thumb drives. after the department of homeland security ( dhs ) seeded a parking lot with thumb drives in 2011, it reported that 60 percent of the devices were inserted into agency or company computers. when the thumb drives had the organization ’ s logo, the insertion rate jumped to 90 percent, according to network security firm idappcom. the danger is that the drives could harbor malware or trojans that make it easy for hackers to penetrate. when security firm sophos analyzed 50 usb drives left on railcorp trains in australia, it found


network security firm idappcom. the danger is that the drives could harbor malware or trojans that make it easy for hackers to penetrate. when security firm sophos analyzed 50 usb drives left on railcorp trains in australia, it found that 66 percent contained malware. none were encrypted. one insidious botnet ( a zombie army of infected computers ) attack actually cleans up host device problems, so the pc runs beautifully, and then uses it to launch distributed denial - of - service ( ddos ) attacks against other systems. active training using simulated phishing and spear - phishing ( targeted ) attacks, and serious gaming using situations unique to employees ’ jobs are the most effective approaches to cybersecurity training. the objective is for individuals to recognize they could be responsible for major information breaches. in contrast, traditional methods such as webinars, videos, and classroom sessions haven ’ t made the threat real for participants, according to the sbic report. “ being phished isn ’ t a matter of being dumb. even the late steve jobs ( founder of apple ) fell for a spear - phishing attack, ” emphasizes rohyt belani, adjunct professor at carnegie mellon university and ceo and co - founder of phishme. as dave frymier, corporate information systems officer ( ciso ) of unisys, elaborates, “ it ’ s easy to enter innocuous sites that lead to unexpected places. employees can ’ t always back out, and sometimes the system is infected. ” detecting phishing depends upon noticing that something about a contact doesn ’ t seem right. with training, computer users become more aware of the dangers of active hyperlinks and opening attachments and links to sites that ask for sensitive information, even when the story is believable. “ the best way to make training effective is to make it hands - on and interesting, and to immerse people in the experience, ” belani says. “ for phishing, you don ’ t have to explain much. ” he developed an automated way to conduct unannounced, mock phishing exercises that provide instant, targeted training to those who are susceptible to the attack. by providing training at the point of their risky behavior, people gain instant perspective and spot subsequent dangers quicker and easier. these bite - sized experiences have enough emotional stress to get employees ’ attention, and present one concept at a time, such as a flashcard, for easy learning. before beginning a program, phish


instant perspective and spot subsequent dangers quicker and easier. these bite - sized experiences have enough emotional stress to get employees ’ attention, and present one concept at a time, such as a flashcard, for easy learning. before beginning a program, phishme blasts a notice throughout the organization alerting employees that spot training will occur throughout the year in the course of their normal work. but when simulated attacks are sent, there ’ s no warning. phishme simulated attacks arrive just like any other e - mail. “ on a first training run at an organization, we typically find 58 percent of the people would click a bad link in an e - mail, ” belani notes. “ at 12 months, after running the campaign every two months, susceptibility is below 10 percent. the key to success is the frequent nature of the training. ” the challenge for it - which often is the unit tasked with conducting cybersecurity training - is a combination of miniscule funding, boring training methods, and failure to recognize that training non - it staff in cybersecurity is crucial. unisys has trained non - it employees in cybersecurity since 2001. as frymier says, “ we focus on commonalities : what constitutes information security ; why it ’ s important ; what a breach would mean to our four main business units ; and what it would mean to functions such as contracting, regulatory compliance, etc. ” the jargon - free course changes at least 30 percent each year. “ last year, the course addressed encryption resources for e - mail, files, and whole disks. new content this year focuses upon phishing. ” “ the hidden face of the ‘ bring your own devices ( byod ) ’ trend is the pc, ” frymier says. although mobile device concerns are garnering headlines, many people access the corporate network remotely, from their home pcs in the evenings. consequently, corporate data is stored there and on thumb drives. “ unisys solidified its security policies and guidelines with a major focus on secure byod, ” frymier says. the policy outlines acceptable uses of personal devices for internet usage and corporate data in two pages of plain language, pointing out individuals ’ responsibility if they put corporate data on a device the corporation doesn ’ t own, as well as the possible repercussions if the corporation is sued for any reason. “ employees must understand they may be required to surrender devices that hold corporate data during the legal discovery process. that happens less than 1


corporation doesn ’ t own, as well as the possible repercussions if the corporation is sued for any reason. “ employees must understand they may be required to surrender devices that hold corporate data during the legal discovery process. that happens less than 1 percent of the time, but it ’ s a risk, ” frymier says. best practices are evolving, along with the threats. randy gross, cio of the computer technology industry association ( comptia ), advises organizations to use up - to - date technology and to have secure tools available to employees. then, ensure employees have internalized the risks, know how to behave on the internet and in e - mail, and understand implications of the business ’ regulations and the regulatory environment relating to data security. as a rule of thumb, gross advises, “ if you haven ’ t purchased it, don ’ t trust it. ” cybersecurity training strategies by maya yankelevich, senior human capital consultant, pdri who is part of the cyber workforce? all employees at every level of the organization share a responsibility to protect valuable information assets. cybersecurity is part of every business function ; it weaves throughout all aspects of daily business operations and, therefore, should be an intrinsic element of all training and development programs. a resilient organization is the result of an educated workforce and a technologically savvy infrastructure. few organizations have a comprehensive cybersecurity workforce planning strategy in place. as key stakeholders collaborate to develop this strategy, they must address the ongoing critical shortage of cybersecurity professionals. learning management experts then can plan and deploy training and development initiatives that are precisely aligned with the enterprise ’ s overarching cybersecurity strategy. conduct a gap analysis after setting strategic direction, determine the critical skills and competencies that are required to achieve strategic objectives. a gap analysis can assess current workforce capabilities and deficiencies. keep in mind that those working on the front lines of cyber defense must possess a mix of hybrid skills - communications expertise and interpersonal capabilities that supplement technical ability, enabling engagement and effective collaboration with stakeholders in other disciplines and business leaders across the organization. working together, the chief information security officer ’ s team, the organization ’ s human capital experts, and the training organization can improve the effectiveness of workforce cybersecurity programs by spearheading initiatives that will develop the diverse and sophisticated capabilities required to combat increasingly complex cyber threats. cisos who collaborate with their chief human capital officer ( chco ) allies will ensure that they have the resources


of workforce cybersecurity programs by spearheading initiatives that will develop the diverse and sophisticated capabilities required to combat increasingly complex cyber threats. cisos who collaborate with their chief human capital officer ( chco ) allies will ensure that they have the resources and infrastructure in place to build, develop, and sustain a resilient and globally competitive organization. deploy engaging training programs the training organization is tasked with building and executing learning content that supports the enterprise cybersecurity strategy... teaching risk management skills to end - users and enhancing the capabilities of cyber professionals to improve business performance. critical to consider is the knowledge and know - how needed by everyday users versus true cybersecurity professionals, and the different motivators that will lead to success for each group. traditional end - user security awareness training programs often lack requisite accountability and vigilance. they frequently are flat and lack the necessary impact. cybersecurity awareness is no longer optional ; instead of investing scarce training dollars in standard in - house or costly offsite development programs that often don ’ t deliver measurable return on investment, savvy organizations offer flexible and immersive learning programs tailored to specific enterprise goals. training content must be rich and engaging for unique cyber talent populations ; the in - demand experts are motivated by challenge and looking for the next growth opportunity. for example, channel a hacker - like propensity to break code into risk reduction expertise that secures the organization ’ s most valuable assets in the cyber domain. realistic hands - on training and development simulations that replicate real - world environments will not only ensure that these cyber warriors keep their skills sharp but also enable them to grow within the organization rather than pursue opportunities elsewhere. monitor success of initiatives after new programs are deployed, continuously evaluate the impact of training and development efforts by measuring employee awareness, behaviors, and capabilities. are you achieving the objectives outlined in the enterprise cybersecurity strategy? iteratively update learning tools to ensure the ongoing effectiveness of the organization ’ s response to a constantly evolving threat landscape.


the final act of the uruguay round and the marrakesh agreement establishing the world trade organization were signed on april 15, 1994. the world trade organization ( wto ) was subsequently established on january 1, 1995, as the multilateral institution charged with administering agreed - upon rules for trade among member countries. the wto supersedes the general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ), which was established in 1947 as the umbrella organization for international trade. the united states and other countries participating in the uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations ( 1986 - 94 ) formed the wto to embody the new trade disciplines adopted during those negotiations. the basic aim of the wto is to liberalize world trade and place it on a secure basis, thereby contributing to economic growth and development. at the heart of the wto are the numerous agreements negotiated and signed by members during the uruguay round. these agreements cover trade in goods and services, as well as trade - related aspects of intellectual property rights. all have some relevance to agricultural trade, and supporting material on a number of them is available in this briefing room. major wto agreements there are also four plurilateral agreements ( not binding on all wto members ) : - agreement on trade in civil aircraft - agreement on government procurement - international dairy agreement - international bovine meat agreement agreement on agriculture ( aoa ) the wto agreement on agriculture ( aoa ) represents a fundamental change in the way agriculture is treated under the rules governing trade among wto member countries. prior to the uruguay round, rules on trade in agricultural products in the general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ) were largely ineffective due to a number of loopholes and exceptions that, in effect, excluded much of this trade from most of the disciplines applied to trade in manufactured goods. the aoa introduced important new disciplines on the trade of agricultural products and required countries to reduce agricultural support and protection in the areas of market access, domestic support, and export subsidies - sometimes referred to as the " three pillars " of the agreement. under market access, countries agreed to open markets by prohibiting nontariff barriers, converting nontariff barriers to tariffs ( known as " tarrification " ), and reducing tariffs. countries also agreed to reduce expenditures on export subsidies and on the quantity of agricultural products exported with subsidies. domestic support reductions were achieved through commitments to reduce a country ' s aggregate measurement of support ( ams ) - a numerical measure of the value of most trade - distorting domestic policies. the aoa recognized that


of agricultural products exported with subsidies. domestic support reductions were achieved through commitments to reduce a country ' s aggregate measurement of support ( ams ) - a numerical measure of the value of most trade - distorting domestic policies. the aoa recognized that the long - term objective of substantial progressive reductions in support and protection is an ongoing process. as a result, it committed members to initiate negotiations by the end of 1999. agriculture and services were the only areas where negotiations on further trade liberalization were mandated in the uruguay round agreements that established the wto. agricultural negotiations began in january 2000, in advance of the official launching of the doha round. see the aoa general issues section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding general issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. tariffication and market access tariffication, the conversion of nontariff barriers to equivalent bound tariffs, was one of the most important outcomes of the uruguay round agreement on agriculture ( aoa ). the adoption of a tariffs - only approach for agriculture was a sweeping reform that went a long way toward subjecting agricultural trade to the same disciplines applied to other traded goods. the uruguay round tariff reductions, along with the establishment of tariff - rate quotas ( trqs ), increased market access for agricultural exports, but also left many high tariffs in place ( see aoa issues series : market access : tariffication and tariff reduction ). agricultural trade would benefit from further reducing high tariffs, expanding and reforming trqs, and improving the predictability of tariff protection. see the aoa tariffs and market access section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding tariff and market - access issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. domestic support policies were recognized as one source of market and trade distortions in negotiating the uruguay round agreement on agriculture ( aoa ). countries, therefore, agreed to limit domestic policies presumed to be the most trade distorting and to exempt non - or minimally trade - distorting policies from any limitations ( see aoa issues series : domestic support policies ). policies were categorized by color according to whether and how they were disciplined. policies that directly influence production decisions, such as price support policies ( amber box policies ), were capped and subject to cuts. support levels from amber box policies are quantified, according to the aoa, by calculation of an aggregate measure of support ( ams ), which combines estimated support levels for all commodities into one overall measure. the aoa exempted three types of domestic programs from reduction commitments.


quantified, according to the aoa, by calculation of an aggregate measure of support ( ams ), which combines estimated support levels for all commodities into one overall measure. the aoa exempted three types of domestic programs from reduction commitments. the first type of exempt support is amber box policies deemed to be de minimis - defined as support that is less than 5 percent of the value of production. the second type of domestic program exempt from reduction commitments is expenditures that are entirely government funded and do not vary with prices. this type of support ( green box policies ) - deemed to have little or no effect on production or trade - includes research programs, domestic food aid, environmental programs, and certain crop insurance and income - support programs. the third type of exemption ( blue box policies ) includes payments that are related to production - limiting programs ( e. g., subsidies paid as a result of production quotas or those that require producers to set aside land in order to qualify for subsidies ). see the aoa domestic support section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding domestic - support issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. the uruguay round agreement on agriculture ( aoa ) imposed meaningful disciplines on agricultural export subsidies for the first time ( see aoa issues series : export subsidies ). prior to aoa implementation, export subsidies significantly distorted agricultural trade. under the aoa, countries that employed export subsidies for agricultural commodities agreed to lower the volume and value of their subsidies during a multiyear phase - in period. new subsidies cannot be introduced. bona fide food aid and export market promotion and advisory services are exempt. see the aoa export subsidies section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding export - subsidy issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. the wto agreement also created a dispute settlement body within the wto to resolve disputes among wto members, and it established a system for regular review of national trade policies and international trade trends. any state or customs territory having full autonomy in the conduct of its trade policies may become a wto member subject to negotiations guided by a working party of wto members. at the conclusion of the uruguay round, there were 124 wto members. china completed accession negotiations and became a wto member in december 2001, taiwan in january 2002, and viet nam in january 2007. tonga is the wto ' s 151st member, joining in july 2007. russia and ukraine are among over two dozen countries currently negotiating to join the wto ( see wto ' s web page on


charles de la vallee poussin ' s father was the professor of mineralogy and geology at the university of louvain for around 40 years. the original family name was lavallee, a name of french origin. a great - grandfather of vallee poussin married into the family of nicolas poussin, the leading french artist of the 17th century, and being an artist himself this great - grandfather added the name poussin to his own name of la vallee. so vallee poussin came from a family with both artistic and scientific interests, but it was also a family with literary interests. from his boyhood he was encouraged by the mathematician louis - philippe gilbert but at first vallee poussin thought he would become a jesuit priest. he entered the jesuit college at mons but he found the teaching there unacceptable. he was particularly disappointed in the teaching of philosophy at the college, so he turned to a different topic although he still did not have mathematics as his main interest. he studied engineering and obtained his diploma in that subject. however soon after this he became absorbed by pure mathematics. he studied at the university of louvain where he was taught by gilbert who proved to be an inspiring teacher. gilbert was an excellent mathematician and the author of a fine analysis textbook. vallee poussin also studied at the university of paris and at the university of berlin. in 1891 vallee poussin was appointed as an assistant of gilbert ' s at the university of louvain. however the collaboration was not to last for long since gilbert died in 1892. although only 26 years old at the time vallee poussin was elected to gilbert ' s chair. vallee poussin ' s first mathematical research was on analysis, in particular concentrating on integrals and solutions of differential equations. one of his first papers in 1892 on differential equations was awarded a prize by the belgium academy. his best known work, however, appeared four years later in 1896 when he proved the prime number theorem. this states that π ( x ), the number of primes ≤ x, tends to x / logex as x tends to infinity. the prime number theorem had been conjectured in the 18th century, but in 1896 two mathematicians independently proved the result, namely hadamard and vallee poussin. the first major contribution to proving the result was made by chebyshev in 1848, then the proof was outlined by riemann in 1851. the clue to two independent proofs being produced at the same time is that


vallee poussin. the first major contribution to proving the result was made by chebyshev in 1848, then the proof was outlined by riemann in 1851. the clue to two independent proofs being produced at the same time is that the necessary tools in complex analysis had not been developed until that time. in fact the solution of this major open problem was one of the major motivations for the development of complex analysis during the period from 1851 to 1896. in 1900, while on holiday in norway, vallee poussin met a belgium family. he married the talented daughter of this family and it was a very happy marriage. the result was that he had a home where he and his wife were happy and contented. he lived in louvain from the time he was first appointed there except for a few periods abroad. during the first world war he was invited to harvard in 1915 and then to paris in 1916. among a number of famous lectures he gave were those in fribourg in 1918, rome in 1923 and houston in 1924. other than the prime number theorem, vallee poussin ' s only contributions to prime numbers were contained in two papers on the riemann zeta function which he published in 1916. the riemann hypothesis, perhaps the most famous of all the still open questions of mathematics, is that all the complex zeros of the zeta function lie on the line 1 / 2 + i b. vallee poussin strengthened results proved by hardy in 1914 which showed that an infinite number of the zeros were on that line. vallee poussin ' s results were of passing interest, however, for hardy and littlewood proved still stronger results in 1918. vallee poussin also worked on approximation to functions by algebraic and trigonometric polynomials from 1908 to 1918. let us quote vallee poussin ' s own description of the problem of approximation as given in a lecture which he gave in houston in 1924 : - the most important of the problems which have been attacked in the study of approximation is that of the order of approximation. let us define first what we mean by approximation. for example, let a continuous function f ( x ) be represented by means of a polynomial of degree n, and let pn ( x ) be such a polynomial. the difference f - pn is the error of the approximation, and is a function of x ; its maximum value in the interval of representation is the approximation on. this positive number approaches 0 as 1 / n approaches zero, if the


a polynomial. the difference f - pn is the error of the approximation, and is a function of x ; its maximum value in the interval of representation is the approximation on. this positive number approaches 0 as 1 / n approaches zero, if the polynomial pnis well chosen.... the problem of the order of approximation is the following : to determine the relation which exists between the order of approximation on, which f ( x ) may admit for a finite expression of order n, and the differential properties of the function. he then continued to put his own contribution to this problem into context, although one must say that it is phrased in a very modest way : - i offered myself the beginnings of an answer to this very problem in 1908, while studying the approximation given by edmund landau ' s integral. i showed also that the function | x | admits an approximation of the order of 1 / n by a polynomial of degree n, and i raised the question of deciding whether or not that was the order of the best possible approximation. this definite question had much more importance for the development of the subject than the few isolated results which i had obtained, because that question caused the writing of the two most important memoirs on the subject, one by d jackson and the other by sergei bernstein. vallee poussin ' s most major work was cours d ' analyse. burkill writes in : - it was [ jordan ' s cours d ' analyse ] which, as is recorded by hardy and other mathematicians of his generation, opened their eyes to what analysis really was. if jordan ' s is the most noble of the cours d ' analyse and perhaps goursat ' s ( helped by its translation by hedrick ) the most widely read, it can hardly be doubted that vallee poussin ' s is the most elegant and lucid. vallee poussin ' s cours d ' analyse went through several editions, each containing new material. by 1899, several years before the publication of the first edition, much of the material already existed in the form of lecture notes. the first edition of volume 1 appeared in 1903, and the first edition of volume 2 in 1906. volume i covered differentiation of functions of one or more variables, and integration of functions of a single variable. volume 2 covered multiple integrals, differential equations, and differential geometry. the treatise was written in an interesting way, combining an introductory text with an advanced work for specialists. the way this was achieved was having two different type


functions of a single variable. volume 2 covered multiple integrals, differential equations, and differential geometry. the treatise was written in an interesting way, combining an introductory text with an advanced work for specialists. the way this was achieved was having two different type sizes. if a reader only read the larger type then it was a complete introduction to the subject for beginners or those interested in applications to engineering. the smaller type material was aimed at the pure mathematical specialist interested in the deeper subtleties. the work changed dramatically when a second edition appeared, volume 1 in 1909 and volume 2 in 1912. most of the additional material appeared in small type and covered topics such as set theory, in particular the schroder - bernstein theorem, the lebesgue integral, functions of bounded variation, the jordan curve theorem, polynomial approximation, parseval ' s theorem on trigonometric series, results of fejer, etc. the third edition of volume i again contained new material and was published in 1914. however world war ii disrupted vallee poussin ' s work. the promised german translation failed to appear and the third edition of volume 2 was burned by the german army when it overran louvain. it would have discussed the lebesgue integral, work which was never to be published in this form but a lot of it was incorporated into a later monograph. unlike many similar books of its time cours d ' analyse contains no complex function theory. the fourth edition appeared in 1921 and 1922. it ended the larger / smaller print distinction and became a work aimed at beginners. the two volumes had reached their seventh edition by 1938 but it went through much fewer changes after the fourth edition. after 1925 vallee poussin turned to complex variable, potential theory and conformal representation. further important texts published by him were his borel tract on the lebesgue integral ( 1916 ), approximation theory ( 1919 ), mechanics ( 1924 ), and potential theory ( 1937 ). in 1930 vallee poussin was revising his 1916 tract lebesgue integrals : set functions : baire classes when luzin ' s lectures on analytic sets and their applications was published. the paper contains three letters written by vallee poussin to luzin dated 4 february 1933, 8 march 1933 and 21 march 1933. vallee poussin comments in these letters on the fact, which is of great interest to him, that luzin used slightly different classifications of the same sets as he had studied. he gives high praise to luzin ' s


21 march 1933. vallee poussin comments in these letters on the fact, which is of great interest to him, that luzin used slightly different classifications of the same sets as he had studied. he gives high praise to luzin ' s book. publication of vallee poussin ' s work le potential logarithmique was held up by world war ii and only published in 1949. vallee poussin was elected to the belgium academy in 1909. more honours were to follow including election to the madrid academy of sciences, the naples society of science, the american academy of arts and sciences, the institute of france, the accademia dei lincei, the paris academy of science, and the american national academy of sciences. there were celebrations in 1928 when vallee poussin had held the chair at the university of louvain for 35 years and again celebrations in 1943 when he had been 50 years in the chair of mathematics at louvain. in 1928, when he had held the chair at louvain for 35 years, the king of belgium conferred the title baron on vallee poussin at the celebrations for this event. in 1961 he fractured his shoulder and since vallee poussin was in his mid 90s it failed to heal. his death followed a few months later. article by : j j o ' connor and e f robertson


- author : katherine e. kerlin how wood is used after it is cleared from a forest and where that forest is located largely affects the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere, according to a new study by uc davis. the study, published this week in the advance online edition of the journal nature climate change, provides a deeper understanding of the complex global impacts of deforestation on carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions. when trees are felled to create solid wood products, such as lumber for housing, that wood retains much of its carbon for decades, the researchers found. in contrast, when wood is used for bioenergy or turned into pulp for paper, nearly all of its carbon is released into the atmosphere. carbon is a major contributor to greenhouse gases. “ we found that 30 years after a forest clearing, between 0 percent and 62 percent of carbon from that forest might remain in storage, ” said lead author j. mason earles, a doctoral student with the uc davis institute of transportation studies. “ previous models generally assumed that it was all released immediately. ” the researchers analyzed how 169 countries use harvested forests. they learned that the temperate forests found in the united states, canada and parts of europe are cleared primarily for use in solid wood products, while the tropical forests of the southern hemisphere are more often cleared for use in energy and paper production. “ carbon stored in forests outside europe, the usa and canada, for example, in tropical climates such as brazil and indonesia, will be almost entirely lost shortly after clearance, ” the study states. the study ’ s findings have potential implications for biofuel incentives based on greenhouse gas emissions. for instance, if the united states decides to incentivize corn - based ethanol, less profitable crops, such as soybeans, may shift to other countries. and those countries might clear more forests to make way for the new crops. where those countries are located and how the wood from those forests is used would affect how much carbon would be released into the atmosphere. earles said the study provides new information that could help inform climate models of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. “ this is just one of the pieces that fit into this land - use issue, ” said earles. land use is a driving factor of climate change. “ we hope it will give climate models some concrete data on emissions factors they can use. ” in addition to earles, the study, “ timing of carbon emissions from global forest clearance,


the cultural capital of india 1. importance of banaras in india and especially for hindus ; various aspects of banaras, its many names and what makes it the cultural capital of india. 2. archaeology, mythology, geography, and history of banaras - its unique situation on ganges, and its journey through the history of india, and quest to know what makes it oldest living city. 3. religious varanasi - many religions, place and types of worship, a religious place and institutions. you will find that even primitive worship cults are still practiced in this city. discover the city of buddha, jain tirthankars, shaiva and vaishnava saints or devoted saints like kabir and tulsi. 4. arts, crafts and architecture of banaras : you will be amused to see that varanasi is a museum architectural designs. it presents changing patterns and movements in course of history. it has a rich and original variety of paintings and sculptor styles and equally rich treasures of folk art. during the ages varanasi has produced master craftsmen and varanasi has earned name and fame for its sarees, handicrafts, textiles, toys, ornaments, metal work, clay and wood work, leaf and fibre crafts. with ancient crafts, banaras has not lagged behind in modern industries. 5. discover ganga - the holiest of the holy river - its mythology, geography, socio - economic aspects, its monumental ghats and their story and the present condition of pollution. 6. the capital of all knowledge - discover the most ancient seat of education in india world the famous scholars and their ` shastrarthas ', the great scholars, universities, college, schools, madarsas and pathshalas and guru shishya traditions, the epics, famous literary works, languages and dialects, journalistic traditions - newspapers and magazine, and famous libraries. 7. discover the social and cultural fabric - organisation of sacred complex and social spaces, the cultural pluristic, linguistic and ethnic groups. discover the city of affluence, intellectuals, oral traditions, castes and customs, personalities, professions, communal harmony. discover the rural varanasi. and finally ( and with deep insight ) peep into, the pleasure of pans, thandai, gamcha, bahri alang and mauj masti. 8. the city of music and drama and entertainment : banaras has been famous for its music both vocal instrumental, it has its


the pleasure of pans, thandai, gamcha, bahri alang and mauj masti. 8. the city of music and drama and entertainment : banaras has been famous for its music both vocal instrumental, it has its own dance tradition. add to this a very rich stock of folk music and drama ( esp. ramlila ), the tradition musical soirees, fairs and festival the rich tradition of akharas, games and sports. add to this classical banaras transport vehicles like ekka and modern traffic jam. 9. industrial city : discover the fast developing city of heavy, light and cottage industries, local handicrafts and other small scale industrial units. ( dlw, bhel, electric, cycle, pumps, paper, glass, fertilizer etc. ) 10. medical world of varanasi : discover the ancient college of plastic surgery, sushruta, dhanvantri ( god of medicine ), divodas, and practice of all the ancient and modern systems of medicine in action. 11. the unseen banaras : discover the spots around varanasi, instituions, story of freedom struggle and the martyrs, history of kashiraj, history of sarnath, history of bhadohi ( carpet town ), of mirzapur, of ghazipur, know about the famous travellers and tourists, of the ` nijam '. and finally having seen the panorama of banaras, its continuity of culture, discover the identity of banaras. source of information : - department of culture, varanasi


in the judicial courts of burma, until at least the middle of the 19th century. read the whole thing. an english translation appears in kenneth rh mackenzie ' s 1853 book burmah and the burmese, published in london. mackenzie writes : " the oath is written in a small book of palm leaves, and is held over the head of the witness. " called the book of imprecations or the book of the oath, the slim volume also expresses the court ' s sentiments about any witnesses who would fudge facts. the court is fairly thorough in its wishes, touching on the most likely eventualities. " may false witnesses die of bad diseases, be bitten by crocodiles, be drowned. may they become poor, hated of the king. may they have calumniating enemies, may they be driven away, may they become utterly wretched, may every one ill - treat them, and raise lawsuits against them. may they be killed with swords, lances, and every sort of weapon. may they be precipitated into the eight great hells and the 120 smaller ones. may they be tormented. may they be changed into dogs. and, if finally they become men, may they be slaves a thousand and ten thousand times. may all their undertakings, thoughts and desires ever remain as worthless as a heap of cotton burnt by the fire. " and so on. the oath itself is all business. the deponent must say : " if i speak not the truth... when i and my relations are on land, land animals, as tigers, elephants, buffaloes, poisonous serpents, scorpions, & c, shall seize, crush, and bite us, so that we shall certainly die. let the calamities occasioned by fire, water, rulers, thieves, and enemies oppress and destroy us, till we perish and come to utter destruction. let us be subject to all the calamities that are within the body, and all that are without the body. may we be seized with madness, dumbness, blindness, deafness, leprosy and hydrophobia. may we be struck with thunderbolts and lightning, and come to sudden death. in the midst of not speaking truth, may i be taken with vomiting clotted black blood, and suddenly die before the assembled people. " when i am going by water, may the water nats [ spirits ] assault me, the boat be upset, and the property lost ; and may alligators, porpoises


clotted black blood, and suddenly die before the assembled people. " when i am going by water, may the water nats [ spirits ] assault me, the boat be upset, and the property lost ; and may alligators, porpoises, sharks, or other sea monsters, seize and crush me to death ; and when i change worlds, may i not arrive among men or nats, but suffer unmixed punishment and regret, in the utmost wretchedness, among the four states of punishment, hell, prita, beasts and athurakai. " after that and a lot more, the oath concludes with a few thoughts of hope and cheer. if i speak the truth, may i and my relations, through the influence of the ten laws of merit, and on account of the efficacy of truth, be freed from all calamities within and without the body ; and may evils which have not yet come, be warded far away. may the ten calamities and five enemies also be kept faraway. may the thunderbolts and lightning, the nat of the waters, and all sea animals, love me, that i may be safe from them. may my prosperity increase like the rising sun and the waxing moon ; and may the seven possessions, the seven laws, and the seven [ merits of the virtuous, be permanent in my person ; and when i change worlds, may i not go to the four states of punishment, but attain the happiness of men and nats, and realize merit, reward, and perfect calm. then the witness, if he is still alive and not seized with madness, dumbness, blindness, deafness, leprosy or hydrophobia, testifies. the whole thing is here.


final product what you ' ll be creating in this tutorial you will learn how to create realistic vector fire, using the gradient mesh tool and screen blending mode. believe me, there ’ s nothing overly complicated. let ’ s strike a match! every few weeks, we revisit some of our reader ' s favorite posts from throughout the history of the site. this tutorial was first published in april of 2011. we will be working in rgb color model, if you do not have it installed, go to file > document color mode > rgb color. let ’ s begin our tutorial by creating a background. take the rectangle tool ( m ) and create a rectangle filled with a black color. proceed to the creation of a match. take the rectangle tool ( m ) and create a rectangle in the shape of a matchstick. now fill it with a linear gradient of various shades of brown to convey the light distribution at the edges of the match. copy this rectangle and paste it in front ( command + c ; command + f ). now slightly reduce the height of the rectangle and fill it with a new linear gradient. the shades of brown on this rectangle are darker than the ones on the bottom rectangle. select both rectangles and go to object > blend > make. create another rectangle of the same width as all the previous ones, as shown in the figure below. set the gradient fill and opacity to 0 % in the transparency palette. create a new rectangle the height of which equals a few pixels with the fill of the same gradient as a transparent rectangle. select the last two rectangles and go to object > blend > make. proceed to the creation of a match head. take the ellipse tool ( l ) and create a circle centered on the same axial line with the match. for convenience turn on the smart guides mode ( command + u ). take the direct selection tool ( a ) and pull out a circle to the left, while holding down shift. now take the pen tool ( p ) and put new anchor points at the intersections of the head with the matchstick. using the direct selection tool ( a ), transform the shape of the head to the view shown in the figure below. fill the match head with a radial gradient that goes from dark brown to its light shades. copy and paste back the shape of the head ( command + c ; command + b ). fill the copy with a solid dark - brown color and shift


. fill the match head with a radial gradient that goes from dark brown to its light shades. copy and paste back the shape of the head ( command + c ; command + b ). fill the copy with a solid dark - brown color and shift it slightly to the left. take the pen tool ( p ) and create a place where the wood is burnt. these areas are filled with a linear gradient composed of dark shades of brown color. both of these objects must be located in the under layers below the match head. create pores on the match head. take the ellipse tool ( l ) and create an ellipse. for the fill color, use solid color of the fill of a radial gradient of the match head. to take the color, use the eyedropper tool ( i ) and hold down the shift to select. often object selection interferes with choosing the right color, you can turn it on, go to view > hide edges ( command + h ). use the same combination of keys to activate the selection. copy and paste the ellipse in front ( command + c ; command + f ), reduce the size and fill it with a solid dark brown. using this technique to create more pores on the match head. now we ’ ll proceed to create the match flame. at this stage, you should learn one important property : black objects when overlapping over other objects become transparent if you set the screen blending mode for them in the transparency palette in rgb color mode. you can see below the same objects in the cmyk color mode. if you are still working in the cmyk color mode, then in order to achieve this effect, you should use absolute black. create the shape of the flame. take the ellipse tool ( l ) and create a circle. using the direct selection tool ( a ), pull the top anchor point up. the shape of the flame should be located in the under layer below the elements of the match. select the shape of the flame, and go to object > create gradient mesh … and set the number of rows and columns in the dialog box. remember that you can edit the grid lines that are obtained automatically. use the gradient mesh tool ( u ) to create new lines, and use the same tool to remove them but this time hold down the alt. use the direct selection tool ( a ) for grid line distortion and movement of the nodes. thus, bring the lines and nodes of the gradient mesh to the view shown in the figure below. flame


to remove them but this time hold down the alt. use the direct selection tool ( a ) for grid line distortion and movement of the nodes. thus, bring the lines and nodes of the gradient mesh to the view shown in the figure below. flame is a movable object, so your grid can have a completely different shape. select the gradient mesh with the selection tool ( v ) or by clicking on the appropriate under layer in the layers palette and fill it with black. set the screen blending mode in the transparency palette. proceed to the coloring of the flame. select the grid nodes and apply yellow and red colors to them. nodes that lie beyond the borders of the gradient mesh should remain in black, otherwise we get the sharp edges of the flame, which is unacceptable. create another object above the match. using the technique described above, create a simple gradient mesh based on this object and color it. and this is how two gradient meshes look together. now create two more feathers of the flame. and all the elements of fire together. when coloring the gradient mesh you can use the colors of the already colored grids. in this, you can rely on your artistic taste to create a very interesting work. there is no smoke without fire, and vice versa. start creating smoke. take the rectangle tool ( m ) and create a rectangle filled with black. and set the screen blending mode in the transparency palette. keep the rectangle selected, go to object > create gradient mesh … and set the number of rows and columns in the dialog box. transfer the rectangle to the background in order to choose the right color, and replace the color of the two bottom central points of the gradient mesh with blue. now you need to bend the rectangle shape into the shape of a smoke stream. i used the following tools to transform such objects : the direct selection tool ( a ), lasso tool ( q ), and rotate tool ( r ). let ’ s take a look at the transformation technique. first, lock all the objects except the rectangle in the layers palette. place the rectangle at the right place in your work, take the lasso tool ( q ) and select all the nodes of the grid, except those that are on the left side. take the rotate tool ( r ) and set the center rotation at point a and use the same tool to bend the object. now make another bend. using the lasso tool ( q ) select mesh nodes, as shown in the figure below. take the rotate tool


tool ( r ) and set the center rotation at point a and use the same tool to bend the object. now make another bend. using the lasso tool ( q ) select mesh nodes, as shown in the figure below. take the rotate tool ( r ) and set the center of rotation at point b and bend the object using the same tool. in addition, you can move individual nodes and ( or ) several nodes using the direct selection tool ( a ). grid line operation is the same as with operating any other vector objects. i think you ’ ve got the working principle down. bring the object to the view shown in the figure below. the smoke stream is located below the match in the layers palette. using the technique described above, create a few more streams of smoke. you ’ ve probably noticed that for the creation of these streams both sides of the original rectangle are colored in shades of blue, while central nodes of the grid stay black. check how all the elements that make up the smoke look. we only have to create a composition. creating a composition in the technical sense is always the final stage. of course, before creating the work, you should have an idea about the final result, you can even make a few sketches. but it is convenient to complete your work with this stage. why do you think it is so? the thing is that it is easier to work with gradients if an object is placed vertically or horizontally. imagine how much time you would spend on setting the gradients of the wooden piece of the match, if it was located at an angle to the normal line? and the thing is not only in gradients, it is convenient to work with any object if it is located horizontally or vertically. thus, unlock all objects in the layers palette ( in step 18, we locked some objects ) and group up all the elements of our work and rotate them as shown below. also resize the background in this step so that the composition looked harmonious. when creating a composition pay attention not only to the harmony of objects, but to the harmony of empty space as well. now hide all the objects protruding beyond the background. copy the black rectangle ( background ) and paste it in front ( command + c ; command + f ). move the under layer with the rectangle in the layers palette so that it is above all objects. select all objects command + a. now go to object > clipping mask > make or choose the appropriate option from the context menu. having mastered the technique described in


reilly, an 8 - year - old golden retriever, just wasn ' t acting herself when she first came to texas a & m university ' s college of veterinary medicine. reilly ' s mom had noticed the she was less active, had difficulty walking, and acted painful. during examination, a tamu veterinarian determined that the source of her discomfort and disability was most likely a problem within her brain. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of reilly ' s brain was recommended as a way to " look " for tumors, encephalitis, some forms of strokes, and other brain diseases. the mri revealed a large mass, suspected to be a tumor, in the front part of reilly ' s brain ( figure 1 ). various tumor types were considered, but the mri characteristics were strongly suggestive of a tumor called meningioma. meningioma is a cancerous growth of the membranes that cover the brain. various treatments including surgery and radiation have been used to control meningiomas. chemotherapy has also shown promise as an adjunct to other after thoughtful consideration by reilly ' s caretakers, veterinarians, and the staff at texas a & m, the decision was made to perform brain surgery to try to remove at least some of the tumor. tumor removal could help relieve pressure on the brain and allow a definitive diagnosis via microscopic evaluation of tissue from the mass. a team of veterinarians, support staff, and veterinary medical students prepared reilly for surgery a few days after the mri. reilly ' s family gathered in the waiting room anxious for updates while the surgical team worked diligently in the operating room. after completion of the surgery, an mri was performed to determine how much of the tumor was removed. ( figure 2 ) reilly recovered in the icu for a few days then returned home to her family. improvements in her activity and comfort level were seen shortly after her return home. according to her caretakers, " reilly was back to her old self. " the post - operative mri demonstrated that a majority of the tumor had been removed. confirmation of meningioma was made allowing the oncologist to choose a chemotherapeutic agent to aid in tumor teamwork amongst multiple specialists ( radiologists, anesthesiologists, oncologists, neurologists, surgeons ) was essential to help reilly. while not every dog with a brain tumor recovers as well as reilly, the type of collaborative effort and access to cutting - edge technology at texas a & m university gives each


st. paul of the cross 1694 - 1775 “ tell me the landscape on which you live and i ’ ll tell you who you are. ” ortega y gasset in 1714 a young northern italian, paolo danei, had a striking experience of god. it happened during an ordinary sermon in an ordinary church, preached by an unknown parish priest. a sense of god and a desire to serve him filled his heart. over the years, the experience grew, and it centered on the passion of jesus christ. from the sermon he heard in church, the young man gained a life - long respect for preaching. in his early years he taught catechism in churches near his home ; later he became a powerful preacher of god ’ s word. in 1715, responding to a call for help from the pope, paul left his work helping his father to join a crusade against the turks who were threatening the venetian republic, but he soon realized that god wasn ’ t calling him to be a soldier. there was something else for him to do, and so he returned to help in the family business. “ my father was a poor tobacconist ” his father was “ a poor tobacconist, ” who moved his family and small store from town to town near genoa trying to make ends meet. financial conditions in italy were bad as economic power shifted from the mediterranean to the atlantic coast, bringing prosperity to the seaports of england, holland and france, but leaving italy, once the richest country in europe in renaissance times, a poorer place. considered medicinal at the time, tobacco was an item that hard - pressed governments put a high tax on. paul ’ s father fell into the clutches of zealous italian tax - collectors more than once as he brought supplies for his store from the docks of genoa. no doubt his son did too. paul would always have a soft spot in his heart for people in trouble with the law. the danei were a devout catholic family. large families were not unusual then. they had 16 children ; paul was the second child, born in the town of ovada, january 3, 1694. only six children survived into their adult years ; the majority died as infants. so paul danei became acquainted early on with the mystery of death, and from his mother especially, he learned to see it through the lens of the passion of christ. “ poor italy, ” paul called his native land, and in the 18th century it was poor in more ways than one. the majority of its people lived in rural areas hit hard by


learned to see it through the lens of the passion of christ. “ poor italy, ” paul called his native land, and in the 18th century it was poor in more ways than one. the majority of its people lived in rural areas hit hard by the country ’ s weak economy. many were illiterate. politically, the italian peninsula was a patchwork of small city states and territories that made it easy prey for europe ’ s bigger states coveting its resources. the governments of spain, france and austria continually found reasons to meddle in italian affairs and periodically sent their armies across its borders to enforce their will. outside control made it difficult for italy to develop economically and politically. the catholic church also shared in 18th century italy ’ s poverty. the popes controlled large sections of the italian peninsula – the ancient papal states – but they were under the thumb of foreign powers. foreign rulers already had their hands in appointing bishops and in the affairs of religious orders ; through agents they manipulated papal conclaves to lessen the role of the papacy in european politics. if they couldn ’ t get a pope that favored them, they settled for an old man in poor health, less likely to get in their way. their aim, already realized in england by henry viii and his ministers in the 16th century, was to weaken the ancient church, dismantle its religious orders and institutions, and grab its wealth for themselves. historians recognize the limitations big governments placed on the papacy in the 18th century : the popes of the era were “ good men, ” “ spiritual leaders, ” but – with the exception of benedict xiv – lacking the “ breadth of understanding ” to deal with the critical problems of their times ( henri daniel - rops ). they were “ humane, ” “ not heroic, ” “ mostly good - humored ” church leaders caught in the whirlwind of changing times ( owen chadwick ). they held on to the past, but were not sure how to face the future. besides political and economic forces, a new movement, the enlightenment, affected 18th century italy and the rest of europe, along with europe ’ s colonies in the new world. scientists, philosophers and historians saw human reason as the way to a better future and emphasized human rights and human and scientific development – values they ’ ve passed on to us today. the enlightenment changed the spiritual landscape of the western world. the movement ’ s followers were religious, for the most part, though some, like the french philosopher voltaire, attacked religion ( especially the catholic church


they ’ ve passed on to us today. the enlightenment changed the spiritual landscape of the western world. the movement ’ s followers were religious, for the most part, though some, like the french philosopher voltaire, attacked religion ( especially the catholic church ) as the chief enemy of human progress and denied god ’ s existence. most figures of the enlightenment, like the americans, george washington and thomas jefferson, believed in a “ providential deism. ” god created the world, yet afterwards watched it from a distance. no need, the deists thought, for revealed religions or for prayer or spiritual searching into a higher world. this world ’ s secrets discovered through science and reason are enough : know then thyself, presume not god to scan ; the proper study of mankind is man. ( alexander pope, essay on man ) enlightenment thinkers, whose god was little involved in human affairs, would dismiss a spiritual awakening like paul danei ’ s. human growth took place through human effort, not from heavenly grace. the “ enlightenment ” at castellazzo yet, paul danei saw himself guided from above, mostly by slow steps and small graces, with occasional strong spiritual experiences. god was close, he believed, but mostly in a dark closeness. the young man regularly prayed and read the scriptures and spiritual books to know god ’ s will, but the road to take wasn ’ t clear. he faced unanswered questions all his life. who would support his struggling family? should be marry? an uncle, a priest, tried arranging a good marriage for him, but he declined the offer. sometimes his faith seemed to disappear. but then, on a trip for supplies for the family ’ s store, he would see a mountain shrine and hear a call to “ climb the mountain of the lord. ” six years after the sermon in church, another strong experience of god occurred. “ in the summer of 1720, at the time of the grain harvest, after communion at the capuchin church in castellazzo on a street corner near my home – i was raised up in god in the deepest recollection with complete forgetfulness of all else and with great interior peace … ” he saw himself clothed in a black garment with a white cross on his breast on which was written the name of jesus. he told his family and then the bishop of his diocese that he wished to be clothed in the garment of a hermit, a common step for those wishing to serve god in those days. then he settled in a small room belonging to


name of jesus. he told his family and then the bishop of his diocese that he wished to be clothed in the garment of a hermit, a common step for those wishing to serve god in those days. then he settled in a small room belonging to the church of st. charles in castellazzo and for 40 days he fasted and prayed to know what further step to take. his diocesan bishop, bishop francesco gattinaro, asked paul to keep a diary of those days, and paul afterwards gave him a written account of moments of great consolation and great emptiness. it was what he would experience for the rest of his life. at the end of the 40 days, like jesus in the desert, he embraced a mission. he believed god was calling him to begin a new community in the church. the 18th century wasn ’ t favorable for founding new religious communities, however. governments considered some existing religious communities, like the jesuits, as dangerous political adversaries ; others, as socially useless. henry viii had already shown that lands appropriated from religious communities could bring in healthy sums. facing economic hard times, the church wasn ’ t looking for new religious communities either ; there were more than enough, most church leaders thought. so instead of supporting paul ’ s desire to found a new community, bishop gattinaro told him to take charge of the little chapel of s. stephano in castellazzo. within months the young hermit had renewed the people of the area spiritually with his words and spiritual advice, and other young men began to associate with him as companions. going to rome by the summer of 1721, paul wrote to the bishop “ i feel inspired by god to go to rome. ” in late september, he was at the door of quirinal palace, where the pope then resided, and asked to see the holy father. a new pope had just been elected, innocent xiii ( 1721 - 24 ), “ a well - meaning but sickly old man ” who would be bedridden for much of his papacy. the guards at the palace door told paul to go away. the young man, who thought he would be received with open arms, made his way dejectedly toward the basilica of st. mary major, not far from the quirinal palace, and before the church ’ s ancient icon of mary, help of the roman people, asked for help to do god ’ s will and placed his cause in her hands. then, he started home. a holy mountain : monte argentario on the boat to


before the church ’ s ancient icon of mary, help of the roman people, asked for help to do god ’ s will and placed his cause in her hands. then, he started home. a holy mountain : monte argentario on the boat to rome, paul ’ s eyes were drawn to a majestic mountain that dominated the coast not far from the city, monte argentario. perhaps, he thought after the rejection at the papal palace, this might be the place where god would speak more clearly to him. in the spring of 1722 paul and his brother, john baptist, climbed monte argentario and moved into the abandoned hermitage of the annunciation on the mountain ’ s high slope. here, they prayed and studied the scriptures and let earth, sky and sea tell the story of creation to them. on sundays the two went down the mountain to the little fishing villages along the water for mass and afterwards taught catechism to the children. as before, people responded to their words and soon not only children, but adults came to hear the two men. their fame spread until priests and bishops were asking them to come and preach god ’ s word in other towns and places. eventually, the two brothers were welcomed to rome where they found patrons in the church ’ s highest offices. for a brief period they ministered in one of rome ’ s hospitals and were advised to become priests. they were ordained in st. peter ’ s basilica on june 7, 1727 by pope benedict xiii. for years paul and his brother, gradually joined by other companions, tirelessly brought a message of hope to the dispirited men and women living in this part of italy. bishops, cardinals and popes began to recognize the spiritual renewal these men brought and gave them support. as others joined him, paul sought new retreats where they could be formed and from which they could go forth to preach. but the church was painfully slow in approving the new community and paul was an impatient prophet who “ saw all things in god, but had no experience of how slow history can be ” ( g. cingolani ). on may 15, 1741, 20 years after his first visit to rome, his community ’ s rule of life was approved by pope benedict xiv who said “ this congregation should have been first, but it is the last founded. ” on june 11, 1741, shortly after the approbation, the first six passionists professed their vows, placing an emblem with a white heart and cross on the black habit they wore. paul danei started


it is the last founded. ” on june 11, 1741, shortly after the approbation, the first six passionists professed their vows, placing an emblem with a white heart and cross on the black habit they wore. paul danei started signing letters and documents “ paul of the cross. ” the message paul and his followers preached was always the same : a loving god is near in jesus christ, who died for you. keep his passion in mind. in the poorest of places, in the poorest of humanity, god is present and brings his love. papal approval was no guarantee that the community would survive or go unchallenged, however. some older religious communities considered the passionists rivals for the scant support provided in hard times. recruits for the new community came and went, especially in the beginning, but gradually membership grew and new foundations were made. by 1752 paul wrote “ we are 110. we have eight houses. they are all full and we cannot accept all those who want to join us. ” he died in rome, on october 18, 1775, acknowledged for his holiness and as a founder of a respected community in the church. his legacy : the mystery of the passion of jesus born in critical times, in a poor country and in a weakened church, paul of the cross was among the saints of the 18th century, like st. alphonsus liguori, saint lucy filippini and st. leonard of port maurice, whom god raised up to bless the italian church and eventually the church throughout the world. from small beginnings, paul ’ s community – the passionists – spread to continents throughout the world, where they ’ re found today. besides men, different groups of women, some cloistered, some dedicated to active ministry, became part of the passionist family. increasingly, lay people have been drawn to the passionist charism. paul ’ s own life is a lesson in perseverance and courageous patience. he was at home in an imperfect church. with little formal education or resources, he became a spiritual guide to popes and high church officials, as well as countless ordinary men and women who listened to his words and sought his advice. he reminded those bewildered by a changing world of the unchanging presence of god, signified in the passion of jesus christ, god ’ s only son. for him the passion was a wise and tender book to keep always in mind. anyone who reads it knows how to think about life, how to live, how to use this


signified in the passion of jesus christ, god ’ s only son. for him the passion was a wise and tender book to keep always in mind. anyone who reads it knows how to think about life, how to live, how to use this world, what to expect, and what to hope for. above all, one finds courageous patience in the one who promised : “ come to me, you who are heavily burdened and i will refresh you. ” as paul knew from his own experience, life has its burdens, but god refreshes. remedy for the evils of our age paul saw the mystery of the passion shedding its light beyond calvary. it ’ s “ a remedy for the evils of our age, ” he said. surely he would see it reaching to the crucified of a future age, lifting up men and women, especially the poor, caught in society ’ s unjust structures and selfishness. “ i saw the name of jesus written on the foreheads of the poor, ” paul once said. the mystery of the passion also falls upon the natural world threatened today by human neglect. was it by chance that paul danei chose to live on a mountain close to the sea where the hills, the sky and the sea showed him an infinite goodness behind everything? in his day, some already saw the shadow of the cross falling on the natural world as a new industrial age dawned. did he faintly recognize that cross too? keeping the passion of jesus in mind is not for our personal spiritual growth alone. it ’ s not simply an exercise of historical imagination. it helps us see a suffering world and all that ’ s in it, and then do what we can to bring it peace and justice. for paul danei ’ s followers today, his charism is a grace for the present, not a memory of the past : “ we are aware that the passion of christ continues in this world until he comes in glory ; therefore, we share in the joys and sorrows of our contemporaries as we journey through life towards our father. we wish to share in the distress of all, especially the poor and neglected ; we seek to offer them comfort and to relieve the burden of their sorrow. the power of the cross, which is the wisdom of god, gives us strength to discern and remove the causes of human suffering. ” a world forgetting the passion of christ the enlightenment changed the face of the western society, but it made slight inroads into italy in paul ’ s day.


of god, gives us strength to discern and remove the causes of human suffering. ” a world forgetting the passion of christ the enlightenment changed the face of the western society, but it made slight inroads into italy in paul ’ s day. the italy of paul ’ s time was described by contemporary witnesses as filled with wayside crosses and newly built “ stations of the cross. ” devotion to christ ’ s passion seemed stronger than ever. yet with a mystic ’ s insight, paul saw radical changes on the way : “ the world is sliding into a forgetfulness of the most bitter sufferings lovingly endured by jesus christ our true good, ” he said. the enlightenment began a “ slide ” from an age of revealed religion in paul ’ s day to the secular age we know today. as charles taylor notes in a secular age, deism, the religion of the enlightenment, was “ a half - way house on the road to contemporary atheism, ” cutting ties to a higher world as it called its followers to concentrate on science and reason. religion still plays a role in modern life, but increasingly citizens of the western world, embracing an “ expressive individualism ”, see the heavens closed and look to this life for everything. paul ’ s warning about forgetfulness seems to ring true. for this reason, it ‘ s good to remember this holy man of the 18th century who changed his name to reflect the mystery he loved. he wears a sign with a white heart surmounted by a cross. usually, he ’ s depicted carrying an over - sized cross. he tells us to remember a god who is close and never forgets us. biographies on paul of the cross st. paul of the cross, gabriele cingolani, passionist press, union city, nj 1994 as a seal upon your heart, paul francis spencer, cp, kildare, ireland, 1994 listen to his love, the life of st. paul of the cross, bennet kelley, cp, passionist press, 1984 as a seal upon your heart, the life of st. paul of the cross, union city, nj, 2005 ( dvd ) letters of saint paul of the cross, translated by roger mercurio, c. p. & frederick sucher, c. p. edited by laurence finn, c. p. & donald webber, c. p. new city press 2000 spiritual direction according to st. paul of the cross, bennett kelley, cp. passionist press, 2007 living wisdom for everyday, bennett kelley, cp, catholic


excerpts from john wolfe barry ' s the tower bridge. a lecture ( 1894 ), composed in 1893. as barry explains in a brief preface, the account was prepared partly for people " well acquainted with engineering matters, " but " more largely " for those who are simply interested, and who may " wish to form a general conception of its design and of the various considerations which led up to its inception and determined its mode of execution " — excerpts selected, most of the headings added, and photographs ( unless otherwise noted ) by jb. ] the west side of tower bridge. photograph ( 2013 ) by ruth m. landow. [ east side of the bridge by the same photographer. ] " the work of the foundations was troublesome and tedious, owing to the isolation of the piers, and still more to the great amount of river traffic, rendering the berthing of barges difficult. the substructure thus occupied a considerably longer time than was anticipated " ( 36 ). the fixed superstructure two photographs showing details of the bridge ' s construction : left : the massive joint that connects two sections of the bridge. right : the laminated steel plates.. photographs by ruth m. landow. ] " the fixed parts of the superstructure of the tower bridge consist of two shore spans, each of 270 feet, and of a central high level span of 230 feet. the fixed bridge is of the suspension form of construction, and the chains are carried on lofty towers on each pier and on lower towers on each abutment... " ( 45 ). the north tower with its pier " the piers of the tower bridge are essentially different from the piers of an ordinary bridge, inasmuch as they have to contain the counterpoise and machinery of the opening span, as well as to support the towers which carry the suspension chains of the fixed spans and the overhead girders above the opening span. they are thus very complex structures... their total depth from the roadway level to the london clay, on which they rest, is 102 feet " ( 23, 25 ). " the mode adopted for spanning the landward openings is by suspension chains, which in this case are stiffened. the chains are anchored in the ground at each end of the bridge, and united by horizontal ties across the central opening at a high level.... these ties are carried by two narrow bridges 10 feet in width, which are available as foot bridges when the bascule span is open for the passage of vessels. the foot bridges are 140


ties across the central opening at a high level.... these ties are carried by two narrow bridges 10 feet in width, which are available as foot bridges when the bascule span is open for the passage of vessels. the foot bridges are 140 feet above trinity high water, and, as their supports stand back 1 5 feet from the face of the piers, their clear span is 230 feet. access is given to them by hydraulic lifts and by commodious staircases in the towers " ( 26 - 27 ). " [ the landward crossing ] is divided into 36 feet for the vehicular traffic and into two pathways each 1 2 feet wide. i may mention in passing that london bridge is 54 feet wide between the parapets " ( 53 ). the span for river traffic " the stipulated dimensions of the opening span [ provide ], when the bridge is open for ships, a clear waterway of 200 feet in width, with a clear height throughout the 200 feet of 135 feet ( which has been increased in construction to 140 feet ) from trinity high water mark. i may mention in passing that i think these dimensions constitute the largest opening span in the world. the next largest opening is, i believe, at the newcastle bridge, where there are two separate spans of 100 feet each " ( 36 - 37 ). opening the bridge an early - twentieth - century photograph of tower bridge by feist and co., publishers of postcards. [ the postcard version ]. " i should mention that when the two leaves of the opening span are brought together, there will be long wedge - shaped bolts, actuated by hydraulic machinery, fixed on one leaf and shooting into the other leaf, to complete the union of the two. all the machinery of the opening span will be worked from cabins on the piers, in which there will be levers like those in a railway signal box, so interlocked one with the other that all the proper movements must follow in the arranged order " ( 44 ). " the time required for the actual movement of the opening span from a position of rest horizontally to a position of rest vertically is estimated at about 1½ minutes. to this must be added the time necessary for stopping the road traffic and clearing the bridge, and withdrawing the bolts. this may take, perhaps, some 1½ minutes more, and we then have to add the time for the passage of a ship and the lowering of the bridge. the time of i½ minutes for opening or shutting the bridge gives a mean circumfer


take, perhaps, some 1½ minutes more, and we then have to add the time for the passage of a ship and the lowering of the bridge. the time of i½ minutes for opening or shutting the bridge gives a mean circumferential speed at the extremity of each leaf of 2 feet per second, which is a moderate speed for an opening bridge " ( 44 ). left : heraldry on the bridge. right : the iron span. " signals will be provided by semaphores by day and signal lamps by night, to show ships whether the bridge is open or shut. by night when the bridge is open for ships, four green lights will be shown in both directions, and when it is shut against ships four red lights will be similarly exhibited, and then lights will be interlocked with the machinery, so that wrong signals cannot be shown. by day similar intimation will be afforded by semaphore arms on the same posts as those which carry the signal lamps. during foggy weather, a gong will be used in specified ways " ( 44 - 45 ). " one other part of the machinery remains to be mentioned. this is that of the passenger lifts between the roadway level and the high level foot bridge. there are two lifts in each tower, consisting of a cage, 13 feet by 6 feet, and 9 feet high, raised and lowered by an ordinary hydraulic ram with chain gearing, and capable of lifting 20 to 25 passengers in about 1½ minutes, including the delays of opening and shutting the doors. as the lift will have to descend carrying a cargo of passengers before it can take a second load of ascending passengers, we may assume three minutes from one start to the next ; or, as there are two lifts on each tower, 1 ^ minutes. in addition to the lifts, there are ample flights of stairs in the towers " ( 45 ). the towers ( general appearance and materials ) views of one of the towers — left : roof, pinnacles, and windows ( photograph by r. m. landow ; view in a different light ). middle : view from the roadway approach. right : gothic window tracery on tower. " when an opening bridge was first proposed there was some outcry by aesthetical people on the score of its ruining the picturesqueness of the tower of london by hideous girder erections, and it seemed to be the universal wish that this bridge should be in harmony architecturally with the tower.... it was originally intended that


on the score of its ruining the picturesqueness of the tower of london by hideous girder erections, and it seemed to be the universal wish that this bridge should be in harmony architecturally with the tower.... it was originally intended that the towers should be of brickwork in a feudal style of architecture, and the bridge somewhat like the drawbridge of a crusader ' s castle..... sir horace jones unfortunately died in 1887, when the foundations had not made much progress.... since the death of my coadjutor i have preserved the general architectural features of the parliamentary sketch designs, but it will be seen that the structure as erected differs largely therefrom, both in treatment and material..... [ i ] t became apparent that it would not be possible to support the weight of the bridge on towers wholly of masonry, as in the first designs, unless they were made of great size and unnecessary weight. it was, consequently, necessary that the main supports should be of iron or steel, which could, however, be surrounded by masonry, so as to retain the architectural character of the whole structure " ( 48 ). interior of the towers " the skeleton of each tower consists of four wrought steel pillars, octagonal in plan, built up of rivetted plates. the pillars start from wide spreading bases, and extend upwards to the suspension chains, which they support. they are united by horizontal girders and many diagonal bracings.... the chains are carried on the abutments by similar but lower pillars.... between the pillars are spaces for the public stairs and the passenger lifts, and for the quadrants of the opening span when in their upward position " ( 48, 50 ). " the main chains, which are 60 feet 6 inches apart from centre to centre, extend from the rollers on the piers to other rollers on each abutment, and support the platform of the bridge by suspension rods, extending from the bottom of the chains to the cross girders of the platform..... it may be asked why are these structures, which look like girders, called chains? they are, in fact, chains, stiffened to prevent deflection, and the object of the form is to distribute the local loads due to passing traffic, which, in the case of an ordinary suspension chain, distort the chain, continually depressing each part as the load passes, and consequently distorting the platform of the bridge. by making


to distribute the local loads due to passing traffic, which, in the case of an ordinary suspension chain, distort the chain, continually depressing each part as the load passes, and consequently distorting the platform of the bridge. by making the chain, as it were, double, and bracing it with iron triangulations, these local deflections of the chain are avoided " ( 50 - 51 ). " the total weight of steel and iron in the tower bridge will amount to nearly 12, 000 tons " ( 53 ). " the time of construction, some 7 years to the present time, has seemed long, but it may be some comfort to those who are impatient, to remember that old london bridge was 33 years in building, old westminster bridge 11¾ years, and new london bridge 7½ years, and i think my hearers will have seen that the tower bridge is no ordinary bridge, and in no ordinary position. the structure and its machinery are full of the most elaborate and complicated work of all kinds " ( 64 ). " the cost of the bridge, with its approaches and including the cost of the property purchased, will be about a million sterling, and the whole of the expense will be defrayed out of the funds carefully husbanded and administered by the bridge house estates committee. londoners will thus be presented, without the charge of one penny on the rates, with a free bridge. the expense of working the bridge, which will be very considerable from the quantity of machinery comprised within it, will also be paid by the corporation " ( 63 ). barry ' s tributes to colleagues first and most important of all, my acknowledgments are due to my partner, mr. h. m. brunel, who has supervised the whole of the complicated calculations and details of the structure, and has taken a very active share in the carrying out of the work from first to last. afterwards follow the resident engineer, mr. cruttwell, who has been in control of the works from their commencement ; mr. fyson, who has had the duty of the preparation of most of the detailed working drawings and calculations of engineering matters, and mr. stevenson, who has acted as my architectural assistant. in connection with this subject, i cannot but express my great regret that the work was so soon after its commencement deprived of the architectural knowledge and experience of sir horace jones, and that he has not lived to see the mode in which his conception of a large bascule bridge across


, i cannot but express my great regret that the work was so soon after its commencement deprived of the architectural knowledge and experience of sir horace jones, and that he has not lived to see the mode in which his conception of a large bascule bridge across the thames has been realised.... in another branch of duty i have to express my thanks to the various contractors... lastly, and in a very important degree, to the firm of sir w. g. armstrong, mitchell and co., to whom is entrusted the hydraulic machinery, which, i believe, is without rival in size and power " ( 63 - 64 ). " the seagoing ships which pass the site of the tower bridge, and for which the central span would have to be opened, number on the average, about 17 daily. they pass by chiefly at or near the time of high water, and it may well be arranged that several may pass one behind the other. the number of seagoing ships proceeding above the site of the bridge does not show any tendency to growth, but, on the contrary, the volume of such traffic will rather, i think, gravitate to the docks down stream as time goes on. i am afraid that some disappointment will occasionally be felt when vehicular traffic is stopped by the opening of the bridge, but it may be hoped that no serious delays will occur either to seagoing ships or to vehicular traffic, as the periods during which the opening span will be raised, though sufficient for the accommodation of the river traffic, will not be of frequent occurrence or of long duration. the tower bridge will, it is thought, fairly meet all the difficulties of the case, but if the road traffic becomes of greater importance, and the sea - going river traffic grows less, i suppose the fate of the bridge will be to become a fixed bridge. how soon this may happen no one can tell. it is able to fulfil its duties either as an opening or as a fixed bridge ( 62 - 63 ) " in drawing this description of the works to a conclusion, i may be allowed to express a hope that the tower bridge, when finished, will be considered to be not unworthy of the corporation of the greatest city of ancient or modern times " ( 64 ). barry, john wolfe. tower bridge. a lecture. london : boot, son and carpenter, 1894. internet archive. a copy signed " from the author " ( though mistakenly dated 1884 ) and uploaded by the university of california libraries. web. 26


fourteen young women delegates are representing wagggs at the 57th commission on the status of women ( csw ) at the un in new york in march 2 - 13. learn from emna empower the girl - child about shocking attitudes to violence against girls and women in tunisia which were uncovered in a national survey contributed to by the tunisian girl scouts. in her blog the importance of discussing violence with young people claire guides us through an experiment with ' boys ' toys ' and gender stereotypes. wagggs chief executive mary mc phail invites us to imagine a world without violence in her powerful call for the world to end violence against girls and young women : stop the violence : girls on the frontline of prevention. meanwhile, kumbukani shows us the dangers for young girls and women in collecting water in malawi in environmental degradation and gender - based violence : girls are the solution. hasiniaina shows us how poverty affects girls and young women in madagascar in her blog voices against violence : madagascar. finally, in combating violence through education rosy explores how technology can affect gender - based violence. together, these girl and women bloggers show us that another world is possible. we invite you, girl guide and girl scout associations, youth organizations, governments, schools and other groups, to deliver the curriculum and help make a difference to the lives of millions of children and young people and their communities. girls experience violence in all forms in every country, community and culture. girls have the right to have a life free from violence and the fear of violence, but this right is being abused. girls are particularly vulnerable to violence as they face the double discrimination of their gender and age. globally it is estimated that 150 million girls under 18 have experienced sexual violence. in tunisia, one in five women experience physical violence at least once in their lives, and one in six experience sexual violence. recently, i contributed to a national survey ran by the ministry of health, which the tunisian girl scouts participated in. i carried out several interviews with both girls and women. this was a very interesting experience. looking at the results of the survey, i was shocked at the number of girls who thought that violence is normal. in fact they saw it as a sign of “ masculinity ”. for a man to be a real man, he needed to be violent. some of the girls told me that they wouldn ’ t marry a man who didn ’ t hit them because “ real ” men hit women!!! why has this violence been normalised? well, society has created


, he needed to be violent. some of the girls told me that they wouldn ’ t marry a man who didn ’ t hit them because “ real ” men hit women!!! why has this violence been normalised? well, society has created gender stereotypes and roles that tell girls they should act in a certain way and accept certain behaviour. for example, if a girl lives in a violent home this can be extremely destructive for her. it can cause her to lose her confidence and to perpetuate violence into future generations as they become so familiar with being abused. the girl will grow up thinking that this is a normal behavior, and will therefore accept this behavior from her future husband. this can also happen even when girls indirectly witness violence in the home. this is supported through the roles and images of boys, men, girls and women depicted in the media. our survey showed us that in tunisia 55 per cent of women and girls think that violence is so normal that it doesn ’ t even need to be talked about. that ' s 55 per cent! this is a huge problem. how can we stop this violence, when it has become so normalised in society? we need to address the structural causes that allow such normalisation to occur. so what can be done? we need to empower. by building girls ’ self - esteem, their confidence and providing them with opportunities, we can teach and change society to value girls. if both girls and boys, women and men, value themselves and one another, if society places value on the girl - child, then girls will no longer be viewed, or view themselves, as worthless. so how can we empower them? as nelson mandela said “ education is the most powerful weapon we can use to change the world ”, i believe that education, especially non - formal education, is a key preventive tool to address violence. and the change needs to come from the grassroots, from young women leading girls and showing them the way. that is our role! i am part of a movement of 10 million girls and young women worldwide and we can make this change because we believe that girls are the power! we believe that girls are the solution, so we should invest in them to make a difference! i ’ ve seen what a difference working with girls can achieve. by teaching girls about their rights through educational activities, their self - esteem blossoms. my sister girl guides and girl scouts have delivered wagggs and un women ’ s non - formal education curriculum voices against violence which has taught girls as young


can achieve. by teaching girls about their rights through educational activities, their self - esteem blossoms. my sister girl guides and girl scouts have delivered wagggs and un women ’ s non - formal education curriculum voices against violence which has taught girls as young as five about gender inequality, gender - based violence and their human rights. as a girl scout i can say that a great way to start the process of breaking the normalisation of violence is by using the scouts as a vehicle. we need to implement basic education about gender - based violence to all young people in the world, both girls and boys. and we need to do that within each cultural context, explaining it from the cultural perspectives that they will understand. in tunisia, if we can educate the thousands of girl scouts, they will educate the tens and hundreds of their friends, their relatives, even their parents, and one day their children. | we believe that girls are the power | we should educate girls because they have the power to break the chain of violence. i want a new tunisia where every girl knows that her life is and should be free from violence. some say good things come to those who wait. but in this case, we should not wait. we * must * not wait for this to change. we must. act. now. finally i want to say to all the girls in the world that no one has the right to violate you whatever the reason, no one! you should know that if you are walking down the street naked men don ’ t have the right to rape you! no one has the right to force you to get married very young! and no one has the right to hit you! girls, we are equal to men and together we can make a powerful amazing change! be proud because you are a girl, don ’ t be afraid! i am here, standing up because i want to end violence against women and girls, i hope you will stand with me. new zealand participated as one of the 20 countries that piloted the voices against violence curriculum last year. my pippin unit, comprising girls aged five to seven was one of the units in new zealand selected to pilot the programme. i put our pippin unit forward for the pilot as i was very interested to see how the curriculum and the topic of violence against girls would be presented to girls aged five to seven. some parents of my girls where initially hesitant about us discussing this topic with their girls. but once we explained what we would be doing and that it is an age - appropriate curriculum they where very