natural way to gain wealth – by taking on more debt. yet it is hard to think of a more highly politicized policy, shaped as it is by tax rules that favor bankers. it also is self - terminating, because when public debt grows to the point where investors ( “ the market ” ) no longer believe that it can be repaid, creditors mount a raid ( the military analogy is appropriate ) by “ going on strike ” and not rolling over existing bonds as they fall due. bond prices fall, yielding higher interest rates, until governments agree to balance the budget by voluntary pre - bankruptcy privatizations. selling saved - up treasury bonds to fund public programs is like new deficit borrowing if the aim of america ’ s military spending around the world is to prepare for future warfare, why not aim at saving up a fund of $ 10 trillion or even $ 30 trillion in advance, as with social security, so that we will have the money to pay for it? the answer is that selling saved - up treasury bills to finance social security, military spending or any other program has the same monetary and price effect as issuing new treasury bills. the impact on financial markets – and on the private sector ’ s holding of government debt – by paying social security out of past savings – that is, by selling the treasury securities in which social security funds are invested – is much like borrowing by selling new securities. it makes little difference whether the treasury sells newly printed ious, or sells bonds that it has been accumulating in a special fund. the effect is to increase public debt owed to the financial sector. if the savings are to be invested in treasury bonds ( as is the case with social security ), will this pay for tax cuts elsewhere in the budget? if so, will these cuts be for the wealthy 1 % or the 99 %? or, will the savings be invested in infrastructure, or turned over to states and cities to help balance their budget shortfalls and underfunded pension plans? another problem concerns who should pay for this pre - saving. the taxes needed to pre - fund a savings build - up siphon off income from somewhere in the economy. how much will the economy shrink by diverting income from being spent on goods and services? and whose income will taxed? these questions illustrate how politically self - interested it is to single out taxing wages to save for social security in contrast to war - making and beach - house rebuilding. government budgets usually are designed to be in balance under normal peacetime conditions, so most public debt has


how politically self - interested it is to single out taxing wages to save for social security in contrast to war - making and beach - house rebuilding. government budgets usually are designed to be in balance under normal peacetime conditions, so most public debt has been brought into being by war ( prior to today ’ s financial war of slashing taxes on the wealthy ). adam smith ’ s wealth of nations ( book v ) traced how each new british bond issue to raise funds for a military action had a dedicated tax to pay its interest charges. the accumulation of such war debts thus raised the cost of living and hence the break - even price of labor. to prevent this from undercutting of british competitiveness, smith urged that wars be waged on a pay - as - you - go basis – by full taxation rather than by borrowing and entailing interest payments and taxes ( as the debt itself rarely was amortized ). smith thought that populations should feel the cost of war directly and immediately, presumably leading them to be vigilant in checking grandiose projects of empire. the united states issued fiat greenback currency to pay for much of its civil war, but also issued bonds. in analyzing this war finance the canadian - american astronomer and monetary theorist simon newcomb pointed out that all wars must be paid for in the form of tangible material and lives by the generation that fights them. paying for the war by borrowing from bondholders, he explained, involved levying taxes to pay the interest. the effect was to transfer income from the western states ( taxpayers ) to bondholders in the east. in the case of social security today the beneficiary of government debt is still the financial sector. the economy must provide the housing, food, health care, transportation and clothing to enable retirees to live normal lives. this economic surplus can be paid for either out of taxation, new money creation or borrowing. but instead of “ the west, ” the major payers of the social security tax are wage earners across the nation. taxing labor shrinks markets and forces the economy into austerity. quantitative easing as free money creation – to subsidize the big banks the federal reserve ’ s three waves of quantitative easing since 2008 show how easy it is to create free money. yet this has been provided only to the largest banks, not to strapped homeowners or industry. an immediate $ 2 trillion in “ cash for trash ” took the form of the fed creating new bank - reserve credit in exchange for mortgage - backed securities valued


this has been provided only to the largest banks, not to strapped homeowners or industry. an immediate $ 2 trillion in “ cash for trash ” took the form of the fed creating new bank - reserve credit in exchange for mortgage - backed securities valued far above market prices. qe2 provided another $ 800 billion in 2011 - 12. the banks used this injection of credit for interest rate arbitrage and exchange rate speculation on the currencies of brazil, australia and other high - interest - rate economies. so nearly all the fed ’ s new money went abroad rather than being lent out for investment or employment at home. u. s. government debt was run up mainly to re - inflate prices for packaged bank mortgages, and hence real estate prices. instead of alleviating private - sector debt by writing down mortgages in line with the homeowners ’ ability to pay, the federal reserve and treasury created money to support property prices – to push the banking system ’ s balance sheets back above negative net worth. the fed ’ s qe3 program in 2012 - 13 created money to buy mortgage - backed securities each month, to provide banks with money to lend to new property buyers. for the economy at large, the debts were left in place. yet commentators focused only on government debt. in a double standard, they accused budget deficits of inflating wages and consumer prices, yet the explicit aim of quantitative easing was to support asset prices. inflating asset prices on credit is deemed to be good for the economy, despite loading it down with debt. but public spending into the “ real ” economy, raising employment levels and sustaining consumer spending, is deemed bad – except when this is financed by personal borrowing from the banks. so in each case, increasing bank profits is the standard by which fiscal policy is to be judged! the result is a policy asymmetry that is opposite from what most epochs have deemed fair or helpful to economic growth. bankers and bondholders insist that the public sector borrow from them, blocking the government ’ s power to self - finance its operations – with one glaring exception. that exception occurs when the banks themselves need free money creation. the fed provided nearly free credit to the banks under qe2, and chairman ben bernanke promised to continue this policy until such time as the unemployment rate drops to 6. 5 %. the pretense is that low interest rates spur employment, but the most pressing aim is to provide easy credit to revive borrowing and bid asset prices back up.


to continue this policy until such time as the unemployment rate drops to 6. 5 %. the pretense is that low interest rates spur employment, but the most pressing aim is to provide easy credit to revive borrowing and bid asset prices back up. fiscal deflation on top of debt deflation the main financial problem with funding war occurs after the return to normalcy, when creditors press for budget surpluses to roll back the public debt that has been run up. this imposes fiscal austerity, reducing wages and commodity prices relative to the debts that are owed. consumer spending shrinks and prices decline as governments spend less, while higher taxes withdraw revenue. this is what is occurring in today ’ s financial war, much as it has in past military postwar returns to peace. governments have the power to resist this deflationary policy. like commercial banks, they can create money on their computer keyboards. indeed, since 2008 the government has created debt to support the finance, insurance and real estate ( fire ) sector more than the “ real ” production and consumption economy. in contrast to public spending for goods and services ( or social programs that increase market demand ), most of the bank credit that led to the 2008 financial collapse was created to finance the purchase property already in place, stocks and bonds already issued, or companies already in existence. the effect has been to load down the economy with mortgages, bonds and bank debt whose carrying charges eat into spending on current output. the $ 13 trillion bank subsidy since 2008 ( to enable banks to earn their way out of negative equity ) brings us back to the question of why taxes should be levied on the 99 % to pre - save for social security and medicare, but not for the bank bailout. current tax policy encourages financial and rent extraction that has become the major economic problem of our epoch. industrial productivity continues to rise, but debt is growing even more inexorably. instead of fueling economic growth, this of credit / debt threatens to absorb the economic surplus, plunging the economy into austerity, debt deflation and negative equity. so despite the fact that the financial system is broken, it has gained control over public policy to sustain and even obtain tax favoritism for a dysfunctional overgrowth of bank credit. unlike the progress of science and technology, this debt is not part of nature. it is a social construct. the financial sector has politicized it by pressing to privatize economic rent rather than collect it as the tax base. this financialization of rent - extract


science and technology, this debt is not part of nature. it is a social construct. the financial sector has politicized it by pressing to privatize economic rent rather than collect it as the tax base. this financialization of rent - extracting opportunities does not reflect a natural or inevitable evolution of “ the market. ” it is a capture of market structures and fiscal policy. bank lobbyists have campaigned to shift the economic arena to the political sphere of lawmaking and tax policy, with side battlegrounds in the mass media and universities to capture the hearts and minds of voters to believe that the quickest and most efficient way to build up wealth is by bank credit and debt leverage. budget deficits as an antidote to austerity public debts everywhere are growing, as taxes only cover part of public spending. the least costly way to finance this expenditure is to issue money – the paper currency and coins we carry in our pockets. holders of this currency technically are creditors to the government – and to society, which accepts this money in payment. yet despite being nominally a form of public debt, this money serves as public capital inasmuch as it is not normally expected to be repaid. this government money does not bear interest, and may be thought of as “ equity capital ” or “ equity money, ” and hence part of the economy ’ s net worth. if taxes did fully cover government spending, there would be no budget deficit – or new public money creation. government budget deficits pump money into the economy. conversely, running a budget surplus retires the public debt or currency outstanding. this deflationary effect occurred in the late 19th - century, causing monetary deflation that plunged the u. s. economy into depression. likewise when president bill clinton ran a budget surplus late in his administration, the economy relied on commercial banks to supply credit to use as the means of payment, charging interest for this service. as stephanie kelton summarizes this historical experience : the federal government has achieved fiscal balance ( even surpluses ) in just seven periods since 1776, bringing in enough revenue to cover all of its spending during 1817 - 21, 1823 - 36, 1852 - 57, 1867 - 73, 1880 - 93, 1920 - 30 and 1998 - 2001. we have also experienced six depressions. they began in 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893 and 1929. do you see the correlation? the one exception to this pattern occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the dot - com and housing bubbles fueled a consumption binge


. they began in 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893 and 1929. do you see the correlation? the one exception to this pattern occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the dot - com and housing bubbles fueled a consumption binge that delayed the harmful effects of the clinton surpluses until the great recession of 2007 - 09. when taxpayers pay more to the government than the economy receives in public spending, the effect is like paying banks more than they provide in new credit. the debt volume is reduced ( increasing the reported savings rate ). the resulting austerity is favorable to the financial sector but harmful to the rest of the economy. most people think of money as a pure asset ( like a coin or a $ 10 dollar bill ), not as being simultaneously a public debt. but to an accountant, a balance sheet always balances : assets = liabilities + net worth. this liability - side ambivalence is confusing to most people. it takes some time to think in terms of offsetting assets and liabilities as mirror images of each other. much as cosmologists assume that the universe is symmetrical – with positively charged matter having an anti - matter counterpart somewhere at the other end – so accountants view the money in our pocket as being created by the government ’ s deficit spending. holders of the federal reserve ’ s paper currency technically can redeem it, but they will simply get paid in other denominations of the same currency. the word “ redeem ” comes from settling debts. this was the purpose for which money first came into being. governments redeem money by accepting it for tax payment. in addition to issuing paper currency, the federal reserve injects money into the economy by writing checks electronically. the recipients ( usually banks selling treasury bonds or, more recently, packages of mortgage loans ) gain a deposit at the central bank. this is the kind of deposit that was created by the above - mentioned $ 13 trillion in new debt that the government turned over to wall street after the september 2008 crisis. the price impact was felt in financial asset markets, not in prices for goods and services or labor ’ s wages. this federal reserve and treasury credit was not counted as part of the government ’ s operating deficit. yet it increased public debt, without being spent on “ real ” gdp. the banks used this money mainly to gamble on foreign exchange and interest - rate arbitrage as noted above, to buy smaller banks ( helping make themselves too big to fail ), and to keep paying their managers high salaries and bonuses.


” gdp. the banks used this money mainly to gamble on foreign exchange and interest - rate arbitrage as noted above, to buy smaller banks ( helping make themselves too big to fail ), and to keep paying their managers high salaries and bonuses. this monetization of debt shows how different government budgets are from family budgets. individuals must save to pay for retirement or other spending. they cannot print their own money, or tax others. but governments do not need to “ save ” ( or tax ) to pay for their spending. their ability to create money means that they do not need to save in advance to pay for wars, social security or other needs. keynesian deficit spending vs. bailing out wall street to keep the debt overhead in place there are two kinds of markets : hiring labor to produce goods and services in the “ real ” economy, and transactions in financial assets and property claims in the fire sector. governments can run budget deficits by financing either of these two spheres. since president franklin roosevelt ’ s wpa programs in the 1930s, along with his public infrastructure investment in roads, dams and other construction – and military arms spending after world war ii broke out – “ keynesian ” spending on goods and services has been used to hire labor or pay for social programs. this pumps money into the economy via the gdp - type transactions that appear in the national income and product accounts. it is not inflationary when unemployment exists. however, the debt that characterized the paulson - geithner bailout of wall street was created not to spend on goods and services, but to buy ( or take liability for ) mortgages and bank loans, insurance default bets and arbitrage gambles. the aim was to subsidize financial losses while keeping the debt overhead in place, so that banks and other financial institutions could “ earn their way ” out of negative net worth, at the economy ’ s expense. the idea was that they could start lending again to prevent real estate prices from falling further, saving them from having to write down their debt claims to bring levels back down within the ability to be paid. why tax the economy at all? and why financial and tax reform should go together. taxes pay for the cost of government by withdrawing income from the parties being taxed. from adam smith through john stuart mill to the progressive era, general agreement emerged that the most appropriate taxes should not fall on labor, capital or on sales of basic consumer needs. such taxes raise the break - even cost of employing labor. in today ’ s world


smith through john stuart mill to the progressive era, general agreement emerged that the most appropriate taxes should not fall on labor, capital or on sales of basic consumer needs. such taxes raise the break - even cost of employing labor. in today ’ s world, fica wage withholding for social security raises the price that employers must pay their work force to maintain living standards and buy the products they produce. however, these economists singled out one kind of tax that does not increase prices : taxes on the land ’ s rental value, natural resource rents and monopoly rents. these payments for rent - extraction rights are not a return to “ factors of production, ” but are privatized levy reflecting privileges that have no ongoing cost of production. they are rentier rake - offs. land is the economy ’ s largest asset. a site ’ s rental value is set by market conditions – what people pay for being able to live in a good location. people pay more to live in prestigious and convenient neighborhoods. they pay more if there is local investment in roads and public transportation, and if there are parks, museums and cultural centers nearby, or nice shopping districts. people also pay more as the economy grows more prosperous, because one of the first things they desire is status, and in today ’ s world this is defined largely by where one lives. landlords do not create this site value. but speculators may seek to ride the wave by buying property on credit, where the rate of land - price gain exceeds the interest rate. this “ capital ” gain is the proverbial free lunch. it is created by public investment, by the general level of prosperity, and by the terms on which banks extend credit. in a nutshell, a property is worth whatever a bank will lend, because that is the price that new buyers will be able to pay for it. this logic was more familiar to the public a century ago than it is today. a property tax to collect this “ free lunch ” rent is paid out of the rent. this leaves less to be capitalized into new interest - bearing loans – while freeing the government from having to tax labor and industrial capital. so this tax not only is “ less bad ” than others ; it is actively desirable to reduce the debt overhead. rent levels are not affected, but the government collects the rent instead of the property owner or, at one remove, the mortgage banker who turns this rent into a flow of interest by advancing the purchase price of rent - yielding properties to new buyers. real estate was the major source


, but the government collects the rent instead of the property owner or, at one remove, the mortgage banker who turns this rent into a flow of interest by advancing the purchase price of rent - yielding properties to new buyers. real estate was the major source of rising net worth and wealth for america ’ s middle class for over sixty years, from the return to peace in 1945 until the 2008 financial collapse. rising property prices were fueled largely by banks providing mortgage credit on easier terms. but by 2008 these terms had reached their limit. interest rates were seemingly as low as they could go. so were down payments ( zero down payment ) and amortization rates ( zero, with interest - only loans ) and property values were becoming fictitious as a result of a tidal wave of fraud by the banking system ’ s property appraisers, while the income statements of borrowers also was becoming fictitious ( “ liars ’ loans, ” with the main liars being the mortgage writers ). if the rise in real estate prices ( mainly site values ) had been taxed, there would have been no financial overgrowth, because this price - gain would have been collected as the tax base. the government would not have needed to tax labor either via income tax, fica wage withholding or consumer sales. and taken in conjunction with the government ’ s money - creating power, there would have been little need for public debt to grow. taxing rent extraction privileges thus would minimize debt levels and taxes on the 99 %. the next leading form of economic rent is taken by oil, gas and mining companies from the mineral deposits created by nature, as well as by owners or leasers of forests and other natural resources. classical economics from david ricardo onward defined such income received by landlords, mining companies, forestry and fisheries as “ economic rent. ” it is not profit on capital investment, because nature has provided the resource, not human labor or expenditure on capital – except for tangible capital investment in the buildings erected on the land, saws to cut down trees, earth - moving equipment to do the mining, and so forth. the basic contrast is between a productive industrial economy and a rent - extracting one in which special privileges, monopoly pricing and economic rents divert spending away from tangible capital investment and real output. classical economists defined economic rent generically as “ empty ” pricing in excess of technologically necessary costs of production. this would include payments to pharmaceutical companies, health management organizations ( hmos ) and monopolies above their necessary cost of doing business. much like paying


defined economic rent generically as “ empty ” pricing in excess of technologically necessary costs of production. this would include payments to pharmaceutical companies, health management organizations ( hmos ) and monopolies above their necessary cost of doing business. much like paying debt service, such economic rent siphons market revenue away from tangible production and consumption. it was to demonstrate this that francois quesnay developed the first national income statistics, the tableau economique. his aim was to show that the landed aristocracy ’ s rental rake - offs should form the basis for taxation rather than the excise taxes that were burdening industry and making it uncompetitive. but for the past hundred years, commercial banks have opposed property taxes, because taxing the land ’ s rent would mean less left over to pay interest. some 80 percent of bank loans are for real estate, mainly to capitalize the rental value left untaxed. a property and wealth tax would reduce this market – along with the government ’ s need to borrow, and hence to pay interest to bondholders. and without a fiscal squeeze there would have been less of an opportunity for the financial sector to push to privatize what remains of the public domain. today ’ s central financial problem is that the banking system lends mainly for rent extraction opportunities rather than for tangible capital investment and economic growth to raise living standards. to maximize rent, it has lobbied to untax land and natural resources. at issue in today ’ s tax and financial crisis is thus whether the world is going to have an economy based on progressive industrial democracy or a financialized and polarizing rent - extracting society. the ideological crisis underlying today ’ s tax and financial policy from antiquity and for thousands of years, land, natural resources and monopolies, seaports and roads were kept in the public domain. in more recent times railroads, subway lines, airlines, and gas and electric utilities were made public. the aim was to provide their basic services at cost or at subsidized prices rather than letting them be privatized into rent - extracting opportunities. the progressive era capped this transition to a more equitable economy by enacting progressive income and wealth taxes. economies were liberating themselves from the special privileges that european feudalism and colonialism had granted to favored insiders. the aim of ending these privileges – or taxing away economic rent where it occurs naturally, as in the land ’ s site value and natural resource rent – was to lower the costs of living and doing business.


what adam smith and subsequent economists actually taught about rent, taxes and the need for regulation or public ownership. academic economics is turned into an orwellian exercise in doublethink, designed to convince the population that the bottom 99 % should pay taxes rather than the 1 % that obtain most interest, dividends and capital gains. by denying that a free lunch exists, and by confusing the relationship between money and taxes, they have turned the economics discipline and much political discourse into a lobbying effort for the 1 %. lobbyists for the 1 % frame the fiscal question in terms of “ how can we make the 99 % pay for their own social programs? ” the implicit follow - up is, “ so that we ( the 1 % ) don ’ t have to pay? ” this is how the social security system came to be “ funded ” and then “ underfunded. ” the most regressive tax of all is the fica payroll tax at 15. 3 % of wages up to about $ 105, 000. above that, the rich don ’ t have to contribute. this payroll tax exceeds the income tax paid by many blue - collar families. the pretense is that not taxing these free lunchers will make economies more competitive and pull them out of depression. the reality is the opposite : instead of taxing the wealthy on their free lunch, the tax burden raises the cost of living and doing business. this is a major reason why the u. s. economy is being de - industrialized today. the key question is what the 1 % do with their revenue “ freed ” from taxes. the answer is that they lend it out to indebt the 99 %. this polarizes the economy between creditors and debtors. over the past generation the wealthiest 1 % have rewritten the tax laws to a point where they now receive an estimated 66 % – two thirds – of all returns to wealth ( interest, dividends, rents and capital gains ), and a reported 93 % of all income gains since the wall street bailout of september 2008. they have used this money to finance the election campaigns of politicians committed to shifting taxes onto the 99 %. they also have bought control of the major news media that shape peoples ’ understanding of what is happening. and as thorstein veblen described nearly a century ago, businessmen have become the heads most universities and directed their curriculum along “ business friendly ” lines. the clearest way to analyze any financial system is to ask who / whom. that is because financial systems are basically a


its airport services to break labor unionization, thatcher - style. the class war is back in business, with financial tactics playing a leading role barely anticipated a century ago. this monopolization of property is what europe ’ s medieval military conquests sought to achieve, and what its colonization of foreign continents replicated. but whereas it achieved this originally by military conquest of the land, today ’ s 1 % do it l by financializing the economy ( although the military arm of force is not absent, to be sure, as the world saw in chile after 1973 ). the financial quandary confronting us the economy ’ s debt overhead has grown so large that not everyone can be paid. rising default rates pose the question age - old question of who / whom. the answer almost always is that big fish eat little fish. big banks ( too big to fail ) are eating little banks, while the 1 % try to take the lion ’ s share for themselves by annulling public and corporate debts owed to the 99 %. their plan is to downgrade social security and medicare savings to “ entitlements, ” as if it is a matter of sound fiscal choice not to pay low - income payers while rentiers at the top re - christen themselves “ job creators, ” as if they have made their gains by helping wage - earners rather than waging war against them. the problem is not social security, which can be paid out of normal tax revenue, as in germany ’ s pay - as - you - go system. this fiscal problem – untaxing real estate, oil and gas, natural resources, monopolies and the banks – has been depicted as financial – as if one needs to save in advance by a special tax to lend to the government to cut taxes on the 99 %. the real pension cliff is with corporate, state and local pension plans, which are being underfunded and looted by financial managers. the shortfall is getting worse as the downturn reduces local tax revenues, leaving states and cities unable to fund their programs, to invest in new public infrastructure, or even to maintain and repair existing investments. public transportation in particular is suffering, raising user fees to riders in order to pay bondholders. but it is mainly retirees who are being told to sacrifice. ( the sanctimonious verb is “ share ” in the sacrifice, although this evidently does not apply to the 1 %. ) the bank lobby would like the economy to keep trying to borrow its way out of debt and thus


to sacrifice. ( the sanctimonious verb is “ share ” in the sacrifice, although this evidently does not apply to the 1 %. ) the bank lobby would like the economy to keep trying to borrow its way out of debt and thus dig itself deeper into a financial hole that puts yet more private and public property at risk of default and foreclosure. the idea is for the government to “ stabilize ” the financial system by bailing out the banks – that is, doing for them what it has not been willing to do for recipients of social security and medicare, or for states and localities no longer receiving revenue sharing, or for homeowners in negative equity suffering from exploding interest rates even while bank borrowing costs from the fed have plunged. the dream is that the happy greenspan financial bubble can be recovered, making everyone rich again, if only they will debt - leverage to bid up real estate, stock and bond prices and create new capital gains. realizing this dream is the only way that pension funds can pay retirees. they will be insolvent if they cannot make their scheduled 8 + %, giving new meaning to the term “ fictitious capital. ” and in the real estate market, prices will not soar again until speculators jump back in as they did prior to 2008. if student loans are not annulled, graduates face a lifetime of indentured servitude. but that is how much of colonial america was settled, after all – working off the price of their liberty, only to be plunged into the cauldron of vast real estate speculations and fortunes - by - theft on which the republic was founded ( or at least the greatest american fortunes ). it was imagined that such bondage belonged only to a bygone era, not to the future of the west. but we may now look back to that era for a snapshot of our future. the financial plan is for the government is to supply nearly free credit to the banks, so that they can to lend debtors enough – at the widest interest - rate markups in recent memory ( what banks charge borrowers and credit - card users over their less - than - 1 % borrowing costs ) – to pay down the debts that were run up before 2008. this is not a program to increase market demand for the products of labor. it is not the kind of circular flow that economists have described as the essence of industrial capitalism. it is a financial rake - off of a magnitude such as has not existed since medieval european times


a program to increase market demand for the products of labor. it is not the kind of circular flow that economists have described as the essence of industrial capitalism. it is a financial rake - off of a magnitude such as has not existed since medieval european times, and the last stifling days of the oligarchic roman empire two thousand years ago. imagining that an economy can be grounded on these policies will further destabilize the economy rather than alleviate today ’ s debt deflation. but if the economy is saved, the banks cannot be. this is why the obama administration has chosen to save the banks, not the economy. the fed ’ s prime directive is to keep interest rates low – to revive lending not to finance new business investment to produce more, but simply to inflate the asset prices that back the bank loans that constitute bank reserves. it is the convoluted dream of a new bubble economy – or more accurately a new great giveaway. here ’ s the quandary : if the fed keeps interest rates low, how are corporate, state and local pension plans to make the 8 + % returns needed to pay their scheduled pensions? are they to gamble more with hedge funds playing casino capitalism? on the other hand, if interest rates rise, this will reduce the capitalization multiple at which banks lend against current rental income and profits. higher interest rates will lower prices for real estate, corporate stocks and bonds, pushing the banks ( and pension funds ) even deeper into negative equity. so something has to give. either way, the financial system cannot continue along its present path. only debt write - offs will “ free ” markets to resume spending on goods and services. and only a shift of taxes onto rent - yielding property and tollbooths, finance and monopolies will save prices from being loaded down with extractive overhead charges and refocus lending to finance production and employment. unless this is done, there is no way the u. s. economy can become competitive in international markets, except of course for military hardware and intellectual property rights for escapist cultural artifacts. the solution for social security, medicare and medicaid is to de - financialize them. treat them like government programs for military spending, beachfront rebuilding and bank subsidies, and pay their costs out of current tax revenue and new money creation by central banks doing what they were founded to do. politicians shy away from confronting this solution mainly because the financial sector has sponsored a tunnel vision that ignores the role of debt, money, and the phenomena


costs out of current tax revenue and new money creation by central banks doing what they were founded to do. politicians shy away from confronting this solution mainly because the financial sector has sponsored a tunnel vision that ignores the role of debt, money, and the phenomena of economic rent, debt leverage and asset - price inflation that have become the defining characteristics of today ’ s financial crisis. government policy has been captured to try and save – or at least subsidize – a financial system that cannot be saved more than temporarily. it is being kept on life support at the cost of shrinking the economy – while true medical spending for real life support is being cut back for much of the population. the economy is dying from a financial respiratory disease, or what the physiocrats would have called a circulatory disorder. instead of freeing the economy from debt, income is being diverted to pay credit card debt and mortgage debts. students without jobs remain burdened with over $ 1 trillion of student debt, with the time - honored safety valve of bankruptcy closed off to them. many graduates must live with their parents as marriage rates and family formation ( and hence, new house - buying ) decline. the economy is dying. that is what neoliberalism does. now that the debt build - up has run its course, the banking sector has put its hope in gambling on mathematical probabilities via hedge fund capitalism. this casino capitalist has become the stage of finance capitalism following pension fund capitalism – and preceding the insolvency stage of austerity and property seizures. the open question now is whether neofeudalism will be the end stage. austerity deepens rather than cures public budget deficits. unlike past centuries, these deficits are not being incurred to wage war, but to pay a financial system that has become predatory on the “ real ” economy of production and consumption. the collapse of this system is what caused today ’ s budget deficit. instead of recognizing this, the obama administration is trying to make labor pay. pushing wage - earners over the “ fiscal cliff ” to make them pay for wall street ’ s financial bailout ( sanctimoniously calling their taxes “ user fees ” ) can only shrink of market more, pushing the economy into a fatal combination of tax - ridden and debt - ridden fiscal and financial austerity. the whistling in the intellectual dark that central bankers call by the technocratic term “ deleveraging ” ( paying off the debts that have been run up ) means diverting yet more income to


ridden and debt - ridden fiscal and financial austerity. the whistling in the intellectual dark that central bankers call by the technocratic term “ deleveraging ” ( paying off the debts that have been run up ) means diverting yet more income to pay the financial sector. this is antithetical to resuming economic growth and restoring employment levels. the recent lesson of european experience is that despite austerity, debt has risen from 381 % of gdp in mid - 2007 to 417 % in mid — 2012. that is what happens when economies shrink : debts mount up at arrears ( and with stiff financial penalties ). but even as economies shrink, the financial sector enriches itself by turning its debt claims – what 19th - century economists called “ fictitious capital ” before it was called finance capital – into a property grab. this makes an unrealistic debt overhead – unrealistic because there is no way that it can be paid under existing property relations and income distribution – into a living nightmare. that is what is happening in europe, and it is the aim of obama administration of tim geithner, ben bernanke, erik holder et al. they would make america look like europe, wracked by rising unemployment, falling markets and the related syndrome of adverse social and political consequences of the financial warfare waged against labor, industry and government together. the alternative to the road to serfdom – governments strong enough to protect populations against predatory finance – turns out to be a detour along the road to debt peonage and neofeudalism. so we are experiencing the end of a myth, or at least the end of an orwellian rhetorical patter talk about what free markets really are. they are not free if they are to pay rent - extractors rather than producers to cover the actual costs of production. financial markets are not free if fraudsters are not punished for writing fictitious junk mortgages and paying ratings agencies to sell “ opinions ” that their clients ’ predatory finance is sound wealth creation. a free market needs to be regulated from fraud and from rent seeking. the other myth is that it is inflationary for central banks to monetize public spending. what increases prices is building interest and debt service, economic rent and financial charges into the cost of living and doing business. debt - leveraging the price of housing, education and health care to make wage - earners pay over two - thirds of their income to the fire sector, fica wage withholding and other taxes falling on labor are responsible for


and doing business. debt - leveraging the price of housing, education and health care to make wage - earners pay over two - thirds of their income to the fire sector, fica wage withholding and other taxes falling on labor are responsible for de - industrializing the economy and making it uncompetitive. central bank money creation is not inflationary if it funds new production and employment. but that is not what is happening today. monetary policy has been hijacked to inflate asset prices, or at least to stem their decline, or simply to give to the banks to gamble. “ the economy ” is less and less the sphere of production, consumption and employment ; it is more and more a sphere of credit creation to buy assets, turning profits and income into interest payments until the entire economic surplus and repertory of property is pledged for debt service. to celebrate this as a “ postindustrial society ” as if it is a new kind of universe in which everyone can get rich on debt leveraging is a deception. the road leading into this trap has been baited with billions of dollars of subsidized junk economics to entice voters to act against their interests. the post - classical pro - rentier financial narrative is false – intentionally so. the purpose of its economic model is to make people see the world and act ( or invest their money ) in a way so that its backers can make money off the people who follow the illusion being subsidized. it remains the task of a new economics to revive the classical distinction between wealth and overhead, earned and unearned income, profit and rentier income – and ultimately between capitalism and feudalism. no such benefits were given to homeowners whose real estate fell into negative equity. for the few who received debt write - downs to current market value, the credit was treated as normal income and taxed! philip aldrick, “ loss of income caused by banks as bad as a ‘ world war ’, says boe ’ s andrew haldane, ” the telegraph, december 3, 2012. mr. haldane is the bank ’ s executive director for financial stability. stephanie kelton, “ the ‘ fiscal cliff ’ hoax, ” http : / / www. latimes. com / news / opinion / commentary / la - oe - kelton - fiscal - cliff - economy - 20121221, 0, 2129176. story, december 21, 2012.


preventing running injuries running is a great way to keep in shape and one of the most effective exercises for weight loss. on the other hand, running also has the highest injury rate of any sport with over 50 % of runners reporting an injury each year. but running doesn ' t have to be a painful experience. running injuries of all varieties can largely be prevented by following just a few simple rules. rule 1. always wear high - quality shoes that are right for your foot type. the world of running shoes is confusing to most people - even experienced runners. the best way to find a good shoe for your foot type is to visit your local running store. most of these stores should offer some type of complimentary gait analysis testing that will help you focus your search into shoes that are for overpronators, neutral gaiters, or underpronators. the selection of your shoe will have a tremendous impact on the strain that your legs undergo during your miles of training. a foot that is not allowed to pronate fully, or that pronates too much, because of poor shoe choice will undoubtedly be at higher risk for injury and will also transmit excessive forces through the legs, which increases injury risk to the ankles, knees, groin, hips, and even the lower back. rule 2. never stretch before you run. most runners stretch before a run. this may partly explain the high injury rate from running. muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues are more pliable the warmer they are. before a run, your muscles aren ' t " cold ", but they are not very pliable either. a much better alternative than a pre - run stretch is to begin your run with 5 minutes of walking or easy jogging. then, you can increase the speed and run at your normal pace. by starting slowly, you gradually increase the temperature of your muscles without exposing them to excessive stretching force. following the run is actually the best time to stretch since your muscles are at peak temperature and, therefore, at peak flexibility. rule 3. increase your weekly mileage by no more than 10 %. a common mistake made by runners of all abilities is doing too much, too fast. increasing your mileage from 20 to 25 to 30 miles a week doesn ' t seem excessive at first glance. however, several clinical studies have determined that runners who increase weekly mileage by more than 10 % each week are at increased injury risk. the examples above are on the order of 20 - 25 % per week. a better approach is to increase from


. however, several clinical studies have determined that runners who increase weekly mileage by more than 10 % each week are at increased injury risk. the examples above are on the order of 20 - 25 % per week. a better approach is to increase from 20 to 22 to 24 to 26 to 29 and so on. sure, it takes longer to build up the weekly mileage, but you also stand a much better chance of being able to run continuously throughout the year instead of ramping up quickly and then letting an injury abruptly interfere with your training for days, weeks, or even months. rule 4. strengthen your leg muscles. sure, running strengthens your leg muscles - but not all of them. running makes the muscles on the back of your leg stronger such as the buttocks, hamstrings, and calves. however, the muscles on the front of the leg are generally neglected like the groin, quadriceps, and shins. the muscles on the sides of your legs such as the peroneals and the iliotibial band that help to stabilize your joints on impact are also generally weak. it is imperative then that runners do strengthening exercises for these muscles to ward off overuse injuries. rule 5. take periodic breaks from training. regular running causes microscopic tears in the muscles and connective tissue. at first, these tears are unnoticeable. but with continued frequent running, these tears can progress to painful strains, which can take several weeks to recover from. a good rule of thumb is to back off from your normal training volume by 50 % every fourth week. for example, if your average weekly mileage over three weeks is 30 miles, run only 15 miles the next week. this cycle should be repeated every month. these regular breaks will prevent injury and help prevent chronic fatigue from overtraining. rule 6. consume a diet that is proper for a running athlete. while the calories expended during running may afford you a pizza or some french fries, junk and fast foods do not provide you with the essential nutrients to build muscle and keep connective tissue strong and nutrified. a healthy diet should concentrate on lean protiens, plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats. some may depend on dietary supplements for extra nutrition. however, the jury is in that whole foods rich in natural vitamins are key. muscle cramps - how to prevent muscle cramps the feeling of pain is something that most of us want to avoid. it ’ s uncomfortable and it hinders the things


, the jury is in that whole foods rich in natural vitamins are key. muscle cramps - how to prevent muscle cramps the feeling of pain is something that most of us want to avoid. it ’ s uncomfortable and it hinders the things that we want to do. however, pain can also be a sign of a greater issue at hand. in terms of muscle cramps, it might not just be a ‘ charlie horse. ’ muscle cramps can sometimes signal that you have other issues going on. what is a muscle cramp and why does it happen? muscles cramps are the involuntary contraction of a muscle in your body – meaning that you didn ’ t cause the muscle to contract. there are a number of reasons why a muscle might cramp as well as number of reasons that are unknown. some of the more common reasons for muscle cramps are strains and sprains of the muscles and ligaments. when you injure yourself by overextending a muscle or a part of your body, the muscle can become too stretched out and will overcompensate by cramping. drink plenty of fluids to prevent cramps other muscle cramps are caused by an imbalance of nutrition in the muscles themselves. people who do not drink enough fluids or drink too much fluid during a workout session can get muscle cramps. in the muscles, there is a delicate balance of water and electrolytes. when the muscle is dehydrated, it will cramp from having too many electrolytes in it ; while the muscle that has too much water in it will also cramp because of the lack of electrolytes. muscle cramps are some of the warning signs for dehydration as well as for hyponatremia ( too little salt / electrolytes ). another cause of muscle cramps can be the build up of lactic acid in the muscles. if you ’ re pushing yourself too hard during a workout, your body isn ’ t able to burn off all of the lactate that it is producing and lactic acid forms, causing that burning sensation in your legs. and that sensation can sometimes lead to a feeling of muscle cramps after a workout. tips for preventing muscle cramps there are many ways to reduce your chances of muscles cramps. first of all, you will want to always keep yourself fully hydrated during a workout. for workouts of shorter than an hour, water is just fine. drink a few sips whenever you feel it is necessary and you should be


cramps. first of all, you will want to always keep yourself fully hydrated during a workout. for workouts of shorter than an hour, water is just fine. drink a few sips whenever you feel it is necessary and you should be fine. for longer workouts, you will want to drink a sports drink that has been watered down. because you are working out harder, you need more than just water to maintain the proper balance of electrolytes in your body. another way to prevent muscle cramps is to make sure that you are training consistently. your body will build up a resistance to muscle cramps if it is used to the exercises that it is doing. it ’ s when you push too hard or try something that you haven ’ t trained on that leads to muscle cramps. potassium can help prevent cramps you can also increase your intake of potassium to help prevent muscle cramps. things like bananas are great sources of potassium and can help you stay cramp free. however, using potassium supplements is not advised as your potassium balance can be easily upset and cause problems. - are you an ironman athlete racing a half or two in route to your a - race of the season? - are you a half ironman athlete looking to maximize your race day potential? - are you stepping up to the half ironman distance after having focused on sprint and olympic distance triathlon? mistake # 1 : getting overwhelmed by endurance training lingo. the half iron distance isn ’ t a walk in the park by any means, but it certainly doesn ’ t require that you buy a thesaurus for your training plan. aerobic, anaerobic, lactate threshold, aerobic threshold, ventilatory threshold … the list goes on. your training only has be as complicated as you make it … and we suggest you keep it simple. your fitness is nothing more than the ability of your body to perform work : to swim at pace x, pedal a bike at speed y, or run at pace z. focus on the work, do progressively more of it, and the fitness will follow. mistake # 2 : making training overly complicated. swim. bike. run. eat. sleep. at least that ’ s what the t - shirts say. so why do so many triathletes spend their time concocting unique brick ( bike + run ) workouts ; trying out the latest gadgets ( fist gloves anyone? ), and swamping their lives with countless hours of training? your guess is as good as ours. it


##s spend their time concocting unique brick ( bike + run ) workouts ; trying out the latest gadgets ( fist gloves anyone? ), and swamping their lives with countless hours of training? your guess is as good as ours. it doesn ’ t have to be that complicated. create a training week where monday works with tuesday works with wednesday, etc. a week that fits within your personal / professional / social framework, a schedule that you can execute easily week after week. then manage the details of each individual workout, letting training volume take care of itself. mistake # 3 : using a half ironman as an ironman prequisite or race rehearsal. we ’ re behind the finish lines of every us ironman, every year, catching our athletes. we have yet to see a wtc official checking to see that im finishers have had their tickets punched at the him distance. the fact is you do not need to complete an him before your ironman, and an him is very poor race rehearsal for a full ironman race. mistake # 4 : bringing an ironman nutrition plan to a half ironman. the half iron distance is just long enough that you need a nutrition plan, but short enough that using the traditional ironman fueling strategy can be a recipe for disaster. after all, the race plays out differently : your swim is only half as long, you bike with significantly more intensity, and your run is entirely different. they don ’ t hand out medals for calories consumed per hour … we know from experience! mistake # 5 : pushing your physical limits before the run. the 70. 3 distance is a great event to test y0ur fitness, but execution still rules the day. lining up a strategy that mimics a sprint or olympic - level effort will leave you far short of t2 with the prospect of a cramp - filled, sufferfest of a run. learning how to pace the swim and bike will prepare you to run closer to your true potential and dramatically improve your finishing position. check out this video on youtube : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = mtcpvorppso & feature = youtube _ gdata _ player


passed more than two and a half years ago, the massive health reform law has already triggered major changes. here are some of the most significant measures that began taking effect in 2010 : adult dependent insurance coverage to age 26. adult children up to age 26 can now continue to get health insurance on their parent ' s policies. a report earlier this year from the commonwealth fund estimated that 13. 7 million persons aged 19 to 25 stayed on or joined their parents ' health plans last year, and that 6. 6 million of them would not have been eligible to do so without this provision of the law. this increase was a major reason why the number of americans without health insurance dropped last year for the first time in four years. end of lifetime limits on insurance payouts. the impact of this change won ' t be felt for a long time by most people, but the government projects that 105 million americans now no longer worry that their coverage will run out. " while some plans provided coverage without dollar limits on lifetime benefits, 105 million americans were previously in health plans that had lifetime limits, " the u. s. department of health and human services ( hhs ) said earlier this year. " hhs estimates that 70 million people in large employer plans, 25 million people in small employer plans, and 10 million people with individually purchased health insurance had lifetime limits on their health benefits prior to the passage of the affordable care act. " the law also restricts annual coverage limits and will phase them out as follows : - $ 750, 000 : for a plan year or policy year starting on or after september 23, 2010 but before september 23, 2011. - $ 1. 25 million : for a plan year or policy year starting on or after september 23, 2011 but before september 23, 2012. - $ 2 million : for a plan year or policy year starting on or after september 23, 2012 but before january 1, 2014. - no annual dollar limits are allowed on most covered benefits beginning on january 1, 2014. end of pre - existing restrictions on children ' s access to health insurance. the law has ended insurance denials based on pre - existing conditions for an estimated 17. 6 million children under age 19. these changes are part of an extensive set of 2010 consumer safeguards that the government called a " patient ' s bill of rights. " expanded coverage of preventive benefits. people under age 65 who are covered by private health insurance received a range of free wellness benefits. earlier this year, hhs estimated that about 54 million people had received preventive


patient ' s bill of rights. " expanded coverage of preventive benefits. people under age 65 who are covered by private health insurance received a range of free wellness benefits. earlier this year, hhs estimated that about 54 million people had received preventive health benefits without cost - sharing. here ' s an hhs summary of what is now available ( women ' s preventive benefits were further expanded in 2012 and will be covered in a later part of this series ) : children ( 0 - 17 ) : coverage includes regular pediatrician visits, vision and hearing screenings, developmental assessments, immunizations, and screening and counseling to address obesity and help children maintain a healthy weight. women ( 18 - 64 ) : coverage includes cancer screening such as pap smears for those ages 21 to 64, mammograms for those ages 50 to 64, and colonoscopies for those 50 to 64 ; recommended immunizations such as hpv vaccination for women ages 19 to 26, flu shots for all adults, and meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccinations for high - risk adults ; healthy diet counseling and obesity screening ; cholesterol and blood pressure screening ; screening for sexually - transmitted infections and hiv ; depression screening ; and tobacco - use counseling. starting in august 2012, additional preventive services specific to women, such as screening for gestational diabetes and contraception, will be covered by new health plans with no cost sharing. men ( 18 - 64 ) : coverage includes recommended immunizations such as flu shots for all adults and meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccinations for high - risk adults ; cancer screening including colonoscopy for adults 50 to 64 ; healthy diet counseling and obesity screening ; cholesterol and blood pressure screening ; screening for hiv ; depression screening ; and tobacco - use counseling. next up : major health reform changes effective in 2011


environmentalists passionately opposed to a giant pipeline that would transport crude oil from the tar sands of canada to the gulf coast are going head - to - head with proponents of the project. students explore the controversy surrounding the keystone xl pipeline and the strategic questions it raises for environmentalists. nba player jason collins recently became the first openly gay athete in a major american team sport. in this activity, students read some of collins ' coming out statement, discuss it, and then consider their views on the impact coming out can have, both personally and for society. president obama ' s recent proposal to cut social security ' s cost - of - living increases is part of a major national debate, but one that many students know little about. in this activity, students find out about social security by interviewing a senior family member or friend about it, and through reading and small and large - group discussion. the american - arab anti - discrimination committee has reported an increase in attacks and discrimination targeting arab and muslim americans following the bombing in boston. ” here are some guidelines aimed at helping to make our schools safe and supportive environments for youngsters with these backgrounds ; and to prevent and counter expressions of bias against these groups in any school. - school services - classroom lessons - events & news - contact us teachablemoment latest lessons most popular current issues - 9 / 11 anniversary teaching guide aug. 31, 2011 - practice dbq : the decision to drop the atomic bomb on hiroshima & nagasaki jan. 29, 2007 - what happens inside prison may. 23, 2007 most popular social & emotional learning - getting to know you : classroom activities for starting off the school year sep. 3, 2008 - find someone who jan. 30, 2007 - be strong, be mean, or give in? nov. 7, 2011 teachablemoment, a project of morningside center for teaching social responsibility, fosters social responsibility by sharing free k - 12 classroom lessons, activities and ideas with educators.


share the road : tips for drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians on average, 265 bicycle and 600 pedestrian crashes are reported to the metropolitan police department each year in the district of columbia. approximately 2, 700 pedestrians and bicyclists are injured every year in the washington region, and 89 are killed. pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities accounted for 23 % of the total traffic fatalities in the district of columbia, suburban maryland and northern virginia from 2004 - 2008. what ’ s disappointing is that many of these fatalities could have been avoided. by exercising some caution and extending some common courtesies, future tragedies can be avoided. the following tips should help drivers, bikers and walkers share the road and get where they ’ re going safely. behaviors motorists and walkers should avoid and fines for associated violations. tips for drivers drivers are reminded to turn on vehicle headlights at dusk and be vigilant in looking out for cyclists and pedestrians. additionally, drivers should : - stop for pedestrians at crosswalks. - slow down and obey the posted speed limit. - yield to pedestrians and cyclists when turning. - look before opening your door. - be careful when passing stopped vehicles. - allow three feet when passing bicyclists. tips for cyclists when travelling on city streets, cyclists should follow the same rules of the road as motorized vehicles. this means stopping at stop signs ; obeying traffic signals and lane markings ; and using hand signals to let others know your intention to stop or turn. furthermore, cyclists are advised to be aware of their surroundings : - don ’ t wear headphones ; you need to be able to hear if a car is approaching. - slow down and check for oncoming traffic before entering any street or intersection - do your best to anticipate hazards and adjust your position in traffic accordingly. - be predictable : ride with the flow of traffic, on the right, and in a straight line – not in and out of parked cars on the side of the street. be visible and wear the proper protective gear. dc law mandates that riders under 16 are required to wear a helmet while cycling in the district of columbia, but it ’ s a good idea for bikers of any age. make eye contact with motorists to let them know you are there ( but don ’ t always expect them to see you ). and stay visible by riding where drivers are looking ( i. e., do not pass on the right ). bicyclist should be particularly mindful of their visibility to other vehicles in the evening,


always expect them to see you ). and stay visible by riding where drivers are looking ( i. e., do not pass on the right ). bicyclist should be particularly mindful of their visibility to other vehicles in the evening, especially when biking during rush hour or later. legally, cyclists must have a front white light and a red rear reflector and / or a rear red light. - get more smart bicycling tips from washington area bicyclist association ( waba ) - get cycling tips and hand signals from the street smart campaign tips for walkers and runners whether you ’ re going for an afternoon stroll, commuting to work on foot, or getting some exercise, walking and running are great activities. however, it ’ s importing to pay attention. when walking or exercising, especially in the early morning or at dusk or dark, pedestrians should keep the following tips in mind : - mpd encourages walkers to use signaled crosswalks when possible. use extreme caution when crossing at intersections without signals. - look both ways before crossing the street. - never run between cars into the street. - wear clothing that allows drivers and people to see you. that means no dark clothes after dark or early in the morning. - exercising outdoors at dusk or at night can be dangerous without some type of reflective device on your clothing. many athletic shoes have reflective qualities built in, but also consider a vest complete with reflective tape. - keep alert! dawn and dusk offer convenient shadows for muggers and other crooks. runners are also reminded to always carry identification with them when they go out. if carrying a license seems too inconvenient, please consider purchasing an identification bracelet or tag for your shoe. new products designed especially for runners, bikers and other athletes have recently come on the market. a simple internet search for “ identification bracelet ” will provide numerous results. get more safety tips for walkers and runners report aggressive driving aggressive driving is a combination of unsafe and unlawful actions that demonstrate a conscious and willful disregard for safety. the following offenses are included : running red lights and stop signs ; following too closely, or tailgating ; changing lanes unsafely ; failing to yield the right of way ; improper passing ; and speeding. and aggressive driving is against the law. aggressive drivers may target bikers as well as drivers of other motorized vehicles. it ’ s in everyone ’ s best interest to avoid an aggressive driver rather than to engage him or her. bikers can do that by getting out of their way and steering


| [ this is a mpiwg mpdl language technology service ] | speed ( n. ) prosperity in an undertaking ; favorable issue ; success. speed ( n. ) the act or state of moving swiftly ; swiftness ; velocity ; rapidly ; rate of motion ; dispatch ; as, the speed a horse or a vessel. speed ( n. ) one who, or that which, causes or promotes speed or success. speed ( n. ) to go ; to fare. speed ( n. ) to experience in going ; to have any condition, good or ill ; to fare. speed ( n. ) to fare well ; to have success ; to prosper. speed ( n. ) to make haste ; to move with celerity. speed ( n. ) to be expedient. speed ( v. t. ) to cause to be successful, or to prosper ; hence, to aid ; to favor. speed ( v. t. ) to cause to make haste ; to dispatch with celerity ; to drive at full speed ; hence, to hasten ; to hurry. speed ( v. t. ) to hasten to a conclusion ; to expedite. speed ( v. t. ) to hurry to destruction ; to put an end to ; to ruin ; to undo. speed ( v. t. ) to wish success or god fortune to, in any undertaking, especially in setting out upon a journey.


- gk from chapter 32 - organizations : culture, youth, sports - policies : youth n sports - schemes : culture, tourism, youth, sport basic gk about india ’ s polity and geography given on chapter 1, 2 and 3. gk related to environment, geography, culture etc. is scattered around in the chapter 30 : states and union territories. click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to culture, tourism, youth, sports, misc. gk ( part 6 of 6 ) - policies / laws - how to approach science - tech ( s & t ) and public health for general studies ( prelims, mains ) has been explained in separate article. ( click me ) - for specific articles various topics of [ s & t ] you can visit http : / / www. mrunal. org / snt - following list contains the essential topics to be studied from click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to science - tech, public health, agro ( part 5 of 6 ) - polity, rights issue, education, welfare - other topics / overview polity, rights issue, education, welfare - for the “ core ” polity topics + constitution, your first weapon of choice should be indian polity by m. laxmikanth. - the basic gk on polity is given on chapter 1, 2 and 3 of india yearbook. click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to rights issue, education, welfare, poverty removal schemes ( part 4 of 6 ) - international relations ( ir ) / diplomacy / diaspora - india ’ s foreign relations - india ’ s economic relations - diplomacy : topics, issues - diplomacy : mcq / 2m - comm n it : organizations - comm n it : policies - comm n it : schemes - comm n it : topics / issues - comm n it : laws - comm n it : mcq / 2m click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to ir, diplomacy, diaspora, communication, it and mass comm ( part 3 of 6 ) - economy : essential facts for mcqs / 2m - economy : organizations ( national ) - economy : organizations ( international ) - economy : india and world - economy : policy / reforms - economy : schemes - economy : laws - economy : topics / overview - banking and insurance - insurance schemes - economy : funds - how to approach economy for


- economy : organizations ( international ) - economy : india and world - economy : policy / reforms - economy : schemes - economy : laws - economy : topics / overview - banking and insurance - insurance schemes - economy : funds - how to approach economy for general studies ( prelims, mains ) has been explained in separate article. click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to economy, finance, industry, commerce, corporate affairs ( part 2 of 6 ) - utility in prelims ( csat ) - utility in mains - utility in interview - limitations of yearbook - general guidelines while using india yearbook - # 1 : skipping sentences - # 2 : organizations - # 3 : schemes - yearbook chapter classification - environment and biodiversity ( enb ) - enb : organizations - enb : important facts for mcq / 2m - environment : policies - enb : schemes - enb : overview topics click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : introduction and approach to environment and biodiversity ( enb ) ( part 1 of 6 ) in the 90s era, the tv channels were sent in analog and unencrypted form. you local cable operator would install a big white dish on his - what is the problem with 90s cable tv system? - trai : cable digitalization - difference : das vs dth? - what is set top box ( stb )? - why jayalalitha is unhappy? click to continue reading [ yearbook ] cable digitization, das vs dth ( direct - to home ), set - top box, trai order - handloom vs handicraft? - why handloom mark? - what is handloom mark? - social security for handloom n handicraft? - mahatma gandhi bunkar bima yojana - health insurance scheme ( his ) for weavers - special schemes? - technology upgradation fund ( tuf ) - integrated handlooms development scheme ( ihds ) - mill gate price scheme - babasaheb ambedker hastshilp vikas yojna ( ahvy ) - marketing promotion programme click to continue reading [ yearbook ] handloom mark, handicraft sector : government schemes, problems, reforms - what is biocontrol agent? - what is krishi vigyan kendra - what is what is icar? - what is rashtriya sam vikas yojana - mock questions what is biocontrol agent? is


the dome, constructed in 1881, originally housed a 12 - inch clark refractor. the two foot wide dome slit was widened to accomodate the 1 - m nickel reflector. the new slit is not overly generous for the nickel, with only a few inches of clearance on each side when the telescope is centered. also, the slit does block part of the aperture ( maximum occultation of about 40 % ) when the telescope is at zenith distances less than 6. 9 degrees. during regular operations the dome is slaved to the telescope to ensure that the telescope aperture is not blocked. dome tracking of the telescope is enabled with the domeauto setting in the poco telescope control software. it is also possible to manually position the dome via the poco software ( select domehold and use the manual dome function ) or via a manual rocker switch in the nickel dome ( you must select domefloor in poco to position the dome using the rocker switch ). the dome shutter can be opened or closed remotely via the naux _ fe software or manually from a control box mounted on the dome itself ( see figure 2 ). the dome shutter button is the bottom of the switches and simply pushing it once will open or close the shutter ( it is actually a garage door opener that activates the dome shutter ). occasionally the shutter will fail to open or close fully, usually due to wind blowing on the shutter. often a second or third try to open / close the dome will be successful. if it continues to fail to open or close fully, try rotating the dome to another location and try again. the windscreen ( figure 3 ) is controlled with the naux _ fe software. it may also be moved manually with the three position toggle switch ( shown in figure 2 ). the toggle switch has three positions : up moves the windscreen up, down moves it down, and the central position stops its motion. the software control has three buttons, intuitively labeled up, down, and stop. the windscreen is quite good at reducing wind shake of the telescope, but caution should be observed when using the windscreen at wind speeds greater than about 30 mph. when the telescope is not in use, the windscreen should be stowed in its full up position. there are both white and red lights in the dome. the light switch and dimmer for the red light are next to the door. the lower white lights also have a switch by the door or can be controlled from naux _ fe. observers using the nickel from


white and red lights in the dome. the light switch and dimmer for the red light are next to the door. the lower white lights also have a switch by the door or can be controlled from naux _ fe. observers using the nickel from a remote site may want to turn on these lights to check the state of the telescope and dome via the video cameras before moving the telescope or if they perceive any problems with telescope or dome motion or control. there is a second set of brighter lights mounted on the rotating dome. their power switch is located on the dome shutter controller ( see figure 2 ). these lights are not remotely controlled. dome flat field screen the dome has a flat field screen that can be used with either the dome flats lamp or the telescope lamps. either way the dome needs to be rotated + 38 degrees in azimuth and the telescope needs to be at least dec - 05 : 00 : 00. a standard flats position is dome az 218, telescope ha 0, dec - 05 : 00 : 00. figure 1 : photo courtesy of laurie hatch figure 2 : shutter and windscreen control flat field screen a flat field screen ( figure 3 ) is mounted to the left of the dome slit. the windscreen may also be used as a flat field screen. the flat field screen is recommended when taking direct imaging flat fields, particularly with the bluer filters. for spectral flats we recommend using the windscreen because of flexure of the instrument and fringing at the red end of the detector. using the windscreen enables you to get an appropriate spectral flat field no matter what the position of the telescope. figure 3 : windscreen and flat field screen


children ’ s health issues in historical perspective publication year : 2005 published by : wilfrid laurier university press download pdf ( 96. 6 kb ) download pdf ( 78. 6 kb ) we would like to thank the editors and reviewers who have assisted us in the production of this book, including carroll klein and heather blain - yanke of wilfrid laurier university press. we also thank heather macdougall, paul potter, jacques bernier, othmar keel, guy grenier, helen brown, darcey kaluza, and michael... introduction : the spotlight on children download pdf ( 165. 1 kb ) children ' s health regularly concerns parents and family. it also receives intermittent attention from communities and nations. at the 1990 world summit for children, seventy - one countries signed the world declaration on survival, protection and development of children and adopted a plan of action. that plan promised to... vegetables on parade : american medicine and the child health movement in the jazz age download pdf ( 567. 5 kb ) american progressives ' dream of an efficient, humane, and harmonious nation was shattered by the first world war and its aftermath. during the war patriotic outbursts reinforced by crude propaganda from woodrow wilson ' s administration often turned into violent attacks on pacifist, socialist, and immigrant dissenters. racism,... no more surprising than a broken pitcher? : maternal and child health in the early years of the pan american sanitary bureau download pdf ( 174. 4 kb ) historically, the priorities and activities of international health organizations have been determined at the metropolitan level or through a confluence of central and local interests. early twentieth - century campaigns against epidemic diseases were prototypes of this arrangement, whereby the threat to international commerce was of... entre la « revanche » et la « veillee » des berceaux : les medecins quebecois francophones, la mortalite infantile, et la question nationale, 1910 – 1940 download pdf ( 177. 3 kb ) au quebec, les questions demographiques ont toujours ete scrutees et commentees a travers le prisme de la question nationale. pour s ' en convaincre, il suffit d ' evoquer les declarations alarmistes de nombreux observateurs au sujet de la diminution de la fecondite des quebecoises francophones depuis les annees 1960 et les differentes... infant ideologies : doctors,


, 1860 – 1939 download pdf ( 284. 8 kb ) l ' histoire de la medicalisation de la mere et de son enfant est relativement bien connue pour l ' occident. elle l ' est beaucoup moins pour ce qui est des contrees tropicales et des anciennes colonies europeennes, en particulier asiatiques, qui se sont affranchies au cours du xxe siecle1. remedier en partie a cet oubli s ' avere utile, ne serait - ce... complicating childhood : gender, ethnicity, and “ disadvantage ” within the new zealand children ’ s health camps movement download pdf ( 141. 5 kb ) over the first part of the twentieth century, health camps, residential open - air schools, and tuberculosis " preventoria " were presented in many western societies as models of healthy lifestyles for children, incorporating into their programs wholesome and plentiful food, exposure to sunshine and fresh air, and regular rest and sleep.... race, class, and health : school medical inspection and “ healthy ” children in british columbia, 1890 – 1930 download pdf ( 137. 9 kb ) public health reform in british columbian schools at the turn of the twentieth century reflected the values and priorities of white middle - class professionals. first nations children on the inkameep reserve in the early 1930s, for example, learned that " good health " meant conforming to the expectations of the dominant society. as the... ordering the bath : children, health, and hygiene in northern canadian communities, 1900 – 1970 download pdf ( 244. 8 kb ) historians have recently started to pay close attention to the increased surveillance of aboriginal children in residential schools. 1 teachers, missionaries, doctors, and nurses routinely inspected aboriginal bodies in their desire to reform or " colonize bodies. " informed by michel foucault ' s analysis of power and surveillance,... physician denial and child sexual abuse in america, 1870 – 2000 download pdf ( 189. 6 kb ) in 1908, j. taber johnson summarized his thoughts about gonorrhea in children in a chapter of an influential textbook on gonorrhea. his confident assertions, " that coitus is not essential to gonorrheal infection is an established fact, " and " an overwhelming proportion of the cases of vulvovaginitis in young girls is gonorrheal in origin and is


assertions, " that coitus is not essential to gonorrheal infection is an established fact, " and " an overwhelming proportion of the cases of vulvovaginitis in young girls is gonorrheal in origin and is of... “ living symptoms ” : adolescent health care in english canada, 1920 – 1970 download pdf ( 213. 6 kb ) during the opening decades of " canada ' s century, " as canadians were impelled to come to terms with modernity, a number of voices joined in chorus to identify a " youth problem. " adolescents embodied the nation ' s potential. by simple virtue of having reached a certain life stage during a tumultuous time, they became another of the... the iconography of child public health : between medicine and reform download pdf ( 323. 0 kb ) during the interwar period in the united states, the links between child public health, biomedicine, and social welfare grew more tenuous. child public health programs, once a central part of both medical and welfare efforts, operated within an increasingly restricted mandate. they fit in neither the world of pediatric medicine,... la contribution de l ’ hopital saint - paul et de l ’ alexandra hospital a la lutte contre les maladies contagieuses infantiles a montreal, 1905 – 1934 download pdf ( 210. 8 kb ) au tournant du xxe siecle, pres de la moitie des deces au quebec sont rapportes parmi la population infantile et sont attribues aux maladies infectieuses2. les villes et les quartiers defavorises sont les lieux les plus touches par ces dernieres, l ' industrialisation des centres urbains s ' etant trop souvent accompagnee d ' une deterioration de... the architecture of children ’ s hospitals in toronto and montreal, 1875 – 2010 download pdf ( 1. 2 mb ) this paper explores more than a century of changing ideas about the health of canadian children through the architecture of three urban hospitals : one in toronto, the hospital for sick children ( founded in 1875 ; known as the " victoria " hospital for sick children until 1912 ), and two in montreal, the children ' s memorial hospital... frontier health services for children : alberta ’ s provincial travelling clinic, 1924 – 1942 download pdf ( 538. 0 kb ) providing health services to sparsely populated, geographically isolated areas


sexting, the combination of the words sex and texting, is the practice of electronically sending explicit images or messages from on person to another. there has been a lot of media attention in recent years looking at legal cases involving teens and sexting as well as cases of bullying or harassment of the teen who ' s picture is spread beyond the intended recipient. but data on teen sexting has been lagging and different authors site numbers somewhere between 1 % of teens to 30 % of teens who have engaged in sexting. there is now some new real data out of the university of texas medical branch at galveston that not only looks at the prevalence of sexting among high school students, the study also looked as the relationship between sexting and sex and risky sexual behaviors. this was a really interesting study! the study looked at 948 high school students from 7 public schools in houston area, over a 2 year period. participants ranged in age from 14 - 19 years and were in either 10th or 11th grade. so, 28 % ( that ' s more than 1 in 4 ) of teens reported having sent a naked picture of themselves via text or e - mail ( sexting ). there were no differences between the number of boys and girls who sent a sext. however, 68 % of girls reported having been asked to send a sext, compared with 42 % of boys. but, 46 % of boys had asked someone to sext compared to 21 % of girls. of those who were asked to send a sext, girls ( 27 % ) more often reported being bothered a great deal by this than boys ( 2 % ). almost all girls and half of the boys were bothered a little bit by having been asked to sext. age also played a role in sexting with the proportion of teens who reported having been asked to send a sext peaking at 16 - 17 years of age ( 61 % ) and declining in those 18 years and older ( 53 % ). lastly, for both boys and girls, teens who had sexted were also more likely to have begun dating and to have had sex than those who did not sext. the study also showed that teen girls who engaged in sexting also engaged in more high risk sexual behaviors, admitting to multiple partners and the use of drugs or alcohol before sex. yes this is yet another topic for discussion among parents and their teens and also for pediatricians to discuss with their adolescent patients. office visits keep getting longer ; discussing sexting may also be a way for doctors to discuss sexual behaviors with


gtip 2008 interns allisa pack, glasgow, ky debbie sherfey, temple hill elementary school, glasgow, ky this year we received from each teacher intern a final report and evaluation of the program as well as three trail guides to be used for self - study by classroom teachers, homeschool groups and other interested visitors. the final reports included five to ten digital photographs. additional images will be provided as their students use the park ' s resources. each teacher has scheduled and will present two public programs / presentations that will help community members understand the park, park resources, and types of geoscience jobs / careers available. each of our 2008 intern teachers has also submitted photographs of their work in the park as well as with their students. they have agreed to supply additional photographs as the school year progresses. in addition, the 2008 intern teachers will work with future intern teachers as well as those teachers who completed the program in 2006 and 2007 to expand the growing teacher network that will educate local and regional peers, students, and parents on park resources and types of geoscience jobs / careers available, among other topics. what activities occurred this summer? during the summer of 2008, the geoscience - teachers - in - the - park worked on a variety of projects. these projects included : - working closely with projects initiated and conducted by the 2008 geoscientist - in - the - park - obtained and documented gps coordinates for newly discovered cave entrances located within mammoth cave national park - developed three ( 3 ) self - guided trail guides for homeschool teachers and others who want both an educational experience on the park ' s trails and the flexibility of going at one ' s own pace. trail guides focused on the area ' s karst surface features ( geology ) and connected those features to the park ' s biology and history. - assisted in water monitoring project within mammoth cave. - participated in a geomorphology class to learn more about how the caves formed. - participated in a long - term cave cricket monitoring program ( comparison of cave population numbers to temperatures and humidity levels, as well as man - made vs. environmental influences on populations ). - participated in a long - term allegheny woodrat monitoring program ( compares woodrat use of managed cave entrances versus natural cave entrances ) - assisted in a national bird banding project - assisted with bat roost monitoring project. - attended several training programs ( project wild, citizen science workshop, etc. ) to increase knowledge of programs and associated skills that could be incorporated into the classroom. what activities


in a national bird banding project - assisted with bat roost monitoring project. - attended several training programs ( project wild, citizen science workshop, etc. ) to increase knowledge of programs and associated skills that could be incorporated into the classroom. what activities are planned for the academic year? 2008 teacher intern debra sherfey has : - engaged her students in a month - long unit of study that examined the local karst landscape. as a culminating activity, all 48 students participated in an off - trail cave tour on september 4th or 5th to : 1 ) observe cave developments that are a direct result of karst features on the surface, 2 ) explore un - developed cave passages, 3 ) examine fossil remains in sito, and 4 ) appreciate the difficulties experience by early visitors to the cave system. this trip was led by our 2007 geoscience teacher - in - the - park intern, sarah talley. some of the ways that the teachers plan to share their experiences with their students include : - the use of personal experiences and locally based, on - going scientific studies as real - world examples for their students. - working with mammoth cave ( maca ) and mammoth cave international center for science and learning ( mcicsl ) staff to provide hands - on learning and volunteer opportunities for their students. - one of the teachers stated, " mammoth cave offers so many different aspects that can be offered to every child, no matter what their learning style, and broaden their knowledge of an area that is readily accessible to them. as a teacher it is my job to utilize this park and give each student the opportunity to become involved in different projects that they might not otherwise have the opportunity to participate in. " - use the " what is a scientist? " lesson plan that was developed by the 2007 interns to show students that scientists are not necessarily the stereotypical " old guy in a lab coat with a chemistry set. " they hope the lesson plan will ignite an interest in science among their students and encourage them to pursue scientific careers. - present a professional development session on mammoth cave national park and the gtip program to pre - service teachers at each of the western kentucky university ' s campuses ( in bowling green, glasgow, owensboro, and elizabethtown, kentucky ). this will allow new teachers to learn about the opportunities available at mammoth cave prior to beginning their careers. - additional community presentations planned


this post was written by special guest bloggers samantha stotland, senior and ffa member at wamago agricultural science and technology center in connecticut, and jamie fischer, culinary instructor at wamago. do you have a great story to share about your ffa chapter? please submit it, along with a photo to email @ example. com. we can ’ t promise we ’ ll post all of the stories, but we will post as many as we can! have you ever gone to mcdonald ’ s and ordered french fries just as they came out of the fryer hot, golden brown, salted just right? then you open the ketchup packet, squeezing just the right amount onto the fried potato bliss. that my friend is a perfect partnership! as the union between a french fry and ketchup is the perfect partnership, so does the combining of agriculture and culinary based classes. this marriage is the cornerstone of how the world ’ s food supply is brought to the dinner table. here at wamogo, this union is showcased by the students who participate in these programs. “ working in close connections with the agriculture department creates opportunities for wamogo ’ s culinary arts program that normal schools that have culinary arts without an agriculture department would never realize. opportunities for my culinary kids to work with the tilapia farms, working with livestock, having the greenhouse, and maple sugar house will offer opportunities for students to collaborate and to work for a similar goal, ” says wamogo culinary arts instructor, jamie fischer. a recent example of this bond began in the spring of 2012 when lambs were born in our school and raised by our agricultural students. these lambs were cared for, fed, and sheltered by the students of the agriculture program throughout the spring and summer, with the intent to raise the lamb for meat production. at the beginning of this school year the lambs were brought to slaughter and given to the culinary department for inclusion in their studies of different cuts of meat. the lambs were also used collaboratively with the ag education food science class and the meat evaluation cde team. ultimately, the cuts of meat were used for meals prepared by the culinary department. this partnership enabled both programs to benefit from the livestock, enriching the learning experience of multiple students who benefited from the study of the entire life cycle of farm animals. as stated by dual program wamogo student alicia audet, “ at my old school, the agriculture program didn ’ t really work with the culinary program. for example, when we


from the study of the entire life cycle of farm animals. as stated by dual program wamogo student alicia audet, “ at my old school, the agriculture program didn ’ t really work with the culinary program. for example, when we cut up meat, culinary was not involved ; it was a portion of the animal science program, more specifically agriculture production. ” this example demonstrates how two different fields of studies, may actually be combined to produce a better educated, enriched student, who understands where their food comes from, so that they will not take for granted what mother earth has given them. throughout the course of the year there are numerous opportunities for our students to experience solid models illustrating the different departments working together. the idea of “ from farm to table ” and “ from seed to plate ” naturally helps to encourage collaboration. recently, agriculture students that were also culinary arts students, planned, prepared and served the food for a state agriculture education advisory meeting and luncheon. the students utilized herbs grown in the school greenhouse, potatoes that were grown from a student ’ s sae garden and maple syrup that was harvested from trees on the school ’ s grounds and processed in the school ’ s evaporator by agriculture and culinary arts students. the main entree of smoked pork came from a local farm that has close ties to wamogo and where agriculture students have conducted their sae placements. the meal was planned and prepared by the culinary arts and served by the students that are dually enrolled in both the culinary and agriculture programs. wamogo has developed a special needs culinary arts program that simply would not be as successful if we did not have the resources made possible through the collaboration with the agriculture program. the culinary arts life skill and alternative education programs have been providing opportunities for students with severe needs through hands on interactive learning lessons. students working in the school ’ s greenhouse utilize hydroponics to grow herbs and tomatoes. they tend to chickens and collect eggs that are used by all of the culinary arts classes. these special needs students are proud of their accomplishments and excited to have the opportunity to interact with the agriculture education students. these life skill students benefit by being able to observe and be part of the work agriculture education students are doing in the greenhouse, with the farm animals and in the aquaculture labs. “ when asked to develop a culinary arts program a few years ago, the first thing i realized was that without having a strong relationship with the agriculture education department i would not, and could not, be successful in my task. working in close


labs. “ when asked to develop a culinary arts program a few years ago, the first thing i realized was that without having a strong relationship with the agriculture education department i would not, and could not, be successful in my task. working in close contact to the agriculture education department helped me cultivate the very important concept of ‘ from seed to plate ’ already being emphasized in the curriculum for the agriculture education food science class, ” said jamie fischer. the collaboration between the culinary arts program and the agricultural education program, has earned dividends for the entire school. director of the wamogo ’ s agriculture department, mr. charles rowland stated, “ partnering with the culinary program, with shared knowledge and facilities, is a very positive development for the agriculture program. students get the full benefit of the farm to table experience, and culinary instructor, jamie fischer, has worked to embed the agriculture science standards into the coursework. ” the partnership between wamogo ’ s agriculture program and the culinary arts program continues to grow stronger through collaboration providing learning and life skill opportunities to all of our students. the agriculture education program has an added recruitment benefit for students interested in the vocation of culinary arts to get that introduction through their agriculture education enrollment. the truth is that the entire school district benefits from this relationship.


q. i was talking to a christian the other day about the noahide laws and was surprised that he had never heard of them before. he knew about the mosaic law and had been taught the standard protestant doctrine that christ had " done away " with that. i wonder if you could explain to us what the noahide law was, how it relates to the mosaic law, and what its relevance - if any - is to us today? a. the law given by yahweh to noah immediately after the great flood is believed by most to have been a precursor to the law subsequently given to moses as though this were some sort of " evolutionary process " or " darwinian revelation ". it may surprise most christians to learn that not only is the noahide ( or noahic ) law a self - contained code of divine commandments in and of itself but that it is still valid today. before we examine this code it ' s important that we also understand that even in the patriarchal time before moses, and all the way back to adam, that there was also a law or torah. q. but this is nowhere mentioned in the bible, is it? a. this patriarchal torah is nowhere listed as the mosaic torah is - it is not laid out in the same way as the latter is in the pentateuch [ the five books of moses ]. but as you carefully read the book of genesis and observe the commandments that these patriarchs observed ( for example, the sabbath law given at the creation, which moses merely reminded israel of rather than reveal it for the first time ), you will discover that not only were the ten commandments [ decalogue ] in place and being observed but that there were laws concerning animal sacrifice too. q. is the absence of a specific code in genesis because this book was primarily about israel and not the patriarchs? a. genesis is a highly condensed history of a very long period of time. there are other books that amplify this important span of sacred history such as the book of jasher ( mentioned in the bible ) ( josh. 10 : 13 ; 2 sam. 1 : 18 ) and the book of adam and eve. many, if not most of these, are targums or pseudepigraphic expansions that are embellished versions of a bona fide core history. about all we can say for certain is that there were earlier histories but that they are either no longer in our bible or never were in the first place. q. and what is