on sugar beet was also widely observed across the great plains and western united states from north dakota and montana to new mexico and arizona to california ( 5 ). fig. 8. distribution on lambsquarters of pycnia ( a ) and aecia ( b ) on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, respectively. prior to 1904, c. album was the only known aecial host for this rust ( p. subnitens ). however, in the summer of 1904, the reverend john mallory bates postulated that aecia he observed in nebraska infecting species of cleome ( beeweed ), sophia ( tansymustard ), lepidium ( pepperweed ), erysimum ( wallflower ), and salsola ( russian thistle ) were related to p. subnitens ( 1, 4 ). j. m. bates was an episcopalian clergyman widely known and respected as an amateur naturalist and botanist. although these studies were only a hobby for him, he was still recognized as an authority on plant rust diseases and ornithology. bates communicated his observations to the noted rust pathologist, j. c. arthur and sent him teliospores from distichlis, and infected seedlings of cleome serrulata and c. album covered profusely with the yellowish - orange - colored aecia. as the season progressed, bates also sent arthur freshly collected specimens containing aecia on roripa sinulata ( spreading yellowcress ), sophia incisa, and salsola tragus, all of which he thought belonged to the same rust species. arthur pronounced the aecia from these plants to be identical to p. subnitens and confirmed bates ’ deductions later that summer by inoculating these same host plants with teleospores and observing the formation of new aecia ( 1 ). arthur considered it exceptional that p. subnitens was capable of infecting this number and diversity of host plants, a result which became a watershed concept for rust investigations at the time ( 1, 2 ). ellsworth bethel, with the colorado state museum in denver, also found the same fungus distributed throughout colorado from many of the same plant species as that of bates in nebraska. by 1934, the combined works of bethel, arthur, and others further confirmed and expanded the host range of p. subnitens to include a remarkable 84 species in 19 families and 52 genera ( 2, 4, 5 ). red rust on


. by 1934, the combined works of bethel, arthur, and others further confirmed and expanded the host range of p. subnitens to include a remarkable 84 species in 19 families and 52 genera ( 2, 4, 5 ). red rust on spinach although it has been readily demonstrated that the aecial form of p. subnitens is often found on many disparate weed species, infection on cultivated, economic host plants is restricted to members of the chenopodiaceae, including beet, mangel, swiss chard, and spinach ( 1, 18, 19 ). on spinach, the disease is called " red rust " to differentiate it from the chronic spinach disease " white rust, " which is not a rust pathogen at all, but a water mold ( oomycete ) in the genus albugo ( 17 ). symptoms of red rust on spinach include small yellow spots with red centers ( pycnial pustules ) that occur on upper leaf surfaces ( fig. 9 ). aecial clusters can then be found scattered profusely on both upper and lower leaf surfaces ( fig. 10 ), often arranged in rings ( fig. 10, inset ) in a similar manner as that of the previously discussed sugar beets and lambsquarters species. fig. 9. faint pycnial lesions of p. subnitens scattered across the upper surface of spinach leaf ( courtesy of h. f. schwartz ). fig. 10. conspicuous aecial lesions of p. subnitens on both upper and lower surfaces of spinach leaves with a close - up ( inset ) of aecial lesions showing arrangement of pustules on spinach leaf ( both images courtesy of h. f. schwartz ). the first apparent report implicating this pathogen with serious crop damage was from the pacific northwest in 1922 ( 3 ). h. p. barss reported that vegetable growers in the walla walla valley of oregon and washington sustained severe losses to their spinach crops during the spring of 1922. he also mentioned that this condition had never been observed in recent memory by anyone associated with spinach production in this region, making it a new report ( 3 ). because no other rust disease of spinach was known at that time, it was postulated that some indigenous rust pathogen was responsible for the infection. p. subnitens was suspected as the cause ( implying that it was familiar to barss ) and after a brief search for the


spinach was known at that time, it was postulated that some indigenous rust pathogen was responsible for the infection. p. subnitens was suspected as the cause ( implying that it was familiar to barss ) and after a brief search for the saltgrass, it was found to be one of the three most commonly found grass species growing in the vicinity of spinach production fields in this area. it was not until the 1940s, that this disease was heard from again. it was first identified on spinach from colorado from multiple fields over two sequential seasons ( 1943 - 1944 ) ( 14, 15 ). since that time the disease has appeared sporadically and severe losses in colorado spinach production have been attributed to the same pathogen in 1952 and 1959 with additional reports of outbreaks in 1996 and 1999 ( 17 ). a survey conducted in the summer of 1959 identified the telial stage of the pathogen infecting saltgrass from 14 distinct counties, widely scattered across colorado ( 12 ). thus it was concluded that spores from the saltgrass must have been the sources of infection for spinach during 1943 - 1944 and the epidemics of the 1950s. it was additionally noted that cultivated plants that were hosts for the aecial stage ( spinach and sugar beets ) were not always present in the vicinity of the infected saltgrass to complete the life cycle, but was concluded that wild plants in a variety of families were available and must have served as aecial hosts ( 12 ). the damage to colorado spinach production was induced both in the field and in storage while being transported to market. the first epidemics in 1943 - 1944 reported that infections within some fields were minor while other fields had to be destroyed due to severe leaf spotting on 50 to 90 % of plants, making the plants unmarketable ( 14, 15 ). in the 1950s the disease was shown to progress rapidly on plants over several days while being shipped to market, rendering them unsalable upon arrival at their terminal destination ( 16 ). this clearly illustrated one of the distinct characteristics of the disease on spinach. spinach plants obviously became infected in the field, but decomposed rapidly after infections were undetected by packers prior to shipping. even with our advanced shipping technology today, this disease is still difficult for packers to detect, and poses a problem because disease can develop so rapidly during transit ( 16, 17 ). sugar beet seedling disease the first published report of this disease on sugar beets was also from colorado, by pool and mckay in 1914 ( 13 ).


and poses a problem because disease can develop so rapidly during transit ( 16, 17 ). sugar beet seedling disease the first published report of this disease on sugar beets was also from colorado, by pool and mckay in 1914 ( 13 ). they found the rust occurring frequently during the 1912 - 1913 seasons from multiple fields in the arkansas valley near rocky ford, co. during may and june, the pathogen produced aecial lesions primarily on young sugar beet cotyledons, but also caused some moderate damage on infected swollen crowns. they also noted lambsquarters that were heavily infected with aecial lesions within the same locations. by early july the disease intensity had diminished and was no longer an issue. they further added that the telial form was found abundantly on saltgrass stands near fields during the sugar beet epidemics, followed by new uredia being identified in early june before being converted back to telia in late july on saltgrass ( 13 ). pool and mckay ( 14 ) additionally mentioned that conversations with agronomists ascertained that this disease had been seen only once before in one location, while correspondence with j. c. arthur revealed that arthur had found the pathogen once before on sugar beets in colorado, but apparently had not yet published on it. they finally concluded that the disease was not severe during these two seasons, but that if conditions were conducive, significant damage could be realized to young plants due to the profusion of infected saltgrass stands within close proximity of sugar beet fields ( 13 ). new report from nebraska in mid may 2009, young sugar beet plants were first observed exhibiting signs indicative of sugar beet seedling rust in a field near bayard, ne ( fig. 11 ), after an extended period of unusually cool and wet weather had persisted throughout the western nebraska panhandle in april and early may ( 8 ). temperatures during these two months were found to be 13°c cooler with rainfall 12 cm higher than the 30 - year average for this area. disease incidence in this beet field approached 25 %, although lesions were restricted primarily to the cotyledons. fig. 11. field - infected, young sugar beet plants with pycnial lesions on cotyledons. this particular field was then monitored 5 to 6 times during the remainder of the entire season to determine whether the infection could also be due to beet rust, a distinct disease caused by the macrocyclic, autoecious pathogen uromyces beta


this particular field was then monitored 5 to 6 times during the remainder of the entire season to determine whether the infection could also be due to beet rust, a distinct disease caused by the macrocyclic, autoecious pathogen uromyces betae ( 8 ). since no uredial pustules were ever observed on sugar beet plants, beet rust was effectively ruled out as the causative factor in this field. pycnial lesions were circular, and yellowish, 2 - 5 mm in diameter ( fig. 2a ) embedded with flask - shaped pycnia ( fig. 3 ), with globoid, verrucose aeciospores measuring approximately 17 - 22 µm × 15 - 20 µm, characteristic of p. subnitens ( 7 ). it was also additionally noted that this particular infested sugar beet field was surrounded by stands of inland saltgrass also infected with the telial stage of a rust pathogen ( fig. 12 ), presumed to be p. subnitens, but not confirmed, which provided further evidence hinting at the pathogen ’ s identity ( 8 ). fig. 12. upland saltgrass infected with the telial stage of p. subnitens. survey of sugar beet fields 2009 - 2010 based on this initial identification of the pathogen in morrill co., nebraska in mid may 2009, a survey of sugar beet production fields in western nebraska was conducted between late may and mid june to further document the incidence and number of fields infested with seedling rust caused by p. subnitens. after similar environmental conditions were experienced in the late spring of 2010, another similar survey was conducted in may and june 2010 from more than thirty locations throughout western nebraska ( 8, 10 ). in fact, the environment was so conducive for rust development over these two years that a similar phenomenon was observed with sunflower rust and the widespread occurrence of the early spore stages on wild sunflowers and volunteers across the region ( 9 ). over this two - year period, 88 locations from eight western nebraska counties ( scotts bluff, morrill, box butte, banner, kimball, sioux, cheyenne, and sheridan ) were scouted and 47 were identified with plants infected with pycnia and / or aecia of p. subnitens. forty - one of these locations were sugar beet fields, with 36 % ( 15 / 41 ) of the fields additionally containing infected lambsquarters (


infected with pycnia and / or aecia of p. subnitens. forty - one of these locations were sugar beet fields, with 36 % ( 15 / 41 ) of the fields additionally containing infected lambsquarters ( 10 ). infected lambsquarters were identified from several other locations throughout the area, including ditchbanks, an uncultivated field, a home garden, and a flower bed in a restaurant parking lot in scottsbluff, ne. for both years, the majority of the pathogen - infested fields ( 85 % ) were located within the north platte valley ( scotts bluff and morrill counties ) ( 10 ). although the pathogen was readily found throughout both years, the incidence within and among sites was lower in 2010 with only 30 % of the monitored locations yielding infected plants compared to 65 % in 2009 ( 8, 10 ). sugar beet seedling rust, caused by puccinia subnitens, is a disease that has rarely been observed in sugar beet production. in fact, to my knowledge the two reports from nebraska in 2010 - 2011 ( 8, 10 ) were the first published records of the natural occurrence in the field of this disease on sugar beets since the original communication in 1914 by pool and mckay ( 13 ). the initial report of this disease indicated that infection was restricted to cotyledons ( fig. 13 ) with symptoms being found occasionally on the first true leaves ( fig. 14 ), hence the name seedling disease ( 7, 13 ). this two year survey from nebraska further documented the manifestation of multiple infections from many of the surveyed sites, with 20 % of fields ( 18 of 88 ) from both years yielding plants with pycnial lesions on newly emerged leaves in mid to late june ( 10 ). these observations indicate the release of multiple flushes of basidiospores of the pathogen after may from the alternate host, followed by new infections on sugar beets long past the cotyledon or first true leaf stage ( up to the 5 - 6 true leaf stage ) ( fig. 15 ). fig. 13. field - infected, young sugar beet plant exhibiting both pycnial and aecial lesions, but restricted to the cotyledons. fig. 14. pycnial lesion on one of the first true leaves of an infected sugar beet plant. fig. 15. sugar beet plant in the 5 - 6 leaf growth stage exhibiting a py


., and dickens, l. e. 1960. the occurrence of spinach rust in colorado. plant dis. reptr. 44 : 828 - 829. 13. pool, v. w., and mckay, m. b. 1914. puccinia subnitens on the sugar beet. phytopathology 4 : 204 - 206. 14. ramsey, g. b. 1943. spinach rust in colorado. plant dis. reptr. 27 : 255. 15. ramsey, g. b., and smith, m. a. 1944. orange rust, a market factor in colorado spinach. plant dis. reptr. 28 : 911 - 912. 16. ramsey, g. b., smith, m. a., and wright, w. r. 1952. orange rust, a serious market disease of colorado spinach in 1952. plant dis. reptr. 36 : 323 - 324. 17. skoglund, l. g., and brown, w. m. red rust of spinach! pest alert, vol. 16, no. 8. coop. ext., colorado state univ., ft. collins, co. 18. sherf, a. f., and macnab, a. a. 1986. vegetable diseases and their control, 2nd edn. john wiley and sons, new york, ny. 19. walker, j. c. 1952. diseases of vegetable crops. mcgraw - hill, new york, ny.


after months of debate, the united states congress has passed a bill that will allocate $ 51 billion to hurricane sandy relief helping the thousands who lost their homes and businesses to the devastating storm last october. new york governor andrew cuomo announced that $ 400 million of the aid will be used to fund new york ’ s buyout program, an initiative to help address the damaged homes and coastline. the program is two - fold ; in part it will help reimburse the property damage caused by the storm, but the initiative has a larger goal, which is to address the nature of coastal flooding and create a barrier that would mitigate the damage created to the coast by storm surges in the future. since the storm, there have been many suggestions as to how to prepare for the type of damage brought on by hurricane sandy of 2012 and hurricane irene of 2011. these suggestions range from flood gates to barrier reefs. cuomo ’ s buyout program, as reported by the architect ’ s newspaper blog, hopes to encourage residents along vulnerable flood zones to sell their land to the city for the development of a natural coast that would absorb the impact of strong winds and storm surges. more after the break … there is a lot to be learned from natural disasters like hurricane sandy. nature has a way of reclaiming the land that we have populated and developed. these storms are a reminder that despite how often or with how much gusto we try to alter our environment, we are always vulnerable to nature ’ s power. that is why among the numerous suggestions that have surfaced since the storm that ravaged america ’ s coast, the most prominent is that which calls for creating a natural coast. an estimated 300, 000 new york homes were destroyed either by flooding, winds or rampant fires during the storm. many of these homes belonged to middle - class families that settled along the coast of the far rockaways, long island and staten island for generations. the development plan for the property is to convert it into natural coastal barriers, buffers, dunes, wetlands and public parkland, making it more resistant to flooding and barring homes from being rebuilt on the purchased land. the state is not claiming eminent domain, but an effort to an encourage residents to apply for the buyout program is important. the buyout program that cuomo has developed offers residents of these regions compensation for the pre - storm value of their properties to relocate to other, less vulnerable regions. the program is voluntary and is expected to appeal to only 10 - 15 % of the population. there are initiatives


overview of content related to ' further education ' this page provides an overview of 1 article related to ' further education '. note that filters may be applied to display a sub - set of articles in this category ( see faqs on filtering for usage tips ). select this link to remove all filters. further education ( often abbreviated " fe ", called continuing education in u. s. english ) is a term mainly used in connection with education in the united kingdom and the republic of ireland. it is post - compulsory education ( in addition to that received at secondary school ), that is distinct from the education offered in universities ( higher education ). it may be at any level above compulsory education, from basic training to higher national diploma or foundation degree. a distinction is usually made between fe and higher education ( " he " ) which is education at a higher level than secondary school, usually provided in distinct institutions such as universities. fe in the united kingdom therefore includes education for people over 16, usually excluding universities. it is primarily taught in fe colleges ( which are similar in concept to united states community colleges, and sometimes use " community college " in their title ), work - based learning, and adult and community learning institutions. ( excerpt from wikipedia article : further education ) see our ' further education ' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. for visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our ' further education ' usage charts. ariadne contributors most frequently referring to ' further education ' :


invertebrates in your backyard uses these techniques to discover what invertebrates call your backyard home. there are many techniques to survey the invertebrates in your backyard. use a combination to determine the diversity of invertebrates in your local area. - pitfall traps sampling involves placing a small container buried to ground level so that it can collect anything that falls into it. this is a commonly used technique that catches large amount of material for very little effort. common species found with this method include ants, spiders and beetles. this test is also very easy to standardise. - leaf litter sorting involves collecting leaf litter then sifting through the material to find the invertebrates. protective clothing should be worn, sample sizes should be the same and equal lengths of time should be spent sifting the leaf litter samples. - beat sampling is probably the most widely used technique for collecting invertebrates from vegetation. this is a good technique for collecting beetles, ants, bugs and spiders. use a sturdy stick is used to beat the vegetation, stunning the invertebrates. they can be collected in a light colour shallow bag or off a drop sheet. - dip netting is the simplest and most effective technique for collecting aquatic invertebrates. nets can be used to collect from shallow and reedy areas. organisms are put in a bucket or container along with water from the creek or pond to be identified. karen player, manager museum outreach


phoenix - - people exposed to high levels of germ - and weed - killing chemicals may be more likely to develop food allergies. the chemicals are called dichlorophenols and they are created by the breakdown of common pesticides and chlorinated chemicals used to purify drinking water. they also turn up in moth balls, air fresheners, deodorizers and herbicides sprayed on crops. people can be sensitive to foods without having any problems when they eat. the highest levels of these chemicals in the blood were twice as likely to show sensitivity to at least one food. people who were sensitized to foods had the highest levels of dichlorophenols, according to the study in the annals of allergy, asthma & immunology. an idea called the hygiene hypothesis suggests that the cleaner our environment, the sicker we become because our immune systems have robbed us the opportunity to fight off invaders. food allergies or food intolerances affect nearly everyone at some time. people often have an unpleasant reaction to something they ate and wonder if they have a food allergy, however only about 5 percent of children have clinically allergic reactions to foods. the difference between the clinically proven prevalence of food allergy is in part due to reactions called “ food intolerances ” rather than food allergies. hypersensitivity is an abnormal response to a food that is triggered by the immune system. being allergic to milk is different from not being able to digest it properly due to lactose intolerance. it ’ s important for people who have true food allergies to identify them and prevent allergic reactions to food. if you come from a family in which allergies are common - - not necessarily food allergies, but perhaps hay fever, asthma or hives - - you may develop a food allergy. someone with two allergic parents is more likely to develop food allergies. food allergies may cause itching in the mouth, trouble breathing or trouble swallowing or abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. in adults, the most common food allergies include peanuts ; tree nuts, such as walnuts ; shellfish, such as shrimp, crayfish, lobster and crab ; milk and eggs. in children, the food allergy pattern is different. the most common food allergens in children are eggs, milk and peanuts. adults usually do not lose their allergies, but outgrow them. children are more likely to outgrow


children, the food allergy pattern is different. the most common food allergens in children are eggs, milk and peanuts. adults usually do not lose their allergies, but outgrow them. children are more likely to outgrow allergies to milk and eggs. another interesting cross - reactivity occurs in people who are highly sensitive to ragweed, who sometimes find that when they try to eat cantaloupe, they have itching in their mouth. a differential diagnosis means distinguishing a food allergy from food intolerance. food intolerance is often confused with a food allergy and is known as lactose intolerance. adverse reactions to certain products that are added to enhance taste, provide color or protect against microorganisms can also cause food intolerance. sulfites may be added to foods and cause asthmatics into a severe bronchospasm, a constriction of the lungs. the fda has banned sulfites as spray - on - preservatives in fresh fruit and vegetables. gluten intolerance is associated with a disease called celiac and is caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten, which is a component of wheat. sometimes, a food allergy diagnosis cannot be made solely on the basis of history, which includes is the reaction always associated with a certain food. did anyone else get sick? how was the food prepared? some doctors recommend an elimination diet. skin tests are rapid, simple and relatively safe, however experts do not recommend making a food allergy diagnosis based on a skin test alone. a patient can have a positive skin test to a food without experiencing allergic reactions to that food. the main treatment for food allergies is dietary avoidance, by identifying the food to which you ’ re sensitive. patients with severe food allergies must be prepared to treat an allergic reaction by having an epipen available at all times. dr. art mollen ' s practice is located at 16100 n. 71st st. in scottsdale. for more information, call 480 - 656 - 0016 or log on to www. drartmollen. com.


- about us - our events indigenous people have a shorter life expectancy - around 18 to 19 years less than non - indigenous people. the average life span is 57 years for an aboriginal male and 62 years for an aboriginal female. the most common causes of death include : - circulatory diseases - including heart disease and stroke. the number of deaths caused by conditions such as coronary heart disease is double that of the non - indigenous population. - diabetes - and other diseases of the endocrine system. the rate of diabetes is six times higher among indigenous people. it is estimated that diabetes affects between 10 to 30 per cent of the aboriginal population. - injuries - sustained in accidents such as car crashes. an indigenous person is three times more likely to die in an accident than a non - indigenous person. the aboriginal population also has high rates of suicide and homicide. - respiratory system diseases - deaths from chronic disease are three to five times more common. around half of the diseases are caused by infections. respiratory infections are 10 times more common in the indigenous population. - cancer - particularly lung, cervical and liver cancer. according to the south australian cancer registry, the death rate among the indigenous population is higher because the cancers are typically diagnosed at a later stage. babana has a key aim of improving the health of our community and we have worked with key organisations to provide programs that can assist. we would like to thank the redfern police and the aboriginal health promotion unit for their ongoing support of our health program. we run a weekly health walking program which is attended by both aboriginal and non aboriginal members of our community. we meet each sunday ( weather permitting ) at the babana shed and proceed for a walk followed by breakfast.


i ' m pregnant with my second child and just recently had an ultrasound. they found a spot on the baby ' s heart. i decided to have amniocentesis done to detect down syndrome. my aunt has a baby with down syndrome, and i ' m wondering — what are my odds of having a baby with down syndrome because it is in the family? i ' m 30 years old. the spot you describe that was recognized by ultrasound in the fetal heart is called a hyperechogenic focus. our knowledge today indicates about a 1 percent risk for this feature to be associated with a chromosome disorder such as down syndrome. the amniocentesis and subsequent chromosome studies on the cultivated amniotic fluid cells will accurately determine whether or not the fetus is affected. there are three chromosome types of down syndrome, the most common being due to an extra chromosome 21 ( called trisomy 21 ). this type accounts for some 94 percent of all those born with down syndrome. about 3 to 4 percent are born with a chromosome rearrangement involving chromosome 21 ( called translocation down syndrome ), while 3 to 4 percent of babies born with down syndrome have a mixture of normal cells and those with trisomy 21 ( called down syndrome mosaicism ). you need to find out precisely which type of down syndrome your aunt ' s baby has. this would be especially important for translocation down syndrome, since that is the type that is transmitted through the family. that could be very important for you in this and any other future pregnancy.


use every viewpoint and topographic oddity ( cliff, ravine, stream, avalanche chute, treeless patch ) to plot your position. study local vegetation patterns to find the path of least resistance. if avalanche paths or north - facing slopes are usually brush - choked, avoid them. oftenbut not alwaysyou ' ll find less brush under big trees and along streambeds, and thinner shrubbery at higher altitudes. when the brush gets really thick, don ' t just plow ahead. check your topo for alternative routeslike going up and aroundthat can save time and frustration even if the distance is longer. take precautions to keep you on course : note landmarks and take bearings on high, distant objects ; if the brush level permits, scan ahead with binoculars for ravines and other terrain traps. before you enter wear eye protection and durable clothing ( gloves, long sleeves, and long pants ) to ward off thorns, snagging branches, and poison ivy. don ' t wear your good raingearyou don ' t want to get holes, and leaks, in it. streamline your load. remove or tighten everything on your pack that can snag. to increase stability, lower your pack ' s center of gravity by packing heavy objects in the bottom. carry whistles or two - way radios to maintain contact, plus signal mirrors, emergency strobes, or flares on extended bushwhacks. in the thick of it be patient, because your top speed will rarely exceed one - quarter to one - half of your normal uphill pace. you ' ll only waste energy or get hurt trying to go faster. look for game trails, which often offer easier walking and sometimes take you to a critical junction, like a pass, a route through cliffs, or a stream crossing. if you ' re in bear country, make lots of noise, stop often to look and listen, and change course if you spot fresh bruin sign. look for a creekbed : it might be the clearest path ( see " up the creek " in sidebar at right ). beware of terrain traps. don ' t let easier going ( to escape the brush ) lead you into ravines or down the wrong sides of hills. stick to ridgelines when possible. be flexible about how you attack obstacles. sometimes contouring around a ravine is better than sliding downhill and scrambling back up the other side. it all depends on the density of the brush, steepness, the firmness of the terrain, and your scrambling abilities


each week a nutritionist from the university of maryland medical center provides a guest post. this week, rachel ernzen weighs in on fruit. antioxidants naturally found in fruits are gaining popularity as " power foods " and can be found added to a variety of products, such as single - serving beverages, over - the - counter supplements and meal - replacement bars. the safest form, however, comes from eating the fruit itself. color me healthy • orange fruits like cantaloupes or apricots are good sources of beta carotene, an important phytochemical for immune function, vision, skin and bone health. • green fruits like green apples, honeydew melon and kiwi contain lutein, valued for its role in promoting eye health. • " white " fruits like bananas have allicin. allicin may help lower cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as reduce risk for heart disease. • red fruits like cherries, red grapes or raspberries contain anti - inflammatory compounds called anthocyanins. these have been shown to help relieve pain, including muscle and joint soreness from exercise, gout and arthritis. • feeling blue? fruits like blueberries are rea " brain food. " eating as little as one or two servings per week of berries has been shown to slow memory decline. according to an analysis of data from the nurses ' health study. figuring intake goals only one in five americans is reaching fruit intake goals outlined by the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans. for men and women 19 or older, the recommended intake is 11 / 2 to 2 cups of fruit daily. you can meet this daily goal by topping your morning breakfast cereal with a half cup of fresh berries ( or quarter cup dried ) and choosing a banana as your afternoon snack. children benefit from eating fruit too. girls and boys ages 9 - 18 have fruit intake goals similar to adults. children 8 and younger have smaller fruit intake goals. learn more at http : / / www. myplate. gov. looking for ideas to encourage fruit acceptance? consider any of the following : • try fruit kebabs at meal or snack time. banana bites, grapes or berries make for fun finger foods. • decorate plates or serving dishes with orange, apple or peach slices. • involve children in shopping, choosing or preparing fruits. • for more ideas explore fruitsandveggiesmorematters. org keep food costs down by buying fresh fruits in season when they are less expensive and at peak flavor


brightly bed and breakfast table of contents the patent to the land on which brightly stands was issued in 1715. brightly is a charming greek revival home built in 1842 by dr. george harris. it faces rt. 6 which is said to have been used by the iroquois indians on their way to the river. it is thought to be the third structure occupying the site, the first two having burned. many bricks and beams were salvaged and used in the present house. it is distinguished by high ceilings, a full english basement, 12 " thick, brick walls, and molding copied from the egyptian building at the medical college of virginia. it is surrounded by eight dependencies. dependencies include the tobacco curing barn, grainery, pump house and windmill, a 4 - hole privy, two - story pegged barn and a pair of slave houses connected by a common chimney serving 4 fireplaces - one for each room. the cook ' s house has been renovated for guest accommodations. in march 1727, the general assembly of virginia ordered the division of the henrico shire. sir william gooch, for whom the county is named, arrived from england shortly thereafter and was named royal lt. governor. goochland originally covered a vast amount of land on both sides of the james river extending beyond the blue ridge mountains. at the time of its founding, goochland was a frontier area and offered a site for large plantations and estates. tuckahoe plantation, the boyhood home of thomas jefferson, is the oldest recorded river plantation in the county. coal was mined in the eastern section of the county and gold in the west. tobacco and wheat were the major crops. by 1840, the kanawha canal, an idea conceived by george washington, paralleled the james river through goochland and made the james navigable to the ocean. only relics of the canal exist today, but historic homes of the era, such as brightly, remain. built in 1842, brightly is a charming greek revival home surrounded by nine dependencies in the style of a working farm of this era. in the heart of goochland county, we are convenient to your friends, relatives, and activities. brightly is surrounded by beautiful gardens and fields. for early risers a walk on the farm is a wonderful way to start the day. you can stop and sit by one of the two ponds. you might catch sight of a great blue heron, deer grazing by the water ' s edge, or our resident flock of wild turkeys. we are located between richmond and charlottesville


day. you can stop and sit by one of the two ponds. you might catch sight of a great blue heron, deer grazing by the water ' s edge, or our resident flock of wild turkeys. we are located between richmond and charlottesville, just off interstate 64, making day trips to historic sites and museums in both areas an easy addition to your itinerary. visit the city but stay in the country! from the west : take 64e to exit 159 ( gum spring ). at the top of the ramp, turn right onto rt. 522 s. go about 7 miles on 522 to the light at the junction of rt. 6. turn left and go through the village of goochland. look for our white brick entrance pillars on the left 0. 1 mile past the ford dealer. from the north and east : take 64w to exit 167 ( goochland / oilville ). at the top of the ramp, turn left onto rt. 617. go 0. 5 mile to the light. turn right onto rt. 250 w. go 0. 6 mile and turn left on rt. 632 toward goochland. go about 5 miles until the road ends at the junction of rt. 522. turn left and go 0. 2 mile to the light at the junction of rt. 6. turn left and go through the village of goochland. look for our white brick entrance pillars on the left 0. 1 mile past the ford dealer. from the south : take 95n to exit 62 ( rt. 288n ). continue on rt. 288n for about 25 miles. get off at the goochland ( rt. 6w ) exit. follow rt. 6w for 14 miles. you will come to a traffic light. look for our white brick pillars on the right 0. 5 miles past this light.


upper gastrointestinal series ( upper gi series ; barium swallow ; barium meal ) en espanol ( spanish version ) this is a series of x - rays of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum during and after drinking a barium solution. the duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. together, the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are called the upper gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract or upper digestive system. upper digestive system © 2008 nucleus medical art, inc. reasons for procedure an upper gi series may be ordered if you have : - weight loss - abdominal pain - difficulty swallowing - rectal bleeding - bloody stools or black, tarry stools - bloody vomit or " coffee - ground " vomit an upper gi series can help detect : - abnormal growth or tumor - diverticula — an abnormal pouch or sac opening from a hollow organ, such as the intestine - gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ) - hiatal hernia - crohn ' s disease - pulmonary aspiration — inhalation of fluid, food, or other foreign matter into the lungs - inflammation of the stomach or small intestine risk factors for complications during the procedure - food in the stomach - barium in the colon - perforated or obstructed bowel due to the risks of radiation exposure, you should not have an upper gi series if you are pregnant. what to expect prior to procedure - review your medications with your doctor. there are some that you may need to stop taking before this procedure. - do not eat, drink, or smoke for at least eight hours before the procedure. - you may be given a medication called glucagon. this will slow down the activity of the stomach and small intestine. - you may be asked to swallow baking soda crystals. these crystals will bubble and make gas in your stomach, allowing for more detailed x - rays. - if you are going to have a small bowel follow - through, you might take a laxative medication the day before your exam. this will clean out your small intestine. description of the procedure you will remove all jewelry and wear a hospital gown. you will drink barium. barium is a thick, white, chalky, milkshake - like liquid. it coats the inside lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. as you drink the barium


. you will drink barium. barium is a thick, white, chalky, milkshake - like liquid. it coats the inside lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. as you drink the barium, the radiologist takes x - rays of the upper gi area, using a machine called a fluoroscope. your doctor may want to look at your esophagus. so you may have pictures taken as you actually swallow the liquid or small bits of food that are covered with barium. you will change positions frequently to coat the entire surface of the gi tract with barium. if your doctor wants to look at more of your small intestine, a small bowel follow - through may be done. for this exam, x - ray pictures are taken every 15 - 30 minutes while the barium travels through the intestine. you may eat and drink as usual. how long will it take? an upper gi series can take between 30 minutes and two hours. a small bowel follow - through can take 1 - 4 hours. will it hurt? average hospital stay drink lots of fluids to remove the barium from your system. a normal upper gi series will show an unobstructed, functioning, healthy digestive tract. examples of abnormalities that may show up on an upper gi series include : - ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine - irregularities in the swallowing mechanism american gastroenterological association national digestive diseases information clearinghouse, national institutes of health canadian association of gastroenterology ( cag ) radiology for patients upper gi series. national digestive diseases clearinghouse, national institutes of health website. available at : http : / / digestive. niddk. nih. gov / ddiseases / pubs / uppergi /. published november 2004. accessed july 19, 2008 last reviewed november 2007 by daus mahnke, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright © 2011 ebsco publishing all rights reserved.


dr. dimitrios mastrogiannis, director of the division of maternal - fetal medicine and an associate professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at temple university school of medicine in philadelphia, said, " obesity is a different ballgame. different hormones are playing around in obesity - - fatty tissue produces more female hormones, more estrogens. other hormones are transformed into female hormones in the adipose tissue. " the research does not suggest packing on pounds to get pregnant, or backing off physical activity completely, he said. " exercise is a good thing. it ' s linked to less cardiovascular disease, less cancers, less diabetes, " said mastrogiannis, noting that physical activity is also linked to better pregnancies, easier labors, less pain and fewer induced births. the bottom line of the study is that normal, non - obese women who want to become pregnant should stick to moderate aerobic exercise, mastrogiannis said. " we recommend our patients get moderate aerobic exercise, akin to 30 minutes a day is usually what we say. walking is very important, " he said. " if they engage in very vigorous exercise - - running, fast cycling, gymnastics or swimming - - more than five hours a week, it makes them less fertile, " mastrogiannis said. for more on pre - conception health, visit the american pregnancy association. sources : lauren wise, sc. d., associate professor, epidemiology, slone epidemiology center, boston university school of public health ; dimitrios mastrogiannis, m. d., ph. d., director, division of maternal - fetal medicine, and associate professor, obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences, temple university school of medicine, philadelphia ; march 15, 2012, ' / > " / > all rights reserved


best known for lewis howard latimer was an inventor and draftsman best known for his contributions to the patenting of the light bulb and the telephone. think you know about biography? answer questions and see how you rank against other players. play now lewis howard latimer was born in chelsea, massachusetts, on september 4, 1848, to parents who had fled slavery. latimer learned the art of mechanical drawing while working at a patent firm. over the course of his career as a draftsman, latimer worked closely with thomas edison and alexander graham bell, in addition to designing his own inventions. he died in flushing, queens, new york, on december 11, inventor and engineer lewis howard latimer was born in chelsea, massachusetts, on september 4, 1848. latimer was the youngest of four children born to george and rebecca latimer, who had escaped from slavery in virginia six years before his birth. captured in boston and brought to trial as a fugitive, george latimer was defended by abolitionists frederick douglass and william lloyd garrison. he was eventually able to purchase his freedom, with the help of a local minister, and began raising a family with rebecca in nearby chelsea. george disappeared shortly after the dred scott decision in 1857, possibly fearing a return to slavery and the south. after his father ' s departure, lewis latimer worked to help support his mother and family. in 1864, at the age of 16, latimer lied about his age in order to enlist in the united states navy during the civil war. returning to boston after an honorable discharge, he accepted a menial position at the crosby and gould patent law office. he taught himself mechanical drawing and drafting by observing the work of draftsmen at the firm. recognizing latimer ' s talent and promise, the firm partners promoted him from office boy to draftsman. in addition to assisting others, latimer designed a number of his own inventions, including an improved railroad car bathroom and an early air conditioning unit. latimer ' s talents were well - matched to the post - civil war period, which saw a large number of scientific and engineering breakthroughs. latimer was directly involved with one of these inventions : the telephone. working with alexander graham bell, latimer helped draft the patent for bell ' s design of the telephone. he was also involved in the field of incandescet lighting, a particularly competitive field, working for hiram maxim and thomas edison. latimer ' s deep knowledge of both


##r helped draft the patent for bell ' s design of the telephone. he was also involved in the field of incandescet lighting, a particularly competitive field, working for hiram maxim and thomas edison. latimer ' s deep knowledge of both patents and electrical engineering made latimer an indispensible partner to edison as he promoted and defended his light bulb design. in 1890, latimer published a book entitled incandescent electric lighting : a practical description of the edison system. he continued to work as a patent consultant until 1922. latimer married mary wilson in 1873, and they had two daughters together. the latimers were active members of the unitarian church and lewis latimer was consistently involved in civil war veterans groups, including the grand army of the republic. in addition to his drafting skills, latimer enjoyed other creative pastimes, including playing the flute and writing poetry and plays. in his spare time, he taught mechanical drawing and english to recent immigrants at the henry street settlement in new york. profile name : lewis howard latimer profile occupation : sign in with facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons. your friends ' connections included in these groups they are among history ' s most revered black inventors, known for their relentless inquisition, passionate research, impeccable design and, most importantly, their desire to push the envelope. some of the world ' s greatest technological and social advancements, including the modern - day gas mask, light bulb and traffic light, owe their origins to black inventors. did you know that george washington carver developed more than 100 products using peanuts? or that madam c. j. walker was the first american woman to become a self - made millionaire? learn more about these inventors, as well as lonnie g. johnson, garrett morgan, patricia bath, percy julian and more, at biography. com. famous black inventors 16 people in this group famous virgoans 564 people in this group famous inventors 103 people in this group


oregon state university, news and communication services for the birds ' sake, home gardeners need to take it easy with the pruning shears and mowers in the spring and early summer. yards provide major nesting habitats for many nesting birds in the late winter through early summer, according to dan edge and john loegering, wildlife biologists with the oregon state university extension service. resident birds, such as owls start nesting in the late winter. " birds of prey begin nesting in winter and their young typically do not fledge, or leave the nest until mid - to late summer, " said edge. migratory birds, including hummingbirds, start to come back from their winter holidays in february and usually begin nesting efforts in the early spring. " depending on the food supply, most songbirds will attempt to nest two, three or even more times during the nesting season, " said edge. " birds can be nesting until mid - to late summer. " to avoid destroying bird nests and nesting habitat, edge recommends that home gardeners consider the following : - wait until mid - to late summer or early fall to have trees limbed or trimmed, as dead or thick branches provide great nesting habitat. - hold off major pruning of shrubs until nesting season is over. - leave tall grass in less traveled areas for ground nesting birds. or before you mow, carefully check for well - hidden bird nests. " nests are very well camouflaged, " said loegering. " the best way to tell if there are any nests is to watch for birds that flush out of the tall grass or out of a shrub. then check the place where the bird flew from - - there may be a nest. " by carol savonen, 541 - 737 - 3380 sources : dan edge and john loegering, 541 - 737 - 1953 ornithology website home pagelast updated : may 13, 1998 : firstname. lastname @ example. org


betty williamsarticle free pass betty williams, byname of elizabeth williams ( born may 22, 1943, belfast, n. ire. ), northern irish peace activist who, with mairead maguire and ciaran mckeown, founded the peace people, a grassroots movement dedicated to ending the sectarian strife in northern ireland. for her work, williams shared with maguire the 1976 nobel prize for peace. williams, an office worker and wife and mother, took little part in public life until august 1976, when she witnessed an incident that moved her to speak out. an irish republican army terrorist was shot by british troops while fleeing in a car, and the car went out of control and struck several people, killing three children. williams immediately began circulating petitions in protestant neighbourhoods calling for an end to sectarian violence. this activity soon brought her into association with maguire ( then mairead corrigan ), an aunt of the slain children, who had been similarly galvanized into action. together they founded the peace people to advocate for an end to the northern ireland conflict. williams left the peace people organization in the early 1980s. soon afterward she immigrated to the united states, where she resided for two decades before moving to the republic of ireland. williams founded the world centers of compassion for children international in 1997. in 2006 she joined maguire and fellow nobel peace prize winners shirin ebadi, jody williams, wangari maathai, and rigoberta menchu to found the nobel women ’ s initiative. what made you want to look up " betty williams "? please share what surprised you most...


this is a " self delivery " pack which has been designed specifically for national science and engineering week 2013. the science behind fingeprints is well known! what is not so well known is the link between fingerprints and footprints. right angle events have launched a new education pack called ‘ toes for turf ’ comprising at least 4 hours of fun teaching material linked to key stage 1 - 4 mathematics. we have designed a fantastic scheme especially for national science & engineering week called " toes for turf ". the science behind fingerprints is well known. what is not so well known is the science behind footprints or " feet prints ". this activity enables students to take, classify and " lift " both fingerprints and foot prints. as the research on footprints is meagre, this scheme will allow students to make some discoveries about the correlation or otherwise between fingerprints and feet prints. barbara hepworth : the hospital drawings, taking place at pallant house gallery, chichester, ( 16 february - 2 june 2013 ) reveals the remarkable series of drawings and paintings made by barbara hepworth during the late 1940s, illustrating surgeons at work in operating theatres within post - war britain. featuring over 30 works, including hepworth ’ s sketchbook, the exhibition is the most significant presentation of this extraordinary series to date, comprising key loans from national, public and private collections. as part of an ongoing project " celebration of the bridges " celebrating the towns bridges as part of uk city of culture 2013 primary 6 classes will particiapte in a sentinus project whereby they do a number of different construction projects and then design their own bridge. hot water is a national short film competition, launching on world water day march 22nd at the wildfowl and wetland trust in barnes. brought to you by cool it schools. com the creative environmental programme, in partnership with wateraid, waterwise and wildscreen film festival. open to young people and students age 5 - 25 years. hot water celebrates the un international year of water cooperation. films can explore any aspect of water and there is a useful resource pack available on the cool it schools website. we ’ re throwing open our doors from 3 - 14 june 2013 and inviting you to join us in our festival of learning. this summer, you can : - debate how much intervention women should be able to choose during childbirth - explore how a placement student could add value to your business - see if you are a super - recogniser - learn more about mastering social media - debate the role of renewable energy sources


a gps receiver, for our purposes, is a small hand - held electronic device that receives multiple satellite signals to determine its position pratically anywhere on the globe. further detail the accuracy of gps receivers varies depending on a number of factors, including time of day, weather, obstructions ( trees, buildings, etc. ), satellite geometry, waas signals, and more. many geocachers allow their gpsr to get them close to a target, and then use the force to guide them the rest of the way. units prices can range from a under $ 100 to more than $ 500. selecting a gps for geocaching the bare essentials for a gps unit ( gpsr ) used to hunt a geocache are : ( 1 ) the ability to input and display user coordinates to three decimal places for the minutes, and ( 2 ) the use of wgs - 84 ( nad - 83 ) datum. while some have successfully hunted caches with units that don ' t meet these minimums, they do have some difficulties. all consumer grade units sold in the last few years will meet these minimums. can ' t live without be careful of the most inexpensive units because they do not include a data cable that hooks up to your computer. you will want a data cable to reduce time entering coordinates and errors inputing them manually. many a new cacher, and even experienced, has been frustrated when inadvertantly entering the wrong coordinates. another nice feature is mapping screen. the map will give you an overhead map that helps you get your bearings. most modern units will have some sort of mapping screen. this is not to be confused with a mapping unit which will have detailed real - world maps includes roads, rivers, and more. another nice feature is a bearing pointer ( arrow navigation ) screen. this screen indicates the direction and distance to your destination coordinates. usually, " up " can be configured either to north or to the direction you are currently travelling. gpsr devices designed for car travel may not have this feature. most mid to higher end gps units allow you to add real - world maps of different flavors to your units. the types of maps can be detailed roads and streets, topo maps with detailed topographical features, or both. the area your unit can hold is determined by the amount of data that will fit in the unit ' s memory. some units have removable memory so you can use large data sets or swap smaller ones out for others. autorouting units will give you turn - by -


many american adults lack literacy skillsaccording to the 1992 national adult literacy survey, some 90 million american adults - - about 47 percent of the u. s. population - - demonstrate low levels of literacy. these individuals lack the literacy skills to function adequately in our increasingly complex society. individuals with low or limited literacy may experience difficulty applying reading, writing, computational, and information processing skills to everyday life situations. while people with literacy problems may be found among all ethnicities, races, and classes, a significant correlation does exist between literacy, and both education and income levels. federal agencies often rely on print materials to tell people about health information and social services. many of these materials are written at the 10th grade reading level and above. these materials are not useful to people with limited - literacy skills. a workgroup composed of government communicators from diverse department of health and human services ' agencies met to address the disparity between the reading level of available print materials and the reading ability of many americans. this set of guidelines, which was developed to assist writers in communicating effectively to low - literate audiences, is the result of their efforts. about clear and simplethis guide outlines a process for developing publications for people with limited - literacy skills. the process was derived from communications, health education, and literacy research and practice. in addition, writers who have produced low - literacy materials contributed their expertise. thus, the guide features both proven principles and a discussion of the real life issues that individuals developing low - literacy materials face, such as the constraints of time, budget, organizational pressures, and the government publications process. a review of existing examples and discussions with experienced writers makes it clear that the low - literacy field is an evolving discipline. many definitions of " low - literacy " exist, and some products receive this designation incorrectly, simply because they test at a lower reading level. even when the communicator pays careful attention to appropriate educational principles, the product may not exemplify perfectly these principles to all readers and reviewers. deciding whether a passage or an illustration follows low - literacy guidelines and communicates effectively is a subjective judgment. this fact underscores the importance of testing all materials with the intended audience, whose understanding and acceptance is critical. one writer summed up the challenge this way : " everyone recognizes that we need to make print products more accessible to low - literate audiences. but developing low - literacy products is a major change from ' business as usual. ' in some respects, it ' s like learning how to write,


- mistletoe is a semiparasitic plant that grows on several types of common trees such as apple, oak, pine, and elm. mistletoe extract has been used since ancient times to treat many ailments ( see question 1 ). - mistletoe is one of the most widely studied complementary and alternative medicine therapies in people with cancer. in certain european countries, preparations made from european mistletoe are among the most prescribed drugs for patients with cancer ( see question 1 ). - mistletoe extract has been shown to kill cancer cells in the laboratory and to affect the immune system. however, there is limited evidence that mistletoe ' s effects on the immune system help the body fight cancer ( see question 2 and question 3 ). - mistletoe extracts are usually given by injection under the skin or, less often, into a vein, into the pleural cavity, or into the tumor. ( see question 4 ). - animal studies have suggested that mistletoe may be useful in decreasing the side effects of standard anticancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation ( see question 5 ). - several human studies using mistletoe to treat cancer have been done since the early 1960s, but major weaknesses in many of these have raised doubts about their findings ( see question 6 ). - very few harmful side effects have been reported from the use of mistletoe extract ( see question 7 ). - the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has not approved mistletoe as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition ( see question 8 ). - the fda does not allow injectable mistletoe to be imported, sold, or used except for clinical research ( see question 8 ). questions and answers about mistletoe - what is mistletoe? mistletoe is a semiparasitic plant that grows on several types of trees, including apple, oak, maple, elm, pine, and birch. it has been used for centuries to treat medical conditions such as epilepsy, hypertension, headaches, menopausal symptoms, infertility, arthritis, and rheumatism. mistletoe is one of the most widely studied complementary and alternative medicine therapies for cancer. in certain european countries, extracts made from european mistletoe are among the most prescribed therapies for cancer patients. these products are made and sold under brand names including : - iscador ( also called iscar ). - isorel


. in certain european countries, extracts made from european mistletoe are among the most prescribed therapies for cancer patients. these products are made and sold under brand names including : - iscador ( also called iscar ). - isorel ( also called vysorel ). - lektinol ( also called plenosol ). this summary discusses research done mainly with this mistletoe species. the chemical makeup of mistletoe products varies, depending on many factors, including : - the type of host tree on which the mistletoe plant grows. - the time of year the plant is harvested. - the species of mistletoe. - whether the extract is fermented or unfermented. - whether the extract is prepared with homeopathic methods. - the company that makes the product. mistletoe extracts are prepared as water - based solutions or solutions of water and alcohol. mistletoe products may be named according to the type of host tree on which the plant grows. for example, iscadorm is from apple trees, iscadorp comes from pine trees, iscadorq is from oak trees, and iscadoru comes from elm trees. some users believe that the type of mistletoe extract chosen should depend on the type of tumor and the sex of the patient. - what is the history of the discovery and use of mistletoe as a complementary or alternative treatment for cancer? mistletoe was used by the druids and the ancient greeks, and appears in legend and folklore as a panacea or " cure - all ". modern interest in mistletoe as a possible treatment for cancer began in the 1920s. extracts of mistletoe have been shown to kill cancer cells in the laboratory and to boost the immune system ( the complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infection or disease ). for this reason, mistletoe has been classified as a type of biological response modifier ( a substance that stimulates the body ' s response to infection and disease ). extracts of mistletoe have also been shown in the laboratory to prevent the growth of new blood vessels needed for tumors to grow. ingredients in mistletoe that have been studied for their usefulness in treating cancer include : - what is the theory behind the claim that mistletoe is useful in treating cancer? mistletoe extract is studied as a possible anticancer agent because it has been shown to : - have effects on the immune system. -


cancer include : - what is the theory behind the claim that mistletoe is useful in treating cancer? mistletoe extract is studied as a possible anticancer agent because it has been shown to : - have effects on the immune system. - kill mouse, rat, and human cancer cells in the laboratory. - protect the dna in white blood cells in the laboratory, including cells that have been exposed to dna - damaging chemotherapy drugs. - how is mistletoe administered? mistletoe extracts are usually given by injection under the skin ( subcutaneous ). less common ways to give mistletoe include by mouth, into a vein ( intravenous or iv ), into the pleural cavity, or into the tumor. in most reported studies, injections under the skin were given 2 to 3 times a week for various lengths of time. - what preclinical ( laboratory or animal ) studies have been conducted using mistletoe? many laboratory and animal studies have been done with mistletoe, either alone or combined with other agents. laboratory studies have suggested that mistletoe may support the immune system by increasing the number and activity of various types of white blood cells. one type of european mistletoe ( iscadorq ) used in a 2004 laboratory study showed a strong anticancer effect on certain types of cancer cells but no anticancer effect on other types of cancer cells. while one laboratory study reported that mistletoe extract caused several types of human cancer cells to grow faster, this was not found in other recent lab studies. studies testing mistletoe ' s ability to stop cancer cell growth in animals have yielded mixed and inconsistent results, depending on the extract used, the dose tested, the way it was given, and the type of cancer studied. results of a few animal studies have suggested that mistletoe may be useful in decreasing the side effects of standard anticancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and that it counteracts the effects of drugs used to suppress the immune system, such as cortisone. - have any clinical trials ( research studies with people ) been conducted using mistletoe? most clinical trials using mistletoe to treat cancer have been done in europe. most study results have been published in german. although many of these trials have reported mistletoe to be effective, there are major weaknesses in almost all that raise doubts about their findings. weaknesses have included small numbers of patients, incomplete patient data, lack of information about mistletoe dose,


. although many of these trials have reported mistletoe to be effective, there are major weaknesses in almost all that raise doubts about their findings. weaknesses have included small numbers of patients, incomplete patient data, lack of information about mistletoe dose, and problems with study design. many studies involve using mistletoe as adjuvant therapy in patients with cancer. one retrospective cohort study done between 1993 and 2000 looked at the use of a mistletoe extract ( iscador ) as long - term adjuvant therapy in 800 patients treated with chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy for colorectal cancer that had not spread. the study found that patients treated with iscador had fewer adverse events, better symptom relief, and improved disease - free survival compared to patients who did not receive iscador as adjuvant therapy. in 2002, the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ), in cooperation with the national cancer institute ( nci ), began enrolling patients for a phase i clinical trial of a mistletoe extract ( helixor a ) and gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. this combination showed low toxicity and showed treatment benefits in almost half the patients. the trial is now closed and the data are being analyzed. before researchers can conduct clinical drug research in the united states, they must file an investigational new drug ( ind ) application with the food and drug administration ( fda ). the fda does not make information public about ind applications or approvals ; this information can be made public only by the applicants. at present, at least two u. s. investigators have ind approval to study mistletoe as a treatment for cancer. - have any side effects or risks been reported from mistletoe? very few serious side effects have been reported from the use of mistletoe extract products. common side effects include soreness and inflammation at injection sites, headache, fever, and chills. a few cases of severe allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, have been reported. - is mistletoe approved by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) for use as a cancer treatment in the united states? the united states food and drug administration ( fda ) has not approved the use of mistletoe as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. the fda does not allow injectable mistletoe extracts to be imported or used except for clinical research. at this time, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of mistletoe


as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. the fda does not allow injectable mistletoe extracts to be imported or used except for clinical research. at this time, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of mistletoe as a treatment for cancer except in carefully designed clinical trials. these trials will give more information about whether mistletoe can be useful in treating certain types of cancer. current clinical trials check nci ’ s list of cancer clinical trials for cancer cam clinical trials on mistletoe extract that are actively enrolling patients. general information about clinical trials is available from the nci web site. changes to this summary ( 02 / 20 / 2013 ) editorial changes were made to this summary. general cam information complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) — also referred to as integrative medicine — includes a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies. a therapy is generally called complementary when it is used in addition to conventional treatments ; it is often called alternative when it is used instead of conventional treatment. ( conventional treatments are those that are widely accepted and practiced by the mainstream medical community. ) depending on how they are used, some therapies can be considered either complementary or alternative. complementary and alternative therapies are used in an effort to prevent illness, reduce stress, prevent or reduce side effects and symptoms, or control or cure disease. unlike conventional treatments for cancer, complementary and alternative therapies are often not covered by insurance companies. patients should check with their insurance provider to find out about coverage for complementary and alternative therapies. cancer patients considering complementary and alternative therapies should discuss this decision with their doctor, nurse, or pharmacist as they would any therapeutic approach, because some complementary and alternative therapies may interfere with their standard treatment or may be harmful when used with conventional treatment. evaluation of cam approaches it is important that the same rigorous scientific evaluation used to assess conventional approaches be used to evaluate cam therapies. the national cancer institute ( nci ) and the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) are sponsoring a number of clinical trials ( research studies ) at medical centers to evaluate cam therapies for cancer. conventional approaches to cancer treatment have generally been studied for safety and effectiveness through a rigorous scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients. less is known about the safety and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods. few cam therapies have undergone rigorous evaluation. a small number of cam therapies originally considered to


through a rigorous scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients. less is known about the safety and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods. few cam therapies have undergone rigorous evaluation. a small number of cam therapies originally considered to be purely alternative approaches are finding a place in cancer treatment — not as cures, but as complementary therapies that may help patients feel better and recover faster. one example is acupuncture. according to a panel of experts at a national institutes of health ( nih ) consensus conference in november 1997, acupuncture has been found to be effective in the management of chemotherapy - associated nausea and vomiting and in controlling pain associated with surgery. in contrast, some approaches, such as the use of laetrile, have been studied and found ineffective or potentially harmful. the nci best case series program, which was started in 1991, is one way cam approaches that are being used in practice are being investigated. the program is overseen by the nci ’ s office of cancer complementary and alternative medicine ( occam ). health care professionals who offer alternative cancer therapies submit their patients ’ medical records and related materials to occam. occam conducts a critical review of the materials and develops follow - up research strategies for approaches deemed to warrant nci - initiated research. questions to ask your health care provider about cam when considering complementary and alternative therapies, patients should ask their health care provider the following questions : - what side effects can be expected? - what are the risks associated with this therapy? - do the known benefits outweigh the risks? - what benefits can be expected from this therapy? - will the therapy interfere with conventional treatment? - is this therapy part of a clinical trial? - if so, who is sponsoring the trial? - will the therapy be covered by health insurance? to learn more about cam national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) at the national institutes of health ( nih ) facilitates research and evaluation of complementary and alternative practices, and provides information about a variety of approaches to health professionals and the public. - nccam clearinghouse - post office box 7923 gaithersburg, md 20898 – 7923 - telephone : 1 – 888 – 644 – 6226 ( toll free ) 301 – 519 – 3153 ( for international callers ) - tty ( for deaf and hard of hearing callers ) : 1 – 866


7923 - telephone : 1 – 888 – 644 – 6226 ( toll free ) 301 – 519 – 3153 ( for international callers ) - tty ( for deaf and hard of hearing callers ) : 1 – 866 – 464 – 3615 - fax : 1 – 866 – 464 – 3616 - e - mail : email @ example. com - web site : http : / / nccam. nih. gov cam on pubmed nccam and the nih national library of medicine ( nlm ) jointly developed cam on pubmed, a free and easy - to - use search tool for finding cam - related journal citations. as a subset of the nlm ' s pubmed bibliographic database, cam on pubmed features more than 230, 000 references and abstracts for cam - related articles from scientific journals. this database also provides links to the web sites of over 1, 800 journals, allowing users to view full - text articles. ( a subscription or other fee may be required to access full - text articles. ) cam on pubmed is available through the nccam web site. it can also be accessed through nlm pubmed bibliographic database by selecting the " limits " tab and choosing " complementary medicine " as a subset. office of cancer complementary and alternative medicine the nci office of cancer complementary and alternative medicine ( occam ) coordinates the activities of the nci in the area of complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ). occam supports cam cancer research and provides information about cancer - related cam to health providers and the general public via the nci web site. national cancer institute ( nci ) cancer information service u. s. residents may call the nci cancer information service toll free at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ) monday through friday from 8 : 00 am to 8 : 00 pm. a trained cancer information specialist is available to answer your questions. food and drug administration the food and drug administration ( fda ) regulates drugs and medical devices to ensure that they are safe and effective. - food and drug administration - 5600 fishers lane - rockville, md 20857 - telephone : 1 – 888 – 463 – 6332 ( toll free ) - web site : http : / / www. fda. gov / federal trade commission the federal trade commission ( ftc ) enforces consumer protection laws. publications available from the ftc include : - who cares : sources of information about health


free ) - web site : http : / / www. fda. gov / federal trade commission the federal trade commission ( ftc ) enforces consumer protection laws. publications available from the ftc include : - who cares : sources of information about health care products and services - fraudulent health claims : don ’ t be fooled - consumer response center - federal trade commission - washington, dc 20580 - telephone : 1 - 877 - ftc - help ( 1 - 877 - 382 - 4357 ) ( toll free ) - tty ( for deaf and hearing impaired callers ) : 202 - 326 - 2502 - web site : http : / / www. ftc. gov / pdq is a comprehensive cancer database available on nci ' s web site. pdq is the national cancer institute ' s ( nci ' s ) comprehensive cancer information database. most of the information contained in pdq is available online at nci ' s web site. pdq is provided as a service of the nci. the nci is part of the national institutes of health, the federal government ' s focal point for biomedical research. pdq contains cancer information summaries. the pdq database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. most summaries are available in two versions. the health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. the patient versions are written in easy - to - understand, nontechnical language. both versions provide current and accurate cancer information. images in the pdq summaries are used with permission of the author ( s ), artist, and / or publisher for use within the pdq summaries only. permission to use images outside the context of pdq information must be obtained from the owner ( s ) and cannot be granted by the national cancer institute. information about using the illustrations in the pdq summaries, along with many other cancer - related images, are available in visuals online, a collection of over 2, 000 scientific images. the pdq cancer information summaries are developed by cancer experts and reviewed regularly. editorial boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. the summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. the date on each summary ( " date last modified " ) indicates the time of the most recent change. pdq also contains information on clinical trials


summaries. the summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. the date on each summary ( " date last modified " ) indicates the time of the most recent change. pdq also contains information on clinical trials. a clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. during treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. if a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become " standard. " patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment. listings of clinical trials are included in pdq and are available online at nci ' s web site. descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in pdq. for more information, call the cancer information service 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ).


the lower hudson valley has long been considered the epicenter for lyme disease in new york state. as a result, most dutchess county residents are well acquainted with the disease. they know it ' s spread by a tick bite, they perform tick checks after spending time in the forested and brushy habitats ticks prefer, and they consult with a physician if they develop a bull ' s - eye rash or fever with accompanying muscle pain. disease transmission spikes in the summer, reflecting the peak in feeding by nymphal ticks and human outdoor activity. on the whole, the number of infections and the disease ' s range is increasing. could climate change be playing a role? to understand the impact of a warming climate on lyme disease, it ' s helpful to reflect on the history of this tick - borne illness. when lyme disease was first discovered in the 1970s in southern new england and new york, scientists identified a new bacterium ( borrelia burgdorferi ) that causes the disease. they also thought they had found a new species of tick that transmits the bacteria, which they gave the common name " deer tick " ( scientific name ixodes dammini ). the scientists then set out to describe the ecology of this " new " tick. they found them predominantly in coastal areas, and they found many of the ticks feeding on white - tailed deer, hence the common name. they concluded from these early studies that the ticks, and thus lyme disease, were limited to climates near the coast. at the same time, it was found that it was easy to kill ticks in the lab by subjecting them to extreme temperatures ( low or high ) and low humidity. scientists began to suspect global warming might spread the warm, coastal conditions the tick preferred, causing lyme disease to spread inland and to higher elevations. ecological and climatic models also supported this hypothesis. evidence debunks theory three decades later, it ' s evident lyme disease has, and is continuing to, spread dramatically in eastern north america. but the evidence now indicates the early models used to predict the disease ' s spread were too simple and sometimes flat - out wrong. why were they wrong and why is lyme disease spreading? first, it turns out there is no such thing as a " deer tick. " the tick found where lyme disease emerged was not a new species, but rather a northern population of a species that has been known to science for 150 years. this species is the blacklegged tick ( ixodes scapular


deer tick. " the tick found where lyme disease emerged was not a new species, but rather a northern population of a species that has been known to science for 150 years. this species is the blacklegged tick ( ixodes scapularis ). blacklegged ticks range from georgia and the carolinas to texas and oklahoma, up to minnesota and wisconsin and into the mid - atlantic and new england states. clearly, they can live in a broad range of climatic conditions. second, although it ' s true lyme disease has moved inland, northward and to higher altitudes, as would be expected under climate warming, it has also spread south from coastal new england into maryland and virginia. and third, blacklegged ticks are sophisticated little creatures that can seek protection from extreme climatic conditions in the soil or under leaf litter. so they ' re fairly well buffered against cold winters or dry summers. we know very little about which climate extremes are important causes of mortality. so, what is the role of climate in the spread of lyme disease? the short answer is, we don ' t yet know. it ' s highly likely the geographic range of the blacklegged tick is limited at high latitudes and high elevations by extreme cold. and climate change is pushing northward and upward into the zone of extreme cold. so we should expect the geographic boundaries of lyme disease to move northward and upslope. but the spread over the past 30 years seems to have been caused more by the movements of host animals — especially larger mammals : raccoons, skunks and deer and migratory birds — which can move ticks miles in a few days. so the emerging picture is that highly mobile hosts are constantly introducing ticks into new environments. whether these new tick populations persist or die out depends in part on climatic conditions. climate change is making their survival in northern, higher elevation areas more and more likely. more research in this area is needed before we can confidently make predictions. what we do know is that lyme disease, which has been a serious problem in the hudson valley for decades, is now spreading throughout the state ' s northern and central reaches.


day when agnes, then thirteen years old, was returning home from school, she happened to meet symphronius, a son of the city prefect. at once he became passionately attracted to her and tried to win her by precious gifts. agnes repelled him, saying : " away from me, food of death, for i have already found another lover " ( r. ant. ). " with his ring my lord jesus christ has betrothed me, and he has adorned me with the bridal crown " ( 3. ant., lauds ). " my right hand and my neck he has encircled with precious stones, and has given me earrings with priceless pearls ; he has decked me with lovely, glittering gems " ( 2. ant. ). " the lord has clothed me with a robe of gold, he has adorned me with priceless jewels " ( 4. ant. ). " honey and milk have i received from his mouth, and his blood has reddened my cheeks " ( 5. ant. ). " i love christ, into whose chamber i shall enter, whose mother is a virgin, whose father knows not woman, whose music and melody are sweet to my ears. when i love him, i remain chaste ; when i touch him, i remain pure ; when i possess him, i remain a virgin " ( 2. resp. ). " i am betrothed to him whom the angels serve, whose beauty the sun and moon admire " ( 9. ant. ). " for him alone i keep my troth, to him i surrender with all my heart " ( 6. ant. ). incensed by her rebuff, symphronius denounced agnes to his father, the city prefect. when he threatened her with commitment to a house of ill fame, agnes replied : " at my side i have a protector of my body, an angel of the lord " ( 2. ant., lauds ). " when agnes entered the house of shame, she found an angel of the lord ready to protect her " ( 1. ant., lauds ). a light enveloped her and blinded all who tried to approach. then another judge condemned her to the stake because the pagan priests accused her of sorcery. surrounded by flames she prayed with outstretched arms : " i beseech you, father almighty, most worthy of awe and adoration. through your most holy son i escaped the threats of the impious tyrant and passed through satan


of sorcery. surrounded by flames she prayed with outstretched arms : " i beseech you, father almighty, most worthy of awe and adoration. through your most holy son i escaped the threats of the impious tyrant and passed through satan ' s filth with feet unsullied. behold, i now come to you, whom i have loved, whom i have sought, whom i have always desired. " she gave thanks as follows : " o you, the almighty one, who must be adored, worshipped, feared - i praise you because through your only begotten son i have escaped the threats of wicked men and have walked through the filth of sin with feet unsullied. i extol you with my lips, and i desire you with all my heart and strength. " after the flames died out, she continued : " i praise you, father of my lord jesus christ, because by your son the fire around me was extinguished " ( 4. ant., lauds ). and now she longed for union with christ : " behold, what i yearned for, i already see ; what i hoped for, i already hold in embrace ; with him i am united in heaven whom on earth i loved with all my heart " ( ben. ant. ). her wish was granted ; the judge ordered her beheaded. — the church ' s year of grace, pius parschpatron : affianced couples ; betrothed couples ; bodily purity ; chastity ; children of mary ; colegio capranica of rome ; crops ; engaged couples ; gardeners ; girl scouts ; girls ; rape victims ; diocese of rockville centre, new york ; virgins. symbols : lamb ; woman with long hair and a lamb, sometimes with a sword at her throat ; woman with a dove which holds a ring in its beak ; woman with a lamb at her side. things to do : - read st. ambrose ' s de virginibus about the martyrdom of st. agnes. " it is the birthday of a martyr, let us offer the victim. it is the birthday of st. agnes, let men admire, let children take courage, let the married be astounded, let the unmarried take an example. " the week of prayer for christian unity day four : walking as children of the earth awareness of our place in god ’ s creation draws us together, as we realize our interdependence upon one another and the earth. contemplating the urgent calls to environmental


ordinary time : october 17th memorial of saint ignatius of antioch, bishop and martyr old calendar : st. margaret mary alacoque, virgin st. ignatius is one of the great bishops of the early church. he was the successor of st. peter as bishop of antioch. he was condemned to death by wild beasts during the emperor trajan ' s persecution. on his way to rome, he wrote seven magnificent letters, which we still have today, concerning the person of christ, his love for christ, his desire for martyrdom and on the constitution of the church and christian life. his sentiments before his approaching martyrdom are summed in his word in the communion antiphon, " i am the wheat of christ, ground by the teeth of beasts to become pure bread. " before the reform of the roman calendar in 1969, this was the memorial of st. margaret mary alacoque, virgin. in the present calendar, her feast is an optional memorial celebrated on october 16. st. ignatius feast was celebrated on february 1. st. ignatius of antioch in the martyrology we read : " at rome, the holy bishop and martyr ignatius. he was the second successor to the apostle peter in the see of antioch. in the persecution of trajan he was condemned to the wild beasts and sent in chains to rome. there, by the emperor ' s order, he was subjected to most cruel tortures in the presence of the senate and then thrown to the lions. torn to pieces by their teeth, he became a victim for christ. " - find the epistles of st. ignatius. read and meditate upon his words ; meditate on the words of st. ignatius in the communion antiphon. are we able to accept martyrdom, either bodily death, or " white martyrdom "? jesus himself was the grain of wheat who had to die to bear fruit. the fruit produced is the mystical body, the church. pius parsch explains that : " in turn each christian becomes a grain of wheat that matures for the mill of martyrdom! read the communion as if it were your own composition. i, a kernel of wheat! i, too, am destined for the mill of suffering, to be ground — not only was it true of ignatius. what type of beasts ' teeth will crush me? persecution? pain and suffering? other people? it makes no difference, the kernel must die, either buried in the ground to produce another stalk or crushed to become bread. is not this our destiny in life, to die to self or


cdc releases new guidance on genetic testing for immediate release : june 11, 2009 contact : cdc media relations, ( 404 ) 639 - 3286 the centers for disease control and prevention is releasing the first federal government recommendations to foster accuracy and appropriate use of molecular, or dna - based, genetic tests. the guidance, entitled “ good laboratory practices for molecular genetic testing for heritable diseases and conditions, ” addresses considerations for clinical and laboratory professionals that are important for achieving patient benefits and avoiding medical mistakes when molecular genetic tests are used. these include ensuring proper test method selection and test performance, as well as appropriate test result reporting, interpretation and use. the guidance also covers factors to consider before introducing new tests and what qualifications laboratory personnel should have to perform testing. the recommendations are intended for use by clinical and public health professionals, and those evaluating laboratory practices and policies. molecular genetic testing is one of the most rapidly growing areas of laboratory testing in the united states. the number of genetic diseases and conditions for which tests are available has more than tripled from 423 in the past eight years to more than 1, 300 today. the growth of direct - to - consumer testing – which is permitted in 37 states and often done without oversight – has raised additional concern about the potential misuse of genetic tests. dna - based genetic tests are used to help make decisions about patient care, such as whether patients have or may be at risk for a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis or whether they may be prone to chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes and blood clotting disorders. getting an accurate diagnosis influences a patient ’ s course of treatment and how they deal with a disease or disease threat. implementation of the genetic testing guidance can improve accurate diagnoses and ultimately ensure that patients and their doctors can make the best decisions for their health. the report is under embargo until 12 p. m. et today. the new recommendations are available through the cdc ’ s mmwr website at http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / mmwr _ rr. html. - historical document : june 10, 2009 - content source : office of the associate director for communication - notice : links to non - governmental sites do not necessarily represent the views of the cdc. get e - mail updates to receive e - mail updates about this page, enter your - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 - contact cdc - info


by studying the number of people identified with a developmental disability at different points in time, we at the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) can find out if the number is rising, dropping, or staying the same. we also can compare the number of children with developmental disabilities in different areas of the country and among different groups of people, such as girls and boys, and children in different racial and ethnic groups. this information can help direct our research into potential risk factors and causes and can help communities direct their outreach efforts to those who need it most. the importance of tracking through cdc ’ s work in tracking developmental disabilities over the past 20 years, more is known about which children are more likely to have developmental disabilities, at what age they are likely to be diagnosed, and whether progress has been made in early identification of children with developmental disabilities. this is the information communities need to plan for services and understand where improvements can be made to help these children. on a national scale, cdc ’ s work on developmental disabilities is guiding critical research and informing programs and policies. following are activities that cdc conducts or funds in order to learn more about developmental disabilities. autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) network to get a better picture of the scope of autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) in the united states, the children ’ s health act of 2000 authorized cdc to create the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) network. the addm network is a group of programs funded by cdc to estimate the number of children with autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) and other developmental disabilities living in different areas of the united states. the addm network currently monitors asds, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability, and is the largest multisite collaboration monitoring these conditions in the united states. the addm network sites all collect data using the same method, which is modeled after the method used by cdc ’ s metropolitan atlanta developmental disabilities surveillance program ( maddsp ). each addm network site is made up of a geographic region within a state. the addm network site tracks the number and characteristics of 8 - year - old children who live in that geographic region. the addm network uses a two - stage, records - based tracking method. first, trained abstractors review and abstract detailed information from health and education records at multiple sources that evaluate and provide services to children with developmental disabilities. the abstracted information from all sources for a given child is then reviewed by trained clinicians. these trained clinicians determine if the child meets the criteria for one or