tips and activities addition and subtraction : there are many ways to teach addition and subtraction. all teachers have their own ways of doing it but here are some ideas, tips, and activities that can help the most important thing to remember when introducing or practicing the concepts of addition and subtraction is to use manipulatives. by using manipulatives, students are able to master basic facts. many items can be used as manipulatives, ranging from food to school family homes : fact families can be a difficult concept for students to understand, so here is an activity to help them master the concept. first, i teach students that in a fact family, there are four number sentences which use only the three numbers. for example : make up a fact family which looks something like this : the students learn that the same three numbers are used throughout the fact family and that they just change spots when they go into another number sentence. after this lesson ( which takes between 1 - 2 days, depending on age / grade level ), the students then create homes for the fact families. here is an illustration of what their fact family homes will you can use milk cartons covered with construction paper to create 4 fact family homes ( 1 on each side ). or, students can use large sheets of construction paper to create larger homes that can be assembled to create a bulletin board. click the picture to download a practice worksheet on fact families. addition / subtraction ( no regrouping ) : to introduce this concept, you will need to review place value, particularly the tens and ones columns. here is how i teach them to add / subtract two digit numbers. first, i show them the problem on the board - - then i show the students that the problem has two columns, a ones column and a ten columns. this is where i place my pre - made construction paper columns on the board and write the problem on the illustrate to students to start adding / subtracting the green column ( green = start ) and then add / subtract the red column ( red = stop ). when doing three digit addition / subtraction, the ones column is green, tens column is yellow, and the hundreds column is red. in this way, you are utilizing traffic light signals and colors which they should already be familiar with. once they ' ve become used to seeing the construction paper columns, they are able to name the columns without any problem. addition with regrouping : addition with regrouping


are utilizing traffic light signals and colors which they should already be familiar with. once they ' ve become used to seeing the construction paper columns, they are able to name the columns without any problem. addition with regrouping : addition with regrouping requires the students to use manipulatives to demonstrate how they move " ten " ones over to the tens column. here is an example of how i begin teaching addition with regrouping. using the construction columns ( see above ), students are asked to show the number 12 using only ones manipulatives and placing a ten manipulative in the tens column. this is when the students are taught that there can be no more than 9 ones in the ones column. through some direct guidance, students realize they need to move ten ones over into the tens column as illustrated below - - we practice this more i show them how this concept is incorporated into two - digit addition problems. i have found this lesson to be the best when it comes to introducing regrouping to the children. i have tried teaching regrouping without using manipulatives or showing the concept of " shifting ten over to the tens column " as we call it...... and the majority of the students had a hard time learning this concept. subtraction with regrouping : here is a cute idea to teach kids when to " borrow " in a subtraction problem. the name of the rule is the " bbb rule ". the bbb rules states " when the big number is on the bottom, then you borrow. " teachers are against students using their fingers to count. but when students are doing the math section of a standardized test with a time limit, i want them to utilize their time efficiently. although i do enforce mental math with the children, there are times when they will need to quickly add / subtract. these are some tricks that i ' ve taught the students : 1. adding : when adding 6 + 4, students must ask themselves " open or closed? " with addition it is they open their hands and raise up four fingers ( the smallest number ). the palm of their hand says " 6 " and then they continue counting on the four fingers to get the sum. 2. subtracting : when subtracting 15 - 8, students must ask themselves " open or closed? " with subtraction it is closed. the put their hand in a fist and their palms will say the smallest number ( " 8 " ). they will count


british prime minister gordon brown has issued a posthumous apology over the treatment of gay scientist and mathematician alan turing, a man who helped the british government unlock the secret of the enigma code and therefore contributed to the wwii allied victory, calling the government ’ s treatment of the scientist “ awful ” and “ utterly unfair ”. rather than being treated like a war hero, turing was convicted for being a homosexual and was given female hormone injections as a cure. he committed suicide just two years after at the age of 41. as well as his work during the war - effort, turing is widely considered to be the father of modern day computer science, no doubt giving impetus to the international appeal for a formal apology. a paragraph of gordon brown ’ s apology acknowledges turing as a man of great recognition, yes, but also goes some way to including all those that, like him, were so horribly persecuted because of their sexuality : thousands of people have come together to demand justice for alan turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. while turing was dealt with under the law of the time, and we can ’ t put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair, and i am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry i and we all are for what happened to him. alan and the many thousands of other gay men who were convicted, as he was convicted, under homophobic laws, were treated terribly. over the years, millions more lived in fear of conviction. i am proud that those days are gone and that in the past 12 years this government has done so much to make life fairer and more equal for our lgbt community. this recognition of alan ’ s status as one of britain ’ s most famous victims of homophobia is another step towards equality, and long overdue. to read the rest of gordon brown ’ s statement, please click here. the creator of the first uk based alan turing petition, john graham - cumming, computer programmer and author of the geek atlas, has reacted warmly to gordon brown ’ s statement, but recognized that this was not the final point of discussion : “ for me, it ’ s the end of my campaign. but for others it is not. it ’ s vital that bletchley park and the national museum of computing secure funding to keep them alive. ” this is in reference to the fact that the historical building in which alan turing and other code - breakers worked during the war has been repeatedly denied funding under britain ’ s labour government, first by former pm tony blair


in recent years, much energy has been put into genetic research both through the individual efforts of interested scientists and through the collaboration of international teams in the human genome project. through this work, we have learned a great deal about how genes function and how they can cause certain problems. we now know how to look for mutations ( changes in the gene ) that can lead to specific disorders. genetic testing is possible for some conditions because we can recognize the difference between a normal gene and a disease gene. genetic testing presents us with both opportunity and concern. there is opportunity for diagnoses and definitive information and, indeed, a hope that cures may ultimately be possible. on the other hand, we have seen that genetic information can have far - reaching effects on individuals being tested and on their families — emotionally, socially, ethically. what are genes? genes are specific pieces of information that tell our bodies how to grow, function, and develop. it is estimated that each person has between 50, 000 - 100, 000 genes. these genes, which are contained on our 23 pairs of chromosomes, make up our genetic blueprint. each gene codes for a particular set of instructions, and a gene ’ s function is determined by its unique dna code. dna consists of four basic building blocks called bases that are linked in a specific order. when a change occurs in the ordering or number of bases, a gene may not function properly. a gene change which can cause a disease is called a mutation. how can genes influence disease? genes come in pairs, with one copy inherited from each parent. a condition is called dominantly inherited when only one copy of a disease gene is needed to lead to symptoms of that disease. one example of dominant inheritance is huntington ’ s disease ( hd ). the hd gene can be passed from one generation to the next and a person who has the hd gene has a 50 % chance of passing that gene on to each of his or her children. a person affected by a recessively inherited condition inherits a particular disease gene from each parent. one example is cystic fibrosis in which both parents, by chance, have passed on a cf gene. some diseases do not follow simple patterns of inheritance. many factors influence how a gene works or who will get a disease and when. mutations in several different genes can lead to the same disease, as we see in some forms of alzheimer ’ s disease. genes that increase one ’ s risk of getting a certain disease are called susceptibility genes. what is genetic testing? genetic


mutations in several different genes can lead to the same disease, as we see in some forms of alzheimer ’ s disease. genes that increase one ’ s risk of getting a certain disease are called susceptibility genes. what is genetic testing? genetic testing involves analyzing a person ’ s dna. usually a blood sample is taken, and a molecular genetics lab performs special tests to look for mutations in a gene that lead to disease. genetic testing is available for only a fraction of the many genetic conditions in existence. there is no test that analyzes a person ’ s dna and gives him or her a clean bill of health. who might want genetic testing? genetic testing can be done to confirm or rule out a certain diagnosis. testing might interest a person who knows or suspects that he / she is at risk for a genetic disease for which treatment options or preventative measures are available. also, couples considering having children may wish to know the risk of passing on an inherited disorder ( e. g., huntington ’ s disease ) to offspring. what testing is available? some of the more common genetic diseases for which genetic tests are available include sickle cell disease, myotonic dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, duchenne ’ s muscular dystrophy, and fragile x syndrome. there are also tests available for some inherited adult - onset disorders, including those described below : alzheimer ’ s disease persons with alzheimer ’ s disease have progressive impairment in multiple cognitive areas. these areas may include memory, language, calculation, orientation, judgment and personality. genetic research has found connections between a number of genes and alzheimer ’ s disease in a small percentage of families with alzheimer ’ s. three genes on different chromosomes are associated with early onset familial alzheimer ’ s. a fourth gene, located on chromosome 19, codes for a protein called apoe. apoe4 is now considered a susceptibility gene for ad and increases the risk for developing ad. not all people who have this gene will get ad and other people may get ad without having the apoe4 gene. there is evidence for additional alzheimer ’ s disease genes which have not yet been identified. at this time, routine predictive testing of alzheimer ’ s disease genes is not recommended. the apoe4 gene is only a risk factor and it cannot provide definitive information. since there is no cure for alzheimer ’ s disease, the benefit of learning about a possible predisposition to the disease is questionable. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) als


only a risk factor and it cannot provide definitive information. since there is no cure for alzheimer ’ s disease, the benefit of learning about a possible predisposition to the disease is questionable. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) als, also known as lou gehrig ’ s disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. it involves muscle weakness, and as the disease progresses, severe impairment of mobility, speech, swallowing, and respiratory function. one ’ s mind is typically unaffected. als is inherited in aproximately 10 % of cases in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. familial als ( fals ) has been studied closely to determine that in some families, a mutation in a gene called sod1 ( on chromosome 21 ) is likely the cause. the vast majority of als cases are sporadic with no clear cause. the hope now is that the discovery of a gene causing a disease in certain families may give scientists the lead they have been searching for to reach a cure. ataxia ataxia means a lack of coordination and can be associated with a degenerative disorder. testing is currently available for spinocerebellar ataxia ( sca ) types 1, 2 and 3. type 3 is also known as machado - joseph disease. dementia is not typically seen in sca types 1, 2 and 3. they are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that either men or women can be affected and that an affected person has a 50 % chance of passing the gene on to each of his / her children. the genes for sca types 1, 2 and 3, like the hd gene, have repeated sections of dna that are larger than those in the normally functioning gene. cerebrovascular disease ( stroke ) scientists studying cerebrovascular disease have suggested that many risk factors for stroke are under genetic influence, for example, having a family history of stroke may be associated with an increased risk. greater understanding of these factors may lead to early recognition of and intervention in stroke. genetic effects are subject to environmental influences ( e. g., diet, weight ). huntington ’ s disease ( hd ) huntington ’ s disease is the most common inherited neurological disease. it is characterized by progressive deterioration. motor effects progress to uncontrollable movements ( chorea ) and deterioration of handwriting, speech and swallowing. cognitive symptoms can include memory loss and progress to dementia. emotional


is the most common inherited neurological disease. it is characterized by progressive deterioration. motor effects progress to uncontrollable movements ( chorea ) and deterioration of handwriting, speech and swallowing. cognitive symptoms can include memory loss and progress to dementia. emotional problems may include personality change and depression. a person with symptoms of huntington ’ s disease may have a genetic test to confirm that he / she has hd. people at risk for hd ( meaning that one of their parents has hd ) may consider presymptomatic testing to learn if they carry the hd gene and therefore will ultimately develop hd symptoms. after many years of intense research, the hd gene was identified in 1993. it was discovered that a three base pair section of the dna of the hd gene is repeated many times in individuals who have hd. the normal functional gene does not have this enlargement. current testing analyzes the hd gene to look for the presence or absence of this enlargement ( or expanded repeat ). at this time, the function of the hd gene and how it causes hd is not known. multiple sclerosis ( ms ) multiple sclerosis is a disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system. familial occurrence ( not necessarily genetic ) in ms is documented, but uncommon. it is thought that the major causes for ms will prove to be immunological and possibly infectious, but certain genes may be required for susceptibility. implications of testing although there are no cures for these adult - onset disorders, genetic testing for actual gene mutations can provide an accurate diagnosis or rule out a specific condition. having a clear diagnosis can allow a person and his / her family to anticipate disease progression and make informed decisions about the future. in some cases, treatment options may be available to slow the progression of symptoms. persons at risk ( e. g., a person with a parent with huntington ’ s disease ) might feel uncertain about their own future and that of their children. a negative test ( indicating that a person does not have the gene ) can give a tremendous sense of relief. a positive test result can relieve uncertainty and let the person plan for the future. there are not tests available for every adult - onset disorder. one important limitation for gene testing is that diagnostic information often is not matched by effective treatment strategies or therapies. since most genetic tests involve only a blood sample, there is no significant physical risk. any potential risks have more to do with the way the results of the test might change a person ’ s life.


matched by effective treatment strategies or therapies. since most genetic tests involve only a blood sample, there is no significant physical risk. any potential risks have more to do with the way the results of the test might change a person ’ s life. there can be a major psychological impact on people considering and undergoing genetic testing. the knowledge that one does or does not carry a disease gene can provoke many emotions. many people with a family history of certain diseases have already seen relatives become affected by the disorder. the news that they have the disease gene can lead to depression or anger. these emotions can impact the person and reverberate throughout the family. a person who finds he / she does not carry a disease gene may feel guilty. there is also concern about confidentiality. people have expressed concern that testing information could someday be used against them. as knowledge about the genetic basis of common disorders grows, so does the potential for discrimination in obtaining health or life insurance. people also have concerns about discrimination in employment. at the state and federal levels, legislation is being pursued to help ensure that genetic information is not used against people. the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) provides employment anti - discrimination protection for people with disabilities and neurological disorders. in addition, as an example of state law, the state of california prohibits insurers, to varying degrees, from requiring or requesting genetic tests or their results, from denying coverage on the basis of genetic tests, and from using tests to determine rates and benefits. california law has provisions to protect the privacy of genetic information. however, in this time of flux and changing health care systems, it is not clear to what extent consumers are protected. people considering genetic testing need to consider potential risks for discrimination. whom to contact your primary care physician may be able to make a referral to a specialist such as a neurologist and genetic counselor as appropriate. the national society of genetic counselors may also be a helpful source of referrals. a trained professional can help evaluate family history, document diagnosis and discuss whether testing options are available. in addition, in california there is a genetically handicapped persons program ( see resources section of this fact sheet ). how can genetic counseling help? genetic counselors are specially trained health professionals who help families learn about and cope with genetic conditions. if a person is considering testing, a genetic counselor would discuss risks, benefits, and limitations and provide balanced information for the individual to make an informed decision about whether to proceed with testing. there are many issues to consider including psychological impact, family issues


. if a person is considering testing, a genetic counselor would discuss risks, benefits, and limitations and provide balanced information for the individual to make an informed decision about whether to proceed with testing. there are many issues to consider including psychological impact, family issues, and privacy. genetic counseling can be helpful in addressing these issues. genetic counselors support families and individuals in making decisions about genetic testing and in adjusting to test results. how do people decide about genetic testing? the decision about whether to have testing is a very personal one. it should also be voluntary ; people should have the test only if they want the information and should not be pressured into testing by relatives or health care providers. because the issues are so complex and the consequences so profound, the decision to have a genetic test deserves careful preparation and thought. as a final note, it is also important to understand that the available information is changing rapidly as genetic research continues. it is likely that more information and genetic tests will be available in the future. please use the resource listings below to help stay informed and up to date. family caregiver alliance 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 web site : www. caregiver. org e - mail : [ email protected ] family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer ' s disease, stroke, head injury, parkinson ' s and other debilitating disorders that strike adults. huntington ’ s disease society of america 140 west 22nd st., 6th flr. new york, ny 10011 - 2420 hdsa maintains a list of genetic testing centers across the u. s. genetically handicapped persons program state of california department of health services 714 p st., rm. 300 sacramento, ca 95814 alliance of genetic support groups 35 wisconsin circle, suite 440 chevy chase, md 20815 national alliance for rare disorders p. o. box 8923 new fairfield, ct 06812 national society of genetic counselors 233 canterbury dr. wallingford, pa 19086 - 6617 human genome management information system oak ridge national lab 1060 commerce park ms 6480 oak ridge, tn 37830


the koninklijke nederlandse politiehond vereniging ( knpv ) is a dog sport originating in holland that uses a number of exercises in an attempt to mimic situations encountered by police k9 units. one such exercise is centered around a search for small articles. the knpv small articles search takes place in a square section of grassy field. three small objects, such as a key, a ring, a bullet casing, or a coin, are placed on the field. the dog then has 10 minutes to search the field and retrieve the objects. the handler is permitted to give basic commands instructing the dog to search, stay or release the retrieved object. a retrieval time of under 3 minutes is required to obtain a perfect score, while the dog is also graded on general obedience, the manner in which it searches the field, and how it handles the objects during the retrieval stage. the intent of this exercise is to train the dog to act in a manner that mimics a police search for evidence. unfortunately, the way this exercise is performed by the knpv presents a number of problems when compared against what would be required of a search conducted by actual police forces. one of the biggest problems is that the dog is trained to mouth the object, pick it up and bring it back to the handler. in a real police search, investigators wear latex gloves to avoid disturbing the evidence any more than absolutely necessary. to have the dog mouth a piece of evidence might completely ruin it. the correct action for the dog to take would be to indicate passively by sitting next to the found article. secondly, because knpv is a sport, the exercises are performed with specific regulations concerning the search area. during a search, an officer can almost never rely on evidence being simply dropped in a perfectly square patch of grassy field. the most important thing to remember is that knpv, like all other dog sports, is just a sport. police dogs, protection dogs and guard dogs alike need to be trained to handle real situations from the very beginning. training for sport just isn ’ t good enough for work in the real world.


- pdf ( 484 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 238 ) - request permission - microrna regulation of nac - domain targets is required for proper formation and separation of adjacen... current biology, volume 14, issue 12, 22 june 2004, pages 1035 - 1046 allison c mallory, diana v dugas, david p bartel and bonnie bartel summarybackground : micrornas ( mirnas ) are nucleotide ( nt ) rnas that regulate gene expression in plants and animals. most known plant mirnas target transcription factors that influence cell fate determination, and biological functions of mirna - directed regulation have been reported for four of 15 known microrna gene families : mir172, mir159, mir165, and mir168. here, we identify a developmental role for mir164 - directed regulation of nac - domain genes, which encode a family of transcription factors that includes cup - shaped cotyledon1 ( cuc1 ) and cuc2. results : expression of a mir164 - resistant version of cuc1 mrna from the cuc1 promoter causes alterations in arabidopsis embryonic, vegetative, and floral development, including cotyledon orientation defects, reduction of rosette leaf petioles, dramatically misshapen rosette leaves, one to four extra petals, and one or two missing sepals. reciprocally, constitutive overexpression of mir164 recapitulates cuc1 cuc2 double mutant phenotypes, including cotyledon and floral organ fusions. mir164 overexpression also leads to phenotypes not previously observed in cuc1 cuc2 mutants, including leaf and stem fusions. these likely reflect the misregulation of other nac - domain mrnas, including nac1, at5g07680, and at5g61430, for which mir164 - directed cleavage products were detected. conclusions : these results demonstrate that mir164 - directed regulation of cuc1 is necessary for normal embryonic, vegetative, and floral development. they also show that proper mir164 dosage or localization is required for separation of adjacent embryonic, vegetative, and floral organs, thus implicating mir164 as a common regulatory component of the molecular circuitry that controls the separation of different developing organs and


in a nonredundant manner by regulating the transcript accumulation of the transcription factors cuc1 and cuc2. conclusions : the data presented in this study indicate that closely related mirna family members that are predicted to target the same set of genes can have different functions during development, possibly because of nonoverlapping expression patterns. summary | full text | pdf ( 2463 kb ) - nac proteins : regulation and role in stress tolerance trends in plant science, volume 17, issue 6, 1 june 2012, pages 369 - 381 swati puranik, pranav pankaj sahu, prem s. srivastava and manoj prasad abstractthe plant - specific nac ( nam, ataf1, 2 and cuc2 ) proteins constitute a major transcription factor family renowned for their roles in several developmental programs. despite their highly conserved dna - binding domains, their remarkable diversification across plants reflects their numerous functions. lately, they have received much attention as regulators in various stress signaling pathways which may include interplay of phytohormones. this review summarizes the recent progress in research on nacs highlighting the proteins ’ potential for engineering stress tolerance against various abiotic and biotic challenges. we discuss regulatory components and targets of nac proteins in the context of their prospective role for crop improvement strategies via biotechnological intervention. abstract | full text | pdf ( 705 kb ) copyright © 2004 elsevier ltd all rights reserved. trends in plant science, volume 10, issue 2, 79 - 87, 1 february 2005 transcriptional networks in plants nac transcription factors : structurally distinct, functionally diverse a institute of molecular biology, university of copenhagen, øster farimagsgade 2a, dk - 1353 copenhagen k, denmark b department of chemistry, centre for crystallographic studies, university of copenhagen, universitetsparken 5, dk - 2100 copenhagen ø, denmark nac proteins constitute one of the largest families of plant - specific transcription factors, and the family is present in a wide range of land plants. here, we summarize the biological and molecular functions of the nac family, paying particular attention to the intricate regulation of nac protein level and localization, and to the first indications of nac participation in transcription factor networks. the recent determination of the dna and protein binding nac domain structure offers insight into the molecular functions of the protein family. research into nac transcription factors has demonstrated the importance of this protein family in the biology of plants and


the pancreas is a gland organ located behind the stomach and is vital to the digestive tract and overall health of the body. the functions of the pancreas include releasing digestive enzymes and producing insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. the pancreas can become diseased due to various things including diet and alcohol consumption. when the pancreas becomes diseased or infected, it can lead to serious conditions which must be treated by a gi doctor or endocrinologist. - pancreatitis : it is the inflammation of the pancreas and is a very common disease of the pancreas. pancreatitis is a condition where the enzymes are actually breaking down the pancreas, instead of food, and the pancreas becomes inflamed. the common types of pancreatitis are chronic and acute pancreatitis. chronic pancreatitis is a long - lasting condition that has to be managed over time. acute pancreatitis comes on quickly and can be treated with antibiotics. a common cause of acute pancreatitis is a gallstone block, also known as gallstone pancreatitis. the symptoms often include nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain. heavy alcohol consumption has been linked with both chronic and acute pancreatitis and it is important to avoid alcohol. - gallstone pancreatitis : gallstone pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas due to gallstones blocking the bile duct. the symptoms are very similar to those of gallstones – nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. it is very important to see a doctor if you think you might have gallstone pancreatitis. pancreatic diseases are serious medical conditions which must be managed under the care of a physician. if you or someone you know has a history of gallstones or pancreatitis, please contact us to set up an appointment.


pelvic clock in different contexts sitting on the chair • sitting on the chair, feet firmly on the floor, knees separated as you feel supported and if you are supported on ischia. put one hand under your buttocks to feel the shape of the bony protuberance ( ischial tuberosity ). take my hand take a reference on the wall, a point where your eyes naturally tend to rest. • very slowly move your pelvis and becomes small rounding the back and returns to the center. when you move do not hold your breath, it makes the legs, abdomen, chest, shoulders and neck are relaxed. • tilt your pelvis and slowly arching the lower back by venting the stomach. exhale, relax the back and legs. feel how the weight moves forward on ischia, the trunk extends to become erect. continue to slowly tilt your pelvis tilting forward and back arching and rounding your back. • yet sit in the chair. with both feet on stable ground, hands on thighs, the pelvis tilts toward the left knee so that the weight moves to the left buttock and the right bar is raised a bit ' from its support. feel like your right shoulder is progressing slowly moves back and the left and the right side tends to rise, the coast side of this approach, the column is extended and the head moves to the left accompanied by the look. • now tilt your pelvis toward your right knee feel like eyes are moving, how they organize the head, ribs, hips and knees as you move the weight on the buttocks and feet. leaves the body soft and relaxed so that breathing can take place freely. • imagine that the chair is painted on the support and draw a clock with the dock 12 - 6 h, then from 3 to 9 h, and finally draws every hour intermediate describing circles in one direction and then in the total involvement in the body movement.


- the magazine additive manufacturing ( am ) for ceramics has long been a dream, pursued in research labs and desired by industry. the idea of using a digital file to create a three - dimensional ( 3 - d ) object is now a reality, making the transition from rapid prototyping to part production. am is a fairly new term adopted by the astm international committee to encompass methods that build 3 - d forms layer - by - layer using computer - driven technology. am is a completely different approach than traditional methods of subtracting materials from a larger workpiece ( e. g., cutting, grinding ) or conventional forming methods ( e. g., pressing, casting, injection molding ). 1 terms such as 3 - d printing, rapid prototyping, direct digital manufacturing, rapid manufacturing and solid freeform fabrication are often used to describe am processes. am processes are driven by 3 - d computer data, or stereolithography ( stl ) files, which contain information on the geometry of the object. stl files can be obtained from 3 - d cad software, medical scan data ( e. g., ct, mri ), or from existing objects using point or laser scanners. the stl file, which breaks down the geometrical representation of the object into a simple mesh, can be manipulated into a suitable build orientation, and then digitally sliced into discreet 2 - d layers. the process of layering is then conducted by the am system through the deposition and bonding of 2 - d layers. 2 am found its first market 25 years ago in the rapid prototyping of plastic mockup parts for product design. 3 as the technology developed, opportunities for tooling and direct part production followed, first in plastics, and more recently in metals and ceramics. tooling examples include patterns built using 3 - d printing of sand or wax for metal castings, and silicone rubber for urethane castings. direct part manufacturing of end - use parts is the fastest growing segment of the $ 1. 3 billion market, increasing from 4 % in 2003 to nearly 20 % in 2010. 3 examples include medical parts such as surgical implants, consumer products such as art ceramics and jewelry, and industrial parts such as impeller blades and aircraft ducting. there is tremendous interest worldwide in evaluating the potential for am as a useful and possibly disruptive technology. am is generating excitement in many fields, from computer science and product design to new materials and lean engineering. am has captured the imagination, but it is not always clear


interest worldwide in evaluating the potential for am as a useful and possibly disruptive technology. am is generating excitement in many fields, from computer science and product design to new materials and lean engineering. am has captured the imagination, but it is not always clear how ceramic materials fit into the picture. one key benefit of using am is the ability to easily fabricate complex shapes. complexity adds cost to traditional processes. in general, the more complex the final shape, the more likely that am will be of benefit. am also offers the freedom to redesign parts to decrease weight and more accurately serve their engineering purpose. for example, the shape of cooling channels can be optimized for fluid dynamics rather than restricted by the manufacturing method. 2 another important benefit is the ability to fabricate parts without expensive tooling or long lead times. cost savings are associated with less production labor, material waste and energy consumption, as well as increased on - demand manufacturing. all of these factors provide varying degrees of impact depending on the specific product. as shown in table 1, the seven am categories offer more than 30 variations on the basic themes, each with its advantages and disadvantages. binder jetting and material jetting are both considered 3 - d printing methods using print heads with multiple nozzles. material jetting is also called “ direct printing, ” as the desired material is dispensed through the print head. this is in contrast to binder jetting, where only the binder is dispensed through the print head onto a flat powder bed of the desired material. the binder jetting method was initially developed in the early 1990s at mit and licensed to a number of companies. 2 it works by depositing a thin layer of powder am organizations and events • the national additive manufacturing innovation institute ( namii ) recently announced the location of its center in youngstown, ohio. namii was established as a pilot institute under the new national network for manufacturing innovation ( nnmi ) infrastructure to help advance the u. s. manufacturing sector. namii is a public - private partnership with member organizations from industry, academia, government and workforce development resources. visit www. namii. org to learn more. • the rapid conference, which will be held june 10 - 13, 2013, by the society of manufacturing engineers ( sme ), is an industry - leading forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest development, trends, and techniques specific to additive manufacturing and 3 - d imaging. additional details are available at www. sme. org.


of manufacturing engineers ( sme ), is an industry - leading forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest development, trends, and techniques specific to additive manufacturing and 3 - d imaging. additional details are available at www. sme. org. • the additive manufacturing consortium ( amc ) is a national group of industry, government, and research organizations engaged in the advancement of manufacturing readiness of additive manufacturing technologies. instituted in 2010 by ewi and originally focused on metals, the consortium has since expanded to include ceramics. it has established a network to provide members with advice, development, performance testing and qualification of additive processes. for more information, visit http : / / ewi. org / additive - manufacturing - consortium. onto a build platform or build box. the multiple array inkjet head, loaded with binder, is moved across the surface in the x - axis and indexed across in the y - axis by a distance corresponding to the width of the print head array. the head is then traversed back in the x - axis, printing the layer in a series of stripes in the familiar manner of inkjet printers. the build platform is then lowered by 0. 1 - 0. 2 mm, and a second layer of powder is deposited. 2 the powder sticks together only where the binder has been printed. the form is built layer by layer ; at the end of the build cycle, the loose powder is removed by vacuum, revealing the part. the part is porous and, if desired, can be infiltrated or fired in a post - process step. this method is used for fine art ceramics, ceramic cores and large industrial sand molds for metal casting. the primary advantages for 3 - d printing, especially binder jetting, are low cost, high speed, scalability, ease of building parts in multiple materials, and versatility for use with ceramic materials. 1 originally evolved from systems that used thermoplastics, the material jetting method has been modified to accept ceramic slurries or ceramic powders in wax or liquid binder carriers. material jetting has significant challenges, including getting materials to flow through nozzles at reasonable speeds without clogging. work is ongoing to improve the rheology of material systems for ceramic materials such as alumina, zirconia and pzt. this method promises good surface finishes and high tolerances for parts that can be printed and then fired to high density. powder bed fusion originated with selective laser sintering ( sls ). sls uses a powder


readily produce wax and polymer forms that can be used as molds for ceramics ( e. g., in the dental industry ), but the company doesn ’ t have a strong presence in direct fabrication of ceramics. exone has developed the largest volume, fastest systems for handling ceramic materials, driven by the success of 3 - d printing for sand casting molds. a build chamber of 400 x 250 x 250 mm is available, with speeds of 30 seconds per layer. viridis 3d uses modified voxelijet equipment to produce sand molds and cores. both of these companies sell special ceramic blends and other supplies for 3 - d printers. am of ceramic molds and cores has been a game changer for the metal casting industry. binder jetting is best suited due to its low cost and speed. the as - printed product is porous, exactly what is needed for casting. companies such as eos and phenix systems sell equipment based on the selective laser sintering method that can be used for ceramics. materials solutions uses eos equipment to make parts and develop processes for customers. this method is taking off for metals, but information on ceramic products is scarce. the laser method is more costly and slower than binder jetting. current research efforts at several universities and government labs may yet discover the best fit for this method in ceramic applications. am offers significant materials challenges ( especially for ceramics ) that present a large barrier for entry. ceralink has recently become involved in am through client requests, both from the equipment side and from parts manufacturers. ceralink specializes in ceramics, composites, and metals contract r & d, as well as fast manufacturing methods such as microwave heating and radio frequency lamination. ceralink is currently developing methods and procedures for exone to expand the range of printed metal and ceramic parts. two methods that have quietly proved their value in ceramic part fabrication are material extrusion and sheet lamination. developed at sandia national laboratories in the 1990s, robocasting was specifically designed to extrude ceramics such as alumina through a nozzle using a robotic arm. robocasting enterprises licensed the technology and offers fully dense specialty parts in a variety of ceramic materials. cam - lem can also fabricate fully dense ceramics ( e. g., in alumina, aln and silicon nitride ) by laminating tapes, exactly aligned, that have precisions features cut into them. challenges and industry needs though significant progress and technological advancements have been made by


e. g., in alumina, aln and silicon nitride ) by laminating tapes, exactly aligned, that have precisions features cut into them. challenges and industry needs though significant progress and technological advancements have been made by the emerging am industry, many challenges still lie ahead related to materials development and adoption beyond niche applications. post processing to achieve high densities is a main challenge for the am methods that produce porous parts. early industrial adopters ( e. g., ceramic molds and cores ) don ’ t require further densification. a next step is to produce integrally cored molds for investment casting. am has also been successful in fine art ceramics, where densification is assisted by a liquid phase and tolerances are not as stringent. materials considerations such as rheology, powder flow, powder packing, particle shape and size distribution can impact product quality factors, including surface materials considerations such as rheology, powder flow, powder packing, particle shape and size distribution can impact product quality factors, including surface finish, density, uniformity, and dimensional integrity. finish, density, uniformity, and dimensional integrity. am offers possibilities to make structures that are difficult or even impossible with traditional methods, but strategies must be developed to achieve success. many applications will require hands - on experimentation by ceramic engineers and material scientists. for example, there is a strong interest in making graded structures similar to bone, where a more porous inner region is formed within a dense outer structure. it will be important to identify and better understand the processing - structure - property relationships with the different am methods to ensure predictability of produced parts. 5 standardized mechanical and physical property data, for instance, must be determined on the many material and processing combinations offered by the am industry to allow for comparison to traditionally produced counterparts. editor ’ s note : all of the photos included are courtesy of exone. 1. gibson, i., rosen, d. w., and stucker, b., additive manufacturing technologies : rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing, springer, new york, 2010. 2. reeves, p., “ rapid manufacturing for the production of ceramic components, ” ceram 2008, econolyst. 3. scott, j., et al., additive manufacturing : status and opportunities, science and technology policy institute, 2012, pp. 1 - 29. 4. 4. chaput, c. and lafon, j. b., “ 3 - d printing


- the magazine ceramics handbuilding : pinch and coil construction is an excellent introduction to pinching and coiling as a process of pottery making. according to the video instructor, mollie favour, the advantage of handbuilding is that it only takes some clay and a few simple tools - many that can be supplied directly from the kitchen. in this lesson, favour instructs viewers in the production of several complete projects. favour teaches the viewer four basic skills needed for building pottery by hand. first, she demonstrates clay preparation by “ spiral ” wedging. this is a primary skill all new potters must acquire, and favour demonstrates the method clearly. next she shows how to make pottery via the pinch method. then, she shows how to make and use coils. and finally, she demonstrates how to pull a handle. these basic actions equip new artists to tackle the many handmade projects in the video. these projects include : a bowl, a box with lid, an oval vessel, and a coffee mug. basic materials, such as slip and glaze, are explained. favour also shows how she decorates her pots with colored slips and a brush before firing them with a clear glaze. mollie favour ’ s simple, yet concise directions are easy enough for the beginning potter to begin creating right away. i was troubled somewhat by the quality of the camerawork ; i found that the artist ’ s hands were out of frame much too often for an instructional video. however, i am still recommending this as a teaching aid for beginning potters and those that would like to begin again. title : ceramics handbuilding : pinch and coil construction length : 28 min. for more information, visit www. crystalproductions. com.


skip to content skip to navigation menu 21 june 2010 teenagers who read gossip magazines are more likely to engage in eating disorder behaviours, according to new research from the school of medicine. conducted by dr james white from the department of primary care & public health, the study took place over six months, and involved 546 eleven to sixteen year old children from south wales. the research was carried out in collaboration with dr emma halliwell from the university of the west of england. adolescents were asked to record changes in their behaviours that are common to eating disorders, such as binge eating, self - induced vomiting and dieting. they were also asked how often they view different types of television programmes ( soaps, music videos, sports, drama series, reality tv ) and magazines ( women ’ s fashion, health and fitness, men ’ s magazines, gossip magazines ). after six months, the television and magazine viewing habits of teenagers who had increased their use of eating disorder behaviours were compared to those whose eating had remained normal. recognised risk factors for eating disorders such as age, gender, body mass index and perceived pressure from the media to lose weight were taken into account during analysis. the study ’ s results indicated that the one of the strongest risk factors for significant increases in eating disorder behaviours was how often teenage boys and girls read gossip magazines. indeed, reading gossip magazines remained a significant risk factor after taking into account teenagers ’ awareness of pressure from the media to lose weight. the frequency of viewing other television and magazine genres did not have a significant effect. dr white said, " this study suggests that there should be a greater awareness of the potential impact that exposure to the kind of images of celebrities and models in gossip magazines can have on adolescents ’ eating habits. this is one of the first studies to investigate such a wide and varied group of different television and magazine genres, but it suggests that exposure to gossip magazines increases the risk in adolescent boys and girls of using unhealthy eating behaviours, without their awareness of being influenced. " dr james white will be presenting his findings at the 4th appearance matters conference on 22 and 23 june, in bristol. school of medicine shaping public policy innovation and impact awards reshaping the bbc ’ s news agenda improving community policing linking climate change and human evolution rise in type 2 diabetes amongst young uniting to solve the mystery of mental illness this is an externally hosted beta service offered by google.


many have criticized the body mass index, or bmi, as being a poor indicator of obesity and of obesity - related health risks. critics say bmi is too simple to be accurate, that it doesn ' t take into account a person ' s muscle mass or where the body fat is located. americans, therefore, may be tempted to brush off the easy - to - access statistic - - and the possible need for lifestyle changes - - if they don ' t like their results. alternative methods such as waist - to - height ratios or body composition testing may be more accurate in measuring an individual ' s body fat percentage. but bmi is just as good at providing information about your health risks and can be easily, reliably and cheaply used by clinicians and patients to provide a useful snapshot of how someone ' s weight compares to healthy standards. your bmi can be calculated online with a simple formula : weight in kilograms divided by height in centimeters squared. in pounds and inches this formula becomes weight in pounds divided by height in inches squared, multiplied by 703 to account for the metric conversion. a bmi between 18. 5 and 24. 9 indicates a normal weight ; a bmi between 25 and 29. 9 indicates a person is overweight ; and a bmi of 30 or above indicates obesity. there are always exceptions to any rule, but when it comes to predicting obesity - related health risks, bmi is among the strongest predictors, regardless of what critics say. even when compared with other measures such as waist circumference, waist - to - height - ratio, percent body fat, fat mass index or fat - free mass index, the science shows that bmi is just as good at predicting obesity - related health risks. my research team at the columbia university mailman school of public health examined cross - sectional measurements of height, weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, blood pressure measurements, cholesterol levels and fasting glucose levels for more than 12, 000 adults using information from ehe international ' s database of patients. the numbers showed that bmi is the strongest predictor of blood pressure, and the measurement is comparable to other measurements at predicting cholesterol levels. bmi also performed admirably against other measures in predicting fasting glucose levels, which are an important part of diagnosing diabetes. it ' s tempting to write off bmi as overly simplistic when it delivers news about our weight and health that we don ' t like. but the bottom


the most important thing you can do to keep from getting sick is to wash your hands! wash your hands often, especially … - before you eat - before you touch your mouth or eyes - after you use the bathroom - after touching animals or pets - after you blow your nose, cough or sneeze coughing or sneezing into your sleeve will reduce the spread of germs. lather up with soap and warm water, wash hands front and back and between the fingers. don ’ t forget your fingernails! rinse well with warm water. to make sure you wash your hands long enough, try singing “ happy birthday ” twice! when soap and water are not available, use hand sanitizers to prevent the spread of germs. avoid sanitizers that have too much or too little alcohol content. the alcohol content should be around 60 %. viral infections such as colds, coughs or the flu do not need an antibiotic. taking one will not make them go away faster! antibiotics can successfully treat many bacterial infections, but due to misuse, some bacterial infections no longer respond to some antibiotics. antibiotics are strong medicines that may cause possible side effects including rashes and diarrhea. do not pressure your health care provider to prescribe an antibiotic if you do not have a bacterial infection. take all medications exactly as your health care provider prescribes. take all antibiotics until gone, even if you feel better! do not share or save medications for yourself or others. colds can last longer than 2 weeks – the average child gets up to 6 colds per year!


woody guthrie ' s god and country woody guthrie ' s god and country " this land is your land, " woody guthrie ' s most famous song, has been sung by school children, scouts, church choirs, and war veterans. its message of freedom and hope make it quintessential woody. so does its undercurrent of protest and equality. guthrie wrote the song in 1940 as an angry response to irving berlin ' s popular " god bless america. " if god blessed america, why were there so many poor and downtrodden people littered across its land, still reeling from the great depression and dust bowl devastation? his original handwritten lyric closed the song with " one bright sunny morning in the shadow of the steeple / by the relief office i saw my people / as they stood hungry, i stood there wondering if / god blessed america for me. " below the lyrics he wrote, " all you can write is what you see. " ( read the complete lyrics here. ) woodrow wilson guthrie was simple and earthy, political and spiritual. his music was infused with god and country and the humanity in between, especially the downtrodden and oppressed. those were guthrie ' s people : the hobos and migrants and laborers and union organizers. the weather - worn okie minstrel was one of them. he was their voice for justice and dignity in the 1930s and ' 40s. he was also arguably the most important figure in american folk music. pete seeger? guthrie was a mentor, collaborator and bandmate in the almanacs during the ' 40s. arlo guthrie? woody was his father. bob dylan? guthrie was his hero. it was a pilgrimage to visit the seriously ill guthrie that brought the 19 - year - old dylan to new york city — and woody ' s circle of musician friends who helped open doors into the performance scene for dylan. trace dylan ' s marriage of folk with rock and roll and, moving forward, you follow the family tree through springsteen and mellencamp to today ' s americana neofolk revival in all of its various combinations. to mark the centennial of guthrie ' s birth, two excellent new releases open the doors to his music and the man behind it. the recently released mermaid avenue : the complete sessions pairs billy bragg and wilco. and new multitudes ( released in february on rounder records ) brings together jay farrar ( son volt, gob iron, uncle tupelo ), yim yames ( aka jim james of my morning jacket, monsters of


##co. and new multitudes ( released in february on rounder records ) brings together jay farrar ( son volt, gob iron, uncle tupelo ), yim yames ( aka jim james of my morning jacket, monsters of folk ), will johnson ( centro - matic, south san gabriel ), and anders parker ( varnaline, gob iron ). these albums aren ' t mere tributes. all the lyrics are guthrie ' s ; they came from 3, 000 unrecorded songs he left when he died in 1967. many had been originally scratched on paper scraps stuffed in guthrie ' s pockets as he hopped freight trains and followed the migrant masses down depression era byways. woody ' s daughter nora guthrie invited select musicians to cull from the collection and create the music to give them wings. mermaid avenue is the more comprehensive project, including 47 songs and the 1999 documentary film man in the sand, which offers insight into the recording process and guthrie ' s life. volume i and volume ii released in 1998 and 2000 respectively ; the first was grammy nominated for best contemporary folk album. the 17 newly released songs of volume iii were recorded at the same time. new multitudes is more recent, but both projects sound fresh and relevant. crying in the wilderness it ' s a testimony to their timelessness that guthrie ' s lyrics fit so comfortably into these newer americana rock arrangements. credit that to the raw humanity at their core. woody ' s words narrate the modernization of america through the eyes of its laborers and casualties. he was one of them. but with his music he was also a voice crying in the wilderness for social change, just more walt whitman than john the baptist.


spina bifida is a devastating and costly birth defect that causes lifelong paralysis and is one of the most common birth defects worldwide. spina bifida affects physical, educational, social, and psychological development, and most children require many operations throughout life. a recent randomized controlled trial showed for the first time that spina bifida can be improved by surgically repairing the defect before birth. however, improvements in the distal neurological consequences ( such as paralysis and bladder incontinence ) were less strong. this project aims to address these problems by developing a stem cell product from the fetus ' s own tissue and applying these cells during surgery before birth in order to take advantage of the unique immunology of the developing fetus. in this project we will complete the development of this stem cell product and establish its preliminary safety and efficacy in appropriate animal models. successful use of stem cell therapy for spina bifida could potentially cure this devastating disease and would introduce the concept of using a fetus ' s own tissue to treat existing or later disease. statement of benefit to california : spina bifida is one of the most disabling and costly birth defects compatible with life. california ’ s 5 - year statewide rate for spina bifida was 6. 8 per 10, 000 live births between 1999 and 2003 — significantly higher than the healthy people 2010 target of 3 per 10, 000 births. average total lifetime cost to california is approximately $ 532, 000 per child. for many children, the cost may be several millions of dollars, and these figures do not account for indirect medical costs, pain and suffering, and lost time of unpaid caregivers. there is no cure for spina bifida, and interventions that mitigate the negative consequences of the disease ( lower body paralysis, bowel and bladder incontinence ) are urgently needed. hope was recently provided by a clinical trial which demonstrated, for the very first time, that the paralysis associated with spina bifida might be improved by repairing the defect before birth. the great promise of fetal therapy for spina bifida is that by intervening as early as possible — in the womb — the potential exists to correct the problem in time to prevent permanent damage. this proposal presents an innovative stem cell - based prenatal therapy that may further improve and possibly cure the neurologic deficits of spina bifida. a cure for spina bifida would relieve families and society of the tremendous cost burden of the disease and would be


- based prenatal therapy that may further improve and possibly cure the neurologic deficits of spina bifida. a cure for spina bifida would relieve families and society of the tremendous cost burden of the disease and would be life - changing for future children afflicted with spina bifida. this development candidate ( dc ) proposal will test autologous placental - derived stem cells ( p - sc ) in a delivery vehicle, as a candidate therapy for the prenatal treatment of spina bifida. the principal investigator ( pi ) plans to refine methods to characterize p - sc and use these assays to profile the cells through isolation, expansion and formulation. next, he / she plans to identify a surgical delivery vehicle and develop a reproducible, scalable process to produce therapeutically relevant quantities of p - sc in a clinically relevant time frame. when this has been accomplished, the pi proposes to demonstrate disease - modifying activity in relevant preclinical models of spina bifida as well as perform preliminary safety testing. objective and milestones - reviewers found the milestones poorly focused and often lacking in quantitative success criteria. further, they noted that plans to achieve the milestones were poorly described in the application. - the tpp is scientifically and clinically reasonable rationale and significance - the proposed dc, if successfully developed, could have a major impact upon patients. spina bifida is a major disabling condition for which even prenatal surgery has had only limited success. - the proposal builds upon pioneering clinical work performed by the pi. research project feasibility and design - the panel agreed that the plan lacked so many critical details as to be fatally flawed. for example, the cell biology as presented in the application was weak ; the method of cell isolation, relevant starting cell numbers, cell expansion characteristics and differentiation procedure, if applicable, are all lacking from the application. this hindered the ability to assess feasibility of the proposed program. - reviewers questioned the rationale for using term placenta as a source for many studies, as it may differ substantially from the therapeutically relevant pre - term placenta, the source for the actual dc. further, the donor origin of placental material should be determined. - the applicants have not provided any data to substantiate that the small pre - term placental sample obtained at the developmentally appropriate stage for clinical use could provide adequate cells in the targeted time window for transplantation. - several concerns regarding the relevant pre


applicants have not provided any data to substantiate that the small pre - term placental sample obtained at the developmentally appropriate stage for clinical use could provide adequate cells in the targeted time window for transplantation. - several concerns regarding the relevant preclinical model were raised. this proposed preclinical model is immunologically competent to reject the transplanted human cells at the specified developmental stage and the applicant did not properly address this concern. in addition, given the variability of recovery following repair, the proposed animal numbers might be inadequate to detect subtle functional improvements and demonstrate in vivo disease modifying activity. further, it is not clear that the proper controls have been selected. - while the immunostaining in the preliminary data are encouraging, reviewers did not find them convincing evidence that the desired cell population could be derived from placenta. they noted a lack of data demonstrating generation of functional neurons, glia and schwann cells from this cell source. - the timeline to achieve many of the milestones is unrealistic. qualification of the pi ( co - pi and partner pi, if applicable ) and research team - the pi is an accomplished surgeon with laudable expertise in spinal bifida repair and relevant preclinical models, but does not possess a track record in cell therapy. - the application would benefit from more experienced cell therapy and cell biology leadership. the co - investigator providing cell therapy expertise as yet has no independent track record, and input from an accomplished former mentor will be limited to a consultant role. - a formal communication plan was not evident from the application and should be developed to ensure integration of the diverse expertise of the team members. collaborations, assets, resources and environment - collaborators are excellent investigators, but the cell biology expertise is not evident in the application. some, but not all of the proposed collaborations are already established. - reviewers were not clear regarding some of the consultants ’ roles and questioned whether some of these individuals would be able to commit the necessary time to the project. - the host institution is strongly committed to translational research. responsiveness to the rfa - the proposal is responsive to the rfa.


- bavarian environment agency, department 10 : geological survey, economic geology, soil protection, unit 106 : applied geology southern bavaria, unit 81 : climate change, impacts of climate ( lfu ) adaptalp is an alpine space programme ( priority 3 : environment and risk prevention ) project, part of the european territorial cooperation 2007 - 2013. with the overall aim of assessing impacts and adaptation to climate change in the alpine space, 16 partners from six different countries are working on : - the consolidation of the cooperation in the alpine space on the prevention of the risk and on the methods of management of the risk ; - the supply of data for the european floods directive and the european inspire directive ; - the supply of data from models and observations in the alpine area in order to produce more accurate forecasts of natural disasters and estimates of impacts ; - the formulation of a transnational cognitive platform in the alpine area about the evaluation of the risks and the mapping of natural disasters in order to elaborate some transnational guide - lines by taking into account the impacts of climate change ; - the support of adaptation actions on a transnational, national, regional and local level, through the opening of coordinated campaigns on the risks management and comunication ; - the implementation of activities connected to the adaptation to climate change in the alpine area. since 02 / 01 / 2009 till the end of the project, the climate impacts and policies. an economic assessment ( cip ) division of the cmcc is scientific - technical consultant of an adaptalp partner : the italian ministry for the environment, land and sea – department for environmental research and development ( mattm ). expected resultstop in the course of the project, recommendations for policy - makers and local stakeholders will be derived regarding adaptation strategies and disaster risk management. in various pilot regions the experiences and results of the project activities will be brought together in order to find ‘ best - practice ’ examples. activitytop cmcc participates to the technical - scientific activities in wp4 “ water regime ”, implementing the following activities : - production of climate simulations on a global and regional level and analysis of the results to be used by other wp4 partners. these activities are divided into 2 lines : - line 1 – preparation and development of global climate scenarios. - line 2 – preparation and development of regional climate scenarios ( defined in the alpine area ) by using the conditions of the global climate scenarios. - production – in cooperation with the partners of the project and with the responsibles of the wp – of elaborations of synthesis of the activities.


a quadtree is a spatial partitioning strategy used to make queries on relationships between 2d spatial data such as coordinates in a geographic information system ( gis ), or the location of objects in a video game. for instance, you may need to know all of the objects within a region on a map, test whether objects are visible by a camera, or optimize a collision detection algorithm. the quadtree is so named because it recursively partitions regions into four parts, with leaf nodes containing references to the spatial objects. querying the quadtree is a function of traversing the tree nodes that intersect the query area. the octtree is the analogous structure used for 3 dimensional problems. for a masterful collection of demos and variations on the quadtree and other spatial indexing methods, see frantisek brabec and hanan samet ' s site, or use the references at the end of this article. there are many spatial partitioning methods, each with the goal of providing an efficient way of determining the position of an item in a spatial domain. for example, a database query can be considered as a graphical problem. consider a query on a database containing date of birth and income : a query against all people between 35 and 50 years of age and incomes between 30, 000 and 60, 000 per year is the same as a query for all restaurants in the city of vancouver : they are 2 dimensional spatial queries. several spatial indexing methods are more efficient in time and space, and are easily generalizable to higher dimensions. however, the quadtree is specialized to the 2d domain, and it is easy to implement. the general strategy of the quadtree is to build a tree structure that partitions a region recursively into four parts, or quads. each quad can further partition itself as necessary. a pre - requisite is that you must know the bounds of the area to be encompassed ; the basic algorithm does not lend itself to the addition or removal of areas under consideration without rebuilding the index. when an item is inserted into the tree, it is inserted into a quad that encompasses the item ' s position ( or spatial index ). each quad has a maximum capacity. when that capacity is exceeded, the quad splits into four sub - quads that become child nodes of the parent quad, and the items are redistributed into the new leaves of the quadtree. some variations set the maximum capacity to one, and subdivide until each leaf contains at most a single item (


become child nodes of the parent quad, and the items are redistributed into the new leaves of the quadtree. some variations set the maximum capacity to one, and subdivide until each leaf contains at most a single item ( adaptive quadtree ). to query a quadtree for items that are inside a particular rectangle, the tree is traversed. each quad is tested for intersection with the query area. - quads that do not intersect are not traversed, allowing large regions of the spatial index to be rejected rapidly. - quads that are wholly contained by the query region have their sub - trees added to the result set without further spatial tests : this allows large regions to be covered without further expensive operations. - quads that intersect are traversed, with each sub - quad tested for intersection recursively. - when a quad is found with no sub - quads, its contents are individually tested for intersection with the query rectangle. other operations on the quadtree could include : - deletion : an object is removed from the quadtree, empty quads are removed - merge : two quadtrees are merged, indexes are rebuilt - nearest neighbour : common to more advanced spatial indexes, a query could ask for the nearest neighbours to a given object. a simple implementation would be to take the object ' s bounding rect and inflate it by an amount based on the neighbor proximity. objects in the result set would be sorted by increasing distance. these operations are not demonstrated in this code. this implementation of the quadtree has the following variations : the quadtree has been changed to index items with rectangular bounds rather than points. this allows it to be used with lines, and polygons. - on insertion, new quads are created until there are no quads able to contain an item ' s rectangle. ie : the item is inserted into the smallest quad that will contain it. - there is no maximum number of items in a quad, there is a minimum quad size ( necessary to avoid massive tree growth if an item happens to have a very small area ). - because the quad an item is stored in is related to the size of the item, both leaf nodes and parent nodes store items. - the quadtree ' s performance will be severely impacted if there are many large items. - the quadtree ' s performance will be best when the size of most items are close to the minimum quad size. after writing this code, i find that this particular variation bears a striking resemblance


will be severely impacted if there are many large items. - the quadtree ' s performance will be best when the size of most items are close to the minimum quad size. after writing this code, i find that this particular variation bears a striking resemblance to the " mx - cif quadtree ". note : there are other operations on quadtrees such as deleting a node, or find the nearest neighbour. these are not supported in this implementation. the following two diagrams show the spatial relationship of the quadtree with the tree structure. the coloured regions represent objects in the spatial domain. those that are entirely within a quad are shown in the tree structure in their smallest enclosing quad. you can see that the green shape, since it intersects two of the highest level quads and does not fit into either is placed in the root quad. the red and purple shapes are placed in child nodes at level one since they are the largest enclosing quads. the blue shape is at level three along with the orange shape. the yellow shape is at level four. this tree is adaptive in that it does not create quads until insertion is requested. using the code quadtree class is a generic class. the generic parameter has a restriction that it must inherit from the ihasrect interface which defines a property rectangle. creating a quadtree requires an area, the demo application uses the main form ' s quadtree < item > m _ quadtree = new quadtree < item > ( this. clientrectangle ) ; inserting items into the quadtree is done on a left mouse click, querying items in a quadtree is done with a right mouse drag : private void mainform _ mouseup ( object sender, mouseeventargs e ) if ( m _ dragging & & e. button = = mousebuttons. right ) m _ selecteditems = m _ quadtree. query ( m _ selectionrect ) ; m _ dragging = false ; random rand = new random ( datetime. now. millisecond ) ; m _ quadtree. add ( new item ( e. location, rand. next ( 25 ) + 4 ) ) ; } invalidate ( ) ; run the demo application, and left click anywhere in the client rectangle : an object is inserted at the click point with a random size. right - click and drag : a selection rectangle is created. release the mouse button : the quadtree is queried with the selection rectangle.


anywhere in the client rectangle : an object is inserted at the click point with a random size. right - click and drag : a selection rectangle is created. release the mouse button : the quadtree is queried with the selection rectangle. the quadtree renderer draws the quadtree nodes and the objects in the quadtree in random colours. it also draws the selection region and highlights the selected nodes. there are two components of quadtree performance : insertion and query. insertion can be very expensive because it involves several intersection tests per item to be inserted. the number of tests depends on the size of the region ( the root of the quadtree ) and on the minimum quad size configured. these two numbers have to be tuned per application. loading many items into the quadtree ( bulk load, or indexing ) tends to be very cpu intensive. this overhead may not be acceptable ; consider storing the quadtree structure on disk ( not covered in this article ). quadtree is designed to be faster at querying the spatial domain than iteration, but the performance of the index depends on the distribution of objects in the domain. if items are clustered together, the tree tends to have many items in one branch which defeats the strategy of being able to cull large regions, and reduce the number of intersection tests. the worst case performance happens when all objects are in one small cluster that is the same size as the smallest quad ; in this case the performance of the quadtree will be slightly worse than just iterating through all objects. if items are uniformly distributed across the spatial domain, performance is approximately o ( n * log n ). points of interest - generic implementation ; allows you to use it with any class that implements - colour used to draw the node is stored in an hashtable ; allows the colour of the quad on screen to be constant over the life of the - in the quadtreerenderer class, note the anonymous delegate used to draw the quadtreenodes ; allows the quadtree to be tested, and visualized, without adding specific code to the class to do so. - h. samet, the design and analysis of spatial data structures, addison - wesley, reading, ma, 1990. isbn 0 - 201 - 50255 - 0 - h. samet, applications of spatial data structures : computer graphics, image processing, and gis, addison - wesley, reading, ma, 1990. isbn 0 - 201 - 50300 - 0. - mark de berg, marc van kreveld


chang and eng were born 11 may 1811 on a houseboat on the mekong river in siam – the 5th and 6th of nine children of the chinese fisherman ti - eye and his chinese / malay wife, nok. the twins, connected by a band of abdominal “ cartilaginous substance ” were considered an ominous sign and upon hearing the news of their birth rama ii, the king of siam, condemned “ the monsters ” to death. fortunately the king never carried through on his threat and the twins grew up living relatively ordinary lives, becoming known as simply the “ chinese twins. ” by the time they were teenagers they even found favor with the next king, rama iii, who showered them with gifts and sent them on diplomatic missions. the british merchant robert hunter noticed the twins and convinced them their fortunes lay in the new world. after several years of negotiations hunter and the american sea captain robert coffin took the twins, at age 18, to america. upon their arrival in boston the daily national intelligencer reported that “ it was one of the greatest living curiosities that we ever saw... ” coffin immediately began exhibiting the twins ; first in the northeast, then a year in england and finally throughout the us and canada. to publicize their appearences coffin had bills printed. the first broadside, left entirely to the local printer advertised the twins as “ the monster. ” horrified, coffin quickly changed the billing to “ the united brothers. ” these early american and british broadsides included a woodcut and various display faces and are typical not only of “ freak show ” advertising, but of victorian advertising in general : of course there were souvenirs available including a biographical pamphlet and this engraving, advertised as “ a very superior likeness, executed in lithograph, and suitable for framing. ” by all accounts the twins ’ schedule was gruelling and they became increasingly unhappy with coffin, feeling that he was swindling them out of the receipts. in jun 1832 – at age of 21 – they ended their relationship with coffin and became, as they later wrote “ their own men. ” over the next seven years they extensively toured on their own, including most of the eastern united states as well as cuba, france, 3 belgium and holland. of course, with these appearences came new pamphlets, books and lithographs ( including the one above ). the twins became naturalized us citizens, adopting the last name bunker and settled down in rural north carolina. comfortable, but unable to retire, they became gentleman farmers.


- headed nightingale ) became part of the circus and the wood - type broadsides and lithographs became the glorious chromolithographic circus poster : 1. unless otherwise noted the images here are from the university of north carolina wilson library ’ s eng & chang bunker : the siamese twins exhibit. 2. for more on the twins ’ lives see : daniels, jonathan. “ never alone at last. ” american heritage. 1962 aug 13 ( 5 ) ( online ), or, chickchester, page. “ eng & chang bunker : a hyphenated life. ” blue ridge country. 1 dec 1995. ( online ). the best biography is wallace, irving and wallace, amy. the two. new york ; simon and schuster, 1979. ( worldcat ). the wallace ’ s will forver have a special place in my heart for co - authoring one of my favorite books as a kid – the book of lists. 3. the first time the twins attempted to visit france in 1831 they were denied a visa because authorities thought that they “ might deprave the minds of children ” and “ maternal impressions ” would cause deformities in pregnant women. it was the noted naturalist etienne geoffroy saint - hilaire who finally convinced the authorities that the twins would not, in fact, cause any of these consequences. ultimately the twins ’ stay in paris was less successful then they had hoped but, according to their letters, they quite enjoyed the city. 5. spangenberg, kristin ( ed ). the amazing american circus poster. cincinnati : cincinnati art museum, 2011 ( worldcat ). 21 may 2013 design


hi, im new to coding im after learnig so that i can build websites for myself and my friends... im after some help in coding ie : php, html etc to build basic websites that involve images and text. thanks i remember when i first started building websites i had trouble understanding what languages were used for what and how to use them. so i ' ll try to clarify that up for you : html - the base language of the web. no matter what language you use on the internet, html will be a part of your website. html is what puts all the different languages together into one page. css - the design language. css will allow you to position elements, change element colors, font styles and many other things can be done with css. i highly suggest mastering css as you can do many many things with it. even animation now with css3. php - the server - side scripting language. php is personally my favorite language just because you can do so much with it. php is what will handle anything like contact forms, form submissions, logins, registrations, database management and everything like that. this is the language you will use if you need to store info in a database. mysql is also very easy to learn, and really, there ' s not a lot that you actually have to learn to get it to do what you want. experience mostly just helps in getting the info faster and more efficiently. of the two, i ' d begin with php. it ' s a little easier to understand. however, it ' s a server - side language, so you ' ll require a host to run the programs. you can set up a local - host on your computer, but it ' s not super simple. ( if you have a little cash, just buy a cheap shared - hosting site and work on there. that ' s what i did ). all that said, my recommendation is to learn python. from all the research i did it ' s by far the easiest to learn and use. you can even use it for server - side programming instead of php. ( although i didn ' t try it, it looks far more complicated to get it running than php. - python 3 that is - ) even if you don ' t end up using python, the lessons you learn from it will allow you to quickly pick up any programming language you choose to learn. programming is a major challenge, python makes it as easy as possible. i ' d recommend going


posted sat jun 23, 2012, 10 : 58am subject : re : computing brew ratio and measuring water brew ratio is determined before the brewing process. it ' s the ratio of dry coffee to brew water, where brew water is the water you are about to use to make your coffee. think of it as a recipe, amount of water, amount of coffee - brew - in the end you get produced coffee. the term itself can refer to either ratio of coffee to water, or water to coffee. usually if it ' s coffee to water, it ' s expressed in percentage, so 62. 5grams per 1000g of brew water is is 62. 5 / 1000 or 0. 0625 or 6. 25 % - all the same thing. the inverse produces a number in the 15 ' s to 17 ' s depending on who recommends what ratio ( water to coffee ). some people also call this brew ratio, or coffee brewing formula, it ' s all the same thing, just the inverse. in the example above, 1000g / 62. 5g is 16. 0 the concept comes from the brewing control charts - an example of which can be found multiple places on the internet. they express the brew ratio in wacky mixed units, but if you pay attention to the european chart, at least it ' s in grams of coffee : liter of brew water ( same chart, different strengths ). the ratio of 57. 5g of coffee to 1 liter ( which if at room temperature or cold - and since nobody uses piping hot water in an auto drip system, which is what the charts were developed for - is sufficiently close to 1000g of brew water ) should produce " normal " strength if extracted in the " proper " range. the charts were made for convenience of the end user - and people rarely know typical " absorption " of a brewing system, so you don ' t even see the term in any of the charts. that ' s another reason brew ratio is the ratio of the ingredients before brewing - like a recipe. it is possible to look at ratio of produced beverage to coffee, but that term is usually referred to as produced brew ratio, yield brew ratio, or espresso brew ratio. some methods it is not possible to know the original brew water, because the barista is controlling the amount of end product ( like an espresso machine, for example, a barista has no idea how much water he / she is using to pull a shot, only the amount that ' s being produced ).


the barista is controlling the amount of end product ( like an espresso machine, for example, a barista has no idea how much water he / she is using to pull a shot, only the amount that ' s being produced ). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - le cafe doit etre noir comme le diable, chaud comme l ' enfer, pur comme un ange, et doux comme l ' amour. " there is no right answer with coffee. there is only the elixir in your cup at the moment you partake. " "... i often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it ; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind ;... " - lord kelvin recipes thread = > http : / / www. coffeegeek. com / forums / coffee / machines / 585708 java _ jiver senior member joined : 3 nov 2010 posts : 131 location : baton rouge expertise : i love coffee grinder : capresso infinity drip : technivorm 741 posted mon jun 25, 2012, 11 : 38am subject : re : computing brew ratio and measuring water i ' ve followed a ratio similar to netphilosopher ' s for years — almost to the point that brewing the morning coffee for my wife and me is a rote, mechanical process. i don ' t always adjust the amount of coffee beans to get right on to 60 grams, if my measure comes out to 61 or 62, that ' s ok. my drip coffee maker has markings on it that can measure out to exactly 1 liter, so i aim for that mark, so we use slightly more than 57. 5 as specified. we get excellent coffee using this process every morning without the hassle of weighing out the water. correct our not, i lean to # 2, especially when doing smaller amounts such as a hario 2 cup ( 10oz yield of brewed coffee starting with


get excellent coffee using this process every morning without the hassle of weighing out the water. correct our not, i lean to # 2, especially when doing smaller amounts such as a hario 2 cup ( 10oz yield of brewed coffee starting with 12oz for heated water, 18 grams of just finer than drip grind coffee ) ymmv. of course, regardless of brewing method, remember to thoroughly rinse your filter with a good amount of hot water before depositing the coffee in your paper filter. symbols : = new posts since your last visit = no new posts since last visit = newest post forum rules : no profanity, illegal acts or personal attacks will be tolerated in these discussion boards. no commercial posting of any nature will be tolerated ; only private sales by private individuals, in the " buy and sell " forum. no cross posting allowed - do not post your topic to more than one forum, nor repost a topic to the same forum. who can read the forum? anyone can read posts in these discussion boards. who can post new topics? any registered coffeegeek member can post new topics. who can post replies? any registered coffeegeek member can post replies. can photos be posted? anyone can post photos in their new topics or replies. who can change or delete posts? any coffeegeek member can edit their own posts. only moderators can delete posts. probationary period : if you are a new signup for coffeegeek, you cannot promote, endorse, criticise or otherwise post an unsolicited endorsement for any company, product or service in your first five postings.


use the activities putting it all together the following activities engage students in a number of ways that let them discover how landscape artists and park planners relate to the environment around them. activity 1 : plan your own park in preparation for this activity you will want to get not only a current street map of your area but also copies or scans of historical maps ( from a local historical society ), topographical maps, and zoning maps ( from the city / county planning commission or survey office ). 1. ask students to look at the maps, comparing and contrasting the type of information each map contains. 2. direct students to locate existing parks and or park system sites on the maps. 3. divide students into groups of 4 or 5 and have them pretend that they represent a landscape architecture firm. ask them to discuss possible locations and designs for a park, park system, or greenway, taking into account topography, developed areas, and zoning restrictions on their maps. each group should select a final location and list in a written plan details about design elements, recreational features, and descriptive elements. 4. ask each group to present their proposal to the parks commission ( the whole class ) tracing out on the map where they have located their park, presenting its features, and making an argument for why their design should be implemented. when all the presentations are complete, ask the class, acting as the parks commission, to vote on which plan they will adopt. activity 2 : parks brochure 1. divide the class into groups of 4 or 5 students who will form design teams to create a park brochure. 2. each team will be asked to create its own brochure, either of the park designed in activity 1 or of a local park or park system, dividing work so that each student works on one or two parks or focuses on a specific aspect of the park ( such as scenic features, environmental benefits, recreational opportunities ). 3. team members should integrate their work into a final brochure. students may create the brochure with drawings, clippings from existing pamphlets, photographs, or by integrating digital images. the brochure may be handmade or computer generated. 4. display brochures on bulletin board or send to local parks commission. activity 3 : landscape fun 1. invite a local landscape architect to speak to the class and show students some before and after images of projects the students will recognize from their area. 2. ask students to work within a $ 50 budget to beautify the school by the addition of some landscape element.


- position : full sun or partial shade - soil : moist, well - drained, moderately fertile, humus - rich soil - rate of growth : average - flowering period : august and september - hardiness : fully hardy masses of mophead flowers start out deep pink in june, maturing to red with a crescendo of burgundy by the end of the year on neutral or slightly acidic soil. on acid soil, the flowers will open blue or mauve. this upright, deciduous hydrangea is a gorgeous specimen plant for a sunny or partially shady border where the purple - flushed foliage will add colour. it looks particularly good planted with other hydrangeas. the flowerheads are also a popular choice for dried flower arrangements. - garden care : hydrangeas do not like to dry out. in dry weather, soak the roots with a hose and the plant will usually recover. remove faded flowerheads in spring after the danger of frosts, cutting back the flowered stems to a strong pair of buds. take out misplaced or diseased shoots. mulch young plants with a well - rotted manure or compost in spring. once established, remove a quarter to a third of the shoots to the base of the plant. hydrangeas give their best blue flowers on acidic soil of ph 5. 5. when grown on neutral soil, with a ph of 7, flowers will predominantly be pink, although blue or mauve blooms can also be produced. to produce blue blooms, make sure your soil is acidic with a ph of at most 6. 5. to make a neutral soil acidic you can treat it annually with aluminium salts. however it ' s much harder to alter the ph of limey soil ( alkaline ), so it ' s easier to grow white or pink hydrangeas. there are currently no articles for this item.


rna molecules participate in and regulate a vast array of cellular processes, and the scientific community is now entering a new era in which some aspect of rna biologyas a tool, a therapeutic, a diagnostic, or part of a fundamental processis becoming increasingly important. but initiating rna research can be intimidating, and without a thorough understanding of the challenges and complexities inherent in handling this fragile nucleic acid, forays into the rna world can be quite frustrating. rna : a laboratory manual provides a broad range of up - to - date techniques so that any investigator can confidently handle rna and carry out meaningful experiments, from the most basic to the most sophisticated. originating in four of the fields most prominent laboratories and written with novices as well as more advanced researchers in mind, this manual provides the necessary background and strategies for approaching any rna investigation in addition to detailed step - by - step protocols and extensive tips and troubleshooting information. rna : a laboratory manual will enable any researcher to approach a wide variety of rna - related problems with confidence and a high expectation of success. about the authors donald c. rio is professor of molecular and cell biology at the university of california, berkeley. his research has focused on nucleic acid biochemistry, nucleic acid – protein interactions, nucleic acid rearrangements, and genome - wide approaches to the role of rna binding proteins in controlling alternative pre - mrna splicing. dr. rio obtained his ph. d. with robert tjian at the university of california, berkeley and did postdoctoral work with gerald rubin. he was assistant and associate professor at mit and associate member of the whitehead institute for biomedical research, prior to moving to his current position. manuel ares, jr. is professor of molecular, cell & developmental biology at the university of california, santa cruz. he received a ph. d. with stephen h. howell on the cell cycle of chlamydomonas at uc san diego ( 1982 ) and did postdoctoral work with alan m. weiner on snrna transcription in hela cells at yale. he joined the faculty at uc santa cruz in 1987 and has focused on snrna processing, structure, and function in yeast and mammalian cells. he is currently president of the rna society. gregory j. hannon is professor and howard hughes medical institute investigator at cold spring harbor laboratory. he received his ph. d. at case western reserve university working with tim nilsen ( 1992 ) and then moved to cold spring harbor laboratory for postdoctoral studies with david beach. a pioneering investigator in the field of rna interference,


cold spring harbor laboratory. he received his ph. d. at case western reserve university working with tim nilsen ( 1992 ) and then moved to cold spring harbor laboratory for postdoctoral studies with david beach. a pioneering investigator in the field of rna interference, his laboratory has characterized many of the major complexes for small interfering rnas and micrornas. his lab also investigates the role of small rnas as oncogenes and tumor suppressors and the use of rnai libraries to identify therapeutic targets for specific disease subtypes. timothy w. nilsen is professor and director of the center for rna molecular biology at case western reserve university school of medicine. he is also professor of biochemistry and of medicine. after receiving a ph. d. from the state university of new york at albany working with corrado baglioni, he joined the faculty at cwru ( 1982 ). his research has focused on rna biology including the mechanism of action of interferon, the mechanism of sl - addition trans - splicing and mechanisms of regulation of alternative splicing. currently, his laboratory is investigating the mechanism ( s ) of microrna mediated gene regulation in animal cells and the structure and function of messenger ribonucleoprotiens. dr. nilsen became editor in chief of the journal rna when it was founded in 1995 and still serves in that capacity. he is on the editorial board of molecular and cellular biology and the board of reviewing editors for science.