the mission of the ashwaubenon physical education department is to promote health, physical fitness and wellness from kindergarten through the high school years using a variety of age - appropriate activities. physical education contributes to the total growth of the child through movement experiences and physical activity. kindergarten physical education your child will have pe for 3, 30 - minute classes per week. during this time they will participate in age - appropriate activities that often integrate what they are learning in the classroom with physical activity. colors, numbers, shapes, patterns will be put into action! activities include : the physical skills they learn this year include locomotor skills ( run, gallop, skip, hop, etc. ), body awareness, cooperative games, ball and striking skills, and low - organized games. physical education class is also a great opportunity to work on the social skills, such as following directions, working with others and taking turns. for your child ’ s safety, each student is required to wear gym shoes or tennis shoes for physical education. if your child wears open - toes ( sandals ) or dress shoes to school, please pack a pair of gym shoes on their pe day to change into or keep a spare pair in their locker. feel free to observe or join in a class at any time.


dates : b. 1851 ; 1885 to the us and nyc ; 1904 to rimr ; d. 1920 locations : practicing physician, nyc ( late 1890s ) ; physiologist and member, rockefeller institute for medical research ( 1904 ‑ 1920 ) training : md in germany under helmholtz, du bois ‑ reymond, and hugo kronecker sab involvement : charter sab member ( present 1900, 1902 meetings ) ; resigned sab 1917 ; founder of ny society for experimental biology and medicine ; founder of society for clinical investigation archives files : nat. cyc. american biog. 15, 1916 ; dsb meltzer was over 50 when appointed to the rimr. he was trained initially as a physiologist, and was appointed the first of that title. he was trained in germany, and left the country because of his being a jew. he was, according to corner the epitome of the effort to combine laboratory work and medical practice. his soc. for clin. invest. was called the young terms. meltzer studied the effect of adrenaline. he also had an odd notion of " factors of safety " or the general biological law of adaptation of the organism to environmental stress. at the 1900 meeting of the sab, he presented " a few experimental data on hypodermic injections, " which was discussed by sedgwick and park. at the 1908 sab meeting, meltzer discussed the " mechanical destruction of tetanus toxin. "


lupus and norma - downloadable article on the fringes of the southern milky way, planetary nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies liven up the modest wolf and carpenter ' s square. march 3, 2009 | this downloadable article is from an astronomy magazine 45 - article series called " celestial portraits. " the collection highlights all 88 constellations in the sky and explains how to observe each constellation ' s deep - sky targets. the articles feature star charts, stunning pictures, and constellation mythology. we ' ve put together 11 digital packages. each one contains four celestial portraits articles for you to purchase and download. | " lupus and norma " is one of four articles included in celestial portraits package 10. the skies become more and more starry in the hours preceding the celestial arrival of the milky way ' s center. in this region, the narrow stream of the milky way pools into a wide lake whose edges extend some 20° away from the plane of the galaxy ' s disk. the stellar activity picks up in the constellation lupus the wolf. a modest - sized constellation spanning 334 square degrees, it contains 10 stars brighter than 4th magnitude among a preponderance of fainter naked - eye stars. many of them share the same distance : six of the seven brightest members of lupus are about 500 light - years away. however, it ' s difficult to form a wolf or any other pattern out of this jumble of bright stars. to read the complete article, purchase and download celestial portraits package 10. | deep - sky targets in lupus and norma | ic 4406, ngc 5643, ngc 5749, eso 274 - 1, ngc 5882, ngc 5925, ngc 5927, menzel 1, ngc 5986, shapley 1, ngc 6067, sl 8, menzel 2, ngc 6087, ngc 6134, ngc 6152, ngc 6167


ughhhhh, i can ' t ever remember! beginning reader lesson to become successful, independent readers, students must first understand phonemes. vowel sounds are very important when first learning letter sounds. this lesson is designed help students recognize words with the correspondence u = / u /. book : bud the sub dry erase board and markers list of words : sub, bud, tub, mud, tuck, cup, up, pup ( words without u to throw in - mad, bed, dog, sad, lot ) tongue twister : " the unusual man was under the ugly umbrella. " 1. introduce the u = / u / correspondence and how to hear it in spoken words. today we are going to learn about the letter u. everyone put your finger on your chin and make a sound like your thinking about something. everyone say " uhhhhhhh. " i want someone to tell me what your mouth does when you make that sound. good job! your mouth opens and your tongue stays still. let ' s all say it together. now i am going to say some words and you tell me which ones have the letter u in them. 2. does everyone know what a u looks like? i will draw one on the board. now i am going to write some of the words we listened to earlier that had u in them and some of them that didn ' t, and i want us to find the u ' s as a class. each student should have at least one chance to point out the u or say no u. 3. i will write a tongue twister on the board. " the unusual man was under the ugly umbrella. " who has heard of a tongue twister? well, i am going to say one to you all and then we are going to say it together. this will help us practice the u sound. after we have said the tongue twister a few times, i will have them listen to me and clap when they hear a word with u in it. then we will practice the tongue twister a few more times. 4. i will pass out student copies to bud the sub. the students will sit in groups and will be required to each read at least one page of the book until they have read the entire book. 5. after reading the book, the students will have had more opportunities seeing the word, and we will practice writing the letter u. i will write it on the board. i will have drawn a line that looks like their primary paper. i will write on the


use it or lose it : preventing cognitive decline changes in cognitive function, such as slow speed of information processing, are common in normal aging. however, there is considerable variation among individuals, and cognitive decline is not inevitable. in fact, many older adults appear to avoid cognitive decline into their ninth decade of life, and some even beyond. the best news of all is that some risk factors for cognitive decline are potentially manageable, according to researchers. three types of cognitive decline with aging have been recognized : risk factors for cognitive decline a number of research studies have identified common risk factors for cognitive decline. some of these risk factors include : if you have a medical condition that may be causing your cognitive decline, talk to your doctor. vital activities for a vital mind as you age, changes occur throughout your body, including in your brain. but while it may take older adults longer than younger people to do certain cognitive activities, like complex memory tests, some areas of mental ability may even improve, such as vocabulary. certain activities can assist older adults in increasing their capacity to learn and adapt as they age. stay socially active one study has found that having a limited social network is a risk factor for dementia in older persons. risk factors include living alone or not having any close social ties. therefore, maintaining many social connections and participating in social activities are recommended. researchers suggest that social activities help prevent cognitive decline by stimulating the mind and challenging people to communicate. participating in leisure activities like reading, playing board games, and playing musical instruments are associated with decreased risk of dementia. one study, published in the journal of the american medical association, found that frequent participation in mentally stimulating activities are associated with a reduced risk of alzheimer ’ s disease. mental stimulation is not limited to formal education and can include everyday activities such as : however, while these things certainly won ' t hurt, a systematic review of 36 trials found that improvements in memory couldn ' t be attributed specifically to mentally stimulating activities. some studies show improved cognitive functioning in older adults who exercise. it is possible that exercise may contribute to cognitive vitality by improving mood and reducing stress and other risk factors that contribute to cognitive decline. although more research is needed, data suggest that engaging in physical exercise, including enjoyable leisure activities, may help prevent cognitive decline. ask your doctor about herbs and supplements vitamins and other herbal supplements get lots of attention as possible cures or ways to prevent cognitive decline. but are supplements really helpful in people who are not deficient in certain vitamins? researchers have studied whether antioxidants, like


and supplements vitamins and other herbal supplements get lots of attention as possible cures or ways to prevent cognitive decline. but are supplements really helpful in people who are not deficient in certain vitamins? researchers have studied whether antioxidants, like vitamin e, are able to slow the progression of alzheimer ' s disease. the results have not clearly shown that they are of any benefit. ginkgo biloba has also gotten a lot of attention as researchers try to find out if this herb has any effect on age - related mental decline. as with vitamin e, the there has been no proven benefit for gingko in studies. nor has there been any benefit on cognitive performance found in people taking fish oil supplements. if you are considering herbs and supplements, talk to your doctor first. there may be safety issues related to other conditions that you have and other medicines that you are taking. eat a low - fat diet a nutritious, low - fat diet may protect against cognitive decline by providing necessary nutrients and reducing the risk of diseases that contribute to cognitive decline, such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and atherosclerosis. get help for sleep disorders sleep disorders and sleep disruption are common in older people. these may adversely affect cognitive function, particularly memory and learning. daytime sleepiness, which may be a symptom of a sleep disorder, has been associated with an increased risk for dementia. older adults may benefit from good sleep strategies, such as going to bed and waking up at the same time each day. seek help for other conditions cognitive decline in older adults is often associated with underlying medical conditions, such as high blood pressure. furthermore, many have more than one of these conditions, which may increase their risk for cognitive impairment. cognitive decline may be slowed when these conditions are treated. talk to your doctor if you are concerned about memory loss or other cognitive impairment, do not try to diagnose or treat yourself. your doctor can provide assessment, counseling, and treatment. national council on aging national institute on aging mental health canada seniors canada on - line alzheimer disease. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed /. updated july 11, 2012. accessed july 24, 2012. alzheimer ' s disease and non - alzheimer ’ s dementia. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / healthlibrar


, 2012. accessed july 24, 2012. alzheimer ' s disease and non - alzheimer ’ s dementia. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / healthlibrary /. updated august 2011. accessed july 24, 2012. enhancing memory and mental function. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / healthlibrary /. updated august 2011. accessed july 24, 2012. foley d, monjan a, masaki k, ross w, havlik r, white l, launer l. daytime sleepiness is associated with 3 - year incident dementia and cognitive decline in older japanese - american men. j am geriatr. soc 2001 dec ; 49 ( 12 ) : 1628. forgetfulness : knowing when to ask for help. national institutes of health national institute on aging website. available at : http : / / www. nia. nih.... updated april 2012. accessed july 24, 2012. fratiglioni l, wang hx, ericsson k, maytan m, winblad b. influence of social network on occurrence of dementia : a community - based longitudinal study. lancet. 2000 apr 15 ; 355 ( 9212 ) : 1315. mild cognitive impairment ( mci ). ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed /. updated june 7, 2012. accessed august 6, 2012. mild cognitive impairment ( mci ). mayo clinic website. available at : http : / / www. mayocli.... updated april 2010. accessed july 24, 2012. verghese j, lipton rb, katz mj, hall cp, derby ca, kuslansky g, ambrose af, et al. leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. n engl j med. 2003 jun 19 ; 348 ( 25 ) : 2508. wilson rs, mendes de leon cf, barnes ll, schneider ja, bienias jl, evans da, bennett da. participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident alzheimer disease. jama. 2002 feb 13 ; 287 ( 6 ) : 742 - 8. last reviewed july 2012 by brian randall, md


logging in or signing up tsunami leomessifan download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 4637 category : education license : all rights reserved like it ( 4 ) dislike it ( 1 ) added : december 31, 2010 this presentation is public favorites : 1 presentation description for the people who want it for their schools.. u can take some help here.. comments posting comment... by : amarnathamarnath ( 5 month ( s ) ago ) nice saving..... post reply close by : amarnathamarnath ( 5 month ( s ) ago ) rg saving..... edit comment close premium member presentation transcript slide 1 : tsunami name - ravi hasyagar class - 10th ‘ a ' slide 2 : introduction a tsunami or a tidal wave is a series of water waves ( called tsunami water trains ) caused by displacement of a large volume of a large volume of a body of water usually an ocean. these are caused due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or underwater explosions. in this presentation we will discuss about this natural disaster, its mitigation strategies and also see how the 2004 tsunami destroyed asian countries … slide 3 : causes of tsunami tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the earth ' s crustal deformation ; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. more specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical component of movement involved. movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami. drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake. overriding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift. plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water. the energy released produces tsunami waves slide 4 : characterstics while everyday wind waves have a wavelength (


before earthquake. overriding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift. plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water. the energy released produces tsunami waves slide 4 : characterstics while everyday wind waves have a wavelength ( from crest to crest ) of about 100 meters ( 330 ft ) and a height of roughly 2 meters ( 6. 6 ft ), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ). such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometers per hour ( 500 mph ), but due to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 meter ( 3. 3 ft ). this makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. ships rarely notice their passage. as the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, wave shoaling compresses the wave and its velocity slows below 80 kilometers per hour ( 50 mph ). its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave. since the wave still has such a long wavelength, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not break ( like a surf break ), but rather appears like a fast moving tidal bore. open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step - like wave with a steep - breaking front. when the tsunami ' s wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed ' run up '. run up is measured in meters above a reference sea level. a large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. the first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up. about 80 % of tsunamis occur in the pacific ocean, but are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. they are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, and bolides. slide 5 : drawback if the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough — called a drawback — rather than a wave crest, the water along the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. a drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front. drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave ' s


shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. a drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front. drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave ' s period. drawback can exceed hundreds of meters, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed. during the indian ocean tsunami, the sea withdrew and many people went onto the exposed sea bed to investigate. photos show people walking on the normally submerged areas with the advancing wave in the background. few survived. drawback in sri lanka slide 6 : intensity scale intensity scales the first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were the sieberg - ambraseys scale, used in the mediterranean sea and the imamura - iida intensity scale, used in the pacific ocean. the latter scale was modified by soloviev, who calculated the tsunami intensity i according to the formula where hav is the average wave height along the nearest coast. this scale, known as the soloviev - imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by the ngdc / noaa and the novosibirsk tsunami laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. slide 7 : magnetic scale the first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ml scale proposed by murty & loomis based on the potential energy. [ difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. abe introduced the tsunami magnitude scale mt, calculated from, where h is the maximum tsunami - wave amplitude ( in m ) measured by a tide gauge at a distance r from the epicenter, a, b & d are constants used to make the mtscale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale. slide 8 : tsunami 2004 indian ocean the 2004 indian ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred at 00 : 58 : 53 utc on december 26, 2004, with an epicenter off the west coast of sumatra, indonesia. the quake itself is known by the scientific community as the sumatra - andaman earthquake. the resulting tsunami is given various names, including the 2004 indian ocean tsunami, asian tsunami, indonesian tsunami, and boxing day tsunami. the earthquake was caused by subduction and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the indian ocean,


given various names, including the 2004 indian ocean tsunami, asian tsunami, indonesian tsunami, and boxing day tsunami. the earthquake was caused by subduction and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the indian ocean, killing over 230, 000 people in fourteen countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 meters ( 100 feet ) high. it was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. indonesia was the hardest hit, followed by sri lanka, india, and thailand. with a magnitude of between 9. 1 and 9. 3, it is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. this earthquake had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between 8. 3 and 10 minutes. it caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 cm ( 0. 4 inches ) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as alaska. its hypocenter was between simeulue and mainland indonesia. slide 9 : countries affected slide 10 : aftershocks and other earthquakes numerous aftershocks were reported off the andaman islands, the nicobar islands and the region of the original epicenter in the hours and days that followed. the largest aftershock, which originated off the coast of the sumatran island of nias, registered a magnitude of 8. 7, prompting debate among seismologists as to whether it should be classified as an aftershock of the december 2004 quake or as a " triggered earthquake " ( which typically differs from an aftershock in that it is not located along the same fault line and may be as large or larger than the earthquake which triggered it ). this earthquake was so large that it produced its own aftershocks ( some registering a magnitude of as great as 6. 1 ) and presently ranks as the 7th largest earthquake on record since 1900. other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6. 6 continued to shake the region daily for up to three or four months. as well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. a week after the earthquake, its reverberations could still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the earth ' s interior. the 2004 indian ocean earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8. 1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of new zealand ' s sub - antarctic auckland islands, and north of australia ' s macquarie island. this is unusual, since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more occur only about once per


three days after a magnitude 8. 1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of new zealand ' s sub - antarctic auckland islands, and north of australia ' s macquarie island. this is unusual, since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more occur only about once per year on average. some seismologists have speculated about a connection between these two earthquakes, saying that the former one might have been a catalyst to the indian ocean earthquake, as the two earthquakes happened on opposite sides of the indo - australian plate. however, the u. s. geological survey sees no evidence of a causal relationship in this incident. coincidentally, the earthquake struck almost exactly one year ( to the hour ) after a 6. 6 magnitude earthquake killed an estimated 30, 000 people in the city of bam in iran on december 26, 2003. [ some scientists confirm that the december earthquake had activated leuser mountain, a volcano in aceh province along the same range of peaks as mount talang, while the 2005 sumatran earthquake had sparked activity in lake toba, an ancient crater in sumatra. [ geologists say that the eruption of mount talang in april 2005 is connected to the december earthquake slide 11 : condition of india after 2004 tsunami slide 13 : mitigation things to know about tsunami tsunamis that strike coastal locations in the pacific ocean basin are most always caused by earthquakes. these earthquakes might occur far away or near where you live. some tsunamis can be very large. in coastal areas their height can be as great as 30 feet or more ( 100 feet in extreme cases ), and they can move inland several hundred feet. all low - lying coastal areas can be struck by tsunamis. a tsunami consists of a series of waves. often the first wave may not be the largest. the danger from a tsunami can last for several hours after the arrival of the first wave. tsunamis can move faster than a person can run. sometimes a tsunami causes the water near the shore to recede, exposing the ocean floor. the force of some tsunamis is enormous. large rocks weighing several tons along with boats and other debris can be moved inland hundreds of feet by tsunami wave activity. homes and other buildings are destroyed. all this material and water move with great force and can kill or injure people. tsunamis can occur at any time, day or night. tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the ocean. slide 14 : what to do when you are on land be aware of tsunami facts. this knowledge could save your life! share this knowledge with your relatives and


, day or night. tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the ocean. slide 14 : what to do when you are on land be aware of tsunami facts. this knowledge could save your life! share this knowledge with your relatives and friends. it could save their lives! if you are in school and you hear there is a tsunami warning, you should follow the advice of teachers and other school personnel. if you are at home and hear there is a tsunami warning, you should make sure your entire family is aware of the warning. your family should evacuate your house if you live in a tsunami evacuation zone. move in an orderly, calm and safe manner to the evacuation site or to any safe place outside your evacuation zone. follow the advice of local emergency and law enforcement authorities. if you are at the beach or near the ocean and you feel the earth shake, move immediately to higher ground, do not wait for a tsunami warning to be announced. stay away from rivers and streams that lead to the ocean as you would stay away from the beach and ocean if there is a tsunami. a regional tsunami from a local earthquake could strike some areas before a tsunami warning could be announced. tsunamis generated in distant locations will generally give people enough time to move to higher ground. for locally - generated tsunamis, where you might feel the ground shake, you may only have a few minutes to move to higher ground. high, multi - story, reinforced concrete hotels are located in many low - lying coastal areas. the upper floors of these hotels can provide a safe place to find refuge should there be a tsunami warning and you cannot move quickly inland to higher ground. local civil defense procedures may, however, not allow this type of evacuation in your area. homes and small buildings located in low - lying coastal areas are not designed to withstand tsunami impacts. do not stay in these structures should there be a tsunami warning. offshore reefs and shallow areas may help break the force of tsunami waves, but large and dangerous wave can still be a threat to coastal residents in these areas. staying away from all low - lying areas is the safest advice when there is a tsunami warning. slide 15 : what to do when you are on boat since tsunami wave activity is imperceptible in the open ocean, do not return to port if you are at sea and a tsunami warning has been issued for your area. tsunamis can cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents in harbors and ports. if there is time to move your boat or ship from


not return to port if you are at sea and a tsunami warning has been issued for your area. tsunamis can cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents in harbors and ports. if there is time to move your boat or ship from port to deep water ( after a tsunami warning has been issued ), you should weigh the following considerations : most large harbors and ports are under the control of a harbor authority and / or a vessel traffic system. these authorities direct operations during periods of increased readiness ( should a tsunami be expected ), including the forced movement of vessels if deemed necessary. keep in contact with the authorities should a forced movement of vessel be directed. smaller ports may not be under the control of a harbor authority. if you are aware there is a tsunami warning and you have time to move your vessel to deep water, then you may want to do so in an orderly manner, in consideration of other vessels. owners of small boats may find it safest to leave their boat at the pier and physically move to higher ground, particularly in the event of a locally - generated tsunami. concurrent severe weather conditions ( rough seas outside of safe harbor ) could present a greater hazardous situation to small boats, so physically moving yourself to higher ground may be the only option. damaging wave activity and unpredictable currents can effect harbors for a period of time following the initial tsunami impact on the coast. contact the harbor authority before returning to port making sure to verify that conditions in the harbor are safe for navigation and berthing. slide 16 : other ways education public awareness information risk communication training to all concerned ( govt. officials, search and rescue workers, volunteers, women, children, elderly, local community as a whole ) non structural mitigation non - structural mitigation measures coastal regulations zone act – strict implementation ( no development within 500 m of the high tide line with elevation ofless than 10 m above m. s. l ) land use zoning in accordance with crz natural bioshields ( mangroves ) and shelterbelt plantations ( casuarina ) maintaining natural sand dunes maintaining and promoting beach development slide 17 : conclusion the 26 december 2004 tsunami - one of the most natural disastrous events in human recorded history has caused enormous damage and loss to human societies. apart from unrecoverable losses in human lives, the tsunami would cost us billions of dollars and decades to restore its damage. however, it also provided us a chance to look back at the serious mistakes we have made when promoting development without considering the natural forces that sustain us. from


in human lives, the tsunami would cost us billions of dollars and decades to restore its damage. however, it also provided us a chance to look back at the serious mistakes we have made when promoting development without considering the natural forces that sustain us. from the lessons given by the tsunami, we recognised that many vital links which connect human societies together have been broken or missing. without repairing these links, the sustainable future of human beings would be threatened. in this paper we have pointed out and discussed the weaknesses of five links which we consider as the most vital knots that should unify us together in emergency situations. we also stated that all these five broken or missing links are closely related and mutually supported each other. the missing of one links strongly influences the existence of the other. in other words, one of the links cannot be reconnected without repairing the other. the problems caused by tsunami are large in scale and complex in nature. to deal with these problems, we need to establish an international mechanism in which more prosperous countries are obliged to help the poorer ones and the poor countries are obliged to show strong commitments in improving their capacity. human societies are a unity. without unifying efforts, especially in the cases of emergency and great natural disasters, collective strength of mankind will not be maximised and we would become vulnerable to natural threats. slide 18 : acknowledgements i am very thankful to all the contributors who have helped me to complete this project effectively and on time.. wikipedia ( almost all the information ) google images rsta. royalsocietypublishing. org washington state department of natural resources national disaster management authority ( government of india ) www. geophys. washington. edu windows office 2007 slide 19 : thank you you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.


by cameron chai scientists at the brookhaven national laboratory have discovered the nanostructure of a new carbon form that could explain its behavior as a high - absorbent sponge when it receives electric charge. the material recently developed at the university of texas, austin, could be integrated into “ supercapacitor ” devices for high capacity energy storage while maintaining other properties including quick recharge time, rapid release of energy, and long lifetime cycles of 10, 000 charge / discharge cycles. dong su and eric stach use a powerful electron microscope to analyze samples of activated graphene at brookhaven ’ s center for functional nanomaterials. says stach : “ the cfn provides access to scientists around the world to solve cutting - edge problems in nanoscience and nanotechnology. this work is exactly what this facility was established to do. ” according to eric stach, brookhaven materials scientist, this makes it suited to store electrical energy needing rapid energy release in electric cars or to regularize power derived from alternate sources like wind and solar power. stach has also co - authored the research paper released recently in science. the supercapacitors resemble batteries due to their capability to store energy. batteries store a lot of energy through chemical reactions and release it over long periods. but supercapacitors store charge in ion form on the electrodes ’ surface like static electricity without depending on chemical reactions. charging the electrodes make the ions separate or polarize allowing the charge to get stored at the junction of the electrodes and electrolyte. electrode pores enhance the surface area where the electrolyte can travel and communicate. this enhances the quantity of energy being stored. the limited charge in the capacitors allows them to be applied in mobile electronic systems, which need limited energy and can operate over long periods. the team used potassium hydroxide to remodel chemically adapted graphene platelets by creating a more porous form of carbon that needed to be characterized at the nanoscale. investigations revealed that the material ' s three - dimensional nanostructure comprised a network of curved, nano - thick walls that formed nano pores measuring 1 to 5nm wide. stach said that along with computational studies they are trying to comprehend the formation of this three - dimensional network to customize the pore sizes to be most advantageous for particular applications including capacitive storage, catalysis, and fuel cells. the team carried out its research at the lab ' s center for functional nanomaterials,


gestational diabetes ( also known as gestational diabetes mellitus or gdm ), is a condition singular to pregnant women. it is relatively common and can be managed with the help of a physician. according to the nichd ( national institute of child health and human development ), gdm occurs in about five percent of all pregnancies ( roughly 200, 000 cases ) per year in the united states. what happens when you have gdm? normally, your stomach and intestines break down the carbohydrates in the food you eat, turning it into a sugar called glucose ( your body ' s main source of energy ). after digestion, glucose moves into your blood to give your body energy. the trick comes in getting the glucose out of your blood and into the cells of your body. in order to do this, your pancreas makes a hormone called insulin. but, if you have diabetes, your body doesn ' t create enough insulin or your cells don ' t use it the way they should. and instead, glucose collects and builds up in your blood, causing diabetes, or high blood sugar. so, how do you find out if you have gdm? your ob will administer a glucose screening test between weeks 24 and 28 of your pregnancy. you ' ll drink a sweet, soda - like concoction, and then your doctor will test your blood glucose levels. if you test positive, you and your healthcare provider will manage this condition together. to help you better understand gdm, a good place to start is by learning the lingo. here ' s a helpful glossary of common terms your doctor will you with you when discussing your condition. remember, gdm is manageable ; try not to worry. as long as you keep an open line of communication with your doctor, you and baby will weather this pregnancy with grace and ease! a type of food, usually from plants versus animals. carbohydrates include simple carbohydrates ( sugar, fruit ) and complex carbohydrates ( vegetables, starches ). one of three nutrients that supply calories to the body. a disorder that prevents the body from converting digested food into the energy needed for daily activities. one of three nutrients that supply calories to the body. included are vegetable oil, lard, margarine, butter, shortening, mayonnaise, and salad dressing. glucose tolerance test a blood test used to diagnose diabetes, including gestational diabetes. after


show and tell tips on monitoring it ’ s easy to keep track of 3 -, 4 -, 5 -, or 6 - year - olds. their friends don ’ t drive, and they can ’ t get far on a tricycle. but there ’ s more to monitoring children ’ s activities than just knowing where they are. - know your children. the best way to notice any changes in a child ’ s behavior is to understand your child ’ s world. children ’ s behavior may change due to problems at school, with friends, or with family members. help your children share their feelings and their world. - get to know your children ’ s friends. this puts you closer to their daily activities. you ’ ll be able to recognize trouble spots and guide your children away from risky situations or dangerous behaviors. - get to know other parents. remember, parents can support each other ’ s efforts and create a valuable security net for their - know where your children are going, whom they will be with, and what they ’ ll be doing. keep a handy list of phone numbers and addresses of friends, teachers, - set up regular check - in times. if old enough, have your child call and check in with you. otherwise, call to make sure the babysitter picked up your child from school or that your children are safe with their friends ’ parents. - make sure your child has access to positive and appealing structured activities. start early to encourage your child in constructive, supervised activities. as children get older, participation can be a powerful way to help prevent drug monitoring young children ’ s activities has been shown to be important in preventing alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use. start now so that your children become used to telling you about their daily activities, asking permission, and knowing that their friends ’ parents know who you are. these habits will stay with them as


hi there, i ’ m an english lit. teacher and am using lord anthony in my 9th grade class and would love to hear your thoughts on the song, its meaning and the phrases therein that we may not be ( as americans ) all too familiar with ( i. e. “ tuff ” & the significance of the lord anthony jacket, if any, for the song ). i love your music and have always wanted to see it live - hope to one day. thanks for writing great lyrics! david jester english faculty woods charter school chapel hill, nc usa as we were rehearsing this song today, your question is in my mind! it ’ s a pretty straight forward song, written by an ‘ ordinary ’ pupil, who ’ s looking on at someone whom he secretly thinks is marginally fantastic, but is too conventional to ever befriend. bunking off though you ’ re a toff i think you mean ‘ toff ’, not ‘ tuff ’. bunking off is playing truant from school, and this is unusual in that tony is a ‘ toff ’, a rich person, middle class, as opposed to the majority of his classmates, who are from blue collar families, and perhaps more likely to duck out of school. when will you realise that it never pays to be smarter than teachers smarter than most boys? in the british system of public education, it ’ s quite often a disadvantage to be outwardly clever. one can often pay for it in physical and mental harrassment. and without a notion of a care you ’ ll lift two fingers in the air to linger there the two finger salute was more popular in the 70s when i was growing up. the single ‘ finger ’ is from the us, and didn ’ t come in until the 80s in the uk! here ’ s a famous usage i ’ d recommend this for classroom viewing, but some of the language might be difficult for us kids. tony, you ’ re a bit of a mess melted toblerone under your dress tony actually cross dressing to avoid beatings is a bit fanciful, but then this is pop music! i let him be fantastic, after all.. they call you lord anthony, but hey – it could be worse than this lord anthony was a brand of clothing, especially jackets. there was nothing particularly ‘ posh ’ about them ; the name was meant to be faux posh. it would be an obvious nickname, in the 70s, for a boy called tony who appeared to


| basic informationmore informationlatest news | swallowing magnets can be fatal for childrenhealth tip : schedule baby ' s first dental visitkids ' reading, math skills tied to future successhealth tip : monitor fat in preschoolers ' dietmost docs don ' t follow adhd treatment guidelines for preschoolers : studyblind cords pose danger to toddlers, doctors warnmany parents give kids cold medicines when they shouldn ' t, survey findshealth tip : make kids safe in the sandboxhealth tip : promote fine motor skills in preschoolershealth tip : encourage your toddler to readhealth tip : helping kids conquer bedwettingfrequent moves take toll on poor kids, study suggeststoo much tv may make kids antisocial, study suggestsaha : most packaged toddler foods are high in sodiumready - to - eat foods for toddlers often too salty : studyswitch to skim milk won ' t prevent toddler ' s obesity : studyhow to prevent, treat diaper rashhealth tip : be careful with kids around water at homepraising kids for efforts, not qualities, may help them succeedearly dental care can help keep kids smiling for years to comeday care may not raise behavior woes in kids after allprevalence of undervaccinated children increasingthigh is safer vaccination site than arm for toddlers, study findsmental health of dads - to - be may influence toddler ' s behaviorhealth tip : don ' t overfeed your toddlerhealth tip : help ease night terrorsearly language skills reduce preschool tantrums, study findshealth tip : keep kids from choking hazardskeep tots ' milk to 2 cups a day : studyiron may curb behavioral issues for lbw infantsmake sure toys you buy are safe for totskids ' generosity may depend on who ' s watching : studyhealth tip : is your child ready for a tricycle? potty - training method won ' t affect tot ' s health : studykids still swallowing magnets despite warning labelstaking terror out of nightmares : tips for parentsdelayed auditory processing found in fetal alcohol syndromehealth tip : kids need to stop sucking their thumbswhat looks like play may really be a science experimenthealth tip : keep baby safe in a strollerhealth tip : coping with separation anxietysuper - shy preschoolers might struggle academicallykids develop sense of humor by age 1, study findshea


like play may really be a science experimenthealth tip : keep baby safe in a strollerhealth tip : coping with separation anxietysuper - shy preschoolers might struggle academicallykids develop sense of humor by age 1, study findshealth tip : cleaning a young child ' s teethlaundry detergent packs pose poisoning threat to toddlerstiny batteries pose growing threat to kidsdaily temper tantrums not the norm for preschoolers : studypopular characters can help kids eat healthy foods tooanesthesia before age 3 may raise risk of learning delays : studykids who can resist sweets might be slimmer as adultsquestions and answerslinksbook reviews preschool tv habits linked to 4th - grade waist size, fitness by - - mary elizabeth dallas updated : jul 16th 2012 monday, july 16 ( healthday news ) - - the amount of tv preschoolers watch seems to contribute to what their waist size and athletic abilities will be when they reach fourth grade, researchers report. the study, from researchers at the university of montreal and sainte - justine mother and child university hospital in canada, found that every hour of tv children aged 2½ to 4½ years old watched not only added to their waistline but also affected their ability to perform in sports. " we already knew that there is an association between preschool television exposure and the body fat of fourth - grade children, but this is the first study to describe more precisely what that association represents, " study senior author dr. linda pagani, said in a university news release. in conducting the study, the researchers asked the parents of more than 1, 300 children aged 2½ to 4½ years about their preschoolers ' weekly tv habits. they also measured the children ' s waists and had the kids perform a standing long jump to assess their muscular fitness level. the study authors noted that the standing long jump test is useful in assessing athletic ability because many sports, including football, skating and basketball, require similar " explosive leg strength. " the investigators found that the children watched an average of nearly nine hours of tv each week when they were 2½ years old. by the time the children were 4½ years old, they were watching an average of nearly 15 hours of tv each week. the findings revealed that each hour of tv 2½ - year - olds watched per week was consistent with a reduction of about one - third of a centimeter ( 0. 13 inches ) in the distance they were able to jump. " the pursuit of sports by children depends in part on


tv 2½ - year - olds watched per week was consistent with a reduction of about one - third of a centimeter ( 0. 13 inches ) in the distance they were able to jump. " the pursuit of sports by children depends in part on their perceived athletic competence, " the study ' s lead author, dr. caroline fitzpatrick, said in the news release. " behavioral dispositions can become entrenched during childhood, as it is a critical period for the development of habits and preferred activities. accordingly, the ability to perform well during childhood may promote participation in sporting activities in adulthood. " by the time the kids were 4½, their waist size increased by about half a millimeter ( 0. 019 inches ) for every hour of tv they watched above their weekly tv habit at the age of 2½. this means that a child who watched 18 hours of tv weekly at the age of 4½ would have an extra 7. 6 millimeters ( 0. 3 inches ) on their waistline by the time they are 10 years old. although more research is needed regarding the effects of tv viewing on children ' s health, the study authors concluded that policymakers should focus on the environmental factors linked to childhood obesity. " the bottom line is that watching too much television - - beyond the recommended amounts - - is not good, " pagani said. " there have been dramatic increases in unhealthy weight for both children and adults in recent decades. our standard of living has also changed in favor of more easily prepared, calorie - dense foods and sedentary practices. watching more television not only displaces other forms of educational and active leisurely pursuits but also places them at risk of learning inaccurate information about proper eating. " although the study uncovered an association between tv viewing and waist size and fitness levels, it did not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. pagani added, however, that, " these findings support clinical suspicions that more screen time in general contributes to the rise in excess weight in our population, thus providing essential clues for effective approaches to its eradication. " the study was published in the july 15 issue of the international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. the american academy of child & adolescent psychiatry has more about kids and tv. this article : copyright © 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.


december 2012 update : the university of rhode island and the israel antiquities authority released an additional press release on the discovery of shipwrecks near the coast of akko. read “ iaa archaeologists discover shipwrecks, ancient harbor on coast of israel ” excavations at akko ( acre ) have exposed archaeological evidence of israel ’ s largest hellenistic harbor, according to an israel antiquities authority press release from july 17, 2012. named ptolemais in the hellensitic period, the unesco world heritage site had diverse affiliations in its millennia - long occupation. throughout its history, akko has served as a major emporium for the ancient world. bronze and iron age akko appears prominently in ancient egyptian, ugaritic, assyrian, classical and biblical accounts. known locally as tell napoleon or tell el - fukhar, excavations at this ancient city have uncovered remains of canaanite, “ sea peoples, ” phoenician, persian, hellenistic, hasmonean, herodian, roman, ottoman and crusader cultures. the discovery of the third - second century b. c. e. hellenistic quay may have major implications for our modern understanding of urbanity and seafaring. akko ’ s late - first - millennium b. c. e. history was marked by maccabean and seleucid conflict as well as large scale herodian and roman construction. read about the find in the israel antiquities authority ’ s english press release as it appeared in the press office on july 17, 2012 below, or read it on the iaa site. akko ’ s magnificent harbor from 2, 300 years ago is exposed on the seabed the harbor is considered the largest and most important in the country in the hellenistic period. among the finds there : large mooring stones that were incorporated in the quay, which were used to secure sailing vessels. this is probably a military harbor. in archaeological excavations the israel antiquities authority is conducting at the foot of akko ’ s southern seawall, installations were exposed that belong to a harbor that was operating in the city already in the hellenistic period ( third - second centuries bce ) and was the most important port in israel at that time. the finds were discovered during the course of archaeological excavations being carried out as part of the seawall conservation project undertaken by the old akko development company and underwritten by the israel lands administration. the first evidence indicating the possible existence of this quay was in 2009 when a section of pavement was discovered comprised of large kurkar flagstones dressed in a technique


project undertaken by the old akko development company and underwritten by the israel lands administration. the first evidence indicating the possible existence of this quay was in 2009 when a section of pavement was discovered comprised of large kurkar flagstones dressed in a technique reminiscent of the phoenician style that is characteristic of installations found in a marine environment. this pavement, which was discovered underwater, raised many questions amongst archaeologists. besides the theory that this is a quay, some suggested this was the floor of a large building. according to kobi sharvit, director of the marine archaeology unit of the israel antiquities authority, “ among the finds we ’ ve discovered now are large mooring stones that were incorporated in the quay and were used to secure sailing vessels that anchored in the harbor c. 2, 300 years ago. this unique and important find finally provides an unequivocal answer to the question of whether we are dealing with port installations or the floor of a building. in addition, we exposed collapse comprised of large dressed stones that apparently belonged to large buildings or installations, which was spread of a distance of dozens of meters. what emerges from these finds is a clear picture of systematic and deliberate destruction of the port facilities that occurred in antiquity ”. sharvit adds, “ recently a find was uncovered that suggests we are excavating part of the military port of akko. we are talking about an impressive section of stone pavement c. 8 meters long by c. 5 meters wide that was partially exposed. the floor is delimited on both sides by two impressive stone walls that are also built in the phoenician manner. it seems that the floor between the walls slopes slightly toward the south, and there was a small amount of stone collapse in its center. presumably this is a slipway, an installation that was used for lifting boats onto the shore, probably warships in this case ”. according to sharvit, “ only further archaeological excavations will corroborate or invalidate this theory. ” the bottom of the ancient harbor was exposed at the foot of the installations. there the mooring stones were found as well as thousands of fragments of pottery vessels, among which are dozens of intact vessels and metallic objects. the preliminary identification of the pottery vessels indicates that many of them come from islands in the aegean sea, including knidos, rhodes, kos and others, as well as other port cities located along the mediterranean coast. these finds constitute solid archaeological evidence regarding the location of the hellenistic harbor and perhaps the military port


come from islands in the aegean sea, including knidos, rhodes, kos and others, as well as other port cities located along the mediterranean coast. these finds constitute solid archaeological evidence regarding the location of the hellenistic harbor and perhaps the military port. according to sharvit, “ it should be understood that until these excavations the location of this important harbor was not clear. remains of it were found at the base of the tower of flies and in the region of the new marina in excavations conducted in the early 1980s by the late dr. elisha linder and the late professor avner raban. but now, for the first time, parts of the harbor are being discovered that are adjacent to the ancient shoreline and the hellenistic city. unfortunately, parts of the quay continue beneath the ottoman city wall – parts that we will probably not be able to excavate in the future. nevertheless, in those sections of the harbor that extend in the direction of the sea and the modern harbor the excavation will continue in an attempt to learn about the extent of the ancient harbor, and to try and clarify if there is a connection between the destruction in the harbor and the destruction wrought by ptolemy in 312 bce, the destruction that was caused by the hasmonean uprising in 167 bce or by some other event. for further details, kindly contact yoli shwartz, israel antiquities authority spokesperson, 052 - 5991888, email @ example. com


although there is some evidence that yoga may offer medical benefits, in general, this evidence is not strong. there are several reasons for this ( including funding obstacles ), but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of an exercise therapy like yoga. only one form of study can truly prove that a treatment is effective : the double - blind, placebo - controlled trial. however, it isn ’ t possible to fit yoga into a study design of this type. while it might be possible to design a placebo form of yoga, it would be quite difficult to keep participants and researchers in the dark regarding who is practicing real yoga and who is practicing fake yoga! some compromise with the highest research standards is, therefore, inevitable. unfortunately, the compromise used in most studies is less than optimal. in these trials, yoga has been compared to no treatment. the problem with such studies is that a treatment — any treatment — frequently appears to better than no treatment, due to a host of factors. ( see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? for more information. ) it would be better to compare yoga to generic forms of exercise, such as daily walking, but thus far this method has not seen much use. given these caveats, the following is a summary of what science has found out about the possible medical benefits of yoga. possible benefits of hatha yoga, has been advocated as a means of increasing strength, balance, and physical function in seniors. however, there is as yet little scientific proof that yoga offers such benefits or that it is superior to generic exercises such as walking. there is little doubt that yoga, like any form of stretching, will increase flexibility if it is practiced consistently and over a long period of time. hatha yoga is also said to relieve tension and stress in one study of 65 women with depression and / or anxiety, a 2 - month yoga program specifically designed to address these emotional conditions significantly reduced anxiety ( but not depression ) compared to enrolled woman who were waiting for the program to begin. another study found that participation in a 6 - week yoga program was associated with reduced anxiety, depression, and stress in women having radiotherapy for breast cancer. adding to this evidence, 32 women who had undergone breast cancer surgery were randomized to receive just physical therapy or physical therapy plus a yoga program ( called yoga in daily life ). at the end of the 3 - week trial, the women in the yoga program reported less psychological distress. a trial of 122


cancer surgery were randomized to receive just physical therapy or physical therapy plus a yoga program ( called yoga in daily life ). at the end of the 3 - week trial, the women in the yoga program reported less psychological distress. a trial of 122 healthy pregnant women demonstrated that daily yoga practice incorporating deep relaxation significantly reduced self - perceived stress scores compared to standard prenatal exercises. and lastly, a large 2012 review of 35 studies involving 1, 794 people found evidence to support the use of yoga to decrease stress and anxiety, although the overall quality of these studies was poor. 35 weak evidence hints that hatha yoga may offer modest benefits for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for example, in one controlled study, 59 people with mild asthma were randomly assigned to practice yoga and attend a general class or simply to attend the general class. the results showed slight improvements in asthma in the treated group compared to the untreated group. however, even these modest benefits did not last ; assessment two months later showed no difference between the groups. furthermore, as noted above, studies in which the participants in the control group do not receive placebo treatment are inherently unreliable. a small 2009 study of 29 adults with copd suggests that a 12 - week yoga program may be associated with slight improvement in timed walking distance and self - reported functional ability in these patients. a special breathing technique called yogic - style buteyko breathing may reduce medication use and subjective symptoms, though it does not appear to actually improve lung function. yoga has been evalulated for its beneficial effects in a variety of chronically painful conditions, such as low back pain, 12 - 13migraine headaches, 15osteoarthritis. 6 in one study, 42 people with carpal tunnel syndrome were randomly assigned to receive either yoga or a wrist splint for a period of 8 weeks. 10 the results indicated that use of yoga was more effective than the wrist splint. however, participants in the control group were simply offered the wrist splint and given the choice of using it or not ; it would have been preferable for them to have received a more believable placebo, like other forms of meditative exercise. in a small trial involving 53 women with fibromyalgia, those that participated in an 8 - week yoga program experienced an improvement in their symptoms, including fatigue, pain, stiffness, and tenderness. in a review of 16 studies, researchers investigated the potential benefits of yoga in improving pain and pain - related disability


those that participated in an 8 - week yoga program experienced an improvement in their symptoms, including fatigue, pain, stiffness, and tenderness. in a review of 16 studies, researchers investigated the potential benefits of yoga in improving pain and pain - related disability in a range of conditions, including headache, back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, dialysis, muscle pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and labor pain. 34 all of the studies ( 12 of which were randomized trials ) found positive evidence to support the use of yoga. yoga had positive effect on chronic low back pain in a randomized trial of 80 patients. patients randomized to treatment with a yoga program showed improvement in pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms compared to patients in physical therapy. the program was carried out in a residential setting over seven days and included technique, counseling, and educational lectures. 36 in a randomized, controlled trial, 8 weeks of daily supervised yoga was modestly more effective than a similar amount of supervised physical exercise in relieving ( eg, hot flashes ), decreasing psychological stress, and improving cognitive abilities among 120 perimenopausal women. 21, 22 fatigue is a common side effect of. in one small trial, 31 women who were still experiencing fatigue 6 months after breast cancer treatment were randomized to yoga intervention or health education. on average, those in the yoga group reported feeling less fatigue. at least one study supports yoga ' s usefulness for congestive heart failure a small trial involving 54 adolescents with found that adding 8 weeks of yoga twice weekly to standard therapy was associated with improved eating disorder - related thoughts and behaviors. yoga has also been studied for schizophrenia. in one small trial, patients who supplemented their regular treatment with a yoga program lasting 4 months had improved symptoms, were able to function better, and reported a better quality of life compared to those who did physical therapy. to date, only weak evidence has been reported regarding the possible usefulness of yoga for hatha yoga has also been promoted as a treatment for ( seizure disorder ), but a review of all published scientific trials concluded that there is as yet no meaningful evidence that it is effective. some evidence suggests that hatha yoga is high blood pressure


by yu - chun chen, jau - ching wu, ingo haschler, azeem majeed, tzeng - ji chen, thomas wetter studies that use electronic health databases as research material are getting popular but the influence of a single electronic health database had not been well investigated yet. the united kingdom ' s general practice research database ( gprd ) is one of the few electronic health databases publicly available to academic researchers. this study analyzed studies that used gprd to demonstrate the scientific production and academic impact by a single public health database. methodology and findings a total of 749 studies published between 1995 and 2009 with ‘ general practice research database ’ as their topics, defined as gprd studies, were extracted from web of science. by the end of 2009, the gprd had attracted 1251 authors from 22 countries and been used extensively in 749 studies published in 193 journals across 58 study fields. each gprd study was cited 2. 7 times by successive studies. moreover, the total number of gprd studies increased rapidly, and it is expected to reach 1500 by 2015, twice the number accumulated till the end of 2009. since 17 of the most prolific authors ( 1. 4 % of all authors ) contributed nearly half ( 47. 9 % ) of gprd studies, success in conducting gprd studies may accumulate. the gprd was used mainly in, but not limited to, the three study fields of “ pharmacology and pharmacy ”, “ general and internal medicine ”, and “ public, environmental and occupational health ”. the uk and united states were the two most active regions of gprd studies. one - third of grpd studies were internationally co - authored. conclusions a public electronic health database such as the gprd will promote scientific production in many ways. data owners of electronic health databases at a national level should consider how to reduce access barriers and to make data more available for research.


brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus occurs at a few highly disjunct localities in south - central brazil, with a few records from argentina in 2002 ( the first in the country for 10 years despite extensive surveys ) ( benstead 1994, hearn 1994, j. c. chebez in litt. 1999 ) and it was suspected to be extirpated from paraguay, although local reports indicate that a few individuals may still survive ( r. p. clay in litt. 2003 ). it is currently listed as critically endangered under criterion c2a ( i ) because it has an extremely small and severely fragmented population, and the perturbation, damming and pollution of rivers continue to cause declines. however, recent records indicate that this species ’ s status is better than previously thought. in 2001 - 2002, surveys around serra da canastra national park, minas gerais, estimated a total of 81 individuals ( lamas 2006 ), but surveys conducted since then have yielded a rough estimate of 65 - 100 territories, roughly equivalent to 130 - 200 individuals ( l. v. lins unpubl. data ). from the field surveys, it is believed that this number could even reach 100 territories ( l. v. lins unpubl. data ) and if confirmed, would represent a significant increase to the size of the largest known subpopulation. during 2008 - 2011, individuals of this species were recorded in the municipality of patrocinio, state of minas gerais ( brazil ) ( i. lamas in litt. 2012 ) ; approximately 110 km further north from the canastra northernmost records, suggesting that the canastra population is more widely distributed ( and consequently bigger ) than previously thought ( l. v. lins in litt. 2012 ). in 2002, a small population was discovered on the rio novo, in jalapao state park, tocantins ( braz et al. 2003 ), and six expeditions in 2007 and 2008 surveying a c. 55 - km stretch of the rio novo located three breeding pairs ( barbosa and almeida 2010 ). although threats to this species have continued, knowledge of its occurrence has increased and with these new findings, the global population is said to be higher than 250 mature individuals, and the largest subpopulation greater than 50 mature individuals ( l. v. lins in litt. 2012 ). if this information is confirmed, this species would no longer qualify as critically endangered and would warrant downlisting


250 mature individuals, and the largest subpopulation greater than 50 mature individuals ( l. v. lins in litt. 2012 ). if this information is confirmed, this species would no longer qualify as critically endangered and would warrant downlisting to endangered under criterion c2a ( i ) of the icun red list, on the basis that the global population is < 2, 500 mature individuals and all subpopulations are ≤250 mature individuals, undergoing a continuing decline. information is requested on this species ’ s global population size, distribution, trends and size of the largest subpopulation. additional comments on the proposed downlisting are also welcome. barbosa, m. o. & almeida, m. l. ( 2010 ). novas observacoes e dados reprodutivos do pato - mergulhao mergus octosetaceus na regiao do jalapao, tocantins, brasil. cotinga 32 : 40 - 45. benstead, p. ( 1994 ) brazilian merganser in argentina : going, going. cotinga : 8. braz, v. s., abreu, t. l. s., lopes, l. e., leite, l. o., franca, f. g. r., vasconcellos, m. m. and balbino, s. f. ( 2003 ) brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus discovered in jalapao state park, tocantins, brazil. cotinga 20 : 68 - 71. hearn, r. ( 1994 ) the current status of the brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus in argentina. iwrb threatened waterfowl research group newsletter : 14 - 15. lamas, i. r. ( 2006 ) census of brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus in the region of serra da canastra national park, brazil, with discussion of its threats and conservation. bird conservation international 16 : 145 - 154. - grey - winged cotinga ( tijuca condita ) : uplist to endangered? - royal cinclodes ( cinclodes aricomae ) : downlist to endangered? - green - capped tanager ( tangara meyerdeschauenseei ) : downlist to near threatened? - golden parakeet ( guaruba guarouba ) : downlist to vulnerable? - archived


so, do we have a skeletal fluorosis epidemic on our hands? if not, why? telling me that a substance can cause bad effects at chronic high - doses is not telling me anything at all, because poison = dose. i am highly skeptical about the dangers of fluoride, but it ' s also difficult to find non - ada sponsored studies about it. however, while access to fluoridated drinking water has positive effects on dental health, the characteristics of fluoride metabolism mean that fluoride consumption may have implications for the kidney. the calcified tissues in the human body contain 99 % of the body burden of fluoride and most of this is non - exchangeable. absorption of fluoride is rapid and extensive, with about 50 % of the absorbed fluoride becoming associated with calcified tissues within 24 h and the remainder being excreted in the urine. in infants and young children, the amount of fluoride retained in calcified tissues is > 50 % of the ingested daily amount. the renal clearance of fluoride is high, around 30 – 40 ml / min in healthy adults. fluoride is freely filtered by the glomerulus and then undergoes a variable amount of tubular reabsorption. fluoride excretion falls markedly in the presence of an acid urine and is increased with higher rates of urine flow [ 8 – 10 ]. considering the pivotal role of the kidney in the body ' s ability to metabolize fluoride, there have been surprisingly few attempts to synthesize studies relating to the relationship between fluoride consumption and kidney function. the most recent literature reviews on the health effects of fluoride intake have contained limited discussion on the potential impact on the kidneys there is no consistent evidence that the retention of fluoride in people with stage 4 or 5 ckd who consume optimally fluoridated drinking water results in any negative health consequences. animal studies have demonstrated that rats with compromised kidney function that are exposed to the level of fluoride that is commonly encountered by human populations ( 1 ppm in drinking water ) do not develop any clinically adverse extraskeletal physiological, biochemical or genetic outcomes. in addition, in rats with surgically induced renal deficiency, consumption of fluoridated water in concentrations equivalent to 3 and 10 ppm is required to cause osteomalacia and reduced bone strength. changes in the function of normal rat kidneys occur only following administration of extremely high doses of


deficiency, consumption of fluoridated water in concentrations equivalent to 3 and 10 ppm is required to cause osteomalacia and reduced bone strength. changes in the function of normal rat kidneys occur only following administration of extremely high doses of fluoride, equivalent to severe fluoride intoxication. studies of people with end - stage kidney disease by cohen - solal et al. and erben et al. also failed to show any relationship between increased levels of fluoride in serum and bone and the presence of bone conditions such as osteomalacia or osteodystrophy. similarly, in a small study of infants receiving peritoneal dialysis, significantly increased serum fluoride levels were not associated with dental fluorosis or abnormal bone mineralization. i don ' t think any amount of paranoia could find anything wrong with this source. it ' s not american, it ' s not associated with any dentists, world health organization ( i assume you think they ' re in on it, too ), or the cdc ( of course in on it, too, i assume ). call me unconvinced. the fluoride in the water is not calcium or sodium fluoride but rather type of fluoride ( name is escaping me,,, i will update it when i have access to my book ) that is considered by the epa as a industrial hazardous waste. i ' m like 85 % certain that the phosphate industry ' s fluoride is considered a by - product, not industrial waste. but i mean, if you want to call the molasses made from sugar manufacturing an " industrial waste product ", you ' d be walkin ' along the same lines.


how are you going to celebrate national peanut day? over here at dish trip we thought it was only appropriate to celebrate this famous in - flight food... in the air! so for our first ever “ food flight, ” we staged a creative culinary competition for the unsuspecting passengers on a recent southwest flight to denver, co. four courageous competitors were hand - picked by crew members ( and by southwest airlines ' own brooks thomas ), and challenged to improvise their own in - flight culinary creation using peanuts — the featured ingredient — along with other food that would normally be found on a typical domestic flight. we also threw in some other bonus ingredients! check out the video below. happy national peanut day to all of you who are nuts about southwest! and a special thanks to nikki, jeannie, and adam for making this an amazing experience. and to mandy, for being our muse! top - ten peanut facts * - the peanut is not a nut, but a legume related to beans and lentils. - there are enough peanuts in one acre to make 30, 000 peanut butter sandwiches. - two peanut farmers have been elected president of the us : thomas jefferson and jimmy carter. - a peanut made it to the moon! astronaut allen b. sheppard brought one with him in 1971. - peanuts contribute more than $ 4 billion to the us economy each year. - there are four types of peanuts grown in the us : runner, virginia, spanish and valencia. - the peanut plant originated in south america. - a mature peanut plant produces about 40 pods that then grow into peanuts. - peanuts have a higher antioxidant capacity than grapes, green tea, tomatoes, spinach, broccoli, carrots and many other foods. - peanuts contain over 30 essential nutrients and are naturally cholesterol - free. ever wonder where the term " peanut gallery " comes from? the term became popular in the late 19th century and referred to the rear or uppermost seats in a theater, which were also the cheapest seats. people seated in such a gallery were able to throw peanuts, a common food at theaters, at those seated below them. it also applied to the first row of seats in a theater, for the occupants of those seats could throw peanuts at the stage, stating their displeasure with the performance. * peanut facts sourced from the national peanut board don ’ t forget to follow us on twitter @ dishtrip or friend dish trip on facebook for more dining details in a city near you. thanks for reading — we ’


b ’ nai b ’ rith international observed holocaust remembrance day with its annual program “ unto every person there is a name, ” now in its 24th year. b ’ nai b ’ rith is the official north american sponsor of the program under the auspices of yad vashem, israel ’ s official holocaust museum and research center in jerusalem. participants read the names of the victims of the shoah, noting where and when they were born and where and when they were murdered by the nazis. the ceremonies occur on the 27th day of the month of nissan on the jewish calendar. these observances honor more victims each year, as more names are collected in an international database maintained by yad vashem. an international committee convened by yad vashem suggests a theme each year. this year ’ s yom hashoah theme was “ defiance and rebellion during the holocaust : 70 years since the warsaw ghetto uprising. ” alan schneider, director of the b ’ nai b ’ rith world center in jerusalem, serves on the committee on behalf of b ’ nai b ’ rith. “ unto every person there is a name ” also directly involves israeli president shimon peres. peres penned a letter distributed to participating communities. it the letter, he encourages the jewish people to never forget those who perished and to remember those who bravely rebelled in warsaw as inspiration when facing future obstacles. “ we are nevertheless inspired by the power of the human spirit as demonstrated in the warsaw ghetto uprising, an illustration of heroism and struggle against the forces of evil, ” peres writes. “ in the face of the heinous scheme to annihilate the jewish people, this uprising constituted the tangible expression of the principles that have united the jewish people through the ages. ” once the theme is decided upon, program materials are distributed to the communities involved. included in the materials are first hand accounts, interviews and other documents that called jews to action against the nazis or describing the events surrounding the uprising. also with the materials is a copy of the poem “ everyone has a name ” by the jewish poet zelda, from which the program ’ s name is inspired. throughout the month of april, b ’ nai b ’ rith groups and committees held programs across north america that included speakers and readings in synagogues, jewish community centers and public places such as holocaust memorials and community parks. “ it ’ s incredible to watch how ‘ unto every person there is a name ’ has grown since its inception in 1989, ” b


that included speakers and readings in synagogues, jewish community centers and public places such as holocaust memorials and community parks. “ it ’ s incredible to watch how ‘ unto every person there is a name ’ has grown since its inception in 1989, ” b ’ nai b ’ rith international president allan j. jacobs said. “ it is important that we never forget the atrocities of the holocaust and individually recognize all those who perished. ” in maryland, a ceremony was held at congregation har shalom in potomac, md. art and artifact exhibits were displayed, the university of maryland ’ s jewish a cappella group performed, original poetry was read by survivors, and remarks were given by keynote speaker walter reich, yitzhak rabin memorial professor of international affairs, ethics, and human behavior at the george washington university. at the jewish community center of northern virginia, those in attendance not only participated in the reading of the names, but also in a seminar titled “ holocaust art : then & now ” with george mason university art historian marion deshmukh. narratives and poetry were also read by representatives of various religious denominations. the program recognized 19 survivors in the community. a partnership with alpha epsilon pi in addition to community observances, b ’ nai b ’ rith partners with the alpha epsilon pi ( aepi ) fraternity for the “ we walk to remember ” program, which took place on 110 college campuses throughout the united states, canada, israel and the united kingdom this year. members of aepi participated in both the walk and “ unto every person there is a name ” programming. speaking from the walk at georgetown university in washington, d. c., b ’ nai b ’ rith international executive vice president daniel s. mariaschin said, “ i ’ m honored to take part in ‘ we walk to remember. ’ b ’ nai b ’ rith has a great partnership with aepi, and we ’ re wholly behind its efforts to make sure the holocaust is never forgotten by today ’ s youth. ” this is the fifth year b ’ nai b ’ rith and aepi have worked together on holocaust remembrance day programming. the combination of the two powerful programs has created a lasting impact on campuses across the globe. it demonstrates that young people on campus understand the importance of remembering and have taken on the responsibility to tell the story of the victims of the holocaust. b ’ nai b ’ rith provides the materials created by the international committee as well as “ never forget ” stickers that the walkers wear on black


of remembering and have taken on the responsibility to tell the story of the victims of the holocaust. b ’ nai b ’ rith provides the materials created by the international committee as well as “ never forget ” stickers that the walkers wear on black t - shirts. “ ‘ we walk to remember ’ is a program that quintessentially represents what it means to be in alpha epsilon pi, ” said aepi ’ s adam maslia, the howard m. lorber director of jewish and philanthropy programming. “ stepping up as leaders in the jewish community in partnership with b ' nai b ' rith international, the brothers of aepi have crafted the world ' s largest on - campus holocaust commemoration event that is so simple, yet so impactful and effective in ensuring that the world never forgets the atrocities of the shoah. " jewish rescuers citations on the morning of april 8, the b ’ nai b ’ rith world center in jerusalem and the keren kayemeth leisrael ( kkl - jnf ) held a unique, joint holocaust commemoration ceremony dedicated to the heroism of jews who rescued fellow jews during the holocaust. taking place at the martyrs ’ forest “ scroll of fire ” plaza with about 900 people in attendance, 29 rescuers citations were awarded to jews or their descendants who assisted other jews in escaping to a safe haven or employed subterfuge, forgery, smuggling, concealment and other methods to ensure the survival of jews from the holocaust in europe. the idea for the program was the brainchild of haim roet, a child holocaust survivor from holland. roet is also responsible for the initial organization of “ unto every person ” and approached the same jewish organizations involved to kick start his latest initiative. roet was rescued through joint efforts of non - jews and jews, so the project was close to his heart. as “ unto every person ” began to take off, roet established the committee to recognize the heroism of jewish rescuers ( jrj ) in which the world center is also a major partner. “ our principal contribution to the committee, other than popularizing the heroism of jewish rescuers in germany and occupied europe during the shoah, ” schneider said. “ is an annual ceremony in partnership with keren kayemeth leisrael. ” the b ’ nai b ’ rith center for jewish identity coordinates the program on behalf of b ’ nai b ’ rith. the support for this program is made possible by the generous support of kurt and


##meth leisrael. ” the b ’ nai b ’ rith center for jewish identity coordinates the program on behalf of b ’ nai b ’ rith. the support for this program is made possible by the generous support of kurt and tessye simon, ( of blessed memory ). the center chair, nancy braun, announced that “ unto every person ” programming for 2014 will be held on yom hashoah, april 27, 2014. the center for jewish identity encourages communities to continue to promote the important task of collecting names of victims of the holocaust and submitting “ pages of testimony ” to yad vashem. these pages are intended to serve as a lasting memorial for the victims and are preserved in the hall of names at yad vashem in jerusalem. the names are also added to the central database. time is running out to get first hand information, so it is important to collect as much information as possible from survivors and their families. if you need further information or want to bring the “ unto every person there is a name ” to your community or your community ’ s yom hashoah observance, please contact rhonda love at email @ example. com. see photos and videos from select events across the u. s. and in israel :


in the early history of most countries there comes a pressure of population upon the productive powers of the land. as numbers increase in the hunting stage game becomes scarce and more hunting grounds are needed. tribes migrate from season to season, as did the american indians, and eventually some members of the tribe are likely to go forth to seek new homes. later in the pastoral stage of society, as the wealth of flocks and herds increases, more pasturage is needed and similar results follow. even after agriculture is well established and commerce is well begun, as in ancient greece, colonies have a like origin. in the england of the nineteenth century malthus and his followers taught the tendency of population to outgrow the means of subsistence — a tendency overcome only by restraints on the growth of population, or by new inventions that enable new sources of supply to be secured or that render the old ones more efficient. emigration and pioneering are thus a normal outgrowth of a progressive growing people in any stage of civilization. what does the statement about abraham ’ s wealth in cattle and silver and gold show regarding the country from which he came and the probable cause of god ’ s direction for his removal? immigrants and pioneers are usually the self - reliant and courageous, who dare to endure hardships and incur risks to secure for their country and posterity the benefits of new lands and broader opportunity. the trials of new and untried experiences and often of dire peril strengthen the character already strong, so that the pioneers in all lands and ages have been heroes whose exploits recounted in song and story have stirred the hearts and molded the faith of their descendants through many generations. in the light of later history what was the profound religious significance to his race and to the world, of the migration represented by abraham? the biblical narrative does not state the exact way in which jehovah spoke to abraham. is it possible and probable that god spoke to men in that early day as he speaks to them now, through their experiences and inner consciousness? in what sense was abraham a pioneer? was it for abraham ’ s material interest to migrate to canaan? the permanent value and influence of the abraham narratives. scholars will probably never absolutely agree regarding many problems connected with abraham. some have gone so far as to question whether he was an historical character or not. is the question of fundamental importance? other writers declare it probable that a tribal sheik by the name of abraham led one of the many nomad tribes that somewhere about the middle of the second millenium b. c.


| name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this test consists of 5 multiple choice, 5 short answer, and 0 short essay questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. at his new camp, where is daniel put to work? a ) in the carpentry shop. b ) in the machine shop. c ) as a photography assistant. d ) in the hospital 2. what happens to rosa and her family the summer of 1944? a ) they are separated. b ) they move into friedrich ' s apartment. c ) they are deported. d ) they are killed. 3. why is daniel determined to live? a ) to find rosa. b ) to help his family. c ) to bear witness against the germans. d ) to revenge his grandparents. 4. what happens in june 1944 that daniel and the ghetto celebrate? a ) world war ii ends. b ) a riot. d ) deportations stops. 5. who does... this section contains 1, 242 words | ( approx. 5 pages at 300 words per page )


double the pressurescience brain teasers require understanding of the physical or biological world and the laws that govern it. in general, if you have a gas in a container and you double the amount of gas, the new pressure will be double the old pressure. i say " in general " because this isn ' t exactly true, but it is close enough for the purposes of this teaser. so my question is this : if you have a tire filled with the standard 32 psi and you double the amount of air molecules in the tire, what pressure will your tire gauge now read? assume that the tire does not expand, and that the first sentence of this teaser is exactly true. the answer is not 64 psi. hintatmospheric pressure is about 15 psi. how does this affect the answer? why? because pressure gauges are set to read " 0 psi " when the pressure being read is the same as atmospheric pressure. this is very convenient because you can easily tell from the gauge if the container is under pressure or vacuum. however, this also means that " 0 psi " does not really mean that there is no pressure in the container - true zero psi occurs at full vacuum. so to solve this problem, you have to recognize the fact that at 32 psi there are enough air molecules in the tire to increase the pressure from full vacuum ( no molecules ) to 32 psi. since atmospheric pressure is about 15 psi, then the real pressure is 32 + 15 = 47 psi. since this is the real pressure in the tire, you can now double it to get 94 psi. if the real pressure is 94 psi, the gauge will read 94 - 15 = 79 psi. see another brain teaser just like this one... or, just get a random brain teaser if you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of which ones you have seen, and even make your own. back to top


hyderabadarticle free pass hyderabad, former princely state of south - central india. it was founded by nizam al - mulk ( asaf jah ), who was intermittently viceroy of the deccan under the mughal emperors from 1713 to 1721 and who resumed the post again under the title asaf jah in 1724, at which time he became virtually independent. he founded the dynasty of the nizams ( rulers ) of hyderabad. the british and the french participated in the wars of succession that followed his death in 1748. after temporarily siding with hyder ali, the ruler of the mysore principality ( now karnataka state ), in 1767, nizam ʿali accepted british ascendancy in hyderabad by the treaty of masulipatam ( 1768 ). from 1778 a british resident and subsidiary force were installed in his dominions. in 1795 nizam ʿali khan lost some of his own territories, including parts of berar, to the marathas. when he turned to the french, the british increased their subsidiary force stationed in his domain. the nizam ’ s territorial gains as an ally of the british against tippu sultan in 1792 and 1799 were ceded to the british to meet the cost of that force. surrounded, except in the west, by territory owned by or dependent upon the british, nizam ʿali khan in 1798 was forced to enter into an agreement placing his country under british protection, becoming the first indian prince to do so. his independence in internal matters, however, was confirmed. nizam ʿali khan was a british ally in the second and third maratha wars ( 1803 – 05, 1817 – 19 ), and nizam nasir al - dawlah and hyderabad ’ s military contingent remained loyal to the british during the indian mutiny ( 1857 – 58 ). in 1918 nizam mir usman ʿali was given the title “ his exalted highness, ” though the british government of india retained the right to intervene in his domain in case of misrule. hyderabad remained a peaceful, but somewhat backward, princely state as the movement for independence gathered strength in india. hyderabad ’ s muslim nizams ruled over a population that was predominantly hindu. when the indian subcontinent was partitioned in 1947, the ruling nizam elected to resume independent status rather than join india. on nov. 29, 1947, he signed a standstill agreement with india to last one year, and indian troops were withdrawn. difficulties persisted, however ; the nizam continued his efforts to assert his autonomy, india insisted that hyderabad join


join india. on nov. 29, 1947, he signed a standstill agreement with india to last one year, and indian troops were withdrawn. difficulties persisted, however ; the nizam continued his efforts to assert his autonomy, india insisted that hyderabad join india, and the nizam appealed to king george vi of great britain. on sept. 13, 1948, hyderabad was invaded by india, and within four days hyderabad ’ s accession to india was achieved. after a period of military and provisional civil government, a popular ministry and legislature were set up in the state in march 1952. on nov. 1, 1956, the state of hyderabad ceased to exist administratively. it was divided ( along linguistic lines ) among the states of andhra pradesh, which took the telangana districts ; mysore, which took the kannada - speaking districts ; and bombay ( now divided between gujarat and maharashtra states ). berar had already been merged with madhya pradesh. the nizams of hyderabad constituted a muslim dynasty that ruled over a predominantly hindu population, and it is a tribute to the dynasty ’ s government that its hindu subjects over the years made no effort to evict the muslim aristocracy by allying themselves with the marathas, with mysore, or with the european powers. what made you want to look up " hyderabad "? please share what surprised you most...


hermann von schlagintweit, adolphe von schlagintweit, and robert von schlagintweit, results of a scientific mission to india and high asia, 4 vol. and atlas ( 1861 – 66 ), is an excellent account of a scientific exploration undertaken in 1854 – 58 in the karakoram range. a superb evaluation of science and research in the karakorams is given in kenneth hewitt, “ european science in high asia : geomorphology in the karakoram, himalaya to 1939, ” in keith j. tinkler ( ed. ), history of geomorphology : from hutton to hack ( 1989 ), pp. 165 – 203. results of contemporary research in the area are surveyed in edward derbyshire and lewis a. owen ( eds. ), quaternary of the karakoram and himalaya ( 1989 ) ; k. j. miller ( ed. ), the international karakoram project, 2 vol. ( 1984 ) ; m. p. searle, geology and tectonics of the karakoram mountains ( 1991 ) ; john f. shroder, jr. ( ed. ), himalaya to the sea : geology, geomorphology, and the quaternary ( 1993 ) ; and hermann kreutzmann, karakoram in transition : culture, development, and ecology in the hunza valley ( 2006 ). nigel j. r. allan, “ kashgar to islamabad : the impact of the karakorum highway on mountain society and habitat, ” scottish geographical magazine, 105 ( 3 ) : 130 – 141 ( 1989 ), discusses the transformation of the western karakorams caused by construction of the karakoram highway. also useful is nigel j. r. allan, karakorum himalaya, 2nd ed. ( 1998 ), a bibliography. accounts of climbs in the karakorams include victor sanders, elusive summits : four expeditions in the karakoram ( 1990 ) ; and charles s. houston et al., k2 : the savage mountain ( 1994 ), about the 1953 american expedition to k2. what made you want to look up " karakoram range "? please share what surprised you most... you are now in edit mode. you may directly modify any part of this article. once you are finished, click on the submit button to send your modifications to our editors for review. please note : if you submit anonymously


the sumerian culture in iraq, established in the third millennium b. c., was one of the world ’ s earliest civilizations. it reached a height of luxury known to us primarily through the elegantly crafted jewelry found in the tombs of its rulers. the ornaments exhibited here include two finger rings and two pairs of earrings in gold, and beads fashioned in gold and semiprecious stones. the beads have been restrung in modern times. originally, they belonged to elaborate necklaces, which were often so large that their strands had to be held apart by separators. a separator on the smallest strand here consists of four attached tubes in gold ( no. 3 ). the large round bead in lapis lazuli, with a gold cap, was the head of an ornamental pin in silver ; traces of silver remain in the hole ( no. 4 ). - culture : sumerian - medium : gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, chalcedony (? ) on modern string - place made : iraq - dates : ca. 2600 - 2500 b. c. e. - period : early dynastic iiia period - dimensions : length 14 3 / 8 in. ( 36. 5 cm ) ( show scale ) - collections : egyptian, classical, ancient near eastern art - museum location : this item is on view in egypt reborn : art for eternity, ancient middle eastern art, the hagop kevorkian gallery, 3rd floor - accession number : 1999. 109. 1 - credit line : purchased with funds given by shelby white - rights statement : creative commons - by - caption : sumerian. necklace elements, ca. 2600 - 2500 b. c. e. gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, chalcedony (? ) on modern string, length 14 3 / 8 in. ( 36. 5 cm ). brooklyn museum, purchased with funds given by shelby white, 1999. 109. 1. creative commons - by - record completeness : best ( 83 % )