ba, gorostiaga em, kurowski tt, foster c ( 1988 ). potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. journal of applied physiology 65, 2285 - 2290 hoff j, gran a, helgerud j ( 2002 ). maximal strength training improves aerobic endurance performance. scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports 12, 288 - 295 hoff j, helgerud j, wisloff u ( 1999 ). maximal strength training improves work economy in trained female cross - country skiers. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 870 - 877 hopkins wg, hawley ja, burke lm ( 1999 ). design and analysis of research on sport performance enhancement. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 472 - 485 hopkins wg, schabort ej, hawley ja ( 2001 ). reliability of power in physical performance tests. sports medicine 31, 211 - 234 johnston re, quinn tj, kertzer r, vroman nb ( 1997 ). strength training in female distance runners : impact on running economy. journal of strength and conditioning research 11, 224 - 229 jones am, carter hc ( 2000 ). the effects of endurance training on parameters of aerobic fitness. sports medicine 29, 373 - 386 jung ap ( 2003 ). the impact of resistance training on distance running performance. sports medicine 33, 539 - 552 laursen pb, blanchard ma, jenkins dg ( 2002a ). acute high - intensity interval training improves tvent and peak power output in highly trained males. canadian journal of applied physiology 27, 336 - 348 laursen pb, shing cm, peake jm, coombes js, jenkins dg ( 2002b ). interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists. medicine and science in sports and exercise 34, 1801 - 1807 lindsay fh, hawley ja, myburgh k, h., helgo sh, noakes td, dennis sc ( 1996 ). improved athletic performance in highly trained cyclists after interval training. medicine and science in sports and exercise 28, 1427 - 1434 lucia a, hoyos j, perez m, chicharro j ( 2000 ). heart rate and performance parameters in elite cyclists : a longitudinal study. medicine and science in sports and exercise 32, 1777 - 1782 millet gp, jaouen b, borrani f, candau r ( 2002 ).


2000 ). heart rate and performance parameters in elite cyclists : a longitudinal study. medicine and science in sports and exercise 32, 1777 - 1782 millet gp, jaouen b, borrani f, candau r ( 2002 ). effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and vo2 kinetics. medicine and science in sports and exercise 34, 1351 - 1359 noakes td, myburgh kh, schall r ( 1990 ). peak treadmill running velocity during the vo2max test predicts running performance. journal of sports sciences 8, 35 - 45 norris sr, petersen sr ( 1998 ). effects of endurance training on transient oxygen uptake responses in cyclists. journal of sports sciences 16, 733 - 738 osteras h, helgerud j, hoff j ( 2002 ). maximal strength - training effects on force - velocity and force - power relationships explain increases in aerobic performance in humans. european journal of applied physiology 88, 255 - 263 paavolainen l, hakkinen k, hamalainen i, nummela a, rusko h ( 1999 ). explosive - strength training improves 5 - km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. journal of applied physiology 86, 1527 - 1533 paavolainen l, hakkinen k, rusko h ( 1991 ). effects of explosive type strength training on physical performance characteristics in cross - country skiers. european journal of applied physiology 62, 251 - 255 pyne d, trewin c, hopkins w ( 2004 ). progression and variability of competitive performance of olympic swimmers. journal of sports sciences 22, 613 - 620 sjodin b, jacobs i, svendenhag j ( 1982 ). changes in onset of blood lactate accumulation ( obla ) and muscle enzymes after training. european journal of applied physiology 49, 45 - 57 smith tp, mcnaughton lr, marshall k, j. ( 1999 ). effects of 4 - wk training using vmax / tmax on vo2max and performance in athletes. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 892 - 896 spurrs rw, murphy aj, watsford ml ( 2003 ). the effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. european journal of applied physiology 89, 1 - 7 stepto nk, hawley ja, dennis sc, hopkins wg ( 1999 ). effects of different interval - training programs on cycling time - trial performance. medicine and


training on distance running performance. european journal of applied physiology 89, 1 - 7 stepto nk, hawley ja, dennis sc, hopkins wg ( 1999 ). effects of different interval - training programs on cycling time - trial performance. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 736 - 741 tabata i, nishimura k, kouzaki yh, ogita f, miyachi m, yamamoto k ( 1996 ). effects of moderate - intensity endurance and high - intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and vo2 max. medicine and science in sports and exercise 28, 1327 - 1330 tanaka h, swensen t ( 1998 ). impact of resistance training on endurance performance : a new form of cross training? sports medicine 25, 191 - 200 toussaint hm, vervoorn k ( 1990 ). effects of high resistance training in the water on competitive swimmers. international journal of sports medicine 11, 228 - 233 turner am, owimngs m, schwane ja ( 2003 ). improvements in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. journal of strength and conditioning research 17, 60 - 67 westgarth - taylor c, hawley ja, rickard s, myburgh kh, noakes td, dennis sd ( 1997 ). metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance - trained cyclists. european journal of applied physiology 75, 298 - 304 weston ar, myburgh kh, lindsay fh, dennis sc, noakes td, hawley ja ( 1997 ). skeletal muscle buffering capacity and endurance performance after high - intensity interval training by well - trained cyclists. european journal of applied physiology 75, 7 - 13


the art department aims to teach all students to be visually literate ; to make them aware of the world about them and alive to its beauties, so that they can express themselves through art as fluently as they do through speech or writing. students develop a means of personal expression when they learn to make sense of, and appreciate, the visual world through the combined use of intelligence, eyes and feelings. students of all abilities are therefore encouraged to work through their strengths, to develop as individuals and to use their intelligence ( that is, the sum of all the senses by which we know ). drawing is central to all art activity. all students will increasingly use drawing as a means to : express clearly feelings, ideas and emotions ; inform subsequent work ; develop good practice already established ; undertake research and enquiry. in years 7 and 8, students explore a variety of starting points for practical work, including michael craig - martin, hundertwasser and natural forms, looking at peter randall - page and land artists, such as andy goldsworthy. they will work individually and in small groups, using a range of materials and processes, producing outcomes in both two - and three - dimensions. at least two projects each year will look in detail at examples of art, craft and design practice, both historical and contemporary. those opting for art at gcse, from year 9 through to y11 will follow the edexcel art syllabus. students begin to experience an increasingly holistic sense of how artists and designers think and work. units of work are more thematic in nature, involving a focus on ideas and concepts common to a great many practitioners. the choice of formal elements and media will therefore be dictated by the different styles of work being studied. work submitted for assessment must result from a broad area of study. students will have the opportunity to visit galleries and be exposed to as much art and design and working artists as possible. two units of coursework are required : the first is a portfolio of thoughtfully selected work, including evidence of at least three projects, which is worth 60 % of the final gcse grade. the second is an externally set final exam ; 10 hours long and sat over 2 days, it is worth 40 % of the final gcse grade.


by betty maina as the world braces to review the developments made since the rio earth summit in 1992 on sustainable development, it is important to look at one of the main factors of sustainable development today a energy and its access. energy is no doubt the driving force of livelihoods in any civilisation. as a matter of fact, access to quality energy sources often determines bloom or gloom in many societies. as populations surge and the need for more resources to sustain the swelling numbers is vital, it is critical to look at the energy capacity to support the heightened demand levels for food and other products. access to energy sources has continued to be a challenge especially at the household level. it is complicated by the gender disparity issue especially in many african economies. it is for this reason that developing nations should pay greater attention to the challenges of energy access and particularly so with the gender factor in mind. as the world progresses towards sustainable development in various realms, the underlying strength of the importance of energy access especially by women especially in rural communities remains a challenge that could unlock great potential. women the world over and especially in developing nations are known to be the primary users of energy at the family unit level. however in most of these cases the women do not have the rights to the sources of energy in economic and legal terms most of the time. energy accessibility demands a direct link to economic and financial resources, which in most developing nations is skewed towards men. men and women need to be empowered to access clean and sustainable energy sources. and, as the global economy gravitates towards green energy, national leaders will have to make concerted efforts towards ensuring their citizens have access to energy. each state has the ultimate responsibility to ensure that its populace is connected to the most economically viable energy resources at the most competitive price and governments have to be held accountable in this regard. it is obvious that energy is a critical factor of production and, therefore, has a direct bearing on quality of life at the micro level. to this end governments have to ensure there is supportive legislation in relation to access to energy in all sectors. policies on investments to increase access to improved energy services provide essential support for economic and social development a and womenas empowerment a as well as environmental benefits and climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience. currently, biomass fuels ( wood and agricultural waste ) are the main sources of energy for over 2. 5 billion people in poor countries. modern fuels, mechanised power and electricity can provide new opportunities for economic and social development, especially


“ no amount of skillful invention can replace the essential element of imagination. ” edward hopper ( 1882 - 1967 ) is the guy who painted nighthawks. his portrayal of lone figures in physical or psychological disarray ( sometimes both ) is tinged with a mysterious light. it is unsentimental, but not harsh. melancholy as well, though it stops short of despair. hopper ’ s images possess a voyeuristic quality. the painter ’ s gaze, and by extension your own, falls upon private moments where a quiet drama is about to unfold. tension lurks beneath the surface, you tell yourself. the scent of old lacquer hangs in the air and the sun shines on promises broken. edward hopper ’ s world teeters on the brink of exhaustion. tomorrow ’ s a new day. perhaps. edward hopper was born in upper nyack, ny. during world wars i and ii, they built submarine chasers there. nyack was also a station on the underground railroad. the satellite view reveals a quiet little place where nothing much seems to happen. fewer than 7, 000 people live there now. you might say that hopper ’ s life was uneventful. there are no wild tales of sky battles or encounters with mysterious creatures in the woods. the fact is, he struggled with inner turmoil, much like you and me. he was forced to work as a freelance illustrator, an occupation he ’ d come to detest. long bouts of depression weighed him down. only at 31 did he sell his first piece, and that was painted over an earlier self - portrait. he wanted to paint, so he did. even when he couldn ’ t lift a hand to make a mark on the canvas, he sat before it. as you do before the blank page, waiting for the floodgates to open. what can edward hopper teach you about writing a novel, poem or play? “ great art is the outward expression of an inner life in the artist, and this inner life will result in his personal vision of the world. ” do you know when you ’ re expressing yourself? can you separate your opinion from another ’ s? what is agreement, and what is following blindly? for the inner self to speak, you must be willing to listen. for the inner eye to see, you must be willing to turn from the world and concentrate. concentrate on something. it doesn ’ t matter what. the mechanics of internal communication are the same. the world surrounds you with normalizing pressures. you want to belong


inner eye to see, you must be willing to turn from the world and concentrate. concentrate on something. it doesn ’ t matter what. the mechanics of internal communication are the same. the world surrounds you with normalizing pressures. you want to belong, so you make compromises. belonging is good, unless you surrender to the world entirely. do that and it floods you with distractions. “ fun ” is no substitute for a real attitude to life. “ fun ” is not conscious thought. you can have too much of a good thing : amusement conceals, more than it liberates. life happens to you. art is a choice. it ’ s not an easy one and you have to renew it every day, every minute. far easier to un - choose creation. art is under no obligation to palliate fear. the question that underlies every great work of art is, who are you? first the creator asks it of himself or herself, then it is your turn. so, who are you? what impressions come from within that meet and transform the ones without? when you lay your head down at night and your mind flits from one image to the next, just before sleep, what are those images? what do they say? “ my aim in painting has always been the most exact transcription possible of my most intimate impression of nature. ” art and imitation are sisters. yet this is the engine of the new : imitation is never perfect. the imitator adds and modifies. nothing could be more beneficial – so art grows and evolves. hopper understood this, which is why he intended to transcribe his intimate impressions. so you manifest the life within, the workings of the mind. flaws give rise to new understanding. struggle leads to conquest. ( sometimes. ) exactness is a virtue ; you lose nothing by employing a method. by careful analysis of your subject matter. method does not stifle creativity, it fosters creativity. method and discipline are flowering trees growing toward the light. to the disciplined seeker it is always spring. other posts about painters : 5 questions with robert hardgrave ( interview ) what can they teach you about writing? - - is a weekly series of articles drawing on public statements by talented people, and how such statements apply to the act of writing. “ talented people ” does not mean they ’ re entertainers, nor do i expect you to agree with my definition of talent at all times.


using a “ strawman ” for page layout design designing the page layouts for a new or redesigned intranet can be complex. one of the most difficult aspects is creating the first layout. starting with an empty screen, you need to determine what will go on each page and where it will go. using a strawman design – a design that is created with the intent of discarding it – can help to overcome many of the difficulties in the design process. team or individual it is simple for one member of the intranet team to create a set of page layouts. they can use the information such as user research, intranet goals and key page elements to design the first layouts. unfortunately, during layout discussion the team member may think that their ideas are being attacked. involving the whole intranet team brings together a range of experiences, skills and understanding of the intranet needs. the eventual design should be richer for the input. however, it is difficult to design as a team – it can be hard to move beyond the blank slate and communicate design ideas. some team members may be good at discussing abstract concepts but many won ’ t. designing in this situation can be frustrating and unproductive. using a strawman an approach that we have used successfully is to use a strawman design. the strawman is created with the intent that it will be pulled apart and discarded. it is used to encourage discussion of the layout ’ s strengths and weaknesses and to generate better designs. the key advantage of a strawman is that it provides something concrete to discuss. the team can point to it, sketch on it, discuss why an element won ’ t work or what they would prefer to see. it allows the team to discuss the layout without it being abstract. creating the strawman the strawman should show the position of key elements including a banner, navigation, search box and page content. it doesn ’ t need to be either complete or very detailed and may contain elements that will be contentious. it should be hand drawn on paper or on a whiteboard. runing a strawman design session a strawman design session needs to be managed by a facilitator. this person listens to suggestions, clarifies issues, and summarises ideas. the input to the session ( an information architecture diagram, personas, key tasks, intranet goals ) should be available, preferably hung up on walls where everyone can see them. everyone should be given markers and there should be plenty of paper available for sketching. it can be


the united nations ( un ) in 1998 placed angola under sanctions forbidding countries from buying diamonds from them. this resolution was the first resolution of the un which specifically mentioned diamonds in the context of funding war. in 1999 the illicit diamond trade was estimated by the world diamond council to have made up 3. 06 % of the world ' s diamond production. by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1 %. according to the world diamond council.. other estimates by partnership africa canada have reported conflict diamonds as much as 15 % of total production in the 1990s, with as much as 20 % being sold for illicit purposes. angola was a former colony of portugal, and gained independence in 1975. although independent, the country saw civil war between the popular movement for the liberation of angola ( mpla ) faction, and the national union for the total independence of angola ( unita ) faction. during this war, diamonds were traded by rebel groups to fund their war. the un recognized the role that diamonds played in funding the unita rebels, and banned countries from buying diamonds from angola. today angola ’ s civil war has ended and the country is now an arguably legitimate part of the diamond trade. blood diamonds first came to the world ' s attention in the late 1990 ' s, during the violent civil war in sierra leone. the revolutionary united front ( ruf ) rebels attempted to overthrow the government, and an illicit diamond trade was used to fund the war effort. as with angola, the civil war has ended, and sierra leone is an arguably legitimate part of the diamond trade. from 1989 to 2003 liberia was engaged in a civil war. in 2000, the un accused liberian president charles g. taylor of supporting the ruf insurgency in sierra leone with weapons and training for diamonds. in 2001 the un applied sanctions on the liberian diamond trade. in august 2003 he stepped down as president, and after being exiled to nigeria, now faces trial in the hague. on july 21, 2006 he pleaded not guilty of crimes against humanity and war crimes. liberia today is at peace and is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. however, un sanctions have not yet been lifted. the ivory coast began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the 1990 ’ s. a coup overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. the country became a route for exporting diamonds from liberia and war torn sierra leone. foreign investment began to withdraw from the ivory coast. to curtail the illicit trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining, and the un security council


nasa scientists have no doubt the world will still be in one piece next week, beyond the mayan - predicted demise on december 21. they have already released a video, called ' the world didn ' t end yesterday ', which pulls the prophecy to bits. at the outset of the video, meant to be watched by viewers the day after the supposed end of the world, it says : " if you are watching this video, it means one thing. the world didn ' t end yesterday ". the video points to the theories of dr john carlson, the director of the centre for archeoastronomy. he is backed up by nasa scientists reported on the space agency ' s website. " the world will not end in 2012, " said a group of nasa scientists. " our planet has been getting along just fine for more than 4 billion years, and credible scientists worldwide know of no threat associated with 2012. " they write the predictions started with the idea a planet called nibiru was headed toward earth. " this catastrophe was initially predicted for may 2003, but when nothing happened the doomsday date was moved forward to december 2012 and linked to the end of one of the cycles in the ancient mayan calendar at the winter solstice in 2012 - hence the predicted doomsday date of december 21, 2012. " they conclude by asking " where is the science? " of the claims, and say there is no credible evidence for any of the assertions made about weird events happening in december 2012. - © fairfax nz news is our atmosphere heating up too fast? related story : ( see story )


february is “ heart health month ” and the naturopathic experts at the national university of health sciences in lombard say one of the best ways to protect your heart is to get familiar with fats! “ most people understand that high cholesterol levels in the blood can create heart health risks, ” says fraser smith, nd, who is the assistant dean of naturopathic medicine at nuhs. “ but there ’ s more to heart health than limiting saturated fat in your diet. ” “ what can be even worse are damaged fats, such as the ‘ polyunsaturated fats ’ when they are rancid or oxidized from high - heat cooking, ” says smith. “ people are often told to consume polyunsaturated fats for heart health, but aren ’ t told that these fats can have adverse long - term effects when they are damaged by cooking or by artificial processes. even plain old vegetable oil, if reused over and over in a deep fryer can build up damaged fats that can jeopardize your health. ” an extreme example of a bad polyunsaturated fats are “ trans fats ” which have hydrogen added to them to make them more useful for baking or more stable for frying. conventional shortening, and certain margarines are products that contain high levels of trans fats. “ bad fats, like trans fats and damaged polyunsaturated fats, can raise cholesterol too. also, they easily form the substances that literally injure the inside lining of our arteries, including those precious coronary arteries that bring blood to the heart, ” says smith. “ the body ’ s response to this injury is to coat the inflamed artery with more cholesterol and hardening factors such as calcium. over the years, this leads to a ‘ plaque ’ that can eventually clog up the artery. ” good fats that are heart - healthy include olive oil or non - hydrogenated virgin coconut oil. look for cold - pressed, high quality oils for cooking, and store them in a cool dark place to prevent rancidity. “ also, never reuse vegetable oil after cooking with it at high temperatures, ” says smith. “ and look at nutrition labels for products that have zero trans fats. ” if you ’ d like to explore more ways to protect your heart health, you can call 1 - 630 - 629 - 9664 to find the nuhs whole health center nearest you and schedule


green jobs and green education a number of businesses, companies, corporations, and individual people are going green these days. it is all about being environmentally friendly and energy efficient, and contrary to popular belief, this can no longer be qualified as a mere " fad. " quite the opposite, it is becoming a definite way of life in an attempt to literally save the planet. people are not only constantly on the lookout for new forms of alternative and renewable energy, but they are looking for government jobs - and other jobs of course - in alternative energy. these are typically known as sustainable careers, because ideally we will always have a need for alternative and renewable energy. these types of careers are right for certain types of people. you have to be interested in certain things. for instance, if you are passionate about the environment and the continued fight for the civil rights of any number of social groups, cultures, belief systems, individuals, and so on, then a sustainable career may well be the right one for you. people interested in these types of career are also very concerned about subjects such as climate change, cutting down on and ultimately getting rid of pollution, and making the world more equitable for the entire world, especially our future generations. you have heard of blue collar jobs and white collar jobs, right? well, jobs of this nature are starting to be known as green collar jobs or simply as green jobs. government jobs of this nature are becoming wide open. politics aside, it must be said that beneath the last couple of administrations, government jobs in alternative energy are becoming much more common. for example, the recovery act investments in clean energy have opened up a wealth of job opportunities. there are jobs which require looking for new energy sources that are renewable ; expanding the capacity for manufacturing in technology that is clean and energy efficiency ; discovering and building clean technologies for vehicles ; creating better electric grids ; and many, many more. there are jobs in appliance efficiency standards, as well as jobs in creating new efficiency standards for vehicles. there are government positions researching climate changes and ways to improve them, there are international leadership positions, jobs in monitoring emissions, and jobs in adapting climate changes. our oceans need to be protected, the land needs to be conserved, the ecosystem needs to be restored, the great lakes and other bodies of water in the united states need to be restored. mind you, the jobs mentioned here are available in the united states, but as we all know, america is not the only country focusing on becoming more environmentally friendly. there are similar


constipation, age 12 and older constipation can be treated at home. - try gentle exercise. take a short walk each day. gradually increase your walking time until you are walking for at least 20 minutes. - make sure you drink enough fluids. most adults should try to drink between 8 and 10 glasses of water or noncaffeinated beverages each day. avoid alcoholic beverages and caffeine, which can increase reference dehydration opens new window. if you have heart failure or kidney failure, talk to your doctor about what amount of fluid is right for you. - include fruits, vegetables, and fiber in your diet each day. have a bran muffin or bran cereal for breakfast, and try eating a piece of fruit for a mid - afternoon snack. - schedule time each day for a bowel movement ( after breakfast, for example ). establishing a daily routine may help. take your time. do not be in a hurry. - support your feet with a small step stool [ about 6 in. ( 15 cm ) ] when you sit on the toilet. this will help flex your hips and place your pelvis in a more normal " squatting " position for having a bowel movement. - if you are still constipated : - add some processed or synthetic fiber — such as citrucel, metamucil, or perdiem — to your diet each day. - try a stool softener, such as colace, if your stools are very hard. - try a rectal glycerin suppository. follow the directions on the label. do not use more often than recommended on the label. - osmotic laxatives ( such as fleet phospho - soda, milk of magnesia, or miralax ) and nonabsorbable sugars ( such as lactulose or sorbitol ) hold fluids in the intestine. they also draw fluids into the intestine from other tissue and blood vessels. this extra fluid in the intestines makes the stool softer and easier to pass. drink plenty of water when you use this type of laxative. - you may occasionally need to try a stimulant laxative, such as ex - lax or feen - a - mint. use these preparations sparingly. overuse of stimulant laxatives decreases the tone and sensation in the large intestine, causing dependence on using laxatives. regular use may interfere


lax or feen - a - mint. use these preparations sparingly. overuse of stimulant laxatives decreases the tone and sensation in the large intestine, causing dependence on using laxatives. regular use may interfere with your body ' s ability to absorb vitamin d and calcium, which can weaken your bones. do not use laxatives for longer than 2 weeks without consulting your doctor. - if you are still constipated, reference check your symptoms to determine if and when you need to see your doctor. - talk to your doctor before using an enema. your doctor may need to check your symptoms or may suggest a different way to treat your constipation. symptoms to watch for during home treatment reference call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment : - constipation occurs or continues after 1 week of home treatment. - rectal pain develops or increases. - blood in the stool develops or increases. - uncontrolled leakage of stool occurs. - your symptoms become more severe or more frequent. if you have any of these symptoms, you need to be evaluated by a doctor. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference august 2, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine reference david messenger, md


the big picture researchers used united nations food and agricultural organization data to study the connection between sugar availability in the diets of different populations and type 2 diabetes rates in those groups. they determined availability of six different food categories — sugars, fibers, fruits, meats, cereals, oils, and total food — in calories per person per day, in 175 different countries, for a ten - year period from 2000 to 2010. other factors that may affect type 2 diabetes rates, such as how much of a population is rural versus urban, and average levels of income, age, sedentary behavior, and extra weight or obesity were studied as well. the researchers found : for every additional 150 calories per person per day — about one soda — in sugar availability, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased by 1. 1 %. the relationship between sugar availability and type 2 diabetes was modified by obesity and carrying extra weight ; the effects of sugar were worse for people who carry extra pounds. however, even in the absence of obesity, sugar still increased type 2 diabetes risk. the sugar - diabetes connection held in positive and negative directions : diabetes rates went up in countries where sugar became more available, and they declined in countries where sugar availability decreased. no other foods were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. smarter sweetening strategies the study is observational, so it can ’ t prove cause and effect. still, the results suggest too much sugar can damage health. dr. david katz, md director of yale university ’ s prevention research center notes, “ a direct link between sugar and diabetes stands to reason. ” adds marion nestle, phd, nutrition and public health professor at new york university, “ it shouldn ' t surprise anyone that eating a lot of sugar is bad for your health. ” our tips can help you find the natural — not added — sweetness in your diet : - seek slimness. even in this study, obesity had a stronger tie with type 2 diabetes than sugar availability. regardless of sugar, if you ’ re significantly overweight, you ’ re still at risk. - be sugar savvy. many people believe only high fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ) is hard on health, due to its fructose content. not true. most hfcs is around 55 % fructose ; white table sugar is about 50 % fructose, so when it comes to sugar, “ natural cane sugar ” products really aren ’ t a better choice. they may contain fewer preservatives, dyes


around 55 % fructose ; white table sugar is about 50 % fructose, so when it comes to sugar, “ natural cane sugar ” products really aren ’ t a better choice. they may contain fewer preservatives, dyes, and food additives though. - fear not, the fruit. excess fructose in processed food is problematic but the amount in fruit is not. one soda contains about the same amount of fructose as 14 peaches! according to dr. daniel marks, md, phd of oregon health & science university, in portland, oregon, “ it ’ s nearly impossible to overdo fructose by eating whole fruit. ” - go natural. natural sugars, such as those in whole fruit, are the best way to satisfy your sweet tooth. limit foods high in added sugars, such as sodas, desserts, sauces, condiments, and other packaged and processed items. - know the disguises. on labels, sugar, which provides 4 calories per gram, goes by many names, including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, galactose, mannose, fructose, xylose, syrup, barley malt, agave nectar, cane sugar, and many others. a better choice? avoid food labels altogether. you don ’ t need a label to tell you beans, kale, blueberries, oatmeal, and almonds are healthy choices. ( plos one 8 : e57873. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0057873 )


continuing the theme of recycled or borrowed pagan beliefs and practices, the ever turning wheel brings us to the festival of ostara, and the christian celebration of easter. although many of christianity ’ s adaptations of pagan concept have needed manipulation to fit the bill, easter however with it ’ s theme of death and rebirth has been an easy adaptation, for ostara or eostre is just that, the birth of spring ’ s new life after the death of winter. for thousands of years long before defined culture divided the races of humanity, our simple ancestors dwelling safe within the earth, told tales around their life sustaining fires of a divine earth mother. it was she who watched over them, guiding and providing, ever present in her seasonal aspects of maiden in spring time, blooming into mother with the fertile summer, bearing fruit, and then through into autumn as she changed to crone, eventually returning with death back to the earth at winter. most modern pagans are familiar with persephone in greek mythology : in the eleusinian mysteries the myth tells how persephone as maiden is the goddess of springs bounty, but one day whilst she played with her nymphs in a tranquil meadow she was seen by hades whose desire for her was so great that he raped and abducted her into the underworld to be his bride. demeter her devoted mother was distraught when she could not find her daughter and proceeded to search the world, enlisting the help of hecate with her burning torches held high so that not a corner of darkness was left un searched. when demeter learned that zeus had conspired in the abduction she was so furious that she refused to allow the earth to blossom until her daughter was returned. life could not continue in endless winter so zeus ordered hades to return persephone, however because she had eaten a pomegranate seed he claimed she now belonged to the underworld ; compromise was mediated and it was agreed she should spend winter with her husband in the underworld, and her return to her mother each spring heralds the spring. the analogy of the myth is the creation of the seasons ; however it needs to be remembered that greek mythology in terms of ‘ deep time ’ is actually very recent, dating from c. 500 bc. however archaeological evidence can prove that humanity perceived the cycle of death and rebirth, divine life - force within the earth akin to the flora of nature, from as early as 4000bc. evidence to substantiate these early concepts of rebirth can be seen in the material culture of the neolithic, an excellent site


death and rebirth, divine life - force within the earth akin to the flora of nature, from as early as 4000bc. evidence to substantiate these early concepts of rebirth can be seen in the material culture of the neolithic, an excellent site is the boyne valley, and within its16 km there are at least 40 tombs. the passage grave of knowth1 is a particularly good example, as it has in recent years been extensively excavated and accurately restored to allow visitors to experience the neolithic concept of life, death and the spirit eternal. within the depths of the mound the construction of the cruciform camber runs east, west. the alignment of the passages is deliberate, allowing the rising sun to penetrate the 40m long eastern passage on the equinoxes of 21 march and 21 september, flooding the inner chamber with life giving life. newgrange, also in the boyne valley is another grave restoration project ; the exterior of the mound has been restored to former neolithic glory with its original paved crust of white quart. each dawn as the sun rises the tomb is bathed in sunlight reflecting against the quartz crystals, again symbolic of life born anew. the vast passage of time brought human evolution and development of the human mind ; our childlike need for witnessing the physical matured into acceptance of belief refreshed through bardic stories. this then further progressed into structured and approved acceptance of divinity, imparted through the teaching of culturally manipulated myths ; which in turn progressed into a politically acceptable and expected affiliation with respective divinity as demonstrated within roman culture. a fundamental aspect of roman progress that is seldom appreciated by modern historians is their zest for acquiring foreign wisdom from every corner of the known world ; just as they physical made the world theirs by conquest so they made knowledge appear theirs through writing, although research within ancient texts shows their ability to swallow up vast areas of borrowed wisdom in all areas of life and spirituality, then through a process of romanization, through scholarly study and recording, reproduce it as literature and reclaim it as their own. by the arrival of christianity the romans had already conquered, consumed and digested the teutons2 ; the race from whom the word easter derives. she was their maiden goddess of the moon and spring, ostara is her viking name but she was eostre in the anglo - saxon tradition. her celebration was the feast of eostar at the vernal equinox and the symbolism within eggs and rabbits has remains unchanged, for it is the aspect of fertility, pregnant earth bringing


was eostre in the anglo - saxon tradition. her celebration was the feast of eostar at the vernal equinox and the symbolism within eggs and rabbits has remains unchanged, for it is the aspect of fertility, pregnant earth bringing forth new life. it is the very same symbolism that was physically demonstrated in the neolithic, at the spring equinox, with the first light of dawn. like the pagan great rite, the sun ’ s shaft of masculinity filled the tomb, the barren earth womb where there had only been death, with life giving light. and it is this same aspect that christianity uses, the conquering of death by life anew, for scripture says that jesus after three days rose from the grave, and this is their celebration of easter. 1full details on knowth and newgrange and all the other tombs of the boyne valley can be found neolithic britain and ireland ’ caroline malone, 2001, tempus, stroud. 2 according to both strabo the roman philosopher and map maker, and velleius the historian, the tuetons were a germanic people heralding from the area now known as jutland. with the help of the gauls they clashed with the might of roman in northern europe, at the end of the 2nd century bc, and were defeated. posted by talog witch.


acidic ( tart, sour ) : all wines contain some acids and young wines are generally more acidic than older ones ; however, improperly balanced wines may taste acidic or sour because of an abnormally high acid content. aroma : the smell of a wine, often used interchangeably with bouquet. the term is generally applied to the fruit - based impressions of a young wine, while bouquet is reserved for more aged wines. astringent : the dry, puckering effect on the inside of the mouth due to an overly tannic wine. balanced : a wine in which all its components ( acidity, alcohol, fruity quality, tannins, sugar, extract, and other characteristics ) are in harmony, and none masks the other. bitter : harsh, unpleasant taste typically caused by an excess of tannins in the wine. a negative trait with the exception of some red italian wines. body : the weighty feeling in the mouth due to the wines alcoholic content and its extracts. wines are considered light, medium, or full - bodied. bouquet : the layers of smells and odors in a wine. brettanomyces ( brett ) : a rogue yeast that can affect the taste and smell of wine. it is very difficult to get rid of once it has infected the wine making surfaces. the odors range from a barnyard to band - aids. in small amounts, however, these smells can add interest to the wine. buttery : a rich, creamy smell and flavors reminiscent of butter that comes often to wines matured in oak barrels. chewy : balanced tannins that are not overwhelming. being chewy can be a positive attribute for wine. complex : a wine that is multi - layered in flavors and aromas. each sip brings another flavor and reveals another nuance. good wines are usually complex, great wines even more so. crisp : the term used to describe white wines with a refreshing fresh flavor and good acidity. dry : a wine that has little or no perception of sweetness. earthy : wine with aromas and flavor reminiscent of damp soil or a forest floor. this is a positive attribute and the reflection of all the effects the local environment had on the production of the wine. finish : the impression ( or aftertaste ), long or short, strong or weak, that lingers after you have swallowed a wine. harsh : a derogatory term used to describe a wine that has unbalanced tannins and acidity. legs : the tracks of liquid that cling to


short, strong or weak, that lingers after you have swallowed a wine. harsh : a derogatory term used to describe a wine that has unbalanced tannins and acidity. legs : the tracks of liquid that cling to the sides of a glass after the contents have been swirled. a more viscous wine ( fuller body ) will create thicker, more slowly flowing legs as it descends along the glass. it is also said to be related to the alcohol content of a wine. legs are also called tears. meritage : a red meritage must be made from a blend of at least two of the following varieties : cabernet sauvignon, merlot, cabernet franc, malbec, petit verdot or carmenere, with no varietal comprising more than 90 % of the blend and a white meritage must be made from a blend of at least two or more of the following varieties : sauvignon blanc, semillon or muscadelle du bordelais, with no varietal comprising more than 90 % of the blend. to use the term meritage, wine makers must license the meritage trademark from its owner, the california - based meritage alliance that sets the standards for the bordeaux - style blends. nose : a term used for the general smell or aroma of a wine. oak : the term used to describe the flavor of wines that have been aged in small oak barrels. this includes creamy body, caramel, nutmeg, vanilla and smoky or toasted flavors oxidized : a wine that has experienced to much exposure to oxidation, considered faulty, and may exhibit sherry - like odors. robust : a full bodied wine with strong and pronounced flavors. rose : a type of wine that incorporates some of the color from the grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. rose wine is generally a distinctive pale red color and most often produced using black - skinned grapes that are crushed and the skins allowed to remain in contact with the juice for only a short period, typically one to three days, then pressed, and the skins discarded. ( in traditional red wine making the skins are left in contact throughout the fermentation process. ) sharp : a wine in which the acidity is out of balance, bitter from the wine ’ s tannin and unpleasant. smokey : a characteristic of a wine exhibiting the aromas and flavors of smoke from barrel aging. smooth ( or soft ) : easy drinking wine with a


lesson 2 : primary production and upwelling in the ocean colorful convection currents materials / preparation review the instructions and video at easy science experiments : colorful convection currents each group of students will need : groups of two to four easy science experiments : colorful convection currents includes a video demonstration. if you have never seen this activity done, you may want to review the video before trying the activity. this hot and cold water activity can be rather messy. we encourage you to try the activity yourself before doing it in the classroom. providing students with buckets can help to avoid major water spills during this activity. make sure that the bottles are only stacked inside the buckets. you may want to do the activity outside. if you feel that your students will not be able to do the activity, you show the online video, but it is more powerful to have students do the experiment themselves. keep an ample supply of hot and cold colored water handy. for most students, it is intuitive that hot and cold water would mix. to see the cold water staying at the bottom may challenge their assumption. this is a good thing! but it ’ s important that the students first set up the experiment with the hot water at the bottom. make sure to have a thorough discussion about what is happening. for students who haven ’ t studied density, you may want to include some basic density concepts at this point. optional : if time permits, as an extension students can also experiment with salt water of various concentrations — this will deepen the students ’ understanding of layers in the water column.


this article presents ideas on how to help your students remember vocabulary. - the implications for teaching - memorable teaching - learner training - noting and storing vocabulary " and what ' s your mobile phone number, sir? " as the question is put to me i suddenly realise that i can ' t remember my number. i repeated it to myself over and over a few days before, it ' s there somewhere in my mind but i just can ' t get the information. much to my embarrassment, i have to resort to finding it in my diary. everyone who has tried to force themselves to learn information will know the problem. despite repeating it again and again and being able to hold it in our short - term memory, keeping information in our long - term memory is much more difficult. despite the fact that there seems to be an infinite amount of information that can be stored there, getting things into our long - term memory and back again can be a difficult process. so why is it that we forget information? decay theory suggests that unless we use the information that is stored regularly, it will slowly disappear from our memory. a second theory suggests that information in fact stays in our memory, but we are unable to reach it. cue - dependent forgetting is an idea based on experiments where subjects found they forgot lists of learnt words but could remember them if they were given appropriate information to help them recall. with a cue, ( ' it ' s a fruit ' when they were trying to remember the word ' pear ' ) students ' performance was greatly enhanced. the implications for teaching as teachers we need to take this into account and find ways of helping students to combat the effects of memory decay and give them the tools to improve their retrieval ability. we also need to think of ways of making the experience of learning vocabulary more memorable and of recycling the information that we teach. there are many things we can do to make the learning process more memorable for our learners. using pictures, interesting contexts and stories can help memory and giving the students the opportunity to practise the new vocabulary in personalised and meaningful tasks are also essential tools. the idea is that if the students are asked to analyse and react personally to new information, it will help them process the language more deeply, facilitating their ability to retain it in their long - term memory. this also is a powerful argument for using guided discovery techniques that require the students to find the meaning of vocabulary ( with help and guidance from the teacher ) and to own the learning process. by giving the students opportunities to revise vocabulary in


term memory. this also is a powerful argument for using guided discovery techniques that require the students to find the meaning of vocabulary ( with help and guidance from the teacher ) and to own the learning process. by giving the students opportunities to revise vocabulary in the classroom we will be able to help students remember it. this can be done at the start and end of a lesson with a quick warmer ( see the try - vocabulary for suggestions ). getting students to keep a bank of cards ( see think - vocabulary and autonomy, visnja pavicic ) is also a great idea. i like to divide the class into groups of four or five, giving each group a set of blank cards. at the end of the lesson / week i brainstorm all the words onto the board and ask each group to write the words onto their cards. i bring the cards back every week enabling the students to test each other in groups or in a mingle, put the words into categories and justify their choices and even build a story by sharing the cards and adding sentences using a word on a card. by encouraging the students to retrieve the words in subsequent lessons and repeatedly re - exposing them to what has been presented, we are able to counteract the effects of forgetting. most of the responsibility for retaining the new items falls on the students ' shoulders. some may be unaware of this and even unsure of the best ways to aid memory. it is essential therefore that class time is spent highlighting the importance of learning strategies. it is a good idea to start early in the course. raise your students ' awareness of the difficulties they will have remembering, and highlight what they can do. you can tell them some of the following : - try to use the new words either in class, for homework or in some other way - look out for the words and expressions you are trying to learn when you are reading or listening to english - write short stories or paragraphs connecting the words and expressions that you want to learn - write personalised sentences using the new words, something that is relevant to your life - keep the words you want to learn in a small notebook with an example sentence. you can then take it with you wherever you go and when you have a few minutes ( whilst waiting for a bus ), test yourself. it would be very beneficial to point out to the students that they should revise the vocabulary themselves at regular intervals, e. g. looking again the next day, then next two days after that, then four days and then a week later etc. noting and


the benefits of any truly transformative technology are at first exaggerated, but their long - term effects surprise everyone. at the moment, mesh networks are experiencing such misvaluation. their promoters ( and they are many ) now describe them with hyperbolic enthusiasm ; but in the end they will be the mechanism by which machine intelligence becomes like electricity – that is, invisible and ubiquitous. mesh networks are not so very new : their conceptual lineage dates back to packet radio, a kind of digital data transmission used by amateur radio hackers in the 1970s. but investments in more reliable and intelligent networks made during the 1990s by the u. s. department of defense renewed interest in meshes ; and within the last five years, academic institutions like mit ’ s media lab and startups like aeria, belair networks, ember, meshnetworks ( now owned by motorola ), and tropos networks have rapidly advanced the technology. ( disclosure : ember ’ s chairman and acting chief executive, bob metcalfe, also serves on technology review ’ s board. ) meshies believe that mesh networks will overthrow traditional networking and communications and create entirely new kinds of distributed software. for the purposes of this column, mesh networks ( sometimes called mobile ad hoc networks, or manets ) are local - area networks whose nodes communicate directly with each other through wireless connections. it is the lack of a hub - and - spoke structure that distinguishes a mesh network. meshes do not need designated routers : instead, nodes serve as routers for each other. thus, data packets are forwarded from node to node in a process that network technologists term “ hopping. ” before dismissing mesh networks as being of interest only to specialists, consider their advantages over existing hub - and - spoke networks. mesh networks are self - healing : if any node fails, another will take its place. they are anonymous : nodes can come and go as they will. they are pervasive : a mobile node rarely encounters dead spots, because other nodes route around objects that hinder communication. meshes are cheap, efficient, and simple. but they are still in development. the chief technical challenge for meshes is the inherent unreliability of wireless links. because the unreliability compounds with each hop, the size of meshes is now limited. a related problem with hopping is that, for now, moving nodes seldom establish new connections “ seamlessly ” : when a network ’ s topology changes, some transmission paths can be temporarily disrupted. therefore, voice and video sit un


a manufacturing technique being adopted by companies that make gadgets for some of the biggest names in consumer tech will help them significantly improve the resolution of tv and tablet displays later this year. applied materials, which makes electronics manufacturing equipment, has introduced machines that make it feasible to use an advanced approach for making displays — previously limited to r & d — at a large scale. this will enable consumer electronics companies to put screens with much higher resolution into many gadgets, applied materials says. sharper display resolution has become a popular feature with gadget buyers, and both apple ’ s iphone 4 and the latest version of the ipad come with a very - high - resolution “ retina display. ” some competitors of apple have launched phones with similarly high resolution displays, but no other tablets are available that can match the latest ipad ’ s sharpness. apple ’ s competitors are eager to catch up. an engineer at microsoft posted an article online this week about efforts to ready windows 8, the next version of the company ’ s flagship operating system, for tablets with very - high - resolution displays. applied materials ’ s new machines perform plasma - enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( pecvd ), a process that deposits thin films of material onto surfaces. the machinery makes it possible to produce displays that use a different material for the display ’ s backplane — the layer of transistors that sits behind the display and controls its pixels. that material, known as indium gallium zinc oxide, or igzo, makes it easier and cheaper to build displays with extra - dense pixels, like the one apple installed in the latest ipad. making displays with this kind of resolution larger than seven inches diagonally would be impossible without using igzo, applied materials claims. “ i would expect to see products this year, ” says doug hayden, senior director of global product management at applied materials ’ s displays division, akt. “ it will probably be tablets followed by tvs, but it will be close. ” in tvs, the new material will mean both higher resolution and faster refresh rates. although applied materials announced the new production equipment just this week, five customers have already installed the new machines and are using them to produce displays, says hayden. he wouldn ’ t name those customers, but applied materials is known to supply display - making equipment to samsung, sharp, and lg, and sharp and samsung are believed to supply apple with displays for its ipad tablet. lcd televisions and monitors, as well as mobile devices, all have displays that rely on a


the across - the - board u. s. budget cuts scheduled to take effect on march 1, known as sequestration, will have ripple effects that hurt scientific and health research for years to come, the heads of two federal research agencies said this week. in a note distributed to research institutions, the national science foundation, which awards research grants on topics like climate change, materials science, and computing, anticipates it will issue about 1, 000 fewer new grants than it had expect this fiscal year. and francis collins, the director of the national institutes of health, said the $ 1. 5 billion cut from its $ 30 billion budget would slow research in diseases, specifically calling out a push to develop a universal influenza vaccine — ” a project that is going extremely well, ” he told reporters. collins said his greatest concern is the effect on young scientists, because the nih ’ s training grants would be cut. he noted the psychological effects to their dreams and visions, not just the monetary ones. this may sound mushy to someone not familiar with the world of research. but for students in or hoping to enter doctoral programs, it is a rough and long path to a career in science, one that many can ’ t sustain even in normal times. if a funding setback, a grant that should have come through, or the general uncertainy about the funding future is demoralizing for seasoned researchers, it has got to be worse for those in the early stages of their careers. fewer grants means fewer opportunities and a leakier “ pipeline ” of scientific talent — and that, in the end, may be the worst effect of the series of budget crises that politics has left us.


mobile ip is a standard that allows users with mobile devices whose ip addresses are associated with one network to stay connected when moving to a network with a different ip address. mobile ip provides an efficient, scalable mechanism for node mobility within the internet. using mobile ip, nodes may change their point - of - attachment to the internet without changing their ip address. this allows them to maintain transport and higher - layer connections while moving. node mobility is realized without the need to propagate host - specific routes throughout the internet routing fabric. when a user leaves the network with which his device is associated ( home network ) and enters the domain of a foreign network, the foreign network uses the mobile ip protocol to inform the home network of a care - of address to which all packets for the user ' s device should be sent. the mobile ip protocol enables nodes to move from one ip subnet to another. each mobile node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its current point of attachment to the internet. while situated away from its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care - of address, which provides information about its current point of attachment to the internet. the protocol allows registration of the care - of address with a home agent. the home agent sends datagrams destined for the mobile node through a tunnel to the care - of address. after arriving at the end of the tunnel, each datagram is then delivered to the mobile node. it can be used for mobility across both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. mobile ip defines a set of new control messages, sent with udp, registration request and registration reply. mobile ip terminology : mobile node ( mn ) : a node capable of performing network roaming home agent ( ha ) : ip address of the mobile node ' s home agent ( such as a router ). foreign agent ( fa ) : ip address of the mobile node ' s foreign agent ( such as a router ). care of address ( ca ) : address of the end - of - tunnel towards the mobile node correspondent node ( cn ) : the other node that the mn is communicating with home address : mobile ’ s permanent ip address mobile ip references :


in the emerging world of technology, mobile phones play a vital role in communication. they have reached even the remote rural places. increasing use has made people ’ s lives easier but has also caused some negative effects due to their improper usage. some people are using mobile phones while charging the battery, or talking on the phone when there are storms with lightening. some use their phones while driving, or when they are in petrol bunks, or while cooking using gas cylinders etc. some times thus kind of improper use can cause even death. examples of this have appeared in the news papers. using phones in public places like hospitals has become a nuisance. people used to forward information regarding these things through short message service ( sms ), but most of the people in the community are uneducated and cannot read what has been received through their mobile phone. tewfi has created awareness among people in the community regarding the correct usage of mobile phones by organising programmes in which tewfi ’ s social workers inform participants of the ill effects of mobile phones on their hearing, brain, and eyesight. our social workers are also talking about the etiquette of mobile phone usage. some people become stressed due to anonymous calls and text messages. in our programme handling those issues are also being discussed. tewfi believes that change will happen gradually and it would like to continue this programme for all the community in edaikazhinadu panchayat.


can you give me a definition of positive attitude? you can easily write down a definition of positive attitude when you look back at what your life has been so far, and notice the good and bad times. look at the difficult times where, for any reason, you had to put on your best act and throw yourself into the uncertain - and you did. remember the times you smiled and took it easy, although it was not. there you were having a positive attitude. let ' s have a look at different definitions of attitude that you can find over the internet : - wikipedia says that attitude " is a concept in psychology. attitudes are positive or negative views of an ' attitude object ' : i. e. a person, behavior or event ". - dictionary. com defines attitude as " a state of mind or a feeling ; disposition : had a positive attitude about work ". - princeton university says that attitude is " a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways ; ' he had the attitude that work was fun ' ". optimism, as defined by dictionary. com, means " a tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation ". take now the following definition of positive attitude : " a person ' s disposition towards life in a manner that shows optimism " ( as opposed to a pessimistic point of view ). does this sound like you? show me your positive side you may have a general positive attitude towards life, but you can also see that it ' s easy to feel good and optimistic when things go well. it is when life gets tough that having a positive attitude will help you move forward smoothly. it ' s at difficult times that you really show your positive side : exactly when it ' s not easy to do, yet you choose to pay attention to the silver lining. besides, you get to discover how strong you actually are when you choose to maintain a positive attitude in difficult circumstances. the more you choose to focus on thoughts that make you feel good, the easier you will find it to have a positive attitude. you can now find inspiration to keep focused on positive thoughts with my ebook ' yes to life '. for just $ 8 you will get tips, advice and stories which will make you find it easier to stay looking at the bright side of life ; ) find out more about ' yes to life ' by following this link. " first say to yourself what you would be ; and then do what you have to do. " back


the international energy agency, whose forecasts of world energy supply are perhaps more influential than any other, has expressed deep concerns that the world ' s oil supply can no longer meet demand. in other words, that peak oil may be here. " we are entering a new world energy order, " chief economist fatih birol told the associated press. to assess whether or not the world is at or near peak oil, the iea will study the depletion rates of 400 oil fields, the ap reported. the timing of the statement might send further shockwaves through the oil market, which had retreated somewhat from its unprecedented peak of $ 135 per barrel earlier thursday. oil is a finite resource it is produced by subterranean pressure over the course of millions of years. so what we ' ve got is all we ' ve got. oil drillers go for the easy and most profitable crude first the stuff that requires the least energy to pump out of the ground and the least refining to make into a usable product. when that is gone, what ' s left is harder and more expensive to get at and deliver to the market. examples of the hard - to - reach stuff include deep - water deposits, oil shale and tar sands. the peak oil theory says that when we ' ve pumped about half the crude in the world, demand for oil keeps rising but the supply falters. maybe it hits an " undulating plateau. " maybe it falls in fits and starts. maybe it drops like a stone. off a cliff. but it falls leaving a widening gap between supply and demand. that will not only mean higher gas prices, but higher prices for just about everything because petroleum is the basis for many of the products we use. if oil runs short before there are alternatives available, expect big geopolitical shifts as nations vie for control of the oil reserves that remain. are we there yet? some say we ' ve reached, or are near to reaching, that point - - the peak, when the earth ' s geologic formations no longer yield enough oil fast enough to meet the world ' s ever - growing demand. after all, most nations outside the middle east have already peaked, according to the government accountability office. the united states peaked in 1970 and now pumps half of what it did 35 years ago. the question is whether big producers like saudi arabia have as much as they say they do, and whether new sources can be developed in time to meet the ever - growing demand from developing nations like china and india, where automobile use is only just


by the time hilda tadria had left school, she knew she wanted to help women empower themselves. as a girl growing up in uganda in the 1960s, she tagged along on her mother ' s visits to the village of rugyeyo to teach rural women literacy and nutrition skills. tadria ' s commitment to bringing about social change led her to set up the women ' s activist organisation action for development, in 1985, and co - found the african women ' s development fund, in 2001. since 1997, and her appointment as a senior regional adviser on gender issues at the ethiopia - based united nations ( un ) economic commission for africa ( uneca ), tadria has worked to show the link between gender inequality and maternal health. the link between social factors, such as gender and social status, and human health are especially strong in maternal health. according to tadria, the cultural disempowerment of women that permeates many societies in the developing world combine to create a population of women who have little autonomy about their reproductive choices, an excessive burden of care, and unequal access to prevention and treatment. maternal health has been in the spotlight ever since world leaders committed to reducing maternal mortality by three - quarters by 2015. but global efforts to achieve this millennium development goal ( mdg ) often focus on the immediate causes of maternal mortality : a shortage of health services, poor transport facilities, and poverty. as welcome as this attention is, says tadria, efforts such as poverty - alleviation programmes must also take the underlying factors of gender inequality and women ' s rights into account : “ there are a lot of economically and politically empowered women who still have no autonomy in deciding when to have children — a lot of men still feel entitled to get a son from their wife. ” tadria has also addressed the way hiv / aids threatens maternal health in the developing world. between 2003 and 2004, she undertook research on the gender dimensions of hiv / aids for the commission on hiv / aids and governance in africa. the commission found that many hiv prevention programmes — especially those that advocate the abc message ( abstain from sex before marriage, be faithful, or use a condom ) — have until now largely ignored women ' s lack of sexual autonomy. women ' s empowerment, says tadria, is axiomatic to tackling hiv / aids and the way it affects maternal health. one of tadria ' s biggest challenges in the gender - training workshops she holds all over africa is trying to convince men, and some women, in policymaking


is axiomatic to tackling hiv / aids and the way it affects maternal health. one of tadria ' s biggest challenges in the gender - training workshops she holds all over africa is trying to convince men, and some women, in policymaking institutions that “ gender inequality affects everything, negatively. the key issues that affect maternal health — early or unplanned pregnancies, poor nutrition, forced or unprotected sex — are all related to the subordinate position of women in africa ”, she told the lancet. many people, she finds, accept the existence of gender inequality but are less inclined to acknowledge its importance for africa ' s development, fearing that “ changing the status quo would be harmful to society ”. tadria is herself testimony to the misguided nature of such fears : she is the embodiment of an empowered woman who is committed to improving development in africa. her loyalty to her home country of uganda, where she was an associate professor of sociology at the national university, made her reluctant to join the brain drain of professionals who were abandoning africa in the 1970s. despite several years studying abroad in the uk and usa — an ma in social anthropology from cambridge university in the 1970s, and a decade later, a phd from the university of minnesota — tadria had no doubt that africa was her home. indeed, when she left to study in the usa, taking her two children with her, tadria and her husband decided that he would remain in uganda : “ we were worried that if we both went, we might never come back ”. tadria went on to develop a broad range of expertise as a gender specialist during the 1990s when she worked as a consultant on gender and development at the world bank, un development programme, un development fund for women, the ugandan government, and other international agencies. these experiences inform her current work for the uneca on gender mainstreaming and gender policy development. although she agrees that important political strides are being made to empower women in africa, the reluctance to move towards gender equality is deeply embedded in traditional patriarchal systems and cultures. for tadria these entrenched attitudes mean that such approaches as mdg - 3 — which aims to promote women ' s empowerment by eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education — will not alone address the issue. “ in africa where cultural norms legitimise gender inequality, eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education will not guarantee women ' s economic and political participation ”. she suggests that “ what would go a long


the lavender scare is the first feature - length documentary film to tell the story of the u. s. government ' s ruthless campaign in the 1950s and ' 60s to hunt down and fire every federal employee it suspected was gay. while the mccarthy era is remembered as the time of the red scare, the headline - grabbing hunt for communists in the united states, it was the lavender scare, a vicious and vehement purge of homosexuals, which lasted longer and ruined many more lives. before it was over, thousands and thousands of federal employees lost their jobs. based on the award - winning book by historian david k. johnson, the lavender scare shines a light on a chapter of american history that has never received the attention it deserves. it examines the tactics used by the government to identify homosexuals, and takes audiences inside interrogation rooms where gay men and women were subjected to grueling questioning. these stories are told through the first - hand accounts of the people who experienced them. the lavender scare shows how the government ' s actions ignited an anti - gay frenzy that spread throughout the country, in an era in which the new york times used the words " homosexual " and " pervert " interchangeably, and public service films warned that homosexuality was a dangerous, contagious disease. while the story is at times infuriating and heartbreaking, its underlying message is uplifting and inspiring. instead of destroying american homosexuals, the actions of the government had the opposite effect : they stirred a sense of outrage and activism that helped ignite the gay rights movement. act 1 " gay boomtown " in the 1930s, thousands of men and women came to washington d. c. to take jobs created by the new deal. many of those job seekers were gay - - eager to leave small town america behind in search of freedom and liberation in the growing metropolis. and they found it, enjoying a comfortable work environment and a lively social scene. some felt free enough to hold hands on the trolley or even kiss on the grounds of the washington monument. and then it all changed. senator joseph mccarthy set off the red scare with his charges that the u. s. state department had been lax in preventing the hiring of communists and other subversives. not so, retorted deputy undersecretary of state john peurifoy, in testimony before a senate committee. in fact, he said, the department had just expelled 91 homosexuals, who were deemed security risks. homosexuals! in the state department! the revelation caused a sensation. who hired them


peurifoy, in testimony before a senate committee. in fact, he said, the department had just expelled 91 homosexuals, who were deemed security risks. homosexuals! in the state department! the revelation caused a sensation. who hired them? what were they up to? were there more? opponents of social programs of the fdr and truman administrations, and republicans eager to win back control of congress and the white house, sensed a new and powerful political weapon. three top advisors to president truman warned him in a memorandum that the country was more disturbed about the charges of homosexuals in government than about communists. the republicans got the message. vowing to protect the country against subversives and homosexuals, dwight eisenhower was elected president. in one of his first official acts on taking office, he signed an executive order banning homosexuals from working for the federal government or any of its private contractors. those already working for the government were to be fired. the hunt for homosexuals was on. act 2 " under siege " with the federal government on an urgent mission to seek out and fire homosexual employees, gay men and women were suddenly under constant pressure to hide their sexual orientation. friends stopped socializing. gay people avoided one another. men who lived together as a couple would sleep in separate beds, or split up altogether. even an anonymous tip could lead to a grueling interrogation by government agents. who do you live with? who are your friends? what bars do you frequent? would you like us to call your family back home and ask these questions? " most workers summoned to interrogations chose to resign immediately, rather than face continued pressure or further scrutiny. for many, it represented not just the loss of a job, but a career. private companies, even those not doing business with the government, followed washington ' s lead and fired gay employees. many gay men and lesbians were unable to find work anywhere. some chose suicide. unlike the investigations of communists, which took place before television and newsreel cameras in senate hearing rooms, the purge of homosexuals happened in the shadows. there was no chance for a dramatic confrontation between accuser and the accused, no emotional exchange to capture public attention. in 1954, joe mccarthy was censured by the senate, and the red scare gradually began to recede. but the lavender scare continued unabated. by 1957, more than 5, 000 gay men and women had lost their jobs with the federal government. some were among the brightest minds in government service. act 3 "


scare gradually began to recede. but the lavender scare continued unabated. by 1957, more than 5, 000 gay men and women had lost their jobs with the federal government. some were among the brightest minds in government service. act 3 " fighting back " on october 4, 1957, america was stunned to learn that the soviet union had successfully launched sputnik i, the earth ' s first artificial satellite. against the backdrop of the cold war, russian dominance of space was seen by many as a threat to the survival of the united states. the u. s. needed astronomers, and there were few as qualified as dr. franklin kameny, a harvard ph. d., who was working for the u. s. army map service. but while sputnik was orbiting the earth, kameny was being grilled by government agents about his sexual orientation. like many before him, he was deemed a pervert. and fired. but then he did something no one had ever done before. he fought back, both in the courts and in the court of public opinion. in 1965, he organized one of the nation ' s first gay rights protests - - a picket line in front of the white house - - four years before the stonewall rebellion. he filed countless lawsuits on behalf of federal workers who were fired because they were gay, eventually winning two decisions that would force the government to change its policy on the hiring of gay and lesbian workers. he brought pressure on the psychiatric establishment to change its position that homosexuality was a mental illness and in 1973, in an announcement that made front - page news around the world, the american psychiatric association did just that. today, the library of congress includes in its collection frank kameny ' s archive of letters, papers and memorabilia, documenting his role as " the grandfather of gay activism. " in 2009, when president obama signed a memorandum extending some benefits to the same - sex partners of federal employees, frank kameny was invited to the oval office to witness the event. had the united states not set out to get rid of its gay and lesbian employees, frank kameny might have had an illustrious career in the space program. instead, he helped ignite a movement that changed a nation and made life better for generations of gay and lesbian americans.


june 17... the s. s. pretoria, in spite of its name, was a german vessel of the hamburg - america line. as the company name suggests, the ship plied the waves between those two countries, beginning in 1898. over its travelling life the ship carried many german migrants to new lives in on this day in 1911, some of the passengers sat down to the following bill of fare – written in two languages, not including the inevitable tortured french, and english, and franglais phrases. suppe magenta ( soup magenta ) gedampfer glattfisch ( braised flounders in parsley ) boeuf a la mode, deutsche art ( boeuf a la mode a l ’ allemande ) aprikosen - kompott ( stewed apricots ) kabinett - pudding ( cabinet pudding ) weinschaum - sauce ( chaudeau sauce ) kase frucht kafee ( cheese fruit coffee ) one of the constantly amusing things about looking at old menus is the apparently random translation rules. the only thing that is consistent is the lack of consistency. the names of individual dishes often seem to be random derivations and amalgamations of several languages - of the country where the meal is held, of where the dish originates ( or is believed to originate ), of french ( because that was the standard menu language ). surely suppe magenta did not need translating to soup magenta? ( why not magenta soup? ). boeuf a la mode, deutsche art ( on the ‘ german ’ side of the menu ) translated into boeuf a la mode a l ’ allemande for the ‘ english ’ side of the menu is almost a non - translation. why not beef, fashionable german style? or fashionable beef, german style? aprikosen - kompott sounds far more elegant than stewed apricots, which sounds very boarding school. why not apricot compote, which is closer in concept and would be understood in english, and is also elegant? the weinschaum - sauce is wonderful. apparently it is the german name for the ( italian ) zabaglione, which on the english side of the menu becomes chaudeau sauce, which is french - ish and means a sweet pudding sauce - so why is it not sweet pudding sauce? ( or is that custard? ) surely suppe magenta is cherry soup? or is it beet soup? any german food


theosophical university press online edition the hunahpu codex hun batz and hun chouen having been destroyed by conversion into simians, the third age comes to a close and this ends the long cycle of quiche - maya prehistory. we have seen that the disappearance of her firstborn grieves ixmucane ; but hunahpu and ixbalamque console her, pointing out that they will now take their older brothers ' place, an improvement inasmuch as they will now provide for her. then the twins declared what they would do to maintain their prestige with their grandmother and their mother. they will cultivate the milpas : " only we shall sow the seed, " they tell the grandmother emphatically. " we are staying here to support our mother, ixquic, and you our grandmother, ixmucane. we will substitute for our older brothers, " they said. then they picked up their hatchets, hoes, and clubs, and went off with their blowguns on their shoulders. when they left the house, they requested their grandmother to bring them their meal when the sun was at the zenith. " very well, i will do this, " the old woman told them. here we have a change in the division of labor within the family, marking a decisive step toward the patriarchal regime. during the former age men remained idle while women busied themselves in providing for them. now it is the man who works to provide for the family, reducing woman ' s role to the domestic chores, and chiefly to preparation of the meals to be carried to the fieldworkers. women became more subordinate to men, since hunahpu commanded that the twins ' meal be brought precisely at midday and the grandmother docilely consented to this by replying, " very well. " these expressions, " very well " ( esta bien ) and " it is not well " ( esta mal ) which are so frequently repeated in the quiche text, embody conceptions of what is according or contrary to the laws of religious morality. we have another change in the family operation in the declaration that " only we shall sow the seed " and in the exclusive use by the man of the hoe or sowing stick, which had been the undivided functions of the woman during the earlier cycle. the origins of this social revolution go back to the time when, besides the members of maternal descent, those of paternal descent were accepted into the family.


sowing stick, which had been the undivided functions of the woman during the earlier cycle. the origins of this social revolution go back to the time when, besides the members of maternal descent, those of paternal descent were accepted into the family. thus hun batz, hun chouen, hunahpu, and ixbalamque were found under one roof. the two latter were descendants of the seven ahpu and in terms of their maternal line belonged to a foreign clan. development of the social, economic, and religious practices as explained by the quiche document few if any historical sources reveal in such a precise manner the mediating form in the passage from descendance through the female line to that through the male, this being something that happened centuries before our era. naturally this process did not occur without friction. the animosity of the eldest cousins and the struggle they wage to assert their rights reveal this condition of things, the precursor of the patriarchal regimen. it is logical to think that at first the descendants through the maternal line continued to enjoy greater privileges than the others, on whom devolved the responsibility to work, it being then considered that in a certain sense labor was demeaning. two accompanying factors emerged with the expansion of the nuclear family : the economic because of an extension of means of subsistence, and that of the increase in population in consequence of life in permanent settlements. during the matriarchal - horticultural cycle human migrations occurred on an increasing scale over vast portions of the hemisphere ; these came to an end under the influence of the two developments noted. the need for increased labor on the one hand, and the growth of population on the other, made modification of the family arrangement necessary. this double circumstance explains why at the beginning those of masculine lineage, such as hunahpu and ixbalamque, were reduced to the condition of serfs. such conditions of relative inferiority accelerated the coming of masculine predominance by virtue of the same principle by which the woman gained her privileged legal position following the earliest hunter - gatherer cycle. in effect, the teachings in the popol vuh, confirmed by the ethnographic reality, established the fact that masculine or feminine dominance in the structure of the family invariably derives from the economic factor, since the ones who assure the group ' s subsistence are those who predominate in the social order. but this ascent in the social scale begins with an earlier condition in which the socially strongest were to be found in relatively inferior conditions of servitude


the ones who assure the group ' s subsistence are those who predominate in the social order. but this ascent in the social scale begins with an earlier condition in which the socially strongest were to be found in relatively inferior conditions of servitude vis - a - vis the others. the social predominance of one or the other sex depends, then, upon the role each plays in the regular provision of food guaranteeing group survival ; and this varies throughout the course of the ethnic cycles in accordance with the increase in sources of subsistence. to illustrate this proposition, which has come to form a law of development in american society, we will give examples taken from the ethnographic facts themselves. these agree with the principles offered in the popol vuh. peoples such as the fuegians, who live by hunting and fishing and are nomadic, depend upon the labor of the men and therefore are governed by patrilineal descendance. among them the woman is truly a beast of burden assigned the most laborious tasks. d ' orbigny says of them that among all of the women of primitive american tribes their lot is the hardest. in addition to other chores, they must collect fruits, herbs, and roots and, when plant life is scarce as it is in tierra del fuego, they must collect small shells, while the men occupy themselves in hunting. unfavorable geographic factors prevented the development of fuegian society, which never rose above a rudimentary condition. when the nomadic tribe moves into a geographically more favorable tropic, collection of fruits and roots takes on an increasing importance until it becomes the principal source of subsistence, thanks to the discovery of new plants by the women and to the beginnings of horticulture. the passage from collection to horticulture is gradual and comes about when the women observe that cast - off parts of plants take root and grow, and improve with cultivation. when horticulture supersedes hunting as the chief means of subsistence, the family group depends upon the labor of the woman, who assumes the directive role while the man sees the dread of his hunger disappear and no longer has to devote all his energy to supply each day ' s meals. he has time then to devote himself to other things such as cultivation of the arts. the basic problem of the native american man was hunger, and the popol vuh vividly portrays the life of the primitive hunter who had to go days on end without eating ( the episodes concerning zipacna and caprakan ). in


. the basic problem of the native american man was hunger, and the popol vuh vividly portrays the life of the primitive hunter who had to go days on end without eating ( the episodes concerning zipacna and caprakan ). in contrast with what took place in the old world, american culture had to develop without passing through the pastoral cycle which in eurasia was the continuation and natural consequence of that of the nomadic hunter because animals susceptible of domestication abounded, a condition that did not exist in the americas. thus passage from the hunter - gatherer cycle to one of horticulture was a logical consequence of the economic development imposed by the milieu, and life then centered about the woman. later, development of agriculture demanded masculine labor ; but, as with horticulture, the beginnings of that new state of things occurred in circumstances in which labor was regarded as demeaning. those who performed it, then, belonged to a lower social category, the situation to which in the beginning hunahpu was reduced. but when the group came to depend upon the labor of the man, a reaction took place and life became centered upon him. this basic socioeconomic principle of american development is expressed in hunahpu ' s declaration that " we shall remain so as to feed you. " thereby masculine preponderance is affirmed, and the man assumes responsibility from that time forward for the maintenance of the family. hunahpu ' s statement, coinciding with the disappearance of hun batz and hun chouen, makes one think that the privileged legal position of the man within the family occurred at once with the displacement of children of maternal affiliation. all this opens new perspectives for sociology in its attempts to uncover the causal relations involved in the progressive development of native american society, since now it has useful testimony from a historical source of the first order. the change in conceptions related to work brings with it change in social forms and new concepts about the regulation of property by virtue of the principle that the land belongs to those who cultivate it, and any alteration or modification in territorial status must be reflected in that of inheritance. from this we can see that the type of society goes hand in hand with the customs for the handing on of possessions. nevertheless, change from maternal to paternal line of descent takes place imperceptibly, modifying without destroying the structure of the communal clan that formed the social unit during the matriarchal period. this we deduce because of the legal position of the grandmother, implying the


paternal line of descent takes place imperceptibly, modifying without destroying the structure of the communal clan that formed the social unit during the matriarchal period. this we deduce because of the legal position of the grandmother, implying the existence of the macrofamily and therefore of the exogamic clan, strongly knit by the triple ties of consanguinous unity, community of interests, and spiritual union in a common religion. such a socioreligious unity is moreover reflected in the theogonic system of the came and the ahpu, the latter representative of a cooperativism contrasting with the simple monotheism of the earlier period, denoting out - and - out individualism or egoism. now we are dealing with a conception of religious and social brotherhood that extends to the gods themselves. in other words, the third age was marked by hamlet cultures based on matrilineal clans whose family structure was built on the same foundations as the actual mayan family, with the sole difference that descendance followed the female line rather than the male, and authority as head of household belonged to the grandmother. its essential features were : respect for the elderly, the role of the grandmother as the mother of the whole family ( later the grandfather as the paterfamilias ), equality of brothers with their first cousins, division of labor, existence of private property, and conferment of social and religious rank by hereditary right. all these passed over into the fourth age, but now in the patrilineal clan. continuing this very interesting etiological exposition, we see hunahpu demonstrating his condition of " industrious man " ( hombre trabajador ), a term used ever since to designate the agrarian gods. the technique for cultivation of maize is exemplified by hunahpu as follows : the twins go into the seed field ( milpa ), pick up their digging sticks or hoes lying there ( note the use of the possessive here ), and make furrows with the implements. with their hatchets they cut and split logs, branches, sticks, and creepers covering the trees. then they burn the cuttings, after collecting and piling the underbrush and cuttings together. because of their divine nature they did all this in a moment, just as they had cleared the field of the overgrowth with one blow of the hatchet. as the twins had ordered, the grandmother came to the field at the proper moment ( when the sun was at its zenith


did all this in a moment, just as they had cleared the field of the overgrowth with one blow of the hatchet. as the twins had ordered, the grandmother came to the field at the proper moment ( when the sun was at its zenith ) bringing them their meal. but because the twins did not want to be surprised by her, since they had not only cleared the fields but were busy using their blowguns ( expressing in this allegory hunahpu ' s dual function as solar and agrarian deity ), when they had finished the fields they instructed a bird called ixmucur — which they posted in the top of a tree trunk — to watch for the grandmother ' s arrival. " when she appears, " they told it, " you will call out immediately, and we ' ll pick up the hoe and hatchet. " ixmucur agreed. from that time the carpenter bird, which likes to sit high in the branches of trees, continues to carry out the mission given it by hunahpu, which is to warn workers in the fields of the presence of persons they cannot yet see. in this way they have warned of the approach of enemy troops, just as geese did in ancient rome. the twins ' stratagem had a purpose, since by their own example they were setting the pattern for the " industrious man " ; but because of their divine nature their work was done magically and without any effort. so, as soon as they heard ixmucur ' s call, " they returned to work, one taking the hoe and the other the hatchet. they covered their heads and spread earth upon their hands, like those with perspiring faces who have really been working hard. and so the grandmother saw them. they ate the meal she had brought as if they had indeed developed an appetite from their labors in the field. then they returned to the hut. ' truly we are very tired, grandmother, ' they said. ' we ' ve ended our day, ' and they stretched out to rest in front of the old lady. " this paragraph from the popol vuh summarizes the conduct of the perfect field - worker which the chorti elder continues to encourage through his own example, since in his role as representative of the agrarian god he must be the best husbandman of the group that he leads, following the standard set by hunahpu. the latter was in fact " a man fit for all work, " as the elders continue to exclaim