black thought and culture landmark electronic collection of approximately 100, 000 pages of non - fiction writings by major black leaders in north america. works by teachers, artists, politicians, religious leaders, athletes, war veterans, entertainers, and other figures form the corpus. the collection encompasses 100, 000 pages of materials, including letters, speeches, prefatory essays, political leaflets, trial transcripts, and interviews. much of the material is fugitive, and approximately twenty percent of the collection has not been published previously. subjects indexed include colonialism, socialism, marxism, democracy, capitalism, the labor movement, segregation, poverty, education, religion, sharecropping, jim crow laws, the new deal, the world wars, the black liberation movement, the scottsboro and herndon trials, black nationalism, miscegenation, the black athlete, civil rights, apartheid, the black panther party, the naacp, birth control, the vote, urban ghettoes in relation to the rural south, strategies of protest and demonstration, and hundreds more. ways to use the use these to see what ' s contained in the database. this is the best way to check whether an author or a source is included. to use this tool, simply click on the appropriate table of contents button on the navigation bar. - - the " find " tools let you search for specific authors and sources that the database contains and combine criteria to narrow down what you ' re looking for. the difference between the " find " tools and the " search " tools ( explained next ) is in the results they give. the " find " tools do not return documents, but rather lists of authors and sources in the database. - - the " search " tools let you analyze words and documents that occur within the text of stories that meet your search criteria. the " search " tools return stories or bibliographic citations or both. operators in full - text searching : line ( | ) is the or operator ( e. g., avarice | greed or holy as the and operator in sentence and paragraph proximity searching ( e. g., church state retrieve all cases where church and state appear in the same specified context ; this is not the case in phrase expressions can be combined for more sophisticated searches ; for finds any of the three adjectives together with the nouns man or fellow in the singular or plural. characters in full - text searching : single character ( e. g., gentlem. n will retrieve gentleman and string of characters, anchoring the match at the beginning of a


##s together with the nouns man or fellow in the singular or plural. characters in full - text searching : single character ( e. g., gentlem. n will retrieve gentleman and string of characters, anchoring the match at the beginning of a word ( e. g., cigar * will match cigar, cigars, cigarette, etc. ). string of characters, anchoring the match at the end of a word ( e. g., * habit will retrieve habit, cohabit, and inhabit ), or in the middle ( e. g., c. * eers matches compeers, cheers, and careers ). characters entered or the characters entered plus one more character in place of the question mark ( e. g., hono.? r matches both honor and honour and cat.? matches cat and cats, but not cathedral, catherine, etc. ). single character found in the specified range ( e. g., [ c - f ] at will match cat, dat, eat, and fat ) or any letters within the brackets ( e. g., civili [ zs ] e will match both civilize and civilise ). # ( hash mark ) : capitalized words only ( e. g., # bacon will retrieve bacon, but not bacon ). otherwise word searches are case insensitive. please note that this operator does not work properly in conjunction with the vertical bar ( e. g., searching # hamlet | # bacon will not retrieve accurate results ). accented and non - accented forms ( e. g., to search naivete regardless of accents type naivete ). you may access black thought and culture with a valid apsu id.


georgia totto o ’ keefe is a famous artist who focused on nature. she has many paintings of flowers, desert skulls, and illustrations of her inner - self. for example, the drawing below is a recreation of her greatest painting of her inner - self. georgia liked to draw this type of thing because the farm she lived on had lots of desert and flowers. alexandria ' s drawing of georgia o ' keefe ' s charcoal of her inner - self. created in 1915, the original charcoal was 24 x 19 inches and is currentlyin the metropolitan museum of art. one of georgia o ’ keefes ’ most famous paintings is called oriental poppies. that painting is of two giant red poppies. the poppies cover the whole canvas, which is 30 inches tall and over 40 inches wide. this is about the size of a kitchen table that can seat four to five people. she painted it in 1928 and the painting is part of a collection at the university of minnesota. over the years, georgia ’ s paintings included images of skyscrapers and city images, but she always returned to paint nature. throughout her life she painted hundreds of flower images of many different colors, shapes, and sizes. she began to paint flowers so large that a single flower would fill an entire canvas. her flower paintings expressed what georgia saw in her mind and felt in her heart. the new york art world loved her paintings. in 1929, georgia wanted to paint new things. she moved to new mexico where she began to paint the desert things and old buildings. later, animal skulls and desert bones fascinated her. many people also loved these paintings. another one of georgia o ’ keefes ’ famous paintings is owned by the metropolitan museum of art in new york. the painting is of a skull and is called cow ’ s skull : red, white, and blue. she painted it in 1931 with oil paints. this painting is a celebration of our country and of the western part of the united states. the painting is over 39 inches tall and over 35 inches wide. alexandria ' s drawing of georgia ’ s oil on canvas cow ’ s skull : red, white, and blue. the original is 397 / 8 by 357 / 8 inches. it was made in 1931. georgia was born on november 15, 1887. her parents were ida and francis o ’ keefe. georgia grew up in a big farmhouse on the border of texas and new mexico. she was the second child born out of seven children. she knew that she wanted to be an artist


, 1887. her parents were ida and francis o ’ keefe. georgia grew up in a big farmhouse on the border of texas and new mexico. she was the second child born out of seven children. she knew that she wanted to be an artist from the time she was three. georgia loved the colors of the sunset and used them in a great many of her paintings. she was able to take the simplest items in life and turn them into masterpieces. it is said that georgia got her painting skills from her grandmother, her love for land from her father, and her love for books from her mother. georgia did not start school until she was nearly 15 years old. because she was so talented, her mother insisted that georgia have more training in art than was offered at the one room school that she was attending. shortly after georgia began school, her family moved from wisconsin to williamsburg, virginia. her parents enrolled her in a boarding school for girls in the nearby town of chatham, virginia. georgia was at first quiet in her new school. soon she was very popular with her classmates because she made them laugh. while at the boarding school, georgia painted for hours not hearing what the other students were doing or saying around her. her art teacher was very encouraging to her and praised her work. becoming an artist in 1905, after graduating from chatham, georgia went to chicago to study at the art institute. at the art institute, georgia was embarrassed because she had to draw pictures of male models who only wore loincloths, pieces of cloth that are worn around the waist and cover the person ’ s front and back. even though she got better and was no longer embarrassed of drawing nudes, she was not very good at drawing people. in 1907, georgia moved to new york city where she became a member of the art students ’ league, a popular art school of that time period. while there, she studied with william martin chase who taught her how to make her paintings more bright by using white paint and how to paint still lifes of objects. georgia won first prize at the art student league for one of her paintings after studying with william martin chase. she stopped painting in her early twenties to take a job as a commercial illustrator, a person who draws pictures for books and advertisements, in chicago. she could not afford school any longer and women at that time were discouraged from becoming serious artists. georgia decided to give up her dream of becoming an artist. with her family suffering from illnesses and georgia suffering from a terrible case of measles, she


she could not afford school any longer and women at that time were discouraged from becoming serious artists. georgia decided to give up her dream of becoming an artist. with her family suffering from illnesses and georgia suffering from a terrible case of measles, she moved back to virginia. after georgia recovered, her sisters convinced her to go back to art school in virginia. she attended the university of virginia and studied with alon bement who once again excited her about art. he taught her a new style of painting that he learned from arthur wesley dow, a new york art teacher. dow ’ s style was an abstract method that used geometric shapes and filled these spaces in a beautiful way. this would become the style of painting that would make georgia famous. a long life filled with beautiful paintings georgia ’ s life as an artist took her to many places. she moved back to new york in 1914 to study with arthur wesley dow. in 1915, she became a teacher at a women ’ s college in south carolina. in 1916, georgia took a job as a teacher at west texas state normal college. while in the west, she began to paint the nature of the canyons and landscapes of the area. in 1918, she moved back to new york and married alfred stieglitz, the owner of an art gallery. although she would travel around the world, georgia always returned to the privacy of her new mexico home. in 1986, at the age of 98, georgia o ’ keefe died in santa fe, new mexico. during her life as an artist, she had more than nine hundred works of art exhibited at art museums. her painting made her very wealthy. she received many awards, including the united states medal of freedom – the highest honor for a person not serving in the military. gherman, beverly. georgia o ’ keeffe the " wideness and wonder " of her world. atheneum, new york : collier macmillan canada, inc., 1978. turner, robyn. georgia o ’ keeffe. canada : little, brown and company, 1987.


people in biographies these are two important people. they are not talked about much. these people are elizabeth cochrane also known as nellie bly, and george washington carver. i chose these two people because they had interesting lives. the shorter version of nellie blys career... elizabeth cochrane wanted to be a reporter, but back then women were not allowed to be reporters, judges, police, or anything like that. women usually had to stay home and work as house wives. elizabeth wanted to be a reporter.! elizabeth wrote to the " pittsburgh dispatch " ( a newspaper ). she was furious over the fact that women could not be reporters. the owner of the " pittsburgh dispatch " loved her letter, so much he hired her as a reporter. her name had to be changed to nellie bly for the owners safety and elizabeth ' s safety. nellie bly was a great reporter, and she was also the first woman to be a reporter. george washington carver was a....... george washington carver wanted an education all his life. he searched for all black schools of education. george found it hard to stay in one school. as george got older he found an interest in plants. he could make any type of plant grow healthy and look great. george gardened and farmed. he gave tips on how to make plants grow healthy. george liked what he was doing. he attended tuskegee college. he was a science teacher. he had a very small lab. later george found out about boll - weevils. boll - weevils were bugs that ate cotton crops. george locked him self in his lab. finally he found a solution to the problem. it was the peanut! he found many uses for the peanut. when george found all these uses for the peanut there was almost no use for cotton. so who was george washington carver? we wouldn ' t have peanut butter without him. | home | | what ' s a biography | | historical people | | double puzzle | | word searches | | resources |


| according to study, headaches can affect performance in school and other activities. ( shutterstock ) children who suffer a concussion or other traumatic brain injury are more likely to develop headaches for up to a year after, affecting their performance in school and other activities, a u. s. study said. more than half a million children in the united states go to hospital each year with brain injuries, often due to rough play in sports, falls or car accidents. “ it ’ s an issue because they may have problems with sleep, and the headaches can make it harder to concentrate, ” said lead author heidi blume of the seattle children ’ s research institute in the study, published in pediatrics. blume and her colleagues tracked more than 400 children who had come into the emergency room with a brain injury, with 402 having a mild injury and 60 having moderate or severe injury. parents and children kept a diary of any headaches the children reported for a year. after three months, 43 out of every 100 children who experienced a mild brain injury complained of headaches. of those with moderate or severe brain injuries, 37 out of every 100 complained of headaches. researchers compared this to children who had visited emergency rooms for bodily injuries, such as those to an arm, and found that only 26 out of every 100 reported having headaches three months later. blume said that headaches can have a large impact on children ’ s lives, both by affecting their studies and quality of life issues, such as forcing them to drop out of sports or other activities that could potentially trigger headaches. researchers also found that the risk for having headaches after a head injury was especially pronounced among girls. girls who had a mild brain injury were more than twice as likely to have headaches as girls who had an arm injury, whereas boys had nearly similar rates of headaches regardless of the type of injury. the study did not determine why this was, but thought a combination of factors might be involved. this includes the fact that women and girls have a higher rate of migraines, which may be due to hormone levels — suggesting that hormones might also play a role with headaches after brain injury as well. the challenge for any child suffering headaches after a brain injury is that there are few ways to treat them, experts said. “ right now we have no studies to guide the treatment of post - traumatic headaches in children, ” said karen barlow at alberta children ’ s hospital in calgary, canada, who was not involved in the study. rest and


the following post is excerpted from design decoded. president obama was in hawaii when he signed the fiscal cliff deal in washington d. c. of course, it ’ s now common for us to send digital signatures back and forth every day, but the president of the united states doesn ’ t just have his signature saved as a jpeg file like the rest of us lowly remote signatories. instead, he uses the wonder that is the autopen – a device descended from one of the gizmos in thomas jefferson ’ s white house. a precursor of sorts to the autopen, the polygraph, was first patented in 1803 by john isaac hawkins and, within a year, was being used by noted early adopter thomas jefferson. known formally as the “ hawkins & peale ’ s patent polygraph no. 57, ” this early copy device was used by jefferson to make single reproductions of documents as he was writing them. though obviously less advanced than today ’ s electronic autopen, and used for a different purpose, the polygraph is similar in that it ultimately created a signature that wasn ’ t technically written by the president. while both devices are incredibly convenient, they raise a compelling question : is a signature still a signature when it ’ s not written by hand? digital media theorist and architectural historian mario carpo has written extensively on the relationship between early reproduction methods and modern digital technologies. in his excellent book, the alphabet and the algorithm, carpo notes that ” like all things handmade, a signature is a visually variable sign, hence all signatures made by the same person are more or less different ; yet they must also be more or less similar, otherwise they could not be identified. the pattern of recognition is based not on sameness, but on similarity. ” that statement may seem obvious, but it ’ s important. the variability of a signature denotes its authenticity ; it reflects the time and place a document was signed, and perhaps even reveals the mood of the signatory. a digital signature, however, has no variability. each signature – one after another after another – is exactly like the last. although the modern autopen includes adjustable settings for speed and and pressure, these options are used for practical purposes and variability is only created as a side - effect. today, the notion of a signature as a unique, identifiable mark created by an individual, is a concept that may be changing. the signature of a historic figure is no longer a reliable verification of authenticity that attests to a specific moment in history, but


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for thai language learners of all levels. · learn verbs online : online verb conjugation trainer for spanish, english, french, german, portuguese and italian verbs. · learning catalan : basic introduction to the catalan language. · learning chinese : chinese lessons that tries to teach the language through short dialogues. · learning french : free french lessons teaching you basic vocabulary and some grammar. · learning german : free german lessons teaching you simple vocabulary and some grammar. · learning german language : the website is rather new ; currently it has more than 50 german lessons divided into pronunciation lessons ( along with audio examples ), vocabulary lessons, and grammar lessons ( along with exercises & grammar tables ). in addition to some other features. · learning greek : useful site for learning greek. greek is a hard and unique language, and these lessons will help you learn greek fast. · learning korean : korean lessons that teaches sentence structure and honorifics. in later lessons there are short dialogues of many different scenarios. · learning portuguese : detailed explanations of portuguese grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary · learning portuguese online : free portuguese lessons online. · learning russian : written by a native russian, these lessons teach you the russian language in a very practical way. there are short exercises at the end of certain lessons. · lebanese language center : introduction to lebanese language. grammar and pronunciation, read - and - write the language of lebanon. dictionary and lebanese songs. the aramaic and arabic in the lebanese language. · let ' s speak sinhala. learn sinhala the language of sri lanka : learn sinhala through internet lessons using sound files and interactive exercises. · lingu @ net europa : lingu @ net europa is a multilingual, on - line resource centre for foreign language learning. it provides information about, and links to good on - line resources from around the world relating to the learning and teaching of any modern foreign language. you can access the whole site in : basque, bulgarian, catalan, danish, dutch, english, estonian, finnish, french, galician, german, greek, icelandic, italian, lithuanian, maltese, polish, portuguese, spanish and swedish. the project is currently receiving financial support from the european commission, socrates programme ( lingua 2 action ) to help it. · linguamongolia - classical mongolian tutorials / grammar / translation : an online resource for classical mongolian - writing / grammar / translation · majstro : on - line multilingual translation dictionary · manisa turkish : how to learn turkish with explanations for english speakers. sounds of turkish,


feedback. media like radio, tv, videos, newspapers, vocabulary along with interactive games and exercises also aid in learning. · phrasebase : phrasebase is a language learning resource community with the internets largest database of common words and phrases translated into over 90 languages. · pimsleur approach : language and the brain : this resource illuminates how learning a second language, like spanish or german, can actually help boost brain function and can potentially reduce the chances of developing alzheimer ' s as we age. · populearn : a great way to learn german : populearn is an easy and effective way to learn german. the course is interactive, so you can see your results in real time. learn to speak, read, listen, and understand in one go! try it out today. · portuguese language : portuguese language schools, grammar, words and other resources. · pukka german podcast : free podcast that focuses on teaching informal conversational german including colloquialisms, idioms and slang. · punjabi resource in shahmukhi script : you might be interested in a suite of punjabi resources containing morphology, corpus and a lexicon. the script we use for these resources is shahmukhi. · resource center for teachers of russian : resources for teachers of russian as a foreign language : activities, lesson plans, games, etc. · russian - english vocabulary. : 2000 most common words in russian language with frequency of use. lists and exercises on verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, cardinal / ordinal numbers, pronouns, preposition. · russian reference grammar : an interactive on - line reference grammar on russian verbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and more, as well as language learning support. · russian video blog : i ' m the author of a blog where i have lots of free videos i shot, teaching beginners russian language. i use a cool memory device to help students, and i start with the 30 most useful words. also, i shoot all the videos here in sevastopol, ukraine, on the backdrop of the black sea ( to make them more visually appealing. ) i also have videos where i teach how to read russian using a technique called contextual learning. · sign language tests : this website gives an overview on different sign language tests and assessment instruments and provides information on sign language test development and testing. · site colette noyau acquisition du langage et des langues : researcher ' s personal website on first and second language acquisition


website gives an overview on different sign language tests and assessment instruments and provides information on sign language test development and testing. · site colette noyau acquisition du langage et des langues : researcher ' s personal website on first and second language acquisition and bilingual acquisition and use of language. includes : bibliography, conferences, projects, teaching, with pdf texts to download, useful links. · sobre buenos aires argentina : bem - vindo ao nosso guia de viagem sobre buenos aires - argentina, america latina, a cidade das cidades que tem de tudo : arte, cultura, historia e beleza unidas. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * welcome to our travel guide about buenos aires - argentina, latin america, the city of cities that has everything : art, culture, history and beauty together. · spanicity : learn spanish online - sounds, grammar, reference material, quizzes and a list of spanish teachers around the world · spanish language : learn the spanish language in south america!, our experienced teachers utilize the most innovative pedagogies and emphasize interactive learning, a proven methodology for foreign language learning. · spanish language : spanish language schools, dictionary and more. · spanish newsbites : spanish newsbites is a free online spanish learners ' website featuring regularly updated spanish - language news stories from spain and latin america, with mouse rollover vocabulary and grammar in english. the site also features audio, exercises and interesting links. · spanish online : learn spanish online · spanish online : spanish online is a website with free spanish lessons. here you can find a lot of materials for easy learning : spanish podcasts, spanish exercises, useful phrases. also you can study spanish with a native speaker. · spanish online course : spanish online course with lessons, interactive exercises, audios, forum, etc. · spanish playground : this blog is a collection of resources for teachers of spanish to children. it consists of authentic language materials including songs, videos, and book recommendations. it also includes strategies for using the materials. · spanish tests : online vocabulary and grammar tests for spanish learners. · speak spanish fluently : learn to speak


spanish to children. it consists of authentic language materials including songs, videos, and book recommendations. it also includes strategies for using the materials. · spanish tests : online vocabulary and grammar tests for spanish learners. · speak spanish fluently : learn to speak spanish fluently to a conversational level using fun, non - boring methods to make language learning fun! · sprachprofi site : information for learning a hundred languages online and for free, including links to courses, writing tutorials, grammars, online dictionaries, pronunciation guides, pages with common phrases, online texts, etc. · teach yourself turkish at talklikeaturk. com : a new site with the aim of helping you learn turkish - for free. this site provides you with the tools needed to learn the grammar. but even more, it provides you with the strategy necessary to learn that grammar and achieve true fluency. i haven ' t be able to find another resource out there for learning turkish like this! · thaionline : australian national university electronic resource for thai studies. · the alef - bet page - the hebrew alphabet : the alef - bet page has online and printable hebrew alphabet charts which include the hebrew letters in three formats : block, script, and rashi. the charts also have the numeric value of each letter. · the french podcast : natural french conversations with full transcripts available. · the mixxer, language exchanges online : the mixxer is a free educational site for language learners and teachers to find a language partner for a language exchange. the language partner is someone who speaks the language you study as their native language and is studying your native language. the partners then meet online to help each other practice and learn a foreign language. · the spanish listening blog : the spanish listening blog is an excellent website for free learning spanish with so many audio resources that contribute to your education. · turkish language class : turkish language lessons including vocabulary and grammar, with vocabulary tests to check your progress. there are also pictures and videos of turkey, turkish chat and discussion forums, and translated poems from turkish poets. · unilang language community : the unilang language community presents a place on the internet where people can learn languages together, entirely for free and online. we have a lot of languages resources such as free languages courses, grammar references, pronunciation guides and vocabulary lists. moreover, we also have a language chat for practising, a language forum for discussion and a huge collection of links to other language sites! · visual


lot of languages resources such as free languages courses, grammar references, pronunciation guides and vocabulary lists. moreover, we also have a language chat for practising, a language forum for discussion and a huge collection of links to other language sites! · visualmandarin : learn chinese online with free videos, podcasts, interactive exercises and 1 to 1 tuition! · writing by means of drawing : this pedagogical article is meant for the primary as well as primary bengali school - teachers, who are introducing bangla alphabets to the children below six years. the strategy adopted here for introducing target language graphemes to the bengali children is altogether different from the usual cultural practice of introducing bangla alphabet with sequential sanskrit phonetic order of things that creates ambiguities and confusion in the mind of learning - subjects as there is no strict one - to - one correspondences between bangla speech sounds and traditional graphemes. there may be one - many or many - one or zero – one ( or vice versa ) correspondences. therefore, altogether different approach is being taken to teach language art by introducing art samples already available in the bengali culture. the simple contours of alpana ( ' ritual painting in the floor of the house ' mainly practiced by bengali women at the time of religious festival ; the term denotes ' to coat with ’. the idea of using alpana in the context of learning is taken from the understanding of satyajit ray ’ s bangla calligraphy. ) is introduced after teaching straight lines, adjoining straight lines with dots, triangle, rectangle and circle respectively. all the shapes are formed either by the way of drawing or by using clay. these basic shapes are gradually metamorphosed into the graphemic shapes, which is a strange and a new experience to the child learner, on the basis of their homogeneity, e. g., sounds like b, r, k, dh, jh etc. with their atomic triangular shapes or o, t, ou, oi with the basic circular shapes are put together with the contours of ' alpana ' for executing learning process. along with this artistic learning, songs containing the sounds related to graphemes are sung with few musical instruments. later on stories are told and performed as a play ( both teachers and students participate in the extempore dramas and relevant musicking ) with a view to write stories in the latter stage of learning thus the whole process has become a joyful bi - way ' learning


are told and performed as a play ( both teachers and students participate in the extempore dramas and relevant musicking ) with a view to write stories in the latter stage of learning thus the whole process has become a joyful bi - way ' learning ' process rather than that of one way ' teaching '. in all the cases, the learning process, apart from its context - specific lingua - aesthetic content, depends on the prior knowledge of the linguistic features of bangla language. by anticipating phonetic features, phonological rules and child language acquisition theory, the whole ( open ) text was build up with the help of a bengali child - learner. he started drawing when he was 3 years old and he finished learning graphemes within one and a half years. in case of above six - year old illiterate learners, it took 20 to 25 days to learn almost all the bangla graphemes along with few allographs, if s / he is taught in this way. ) the redundant and opaque clustered graphemes are avoided in this phono - centric lingua - aesthetic direct learning process. keywords : alpana, grapheme, language art, lingua - aesthetics, learning process, un - / de - schooling · yes japanese : free japanese lessons written by a college student. · yorupedia : yorupedia is a newly developed website with emphasis on the yoruba people of south west of nigeria. the website is an outcome of several years of research on the people, language, culture and the history of yoruba. unlike other websites, yorupedia is an encyclopedia or rather a - one - stop - site, which provides an all - inclusive information on several aspects of the yoruba people. more important, it is a multi - audience website for : students of language, academic community, cultural anthropologists, historians, musicologists, linguists, and the young ones who have passion for languages ; and probably those who are planning to learn a new language and to explore into a new culture. above all, the site is designed to enhance every visitor ’ s knowledge / understanding about the yoruba and its language, which has served ( for many centuries ) as a channel of communication, vehicle for cultural preservation and transmission.


during their working hours, our astronauts will be busy performing three main tasks : construction, maintenance and research. besides work, they will also have time to relax. construction involves working on the settlement. the first crew in particular will need to devote a lot of time to the settlement, to make their new home into a comfortable place to live. they will install the corridors between the landers, they will deploy extra solar panels, and they will install equipment, such as greenhouses, inside the habitat. they will spend time on the crops and food preparation. they will also prepare the hardware for the second crew : the second crew hardware will be delivered with the first crew astronauts. as soon as possible, mars one will try to supply the settlement with methodologies to produce habitable volume from mostly martian materials, in order to significantly expand the settlement. our goal is to enable them to construct a space 10 meters wide by 50 meters long. this will be a spacious environment in which to live, where they can also grow trees. such a large living volume will make mars a much nicer place to live. maintenance will be crucial to ensure long - term functionality of all systems. the astronauts lives depend on the technology present in the settlement. all these systems need to be checked and maintained regularly. research is also an important part of work on mars, especially when the settlement is fully operational. what is the history of mars? did mars have a long wet period, or just a few wet years every now and then? when did the dramatic climate change take place? is there life on mars now? the astronauts will do their own research, but will also collect data for other researchers, and transmit it to earth. leisure and personal time our astronauts will also find time to relax. they can do most of the indoor activities that people can do on earth : read, play games, write, paint, work out in the gym, watch tv, use the internet, contact friends at home and so on. there will be some communication and media limitations, due to the distance between earth and mars, resulting in time delays : they will have to request the movies or news broadcasts they want to see in advance. if an astronaut would like to watch the super bowl, he or she can request it, and it would be uploaded to the server on mars. there will always be a time delay of at least three minutes, so the people on mars will know who won a few minutes after the people on earth. hopefully this slight delay will not spoil their enjoyment of our ‘


smallmouth bass for the seasons colder air and water temperatures, ice and snow. in the smallmouth ' s world, winter ' s extremes are muted, evened out by water ' s resistance to sudden changes. water temperatures decrease gradually to the 30s and 40s. smallmouth seek the deepest areas of the pools with large boulders and downed trees. they do not travel great distances seeking a particular pool or hole to spend the winter, as some anglers believe. we really don ' t understand why smallmouth use those deep areas during winter, only that they do. scientists speculate water temperatures may be warmer near the bottom, or that smallmouth feel safer and more comfortable as body activity slows with the cooling water in these protected areas. if a pool has a spring, smallmouth will congregate in the warmer flows. fishing tip : bass still feed through the winter, although not as much or as vigorously. natural bait, such as crayfish and minnows, or jigs tipped with pork rind are favorites of winter smallmouth anglers, but presentation is critical. fish slowly on the bottom around the boulders, rocks and downed trees, where smallmouth live during cold winter months, using light spinning tackle. warming rains and air temperatures through march, april and may renew the wondrous cycle of life. serviceberries, redbud and dogwoods bloom, painting river valleys with white and red blossoms. earth ' s mantle turns green and lush. in the smallmouth ' s world, hormones stir. as waters warm to the low 60s, males leave wintering areas seeking shallow gravel areas, where a rock or log provides shelter from the current in pools and runs. they fan out platter - sized nests, sweeping gravel clean, then seek nearby females, enticing them to the nest. females expel eggs that are fertilized by the male. once fertilized, eggs stick to stones in the nest, and are guarded by the male from marauding longear sunfish, bluegills and a host of other predators bent on grabbing a quick meal. the male stands guard until eggs hatch and the developing fry find safety in nursery areas along stream edges. fishing tip : although regulations prohibit harvest of smallmouth bass from march through may ( march 1 through the friday before memorial day in the southern half of the state ), spring provides anglers some of the best catch - and - release fishing for large smallmouth bass. males are aggressive during this period and will readily attack spinners, jigs


through the friday before memorial day in the southern half of the state ), spring provides anglers some of the best catch - and - release fishing for large smallmouth bass. males are aggressive during this period and will readily attack spinners, jigs, small crankbaits or large streamers fished near them. to improve survival of the bass, use artificial lures during this vulnerable period, land your bass quickly and release them immediately. the valley slows in the torpor of hot summer days and nights. water flow decreases and streams clear. smallmouth spread throughout the stream, occupying spots where food can be caught easily. shallow riffles become homes for medium and small bass, which live behind boulders and in sheltered pockets created by back eddies and downed timber. large bass frequent deeper areas near chunk rock or around downed trees during the day, using the protection afforded by the sites to forage for crayfish and small minnows. as the sun drops behind the horizon and light levels lower, smallmouth cruise the pools, foraging for minnows and crayfish. fishing tip : anglers harvest most legal smallmouth bass in june because water flows allow anglers in canoes and johnboats easy access to more stream reaches. anglers, who stop fishing as air and water temperatures increase and flows decrease, miss some of the best fishing of the year. the key to catching summer smallmouth bass is knowing and fishing where smallmouth live and using the right lure or bait. although warm, clear water can make fishing difficult, smallmouth still feed actively. fish with light line around large rocks or downed trees in moving water. these areas can usually be found in the upper or lower one - third of a typical pool. use jigs tipped with plastic baits or crayfish or minnows suspended under a float.


washington — in his state of the union address this week, president barack obama announced that he would seek to raise the federal minimum wage to $ 9 an hour, a measure that would form the centerpiece of an agenda aimed at reducing incoming inequality in the united states. that announcement got us wondering : how does the u. s. minimum wage stack up against the minimum wage in other countries? the answer depends somewhat on how one chooses to measure the minimum wage and the standard against which it is measured. one handy way of comparing the minimum wage across borders is to measure it relative to median full - time wages, which indicates the gap between the lowest wage earners and the mid - point of the income spectrum. on that measurement, the u. s. minimum wage is about 38 percent of the median, which is indicative of high levels of income inequality in the united states. countries like australia, belgium, france, ireland and new zealand have both higher absolute minimum wages and minimum wages that fall closer to median wages. in other words, living on the minimum wage in one of those countries puts an individual much closer to achieving a median income than it would in the united states. unstated in all of this, of course, is that the united states is significantly wealthier than all of these countries. if one looks at minimum wage from an hourly perspective, the picture is much the same. of the 23 countries for which the organization for economic cooperation and development has data, the united states ranks 10th in hourly income in ppp dollars, a measurement of purchasing power that indicates how much stuff an employee can buy with an hour of work. all this is to say that, relative to its wealth, the united states underpays its least - skilled workers.


by mari elspeth nic bryan ( kathleen m. o ' brien ) © 2000 - 2010 by kathleen m. o ' brien. all rights reserved. version 2. 6, updated 28 february 2010 what we know as a set of irish annals are manuscripts that were each compiled during a particular time period, usually using older material as sources. for example, when the annals of the four masters were written from 1632 to 1636, they covered events that occurred centuries and millenia before ( including legendary history ). so, when an entry in this set of annals refers to a person who lived in the year 738, the spelling used for that person ' s name is very likely not using the spelling that would have been used in 738. standard forms of this name ( based on spelling systems of different periods ) would be : | early modern irish gaelic ( c1200 - c1700 ) form : | | sile | note : see also sisuile. i have listed these names separately because i could find no instances of a single person being referenced by both a sile form and a sisuile form. | number of women found in the annals with this name : | | 12 | | found in years : | | 1471, 1473, 1485, 1486, 1489, 1491, 1499, 1521, 1530, 1531, 1544, 1582, 1589 | fm, under the year 1471, has a footnote that says : this name is usually anglicised sheela, and thought to be an ancient irish proper name of a woman ; but it does not appear to have been in use among the irish previous to the english invasion, nor much till the fourteenth century. it is a mere hibernicised form of celia, or cecilia, or, as the french write it, cecile. ( fm vol. 4, p. 1074, footnote " i " ). it is important to note that this footnote was written in the 19th century. as a result, the assuptions it discusses date to that time. further information about the name sile, may be found in : the sources page lists the annals referenced below. information about secondary sources is included on that page as well. in the table below, i have separated individuals with a blank line. that is, when there are multiple entries in the annals that refer to a single person, those entries are grouped together. within the list of entries refering to a single person, i have


table below, i have separated individuals with a blank line. that is, when there are multiple entries in the annals that refer to a single person, those entries are grouped together. within the list of entries refering to a single person, i have sorted the entries primarily by orthography when it is obvious that what i am seeing is the same entry showing up in multiple annals. the entries that tend to use older spellings are listed first. note : the annals referenced below under the code letters a, b, c, e, & f tend to use later spellings than the other annals. in some cases, the spellings listed in these annals may not be appropriate for the year referenced in the annal entry. in some gaelic scripts, there is a character that looks approximately like a lowercase f, but without the crossbar. this character ( represented by an underscored medieval scotland | medieval names archive | index of names in irish annals kathleen m. o ' brien ' s articles are hosted by medieval scotland, which is published by sharon l. krossa ( contact ). shopping online? how you can support this site. annals entry context citation ( formatting preserved ) ( d. 1473 ) u3 u1473. 7 an sile, ingen rughraide meg mathgamna ( d. 1485 ) d m1485. 6 an sile inghen mec siurtain ben ricaird a burc baincheann ban connacht ( d. 1486 ) d m1486. 21 sile inghen aodha mic uilliam ui ceallaigh ben ui mhadadhain ( d. 1489 ) d m1489. 41 sile ingean diarmata an dunaidh meg carthaigh ben toirrdhealbhaigh ui bhriain ( d. 1491 ) u3 u1491. 7 sile, ingen toirrdhelbaigh ui raghalligh, ben glaisne, mic remainn meg mathgamna ( d. 1499 ) u3 u1499. 11 sile, ingen an espuic meg uidhir,. i. ros espuc ( d. 1521 ) d m1471. 15 sile ingen ui domnaill,. i. niall garb, ben neill mic airt ui neill u3 u1471. 1 sile, ingen neill gairb ui domnaill, bean neill, mic


15 sile ingen ui domnaill,. i. niall garb, ben neill mic airt ui neill u3 u1471. 1 sile, ingen neill gairb ui domnaill, bean neill, mic airt ui neill [ " sile, daughter of niall ua domnaill the rough, wife of niall, son of art ua neill " ] e m1521. 9 sile inghen neill ghairbh ui domhnaill ( d. 1530 ) co 1530. 21 sile inghen h. fhallamhain ben cairbre h. birnn [ " sile celia, daughter of o ' fallon, and wife of carbry, son of the prior " ] lc2 lc1530. 20 sile ingen h - i fallamain uxor cairbri mic in priora h - i birn ( d. 1531 ) co 1531. 12 sile oc ingen cairbre h. birnn lc2 lc1531. 11 sile ingen chairbre h - i birn ( d. 1544 ) e m1544. 7 sile ingen magnusa i domhnaill ( ben - sidhe ui bhaoighill domhnall ) ( d. 1582 ) lc2 lc1582. 38 sili ingen i domnaill [ unrelated, an ben do bi ag tadg og mac taidg mic aedha [ " sile, daughter of o ' domhnaill, the wife of tadhg og, son of tadhg, son of aedh " ] ( d. 1589 ) lc2 lc1589. 45 ingen i falluin. i. sile ingen cobhuigh, in ben do bhith ag cedach mac domnaill i ceallaigh [ " o ' fallon ' s daughter, i. e., celia, daughter of cobhthach, the wife of cedach, son of domhnall o ' cellaigh " ] feminine given names | feminine descriptive bynames | masculine given names | masculine descriptive bynames © 1996 - 2007. all rights reserved. copyright of individual articles belongs to their authors. please do not copy or redistribute without proper permission! [ an error occurred while processing this directive ] medieval scotland | medieval names archive | index of names in irish annals kathleen m. o ' brien ' s articles


summer travel health advice use soap, water, and a dash of common sense. drink and eat sensibly continued... - drink only bottled or boiled water. - eat well cooked, rather than raw or undercooked meat and seafood. - avoid any foods or beverages purchased from street vendors or establishments with unhygienic conditions. - avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables unless you peel them yourself. - don ' t put ice in your drinks. but no matter how closely you follow this advice, you may still come down with travelers ' diarrhea, says shlim, who believes restaurant food preparation is the culprit. " some restaurants may use the same cutting board for raw vegetables and meat, for example. or they may rinse vegetables in dirty tap water. " his advice : eat only freshly served foods that were cooked at high heat. " lasagna and casseroles are risky because they are often cooked earlier, leaving plenty of time for organisms to grow. " shlim also advises going to a doctor in advance of your trip and asking him or her for a course of antibiotics. taken as soon as diarrhea strikes, the drugs can usually shorten the illness from several days to several hours. move around, drink plenty of fluids sitting in a cramped position for long periods - - whether in an airplane, car, or a bus - - can lead to an increased risk of potentially deadly blood clots, warns wolfgang schobersberger, md, professor of intensive care medicine at the university of innsbruck in austria. to minimize risk, drink plenty of non - alcoholic fluids and frequently move your legs, he says. taking frequent, deep breaths can also improve circulation. those at moderate risk should also wear compression stockings, sometimes called support hose, he says. and those at high risk should ask their doctor about an injection of heparin immediately before the trip, which will provide protection for about 12 hours, he says. your risk for blood clots increases if you are age 60 or older, have heart disease, a family history of blood clots, varicose veins, obesity, cancer, are pregnant or recently had a baby, or have had recent surgery. don ' t get bitten mosquitoes are not just pesky pests : they can carry west nile disease, dengue fever, even malaria. ticks spread lyme disease. but a few simple precautions can minimize your risk of getting bitten this summer, the experts say. among their travel health advice : - stay indoors at dawn and dusk


the thirteenth division of the khuddaka nikaya. it is a buddhist vitae sanctorum and contains 547 biographies of monks and forty biographies of nuns, all mentioned as having lived in the time of the buddha. the cy. gives details of eleven more theras not found in the text : yasa, nadikassapa, gayakassapa, kimbila, vajjiputta, uttara, apara - uttara, bhaddaji, sivika, upavana and ralthapala. in addition to these, there are two introductory chapters, the buddha - padana and the paccekabuddha - padana, dealing with the buddha and the pacceka buddhas respectively. it is worth noting that the buddha - padana contains no account of the buddha ' s life, either as gotama or earlier, as bodhisatta ( see, however, pubbakammapiloti ). nor does the paccekabuddha - padana contain any life - histories. the stanzas are what might be more appropriately described as udana, and appear in the khaggavisana sutta of the sutta nipata. cp. the mahapadana sutta ( d. ii. 1ff ), where the word apadana is used as meaning the legend or life - story of a buddha or a great one - in this case the seven buddhas. or does mahapadana mean the great story, i. e. the story of the dhamma and its bearers and promulgation : cp. the title of the mahavastu ( dial. ii. 3 ). most of the stories are found in the paramatthadipani, the commentary to the thera - and therigatha, extracted from the apadana with the introductory words, " tena vuttam apadane. " but in numerous instances the names under which the verses appear in the paramatthadipani differ from those subjoined to the verses in the apadana. in several cases it is a matter of the commentary giving a name while the apadana gives only a title. e. g., usabha thera ( thaga. i. 320 ), called kosumbaphaliya ( ap. ii. 449 ) ; and isidinna ( thaga. i. 312 ), called ( ap. ii. 415 ) sumanavijaniya. sometimes the


i. 320 ), called kosumbaphaliya ( ap. ii. 449 ) ; and isidinna ( thaga. i. 312 ), called ( ap. ii. 415 ) sumanavijaniya. sometimes the stories are duplicated in the apadana itself, the same story occurring in two places with a very slight alteration in words, even the name of the person spoken of being the same. most often no reason can be assigned for this, except, perhaps, careless editing. e. g., annasamsavaka i ap. i. 78 and again i. 261 ; see also the introduction to the p. t. s. edition. the apadana is regarded as one of the very latest books in the canon, one reason for this view being that while later books like the buddhavamsa mention only twenty - four buddhas previous to gotama, the apadana contains the names of thirty - five. it is very probable that the different legends in the collection are of different dates. on these and other matters connected with the apadana, see rhys davids article in ere. and muller ' s les apadanas du sud ( congress of orientalists, leyden, 1895 ). according to the sumangala vilasini ( i. 15. see also przyluski : la legende de l ' empereur acoka, pp. viii f., 214 ), the dighabhanakas, who included the khuddaka nikaya in the abhidhammapitaka, did not recognise the apadana. the majjhimabhanakas included it in the khuddaka nikaya, which they regarded as belonging to the suttapitaka. there is a commentary to the apadana called the visuddhajanavilasini. according to gv. ( p. 69 ) the commentary on the apadana was written by buddhaghosa at the request of five monks.


how today ’ s fiscal austerity is reminiscent of world war i ’ s economic misunderstandings when world war i broke out in august 1914, economists on both sides forecast that hostilities could not last more than about six months. wars had grown so expensive that governments quickly would run out of money. it seemed that if germany could not defeat france by springtime, the allied and central powers would run out of savings and reach what today is called a fiscal cliff and be forced to negotiate a peace agreement. but the great war dragged on for four destructive years. european governments did what the united states had done after the civil war broke out in 1861 when the treasury printed greenbacks. they paid for more fighting simply by printing their own money. their economies did not buckle and there was no major inflation. that would happen only after the war ended, as a result of germany trying to pay reparations in foreign currency. this is what caused its exchange rate to plunge, raising import prices and hence domestic prices. the culprit was not government spending on the war itself ( much less on social programs ). but history is written by the victors, and the past generation has seen the banks and financial sector emerge victorious. holding the bottom 99 % in debt, the top 1 % are now in the process of subsidizing a deceptive economic theory to persuade voters to pursue policies that benefit the financial sector at the expense of labor, industry, and democratic government as we know it. wall street lobbyists blame unemployment and the loss of industrial competitiveness on government spending and budget deficits – especially on social programs – and labor ’ s demand to share in the economy ’ s rising productivity. the myth ( perhaps we should call it junk economics ) is that ( 1 ) governments should not run deficits ( at least, not by printing their own money ), because ( 2 ) public money creation and high taxes ( at lest on the wealthy ) cause prices to rise. the cure for economic malaise ( which they themselves have caused ), is said to be less public spending, along with more tax cuts for the wealthy, who euphemize themselves as “ job creators. ” demanding budget surpluses, bank lobbyists promise that banks can provide the economy with enough purchasing power to grow. then, when this ends in crisis, they insist that austerity can squeeze out enough income to enable private - sector debts to be paid. the reality is that when banks load the economy down with debt, this leaves less to spend on domestic goods and services


when this ends in crisis, they insist that austerity can squeeze out enough income to enable private - sector debts to be paid. the reality is that when banks load the economy down with debt, this leaves less to spend on domestic goods and services while driving up housing prices ( and hence the cost of living ) with reckless credit creation on looser lending terms. yet on top of this debt deflation, bank lobbyists urge fiscal deflation : budget surpluses rather than pump - priming deficits. the effect is to further reduce private - sector market demand, shrinking markets and employment. governments fall deeper into distress, and are told to sell off land and natural resources, public enterprises, and other assets. this creates a lucrative market for bank loans to finance privatization on credit. this explains why financial lobbyists back the new buyers ’ right to raise the prices they charge for basic needs, creating a united front to endorse rent extraction. the effect is to enrich the financial sector owned by the 1 % in ways that indebt and privatize the economy at large – individuals, business and the government itself. this policy was exposed as destructive in the late 1920s and early 1930s when john maynard keynes, harold moulton and a few others countered the claims of jacques rueff and bertil ohlin that debts of any magnitude could be paid if governments would impose deep enough austerity and suffering. this is the doctrine adopted by the international monetary fund to impose on third world debtors since the 1960s, and by european neoliberals defending creditors imposing austerity on ireland, greece, spain and portugal. this pro - austerity mythology aims to distract the public from asking why peacetime governments can ’ t simply print the money they need. given the option of printing money instead of levying taxes, why do politicians only create new spending power for the purpose of waging war and destroying property, not to build or repair bridges, roads and other public infrastructure? why should the government tax employees for future retirement payouts, but not wall street for similar user fees and financial insurance to build up a fund to pay for future bank over - lending crises? for that matter, why doesn ’ t the u. s. government print the money to pay for social security and medical care, just as it created new debt for the $ 13 trillion post - 2008 bank bailout? ( i will return to this question below. ) the answer to these questions has little to do with markets, or with monetary and tax theory. bankers claim


, just as it created new debt for the $ 13 trillion post - 2008 bank bailout? ( i will return to this question below. ) the answer to these questions has little to do with markets, or with monetary and tax theory. bankers claim that if they have to pay more user fees to pre - fund future bad - loan claims and deposit insurance to save the treasury or taxpayers from being stuck with the bill, they will have to charge customers more – despite their current record profits, which seem to grab everything they can get. but they support a double standard when it comes to taxing labor. shifting the tax burden onto labor and industry is achieved most easily by cutting back public spending on the 99 %. that is the root of the december 2012 showdown over whether to impose the anti - deficit policies proposed by the bowles - simpson commission of budget cutters whom president obama appointed in 2010. shedding crocodile tears over the government ’ s failure to balance the budget, banks insist that today ’ s 15. 3 % fica wage withholding be raised – as if this will not raise the break - even cost of living and drain the consumer economy of purchasing power. employers and their work force are told to save in advance for social security or other public programs. this is a disguised income tax on the bottom 99 %, whose proceeds are used to reduce the budget deficit so that taxes can be cut on finance and the 1 %. to paraphrase leona helmsley ’ s quip that “ only the little people pay taxes, ” the post - 2008 motto is that only the 99 % have to suffer losses, not the 1 % as debt deflation plunges real estate and stock market prices to inaugurate a negative equity economy while unemployment rates soar. there is no more need to save in advance for social security than there is to save in advance to pay for war. selling treasury bonds to pay for retirees has the identical monetary and fiscal effect of selling newly printed securities. it is a charade – to shift the tax burden onto labor and industry. governments need to provide the economy with money and credit to expand markets and employment. they do this by running budget deficits, and this can be done by creating their own money. that is what banks oppose, accusing it of leading to hyperinflation rather than help economies grow. their motivation for this wrong accusation is self - serving and their logic is deceptive. bankers always have fought to block government from creating its own money – at least under normal peacetime conditions


of leading to hyperinflation rather than help economies grow. their motivation for this wrong accusation is self - serving and their logic is deceptive. bankers always have fought to block government from creating its own money – at least under normal peacetime conditions. for many centuries, government bonds were the largest and most secure investment for the financial elites that hold most savings. investment bankers and brokers monopolized public finance, at substantial underwriting commissions. the market for stocks and corporate bonds was rife with fraud, dominated by insiders for the railroads and great trusts being organized by wall street, and the canal ventures organized by french and british stockbrokers. however, there was little alternative to governments creating their own money when the costs of waging an international war far exceeded the volume of national savings or tax revenue available. this obvious need quieted the usual opposition mounted by bankers to limit the public monetary option. it shows that governments can do more under force majeur emergencies than under normal conditions. and the september 2008 financial crisis provided an opportunity for the u. s. and european governments to create new debt for bank bailouts. this turned out to be as expensive as waging a war. it was indeed a financial war. banks already had captured the regulatory agencies to engage in reckless lending and a wave of fraud and corruption not seen since the 1920s. and now they were holding economies hostage to a break in the chain of payments if they were not bailed out for their speculative gambles, junk mortgages and fraudulent loan packaging. their first victory was to disable the ability – or at least the willingness – of the treasury, federal reserve and comptroller of the currency to regulate the financial sector. goldman sachs, citicorp and their fellow wall street giants hold veto power the appointment of key administrators at these agencies. they used this beachhead to weed out nominees who might not favor their interests, preferring ideological deregulators in the stripe of alan greenspan and tim geithner. as john kenneth galbraith quipped, a precondition for obtaining a central bank post is tunnel vision when it comes to understanding that governments can create their credit as readily as banks can. what is necessary is for one ’ s political loyalties to lie with the banks. in the post - 2008 financial wreckage it took only a series of computer keystrokes for the u. s. government to create $ 13 trillion in debt to save banks from suffering losses on their reckless real estate loans ( which computer models pretended would make banks so rich


- 2008 financial wreckage it took only a series of computer keystrokes for the u. s. government to create $ 13 trillion in debt to save banks from suffering losses on their reckless real estate loans ( which computer models pretended would make banks so rich that they could pay their managers enormous salaries, bonuses and stock options ), insurance bets gone bad ( underpricing risk to win business to pay their managers enormous salaries and bonuses ), arbitrage gambles and outright fraud ( to give the illusion of earnings justifying enormous salaries, bonuses and stock options ). the $ 800 billion troubled asset relief program ( tarp ) and $ 2 trillion of federal reserve “ cash for trash ” swaps enabled the banks to continue their remuneration of executives and bondholders with hardly a hiccup – while incomes and wealth plunged for the remaining 99 % of americans. a new term, casino capitalism, was coined to describe the transformation that finance capitalism was undergoing in the post - 1980 era of deregulation that opened the gates for banks to do what governments hitherto did in time of war : create money and new public debt simply by “ printing it ” – in this case, electronically on their computer keyboards. taking the insolvent fannie mae and freddie mac mortgage financing agencies onto the public balance sheet for $ 5. 2 trillion accounted for over a third of the $ 13 trillion bailout. this saved their bondholders from having to suffer losses from the fraudulent appraisals on the junk mortgages with which countrywide, bank of america, citibank and other “ too big to fail ” banks had stuck them. this enormous debt increase was done without raising taxes. in fact, the bush administration cut taxes, giving the largest cuts to the highest income and wealth brackets who were its major campaign contributors. special tax privileges were given to banks so that they could “ earn their way out of debt ” ( and indeed, out of negative equity ). the federal reserve gave a free line of credit ( quantitative easing ) to the banking system at only 0. 25 % annual interest by 2011 – that is, one quarter of a percentage point, with no questions asked about the quality of the junk mortgages and other securities pledged as collateral at their full face value, which was far above market price. this $ 13 trillion debt creation to save banks from having to suffer a loss was not accused of threatening economic stability. it enabled them to resume paying exorbitant salaries and bonuses, dividends to bondholders and also to pay counterparties on


. this $ 13 trillion debt creation to save banks from having to suffer a loss was not accused of threatening economic stability. it enabled them to resume paying exorbitant salaries and bonuses, dividends to bondholders and also to pay counterparties on casino - capitalist arbitrage bets. these payments have helped the 1 % receive a reported 93 % of the gains in income since 2008. the bailout thus polarized the economy, giving the financial sector more power over labor and consumers, industry and the government than has been the case since the late 19th - century gilded age. all this makes today ’ s financial war much like the aftermath of world war i and countless earlier wars. the effect is to impoverish the losers, appropriate hitherto public assets for the victors, and impose debt service and taxes much like levying tribute. “ the financial crisis has been as economically devastating as a world war and may still be a burden on ‘ our grandchildren, ’ ” bank of england official andrew haldane recently observed. “ ‘ in terms of the loss of incomes and outputs, this is as bad as a world war. ’ he said. the rise in government debt has prompted calls for austerity – on the part of those who did not receive the giveaway. ‘ it would be astonishing if people weren ’ t asking big questions about where finance has gone wrong. ’ ” but as long as the financial sector is winning its war against the economy at large, it prefers that people believe that there is no alternative. having captured mainstream economics as well as government policy, finance seeks to deter students, voters and the media from questioning whether the financial system really needs to be organized in the way it is. once such a line of questioning is pursued, people may realize that banking, pension and social security systems and public deficit financing do not have to be organized in the way they are. there are better alternatives to today ’ s road to austerity and debt peonage. today ’ s financial war against the economy at large today ’ s economic warfare is not the kind waged a century ago between labor and its industrial employers. finance has moved to capture the economy at large, industry and mining, public infrastructure ( via privatization ) and now even the educational system. ( at over $ 1 trillion, u. s. student loan debt came to exceed credit - card debt in 2012. ) the weapon in this financial warfare is no larger military force. the tactic is to load economies ( governments, companies and families ) with debt, sip


1 trillion, u. s. student loan debt came to exceed credit - card debt in 2012. ) the weapon in this financial warfare is no larger military force. the tactic is to load economies ( governments, companies and families ) with debt, siphon off their income as debt service and then foreclose when debtors lack the means to pay. indebting government gives creditors a lever to pry away land, public infrastructure and other property in the public domain. indebting companies enables creditors to seize employee pension savings. and indebting labor means that it no longer is necessary to hire strikebreakers to attack union organizers and strikers. workers have become so deeply indebted on their home mortgages, credit cards and other bank debt that they fear to strike or even to complain about working conditions. losing work means missing payments on their monthly bills, enabling banks to jack up interest rates to levels that used to be deemed usurious. so debt peonage and unemployment loom on top of the wage slavery that was the main focus of class warfare a century ago. and to cap matters, credit - card bank lobbyists have rewritten the bankruptcy laws to curtail debtor rights, and the referees appointed to adjudicate disputes brought by debtors and consumers are subject to veto from the banks and businesses that are mainly responsible for inflicting injury. the aim of financial warfare is not merely to acquire land, natural resources and key infrastructure rents as in military warfare ; it is to centralize creditor control over society. in contrast to the promise of democratic reform nurturing a middle class a century ago, we are witnessing a regression to a world of special privilege in which one must inherit wealth in order to avoid debt and job dependency. the emerging financial oligarchy seeks to shift taxes off banks and their major customers ( real estate, natural resources and monopolies ) onto labor. given the need to win voter acquiescence, this aim is best achieved by rolling back everyone ’ s taxes. the easiest way to do this is to shrink government spending, headed by social security, medicare and medicaid. yet these are the programs that enjoy the strongest voter support. this fact has inspired what may be called the big lie of our epoch : the pretense that governments can only create money to pay the financial sector, and that the beneficiaries of social programs should be entirely responsible for paying for social security, medicare and medicaid, not the wealthy. this big lie is used to reverse the concept of progressive


only create money to pay the financial sector, and that the beneficiaries of social programs should be entirely responsible for paying for social security, medicare and medicaid, not the wealthy. this big lie is used to reverse the concept of progressive taxation, turning the tax system into a ploy of the financial sector to levy tribute on the economy at large. financial lobbyists quickly discovered that the easiest ploy to shift the cost of social programs onto labor is to conceal new taxes as user fees, using the proceeds to cut taxes for the elite 1 %. this fiscal sleight - of - hand was the aim of the 1983 greenspan commission. it confused people into thinking that government budgets are like family budgets, concealing the fact that governments can finance their spending by creating their own money. they do not have to borrow, or even to tax ( at least, not tax mainly the 99 % ). the greenspan tax shift played on the fact that most people see the need to save for their own retirement. the carefully crafted and well - subsidized deception at work is that social security requires a similar pre - funding – by raising wage withholding. the trick is to convince wage earners it is fair to tax them more to pay for government social spending, yet not also to ask the banking sector to pay similar a user fee to pre - save for the next time it itself will need bailouts to cover its losses. also asymmetrical is the fact that nobody suggests that the government set up a fund to pay for future wars, so that future adventures such as iraq or afghanistan will not “ run a deficit ” to burden the budget. so the first deception is to treat only social security and medical care as user fees. the second is to aggravate matters by insisting that such fees be paid long in advance, by pre - saving. there is no inherent need to single out any particular area of public spending as causing a budget deficit if it is not pre - funded. it is a travesty of progressive tax policy to only oblige workers whose wages are less than ( at present ) $ 105, 000 to pay this fica wage withholding, exempting higher earnings, capital gains, rental income and profits. the raison d ’ etre for taxing the 99 % for social security and medicare is simply to avoid taxing wealth, by falling on low wage income at a much higher rate than that of the wealthy. this is not how the original u. s. income tax was created


for taxing the 99 % for social security and medicare is simply to avoid taxing wealth, by falling on low wage income at a much higher rate than that of the wealthy. this is not how the original u. s. income tax was created at its inception in 1913. during its early years only the wealthiest 1 % of the population had to file a return. there were few loopholes, and capital gains were taxed at the same rate as earned income. the government ’ s seashore insurance program, for instance, recently incurred a $ 1 trillion liability to rebuild the private beaches and homes that hurricane sandy washed out. why should this insurance subsidy at below - commercial rates for the wealthy minority who live in this scenic high - risk property be treated as normal spending, but not social security? why save in advance by a special wage tax to pay for these programs that benefit the general population, but not levy a similar “ user fee ” tax to pay for flood insurance for beachfront homes or war? and while we are at it, why not save another $ 13 trillion in advance to pay for the next bailout of wall street when debt deflation causes another crisis to drain the budget? but on whom should we levy these taxes? to impose user fees for the beachfront reconstruction would require a tax falling mainly on the wealthy owners of such properties. their dominant role in funding the election campaigns of the congressmen and senators who draw up the tax code suggests why they are able to avoid prepaying for the cost of rebuilding their seashore property. such taxation is only for wage earners on their retirement income, not the 1 % on their own vacation and retirement homes. by not raising taxes on the wealthy or using the central bank to monetize spending on anything except bailing out the banks and subsidizing the financial sector, the government follows a pro - creditor policy. tax favoritism for the wealthy deepens the budget deficit, forcing governments to borrow more. paying interest on this debt diverts revenue from being spent on goods and services. this fiscal austerity shrinks markets, reducing tax revenue to the brink of default. this enables bondholders to treat the government in the same way that banks treat a bankrupt family, forcing the debtor to sell off assets – in this case the public domain as if it were the family silver, as britain ’ s prime minister harold macmillan characterized margaret thatcher ’ s privatization sell - offs. in an orwellian doublethink twist this privatization is done in the name of free


in this case the public domain as if it were the family silver, as britain ’ s prime minister harold macmillan characterized margaret thatcher ’ s privatization sell - offs. in an orwellian doublethink twist this privatization is done in the name of free markets, despite being imposed by global financial institutions whose administrators are not democratically elected. the international monetary fund ( imf ), european central bank ( ecb ) and eu bureaucracy treat governments like banks treat homeowners unable to pay their mortgage : by foreclosing. greece, for example, has been told to start selling off prime tourist sites, ports, islands, offshore gas rights, water and sewer systems, roads and other property. sovereign governments are, in principle, free of such pressure. that is what makes them sovereign. they are not obliged to settle public debts and budget deficits by asset selloffs. they do not need to borrow more domestic currency ; they can create it. this self - financing keeps the national patrimony in public hands rather than turning assets over to private buyers, or having to borrow from banks and bondholders. why today ’ s fiscal squeeze adds to the economy ’ s costs and imposes needless austerity the financial sector promises that privatizing roads and ports, water and sewer systems, bus and railroad lines ( on credit, of course ) is more efficient and will lower the prices charged for their services. the reality is that the new buyers put up rent - extracting tollbooths on the infrastructure being sold. their break - even costs include the high salaries and bonuses they pay themselves, as well as interest and dividends to their creditors and backers, spending on stock buy - backs and political lobbying. public borrowing creates a dependency that shifts economic planning to wall street and other financial centers. when voters resist, it is time to replace democracy with oligarchy. “ technocratic ” rule replaces that of elected officials. in europe the imf, ecb and eu troika insists that all debts must be paid, even at the cost of austerity, depression, unemployment, emigration and bankruptcy. this is to be done without violence where possible, but with police - state practices when grabbers find it necessary to quell popular opposition. financializing the economy is depicted as a natural way to gain wealth – by taking on more debt. yet it is hard to think of a more highly politicized policy, shaped as it is by tax rules that favor bankers. it also is self - terminating, because when public debt grows