fireflies inspire cheaper led lamps inspiring light south korean scientists have copied the structure of a firefly ' s underbelly to create what they say is an improved and cheaper led lens. they hope the discovery will one day be used in smartphones, televisions and other devices. in a paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences journal, the scientists describe how they were inspired by the firefly, a bright and efficient source of natural light. " we made a new led lens ( copying ) the nanostructure of the firefly lantern, " says lead author ki - hun jeong, associate professor at the korea advanced institute of science of technology ' s department of bio and brain engineering. by copying the structure of the firefly ' s three - layered lower abdomen, jeong and colleagues managed to do away with an expensive component in existing led ( light - emitting diode ) lamps. fireflies produce light from the lower abdomen to attract mates and prey. " by having this structure, it is comparable to the conventional anti - reflection coating of existing led lights which is very expensive, " says jeong. " our lens has a curvature, which is very similar to the anti - reflection coating, so we can minimise the lens price. "


ask a question about ' carl sandburg village ' start a new discussion about ' carl sandburg village ' answer questions from other users carl sandburg village is a chicago chicago is the largest city in the us state of illinois. with nearly 2. 7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the midwestern united states and the third most populous in the us, after new york city and los angeles... urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. renewal has had both successes and failures. its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the rubric of... project of the 1960s in the near north side the near north side is one of 77 well - defined community areas of chicago, illinois, united states. it is located north and east of the chicago river, just north of the central business district. to its east is lake michigan and its northern boundary is the 19th - century city limit of chicago,... community area of chicago. it was named in honor of carl sandburg carl sandburg was an american writer and editor, best known for his poetry. he won three pulitzer prizes, two for his poetry and another for a biography of abraham lincoln. h. l. mencken called carl sandburg " indubitably an american in every pulse - beat. " - biography : sandburg was born in galesburg,.... financed by the city, it is between clark clark street is a north - south street in chicago, illinois that runs close to the shore of lake michigan from the northern city boundary with evanston, to 2200 south in the city street numbering system... and lasalle streets between division street and north avenue. solomon cordwell buenz was the architect. the intent of the development was to buffer the encroaching blight from the north and west to the gold coast neighborhood in chicago. in the process of constructing these mammoth structures an entire community of the first puerto ricans to chicago was displaced. they moved north into the adjoining lincoln park neighborhood and west into humboldt park. both of these new barrios of puerto ricans were also gentrified as latinos continued to be displaced. in 1968, youth who were displaced by the carl sandburg village began organizing their community to oppose urban renewal and transformed their local street club into a human rights movement by the same name : young lords. in 1979 carl sandburg village was converted to condom


by jessica chen, l. ac. what do we feed our most complex yet delicate organ? everything! well, according to recent studies, a brain healthy diet consists of foods that increase blood flow and are low in cholesterol, and high in antioxidants. such a mix is not only beneficial to the brain but also to the heart, the aging process and diseases conditions such as diabetes. providing good nutrition for our brain is a must. as we move towards our golden years we realize that our minds just do not work the way they use to. progressive aging of our brain can trigger symptoms of dementia, which can lead to diseases like alzheimers. according to the national health institute ( nih ) 4. 5 million americans suffer from this disease. free radicals have been identified as a major cause of the loss of cognitive function associated with aging. our brains are bombarded daily with free radicals from polluted air, unhealthy food, and lifestyle. they cause a low - grade inflammation, which damages normal cell structure and function. thankfully, through an increase in scientific research, we now know the importance of good nutrition for brain health. so why not help ourselves in slowing down the aging of our brain by nourishing it with the right “ brain foods ”. we can then cruise through our golden years clearly and keenly. the heart or cardiovascular system is a complex organ that plays a major role in nourishing and maintaining the blood flow throughout the whole body including the brain. in order to provide the brain with nutrients, the blood flow must be smooth and blood vessels must be clear of any obstructions such as from a plaque build up. our brain consists of 60 percent fats. deep seawater fish such as salmon are rich in omega - 3 fatty acids helps to reduce inflammation and promote good circulation thus supporting nerve cell activity in the brain. chinese medicine believes that herbs and foods that resemble certain body parts are actually beneficial to that particular body part. so it is not surprising that walnuts which is packed with vitamin e and antioxidants also resembles a brain. walnuts are also the only nuts that contain a significant amount of omega - 3 fatty acids. foods that are small and compact in size tend to have an abundance of qi, so the smaller the food, the better the qi. it is no wonder that out of 50 fruits and vegetables blueberries contain the highest antioxidant properties. the phytonutrient rich anthocyanidins found in the blue - red pigments of


the better the qi. it is no wonder that out of 50 fruits and vegetables blueberries contain the highest antioxidant properties. the phytonutrient rich anthocyanidins found in the blue - red pigments of blueberries protect the brain by neutralizing free radical eggs represent birth of life. they are full of energy. therefore they are a great help in strengthening the kidneys and hormones. the choline compound together with the sweet and lubricating properties of eggs act to nourish and lubricate the brain cells. a yoke contains 315 micrograms of nourishing choline, which plays a key role in synthesizing and transporting the fats which are essential to brain health and function. full of vitamins and minerals, leafy greens are just plain good for you. dark leafy greens are especially rich in folate, which helps the body break down homesteine, an amino acid that is toxic to nerve cells. the dark greens also contain an abundance of iron, which helps to build heart blood which goes to provide oxygen and nourishes the cells of the brain. generally vegetables have cooling and cleansing properties. they help the brain discard unwanted substances such as bad fats and debris that accumulate in the brain thus helping you focus. foods to avoid foods high in cholesterol and trans fats should be avoided as they degrade and block the blood vessels thereby reducing blood flow to the


algeria is important to world energy markets because it is a significant oil and gas producer and exporter. algeria also is a member of opec and an important energy source for europe. note : information contained in this report is the best available as of march 2000 and can change. on april 15, 1999, algerians elected abdelaziz bouteflika as president for a 5 - year term. ahmed benbitour was chosen as prime minister. bouteflika is attempting to implement plans for national reconciliation and economic reforms. algeria ' s new minister of energy, chakib khelil, recently indicated that the government is considering restructuring the state oil company, sonatrach, and sonelgas, the state utility, in order to attract private international investment. the major impending change khelil outlined was to have the energy ministry take on sonatrach ' s regulatory and negotiating roles. sonatrach would remain the national oil company but eventually would be forced to compete for new projects. khelil also raised the idea of privatizing non - core subsidiaries of sonatrach, in the context of discussing the government ' s broader privatization efforts - which extend to banks and utilities. it is believed that new legislation now pending would help these state corporations attract foreign investment. the government needs to reduce its heavy foreign debt, which is a burden on the economy and an obstacle to growth. prime minister benbitour has said that the government must use other financing while continuing to protect its position as majority shareholder. although oil was first discovered in algeria at the hassi messaoud oil field in 1956, algeria is considered to be under - explored. algeria ' s national council of energy believes that the country still contains vast hydrocarbon potential. over the last three years, significant oil and gas discoveries have been made, largely by foreign companies. under a government program for 1996 - 2000 launched in april 1996, state - owned sonatrach and its foreign partners expect to increase algeria ' s crude oil production capacity to 1. 5 million barrels per day ( bbl / d ) in 2000. included in this program are provisions for 300 exploration wells to be drilled between 1996 and 2000, half by sonatrach and the other half by foreign companies. official estimates of algeria ' s proven oil reserves remain at 9. 2 billion barrels. however, with the recent oil discoveries, plans for more exploration drilling, improved data on existing fields, and use of enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) systems, proven oil reserve estimates are expected


s proven oil reserves remain at 9. 2 billion barrels. however, with the recent oil discoveries, plans for more exploration drilling, improved data on existing fields, and use of enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) systems, proven oil reserve estimates are expected to be revised upward in coming years. algeria should also see a sharp increase in crude oil exports over the next few years due to a rapid shift towards domestic natural gas consumption and planned increases in oil production by sonatrach and its foreign partners. approximately 90 percent of algeria ' s crude oil exports go to western europe, with italy as the main market followed by germany and france. the netherlands, spain and britain are other important european markets. algeria ' s saharan blend oil, 45o api with 0. 05 percent sulfur and negligible metal content, is among the best in the world. following the collapse in oil prices in early 1998, opec agreed to reduce output by 2. 6 million bbl / d ; algeria ' s crude oil quota was reduced by 80, 000 bbl / d to 731, 000 bbl / d. algeria ' s average crude oil production in 1999 was 772, 301 bbl / d. together with 430, 000 bbl / d of lease condensate and 155, 000 bbl / d of natural gas plant liquids, algeria produced 1. 36 million bbl / d of total oils in 1999. algeria is expected to produce 1. 4 million barrels per day in 2000. the largest oil field in algeria is hassi messaoud, which produces about 400, 000 bbl / d of 46o api crude. the hassi messaoud area contains an estimated 6. 4 billion barrels, or about 70 percent of the country ' s proven oil reserves. sonatrach operates algeria ' s other major oil fields, including tin fouye tabankort ordo, zarzaitine, haoud berkaoui / ben kahla, rhourde el - baguel, el - gassi el - agreb and ait kheir. the hassi r ' mel gas field also produces around 18, 000 bbl / d of 46. 1o api crude. algeria ' s oil sector, unlike that of most opec producers, has been open to foreign investors for more than a decade. at the start of 1999, there were 25 foreign firms from 19 countries operating in algeria. anadarko petroleum corporation has discovered two oil fields, each estimated to contain one billion


1996, atlantic richfield ( arco ) signed a $ 1. 3 - billion production sharing agreement ( psa ) with sonatrach to increase production at the field. arco expects to raise the field ' s output from 27, 000 bbl / d to 125, 000 bbl / d by 2002. france ' s elf aquitaine has recently finalized a production - sharing agreement with arco and sonatrach to take a 40 percent stake in the rhourde el - baguel field, marking elf ' s return to active production in algeria since nationalization in 1971. algeria ' s national oil firm sonatrach is engaged in a five - year, $ 19. 2 - billion development plan designed to transform itself into a major international oil company. the plan involves the use of new technologies and cooperation with other international oil firms. of the $ 19. 2 - billion budget, 62 percent has been allocated to development of oil fields, 17 percent for the construction of pipelines, 13 percent on exploration and the remainder on gas liquefaction and other projects. as protection against low oil prices, refining and petrochemical production will be expanded under the plan. according to dow jones newswires, sonatrach is seeking to raise its profile overseas, including investments in upstream operations in yemen and eventually in iraq. sonatrach also is expanding into foreign downstream projects, such as its partnership with germany ' s basf to build a propane dehydrogenation plant in tarragona, spain. the plant will use liquefied petroleum gas from algeria as feedstock. source : united states energy information administration. © 2000 mena report ( www. menareport. com )


life in the undergrowth an insect disguises itself as a flower or leaf. a spider lassoes its prey. a beetle persuades a bee to care for its young. this beautifully... show synopsis an insect disguises itself as a flower or leaf. a spider lassoes its prey. a beetle persuades a bee to care for its young. this beautifully illustrated book by veteran naturalist sir david attenborough offers a rare glimpse into the secret life of invertebrates, the world ' s tiniest - - and most fascinating - - creatures. small by virtue of their lack of backbones, this group of living things plays a surprisingly large role in the evolutionary cycle. these diverse creatures ( more than one million species are believed to exist ) roamed the earth before us and will still be here when we have gone. they are the pollinators, cleaners, and recyclers of life on earth. without them, we would not last long. attenborough has studied and enjoyed these diminutive beings since he was a schoolboy in the leicestershire countryside of england. " life in the undergrowth, " part of his innovative series on natural history topics, looks at invertebrates the world over : their arrival on land and mastery of every habitat, and their fantastic variety of hunting, mating, and highly organized social behaviors. adults are prejudiced against insects - - handicapped by their ignorance and fears and limited by their size and vision. children, who are closer to insects in size, notice and enjoy the tiny creatures. in this companion book to the animal planet television program, attenborough shares his childlike curiosity for invertebrates, taking us down wormholes and into insect homes for an up - close - and - personal look at their habitats. as the biblical book of proverbs implores : " go to the ant, thou sluggard : consider her ways and be wise. " david attenborough does go. it is worth going with him.


science fair project encyclopedia the giant ' s causeway is an area of 40, 000 tightly packed basalt columns resulting from a volcanic eruption 60 million years ago. it is located along the north - east coast of ireland about 3kms north of the town of bushmills in county antrim, northern ireland. it was declared a world heritage site in 1986, and a national nature reserve in 1987 ( by the department of the environment for northern ireland ). the tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. most of the columns are hexagonal, however there are some with four, five, seven and eight sides. the tallest are about 12 metres high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres thick in places. while recent scientific research suggests the columns were formed as a natural consequence of lava cooling, 2 legend has it that the giant finn maccumhaill ( finn mccool ) built the causeway to walk to scotland to fight his scottish equivalent benandonner. one version of the legend tells that finn mccool fell asleep before he got to scotland so when benandonner came looking for him, finn ' s wife oonagh laid a blanket over finn and pretended he was actually finn ' s baby son. benandonner worried about how big finn would be and ran back to scotland, destroying the causeway and leaving a boot behind in his rush. other versions of the legend name the scottish giant ' fingal '. at the scottish side of the causeway at staffa there is reference to this in the naming of fingal ' s cave, 3 although this has also been said to derive its name from fingal, a legendary 3rd century scottish king. although the basaltic columns of the giant ' s causeway are impressive, and possibly the finest example of their type, they are not truly unique. similar - if less impressive - structures exist in several parts of the world, including at the cyclopean isles near sicily, devils postpile national monument in california, devils tower national monument in wyoming, and the " organ pipes " formation in dunedin, new zealand. - note 3 : - note 2 : jagla, e. a., rojo, a. g. sequential fragmentation : the origin of columnar quasihexagonal patterns. physical review e, 65, 026203, ( 2002 ) ( webpage ) the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent


be prepared for disasters emergency situations like extreme weather and natural disasters can happen without warning. for the safety of your pets, feral cat colonies, and your family, and your own peace of mind, be prepared and establish a “ disaster plan. ” as you plan, it ’ s important to remember that feral cats are resourceful. the outdoors is their home, so they know how to deal with weather. as we have experienced with our boardwalk cats project in atlantic city, animals often can sense when bad weather is coming and move to higher ground and safe places instinctually. however, there are still things you can do both ahead of time and during emergencies to help outdoor cats and your own pets : - have descriptions of your pets and the cats in your colony, along with photos. if you need to look for displaced cats in shelters or other rescue areas, this will help accurately identify them. make sure all pet tags and animal microchips have up - to - date information. - have a back - up caregiver who is responsible for the colony in your absence and network with other feral cat caregivers in your area to set up a ‘ buddy system ’ to create a safety net of care for the cats. you may be able to find other cat caregivers in your area through our feral friends network. - make an emergency contact card for your pets and feral cat colonies in case you are not immediately available. include all contact information for your substitute caregiver. carry this card in your wallet and your car, give copies to your backup caregiver, and post it somewhere visible in your home like on the refrigerator. - make a list of local shelters and their contact information. you will need this information in case you need their help or resources. - keep an emergency supply kit on hand and know where to find it quickly. when harsh weather is forecast or predicted : - if appropriate, turn all openings for feral cat shelters and feeding stations away from the storm surge or toward higher ground. if possible, move them to slightly higher, protected ground nearby. - fill multiple food and water bowls in case you have to evacuate and can ' t return immediately. - in general, don ’ t wait for evacuation orders to come before you leave the area. if you do need to evacuate : - bring your pets with you, but do not try to trap and contain unsocialized feral cats. - have a safe place to go ahead of time. evacuation and red cross shelters do not usually accept pets. make a list of pet -


- bring your pets with you, but do not try to trap and contain unsocialized feral cats. - have a safe place to go ahead of time. evacuation and red cross shelters do not usually accept pets. make a list of pet - friendly hotels outside the evacuation zone. la quinta and motel 6 are two consistently pet - friendly chains. check with family and friends. and lastly, have a list of boarding facilities that may be available during an emergency. - bring your emergency supply kits, as well as additional provisions to provide the feral colony, upon your return. after the disaster has passed and it is safe to return : - begin cleaning up the colony area to remove any potential hazards for the cats. check feeding stations and outdoor shelters for damage. - look for the cats in your colony. if any are missing, immediately : - determine which agencies, if any, are on the ground in your area assisting animals. contact those organizations directly and provide a description of the cats you are missing. determine how you can claim these cats if they are found. - contact your local shelters. ask if they are trapping cats in your area, and determine how long they will hold feral cats. shelters may be experiencing a high volume of calls and influx of animals. for this reason, we advise that caregivers go to the shelters in person to find missing cats. determine from shelter staff how you can claim your cats. - don ' t panic if the cats aren ’ t waiting when you get back. cats can hide for days after severe weather before returning to their colonies. emergency supply kits alley cat allies encourages pet owners to have a basic disaster supply kit ready at all times. the following items should be kept in an easily accessible and easy - to - carry backpack or duffel bag in case you need to evacuate quickly. disaster kit basics for pets include : - pet first - aid kit - supply of prescription medications for pets. always remember to rotate these out of your kit and keep track of expiration dates so you are not carrying around useless or bad medication. - veterinary and microchip id records for both pet cats and colonies - pet food ( 3 - 7 days worth ; be sure to rotate these out of your kit as needed ) and dishes ( collapsible are good ) - litter box and litter - leash and collar - crate or carrier ; pillow case other item in case you need to quickly grab your pet to leave. - blankets or towels - photos of pets and cats in colonies in case they need to be identified - bottled


litter box and litter - leash and collar - crate or carrier ; pillow case other item in case you need to quickly grab your pet to leave. - blankets or towels - photos of pets and cats in colonies in case they need to be identified - bottled water ( 7 day supply per person and pet ) - your kit for the people in your family, which should include : flashlight and extra batteries ; credit card and cash ; copies of personal identification ; a portable, solar - or battery - powered radio or television and extra batteries ; an extra set of car keys ; matches in a waterproof container ; duct tape ; extra clothing and shoes ; extra medication and copies of insurance information ; permanent marker ; and an all - in - one tool like a swiss army knife or leatherman®. if you plan on responding to a disaster as a volunteer, we recommend transporting the following items that are always in demand during emergency animal rescue : - bottled water - dry and canned pet food and can openers - dog crates and carriers - humane cat traps - old towels, sheets, and blankets - leashes and collars - litter boxes - heavy gloves and protective clothing - lanterns and flashlights with batteries - portable generators - medical supplies : - sterile gauze pads - absorbent dressing - flea and tick repellants - instant cold packs - latex gloves we hope these tips help you, your family, and your cats stay safe in emergencies.


although there are many forms of taxes in india like income tax, sales tax, etc, yet the property tax is the single largest source of revenue for the government. the tax paid is utilized to make roads, sewer systems, maintenance of parks, developments in infrastructure, et al. india ’ s property tax rates have been rationalized in the last 10 - 15 years as the entire taxation system has undergone a change. these changes have evolved the system and raised it to prevailing international standards as the tax rates have been rationalized and tax laws simplified resulting in better compliance, ease of tax payment, better enforcement and most of all, collections. the revenue that can be generated from property taxation depends directly on the two main components of a property tax : the tax base ( assessed value of real property interests on reserve ) and the tax rate. the rate of taxation is applied to the assessed value of real property to arrive at the amount of tax levied. the rates bylaw determines the rate at which each class of interests on reserve is to be taxed. india with a growing population and a workforce will always have increasing requirements in real estate, be it residential, commercial, industrial, retail or entertainment and as such the indian government encourages investments in properties with ever - evolving measures. nris / foreigners are permitted to own property in india in most of the categories. however, there are certain categories like agricultural land, land for housing project wherein nris / foreigners are specifically not entitled to own property. the laws applicable to nris would be income tax act, wealth tax act, gift tax act, transfer of property act and fema among others and the implications would depend upon the facts of each case. important taxes levied by central and state governments : capital gains tax : capital gains tax is a tax charged on capital gains, the profit realized on the sale of a non - inventory asset that was purchased at a lower price. the most common capital gains are realized from the sale of property. stamp duties : stamp duty is a tax, much like the sales tax and income tax that are collected by the government. if you want to know the market value of your property and the stamp duty amount on it, you need to find out the stamp duty amount applicable to you as per the market value. for example, 3 % stamp duty plus additional 5 % duty in form of surcharge under the delhi municipal corporate act, 1957. rental income : rental income has to be taxed under the head ' income from house property ’. deductions are available under section


% stamp duty plus additional 5 % duty in form of surcharge under the delhi municipal corporate act, 1957. rental income : rental income has to be taxed under the head ' income from house property ’. deductions are available under section 23 and section 24 of the act. it may be noted that a deduction is available for repairs, whether incurred or not. actual expenses are deductible, except for municipal rate. goods and service tax : the goods and services tax ( gst ) is likely to result in a reduction in property prices. the 13th finance commission has recommended levying gst on all newly constructed property for first sale, allowing credit to the developer for input tax ( incurred on construction material ) paid at the time of construction and including stamp duty under gst to facilitate input credit. in case the stamp duty is subsumed into gst, the developers would be able to claim credit of the stamp duty paid on the purchase of land to be used for development of real estate. the developer would also be able to claim credit of the taxes paid on inputs and input services used for construction of real estate for payment of stamp duty thus reducing the cascading effect and improve liquidity. in case of immovable property being sold within a period of 36 months from the acquisition, the gain arising from there would be short - term capital gain and liability for taxation would be at 30 %. in case the immovable property that has been held for more than 36 months, the gain would be long - term capital gain and the tax thereon would be at the rate of 20 %. the finance minister, mr. pranab mukherjee besides announcing an interest subsidy of 1 % for one year on housing loans of up to rs. 10 lakh for properties worth less than rs. 20 lakh also allowed developers of housing projects a tax holiday under section 80 ib ( 10 ) of the income tax act on profits from projects approved between april 1, 2007 and march 31, 2008, provided the projects are completed on or before march 31, 2012. he also conveyed to the developers that the benefits of this tax break must pass on to the consumers. accordingly, stamp duty value in case of immovable property and fair market value in case of movable property too will be computed to encourage healthy movement in this most crucial sector. this blog is our endeavour to connect with all of you who have experienced alpha g : corp and all others who would like to. for us, connecta€™ is a platform to share our


- historic sites a war against history it ' s the tenth anniversary of the gulf war. america certainly didn ' t lose, but what else do we know about it? february / march 2001 | volume 52, issue 1 in the decade since, these events have had as much difficulty finding a name as hussein had in finding a justification for them. we have “ the persian gulf conflict ” or “ the gulf conflict. ” for those who wish to emphasize the conflict ’ s significance, nothing less than “ the persian gulf war ” or “ the gulf war ” will do. if one grants, for the sake of argument, that what happened was indeed a war, even if not officially declared by virtue of constitution and congress, one must admit that 10 years later there is some confusion about the shape of the thing. seen in historical terms only, the persian gulf war seems to belong with grand old - fashioned imperial enterprises, a cracking good punitive expedition. wars presumably have beginnings, middles, and ends. only the middle of this one seems clear. every few days, we have news of another air strike against some iraqi target ; in between the strikes, allied warplanes enforce a “ no - fly zone ” over nearly two - thirds of iraq. u. n. inspection teams whose mission was to oversee the destruction of certain iraqi “ weapons of mass destruction ” are no longer permitted in iraq. what remains of the u. n. ’ s sanctions against iraq may be charitably characterized as being in disarray. those who like their history neat, who insist on closure, have been disappointed. for the military, the gulf war ’ s success banished the ghosts of vietnam once and for all. as far as the professional soldiers in it were concerned, they might as well have been fighting to liberate tibet. we should be able to make sense of the gulf war by now, should we not? it must have been the object of the most intense media attention in the history of journalism. allied forces employed 60 military satellites, and uoward of three - auarters of a million military calls or messages were exchanged every day. yet the media consumed twice the bandwidth in reporting the war as did the allied forces in fighting it. the time and treasure consumed by domestic journalism, both in broadcast and in print, are perhaps now beyond calculation. despite this intense coverage, the world knew less about the war than it might have thought. media operations were restricted mainly to “ pools ” in riyadh. military “ public affairs ” officers ass


broadcast and in print, are perhaps now beyond calculation. despite this intense coverage, the world knew less about the war than it might have thought. media operations were restricted mainly to “ pools ” in riyadh. military “ public affairs ” officers assiduously managed a press corps content to be dependent upon the allies for basic support. no small part of the reporting from the gulf was taken up by the kinds of vapid profiles perfected during intermissions at sporting events, so the world came to know the hulking figure and pattonesque temper of the american commander in chief, gen. norman schwarzkopf, and learned mostly irrelevant details of his personal history and official life but virtually nothing of anyone else in his chain of command. whether as a result of something like douglas macarthur ’ s media policy during the pacific war or merely because of journalistic incompetence, no one then or later could name the major commanders on either side of the war. imagine attempting to understand world war ii without knowing of goring, rommel, or yamamoto, or eisenhower, or patton. somewhere just beyond the evening news and the instant “ in - depth ” analysis lies the vague dividing line between journalism and history. certainly the war has been over long enough to generate a literature, but with a few exceptions it tends to be curiously pro forma, reticent, or glib ( see box on pages 86 - 87 ). how successfully does this literature represent the gulf war before the bar of history? were one to imbibe the whole of it, would one have a closer understanding of the war, 10 years after the fact? i wonder. no doubt there is enough raw material for factmongering, but some may have noticed that most of the facts originate on one side. to this day we still do not know what saddam hussein actually intended to accomplish when he launched his army into kuwait. did he want only kuwait? or did he harbor the idea of going all the way to riyadh? we do not know, and history may never tell us. whether hussein ’ s ambitions were limited or grand, his invasion of kuwait must go down as one of modern history ’ s masterpieces of strategic mistiming. he launched his war at precisely the wrong time. the cold war was so recently over that the united states and its allies had not had time to begin retrenching. most of america ’ s readiest, heaviest forces were still stationed in europe.


june 1959 | volume 10, issue 4 part hero, part rogue, boston ’ s jim curley triumphed over the brahmins in his heyday, but became in the end a figure of pity. for the first half of this century and beyond, james michael curley was the most flamboyant and durable figure on boston ’ s political scene. mayor off and on for a total of sixteen years, he spent four terms in congress and two in jail, and for two depression years he was governor of massachusetts. at his death he lay in state for two days in the state house hall of flags, the fourth person in the history of the commonwealth to be so honored. his seventeen - room neo - georgian mansion on jamaicaway with shamrocks cut in its shutters was both a landmark of the rise of the immigrant irish and a nose - thumbing in the direction of yankee beacon hill. he has been hated by proper bostonians with a proper and ultimate hatred and held in mindless affection by the slums. alternately his irish - american political associates embraced and knifed him. counted out a score of times, he always bounced back. on several occasions, and long before his death, he received the last rites of the catholic church. his political career began midway between the famine in ireland and the present. in 1847, the annus mirabilis, came the first wave of mass immigration to america. because the cunard line terminus was then at boston, the wretched irish landed there. illiterate, sunk in their defeat, they came like cattle. five percent of them died on the “ coffin ships ” on the way over. transported from their primitive earthbound existence, they were forced to take whatever work they could find at hand, usually in a glutted market — or else starve. sometimes they did starve in their reeking paddyvilles and mick alleys, where they lived packed closely together in the first urban mass slums of america. they were the butt of the social pyramid, the unfailing source of exploitable labor : ditchdiggers, stevedores, hod carriers, stableboys. boston was the center of cheap labor for the country. construction bosses all over america sent there for fresh supplies of irish workers. the paddies went as contract laborers in coaches with sealed doors, the curtains nailed across the windows. along the erie canal and the new railroad lines they died like flies. jeremiah o ’ donovan - rossa wrote of “ the wreck and ruin that came upon


paddies went as contract laborers in coaches with sealed doors, the curtains nailed across the windows. along the erie canal and the new railroad lines they died like flies. jeremiah o ’ donovan - rossa wrote of “ the wreck and ruin that came upon the irish race in this foreign land. ” these unassimilable foreigners with their uncouth solidarity more than doubled the population of static boston, turning it from a coherent and comprehensive town to an incoherent and incomprehensible metropolis. dismayed, the old yankees retreated into themselves, originating the so - called boston brahminism as a kind of defense. the term brahmin, which dr. oliver wendell holmes had given them quite by accident, they took for self - assurance, and the name stuck, coming to mean not dr. holmes ’ s disinterested bread - and - water asceticism of the mind but a class - conscious membership in the yankee state street financial oligarchy. the irish were untouchables. mayor theodore lyman called them “ a race that will never be infused with our own, but on the contrary will always remain distinct and hostile. ” somewhat, over a hundred years later we find senator john kennedy — indistinguishable in manner and appearance from his yankee counterparts, author of profiles in courage, pulitzer prize winner, a member of the harvard board of overseers — a possible presidential candidate. it is interesting sociologically that this upright young man is the grandson of curley ’ s predecessor as mayor, john f. fitzgerald — known as “ honey fitz ” for his rendering of “ sweet adeline ” at political rallies. james m. curley was a transition figure, a symbol of the emergence of the famine irish from their proletarian status to political dominance. it is the recurring phenomenon of one class replacing another. in 1776 the boston merchant oligarchy succeeded the tory squirearchy by revolution. it in turn, if more slowly and by attrition, was superseded by the celts. curley ’ s career is a symbol of this process. his father, michael, came to boston from galway in 1865 at the age of fourteen. sarah clancy, his mother, arrived that same year — a meager - boned connemara girl of the type dr. gogarty called firbolg. she was twelve years old and worked first as a maid ” on beacon hill. michael curley became a hod carrier at ten cents an hour by the grace of patrick


he worked as a bundle and delivery boy at the washington market. when he was ten his father died. mike curley had always been proud of his own strength. one of the workmen challenged him to lilt a 400 - pound edgestone onto a wagon. he managed to raise it but then collapsed. three days later he was dead. the curleys were then living in an alley tenement in fellows court. pea - jacket ’ s point of view was limited — no votes, no help. and there was no help for the curleys. sarah kept the family together by scrubbing doors in a downtown office building. jim and his brother john, two years older, wrapped bundles and served customers at the washington market in their free time until the end of grammar school — their last schooling. at twelve, jim was working in gale ’ s drugstore an hour and a half before he went to school, and from half past four until eleven after school. reared in poverty, alienated from any sense of community, young jim curley formed his hard, unwavering, egocentric determination to succeed. success, the road up from the fellows court flat to the imagined great house, was through politics. he knew that when he was still in short trousers. there was no other road for an irish slum boy. politics, then, was a game he would take as he found it, not to change the game or reform it, but to win. in the harshness of his own few years he grasped instinctively boss martin lomasney ’ s neoplatonic axiom that politically speaking the mass of people are interested mainly in food, clothing, and shelter. for these they would barter their votes. at fifteen, after a series of small jobs, he settled for the next eight years as a deliveryman driving a wagon for c. s. johnson, grocers. he was strong like his father, wily and wiry, and except for his somewhat vulpine nose, handsome. he had a resonant voice and soon learned to modify the harshness of his gutter speech. from time to time he would drop in at curran ’ s livery stable, where the wardheelers gathered, or at one - armed peter whalen ’ s tobacco store, the political hangout of the district. meanwhile, he enrolled two nights a week at the boston evening high school. in the public library he read dickens and thackeray and shakespeare, and the boston transcript. he taught sunday school, ushered


store, the political hangout of the district. meanwhile, he enrolled two nights a week at the boston evening high school. in the public library he read dickens and thackeray and shakespeare, and the boston transcript. he taught sunday school, ushered and passed the plate at st. philip ’ s on harrison avenue, and joined the ancient order of hibernians. he became chairman of committees for picnics, outings, minstrel shows, and church supper dances. for his straight purpose, games and girls and conviviality had no meaning. time was too short, life too dear. he knew the families on his grocery route as if they were his own family ; he talked with people — after church, at the hibernians, at whalen ’ s, on committees. always he was obliging and always available. by the time he reached his majority he showed the indefinable air of future success that a sixth - sense “ pol ” like whalen could spot at once. in 1898 one - armed peter tipped him to run for the boston common council against pea - jacket ’ s organization, and staked him to his first contribution. curley won by several hundred votes, but by the time pea - jacket ’ s henchmen had finished with the ballot boxes, he found himself counted out. the next year, organizing his own strong - arms and after weeks of pre - election gang fights and corner brawls, he won — too handily for pea - jacket to challenge him. so at 26 he formally entered political life as one of the three council members from ward 17. with his defeat of the aging pea - jacket, curley consolidated himself as the new ward boss, organizing ward 17 on the tammany model of tribute and social services and even calling his organization the tammany club. there was, however, this difference : curley ’ s organization was personal rather than self - perpetuating. in politics he would always be a lone wolf. from that time on curley never lacked for money. merchants, tradesmen, and those who did business in ward 17 now paid to him on a more regulated basis what they had paid to pea - jacket. but from the ordinary people of the ward, deserving and otherwise, whose needs and requests curley took care of quickly and efficiently, he expected nothing in gratitude but their votes. when honey fitz was mayor of boston everybody in city hall paid, from department heads down to the porters and scrubwomen. curley


whose needs and requests curley took care of quickly and efficiently, he expected nothing in gratitude but their votes. when honey fitz was mayor of boston everybody in city hall paid, from department heads down to the porters and scrubwomen. curley, gaudy as he might be in his later plundering, never took from the little men. money came into his hands and slipped through his fingers. for him it was never an end in itself. the core of his support would always come from the slums. there he was given an allegiance the pea - jackets could never command. but curley never had a political philosophy beyond that of taking care of himself and his own. with equal ease he could at various times support al smith, franklin roosevelt, mussolini, father coughlin, and senator mccarthy. if he had had the vision, he might have become to boston and massachusetts what al smith was to new york. his vision, however, was limited to his own drive for power. with ward 17 in his pocket, curley moved on to the massachusetts legislature, where he spent one term, more as an observer of the political passing show than as a participant. he was still learning. at the staley college of the spoken word he took elocution lessons, modifying his speech still further to its final form. the curley accent was unique, with grandiloquent overtones, impressive and at once identifiable, yet underneath synthetic. it achieved the desired effect, but it never rang true. and in an election pinch, it could always be dropped for something more primitive. in 1903 curley met his first reverse. he was caught impersonating one of his less talented ward workers at a civil service examination and sentenced to sixty days in the charles street jail. yet far from being disconcerted by this lapse he capitalized on it. in later years he often planted stooges in his audience to get up and ask : “ how about the time you went to jail? ” curley then liked to draw himself up and announce floridly : “ i did it for a friend. ” ward 17 understood. while in jail, where he spent a not unpleasant two months reading all the books in the library, he was elected to the board of aldermen, the upper chamber of boston ’ s city government. curley remained an alderman until 1909, when he became a member of the new city council. and all the time he was laying his lines carefully toward his own clear though unexpressed goal — to be


upper chamber of boston ’ s city government. curley remained an alderman until 1909, when he became a member of the new city council. and all the time he was laying his lines carefully toward his own clear though unexpressed goal — to be mayor and boss of boston. his retentive mind had the city and its departments catalogued for future use. no one would ever be able to fool curley. established in his thirty - second year, he now found time to marry mary herlihy, whom he had met at a st. philip ’ s minstrel show. with a background much like his own, she was a woman of grace and character, and a permanently steadying influence on him. it was a happy marriage for them both and a fortunate one for him. honey fitz ’ s blond tootles might become the subject of limericks, still repeated today by elderly boston politicians, but no enemy could ever touch jim curley that way. his private life was always beyond reproach, though it ended sadly, for of his nine children only two survived him. in 1909 fitzgerald was elected to a four - year term under boston ’ s reform charter, which gave him almost complete responsibility. in 1880 mayor frederick o. prince had said : “ no allegation of municipal corruption has ever been made against any boston official. ” by honey fitz ’ s time such a remark could be considered a flat, cynical joke. another class had emerged to take over the city. these irish - americans, more and more of them now second - generation, felt no obligation to observe the rules made by the beacon hill ascendancy that had exploited them for the last sixty years. all the other roads had been barred to their strength and their cunning and their enterprise except the road of politics, which they had pushed into by their weight of numbers. nobody understood this better than curley. contemptuous of honey fitz, willing to wait for the next round, he let himself be persuaded to run for congress by the district incumbent, bill mcnary, who counted on insuring his own re - election by having curley split his opponent ’ s vote. for the first time curley stumped outside ward 17. in a day when political rallies were still a prime source of entertainment, curley put on a campaign that was a combination of vaudeville, chautauqua, and the prize ring. no one, his opponents realized too late, could equal him as a showman ; no one could talk him down. there was the usual


not be granted, curley said so and why. he was the super - boss. ward bosses became obsolete : curley had destroyed their power, even in ward 17. he talked to an average of 200 persons a day, 50, 000 in a year. the financial and business community ’ s satisfaction with the new mayor was brutally short - lived. curley, they would soon discover, had lost none of his old resentments. assessments were raised all round. a vast construction program such as boston had never seen before was begun. streets were ripped up, transit lines extended, beaches and playgrounds laid out, hospitals built, and services expanded. there was a job for every jobless man in the city. here lay curley ’ s basic formula, then and in all his administrations : a juggler ’ s act of public works without regard for cost. when the city treasury was empty he would borrow. the outraged yankees could pay for it all through taxes. yet, much of what he did needed to be done. the cost would be excessive, the payrolls padded, a percentage of the contractors ’ fees would always find its way into curley ’ s pocket — yet without him most of these projects would never have been undertaken. by the end of his first term he had altered the face of the city ; by the end of his fourth term the tax rate had quintupled. though with him money went as easily as it came, though he liked to be known as the mayor of the poor, he enjoyed lush living. midway in his first term he built himself the house overlooking jamaica pond that would be known as the house with the shamrock shutters. it was better than anything on beacon street. some of the trimmings, including the mahogany - paneled dining room and the winding staircase, came from the fairhaven house of henry h. rogers, the standard oil executive. the finance commission and others were to ask vainly how anyone could build a $ 60, 000 house on a $ 15, 000 lot on a salary of $ 10, 000 a year. such questions never bothered curley. in his autobiography he maintained — archly and without expecting to be believed — that he had made the money for his house on a stock market tip given him by a since - deceased wool merchant. almost everyone in boston knew that the house had been a donation from a contractor. the curley wards felt he deserved it. in 1917, when curley ran for re - election, a curious amalgam of businessmen and


- deceased wool merchant. almost everyone in boston knew that the house had been a donation from a contractor. the curley wards felt he deserved it. in 1917, when curley ran for re - election, a curious amalgam of businessmen and bosses took the field against him. martin lomasney, the old ward 8 mahatma and the only ward boss to survive unscathed, entered two congressmen with celtic names as pseudocandidates to cut into curley ’ s irish - democratic vote. it was an old gambit, used many times by curley himself, and it worked well enough to defeat curley. after several ludicrously unfortunate business ventures — in such matters curley would always be both gullible and inept — he became president of the hibernia national bank, within wistful sight of city hall. but this was for him only an interlude. his real life was always politics. the 1921 mayoralty campaign was one of the closest and meanest in the history of boston, and curley fought alone. no political pro in the city was for him, and the betting against him ran over two to one. but his opponent, a respected catholic lawyer named john r. murphy, was not prepared for what he now had to face — too much of a gentleman, it was said commiseratingly of him afterward. among other things, curley sent some of his workers to charlestown dressed in clerical black and carrying prayer books. there they let it be known that turncoat murphy had joined the masons and that he was divorcing his wife to marry a sixteen - year - old girl. other curley supporters rang doorbells through catholic south boston posing as members of the hawes baptist club and soliciting votes for john r. murphy. curley even gave a ku klux klan organizer known as the black pope $ 2, 000 to campaign against him. against all odds and predictions curley won, with 74, 200 votes to murphy ’ s 71, 800. for the first time in a boston election women could vote, and it was generally felt that mary curley ’ s “ personal appeal to women voters, ” an open letter circulated at the last minute, gave her husband the extra votes that elected him. before anyone quite knew what was happening — anyone except curley — there were $ 24, 000, 000 worth of building projects under way. several times the city treasury gave out, and curley merely borrowed more money against future taxes. if a banker


before anyone quite knew what was happening — anyone except curley — there were $ 24, 000, 000 worth of building projects under way. several times the city treasury gave out, and curley merely borrowed more money against future taxes. if a banker showed reluctance to lend, curley would threaten to start a run on his bank “ a mile long. ” taxes and assessments as well as buildings went up. during curley ’ s second administration, and with curley pointedly in mind, the republican state legislature passed a law that no mayor of boston might succeed himself. instead, in 1924 curley ran as democratic candidate for governor against alvan t. fuller, who would later become so widely known in connection with the sacco - vanzetti case. it was a republican year, and in any case, massachusetts would not be ready for curley until after the transvaluations of the depression. curley tried to make an issue of the ku klux klan and his own opposition to it. wherever he spoke in the rural sections of the state, fiery crosses would suddenly blaze out on nearby hills just in time for him to point to them and say, voice resonant with emotion : “ there it burns, the cross of hatred upon which our lord, jesus christ, was crucified. ” later he admitted that the crosses had been touched off by his boys. fuller won — but the size of curley ’ s vote gave the state party leaders, whose enthusiasm for curley was at best limited, something to think about. in the presidential election of 1928 the commonwealth of massachusetts was one of the eight states carried by al smith. to the irish democrats of the commonwealth, smith was the most creditable man from irish ranks who had yet appeared in politics. before the national convention the massachusetts leaders were solidly for smith. all of them were at odds with curley, and they took care that the ex - mayor would have no part in the convention or in the subsequent smith campaign. they reckoned, however, without curley. shortly after smith ’ s nomination, curley opened what he called his bull pen in the vacant young ’ s hotel near city hall. he had the walls plastered with smith signs and photographs. there were loudspeakers in the windows blaring a steady raucous mixture of speeches and music. every day was open house in the bull pen. inside it was like an amateur night. anyone who felt like walking in and speaking his piece about smith was welcome to use the microphone. and


000 had turned out to meet him. streets were jammed all the way to the common. inside the station 21 bands were blaring at one another. it took 100 reserve policemen to clear a path for curley to his car. from that night until the election all curley ’ s efforts went into the campaign. he reopened his “ bull pen, ” and re - decorated it with large roosevelt motifs. he mortgaged the house with the shamrock shutters. he traveled 10, 000 miles through 23 western and midwestern states to deliver 140 speeches. for the election he spent a quarter of a million dollars of his own money. with james roosevelt as an assistant, he was the roosevelt ringmaster in massachusetts. all this activity had not been undertaken just for the forgotten man. what curley now wanted was to set the seal of respectability on his career by becoming the next secretary of the navy. after all, it was a job held recently by a boston adams. shortly after the election curley, with his daughter mary, called on roosevelt at warm springs. there, according to curley, roosevelt told him, “ well, jim, if that ’ s what you want, the job is yours. ” a few weeks later, however, at calvin coolidge ’ s funeral in northampton, james roosevelt took curley aside and told him a cabinet post wasn ’ t possible. james went on to tell him that he might instead become ambassador to france or italy, and suggested that he drop in at the white house to talk it over. on that visit the president mentioned italy, and curley asked for a few days to think it over. whether roosevelt ever intended to send the boss of boston to rome, whether boston ’ s william cardinal o ’ connell vetoed the idea, or whether curley was being given the roosevelt run - around — no one will ever know. in any event, at curley ’ s next interview, the smiling president said there were difficulties about italy and offered him instead the post of ambassador to poland, remarking that poland was one of the most interesting places in the world. “ if it is such a goddam interesting place, ” curley is said to have replied, “ why don ’ t you resign the presidency and take it yourself? ” to the newsmen who crowded around him outside, he used a quick term to describe roosevelt that truman later reserved for music critics. in boston a witticism went the rounds that if he had accepted, he would have paved the polish corridor. between the two conventions


from the city to sell to brokers, collecting commissions at both ends. the state - appointed finance commission uncovered these and certain aspects of land - takings and other facts sufficient, so it seemed for a while, to send both curley and dolan to jail. the younger curley would never have left himself so vulnerable. eventually dolan was charged with the theft of more than $ 170, 000 from the city. before the case came to trial he was caught trying to bribe the jury, and received two and a half years in jail. at the same time a bill in equity was brought against curley, and after three years and 34 continuances he was ordered to pay back $ 42, 629 to the city treasury. now that he had no more washington ambitions he badgered and needled roosevelt for more aid, more money for boston. he devised new projects for the civil works administration. after all, a cwa was what he had been occupied with all his political life. with governor ely, still a disgruntled smith man, retiring in 1934, curley had little trouble in getting the democratic nomination for governor. that election, the second new deal wave, swept almost the complete democratic state ticket into office. boston had taken over massachusetts at last. the crowd from city hall moved up beacon hill to the state house. curley ’ s two - year term as governor marked both the height and depths of his career. no such turmoil had occurred on beacon hill since cynical, droop - eyed ben butler had been governor fifty years before. curley would now use the greater resources of the commonwealth as he had previously used those of the city, but this time with a recklessness and a hard arrogance he had not shown before. work there was, projects useful and otherwise, feverishly undertaken from the berkshires to cape cod, and where there was no work there were at least jobs. the state house offices bulged with idle incompetents, the governor ’ s anterooms swarmed with old city hall petitioners. when the finance commission still threatened to dig up old curley city hall scandals, its members were bribed or dismissed. curley rode roughshod over the governor ’ s council, courts, and department heads, his energy as boundless as his activities were unregulated. insolence of office trailed him through the state as he scorched the roads in his limousine with its s - 1 license plates, preceded by state police motorcycle escorts with sirens wailing,


boundless as his activities were unregulated. insolence of office trailed him through the state as he scorched the roads in his limousine with its s - 1 license plates, preceded by state police motorcycle escorts with sirens wailing, and followed by carloads of his military aides bright in incongruous blue and gold - braid uniforms. s - 1 was in a series of accidents. one state trooper was killed, another badly injured. curley moved across the massachusetts landscape like a latin dictator. for the 1936 harvard tercentenary he arrived at the yard escorted by scarlet - coated national lancers, drums beating and trumpets sounding, to move ostentatiously past a stony - faced president roosevelt while a few harvard die - hards booed. just before he took the oath of office, curley had swung a parting punch at governor ely. somehow that outrageous brawl within the state house became symbolic of his administration. the inauguration ball, held at the armory, was a monstrous affair to which 14, 000 were invited. during his first year in office the governor spent $ 85, 206 just for taxis, flowers, dinners, luncheons, cigars, refreshments, and trips for himself and his guests and secretaries. the following winter he moved his entire staff to florida. in those depression times his daughter mary ’ s wedding to edward c. donnelly, jr., of the donnelly advertising company, was the gaudiest ever held in massachusetts. the bride ’ s trousseau cost $ 10, 000 — paid for, and not donated, as anti - curleyites had hinted. at the packed cathedral of the holy cross, under the dismayed eyes of cardinal o ’ connell, many of those present stood on the pews as the bride and her father came down the aisle. there were 2, 300 guests at the copley plaza reception afterward. they downed two tons of lobster at $ 13 a plate. financially buttressed at the end of his governor ’ s term, curley determined to revenge himself on roosevelt. the president had not liked him as governor, and he would like still less to find him in the united states senate. for governor curley the senatorial nomination was easy to manipulate ; the election seemed equally so. his republican opponent was henry cabot lodge, jr., the grandson of the old anti - league senator, whose political experience was contained in two terms in the massachusetts legislature. curley liked to refer to him as “ little boy blue. ” yet in the


opponent was henry cabot lodge, jr., the grandson of the old anti - league senator, whose political experience was contained in two terms in the massachusetts legislature. curley liked to refer to him as “ little boy blue. ” yet in the new deal landslide of 1936, when every other major democratic candidate in the commonwealth was overwhelmingly elected, curley lost to lodge by 136, 000 votes. all the states except maine and vermont went for roosevelt, but massachusetts had had enough of james michael curley. in a sense, however, curley had the last word, for on that day when the cannon boomed across the common to announce a new governor, he stole the whole show by marrying again. his second wife, gertrude casey dennis, was a widow, a quiet woman without political or social ambitions, who would give him the domestic stability he had found in his first wife. the following year he again ran for mayor, and again found himself opposed by a “ reform ” candidate, maurice tobin, a handsome and hardy young democrat from his own district, who in the wheel - spins of politics would twice become mayor, then governor, and finally figurehead secretary of labor in truman ’ s cabinet. curley has accurately described him as “ a protege of mine who learned too fast. ” it was to curley ’ s mind an easy election, but on election morning there appeared on the masthead of the boston post, whose editorials generally reflected the views of the archdiocese, a brief notice to the voters of boston that read : “ cardinal o ’ connell, in speaking to the catholic alumni association, said, ‘ the walls are raised against honest men in civic life. ’ you can break down these walls by voting for an honest, clean, competent young man, maurice tobin, today. … ” thousands of copies of the post were distributed free in front of all the churches. the actual quotation was from an address made by the cardinal six years before, but few readers noticed that the quotation ended before tobin was mentioned. to the faithful it seemed that his eminence had endorsed curley ’ s opponent. curley furiously tried to get a retraction broadcast, but the cardinal could not be reached. it was a maneuver worthy of curley himself. enough pious votes were swung to tobin for him to win. in 1938 curley was strong enough to take the nomination away from the democratic governor, but he was still unable to win the election. his opponent was the long - jawed speaker of the massachusetts house of representatives, lever


tobin for him to win. in 1938 curley was strong enough to take the nomination away from the democratic governor, but he was still unable to win the election. his opponent was the long - jawed speaker of the massachusetts house of representatives, leverett saltonstall, who as a republican, a harvard man, and a brahmin combined the three things that curley was best at excoriating. yet saltonstall was a new type of old yankee who represented a rapprochement with what curley liked to call “ the newer races. ” the growing numbers of middle - class irish liked him. in later years when he and young senator kennedy were colleagues in washington, they became so friendly that kennedy refused to endorse saltonstall ’ s next democratic opponent. saltonstall also had the advantage of owning one of the most agreeably ugly mugs in politics. curley made the mistake of quipping that saltonstall might have a south boston face but he would never dare show it in south boston. of course, saltonstall walked through the south boston streets the next day, talking with everyone he met and dropping in at the innumerable bars. he overwhelmed curley at the polls. by the time of boston ’ s next municipal election mayor tobin had built a tight political machine of his own. curley ran against him nevertheless and suffered his fourth defeat in a row. at 67, after a generation in politics, it looked as if he had come to the end of the road. but that was not the way curley saw it. he turned again to his solid core of supporters in the close wards of roxbury and south boston and charlestown. as if he were now going down the ladder he had once climbed, he turned to them to send him back to congress in 1942. these days he was short of funds, and every week there was the $ 500 installment on the $ 42, 629 he had been ordered to pay the city. a few months before pearl harbor, unlucky as usual in his private ventures, he had run into a washington promoter named james g. fuller, who was organizing a five - percenter corporation to mediate between manufacturers looking for war contracts and the appropriate heads of government agencies. fuller offered to make curley president of this organization, to be known as the engineers ’ group, inc. later, fuller was shown to be a confidence man and ex - convict. curley, in spite of his title, had


government agencies. fuller offered to make curley president of this organization, to be known as the engineers ’ group, inc. later, fuller was shown to be a confidence man and ex - convict. curley, in spite of his title, had little to do with fuller ’ s group except to appear on the letterhead, and before he became a congressman he had resigned. two years later, however, the engineers ’ group was one of those investigated by the truman committee, and sometime afterward curley was indicted because of his connection with it. he always maintained that the case against him was directed from the white house. his trial was postponed, however, to allow him to run for mayor of boston in november, 1945. tobin had moved on to become governor. the acting mayor was an obscurity, as were the other four candidates. postwar boston itself seemed derelict, a fading seaport as drab as the blackout paint that covered the gilt dome of the state house. so much needed doing, from street repairs to veterans ’ housing, and “ curley gets things done. ” that at least was the campaign slogan spread casually in public by his paid workers and taken up by others. looking back to the prewar days, it seemed true enough. what if curley was under indictment for some contract swindle? if he was guilty he hadn ’ t done very much, no more than the rest of them. anyhow, he got things done! on election day curley beat his closest opponent by two to one. for the fourth time he became mayor of boston, 31 years after his first inaugural. two months later he was convicted by a washington jury of using the mails to defraud. his final appeal to the supreme court was rejected in 1947. as the date neared for his sentencing he took to his bed. he received the last rites, and then unexpectedly his health picked up. finally, the postponed but inevitable day came when he appeared in court, in a wheel chair and wearing a collar a size too large. his lawyer produced a certified list of nine ailments from which he was suffering, any one of which might prove fatal. unimpressed, the judge sentenced him to six to eighteen months at the federal correctional institute at danbury, connecticut. “ you are sentencing me to die, ” curley told him as they wheeled him away. democratic house leader john w. mccormack circulated a petition for curley ’ s release signed by all the massachusetts delegation in washington except senator kennedy. finally


“ you are sentencing me to die, ” curley told him as they wheeled him away. democratic house leader john w. mccormack circulated a petition for curley ’ s release signed by all the massachusetts delegation in washington except senator kennedy. finally after five months president truman pardoned curley — because, the president said later, “ he was innocent. ” although it was not known at the time, or even later, curley was shattered by his danbury experience. there was nothing left of the young man who could shrug off a few months behind bars by reading all the books in the prison library. he now felt his age and a sense of failure, and for the first time he knew self - doubt. on his release, according to his daughter, he was hesitant about facing people again. it warmed him to be met by a great milling crowd in front of the house with the shamrock shutters welcoming him with “ hail to the chief. ” inside he found familiar faces and a huge cake inscribed “ happy birthday to our beloved boss. ” in a few days he was back at city hall at his old desk, looking fifteen years younger and running the city in his old way. yet the city was not the same. what he had done as boss of old ward 17, and in his many years as mayor, had now become a more impersonal function of government. voters were no longer gratefully held in line by a job shoveling snow, by the odd ton of coal, by the perennial thanksgiving turkey and christmas basket. social security and unemployment insurance and the psychiatric social worker had taken over. the irish were becoming middle class. one couldn ’ t even soak the rich any more. in an almost bankrupt city the tax rate could go no higher. what boston mostly needed now was an efficient receiver. in the 1949 election curley, to his derisive surprise, was opposed by john b. hynes, who had served as mayor while curley was in jail. “ a little city clerk, ” curley called him contemptuously, but when the ballots were counted, hynes, the honest, skillful administrator, had won by 15, 000 votes. it was the end of curley ’ s political career. the next year by a twist of fate his daughter mary and his son leo both died of cerebral hemorrhages on the same day. mary, who had been closest to him, had led an unhappy life ; her marriage had ended in divorce in 1943. leo was at his death


fate his daughter mary and his son leo both died of cerebral hemorrhages on the same day. mary, who had been closest to him, had led an unhappy life ; her marriage had ended in divorce in 1943. leo was at his death a lieutenant in the navy. in the father ’ s loss even his enemies could feel a kindly pity for him. after curley got out of danbury, he had complained to a boston newspaperman named joseph dinneen that the press had always been unfair to him. dinneen then offered to write curley ’ s life story honestly and objectively as curley told it to him. curley agreed, and with his collaboration the purple shamrock was written. it appeared in 1949. curley was proud of the book at the time and used to give away autographed copies to city hall visitors. the purple shamrock was the beginning of the curley legend, the first attempt to put his career in perspective. what it told was true and often amazingly frank. dinneen admitted that money was never a problem for curley although he could never quite explain where he got it, that his income skyrocketed when he was in office and shrank to a trickle when he was not, that “ there wasn ’ t a contract awarded that did not have a cut for curley. ” yet dinneen felt that even so, curley ’ s accomplishments justified the cuts. now that curley was no longer to be feared politically he began to seem a kind of institution. he had been around for so long. even the bostonians who had fought him most in the pugnacious city hall days, now in the nostalgia for their greener years felt a certain left - handed affection for him. he in turn was pleased and flattered by the occasional courtesy from a lowell or a lodge. every political figure from senator saltonstall to the last south boston ward heeler would drop in on the way past the house with the shamrock shutters. curley in his old age could still charm the birds out of the trees. when edwin o ’ connor ’ s novel the last hurrah was scheduled to appear in 1956, it was carefully let out in advance that here was a novel about james michael curley. the editor of the globe sent curley a copy with the suggestion that he review it. the next day the book was returned with a note from curley to the effect that he was consulting his lawyers. frank skeffington, the politician - hero


of the globe sent curley a copy with the suggestion that he review it. the next day the book was returned with a note from curley to the effect that he was consulting his lawyers. frank skeffington, the politician - hero of the book, is undoubtedly curley, even to his feud with the cardinal, but he is a retouched curley, less violent, more urbane. after curley ’ s first resentment had worn off, he began to see the skeffington portrait as an asset. the book had toned down his ruthlessness, emphasized his benevolence. various hints of fraud and peculation were, after all, no more than the admissions of the purple shamrock. for a while curley took jokingly to calling and signing himself skeffington. from originally intending to sue o ’ connor, he ended up by congratulating him. the last hurrah caused him quite a lot of mental turmoil, however. as an aftermath he decided to write his autobiography, to out - skeffington skeffington by putting in what dinneen had either not known or discreetly omitted. in the final section of the last hurrah, when skeffington is on his death bed, someone standing by the apparently unconscious figure remarks unctuously that if skeffington had it all to do over again, he ’ d no doubt do it very differently. the dying man then manages to rouse himself and whisper : “ the hell i would! ” it is from this episode that curley took the title of his own book, i ’ d do it again. it is a rambling and uneven book, often dulled by the memory of obscure and forgotten ward heelers, but on the other hand enlivened by the candidly brazen quality of curley ’ s admissions. though written by a professional rewrite man after conversations with curley, it preserves curley ’ s own style of the informal cliche. what runs through the pages as an undercurrent, sensed even when not visible, is the after - feeling of the famine years, the old celtic bitterness against the chill yankee. dinneen in reviewing it wrote that curley had destroyed an illusion. i ’ d do it again is more reticent about curley ’ s financial background than is the purple shamrock. there is no mention of his income tax irregularities, and nothing is said of his connection — inadvert


had destroyed an illusion. i ’ d do it again is more reticent about curley ’ s financial background than is the purple shamrock. there is no mention of his income tax irregularities, and nothing is said of his connection — inadvertent though it may have been — with the mishawum manor blackmail scandal of the early twenties in which two district attorney friends of his were disbarred. the summer after the last hurrah was published, curley sold his jamaicaway house to the oblate fathers. those shamrock shutters, once a gesture of defiance, had become a familiar landmark. the furnishings, the library, the georgian silver, the waterford glass and crown derby china, jade and ivory bibelots, icons, pious statuary, and massive furniture had been purchased for the most part from auction rooms. now to auction rooms they would return. curley moved to a small suburban - colonial house the other side of jamaica pond. he settled down there with his governor ’ s chair and his mayor ’ s chair and whatever other belongings were sizable enough to bring with him. governor foster furcolo appointed him to a sinecure job, for curley was hard up again. the boston papers always seemed to be printing little human interest stories about him, photos of him fishing, or being shaved by sal, the huntington avenue barber. edward r. murrow ran his person - to - person television show from the new house, and when curley appeared he announced that he was going to live to be 125 years old so that he could bury all his enemies. columbia pictures was shooting a film version of the last hurrah starring spencer tracy. though curley belittled it, from the time he moved his health began to fail. he was in and out of the hospital for check - ups. his face grew gray and flabby. yet his right hand had not forgotten its cunning. when columbia was preparing the premiere of the last hurrah curley, after a private showing, filed suit for “ irreparable damage to a valuable property ” — that is, his life story. columbia paid $ 25, 000 for the damages. then it was discovered that the lawyer to whom the check was made out was non - existent and that the stamp on the release was from a non - existent notary ; it was claimed that the curley signature was a forgery. officially, no one knows yet who got the money. curley still threatened suit, and columbia settled for an additional $ 15


on the release was from a non - existent notary ; it was claimed that the curley signature was a forgery. officially, no one knows yet who got the money. curley still threatened suit, and columbia settled for an additional $ 15, 000. the picture was running at a boston theater when he died. he entered the city hospital for an intestinal operation on november 4, 1958, election day. just another campaign, he remarked. for the first few days he seemed to be mending. he was able to walk about and to talk of the great democratic victory. a week later he had a relapse. the end came quickly. he lay on a bier in the state house in the great hall where the battle flags of massachusetts regiments are kept, and in two days 100, 000 people filed past. then, on a warm morning like an aftermath of september, he was buried from holy cross cathedral. it was the largest funeral ever seen in boston. according to the boston papers, archbishop ( now cardinal ) richard j. cushing had flown from washington to deliver the eulogy. the late cardinal o ’ connell had spoken one when curley ’ s first wife died ; the archbishop himself had eulogized mary and leo eight years before. now he sat silent and dominant in the sanctuary. the celebrant was curley ’ s youngest son, father francis curley, s. j. the coffin of polished mahogany glittered in the candlelight that was reflected again on the scabbards of the knights of columbus, fourth class, who formed the guard of honor. they stood there, plump and middle - aged, in silk capes, their hands on their sword hilts, white plumes covering their heads. as the requiem mass reached its conclusion, the archbishop approached the coffin. then he prayed, in the grating, honest, south boston voice that was his inheritance and that he was too proud to change. high overhead, suspended by a wire from the reconstruction - gothic dome and directly over the coffin, cardinal o ’ connell ’ s red hat swung slightly in the air currents. the prayer ended, and everyone watched the archbishop ’ s seamed face under its white miter, waiting for him to mount the steps to the pulpit. but the archbishop did not move. there was no eulogy.


the wildlife conservation society has announced the birth of the first genetically pure bison calf ever produced by embryo transfer through a program aimed to establish a breeding herd of non - introgressed bison ( without cattle genes ) for restoration projects and zoos. using female bison from the american prairie reserve herd, a healthy calf was born this summer to a happy and protective mother. from the wildlife conservation society : the wildlife conservation society ’ s bronx zoo has announced the birth of the first ever genetically pure american bison calf produced by embryo transfer. the success is the result of collaboration between colorado state university, usda - animal and plant health inspection service, the american prairie reserve, and the wildlife conservation society. in the fall of 2011 wcs arranged for a group of female bison originating from the american prairie reserve to be sent to the csu ’ s animal reproduction and biotechnology laboratory facility in fort collins, colo. to serve as recipients for fertilized embryos from a herd of genetically pure bison managed by usda - aphis. dr. jennifer barfield, a csu reproductive physiologist, and her team collected the embryos non - surgically and implanted them into the surrogate bison. an ultrasound exam performed two months after the embryo transfers confirmed that one animal was pregnant. “ this science illustrates that we can engineer breeding of pure - bred bison so that their valuable genetics can be incorporated into other herds or used to create new herds, ” said dr. barfield, csu assistant professor. “ we are able to produce bison that have pure genetics and are also free of any diseases that can afflict the bison population at yellowstone. ” the pregnant bison and her herdmates were moved to the bronx zoo in early april and the calf was born on june 20. the mother, calf, and herd continue to do well and are maintained in a section of the zoo that is not open to the public. although this group and the calf will not go on exhibit, zoo visitors can see american bison on the bronx zoo ’ s bison range. a second round of embryo transfer will be attempted with the herd of surrogate females in the fall, with the goal of eventually establishing a breeding herd of genetically pure bison. “ the bronx zoo played an important historical role in the recovery of the american bison, and by establishing a pure herd, the zoo will be, in essence, returning to its roots, ” said dr. pat thomas, wcs vice president / bronx zoo general curator and associate director. “ the offspring of these bison will be used in future


the mercedes - benz museum is home to more than just automobiles. in 2007, the guinness book of records gave it recognition for housing the " strongest artificially generated tornado in the world. " the 34. 4 meter high ( that is 37. 2 yards to those metrically challenged ) vortex was not designed as an attraction, but to channel smoke out of the building in the event of a fire. in the event of fire, 144 outlets located along the core walls inject air into the interior courtyard of the mercedes - benz museum. the 100 - feet twister takes around seven minutes to materialize, drawing smoke out of the building ' s corridors and funnelling it upwards and out an exhaust vent on the roof. due to the open - plan structure of the mercedes - benz museum, the various exhibition areas are connected to each other without any fire zones via an interior courtyard and ramps. from the perspective of smoke elimination this presented a challenging task that could not be implemented through conventional fluid mechanics. it was necessary to take a new approach, and so a globally unique smoke elimination system was developed especially for the mercedes - benz museum. this procedure uses the principle of the tornado force, which has a devastating effect under natural conditions, to create a controlled life - saving form of fluid mechanics that opens up new architectural possibilities.


the cycle of unbelief societies throughout human history have tended to cycle through the same patterns : acknowledging god, denying god, embracing moral depravity, receiving punishment and destruction from god, repenting, and then recycling again. the israelites of the old testament repeated this cycle several times as recorded in the book of judges. the pattern starts with human eyes looking upward, worshipping god. as time goes by, we tend to lower our eyes from god, gaze at ourselves, and proclaim that we are more wise and intelligent than god. many decide that he ’ s unnecessary and pretend that he does not exist. humans are then idolized — caesars, popes, hollywood stars, american idols. this phase of the cycle commenced in america in the last half century and is illustrated in the world around us in a myriad of ways. society claims to be wiser than god in saying that spanking your children is bad because it teaches them to be violent and hurts their self - esteem. yet god, through solomon, said that “ he who spares his rod hates his son, but he who loves him disciplines him promptly ” ( proverbs 13 : 24 ). society has arrogantly elevated itself above god. many in society say that capital punishment is cruel and unusual, yet god required the israelites to inflict capital punishment for over 15 different crimes, and stoning someone to death was a typical form of capital punishment ( miller, 2002 ). by deluded human thinking, god is guilty of “ cruel and unusual punishment. ” society says that god and government should be separate, but god says, “ blessed is the nation whose god is the lord ” ( psalms 33 : 12 ). society says that homosexuality and other forms of sodomy are acceptable lifestyles that should be endorsed, even encouraged. but god listed homosexuality as a crime worthy of death in the old testament ( leviticus 20 : 13 ), and said that homosexuals and sodomites will not “ inherit the kingdom of god ” ( 1 corinthians 6 : 9 - 10 ). society has elevated human beings to the status of gods capable of deciding what is morally right and wrong. humans do not have to bow down to each other literally, to be guilty of self - worship. elevating ourselves to the status of gods by disregarding the true god is sufficient. we are arrogant when we dismiss god ’ s directives, as if we need to understand the reasons behind everything that god tells us to do or not do in


elevating ourselves to the status of gods by disregarding the true god is sufficient. we are arrogant when we dismiss god ’ s directives, as if we need to understand the reasons behind everything that god tells us to do or not do in his word. he says, “ for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts ” ( isaiah 55 : 9 ). we are expected to trust him ( hebrews 11 : 6 ). as the cycle toward spiritual depravity progresses, humans move their focus still further downward - - away from god - - to elevate the animal to a status higher than humans ( who already are considered higher than god ). the reverence bestowed on animals by the animal rights movement of the last few years, illustrates to the world that america has reached this phase of the cycle, too. think about it — in the last few decades, activists have splashed paint on women who wear furs, devoted themselves to saving the whales, encouraged using human embryos for testing to promote human welfare while seeking to outlaw the use of animals for research purposes, advocated going vegetarian, etc. it is a crime to break a bald eagle egg before the eagle has hatched, but killing a human baby before it has left its mother ’ s womb is acceptable to society ( “ bald eagle, ” 2002 ). “ there is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death ” ( proverbs 14 : 12 ; 16 : 25 ). god ’ s approach works. however, the end result of elevating animals is seen in many of the impoverished, primitive hindu societies of the world, where people lay starving in the streets while healthy cows roam about freely because of their elevated status. clearly, humans are incapable of making spiritual decisions effectively on their own. “ o lord, i know the way of man is not in himself. it is not in man who walks to direct his own steps ” ( jeremiah 10 : 23 ). often, within this repeated pattern of spiritual decay, human eyes move down even further from god, and the earth itself becomes elevated to the status of god. america is there, too. enter the environmentalists. “ mother earth ” must be protected at all costs. “ save the planet. ” “ go green. ” “ no carbon footprints. ” some advocate killing off certain humans that they deem as less useful to society in order to save the planet and its resources (


” must be protected at all costs. “ save the planet. ” “ go green. ” “ no carbon footprints. ” some advocate killing off certain humans that they deem as less useful to society in order to save the planet and its resources ( cf. harrub, 2006 ). the cultures of the past, those that christian peoples have always regarded as pagan, are now being extolled for their worship of animals and the earth. the theory of evolution says that the earth is responsible for our existence and development — i. e., the earth is our god. we must save it to survive, and we have the omnipotent power to control its destiny. society says that we should not arrogantly “ lord over ” nature, since they are our ancestors and have as much value as we have. we humans have just happened to accidentally evolve further than them. ( consider hollywood ’ s message to us about its view of nature and the sin of trying to control and have dominion over it in the movie instinct ). in stark contrast, god says that humans are to have dominion “ over all the earth ” ( genesis 1 : 26 ). should we be good stewards of god ’ s creation? certainly. however, the earth should never be elevated to the level of respect that it is being given today. humans should never think so highly of themselves that they presume to control the destiny of the earth. contrary to the teachings of global warming advocates, it is not the almighty human who will destroy the earth in the end. it is almighty god ( 2 peter 3 : 10 - 12 ). it is not murder in god ’ s sight to kill a plant, no matter how or under what circumstances it is done. god did not command capital punishment to be implemented on those who cut down a tree. plants are not on the same value level as humans, regardless of whether a committee of morally confused humans decides such ( cf. willemsen, 2008 ) on a positive note, if the typical pattern is repeating itself again, then the cycle may be nearing completion and may return to a sane, sensible appraisal of spiritual reality — returning us to the one true god, the creator. america ’ s worship of itself, the animal kingdom, and the earth has been going on for several decades, while worship of god is expelled as primitive. unfortunately, divine punishment and destruction always occur before the cycle restarts. although written 2, 000 years ago, paul ’ s words still hold true : professing to be wise


on for several decades, while worship of god is expelled as primitive. unfortunately, divine punishment and destruction always occur before the cycle restarts. although written 2, 000 years ago, paul ’ s words still hold true : professing to be wise, they became fools, and changed the glory of the incorruptible god into an image made like corruptible man — and birds and four - footed animals and creeping things. therefore god also gave them up to uncleanness, in the lusts of their hearts, to dishonor their bodies among themselves, who exchanged the truth of god for the lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the creator, who is blessed forever. amen ( romans 1 : 22 - 25, emp. added ). “ bald eagle, ” ( 2002 ), [ on - line ], url : http : / / midwest. fws. gov / eagle / protect / laws. html. harrub, brad ( 2006 ), " eliminate 90 % of the human race?, " http : / / www. apologeticspress. org / apcontent. aspx? category = 9 & article = 1821. miller, dave ( 2002 ), “ capital punishment and the bible, ” [ on - line ], url : http : / / www. apologeticspress. org / articles / 1974. willemsen, ariane, ed. ( 2008 ), “ the dignity of living beings with regard to plants — moral consideration of plants for their own sake, ” federal ethics committee on non - human biotechnology ( berne : swiss confederation ), april.


sugar beet seedling rust : an uncommon disease with a surprisingly long history robert m. harvesonpanhandle research and extension center university of nebraska - lincolnscottsbluff, ne firstname. lastname @ example. org sugar beet seedling rust is a heteroecious rust disease caused by the macrocyclic pathogen puccinia subnitens dietel ( syn. p. aristidae tracy ). only the pycnial and aecial stages occur on sugar beet, while the other stages ( uredial and telial ) infect various species of saltgrass ( distichlis spp. ) and needlegrass ( aristida spp. ) ( 12, 19, 20 ). the primary documented host for p. subnitens is the inland saltgrass ( distichlis spicata l. greene ) ( 7, 11 ). inland saltgrass is a warm - season grass native to arid areas of the western united states, and is also commonly found in brackish, marshy areas or highly saline soils ( 11 ). the plant is very drought tolerant and thrives in the strongly alkaline soils throughout the north american high plains and west. life cycle and symptoms in early spring, teliospores germinate from telial pustules after overwintering on inland saltgrass to produce basidiospores, which then are blown by wind where they can infect sugar beets or a number of other alternate hosts ( see below ). the basidiospore infections give rise sequentially to the pycnial ( also referred to as spermagonial ) and aecial spore stages ( fig. 1 ). pycnial lesions are circular and light yellow, measuring 2 to 5 mm in diameter ( fig. 2a ). flask - shaped pycnia containing receptive hyphae and spermatia ( fig. 3 ) are found embedded within lesions and are located primarily on the upper leaf surface ( fig. 4 ). aecia, which develop directly from the pycnia after fertilization, are usually found on the lower leaf surface directly below the pycnia ( fig. 4 ). the aecia consist of clusters of yellowish - orange, rounded structures ( figs. 2b and 5 ) that become cup - shaped after rupturing ( fig. 6 ), releasing spores, and are often found aggregated in circular patterns ( figs.


consist of clusters of yellowish - orange, rounded structures ( figs. 2b and 5 ) that become cup - shaped after rupturing ( fig. 6 ), releasing spores, and are often found aggregated in circular patterns ( figs. 2b and 7 ). newly formed aeciospores then re - infect the inland saltgrass, creating new uredia and telia, completing the life cycle ( fig. 1 ). fig. 1. life cycle of the sugar beet seedling rust pathogen ( puccinia subnitens ). fig. 2. circular, light - yellow pycnial lesions on the upper surface of a sugar beet cotyledon ( a ) ; yellowish - orange aecial pustules arranged in rings on the lower cotyledon surface ( b ). fig. 3. thin section of seedling rust - infected sugar beet leaf containing pycnia embedded in the epidermal surface. close - up of one pycnium exhibiting receptive hyphae and spermatia ( insets ). fig. 4. thin section of infected sugar beet leaf showing flask - shaped pycnia on the top leaf surface, and aecial cups and developing aeciospores on the bottom leaf surface. fig. 5. thin section of an aecial lesion from an infected sugar beet leaf demonstrating the immature aecia prior to spore release. fig. 6. thin section of an aecial lesion from an infected sugar beet leaf showing the formation of the cup - shaped aecia after rupturing with mature empty aecia after spore release ( inset ). fig. 7. young aecia arranged in circular patterns on the underside of a common lambsquarters leaf. the first published description of puccinia subnitens has been attributed to paul dietel in 1895 ( 6 ). afterwards, this pathogen was commonly recognized on various distichlis species from coast to coast across north america, and was particularly prevalent throughout the western united states. a close association between p. subnitens infections on saltgrass and aecial rust infections on common lambsquarters ( chenopodium album ) ( fig. 8 ) very similar to that on sugar beet was also widely observed across the great plains and western united states from north dakota and montana to new mexico and arizona to california ( 5 ). fig. 8. distribution on lambsquarters of pycnia ( a