| | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | this species is characterized as abundant in the springbok and kuruman areas of its distribution ( matthee et al. 2004 ). it has a population size of greater than 10, 000 in south africa ( matthee et al. 2004 ). in south africa, population decline of greater than 10 % is predicted to occur by the year 2022 ( matthee et al. 2004 ). there is no data regarding the status of the east african distribution. | | habitat and ecology : | | pronolagus rupestris occurs on rocky slopes and the tops of rocky outcrops of mountains and hills, where grass or scrub vegetation occurs ( duthie and robinson 1990 ; matthee et al. 2004 ). areas of unsuitable habitat cause some natural habitat fragmentation ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). the diet of p. rupestris consists of sprouting grasses ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). litter size is 1 - 2 young ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). | major threat ( s ) : | | hunting of pronolagus rupestris poses a threat to the species ( matthee et al. 2004 ). habitat loss due to building houses on rocky outcrops also occurs, but this is not currently considered a serious threat ( matthee et al. 2004 ). there has been a greater than 20 % loss of habitat since the 1900 ' s and future loss is predicted to continue at the same rate until the year 2022 ( matthee et al. 2004 ). | | conservation actions : | | in south africa, pronolagus rupestris occurs in national and provincial parks and wildlife refuges, and is seasonally protected by provincial nature conservation agencies as a game species ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). sustainable utilization is recommended, as well as research in the areas of status surveys and life history ( matthee et al. 2004 ). few data exist for the east african distribution and research should be conducted in the areas of threats, population and habitat status. taxonomic revision is also suggested for this species. | | citation : | | smith, a. t. & boyer, a. f. 2008. pronolagus rupestris. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 23 may 2013. | | feedback :


click on the links for more details about each musician : orpheus ( mythological ) "... was a sober and gentle musician " pythagoras ( c. 580 - c. 500 bce ) " discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations " lord ( george gordon ) byron ( 1788 - 1824 ) - his poems and his life set to music arthur schopenhauer ( 1788 - 1860 ) - german philosopher whose buddhist related writings on music and animal rights had a significant influence on many below. percy bysshe shelley ( 1792 - 1822 ) - wrote poems about music richard wagner, ( 1813 - 83 ) german music - drama composer. leo tolstoy ( 1828 - 1910 ) russian novelist, also an amateur musician and composer. anti - wagnerian karl klindworth ( 1830 - 1916 ) german music professor, conductor of berlin philharmonic, friend of wagner. friedrich wilhelm nietzsche ( 1844 - 1900 ) - german philosopher, also a minor composer. lilli lehmann ( 1848 - 1929 ) german opera singer, especially of wagner. george bernard shaw ( 1856 - 1950 ) - music critic for several london journals in the 1880s & 90s. cecile chaminade ( 1857 - 1944 ) french composer and pianist. cecil sharp ( 1859 - 1924 ) english folk song collector, several composers below used his collection. wagnerian. hugo wolf ( mar. 1860 - 1903 ) austrian composer. wagnerian. gustav mahler ( jul. 1860 - 1911 ) bohemian - austrian composer and conductor. wagnerian. maurice maeterlinck ( 1862 - 1949 ) belgian writer, many works set to music. romain rolland ( 1866 - 1944 ) - french writer, also professor of history of music at the sorbonne. leonard borwick ( 1868 - 1925 ) english concert pianist. praised by critic gbs in london, 1890. alexander scriabin ( jan. 1872 - 1915 ) russian composer, wagnerian, theosophist, indian - ist. carl friedberg ( sep. 1872 - 1955 ) german born, usa from 1914, concert pianist and teacher. performed with mahler, taught elly ney below. later at the juilliard school nyc. arnold schoenberg ( sep. 13, 1874 - 1951 ) austrian / american composer. disciple of mahler, teacher of cage. gustav holst ( sep. 21, 1874 - 1934 ) british composer ( swedish parents ). wagnerian. indian influenced. arranged settings of english folk songs from sharp ' s collection. albert schweitzer ( 1875 -


teacher of cage. gustav holst ( sep. 21, 1874 - 1934 ) british composer ( swedish parents ). wagnerian. indian influenced. arranged settings of english folk songs from sharp ' s collection. albert schweitzer ( 1875 - 1965 ) german / french. a significant musician, as well as being better known for other work. wagnerian. isadora duncan ( 1878 - 1927 ) american dancer who made her name in europe. cyril scott ( 1879 - 1970 ) british composer, friend of percy grainger. theosophist albert einstein ( 1879 - 1955 ) surprisingly well known as an amatuer violinist. anti - wagnerian. john foulds ( 1880 - 1939 ) british composer. married maud mccarthy. herman sandby ( 1881 - 1965 ) danish composer, one of the hoch conservatory, frankfurt, group. maud mccarthy ( jul. 4, 1882 - 1967 ) irish violinist and indian music expert. percy grainger ( jul. 8, 1882 - 1961 ) australian born composer. lived in england for some time, where he collected folk songs and set some of sharp ' s collection. his early experiments in ' chance ' music pre - dated john cage by many years. elly ney ( sep. 1882 - 1968 ) german concert pianist. frank merrick ( apr. 1886 - 1981 ) british pianist and composer, taught thomas pitfield below. vaslav nijinsky ( 1889 - 1950 ) russian ballet dancer, influenced by tolstoy. phiroz mehta ( 1902 - 1994 ) indian pianist thomas pitfield ( 1903 - 99 ) british composer, taught partly by frank merrick above. john cage ( 1912 - 92 ) american avant - garde composer. yehudi menuhin ( 1916 - 99 ), american born violin virtuoso, performed / conducted and / or recorded music by wagner and holst above. worked with ravi shankar below. georg tintner ( 1917 - 99 ) viennese born conductor, worked mainly australia & canada ravi shankar ( 1920 - ) indian sitar virtuoso, worked with yehudi menuhin and philip glass. vladimir ruzdak ( 1922 - ) yugoslav born opera singer, based in germany gisela litz ( dec. 1922 - ) german opera singer glenn gould ( 1932 - 82 ) canadian pianist ingrid fuzjko hemming ( 1932 - ) japanese / german pianist montserrat caballe ( 1933 - ) spanish opera singer kurt schwertsik ( 1935 - ) austrian composer philip glass ( jan. 1937 -


82 ) canadian pianist ingrid fuzjko hemming ( 1932 - ) japanese / german pianist montserrat caballe ( 1933 - ) spanish opera singer kurt schwertsik ( 1935 - ) austrian composer philip glass ( jan. 1937 - ) american composer, worked with ravi shankar hildegard behrens ( feb. 1937 - ) german opera singer. marisa robles ( apr 1937 ) harpist ( spain / uk ) peter jonas ( 1946 - ) opera director viktoria mullova ( 1959 - ) violinist juan diego florez ( born january 13, 1973 in lima, peru ) operatic tenor. 1854 - richard wagner first read schopenhauer, later describing this as the most important event of his life. 1855 - karl klindworth met wagner in england, transcribed some of his music for piano and they remained friends for life. 1859 - wagner planned to visit america, taking klindworth with him as 2nd conductor, but the plans never materialised. 1869 - wagner and the then vegetarian nietzsche met over coffee. wagner was then anti, but did something rub off? their friendship had broken down by 1876 and both subsequently reversed their views of vegetarianism. 1874 - gb shaw first ' converted ' to wagner ' s music whilst still in dublin. 1875 - wagner supervised productions of tanhauser and lohengrin in vienna. gustav mahler and hugo wolf, very young conservatory students, were in the gallery. - lilli lehmann to dinner with wagner during rehearsals for the first bayreuth festival - she records them discussing vegetarianism. 1876 - the first bayreuth festival with wagner directing. lilli lehmann played a rhine maiden. karl klindworth was also present. 1877 - gb shaw ' s first, brief and anonymous, job in journalism, as music critic for the hornet in london. in june he attended a concert at the albert hall with wagner conducting his own music, reporting that he received ' tempestuous applause '. 1879 - wagner was actively advocating anti - vivisection by this time. 1880 ( october ) - wagner published ' religion und kunst ( religion and art ) ', in the bayreuther blatter - which included his promotion of vegetarianism. - mahler became vegetarian the same month. 1881 ( january ) - gb shaw became vegetarian, apparently after reading shelley at the british museum, but was he also aware of the wagner article? - a group of young wagnerian vegetarians were meeting in the cafe griensteidl, vienna, among them gustav ma


gb shaw became vegetarian, apparently after reading shelley at the british museum, but was he also aware of the wagner article? - a group of young wagnerian vegetarians were meeting in the cafe griensteidl, vienna, among them gustav mahler and hugo wolf. 1882 - 2nd bayreuth festival, included the first performance of parsifal with its anti - hunting scene. hugo wolf was present. 1883 - death of wagner in february. cosima wagner became the director at bayreuth. gustav mahler attended that summer and saw parsifal. - cecil sharp in australia ( 1882 - 92 ) working with a music society founded by percy grainger ' s father. 1884 - gb shaw ' s first proper work as a music critic for a london newspaper. an early draft of his first play was called ' rhinegold '. 1885 - gb shaw started playing wagner on the piano, probably from klindworth ' s transcriptions which are still available. 1886 - mahler conducted his first wagner operas in prague - romain rolland, still astudent, write tolstoy and received a lenghty reply. mid 1880s - carl friedberg and leonard borwick both students at the hoch conservatory in frankfurt. 1888 - mahler was in bayreuth for parsifal and die meistersinger - ( october ) gb shaw diary records reading schopenhauer. 1889 - ( january ) mahler conducted wagner at the budapest opera. - ( august ) gb shaw ' s first visit to the bayreuth festival, resulting in four articles on wagner for the world. - ( november ) mahler conducted the first performance of his 1st symphony, in budapest, including the anti - hunting funeral march. - romain rolland influenced by malwida von meysenburg, a friend of wagner and neitzsche in rome. 1890 - albert schweitzer, in his early teens, learned about schopenhauer from a schoolmaster. 1891 - mahler moved to the hamburg opera, again starting with wagner. - gb shaw reading schopenhauer ( continued the following year ) - schweitzer went to his first wagner opera, tanhauser in stassbourg, which " overpowered me ", and then went to all the others, except parsifal which was only performed at bayreuth. - romain rolland at bayreuth with malwida von meysenburg 1892 ( june 12 ) gb shaw mentioned meeting cecil sharp in his diary


to all the others, except parsifal which was only performed at bayreuth. - romain rolland at bayreuth with malwida von meysenburg 1892 ( june 12 ) gb shaw mentioned meeting cecil sharp in his diary and that he knew sharp quite well before he went to australia. - ( july 13 ) gustav holst first heard wagner at a concert in london conducted by mahler. gb shaw wrote a review. 1893 - gustav holst moved to london and joined the hammersmith socialist society where gb shaw was a speaker, and became vegetarian. 1894 - percy grainger, 12, reported to have visited his first vegetarian restaurant in australia ( unconfirmed ). - karl klindworth moved into the eden vegetarian colony near berlin and remained there for the last 20 years of his life. - ( june ) holst attended his second wagner performance in london, again reviewed by gb shaw. - ( july ) gb shaw at bayreuth. his reports on this marked the end of his paid employment as a music critic, but his passion for wagner continued. - mahler and scriabin both reported to be reading schopenhauer. - lilli lehmann became vegetarian following influence from klindworth. 1896 - albert schweitzer and gb shaw both at the bayreuth festival, but unlikely to have known each. lilli lehmann played brunhilde. - hugo wolf set byron poem to music late 1890s - carl friedberg teaching at the hoch conservatory in frankfurt ; cyril scott, percy grainger and herman sandby all students there, leonard borwick had been ten years earlier. 1898 - gb shaw wrote the perfect wagnerite as a commentary on the ring cycle. - carl friedberg performed with the vienna philharmonic, conducted by mahler. 1899 - alexander scriabin ' became absorbed ' by wagner ' s music in moscow. 1900 - schweitzer lecturing on schopenhauer in paris. 1902 - schoenberg symphonic poem inspired by maeterlinck 1903 - cyril scott vegetarian. - schoenberg became a mahler enthusiast, following personal meetings. - isadora duncan vegetarian 1904 - isadora duncan danced in tanhauser at bayreuth. also reading schopenhauer. 1905 - schweitzer became a friend of cosima wagner while in strasbourg. - romain rolland wrote a biography of hugo wolf. - schweitzer and rolland met in paris, initally as musicians but became long - term


schweitzer became a friend of cosima wagner while in strasbourg. - romain rolland wrote a biography of hugo wolf. - schweitzer and rolland met in paris, initally as musicians but became long - term friends. - scriabin traveled in western europe and discovered theosophy ( mostly vegetarian ) and eastern religions. - maud mccarthy went to india as a companion to annie besant ( theosophist president ). 1906 - schweitzer at bayreuth again, writing his book on bach whilst there. 1907 - cecil sharp persuaded gustav holst to compose ' somerset rhapsody ' using his collected folk tunes. - lilli lehmann publicly supported mahler on his departure from the vienna opera. 1908 - gb shaw at bayreuth again. - romain rolland ' s musicians of today included sections on wagner, wolf and schweitzer. 1909 - cyril scott ' s handelian rhapsody, dedicated to and edited by percy grainger. 1913 - scriabin attended a vegetarian congress in moscow. - cyril scott visited vienna at the invitation of mahler ' s widow. 1915 - albert schweitzer developed his ethic ' reverence for life ', influenced by schopenhauer. - wagner ' s son married karl klindworth ' s adopted daughter after they met at bayreuth. she had grown up in the eden vegetarian colony. - john foulds married maud mccarthy. 1916 - cecil sharp ' s diary made a specific reference to being vegetarian, but probably was a lot earlier. 1917 - cyril scott became friends with gb shaw 1918 - schweitzer helped cosima wagner with food supplies after the war. - phiroz mehta running the colombo branch of the theosophical society. 1923 - albert schweitzer published ' civilization and ethics ' including his arguments for ' reverence for life '. 1924 - percy grainger fully vegetarian, but had been heading towards it for many years. - schoenberg reported to be a theosophist ( mostly vegetarians ) 1925 - john foulds wrote the music for gb shaw ' s saint joan 1927 - isadora duncan ' s autobiography refers to schopenhauer, wagner, gb shaw, romain rolland, and is praised by percy grainger. 1934 / 5 - john cage studying with schoenberg in california 1935 - john & maud foulds and moved to india 1939 - maud foulds ( nee mccarthy ) became swami omananda puri in india. 1940


is praised by percy grainger. 1934 / 5 - john cage studying with schoenberg in california 1935 - john & maud foulds and moved to india 1939 - maud foulds ( nee mccarthy ) became swami omananda puri in india. 1940 - carl friedberg reported vegetarian at the juilliard music school, new york. 1942 - schoenberg set byron poem to music 1946 - percy grainger, age 64, wrote article on ' how i became a meat - shunner ’ ( his preferred term for vegetarian ). 1949 - john cage into all things eastern and zen buddhism in particular. 1952 - yehudi menuhin ' s first visit to india where he met ravi shankar and encouraged him to perform in the west. yehudi was vegetarian by this time. 1954 - georg tintner became vegan 1956 - ravi shankar moved to the west to perform and record classical indian music. 1958 - yehudi menuhin and ravi shankar joint concert in london, but not playing together, just alternate pieces.. 1960 - elly ney, piano, vladimir ruzdac, baritone, and gisela litz, soprano. performed at the ivu congress in hamburg. 1965 - philip glass met ravi shankar for the first time in paris, they were working on film music which was originally intended for jazz musician ornette coleman. glass then went on to india and became vegetarian. - yehudi menuhin recorded with glenn gould. ravi and yehudi performed specially composed piece together at the bath ( england ) festival and release ' east meets west ' album. 1983 - ingrid fuzjko hemming vegetarian 1991 - ravi shankar and philip glass record passages


chelmno was established december 1941. the first commandant was herbert lange. the camp consisted of two parts : administration section, barracks and storage for plundered goods ; burial and cremation site. it operated three gas vans using carbon monoxide. the camp began operations on december 7th, 1941 and ended operations on march 1943. it resumed operations june 23, 1944 and finally ceased operations january 17, 1945. the estimated number of deaths is 150 - 300, 000, mainly jews. chelmno : one of the three gas vans chelmno, also known as kulmhof, was a small town roughly 50 miles from the city of lodz. it was here that the first mass killings of jews by gas took place as part of the ' final solution '. the murder process was set up by a ' sonderkommando ', under the command of herbert lange. he was transferred to chelmno directly from duties in the t4 euthanasia program, murdering psychiatric patients in posen. lange and his unit had developed much experience in the use of gas vans. these early models were equipped to pipe carbon monoxide from cylinders in the driver ' s cab into the van in which the ' patients were locked. lange ' s unit comprised 15 - 20 men of the sipo and about 80 - 100 men of the ' schutzpolizei '. they took over a run - down castle in chelmno and converted it into their base camp with barracks and a reception area for deportees. each afternoon, jews were brought under guard by train from lodz via kolo junction ( where they transferred to open rail cars running on a narrow - gauge track ), or from nearer locations by lorry, to the castle or schloss. they were gathered in the castle courtyard, subdivided into groups of 50 and told to undress. they were forced to hand over all valuables. they were then told they were about to be transferred to a work camp, but first they had be disinfected and showered. they were taken down into the castle cellar to a ' washroom ' which actually led via a ramp into a waiting van. vicious beatings ensured that none hesitated or declined to go inside. after 50 - 70 persons were jammed into the van ' s freight compartment, the exhaust pipe was connected to an opening in the compartment and the engine switched on. after about ten minutes those inside were dead. the driver, usually a member of the ' schutzpolizei '


into the van ' s freight compartment, the exhaust pipe was connected to an opening in the compartment and the engine switched on. after about ten minutes those inside were dead. the driver, usually a member of the ' schutzpolizei ', then drove the van 2. 5 miles into the nearby rzuchow forest, to the second camp the ' waldlager '. here the ss had prepared mass graves, dug by jewish slave labor, and later cremation pyres. a team of 40 - 50 jews, wearing leg - irons to prevent their escape, hauled the bodies out of the van and dumped them in the graves. another team of jews sorted the clothes and objects of those killed so that they could be made available to germans in the reich. no less than 370 wagon loads of clothing were supplied by these means. the technology was quite simple. the ' sonderkommando ' had three vans at its disposal. the only technical innovation was the specially constructed sealed compartments mounted on a renault chassis. these compartments were lined with tin and had airtight, double doors. the floor of the compartment had a wooden lattice to facilitate the cleaning out of detritus. beneath it was an aperture with a nozzle to which the pipe from the exhaust was connected. by the time lange ' s unit came to use these vans, they had been tried and tested in the ' euthanasia program '. a convoy arrives in chelmno by these means, about 145, 000 people were murdered at chelmno in the first phase of its operations. gassings started on december 7th, 1941. the first deportees were jews from surrounding communities and about 5, 000 gypsies who had been incarcerated in the lodz ghetto. from january 16th to january 29th, 1942, 10, 000 jews were deported from lodz to chelmno and murdered. they were followed by 34, 000 between march 22nd and april 2nd, 1942, 11, 700 between may 4th and 15th, 1942, 16, 000 between september 5th and 12th, 1942. in addition, 15, 200 jewish slave laborers from the lodz region were gassed at chelmno. amongst the deportees were jews from germany, austria and czechoslovakia who had been transported to the lodz ghetto. after the assassination of reinhard heydrich and the annihilation of the czech town of lidice, 88 children from there were sent to chelmno and murdered. the church of chelmno where the


transported to the lodz ghetto. after the assassination of reinhard heydrich and the annihilation of the czech town of lidice, 88 children from there were sent to chelmno and murdered. the church of chelmno where the victims had to wait before being sent to the gas chamber... by march 1943, most of the jews of the warthegau had been murdered. only the 70, 000 jews in the lodz ghetto remained. chelmno camp was wound up and the schloss actually demolished. it was briefly reactivated on the same lines in april to july 1944 to assist with the liquidation of the lodz ' ghetto '. in this period, a further 25. 000 lodz jews were murdered at chelmno. afterwards, a unit of ' sonderkommando 1005 labored to clean up the traces of mass murder. on january 17th, 1945 the work group, numbering 48 men, was to be shot, but the jews revolted and in the ensuing melee a handful escaped. chelmno : photo of jews taken just before their being sent to the gas chamber. there were few survivors of the most intense phase of murder at chelmno. in mid - january 1942, yaakov grojanowski escaped and made his way to warsaw where he informed the ghetto leadership of what he had witnessed. as a result, fairly accurate information about the mass killings at chelmno was transmitted via the polish underground and reached london in june.


you can help : all these towns need town leaders to learn more about becoming a town leader please read this pdf. -, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z reference : when these letters appear the town has town leader, kehilalinks, projects, documents < < previous - next > > a town can be named in different ways ( in yiddish, in russian, in polish, in ukrainian... ), many town names have changed over time and many can be spelled differently depending on the transliteration rules applied. ukraine sig has chosen as the main town name the official one around 1900. town names in this time period are the ones that are most widely known among jewish genealogy researchers. the 1900s - era town names are consistent with the clickable maps of 1910 that we feature on our website. in addition, we use alexander beider ' s system for transliterating town names ( except for some special very know cases where a different english name is widely know like moscow or kiev ). this town list shows only 1900 town names, not modern names. however, the ukraine sig database stores most of the alternate names and you can search for them ( using d - m soundex ) through the town search box on the top - right of each website page. the town page will show all alternate names as well as the different names by period ( 1900, 1930, 1950, modern ).


israel briefing book fact sheet : jewish settlements in the west bank jewish settlements in the west bank have drawn serious ire from the international community for their supposed illegality and, even worse, their purported impedent to advancing the peace negotiations between israel and the palestinians. while israeli ' s debate vociferously the logic behind establishing communities in territory that may one day be ceded for the creation of a palestinian state, the settlements merit is unquestionable - the right of jews to live in the west bank is clear and legal. jews have actually been living in judea and samaria, the area commonly referred to as the west bank, for hundreds of years - far longer than any palestinian has lived in the area. in fact, the only time in recent history that jews did not live in the area was between 1948 to 1967, when the occupying jordanian government prohibited jews from remaining in the west bank. after conquering the west bank following the 1967 six - day war, israel sought peace with its arab neighbors for two decades before the first jewish community was even established in the west bank. no arab leader, though, was willing to negotiate at the time and israel decided to allow the building of cities in the region. israel did not begin to build large numbers of settlements until after 1977. that is also when egypt negotiated peace. israel froze settlement building afterward in the hope that other arab states would follow egypt ' s example. none did. israel built then allowed the building of more settlements in the 1980 ' s and 1990 ' s ; king hussein of jordan, meanwhile, made peace with israel, and settlements were not an issue. likewise, during the oslo agreements in the early 1990 ' s, israel did not agree to dismantle any settlements or freeze construction and the palestinians agreed. in 2005, after several years of bloodshed, terror and stalled peace talks with the palestinians, prime minister ariel sharon implemented his disengagement plan and completely withdrew every israeli soldier and settler from the gaza strip. israel safely evacuated more than 8, 500 israeli settlers and destroyed more than 10 settlements. jews should have a right to live anywhere. to say they are not allowed to live there is the definition of anti - semitism, discrimination and bigotry. neither the declaration of principles of september 13, 1993, nor the interim agreement contain any provisions prohibiting or restricting the establishment or expansion of jewish communities in the west bank or gaza strip. additionally, settlements do not violate the fourth geneva convention, which prohibits the forcible transfer of people of one state to the


nor the interim agreement contain any provisions prohibiting or restricting the establishment or expansion of jewish communities in the west bank or gaza strip. additionally, settlements do not violate the fourth geneva convention, which prohibits the forcible transfer of people of one state to the territory of another state that it has occupied as a result of a war. the intention of this protocol was to insure that local populations who came under occupation would not be forced to move. jews are not being forced to go to the west bank ( nor are palestinians being forced to stay or go ) ; on the contrary, they are voluntarily moving back to places where they, or their ancestors, once lived before being expelled by others. moreover, to say that israel illegaly annexed the territory from its prior " owners " holds no water. the west bank never legally belonged to jordan and certainly not to the palestinians, who were never the sovereign authority in any part of the land. the british, who controlled the land during the mandate period, withdrew any legal claims they had to the territory ; the ottoman empire who held the area before the british no longer exists. the question of the future status of settlements - whether they will be destroyed entirely, fall under palestinian authority or be annexed to israel - is the subject of final status negotiations with the palestinians. the fact that israel continues to agree to discuss the matter illustrates a willingness to compromise on this issue. an estimated 80 percent of the settlers live in what are in effect suburbs of major israeli cities such as jerusalem and tel aviv. virtually the entire jewish population believes israel must retain these areas to ensure its security, and that they could be brought within israel ' s borders with minor modifications of the 1949 armistice lines. president obama has reiterated his belief that israel should hold on to these major population centers with the caveat that the palestinians would receive equal land in return. of the 122 officially recognized west bank settlements, with an estimated population of 303, 900 in 2010, more than 60 percent of the jews live in just five settlement blocs ( ma ’ ale adumim, modiin ilit, ariel, gush etzion, givat ze ’ ev ) near the 1949 armistice lines. the arab city of nablus alone is larger than those six jewish cities put together. it is inconceivable that israel would evacuate large cities such as ma ’ ale adumim, with a population of more than 35, 000, even after a peace agreement with the palestinians. even yasser arafat grudgingly accepted at camp david the idea that


##ble that israel would evacuate large cities such as ma ’ ale adumim, with a population of more than 35, 000, even after a peace agreement with the palestinians. even yasser arafat grudgingly accepted at camp david the idea that the large settelement blocs would be part of israel. as the table shows, these are large communities with thousands of residents. evacuating them would be the equivalent of dismantling major american cities the size of maryland ’ s capital, annapolis, juneau, alaska, or augusta, georgia. on a proportional basis, compared to the total population of the country, these blocs would be the equivalent of u. s. municipalities with populations ranging from a half million ( e. g., boston, denver, seattle, washington, d. c. ) to 1. 7 million ( e. g., philadelphia and houston ). would the incorporation of settlement blocs prevent the creation of a contiguous palestinian state? a look at a map shows that it would not. the total area of these communities is only about 1. 5 % of the west bank. a kidney - shaped state linked to the gaza strip by a secure passage would be contiguous. some argue that the e1 project linking ma ’ ale adumim to jerusalem would cutoff east jerusalem, but even that is not necessarily true as israel has proposed constructing a four - lane underpass to guarantee free passage between the west bank and the arab sections of jerusalem. ultimately, israel may decide to unilaterally disengage from the west bank and determine which settlements it will incorporate within the borders it delineates. israel would prefer, however, to negotiate a peace treaty with the palestinians that would specify which jewish communities will remain intact within the mutually agreed border of israel, and which will need to be evacuated. israel will undoubtedly insist that some or all of the “ consensus ” blocs become part of israel. share this article :


as the planet becomes increasingly covered with concrete, tarun naik says at least some of it could be used to help the environment rather than hurt it. some of the negative consequences are worrisome. the production of one ton of cement, the paste used to make concrete, creates almost an equal amount of greenhouse gases. that ' s more than 1. 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year, says naik, a university of wisconsin - milwaukee engineering professor. concrete roads and buildings have been linked to " hot city syndrome, " a condition in which temperatures keep rising in urban areas. there ' s a direct link between concrete and global warming, according to naik, who has spent decades studying greener alternatives to conventional cement and concrete. what ' s more, entire geographical regions of the world are running out of limestone to make cement, naik says. " as limestone becomes a limited resource, employment and construction associated with the concrete industry will decline, " he wrote in a recent study about the sustainability of the cement and concrete industries. naik and his colleagues are seeking ways to make the use of concrete more sustainable and environmentally friendly. it ' s a huge task since concrete is second only to water when it comes to the consumption of materials worldwide. " it ' s a global issue. china alone plans to double or triple its cement capacity in the near future, " said rudolph kraus, assistant director of the uwm center for by - products utilization, which is doing research on cement and concrete. researchers are studying things such as porous pavement that allows the earth to breathe and take in water. stone and soil underneath porous pavement acts as a reservoir and cleans runoff water like the filter on a fish tank. " it ' s a sore point with me that we spend millions of dollars a year flushing storm water into lake michigan, " naik said. porous concrete study highway barriers made from porous concrete could absorb sound and act as sponges that soak up greenhouse gases, according to naik. currently, he and other uwm researchers are trying to quantify how well porous concrete absorbs carbon dioxide. they ' re exposing crushed concrete to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, triggering a chemical reaction that sequesters the gas and keeps it from leaching out. through the reaction, which converts calcium hydroxide to limestone, porous concrete gets stronger. but eventually the material becomes saturated with carbon dioxide and stops absorbing it. researchers don ' t know how long it takes to reach the saturation point,


out. through the reaction, which converts calcium hydroxide to limestone, porous concrete gets stronger. but eventually the material becomes saturated with carbon dioxide and stops absorbing it. researchers don ' t know how long it takes to reach the saturation point, though it might be years. when a porous highway barrier stopped absorbing gas, it could be torn down and recycled to make new concrete. " even if it only sequestered a small amount of carbon dioxide, it would be a step in the right direction, " naik said. buildings made from porous concrete could help cleanse indoor air. ordinary concrete walls absorb some carbon dioxide, but not much of it because the surface isn ' t very porous. porous concrete could help filter storm water in parking lots. studies have shown that most pollutants would be trapped in the material rather than passed through to the aquifer. crushed concrete could be used to cleanse waste gases from power plants. and fly ash, a waste product from coal - burning power plants, has been used as a substitute for cement in making concrete. " by using fly ash in place of cement, we cut the corresponding amount of co2 emissions, " naik said. " it has been a holy grail to use 100 percent fly ash. we have had successes with this idea in lab - produced concrete. however, it has not yet been implemented in real - world practice. " the building materials industry recognizes it has environmental issues, but not everyone agrees that porous concrete provides many solutions. the material isn ' t necessarily compatible with climates that have frequent freeze - and - thaw cycles, said david schulz, an engineering professor at northwestern university and former milwaukee county executive. " road builders spend a lot of time and money trying to keep water out of concrete, " schulz said. " in the winter it freezes and expands with incredible pressure. that ' s what causes the breakup of a lot of concrete. " but in tests done in wisconsin, porous concrete has held up well to freezing and thawing, naik said. one of the tests, in port washington, involved the use of porous concrete on a road. after 10 years of exposure to year - round weather, the road was undamaged. another test, in green bay, is under way to evaluate porous concrete in a parking lot and truck loading area. so far, after four years, there ' s not been any damage from freeze and thaw cycles, naik said. the u


the iihs offers a state - by - state break down of child restraint laws. but arbogast and chop offers the following suggestions : - children should remain in a rear - facing seat until at least 1 year old and at least 20 pounds - a forward - facing seat with a harness comes next and should be used until children weigh more than 40 pounds or until their ears reach the top of the seat - use a booster seat when your child has outgrown the forward - facing seat until he or she is 8 years old or 4 feet, 9 - inches tall as autotrader. com notes, guidance is also available from local fire and police departments and hospitals, which often run child safety seat clinics designed to show parents how to correctly install the seats. keep kids in back making sure children take a back seat is also another important step in keeping children safe, reducing the risk of fatal injuries in crashes by about one - third among kids 12 and younger. while the american academy of pediatrics, which provides an online guide to child safety seats, recommends that children younger than 13 ride in the back seats of vehicles, the chop study showed that about 30 percent of all 8 - to 12 - year - olds ride in the front. " these findings are an alarm bell that parents still haven ’ t heard the critical safety message ( that ) old air bag, new air bag, no air bag, kids are safer in a rear seat properly restrained, " said chuck hurley, executive director of the air bag & seat belt safety campaign of the national safety council. " it is particularly important that this message get out to lower - income families of all races whose self - reported behavior places their babies at much greater risk. " latch to the rescue


yahoo. com - nasa ' s mars rover curiosity has photographed a shiny, metallic - looking object that bears a passing resemblance to a door handle or a hood the curiosity rover has not stumbled onto evidence of an ancient civilization that took the family van to olympus mons for vacation, however. the object is simply a rock that the wind has sculpted into an interesting shape, scientists " the shiny surface suggests that this rock has a fine grain and is relatively hard, " curiosity scientists wrote monday ( feb. 11 ) in an explainer blurb accompanying the image, which was taken on jan. 30. " hard, fine - grained rocks can be polished by the wind to form very similar " ventifacted " ( wind - eroded ) rocks can be found here on earth, notably on the dry, gusty plains of antarctica, they added. the newfound rock is not the first shiny object curiosity has photographed on the red planet. in october, the car - size rover paused its first soil - scooping activities to investigate a bright sliver lying on the ground nearby. scientists think the scrap is a piece of plastic debris that shook loose during the robot ' s dramatic sky - crane landing on the night of aug. 5. later in october, curiosity spotted bright flecks in one of the holes it dug out while scooping. that material appears to be some sort of native martian mineral, as does the so - called " mars flower, " which garnered a lot of attention after curiosity photographed it in december. while such finds may be interesting to laypeople and researchers alike, curiosity has bigger fish to fry. the rover ' s main task is to determine whether its landing site — a huge crater called gale — could ever have supported microbial life. curiosity carries 10 different scientific instruments and 17 cameras to aid in this quest, along with other tools such as a rock - boring drill. curiosity used this drill to collect samples for the first time over the weekend, boring 2. 5 inches ( 6. 4 centimeters ) into a red planet rock in a move that had never been done before on another planet. wednesday, may 22 2013 12 : 27 am edt2013 - 05 - 22 04 : 27 : 35 gmt sprague lake, wash. - the lincoln county sheriff ' s office has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating accident on sprague lake. > > sprague lake, wash. - the lincoln county sheriff ' s office has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating


has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating accident on sprague lake. > > sprague lake, wash. - the lincoln county sheriff ' s office has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating accident on sprague lake. the sheriff ' s office says that about 3 : 00pm tuesday afternoon they responded to a report of two people who had washed ashore at sprague lake. once they arrived they found a man and a woman on the shore. > > wednesday, may 22 2013 4 : 43 pm edt2013 - 05 - 22 20 : 43 : 52 gmt air force officials announced wednesday that fairchild air force base and grand forks afb, n. d. were selected as the reasonable alternative main operating bases ( mob 1 ) for the kc - 46a air refueling tanker. > > fairchild air force base, wash. – air force officials announced wednesday that fairchild air force base and grand forks afb, n. d. were selected as the reasonable alternative main operating bases ( mob 1 ) for the kc - 46a air refueling tanker. read complete details inside of the story > > > > > wednesday, may 22 2013 2 : 57 pm edt2013 - 05 - 22 18 : 57 : 24 gmt khq. com - army brigadier general bryan t. roberts is being investigated for adultery and for being involved in a physical altercation. > > khq. com - army brigadier general bryan t. roberts, the commanding general of the u. s. army training center and fort jackson, located in fort jackson, s. c., is being investigated for adultery and for being involved in a physical altercation > >


puget sound clean air agency ( external link ) look up air quality forecasts and air quality burn bans, learn about air quality priorities, regulations, and permits, get the news on air quality and peruse the library. king county climate change detailed information related to addressing greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollution through clean mobility, waste to resource, waste to energy, and energy and resource efficiency efforts. 2008 greenhouse gas emissions in king county rollup report of emissions from the entire king county community including government, residents and business. published december, 2011. air quality indicators - kingstat explore environmental data about air quality and trends for king county, washington. fire safety burn bans and air quality burn bans burn ban announcements and burn permit options. indoor air quality how to determine the quality of indoor air and identify sources of poor indoor quality, and tips on how to improve it. may 10, 2013 external article, new york times carbon dioxide level passes long - feared milestone mar. 9, 2012 settlement spurs investment in clean - water equipment upgrades, environmental grants king county reaches agreement on west point emissions permit issues sept. 19, 2011 external news release, western university western professor ' s research shows neighborhood disparities in seattle ' s pollution distribution and exposure risks please offer suggestions and report errors in the king county air quality portal to fred bentler, webmaster.


macgregor : a 2, 600 - year - old icon of freedom the cyrus cylinder is a small unprepossessing barrel - shaped clay cylinder inscribed in enigmatic - looking cuneiform, and yet is one of the most iconic objects in the unparalleled world collection housed at the british museum. it is an object with many meanings and provides a link to a past that we all share and to a key moment in history that has shaped the world around us. as such it is an object of international significance and is about to start a tour of five major u. s. museums, debuting at the smithsonian ' s arthur m. sackler gallery in washington in march 2013. the tour is supported by the iran heritage foundation. the cylinder was buried under the walls of babylon around 539 b. c. after the persian king cyrus had captured the city. it describes how cyrus was able to defeat the babylonian king nabonidus with the aid of the babylonian god marduk, who had run out of patience with nabonidus and his shortcomings. once he had entered the city, cyrus did not burn it to the ground ( as usually happened with conquered cities at this period ) but he freed the population from forced labor obligations, sent back to various shrines statues of gods, and allowed the people who had been brought to babylon by the babylonian kings to return to their homes. by this act, he was effectively allowing people to pursue unmolested their own religious practices. after it had been buried, the cylinder lay undisturbed for more than 2, 400 years until it was dug up in 1879 by a british museum excavation led by hormuzd rassam. when the babylonian cuneiform was translated, it was immediately realized that the cylinder had a very special significance. here was corroboration of one of the best - known stories in the hebrew bible, the liberation by cyrus of the jews deported to babylon by nebuchadnezzar and their return to jerusalem to build the second temple. although the jews are not mentioned by name in the cylinder, they clearly must have been among the people allowed to return home at this time, with their temple goods. the cylinder also confirmed existing impressions of cyrus. in the hebrew bible he is variously described as the lord ' s shepherd and the messiah, no doubt largely because of his favorable treatment of the jews. not only did he allow them to return to jerusalem, but he also restituted the temple treasures seized by nebuchadnezzar


as the lord ' s shepherd and the messiah, no doubt largely because of his favorable treatment of the jews. not only did he allow them to return to jerusalem, but he also restituted the temple treasures seized by nebuchadnezzar and provided royal funds to pay for the rebuilding of the temple. in consequence, cyrus has been favorably viewed by many jewish writers, not least in the context of the foundation of the state of israel. but it is not only in the bible that cyrus was revered. the greek author xenophon made him the subject of a political romance that seeks to establish the principles of good government, and his book " cyropaedia " ( the education of cyrus ) is even said to have been consulted by alexander the great. in the 18th century " cyropaedia " became required reading for all aspiring politicians, along with works such as " the prince " by machiavelli, and it certainly influenced the founding fathers of the united states. thomas jefferson is said to have owned two copies, one of which will be on view in the washington exhibition. amidst so many of democracy ' s icons and treasures, even before the discovery of the cylinder, therefore, cyrus was a role model for many aspiring to govern. as julian raby, tte dame jillian sackler director of the arthur m. sackler gallery and the freer gallery of art, comments " cyrus was the very image of a virtuous ruler, so it is apt that the first time it will be seen in the u. s. is in washington, d. c. " just as cyrus has long been a role model, the cylinder itself has now acquired iconic status for people around the world. it has even been described as the first declaration of human rights, and while this was never the intention of the document - - the modern concept of human rights scarcely existed in the ancient world - - it has come to embody the hopes and aspirations of many. it has continued to feature in political debate, being the symbol of the celebration of 2, 500 years of iranian monarchy in 1971, and also celebrated by the islamic republic of iran, as evidenced by its popularity during the recent exhibition in tehran. the cylinder may still have a role to play on the international stage today. it advocates - - or can be argued to advocate - - religious tolerance and acceptance of diversity, in terms that derive exclusively from middle eastern traditions. as such the principles it embodies should be central to debates about the future of the middle east and other


i would giggle thinking that was a funny saying, the moon could be white or orange or even yellow, but i had never seen a blue moon, or had i? after looking up the definition, i decided that i had seen many blue moons, but had just never realized it. according to earthsky. org, a blue moon is, according to modern folklore, the second full moon of a calendar month. wikipedia tells me that the farmers ’ almanac defines blue moon as the third full moon in a season of four full moons. a blue moon is said to occur every 2 1 / 2 to 3 years. that would also give me reason to believe that the saying “ once in a blue moon, ” would simply mean seldom. so if i asked how often do you... ( whatever it might be ) and you reply “ oh, once in a blue moon, ” i would know that it is not very often. my entire life i never knew the origin of blue moon, or just how long it was. but since i ’ ve seen some news reports saying that there is a blue moon tonight, i wanted to find out just what that is. would i actually see a moon, full and bright in the sky, and blue? i now know that even though it is rare, seeing a blue colored moon is possible if the unusual sky conditions and certain sized particles of dust or smoke are just right. spaceweather. com says that sometimes the moon really does turn blue, usually after volcanic eruptions or major forest fires. it says that volcanoes and wildfires fill the air with ash and dust. if the airborne particles are just the right size, they act like a color filter and give the moon a blue tinge. it says that clouds of water droplets, ice crystals or fine - grained sand can also do the same thing. even though the color blue is not predictable, it is still referred to as “ blue. ” or, an easier way to see a blue moon, would be to hold a blue colored plastic between your eyes and the full, bright moon, then it will of course look as though it is blue. according to the blue moon between 2009 and 2016 on wikipedia, the next seasonal blue moon is said to be aug. 21, 2013 and the next calendar blue moon, besides tonight, is said to be july 31, 2015. so if you want to know when i am going to do something and i say “ once in a blue moon, ” know that it will most likely be within the next 2


blue moon, besides tonight, is said to be july 31, 2015. so if you want to know when i am going to do something and i say “ once in a blue moon, ” know that it will most likely be within the next 2 1 / 2 or 3 years. it was actually a mistake by an amateur astronomer in sky & telescope magazine in 1946 that led to our current definition of “ blue moon ” as the unusual second full moon in a month. the term “ blue moon ” goes back hundreds of years, but it had a different meaning then of “ impossible ” or “ absurd. ” the term later morphed into a reference for something uncommon or that rarely occurred. there are normally three full moons in each of the four seasons, for a total of 12 per year. in the early 1930s, the maine farmers ’ almanac ( unrelated to the old farmer ’ s ) named the third full moon in a season that had an extra fourth full moon a blue moon. it ’ s unclear where the “ blue ” part came from, but it ’ s possible it refers to that earlier meaning – an event that rarely happens. then, in the march 1946 issue of sky & telescope magazine, american amateur astronomer james hugh pruett wrote an article titled “ once in a blue moon. ” he either misread the maine almanac ’ s definition or interpreted the meaning of “ blue moon ” differently, calling it the second full moon in a month. sky and telescope later adopted pruett ’ s definition. the following blue moons occur between 2009 and 2016. these dates use utc as the timezone ; exact dates vary with different timezones. using the farmers ’ almanac definition of blue moon ( meaning the third full moon in a season of four full moons ), blue moons occur • nov. 21, 2010 • aug. 21, 2013 • may 21, 2016 it seems that the farmers almanac, even though it describes the sky & telescope ‘ invention ’ of the new definition, is now using the new definition of blue moon on its calendar, therefore indicating that the blue moon is aug. 31, 2012 instead of august 21, 2013. unlike the astronomical seasonal definition, these dates are dependent on the gregorian calendar and time zones. two full moons in one month : • 2009 : dec. 2, dec. 31 ( partial lunar eclipse visible in some parts of the world ), only in time zones west of utc + 05. • 2010 : jan. 1 ( partial lunar eclipse ), jan. 30, only


federal departments and independent agency explanations and links multiple federal departments and independent agencies play various roles in implementing federal regulatory requirements for coastal areas. below is a list ( with brief explanations ) of most of these federal agencies, and direct links to those agency homepages. - bureau of land management ( blm ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) this department controls and cares for many of the nation ' s public lands. there is no blm office in south carolina since much of the land the blm is responsible for is located out west. however, in south carolina mineral rights in sumter national forest and wild horse adoptions are overseen by blm. - council on environmental quality ( ceq ) the council is an office within the white house. it was created by the national environmental policy act which it helps ensure is properly implemented. ceq also coordinates environmental efforts between federal agencies. in addition to this coordinating role, ceq also ensures agencies ' environmental responsibilities are being met and can be called upon to mediate between federal agencies if an environmental issue is involved. - u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) created in 1970 to protect human health and the environment, epa has the responsibility to set standards for numerous federal environmental programs. epa is not a cabinet - level agency. epa leads the nation in environmental science, research, education and assessment through the development and enforcement of regulations and offers financial assistance through programs such as the clean water state revolving fund, research grants and graduate fellowships. epa has offices nationwide to oversee the numerous federal environmental laws under its authority. south carolina is in region 4, which is headquartered in atlanta. - minerals management service ( mms ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) mms is responsible for managing the nation ' s natural gas, oil and other mineral resources. among other duties, mms leases government lands, including the outer continental shelf, to the private sector for mining. south carolina has a partnership with mms for beach nourishment and coastal protection projects that may require the mining of sand deposits. - national park service ( nps ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) the national park service operates eight parks or historical sites in south carolina. in addition to operating these sites the nps also works to preserve those ecosystems through its action plan for preserving natural resources. - u. s. army corps of engineers ( corps ) the corps consists of both military and civilian engineers and scientists. engineering services focus on disaster relief among other responsibilities. flood control and environmental protection are provided by the


action plan for preserving natural resources. - u. s. army corps of engineers ( corps ) the corps consists of both military and civilian engineers and scientists. engineering services focus on disaster relief among other responsibilities. flood control and environmental protection are provided by the corps civil works division. the corps regulatory program is charged with protecting the u. s. ' s aquatic resources while allowing reasonable development for virtually all construction activities occurring in the nation ' s waters and any work in the nation ' s navigable waters. the corps district office in charleston ensures south carolina complies with the rivers and harbors act and the clean water act. permit applicants are encouraged to contact the charleston district project manager of the day for a consultation to help decide if a permit is necessary for a particular undertaking. - project manager of the day u. s. army corps of engineers, charleston district attention : cesac - rd, p. o. box 919, charleston, sc 29402 - u. s. fish and wildlife service ( fws ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) the fish and wildlife service conserves, protects and enhances the nation ' s fish, wildlife and plant resources, including habitat preservation. there are several fws field offices in south carolina. eight national wildlife refuges are located in south carolina, including the ace basin national wildlife refuge. the national wildlife refuge system is also administered by fws. last updated october 29, 2010 about this pathfinder this project was supported through a generous grant from the south carolina sea grant consortium. the principal investigator is professor kim diana connolly at the university of south carolina school of law. two law students, keith bartlett and valerie cochran, provided invaluable work toward project completion. technical assistance with web design was provided by usc school of law webmaster tobias brasier. broken links should be reported to email @ example. com. this website is not intended as legal advice, and particularized analysis by professionals should be sought wherever appropriate.


the first historical records of yoga appear around 7th century bce india. sages transmitted teachings orally so no one knows really when yoga began. suffice it to say several millennia ago, people ( mainly men ) with few distractions like television and nuclear families, lots of time on their hands and a deep connection to nature started opening their doors of perception. yogis explore consciousness, through practices that affect powerful metabolic and perceptual changes, to experience a more expanded, unified reality. yoga uses many different means – action, devotion, knowledge, meditation - to access and honour this reality. at the core of all yoga approaches lies a belief in one supreme consciousness, a deep yearning for a personal experience of this consciousness, and liberation from everyday suffering. yoga has always manifested in two streams : main and marginal. like any social trend, the marginal informed the main ; the main civilised the marginal. the marginal sought transformation through extreme efforts, like standing naked on one leg under a tree. later, the bhagavad gita democratized yoga ; patanjali catalogued it ; vedanta rationalized it ; tantra materialised it. all forms say the same thing : your essential self and supreme consciousness are cut from the same cosmic cloth ; look deep inside and find out for yourself. the bhagavad gita the bhagavad gita ranks as one of the most definitive texts in yoga philosophy. it belongs to an epic work, the mahabharata, about a war between cousins. the gita presents a conversation between krishna and arjuna, a warrior who comes to terms with a moral dilemma : his duty to fight his family in battle. understandably, arjuna isn ’ t keen on the idea. he accepts his duty by trusting krishna, who, being a god, sees the bigger picture : that the wheels of war are already in motion, that bodies must die but spirit lives on, that by offering all his actions to krishna, arjuna sanctifies them. the gita additionally explains how to use devotion ( bhakti ) and knowledge ( jnana ) to know god : start at the top and trust ; offer your action, devotion or study to god and know that god will take it from there for the highest good of all. before the gita ( around 300 - 200 bce ), only rulers, warriors and priests could practice yoga. householders had to defect to the forests to find god. the gita guided anyone to improve their life ( and rebirth


good of all. before the gita ( around 300 - 200 bce ), only rulers, warriors and priests could practice yoga. householders had to defect to the forests to find god. the gita guided anyone to improve their life ( and rebirths ) through yoga regardless of class, occupation, inclination or gender. the gita showed how to work, pray, or think your way to a better life and peace of mind, in the comfort of your own home. patanjali lived in a binary spiritual world where supreme consciousness was sought at the expense of any other experience. around 200ce, he developed a detailed guide to enlightenment ( samadhi ). samadhi literally means ‘ placing together ’. with respect to consciousness, samadhi gathers all one ’ s energies together in a deep calmness as we rest in our unchanging self. the everyday flakiness of our thoughts stops driving us crazy. because samadhi is our underlying reality, we experience it through stopping the mental and emotional gymnastics we normally put ourselves through. patanjali steers us toward our true nature in different ways depending on how steady our minds are. a select few people experience samadhi inherently ; others need a little coaching in meditation ; but most of us don ’ t know how special we are and so need a multi - pronged approach to get the point. the 8 - limbs ( ashtanga ) system lays this out. two limbs explain how to behave, two strengthen the body and mind, three progress to meditation and the last one concerns samadhi itself. yoga postures ( asana ) get a measly two lines because patanjali is really into sitting in meditation. he also advocates austere practices ( tapas ) that restore one ’ s focus away from the trifles of life whatever changes, obscures truth. don ’ t worry, be happy! vedanta expands upon the ancient teachings of the upanishads. the upanishads teach that supreme consciousness ( brahman ) and our consciousness ( jiva ) are identical, just as a bottle dropped in the ocean fills with the same ocean. the upanishads are a pretty unruly body of information, full of stories, advice, conflicting perspectives and apparently random verses. it took a lot of critical thinking to make sense of them. around 800 shankaracharya, a superior mind and the major defender of vedanta, did just that. he organized the teachings of the upanishads into a map


. it took a lot of critical thinking to make sense of them. around 800 shankaracharya, a superior mind and the major defender of vedanta, did just that. he organized the teachings of the upanishads into a map of consciousness that was more user - friendly and established vedanta as a major player in yoga philosophy. basically, we / jiva are brahman, but we ’ ve forgotten because a veil of illusion ( maya ) deludes us. we identify with this illusion until we either strip it away or see life from a higher perspective and remember. vedanta goes to hollywood with the wizard of oz. dorothy rejected life in kansas. through her ignorance, just to get back to where she started, her adventures almost kill her. from a higher perspective – over the rainbow - she realizes where she started is where she belongs. she had the power to return home - her red shoes - all along ; nobody could take it from her. once home again she wakes up from the dream. 800ce. kashmir : breath - takingly beautiful, like california without hollywood. food is plentiful, life is good. in a place where nature shakes her booty so fabulously it ’ s easy to believe that god lives in everything. this setting fosters kashmir shaivism, a main branch of tantra that synthesizes several yoga traditions into an inclusive and graceful world view. you know god by embracing life. tantra worships the goddess ( shakti ) and regards her energy as the dynamic force that creates life out of unmanifested existence ( shiva ). in this way tantric practices – some of which push the boundaries of social norms - integrate male / female, good / bad as two essential sides of the same coin. in tantra, everything – even ignorance and illusion – belongs to supreme consciousness, therefore everything is sacred and can lead to enlightenment. by expanding our own consciousness we discover this. the teacher initiates the student into the practices. ritual, sound, movement, the body can all contribute to the experience of one - ness. hatha yoga, a system of postures and breathing exercises to purify and transform the body ( and by extension, our consciousness ), evolved under the influence of tantra. tantra is the last main school of yoga ; after the 14th century islam began to impose its perspective on indian thought.


memory lame : why you keep forgetting things get your brain back " there ' s no viagra for memory, " says dr. mcdaniel. but you can make simple lifestyle changes to sharpen your memory and boost overall brain health. " exercise is miracle - gro for the brain, " says dr. medina. " some studies suggest that you cut your lifetime risk for dementia in half if you engage in some form of regular aerobic activity. " aerobic exercise boosts the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain, which helps you concentrate and screen out distractions. it also triggers the formation of new neurons and the release of brain chemicals that ramp up your ability to learn and remember. you don ' t have to train for a triathlon to get that benefit, either. aim for 30 minutes of aerobic training, such as walking, biking, or swimming, three times a week. just doing crossword puzzles won ' t cut it, dr. medina points out. " what you really need is cross - training for your brain by doing many different activities, " he says. " think of it this way : using free weights to pump your biceps tones your arms, but it doesn ' t do a thing for your abs. " some studies suggest you can preserve memory by doing intellectual activities that are not only demanding but meaningful to you. if you play piano, memorize a bach concerto. turn your girls ' night out into a book club that inspires lively debate, plan a family sudoku tournament - - whatever makes you work hard and feel a connection. what ' s good for the body is good for the brain, so aim for a balanced diet. research shows a correlation between brain health and foods containing omega - 3 fatty acids ( such as salmon, halibut, soybeans, flaxseed ), antioxidants ( berries, spinach, broccoli ) and adequate levels of folate ( orange juice, green leafy vegetables ). yoga, meditation, exercise, listening to music, daydreaming, spending time with friends and family : whatever gives your brain a rest will also sharpen your memory. so will maintaining a positive attitude. " if you think, ' i ' m getting older, my memory is going to deteriorate, so why should i bother doing anything differently? ' memory loss can become a self - fulfilling prophesy, " says dr. mcdaniel. when to call the doctor we all forget names or misplace wallets. but


third culture kids " a third culture kid is a person who has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside their parents ’ culture. the tck frequently builds relationships to all the cultures, while not having full ownership in any. although elements from each culture may be assimilated into the tck ’ s life experience, the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of similar background. " - pollock & van reken if you are a third culture kid ( tck ) or know one, you ’ re on the right page! feel free to browse libby ' s latest blog posts below. they were written with your ' tribe ' in mind and based on the questions you ask on the red ‘ ask libby ’ button – so if you have a question, ask away! you can also check out some great tck resources right here. that list will be updated as libby comes across relevant material. a lot of libby ' s trainings are geared toward tcks. here are some of the talks she has given on the third culture : - the third culture kid. the world citizen - living as a tck in a mono - cultural world - good grief or bad grief? there is no such thing as no grief - relationships, the key to belonging - where in the world are the “ who are you from ” from? - understanding your temperament … it ’ s not always a tck issue - using the media or being trapped by it - “ placeless ” does not mean “ homeless ” - see listing of training topics here! libby is also available for private or semi - private tck training sessions. if you are interested, please contact her.


[ posted 06 / 13 / 2011 ] issue : fda notified healthcare professionals and the public of medication error reports in which patients were given risperidone ( risperdal ) instead of ropinirole ( requip ) and vice versa. in some cases, patients who took the wrong medication needed to be hospitalized. the fda determined that the factors contributing to the confusion between the two products include : background : risperidone ( risperdal ) is an antipsychotic medication used to treat mental illnesses including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder. ropinirole ( requip ) is a dopamine agonist used in the treatment of parkinson ’ s disease and restless legs syndrome. recommendation : healthcare professionals are reminded to clearly print or spell out the medication name on prescriptions and make certain their patients know the name of their prescribed medication and their reason for taking it. for more information visit the fda website at : web siteand web site. studies have shown that older adults with dementia ( a brain disorder that affects the ability to remember, think clearly, communicate, and perform daily activities and that may cause changes in mood and personality ) who take antipsychotics ( medications for mental illness ) such as risperidone have an increased risk of death during treatment. older adults with dementia may also have a greater chance of having a stroke or mini - stroke during treatment. tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are taking furosemide ( lasix ). risperidone is not approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) for the treatment of behavior problems in older adults with dementia. talk to the doctor who prescribed this medication if you, a family member, or someone you care for has dementia and is taking risperidone. for more information visit the fda website : web site risperidone is used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia ( a mental illness that causes disturbed or unusual thinking, loss of interest in life, and strong or inappropriate emotions ) in adults and teenagers 13 years of age and older. it is also used to treat episodes of mania ( frenzied, abnormally excited, or irritated mood ) or mixed episodes ( symptoms of mania and depression that happen together ) in adults and in teenagers and children 10 years of age and older with bipolar disorder ( manic depressive disorder ; a disease that causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods ). risperidone is also used to treat behavior problems such


in teenagers and children 10 years of age and older with bipolar disorder ( manic depressive disorder ; a disease that causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods ). risperidone is also used to treat behavior problems such as aggression, self - injury, and sudden mood changes in teenagers and children 5 - 16 years of age who have autism ( a condition that causes repetitive behavior, difficulty interacting with others, and problems with communication ). risperidone is in a class of medications called atypical antipsychotics. it works by changing the activity of certain natural substances in the brain. risperidone comes as a tablet, a solution ( liquid ), and an orally disintegrating tablet ( tablet that dissolves quickly in the mouth ) to take by mouth. it is usually taken once or twice a day with or without food. take risperidone at around the same time ( s ) every day. follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. take risperidone exactly as directed. do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. use the dropper provided to measure your dose of risperidone oral solution. you can take the oral solution with water, orange juice, coffee, or low - fat milk. do not take the solution with tea or cola. do not try to push the orally disintegrating tablet through the foil. instead, use dry hands to peel back the foil packaging. immediately take out the tablet and place it on your tongue. the tablet will quickly dissolve and can be swallowed with or without liquid. do not chew or crush the tablet. your doctor will probably start you on a low dose of risperidone and gradually increase your dose to allow your body to adjust to the medication. risperidone may help control your symptoms but will not cure your condition. it may take several weeks or longer before you feel the full benefit of risperidone. continue to take risperidone even if you feel well. do not stop taking risperidone without talking to your doctor. if you suddenly stop taking risperidone, your symptoms may return and your illness may become harder to treat. this medication may be prescribed for other uses ; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. before taking risperidone, unless your doctor tells you otherwise, continue your


your symptoms may return and your illness may become harder to treat. this medication may be prescribed for other uses ; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. before taking risperidone, unless your doctor tells you otherwise, continue your normal diet. take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. however, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. risperidone may cause side effects. tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away : some side effects can be serious. if you experience any of the following symptoms or those listed in the important warning section or the special precautions section, call your doctor immediately : risperidone may cause children to gain more weight than expected and for boys and male adolescents to have an increase in the size of their breasts. talk to your doctor about the risks of giving this medication to your child. risperidone may cause other side effects. call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while taking this medication. if you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the food and drug administration ' s ( fda ) medwatch adverse event reporting program online [ at web site ] or by phone [ 1 - 800 - 332 - 1088 ]. keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture ( not in the bathroom ). always store the orally disintegrating tablets in their sealed package, and use them immediately after opening the package. throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication. in case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222. if the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911. symptoms of overdose may include : keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. your doctor may order certain lab tests to check your body ' s response to risperidone. do not let anyone else take your medication. ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. it is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription ( over - the - counter ) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as


historic caribbean earthquake was felt in nyc caribbean seismic hazard map, illustrating the region ' s complex geologic setting. credit : u. s. geological survey san francisco — more than 150 years ago, a fault ringing the caribbean shook half the atlantic, including new york city, with a mega - earthquake. the quake rivaled those that have struck indonesia in recent years, geologists reported last week at the annual meeting of the american geophysical union. the caribbean ' s beautiful tropical islands and coral reefs rise above a complex junction of four major tectonic plates. many of the islands sit above a subduction zone, where two plates meet and one slides haltingly under the other, down into the earth ' s mantle. the dec. 26, 2004, sumatra, indonesia, earthquake, a subduction zone earthquake that generated deadly tsunamis, has galvanized scientific interest in potential quake hazards from the caribbean ' s similar earthquake - producing faults. the feb. 8, 1843, lesser antilles earthquake was in many ways remarkably similar to the magnitude - 8. 7 earthquake that struck sumatra just one year later, in 2005, researchers reported at the meeting. [ the 10 biggest earthquakes in history ] historical sleuthing by francois beauducel and nathalie feuillet of the paris institute of earth physics upwardly revised the temblor ' s estimate of magnitude to 8. 5 ( from a previous estimate of 7. 8 ). maps from the french national marine service revealed that many palm - covered islets in the bay at pointe - a - pitre, the biggest city on the island of guadeloupe, disappeared between 1820 and 1869, feuillet told ouramazingplanet. the islets likely subsided, or dropped below sea level. the stress of the two plates stuck together makes the earth ' s crust flex and warp. after the earthquake, the deformed crust rebounds in some areas and drops down in others. portions of antigua subsided up to 10 feet ( 3 meters ), feuillet said. wharfs at the shore of pointe - a - pitre sunk one foot ( 33 centimeters ), she found. cliffs along the island collapsed, and historic accounts describe 5 - foot - high ( 1. 5 m ) mud fountains. combining the 19th - century records of such effects with modern earthquake models helped beauducel and feuillet pin down both the quake ' s magnitude and the location of the fault rupture, the spot where the subduction zone tore apart. " the only way to explain the sub


such effects with modern earthquake models helped beauducel and feuillet pin down both the quake ' s magnitude and the location of the fault rupture, the spot where the subduction zone tore apart. " the only way to explain the subsidence of the islands is to have a rupture … in the very deep part of the subduction zone, between 40 and 60 km ( 25 to 40 miles ) depth, " feuillet said. such as depth is comparable to that of the 2005 sumatra quake, the researchers said. the quake was felt up and down the east coast, including in new york city, washington, d. c., raleigh, n. c., and charleston, s. c., said susan hough of the u. s. geological survey. hough also unearthed reports of shaking at three locations in south america, she said. but, just as with the 2005 sumatra quake, there was no giant wave on feb. 8, 1843. reports describe a 4 - foot ( 1. 2 m ) wave in antigua, but no significant tsunami arose, feuillet said. even so, several thousand people died in pointe - a - pitre from fires and damage caused by the severe shaking. more from livescience. com


april showers bring midwest floods credit : jesse allen / nasa with rivers in the midwestern united states already full from thawing winter snow cover, severe rainfall in late april added to the troubles for the region. the national weather service predicted in february that the region was primed for flooding, and so far it has lived up to the advanced billing, according to a nasa statement. on the afternoon of april 26, 2011, the advanced hydrological prediction service ( ahps ) was reporting major flooding at 48 river gauges and moderate flooding at 86 gauges along central u. s. rivers. this map depicts rainfall for the midwestern u. s. from april 19 to 25, 2011. the estimates were made from the multi - satellite precipitation analysis, based on data from the tropical rainfall measuring mission ( trmm ). shown in shades of green and blue, rainfall estimates range from 150 millimeters ( 5. 9 inches ) to greater than 525 millimeters ( 20. 7 inches ). ground monitors for the ahps reported 13. 70 inches ( 348 mm ) of rainfall in the southeastern missouri town of poplar bluff between april 22 - 26. the nearby black river was pouring over its levee in at least 30 places, and people were evacuated from more than 1, 000 homes. westville, oklahoma, received 14. 96 inches ( 380 mm ) of rain. in arkansas, the town of springdale was deluged with 19. 70 inches ( 500 mm ), while nearby fayetteville collected 13. 85 inches ( 352 mm ). the governor of arkansas declared a state of emergency. in carbondale, illinois, and paducah, kentuckyboth near the confluence of the mississippi and ohio riversroughly 9 inches ( 230 mm ) fell, leading the governor of kentucky to declare a state of emergency in advance of a significant flood when the two swollen rivers converge. the u. s. army corps of engineers was planning on april 26 to take the extraordinary step of intentionally breaching the birds point levee in southeast missouri, just downriver of the confluence, in a bid to reduce the amount of water moving down the mississippi, the associated press reported. breaching the levee was expected to flood up to 130, 000 acres of farmland. noaa ' s hydrometeorological prediction center was predicting more heavy rain and severe weather through mid - week in the mississippi and ohio river valleys ; flood warnings and watches were posted for both basins, as well as the tennessee valley. on april 25, the rains were


so what are liposomes, exactly? | representation of a phospholipid molecule showing phosphate head ( orange ), the glycerol sholders ( blue ) and the fatty acid tails ( silver ) | the bilayer structure of liposomes is nearly identical to the bilayer construction of the cell membranes that surround each of the cells in the human body. this occurs because of the unique composition of phospholipids. the phosphate ( source of " phospho " in phospholipid ) head of phospholipids is hydrophilic — it loves water — whereas the fatty - acid tails ( lipids ) are hydrophobic — they hate water. | liposome containing vitamin c. currently liposome - encapsulation is the best oral way to deliver vitamin c known to man. | | this diagram of a liposome cutaway shows how the tails of phospholipids turn inward to form a bilayer membrane, and in so doing encapsulate a therapeutic agent. | quite possibly both processes occur. in any case, the therapeutic value and greatly increased delivery of liposome - encapsulated drugs and nutrients has been scientifically confirmed countless times. at present, liposomes are the most effective oral way to deliver nutrients. livon product fast facts... • lypo - spheric™ vitamin c • lypo - spheric™ age blocker™ ( b - complex and minerals ) • lypo - spheric™ gsh ( glutathione ) these amazing molecules have unique properties that enable them to provide a host of structural, protective, and antioxidant capabilities. without them, your body would be a puddle of messy goo... a failure to understand how nutrients are delivered into the bloodstream ( bioavailability ) often results in taking too much or too little of a supplement. most often, this wastes money and results in a failure to enjoy expected benefits... lypo - spheric™ vitamin c reap the benefits of the most bioavailable and powerful oral vitamin c you can buy – anywhere! block the formation of advanced glycation end - products ( age ) with the world ' s most nutritionally complete age blocker™ until now intravenous injection was the only way to get gsh into the bloodstream. liposomal encapsulation now allows you to take it by mouth!


a meteor weighing about 10 tons struck west of the chelyabinsk region of russia, near the town of chebarkul. the strike point is about 1000 miles ( 1700 km ) to the east of moscow and about 640 miles ( 1000 km ) northwest of astana, kazakhstan ( the capital ). chebarkul lies within the chelyabinsk oblast of russia, in the ural mountains. industries around chebarkul include : gold, iron and steel forging, forestry, sawmill, clothing, food processing, and small health resorts. the chelyabinsk oblast experiences humid continental climate with short summers. it ' s a major industrial and mining region, with textiles, and agricultural centers. closed to foreigners until 1992 because nuclear weapons and military testing were conducted in the vicinity. the area suffers from radioactive contamination due to nuclear waste and accidents since world war ii. chelyabinsk is one of 46 provinces ( oblasts ) inside the russian federation, along with 21 republics, four autonomous regions ; nine krays ; two federal cities ; and one autonomous oblast. russia is the largest country in the world ( 17, 098, 242 sq km ) - approximately 1. 8 times larger than the united states. it borders 14 countries and has a coastline of 37, 653 km. russia ' s climate ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of european russia, subarctic in siberia to tundra climate in the polar north ; its winters vary from cool along black sea coast to frigid in siberia ; its summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along arctic coast. the terrain varies from a broad plain with low hills west of urals to a vast coniferous forest and tundra in siberia to uplands and mountains along southern border regions. founded in the 12th century, the principality of muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of mongol domination and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. in the early 17th century, a new romanov dynasty continued this policy of expansion across siberia to the pacific. under peter i ( ruled 1682 - 1725 ), hegemony was extended to the baltic sea and the country was renamed the russian empire. during the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in europe and asia. defeat in the russo - japanese war of 1904 - 05 contributed to the revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. overthrow of the imperial household occurred after widespread rioting and repeated defeats during world war i. the


amending compacted soil living in the bay area, most gardeners have to learn about heavy, clay soil. this type of soil becomes easily compacted and needs to be opened up. compacted soil is bad news for plants because it doesn ’ t " breathe ". it needs to be opened up and amended in order for the life in the soil - and by extension your plants - to thrive. there are some easy steps to treat compacted soil. 1 ) open up the soil. there are several ways to do this, you can disc, rip, or rototill the soil. or if you have some time you can sheet mulch and let the life in the soil do the work for you. 2 ) work in a 2 " layer of compost and wood amendment. one part diestel compost or verma green compost mixed with one part fine redwood amendment or 1 / 4 " minus fir will add life to the soil, feed the soil and keep the clay soil open 3 ) finally, cover with a 2 " layer of mulch to protect the soil and provide additional food to the soil. this application will also protect the soil from the compacting effects of rainfall or simply being walked on. for best results, you ’ ll want to renew the mulch in fall and perhaps again in spring or summer. feeding your soil, naturally to grow healthy plants, you need to feed the biology in the soil. these organisms break down organic matter into a form of food the plant roots can take up. it is a complex system of relationships between soil organisms and plants. a living soil helps plants ’ roots grow deeper, access more water and need less frequent irrigation and a living soil provides a diversity of nutirents to the plant when the plant needs it. using organic fertilizers is a gentle and effective way to maintain a healthy soil. ultimately it is the organisms in the soil that feed your plants. the organisms are most prolific in the root zone of plants. organic fertilizers feed the life in the soil, the life in the soil transforms the organic fertilizers into foods that the plant can use. there is no waste, all food is either held in an organisms body or taken up by the plant.


articlesmultiple births delivery interactive toolsmultiple births quiz diseases and conditionscare and management of multiple pregnancy complications of multiple pregnancy the following are the most common symptoms of multiple pregnancy. however, each woman may experience symptoms differently. symptoms of multiple pregnancy may include : uterus is larger than expected for the dates in pregnancy increased morning sickness excessive weight gain, especially in early pregnancy fetal movements felt in different parts of abdomen at same time many women suspect they are pregnant with more than one baby, especially if they have been pregnant before. diagnosis of multiple fetuses may be made early in pregnancy, especially if reproductive technologies have been used. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnosis may be made by : pregnancy blood testing levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin ( hcg ) may be quite high with multiple pregnancy. levels of a protein released by the fetal liver and found in the mother ' s blood may be high when more than one fetus is making the protein. a diagnostic imaging technique which uses high - frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various vessels - with a vaginal transducer, especially in early pregnancy, or with an abdominal transducer in later pregnancy.


find the appropriate multimedia software for every situation multimedia software was developed to create new multimedia content and enhance the visual and auditory features of already existing material. as its name implies, multimedia software always involves several types of media that are interlinked with each other. the term media is understood to include music, videos and animated images that have been created and optimized using multimedia software. multimedia software is often used in multimedia presentations, which integrate and connect all of the above - mentioned elements. this helps to liven up what has been said and makes it easier to present ideas more effectively. animated images – multimedia software for slideshows and videos adding background music is recommended as a first step, as it doesn ’ t take much time, yet can have a remarkable effect on any presentation. it ’ s important to find a music software package that lets you make music that fits the purpose. magix music maker is an ideal choice because, depending on your needs, it allows you to optimize already existing mp3s or create new tracks on your pc. multimedia software is also relevant for animated images. a distinction is made here between videos and animated sequences of images, so - called slideshows. creating slideshows usually involves photo editing ; raw images are edited digitally and enriched by adding different filters and effects. subsequently applying the appropriate multimedia software, such as magix photostory on dvd, can make your photos come alive. the result is a digital slideshow that presents the images in the desired sequence, adds artistic fades and, if desired, music. this procedure is reminiscent of digital video editing that uses the same approach. after the video editing by using e. g. magix movie edit pro the edited raw footage is enriched by adding different elements and effects, allowing you to wrap up your video with style.


of the manner of pronouncing a sentence which is final and definitive. in proceeding to treat of those cases in which the secular judge by himself can arrive at a judgement and pronounce a sentence without the co - operation of the diocesan and ordinaries, we necessarily presuppose that not only is it consistent with the protection of the faith and of justice that we inquisitors should be relieved of the duty of passing sentence in these cases, but in the same sincerity of spirit we endeavour to relieve the diocesans also from that duty ; not in any desire to detract from their authority and jurisdiction, for if they should elect to exercise their authority in such matters, it would follow that we inquisitors must also concur in it. it must be remembered, also, that this crime of witches is not purely ecclesiastic ; therefore the temporal potentates and lords are not debarred from trying and judging it. at the same time was shall show that in some cases they must not arrive at a definitive judgement without the authorisation of the diocesans. but first we must consider the sentence itself : secondly, the nature of its pronouncement ; and thirdly, in how many ways it is to be pronounced. with regard to the first of these questions, s. augustine says that we must not pronounce sentence against any person unless he has been proved guilty, or has confessed. now there are three kinds of sentence – interlocutory, definitive, and preceptive. these are explained as follows by s. raymond. an interlocutory sentence is one which is given not on the main issue of the case, but on some other side issues which emerge during the hearing of a case ; such as a decision whether or not a witness is to be disallowed, or whether some digression is to be admitted, and such matters as that. or it may perhaps be called interlocutory because it is delivered simply by word of mouth without the formality of putting it into writing. a definitive sentence is one which pronounces a final decision as to the main issue of the case. a preceptive sentence is one which is pronounced by a lower authority on the instruction of a higher. but we shall be concerned with the first two of these, and especially with the definitive sentence. now it is laid down by law that a definitive sentence which has been arrived at without a due observance of the proper legal procedure in trying a case is


we shall be concerned with the first two of these, and especially with the definitive sentence. now it is laid down by law that a definitive sentence which has been arrived at without a due observance of the proper legal procedure in trying a case is null and void in law ; and the legal conduct of a case consists in two things. one concerns the basis of the judgement ; for there must be a due provision for the hearing of arguments both for the prosecution and the defence, and a sentence arrived at without such a hearing cannot stand. the other is not concerned with the basis of the judgement, but provides that the sentence must not be conditional ; for example, a claim for possession should not be decided conditionally upon some subsequent claim of property ; but where there is no question of such an objection the sentence shall stand. but in the case we are considering, which is a process on behalf of the faith against a charge of heresy ( though the charge is a mixed one ), the procedure is straighforward and summary. that is to say, the judge need not require a writ, or demand that the case should be contested. but he must allow opportunity for the necessary proofs, and issue his citation, and exact the protestation of the oath concerning calumny, etc. therefore there has lately been a new law made as to the method of procedure in such cases. to proceed to our second consideration, namely, of the nature of the pronouncement of the sentence, it must be noted that it should be pronounced by the judge and no one else, otherwise it is not valid. also the judge must be sitting in a public and honourable place ; and he must pronounce it in the day - time and not in the darkness ; and there are other conditions to be observed ; for example, the sentence must not be promulgated upon a holy day, nor yet merely delivered in writing. yet it is to be noted that since, as we have said, this case is conducted in a simple and summary manner, it may lawfully be conducted on holy days for the sake of the convenience of the public, and the judge may cut short any digressions. therefore the judge may, if he pleases, act in such a manner, and even pass sentence without putting it in writing. for we are authoritatively informed that there are cases in which a sentence is valid without its being put into writing, as, for example, when such is the custom of any particular locality or court. also there is


did you know the origin of megan ' s law? in july of 1994, jesse timmendequas, a convicted sex offender, raped, beat and strangled megan nicole kanka. this sex offender lived across the street from the kanka family, however the family was never aware of this. since megan ' s death, the kanka family has fought to get laws approved that requires each state make public information about sex offenders. most states do this through an online sex offender registry website. in addition, each sex offender, by law, must be compliant to re - register each time they move or annually. the kanka family created a foundation in behalf of their daughter and received some 430, 000 signatures to create these new proposed laws called ' megan ' s law. ' in 1996 president bill clinton signed legislation requiring states to notify communities when a sex offender moves into the area. in signing the law clinton noted the rights of former offenders, but said " there is no greater right than a parent ' s right to raise a child in safety and love. " since this time, each state in the nation has developed and maintained an online registry of all the registered sex offenders. in addition, laws have been cracking down on such things that lead to sex crimes, such as child pornography, sexual assaults on children under the age of 16, and sexually lewd acts. megan ' s law allows the states discretion to establish criteria for disclosure, but compels them to make private and personal information on registered sex offenders available to the public. community notification : 1. assists law enforcement in investigations ; 2. establishes legal grounds to hold known sex offenders ; 3. deters sex offenders from committing new sex offenses ; 4. offers citizens information they can use to protect children from registered sex offenders, child molesters and victimization. nicole kanka foundation