you are here : rehacare portal. up - to - date. archive. usa. robotic arm ' s big flaw : patients say it ' s ' too easy ' maybe one day the robotic arm can help people do things the cannot do on their own ; © jason greene / ucf one touch directs a robotic arm to grab objects in a new computer program designed to give people in wheelchairs more independence. researchers thought the ease of the using the program ' s automatic mode would be a huge hit. but they were wrong – many participants in a pilot study didn ' t like it because it was " too easy. " most participants preferred the manual mode, which requires them to think several steps ahead and either physically type in instructions or verbally direct the arm with a series of precise commands. they favored the manual mode even though they did not perform tasks as well with it. john bricout, the associate dean for research and community outreach at the university of texas at arlington school of social work, said the study demonstrates how people want to be engaged – but not overwhelmed – by technology. the psychology theory of flow describes this need to have a balance between challenge and capacity in life. " if we ' re too challenged, we get angry and frustrated. but if we aren ' t challenged enough, we get bored, " said bricout, who has conducted extensive research on adapting technology for users with disabilities. " we all experience that. people with disabilities are no different. " the computer program is based on how the human eye sees. a touch screen, computer mouse, joystick or voice command sends the arm into action. then sensors mounted on the arm see an object, gather information and relay it to the computer, which completes the calculations necessary to move the arm and retrieve the object. assistant professor aman behal is seeking grants to translate the study ' s findings into a smoother " hybrid " mode that is more interactive and challenging for users and features a more accurate robotic arm. laser, ultrasound and infrared technology coupled with an adaptive interface will help him achieve his goals. the key is to design technology that can be individualised with ease, behal said. some patients will have more mobility than others, and they may prefer a design closer to the manual mode. though the automatic mode wasn ' t popular in the pilot study, it may be the best option for patients with more advanced disease and less mobility. rehacare. de ; source : university of central florida - more about the university of central florida at www. uc


february high desert bird of the month : oregon junco oregon juncos, members of the sparrow family, are one of six recognizable populations of dark - eyed junco, and normally occur only west of the rockies. the dark gray to black hood, along with an almost pink bill, makes them pretty easy to identify. in flight they show flashy white outer tail feathers. they are such a beautiful little bird and i look forward to their return each winter. juncos nest and spend the breeding season in forested areas as far north as canada and alaska and spend winters all across the united states. they are often called “ snowbirds, ” possibly because their return from northern breeding grounds foretells the return of cold and snowy weather. they tend to return to the same area each winter, so you may have some of the same birds at your feeder as you had in previous years. juncos are flocking birds with a distinct social hierarchy — adult males at the top, then juvenile males, adult females and young females at the bottom. juncos are one of the most numerous birds in the country ( with estimated populations of 630 million ) and are reported at 80 % of winter feeders by participants in project feeder watch. oregon juncos are primarily seed - eaters year round. when they are foraging, they typically hop ( rather than walk ) on the ground, pecking or scratching at leaf litter or for seed under feeders. juncos, along with some other members of the sparrow family, practice a foraging technique called “ riding. ” they fly up to a seed cluster on top of a grass stem and ride it to the ground where they pick off the seeds while standing on it. one more reason not to be too neat of a gardener ; leaving weed seeds of crabgrass, lamb ’ s quarters, and others provides juncos and other sparrows a much needed seed source in winter. juncos prefer to roost in evergreens at night, but will take advantage of tall grass and brush piles. they return to the same roost area each night and will share with their flock, but they don ’ t huddle together. they spend over 65 % of their time on the ground, almost never being observed in the canopy of large trees. you can attract oregon juncos to your yard by feeding a seed blend containing millet and hulled sunflower seeds. it is best to offer your food in a ground tray feeder which keeps the seed from spoiling from moisture on the ground. i also often find the juncos beneath the finch


by feeding a seed blend containing millet and hulled sunflower seeds. it is best to offer your food in a ground tray feeder which keeps the seed from spoiling from moisture on the ground. i also often find the juncos beneath the finch feeders, gleaning what is being pulled or dropped from those feeders. tray feeders and seed blends to attract these and other wintering species can be purchased at wild birds unlimited in moana nursery locations. fun facts about juncos - the dark - eyed junco is currently divided into six distinct populations that include the following : oregon, pink - sided, white - winged, slate - colored, gray - headed, and red - backed juncos. there are an additional 12 subspecies divided among these populations. - the dark - eyed junco has been documented to produce hybrids with white - throated sparrows. - dark - eyed juncos are often called “ snowbirds, ” possibly due to the fact that many people believe their return from their northern breeding grounds foretells the return of cold and snowy weather. another possible source of the nickname may be the white belly plumage and slate - colored back of the junco which has been described as “ leaden skies above, snow below. ” - juncos spend the entire winter in flocks averaging in size from six to thirty or more birds. - dark - eyed juncos tend to return to the same area each winter. chances are that you have many of the same birds at your feeder this winter that you had in previous years. - visiting flocks of juncos will usually stay within an area of about 10 acres during their entire winter stay. - to avoid the competition, many female juncos migrate earlier and go farther south than most of the males. in michigan only 20 % of the wintering juncos are females, whereas in alabama 72 % were found to be female. - male juncos tend to spend the winter farther north in order to shorten their spring migration and thus gain the advantage of arriving first at prime breeding territories. - when migrating, female juncos move south before the males do, and adult females leave before the young females. - juncos migrate at night at very low altitudes and are susceptible to collisions with communication towers and other structures. - each winter flock of juncos has a dominance hierarchy with adult males at the top, then juvenile males, adult females and young females at the bottom. you can often observe individuals challenging the status of others with aggressive displays of lunges and tail flicking. - while


flock of juncos has a dominance hierarchy with adult males at the top, then juvenile males, adult females and young females at the bottom. you can often observe individuals challenging the status of others with aggressive displays of lunges and tail flicking. - while the southward migration of slate - colored juncos is complete by early december, there is some evidence that indicates that harsh winter weather may spur some juncos to move further south at anytime during the winter. - juncos have over 30 percent more feathers ( by weight ) in the winter than they do in summer. - juncos prefer to roost in evergreens at night but will also use tall grasses and brush piles. they return to the same roost location repeatedly and will share it with other flock mates, but they do not huddle together. - the name junco is derived from the latin word for the “ rush ” plant found in wetlands. - partners in flight currently estimates the north american population of dark - eyed juncos at approximately 260 million, second only to the american robin in overall population size in north america. a separate research paper estimates that the junco population could actually be as high as 630 million. - according to project feeder watch, juncos are sighted at more feeding areas across north america than any other bird. over 80 % percent of those responding report juncos at their feeders. - a study in new hampshire on the foraging habitats of the slate - colored juncos found that they spent over 65 % their time on the ground, 20 % in shrubs, 16 % in saplings or low trees. they were never observed in the canopy of large trees. - juncos, along with some other members of the sparrow family, practice an interesting foraging method called “ riding. ” they fly up to a seed cluster on the top of a grass stem and “ ride ” it to the ground where they pick off the seeds while standing on it. - juncos are known to burrow through snow in search of seeds that have been covered over. - on an annual basis, a junco ’ s diet is made up of approximately three parts seeds to one part insects. during the nesting period, the percent of insects can increase up to 50 or 60 % of their diet. - you may not like these weeds in your yard, but the seeds of chickweed, ragweed, knotweed, pigweed, lamb ’ s quarters and crabgrass are some of the main natural seed sources used by juncos. - you can attract juncos to your yard by feeding a seed blend


“ a lot of people are waiting for martin luther king or mahatma gandhi to come back – but they are gone. it is up to us. it is up to you. ” – marian wright edelman i saw this quote on facebook a couple days after the shootings in newtown, connecticut. the quote made me think about what would mlk, jr. be doing and saying about current events. i have read and / or listened to many of martin ’ s writings and speeches, so i could ( i hope ) reasonably extrapolate his views. of course, it ’ s difficult to ascertain what his impact on society and the culture would be had he survived. maybe progress in some areas would have happened sooner ; maybe he would been rendered largely irrelevant. that ’ s the thing about those who die, especially those who die relatively young ; they are frozen in time. maybe, instead of him dying in 1968, i should imagine that he was traveling to another planet, and finally made it back, this century. the overriding issue for martin luther king was always justice. he would fret over the continuing divide of wealth between white americans and those who are black and hispanic. at the end of his life, mlk was increasingly aware of class distinctions. he would be equally concerned about the inequity of income that has developed regardless of race, especially over the past thirty years ; he would be challenging the 1 % for sure. he would be a proponent of equal pay for women. obviously, heinous acts of brutality be distressing to him. but he would also address the culture of violence that leads to such unthinkable acts. he would surely talk about the awful tumult that takes place every day in the united states that doesn ’ t make the headlines. he would oppose the death penalty. not only did he not believe in “ an eye for an eye, ” but he would despair of the imbalance of people of color incarcerated and on death rows across the country, disproportionate to the number of crimes committed. mlk came to oppose the vietnam war by 1967. surely, he would have opposed the iraq war as unjustified, even before it actually started in 2003. the current wars, particularly the use of drones, would break his heart. martin would undoubtedly be pleased, and possibly surprised, that an african - american had been elected president, but would suggested that we have not yet reached “ the promised land. ”


imagine you were a pipistrelle bat living in the rom ’ s bat cave and one night, when all the lights went out, you snuck out of the cave to explore the wonderful galleries of the museum. what would you want to see? where would you go first? need a little help boosting your imagination? check out the rom ’ s very first children ’ s book – burton and isabelle pipistrelle : out of the bat cave. to educate and foster appreciation for these much - loved colourful insects, the city of toronto, in partnership with the rom and livegreen toronto, has published a new book, butterflies of toronto : a guide to their remarkable world. with hundreds of full - colour photographs, this new publication shares the local history of butterflies and details on where they live in toronto. it is part of a biodiversity series being produced by the city to commemorate the year of biodiversity 2010. rob mason, is an archaeological scientist whose research interests include art, technology, trade, and industry from the beginnings of time to the industrial revolution. but you may recognize him as a dancing knight from our medieval dancing presentations! don ’ t miss the rom ’ s medieval fall fair this weekend, october 1 – 2. the ability to place man - made devices – satellites – in orbit around our planet has revolutionized the ways in which we communicate and allowed us to study our planet, our solar system and our universe in ways not otherwise possible. in fact, satillites are so useful that there is a growing lack of space in outer space. our planet is surrounded by literally tens of millions of pieces of man - made material ranging from dust and flecks of paint, to multi - tonne satellites and spent rocket components.


every cell in your body contains chromosomes – strands of genes and other dna that form the blueprint for how your body looks and works. by examining your chromosomes up close, scientists can spot genetic ( inherited ) or acquired abnormalities that can signal the presence of cancer or other diseases. those abnormalities may also predict the aggressiveness of the disease and help identify the treatments that will be most effective. the process begins in the clinical cytogenetics laboratory, where cells are cultured, stained, magnified and digitally photographed under a microscope. this provides a “ group photo ” of all 46 of your chromosomes – 22 inherited from each of your parents, plus the x and y chromosomes that determine your gender – all scattered about as if spilled on a table. working with the computerized image, lab technologists organize the chromosomes into pairs, matched according to such characteristics as size and the locations of the light and dark bands that are unique to each chromosome. then the pairs are numbered, from 1 to 22. the finished snapshot, called a karyotype, looks like the picture above. the karyotype can be colorized with spectral karyotyping ( sky ), or specific regions on chromosomes can be made to glow with fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ). the sky and fish techniques make it easier for scientists to flag abnormalities – for example, missing chromosomes, extra chromosomes, or “ translocations, ” in which a chromosomal region from one numbered pair switches places with another chromosomal region in a different pair. “ we see specific chromosomal alterations in certain forms of cancer, ” says annemarie block, phd, director of roswell park ’ s clinical cytogenetics laboratory. " one example is chronic myeloid leukemia, a form of cancer in which pieces of chromosomes 9 and 22 switch places. “ our job is to describe these abnormalities when we see them in patients. that information is joined with what the pathologist sees through the microscope, the clinical presentation of the patient, and the characteristics on the outside of the cells, in order to reach a diagnosis. " cytogenetic analysis can also help identify the most promising treatments, because therapies have been developed to target specific chromosomal abnormalities.


in embedded systems, size does matter. embedded products are usually limited in resources of ram and storage ( usually flash ) and the cost pressure forces you to think about creative ways to reduce the overall size of the binary applications and libraries, without reducing the features and functionality. in the years i ’ ve been working in the embedded systems business, i often deal with requirements to reduce the overall size of the application due to system limitation. therefore, i have a lot of experience in this field which i am going to share with you in this “ size optimization ” series. the series will include information about size optimization and reduction, general tips, optimizing applications, static libraries, shared libraries, file systms and the linux kernel. embedded systems are usually equipped with limited amount of ram ( 32mb – 128mb ) and even more limited amount of flash memory ( 1mb – 16mb ), where the sizes of the devices grow in the power of 2. so if your application image requires 4. 1mb of storage, your product must be equipped with a 8mb flash device instead of a cheaper 4mb device, if the image was just a bit smaller. in the following series of articles, i ’ m going to show some techniques to reduce the binary size without actually changing the code itself, which could yield also better results. i will dedicate one or more article about writing a more efficient code as well. the input for this purpose is the source code which is refered as a “ black box ”. general tips for size optimization the following tips will yield smaller binary output. configure the compiler the compiler can be configured to produce smaller binaris by applying optimizations to the assembly code that result in smaller output. as described in the “ using the gcc ” article, enable this option by adding the “ - os ” flag in the command line. in case another optimization level is used ( - ox, where x could be 0, 1, 2, 3 ), you ’ ll need to replace it. note that replacing the optimization with size optimization may also result in performance impact, especially if levels 2 or 3 were previously used. these levels configure the compiler to modify the code to yield better performance, and level 3 even increases the output size in order to improve performance ( like loop unfolding for example ). the size optimization works on the other direction, where the performance is less important than the actual output size. this option is mostly used when compiling a boot loader which must be confined to the first 1


performance ( like loop unfolding for example ). the size optimization works on the other direction, where the performance is less important than the actual output size. this option is mostly used when compiling a boot loader which must be confined to the first 1 or few sectors in the flash, but can be also used for compiling the kernel and user space applications. the following table shows the output size ( in bytes ) of an application which was compiled with various optimization levels : as we can see from this table, the level 2 optimization has the best trade - off between size and performance, comparing to “ no optimiztion ”. the size in level 2 optimization has been reduced by 8 %. level 3 optimization has actually increased the size by 4 % ( with the supposed performance increase ) and level s has reduced the file size by 11 % ( with some impact of performance ). stripping the output by default, and especially when the - g flag was used in the compilation command line, the output contains some debug symbols which are useful for debugging and analysis. however, in you final target, these symbols are not required and can be removed ( stripped ) in order to reduce the size of the image. in order to remove these symbols, use the stripapplication which comes in the binutils package with the – strip - unneeded flag. the following table shows the size differences ( in bytes ) before and after stripping : | before stripping | | after stripping | stripping the output is safe and has no effect on the performance. it does not change the behavior of the application, just removes unused data. compiling in thumb mode ( arm platforms only ) the arm family of cpus provides an option to work in a reduced instruction set, which is 16 - bit in length instead of 32 - bit. this instruction set is referred as “ thumb mode “. this mode actually uses a compressed instruction set and thus resulting with a smaller code. the thumb mode may reduce the output size by up to 30 %. the performance figures are not always clear here. in case the cpu is 16 - bit native, it will yield better performance. however, on a 32 - bit cpu, the thumb mode may either reduce the performance or not impact it at all ( it ’ s application depended ). in a mixed instruction system, you also need to configure the compiler to produce interwork code, which is required when switching from the arm mode to thumb mode and vice versa. therefore, in order to produce a thumb output, use


owner : usda forest service ( 530 ) 226 - 2500 county : siskiyou, shasta, trinity public access : yes location : click here related website : click here access via : public road fishing regulations : click here fishing supplement : click here the entire national forest expands through northern shasta, trinity and siskiyou counties. the sacramento river goes through the shasta mccloud management unit. this area is north of lake shasta and expands north to the town of weed. the largest national forest in california, it provides many recreational opportunities, such as hunting, fishing, hiking, biking, camping, mountain climbing and skiing. the usda forest service promotes healthy forest and wildlife habitat, maintaining clean water, producing timber products, and safeguarding the communities at risk from wildfires. contains hundreds of mountain lakes, and 1, 900 miles of streams including the sacramento river. the national forest is part of the klamath mountain geological province. made up of mostly conifer forest with different species of trees, such as, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, douglas fir, and california red fir. other species of trees in the area are cottonwood, valley oak, black oak, canyon live oak and pacific dogwood. mammals include the black bear, columbian blacktail deer, ringtail cat, raccoon, striped skunk, mountain lion, bobcat, coyote, gray fox, river otter, different species of squirrels, chipmunks, black - tailed jackrabbit, bats and a small number of elk. there are also many types of bird species, such as stellar jays, warblers, owls, swallows, hummingbirds, great blue herons, bald eagles, turkeys, osprey, hawks, and many more.


researchers from china, leicester and oxford have discovered a remarkable fossil which sheds new light on an important group of primitive sea creatures. the 525 - million - year - old fossil belongs to a group of tentacle - bearing creatures which lived inside hard tubes. previously only the tubes have been seen in detail but this new specimen clearly shows the soft parts of the body including tentacles for feeding. details of the discovery have been announced today in the journal current biology. the study was funded by the royal society and the national natural foundation of china. the creature belongs to a group called pterobranch hemichordates which are related to starfish and sea urchins but also show some characteristics that offer clues to the evolution of the earliest vertebrates. about 30 species of pterobranch are known to exist today although 380 - 490 million years ago a group of these animals called graptolites were common across the prehistoric oceans. pterobranches are creatures which secrete a substance that builds up into a hard tube around their soft body. tentacles extend from the top of the tube to catch plankton. although less than 4 cm in length, the new fossil is beautifully preserved and minute details can be seen including 36 tiny tentacles along one feathery arm. professor david siveter from the university of leicester ' s department of geology commented, ' amazingly, it has exceptionally preserved soft tissues - including arms and tentacles used for feeding - giving unrivalled insight into the ancient biology of the group. ' colleagues from yunnan university and the universities of leicester and oxford collaborated in identifying and describing the remarkable find which was discovered in yunnan province, china. it has been named galeaplumosus abilus which means ' feathered helmet from beyond the clouds, ' referring to both the creature ' s shape and its location - ' yunnan ' literally translates as ' south of the clouds. '


oct. 19, 2009 a new computerised approach to airport operations is being developed that will reduce delays, speed up baggage handling and decrease pollution. the project is funded by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) and led by researchers at the university of nottingham. the research work aims to computerise and co - ordinate four key areas of airport operations : scheduling of aeroplanes taking - off and landing, gate assignment and baggage handling. the end result will be a prototype search engine capable of analysing the many billions of possible scheduling combinations so as to provide the best advice to the controllers, who decide where in the airport to send planes. currently these four aspects of airport operations are, in most cases, organised manually by highly skilled staff making decisions based on observations, reports and their experience. furthermore, each activity is run in isolation from the others, which allows the potential for any difficulties in operations in one area to affect another. this can lead to delays snowballing. as well as enhancing the experience for passengers, crucially, the improvements in scheduling will reduce pollution by minimising the time planes are on the ground with engines running. this could save thousands of litres of aviation fuel every year, a vital improvement given the growth in air travel predicted in the coming years. a consortium of researchers from four universities are involved in the project, assisted by manchester and zurich airports which will provide crucial advice and expertise from the user ' s point of view. the project will see development of computational models for each of the four airport operations which, ultimately, will be run on regular pcs. key to the research will be examining how to run them all together to streamline overall operations. principal investigator on the project and dean of the faculty of science at the university of nottingham, professor edmund burke, says the limitations of the current systems are widely acknowledged : " many people in the industry recognise that automating just one of these aspects could improve the efficient running of airport operations, so integrating all four would be a huge step forward. " " we ' ll be developing a computer system that will work its way through the many billions of permutations created daily in each of these operations, to provide a much higher level of computer - aided decision support than is currently available, " says burke. this will provide the best possible advice to runway controllers and other airport staff to inform their decisions regarding where planes and baggage are moved to. among the crucial issues being tackled is the matter of how long an aeroplane needs for preparation on the ground before take


this will provide the best possible advice to runway controllers and other airport staff to inform their decisions regarding where planes and baggage are moved to. among the crucial issues being tackled is the matter of how long an aeroplane needs for preparation on the ground before take off. this has to include enough time for the passenger safety briefing, which is a legal requirement, and for the engines to warm up. if sent to the runway without incorporating enough time for these activities, it will mean a delay at the runway before take off. this can lead to unnecessary congestion on the runway, aircraft unnecessarily using up fuel while waiting for take off, and, potentially, delays to other flights. burke adds that the involvement of the two airports will also provide invaluable assistance to the multi - disciplinary team of scientists and engineers : " working closely with manchester and zurich airports will ensure access to real world expertise that should help us achieve the best possible result. " the academic team in the consortium consists of representatives from : the university of nottingham, university of salford, loughborough university and university of liverpool. the four - year research project " integrating and automating airport operations " will begin on 1 december 2009 and is scheduled to end on 30 november 2013. it has received epsrc funding of £681, 924. research by the georgia institute of technology in 2006 found that a 1 % increase in air transport leads to a 5 % increase in delays. with a 26 % rise in air transport expected by 2013, compared to 2006, ( according to the european organisation for the safety of air navigation ) this project could help airports change the way they operate. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by engineering and physical sciences research council. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


john graham, an astronomer at the carnegie institution of washington, explains. the length of a star ' s life depends on how fast it uses up its nuclear fuel. our sun, in many ways an average sort of star, has been around for nearly five billion years and has enough fuel to keep going for another five billion years. almost all stars shine as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. this takes place within their hot, dense cores where temperatures are as high as 20 million degrees. the rate of energy generation for a star is very sensitive to both temperature and the gravitational compression from its outer layers. these parameters are higher for heavier stars, and the rate of energy generation - - and in turn the observed luminosity - - goes roughly as the cube of the stellar mass. heavier stars thus burn their fuel much faster than less massive ones do and are disproportionately brighter. some will exhaust their available hydrogen within a few million years. on the other hand, the least massive stars that we know are so parsimonious in their fuel consumption that they can live to ages older than that of the universe itself - - about 15 billion years. but because they have such low energy output, they are very faint. when we look up at the stars at night, almost all of the ones we can see are intrinsically more massive and brighter than our sun. most longer - lasting stars that are fainter than the sun are just too dim to view without telescopic aid. at the end of a star ¿ s life, when the supply of available hydrogen is nearly exhausted, it swells up and brightens. many stars that are visible to the naked eye are in this stage of their life cycles because this bias brings them preferentially to our attention. they are, on average, a few hundred million years old and slowly coming to the end of their lives. a massive star such as the red betelgeuse in orion, in contrast, approaches its demise much more quickly. it has been spending its fuel so extravagantly that it cannot be older than about 10 million years. within a million years, it is expected to go into complete collapse before probably exploding as a supernova. stars are still being born at the present time from dense clouds of dust and gas, but they remain deeply embedded in their placental material and cannot be seen in visible light. the enveloping dust is transparent to infrared radiation, however, so scientists using modern detecting devices can easily locate and study them. in so doing


treatments for migraine, both for prevention and for alleviation during an attack, have been problematic because they have not been tailored specifically to the disorder. recent understanding of the neurobiology of migraine and the way the medicines work is leading to the development of more refined compounds with fewer side effects. such compounds could intervene at various sites ( marked on the diagram with xs ) and work in several ways. inhibit cortical spreading depression the wave of hyperexcitability called cortical spreading depression involves ion transfer from glia ( a class of brain cell ) to neurons, through a form of ion channel called a gap junction. gap junctions allow calcium to flow between glia and neurons, which activates the neurons. compounds currently in clinical trials close these cellular pores to stop the wave in its tracks. inhibit trigeminal neurons one of the ways that trigeminal nerves convey pain signals is by releasing the neurotransmitter calcitonin gene – related peptide ( cgrp ), which activates neurons in the trigeminal nucleus. a class of drugs called triptans alleviates migraine by blocking the release of cgrp. new treatments in advanced trials block the effects of cgrp. illustration credit : tami tolpa ( top ) ; jen christiansen ( bottom )


experiment with pneumatic - hydraulic engines the laws of physics come to life in this creative construction kit. build vehicles powered by air and water as you learn about water and air proplusion and hydro - pneumo systems that use a self - contained air - and - water turbine system as a motor. a colorful instruction book illustrates step - by - step assembly for a truck, excavator, radar car, tank, antique car, helicopter, motorbike, backhoe, rocket car, forklift, roadster, propeller plane, grinder, and cutting machine. once built you can compete with your friends to see whose water - jet propelled car and hydro - pneumo car goes the fastest. this unique kit allows you to build two different air - and - water - powered systems : water - jet propelled cars and hydro - pneumo ( which simply means air pressure and water pressure ) powered engines. the hydro - pneumo system uses a self - contained air - and - water turbine system as a motor. the 165 building pieces included in this set are compatible with those in all thames and kosmos construction series kits, physics series kits, wind power, and hydropower kits. recommended for ages 8 and up. warning : choking hazard - contains small parts. not for children under 3 years.


there has been a marked increase in cyber attacks by state and non - state hackerssince the russia georgia war of 2008. in addition to the cyber clashes resulting from israel ' s operation cast lead and theweb site defacement of india ' s eastern railway, the british government hasreported thousands of cyber attacks occurring each day on its criticalinfrastructure. the french embassies in britain, the u. s., china, and canada came under chinesecyber attacks in december 2008. the government of zimbabwe has been waging a cyber war against its oppositionparty for the past five years. as this report is being written, a 60 day u. s. cyber security review on how the u. s. government may best proceed to protect its cyberspace from a wide variety of attacks against u. s. financial infrastructure and national security threats on a dailybasis. this report aims to answer the following questions by examining three differentcyber events impacting almost a dozen nations : how effective is social network analysis in computer network exploitation? how critical is the ability to access black ( classified ) data in a cyber intelligenceeffort? is there evidence that points to russian government involvement in the georgiacyber attacks of july and august 2008? 1http : / / www. timesonline. co. uk / tol / news / uk / crime / article4592677. ece2http : / / intelfusion. net / wordpress /? cat = 4133http : / / concernedafricascholars. org / the - glass - fortress / 4http : / / news. cnet. com / 8301 - 13578 _ 3 - 10159975 - 38. html


teen programs history the 1980s marked an unprecedented surge in violent juvenile crimes, due in part to a transition by young people from drug use to the profitable and highly competitive drug trafficking market. traditional youth recreation programs and approaches became irrelevant because they were not aligned with the current behavior and circumstances of the participants. a new mayor was elected in seattle at the end of the 1980s and at every public meeting he attended he was asked, " what are you going to do about gangs? " seattle had a reputation of being america ' s most livable city. although known for its high quality of life, this image was being tarnished by the gang problem. the public, political officials, and businesses were all applying pressure to the bureaucratic system to address the gang problem. reco bembry, seattle teen programs coordinator, noted, " it was clear the solution had not been found yet, so the community and government were open to new ideas. " in 1989 a consortium of recreation professionals in the city was established as the " seattle team for youth. " in addition, a mayor ' s task force was formed comprised of the heads of city departments which deal with youth. see more information about our youth violence prevention program. we continue today to strive towards success in the following : - expanding parks and recreation opportunities for high school aged youth in the evenings and on weekends - creating and expanding youth employment opportunities, including paid internships and career shadowing, during the summer and throughout the year - aligning out - of - school time activities with school readiness and academic success - partnering with communities to develop services and activities that are specifically tailored for ethnic and immigrant populations


exercise sage brush - 1955 by rickey robertson in the history of the united states army, the great louisiana maneuvers of 1941 are still well remembered and many of the combat tactics learned in those maneuvers are still taught in the command and general staff school. the 1955 louisiana maneuvers, known as exercise sage brush, however eclipsed this previous maneuver in one aspect ; it was designed to test simulated combat conditions in an atomic war. the forces from various divisions and units again camped throughout louisiana just as their predecessors did in 1941, in ever town, village, communities, and the countryside, and throughout sabine parish. living here in the little community of peason and peason ridge many of the battles and engagements were fought right here. by capturing and holding peason and peason ridge, the invading armies could fan out and attack leesville, deridder, and lake charles. in comparison to the louisiana maneuvers of 1941 where over 470, 000 troops participated, exercise sage brush involved 140, 000 various troops ; 110, 000 were us army and 30, 000 us air force personnel. it became the largest post - world war ii maneuvers conducted in the united states. major unites included the 9th field army ( provisional ) comprised of the 1st armored division, 3rd infantry division, and a new unit to be tested, the 77th special forces group. this army had as air support the 366th and 405th fighter bomber wing, 345th light bomber group, 363rd tac recon wing, 507th tac air command group and the 11th tactical missile flight. the aggressor forces were comprised of the xviii airborne corps, 4th armored division, 82nd airborne division, and the 11th armored cavalry regiment. air support for the aggressor forces included the 312th fighter bomber wing, 479th fighter day wing, 461st light bomber wing, 363rd tac recon wing, and the 507th tac air command control wings. the residents of the maneuver area here in louisiana saw new equipment and tactics that had evolved from the previous maneuvers fourteen years earlier. look out louisiana, here we come!!! exercise sage brush ran from 31 october 1955 until 15 december 1955, longer than most army training maneuvers. its mission was to train the various units in " atomic attacks " for both the us army and the aggressor forces. the maneuvers began with a simulated atomic bomb set off at fort polk. residents of especially sabine and vernon parishes encountered giant 280mm atomic cannons capable of firing atomic artillery shells. the new us army


both the us army and the aggressor forces. the maneuvers began with a simulated atomic bomb set off at fort polk. residents of especially sabine and vernon parishes encountered giant 280mm atomic cannons capable of firing atomic artillery shells. the new us army h - 19 helicopters used to transport troops into combat areas also fascinated them. people drove up to the camps just to look at these flying contraptions! aggressor forces were constantly attacking the united states forces in an attempt to defeat them. the 82nd airborne ( aggressor forces ) hit the ground fighting and almost overran the us forces with two combat jumps landing in an area between eagle hill and lyles creek at peason and on peason ridge artillery range. armored units faced heavy traffic congestion with miles long traffic jams as mechanized units attempted to attack northward. in late november 1955 to early december 1955 torrential downpours held up military and civilian traffic. people could not travel to town, to church, and school buses could not pick up or deliver students to the various schools in sabine parish ; kids who lived at peason and attending plainview high school had a difficult journey each day just trying to get through the peason - plainview road. if buses got stuck or could not climb the ivy and ed dowden hill people got out and pushed or army vehicles pulled them up. the severe rainfall meant us air force units could not provide the close air support needed by the ground units, but occasionally the jets screamed over the tree tops. there were not enough air - to - ground radio communications, and more engineer units were needed to keep roads, bridges, and culverts operational during the heavy rainfall and during the " atomic attacks ", and more transport aircraft were needed to supply airborne troops. this was the first maneuvers held since the united states had nuclear weapons and many new problems had to be worked out with locations of the new atomic artillery units and their ammunition supply and storage dumps. but all these problems were addressed during exercise sage brush and would be corrected ; new equipment and the tactics learned during exercise sage brush would soon be used in a new war in a country called vietnam. the older folks remembered the 1941 maneuvers and the huge number of troops continuously on the move - but that was minor compared to the number of motor vehicles used during exercise sage brush. the folks saw everything differently during sage brush. heavy tanks replaced the early light tanks, jeeps had replaced the cavalry horses for recon duties, weapons carriers were in and out of the woodlands, bogs,


motor vehicles used during exercise sage brush. the folks saw everything differently during sage brush. heavy tanks replaced the early light tanks, jeeps had replaced the cavalry horses for recon duties, weapons carriers were in and out of the woodlands, bogs, and swamps, and in the air, troop carrier aircraft, jets, and helicopters filled the sky. but the scariest of all were the heavy atomic cannons. veterans of world war ii remembered the unknown certainties of the atomic bomb and here were weapons in the field that could deliver atomic projectiles onto the battlefield. here at peason helicopters landed in many places and troops would fan out and attack their objectives. we did not know it at the time, but this was the first of the " sky cavalry concept " to be tried. the lessons learned with the helicopters were used by the 1st cavalry division in vietnam in the ia drang valley very successfully. with the roads virtually destroyed by the heavy military traffic, engineer units were in great demand. i recently interviewed retired sgt. major edward stanberry of huntington tx. about his days during exercise sagebrush. he was a young platoon sergeant in the 21st engineer battalion and his unit moved continuously trying to keep the road network open. at a collapsed bridge sgt. stanbery and his men captured an aggressor tank. he and his unit stayed nearly two extra months after the maneuvers attempting to help rebuild the destroyed road network in the maneuver areas. let ' s look back and thank the service members who served during exercise sage brush, for they stood up for freedom during the days of the cold war and the possible attack by soviet russia. these service men upheld the fighting traditions of its predecessors and let ' s tell them " thank you for your service to our nation during exercise sage brush "! - a reminder of exercise sage brush near peason, louisiana found by the author is a carved beech tree with " jwn us 543635 1955 detroit mich ". this tree and several more have been located by the author on peason ridge ( rickey robertson collection ) - atomic cannon set up in the field during exercise sage brush near camp polk ( rickey robertson collection ) - recon platoon pictured near eagle hill on peason ridge during exercise sage brush ( rickey robertson collection ) - recon platoon checking out their equiptment and jeeps in preparation of exercise sage brush ( rickey robertson collection ) - supply dumps were scattered through the maneuver area for troops in the field during exercise sage brush ( rickey robertson collection ) - army campsite


gardeners are always on the lookout for tough, attractive, versatile shrubs - and if that shrub sports showy flowers, all the better. one evergreen shrub that fits this bill is carpenteria californica, known as bush anemone, and to boot it ' s a california native. this handsome shrub is found in the wild in the foothills of fresno county, growing along the shores of seasonal creeks, where it has thrived. this open shrub typically reaches 8 feet in height and width when grown in gardens and features 5 - inch, lance - shaped, glossy dark green leaves. a member of the mock orange family, which includes philadelphus species, it would be worth growing for its handsome foliage alone. most of us, though, will grow it for the masses of lightly fragrant, cup - shaped 3 - inch flowers that may remind many of single - form camellias. borne singly or in short terminal cymes from the upper leaf axils and showcasing central bosses of yellow stamens, the flowers provide eye - popping color for a full two months beginning in early summer. as plants mature, one is also treated to pale brown, peeling bark in the fall. this shrub is also deer resistant. bush anemones are showy enough to stand alone as a focal point in a lightly shaded area in your garden. they also make an excellent understory planting under or among taller trees. their brilliant white blooms will lighten up a shady corner and can, with shrubs such as coffeeberry, ceanothus and sarcococca, provide the foundation for a woodland garden. varieties such as the smaller ' elizabeth ' can easily be used as an evergreen hedge. it tops out at a modest 5 feet tall and 3 feet wide. did you know? originally discovered by john fremont in 1845, carpenteria ' s natural locale remained a mystery to california botanists for another 30 years. though not widely known initially in the united states, carpenteria nonetheless became very popular abroad in europe and england before re - emerging in the u. s. trade. carpenteria has an interesting sex life. much energy is invested each spring in masses of large, showy flowers. these flowers attract pollinators quite successfully, and hundreds of viable seeds develop, yet rarely does a seedling actually become established except after a fire. it is still unknown what factors associated with fire allow seedlings to establish. perhaps fire sterilizes the soil or removes competition sufficiently for seedlings to survive. plant in rich, well -


does a seedling actually become established except after a fire. it is still unknown what factors associated with fire allow seedlings to establish. perhaps fire sterilizes the soil or removes competition sufficiently for seedlings to survive. plant in rich, well - drained soil in dappled shade or morning sun. will tolerate wet conditions, but once established is considered a drought - tolerant shrub. occasional deep watering during the summer will promote new growth and more blooming. bush anemone is cold tolerant to 10 degrees. cut back the top third of the plant ' s stems after it flowers to improve its lax, open habit. pests & diseases fungal leaf spot may be a problem. keep an eye out for aphids and scale. bush anemones can tolerate wet soils if given good drainage but will suffer without it. it is resistant to oak root fungus. you can find carpenterias at your local full - service nursery. c. californica ' elizabeth ' is available from california flora nursery ( calflora. com ). plants can be ordered from las pilitas nursery ( laspilitas. com ). erle nickel is a nurseryman, gardening writer and photographer who cares for a sprawling oakland garden. e - mail him at firstname. lastname @ example. org.


with the recent attacks on chinese immigrant seniors emerging in public discourse, let us remember that asian pacific americans, like everyone, are entitled to be heard. we have not cornered the market on truth - but we do deserve an appreciation that discrimination affects each community differently, and that our experiences are as valid as others. as asian americans, we consistently confront the myth that we are a model minority - stereotyped as having fewer needs, more resources and extraordinary capacity for work and suffering. this myth has masked the vulnerability of many of our community members and also muted our capacity to have our issues fully understood and addressed. absent well - tailored solutions, resentment festers below the surface until a flash point triggers an outpouring of emotion that displaces reason. that is part of what is happening in the aftermath of the recent deaths of huan chen and tian sheng yu, both older asian men who were attacked by young african americans. but it is only part because the equation also involves race, and our collective failure to discuss race beyond the simple question of whether it matters. in america, especially for communities of color, race matters. but the relevant inquiry should be how race matters, and how to make it matter so we are moved toward hope and unity, rather than despair and division. though extremists do welcome racial conflict, asian americans who want to be heard on the issue of race ought to be encouraged to do so without being accused of starting a race war. otherwise we miss the clues that lead to the solutions we need. to many, the violence by a very small subset of african american young men against chinese american seniors reflects a problem that has finally boiled over - the product of decades of bullying and harassment that have gone unchecked. these incidents are often unreported because of cultural norms and language barriers, or unsolved. without intervention, a cycle begins in which harassment escalates into robberies and assaults, and even homicides, with the stereotyping of african americans as assailants growing on the one hand, and chinese american elders and youth as targets on the other. the nature of the problem requires a different approach : first, an exhaustive effort to document the scale of the problem, coupled with mental health support for victims to address what has become public trauma in some neighborhoods. second, use federal stimulus dollars for a multiracial civilian escort program that stops harassment before it escalates. more cost - effective than police, this can remind us that our diverse communities overwhelmingly do live and work together


the period under review here saw a number of important elections. most important were the general elections held on september 27, 2009, and the reelection of federal president horst kohler ( cdu ) by the federal assembly on may 23 the same year. the federal assembly only convenes to elect the federal president and is composed of the members of the bundestag and the same number of additional delegates nominated by the parliaments of the federal states. the federal president is thus not elected directly by the people. this absence of a direct legitimacy derived from the sovereign is unproblematic in our view. germany ’ s president has mainly representative functions, and his or her opportunity to intervene in the legislative process is rare and limited to reviewing the procedural constitutionality of laws. nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that there has been some discussion in the media dealing with the feasibility and desirability of electing the federal president directly. to sum up the debate, proponents of direct election have typically also argued for enhancing the federal president ’ s powers ( cf. sueddeutsche zeitung : 25. 5. 2009 ). based on the requirement of german citizenship, people aged 18 or over are eligible to vote and to run for election to the bundestag, provided that they have been resident in germany for at least three months. the right to vote can be denied to criminals by judicial order, to persons without legal capacity or to convicts currently residing in a psychiatric hospital. every citizen not falling under the stated exceptions and who is registered in the municipal civil registry is automatically included in the voter register. because registration with local authorities in germany is mandatory, this system operates without severe difficulties. in the run - up to the election, every registered citizen eligible to vote receives a notification with all required information necessary to exert his or her right to vote, as well as an application form for postal voting. citizens not included in the civil registry, such as homeless people, are eligible to vote but have to apply to the authorities in order to be registered. no problems have been reported in recent years. there is no real doubt that the legal situation also describes administrative reality. the grand coalition cabinet under chancellor angela merkel introduced several amendments to the federal electoral act – the last one in may 2009 – including the broadening of the right of germans living abroad to vote. beginning with the last election, german citizens abroad who have lived in germany for at least three months have been able to apply to register for the vote with the authorities of their last domestic residence. if this is done


omega - 3 fatty acids omega - 3 fatty acids are considered essential because our bodies cannot make them and therefore, we must obtain them from our diets. they are necessary for energy, growth, activities in body cells, and muscle activity. three fatty acids classified as omega - 3 are : alpha linolenic acid ( lna ), eicosapentenoic acid ( epa ) and docosahexenoic acid ( dha ). lna is found in tofu, soybean, canola oil and nuts. once in our bodies, lna can be converted to epa and dha. we also can get epa and dha directly from our diet, from fish sources. we know that epa and dha lower blood triglyceride levels, especially in people who have high triglyceride levels. studies have also shown that fish oil consumption can result in small reductions in blood pressure in individuals with high blood pressure ( no effect was seen in individuals with normal blood pressure ). omega - 3s have been promoted to prevent heart disease ; however, there is no convincing role for the supplements in prevention. unfortunately, we have no idea what the safe, optimal dose is for healthy individuals. health professionals recommend fish oil capsules only for patients with high blood triglycerides. for those who wish to increase their intake of the omega - 3s, eat fish sources 2 - 3 times weekly. fish containing omega - 3 fatty acids these fish contain 1 gram or more omega - 3s per 3. 5 ounces raw : - albacore tuna these fish contain 0. 5 to 0. 9 grams omega - 3s per 3. 5 ounces raw : - rainbow trout


freezing embryos - cryopreservation when the term " test - tube babies " was first coined more than 25 years ago, eyebrows rose in skepticism. today, creating life in a test tube is a common practice in treatments such as ivf, icsi and egg and sperm donation. the will to procreate is very powerful and medical science has gone to great lengths to help couples in various stages of infertility to realize their dream of a baby. often assisted reproductive techniques ( art ) like those mentioned above generate a number of embryos that exceed the number of those required for treatment. depending upon the quality of the embryos, they can be frozen and placed in storage to be used at a future date. providing enough eggs to create and excess for freezing embryos one of the phases of art involves the stimulation of the ovaries in order to produce a larger number of eggs than would be produced under normal circumstances. surplus embryos are created by fertilizing all of the eggs removed so there will be a selection of embryos to grow. this is done because not all embryos have the potential to grow. only the best are chosen for replacement into the womb and about half of the time there are more quality embryos than the one or two necessary for replacement. these embryos are good enough to be able to survive the freezing process and still be viable when they are thawed. storing these embryos allows for the possibility of another pregnancy ( if the first failed ) without having to go through the process of harvesting eggs and creating embryos again. advantages of freezing embryos there are advantages to freezing embryos, called embryo cryopreservation : · as mentioned above, the most important reason for freezing embryos is to have a surplus in the event more are needed at some point or to provide for another child. · ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a condition that can occur following ovarian stimulation for ivf. women who are at risk for this condition are advised to freeze all embryos created in order to be sure there will be enough for transfer. · embryo cryopreservation is used when there is a risk of the implantation being compromised by endometrial problems ( polyps, poor development ), or breakthrough bleeding or illness. · if there has been difficulty in the implantation of a fresh embryo because the cervix is narrow to scarred, then it is suggested that embryos be frozen to use in future efforts. · cryopreservation of embryo


illness. · if there has been difficulty in the implantation of a fresh embryo because the cervix is narrow to scarred, then it is suggested that embryos be frozen to use in future efforts. · cryopreservation of embryos is an integral part of egg donation programs because it is not always possible to synchronize the cycle of the recipient with that of the donor. · successful pregnancies allow for excess frozen embryos to be made available for donation to infertile couples. · when either of the partners is compromised with their health ( cancer or other diseases ) and requires potentially sterilizing treatments, embryo freezing is recommended and used. selecting embryos for freezing embryos are selected, placed into a cryoprotectant, which protects them from being killed in the freezing process, and then they are placed into a " straw " that is labeled with the particulars of the parents. this is done with a witness in order to ensure the details are correct. then the straw is placed into a freezer and the temperature is lowered to - 180c. from there, the straws go into a tank filled with nitrogen for storage. the process of freezing embryos the embryos are stored at different stages of growth ; one day ( pronuclear stage, 2 - 3 days ( 4 - 8 cells stage ) and 5 - 6 days ( blastocyst stage ). the earlier the embryos are frozen, the better the outcome seems to be when they are thawed. the statistics available indicate that about 70 % of embryos survive this process without evidence of harm to normal development of a baby. this process has a success rate, in most cases, of about 10 - 12 % per thaw cycle. some clinics spend more time nurturing early frozen embryos to the blastocyst stage in order to help with the potential of a pregnancy. since several embryos are thawed at a time, this process can result in the loss of some while the nurturing process is carried out. however, the rate of successful pregnancies increases as a result of encouraging growth before implantation. when the frozen embryos aren ' t needed there are laws in place governing the disposition of embryos in the event of death, separation, or failure to instruct the facility storing the embryos. usually, ivf facilities store frozen embryos for a period of five years and if they are not used within that period, then the individuals are required to determine how they want to proceed. they can sign


essay, research paper : franz kafka kafka was born in prague, bohemia, july 3, 1883 and died june 3, 1924 of tuberculosis at the age of 40. he came from a middle - class jewish family. his father was a shopkeeper and tried to climb up the social ladder by working hard at his shop and sending franz to a prestigious german high school. he went on to get a law degree and worked for two insurance companies ( not at the same time ) when his. tuberculosis got bad in 1917 he was put on temporary retirement with a pension. german was the language the upper class spoke and by sending franz to german schools his father tried to disassociate from the lower class jewish who lived in the ghetto. they were always moving from apartment to apartment advancing as the business grew. franz had a very strained relationship with his father that traumatically affected his whole life. this is apparent in a letter to his father he wrote, “ what was always incomprehensible to me was your total lack of feeling for the suffering and shame you could inflict on me with your words and judgments. it was as though you had no notion of your power ” ( letter ). max brod and franz met in college and became life long friends. it was max who persuaded franz to publish some of his work and it was max who was responsible for most of the kafka writings that are available today. franz had entrusted his manuscripts to max and in his last will and testament specified that all his work was to be destroyed. instead max had them published after franz ’ death. although he never married, he was engaged several times but always broke the engagement as the wedding day would approach. most of the biographies about him tell of his problem with women and repulsion from sex and say that it was evident in his writings. in an entry in his diary he wrote “ coitus as the punishment for the happiness of being together ” ( constructing ). his romances and engagements are well documented and it is interesting to note his selection of books that he gave to felice bauer : “ tolstoy ’ s diaries, the new and old testament, and gerhart hauptmann ’ s ‘ fool in christ emanuel quint ' " ( times ). franz met felice bauer at max ’ house and they had a five year courtship mainly through letters. he wrote to her daily when at the sanatorium in italy even while he was carrying on with an 18 year old swiss girl who was there also.


met felice bauer at max ’ house and they had a five year courtship mainly through letters. he wrote to her daily when at the sanatorium in italy even while he was carrying on with an 18 year old swiss girl who was there also. felice inspired him and he wrote several pieces during this time ; “ the judgment, ” which he dedicated to her, then “ the metamorphosis ” and he started amerika ( kafka. ) according to daniel hornek “ none of kafka ’ s novels was printed during his lifetime, and it was only with reluctance that he published a fraction of his shorter fiction. this fiction included meditation ( 1913 ), a collection of short prose pieces ; the judgment ( 1913 ), a long short story, written in 1912, which kafka himself considered his decisive breakthrough ( it tells of a rebellious son condemned to suicide by his father ) ; and the metamorphosis ( 1915 ), dealing again with the outsider, a son who suffers the literal and symbolic transformation into a huge, repulsive, fatally wounded insect. in the penal colony ( 1919 ) is a parable of a torture machine and its operators and victims - - - equally applicable to a person ’ s inner sense of law, guilt, and retribution and to the age of world war i. the country doctor ( 1919 ) was another collection of short prose. at the time of his death kafka was also preparing a hunger artist ( 1924 ), four stories centering on the artist ’ s inability either to negate or come to terms with life in the human community. ” franz kafka ’ s writings can be best described as nightmarish or dreamlike. he has impacted twentieth century literature greatly as evidenced by a word in the dictionary coined after him : “ kafkaesque ( adj ) : characteristic of the novels of franz kafka ; especially, bizarre or absurd, and often marked by the ineffectuality of the individual ” ( funk ). http : / / family. knick. net. thecastle / timeline. 2 mar. 2000. constructing franz kafka. hp. 1996 [ last update ]. online. available : http : / / info. pitt. edu / ~ kafka / biblio. html. 1 mar. 2000. contemporary authors. vol. 26. detroit : gale research, 1989. funk & wagnalls new and comprehensive international dictionary of the english language. ny : publishers guild press, 1978. horne


/ biblio. html. 1 mar. 2000. contemporary authors. vol. 26. detroit : gale research, 1989. funk & wagnalls new and comprehensive international dictionary of the english language. ny : publishers guild press, 1978. hornek, daniel. xoom. hp. 1999 [ last update ]. online. available : http : / / members. xoom. com / danielhornek /. 1 mar. 2000. kafka, leni. biography. hp. 2000 [ last update ]. online. available : http : / / victorian. fortunecity. com / vermeer / 287 / biography. htm. 2 mar. 2000. letter to his father. hp. 2000 [ last update ]. online. available : frank n. ed. franz kafka. vol. 4 of critical survey of short fiction. pasadena : salem press, 1993. novels for students vol. 7 farmington, mi : gale research, 1999. p281 - 297. pawel, ernst. the nightmare of reason : a life of franz kafka. ny : noonday press, 1992. spann, meno. franz kafka. george prior publishers, 1976. times literary supplement, aug. 22, 1997 n4925 p15 ( 2 ). world literature criticism 1500 to present. vol. 3. detroit : gale research, 1992. help other users to find the good and worthy free term papers and trash the bad ones. get a custom paper on famous people : free papers will not meet the guidelines of your specific project. if you need a custom essay on famous people :, we can write you a high quality authentic essay. while free essays can be traced by turnitin ( plagiarism detection program ), our custom written papers will pass any plagiarism test, guaranteed. our writing service will save you time and grade.


gumamela is a shrub that is highly cultivated as an ornamental plant in the philippines. it is the local term used in the philippines for hibiscus, china rose, and shoeflower. this plant has a scientific name known as hibiscus rosasinensis. usually, this ornamental plant grows from one meter up to four meters high. its flower may come in various colors similar to orange, white, pink, yellow, red, purple, and other color combinations. pertinently, gumamela flower, leaves, and roots are used as herbal medicine. this is due to the fact that this decorative shrub has numerous medical characteristics which include anti - infectious, expectorant, anti - inflammatory, anodyne, diuretic, antipyretic, emollient, and refrigerant. parts of a gumamela flower plant the flower usually consists of five petals which form a bell shape. it holds the ovary of the flower and is located at the base of the gumamela petals. the stigma produces shoots called stamen that form tubular structures coming out of the base. the stamen comprises pollen at the tips. its leaves are egg - shaped and glossy green. description of gumamela - this plant is an erect, much - branched, smooth shrub, which is about one to four meters in height. - its leaves are glossy green, ovate, pointed, which extends its length to about seven to twelve centimeter. - its flowers are solitary, axillary, and quite huge which extends its length to about ten centimeters, and twelve centimeters in diameter. the petals are commonly red, orange, or pink, obovate, rounded tip, and imbricate. the stamens are in long and slender tube form enclosing the entire style of the pistil and protruding out of the corolla. medical uses of gumamela just like other plants, gumamela can be used as herbal treatments due to its medical characteristics. here are some of its health benefits. - treatment for mumps and infection of the urinary tract - decoction of leaves for fevers - mucilage during labor - decoction of its leaves, flowers, and roots used as emollient. - the leaves are utilized as mild laxatives - crushed fresh leaves are used for treating carbuncles and boils - an infusion of leaves or poultice of the leaves are applied for relieving headaches - it can be used as hair growth stim


by staff writers washington dc ( spx ) jun 15, 2012 two of our milky way ' s neighbor galaxies may have had a close encounter billions of years ago, recent studies with the national science foundation ' s green bank telescope ( gbt ) indicate. the new observations confirm a disputed 2004 discovery of hydrogen gas streaming between the giant andromeda galaxy, also known as m31, and the triangulum galaxy, or m33. " the properties of this gas indicate that these two galaxies may have passed close together in the distant past, " said jay lockman, of the national radio astronomy observatory ( nrao ). " studying what may be a gaseous link between the two can give us a new key to understanding the evolution of both galaxies, " he added. the two galaxies, about 2. 6 and 3 million light - years, respectively, from earth, are members of the local group of galaxies that includes our own milky way and about 30 others. the hydrogen " bridge " between the galaxies was discovered in 2004 by astronomers using the westerbork synthesis radio telescope in the netherlands, but other scientists questioned the discovery on technical grounds. detailed studies with the highly - sensitive gbt confirmed the existence of the bridge, and showed six dense clumps of gas in the stream. observations of these clumps showed that they share roughly the same relative velocity with respect to earth as the two galaxies, strengthening the argument that they are part of a bridge between the two. when galaxies pass close to each other, one result is " tidal tails " of gas pulled into intergalactic space from the galaxies as lengthy streams. " we think it ' s very likely that the hydrogen gas we see between m31 and m33 is the remnant of a tidal tail that originated during a close encounter, probably billions of years ago, " said spencer wolfe, of west virginia university. " the encounter had to be long ago, because neither galaxy shows evidence of disruption today, " he added. " the gas we studied is very tenuous and its radio emission is extremely faint - so faint that it is beyond the reach of most radio telescopes, " lockman said. " we plan to use the advanced capabilities of the gbt to continue this work and learn more about both the gas and, hopefully, the orbital histories of the two galaxies, " he added. lockman and wolfe worked with d. j. pisano, of west virginia university, and stacy mcgaigh and edward shaya of the university of maryland. the scientists presented their


, the orbital histories of the two galaxies, " he added. lockman and wolfe worked with d. j. pisano, of west virginia university, and stacy mcgaigh and edward shaya of the university of maryland. the scientists presented their findings at the american astronomical society ' s meeting in anchorage, alaska. national radio astronomy observatory stellar chemistry, the universe and all within it comment on this article via your facebook, yahoo, aol, hotmail login. wise finds few brown dwarfs close to home pasadena ca ( jpl ) jun 15, 2012 astronomers are getting to know the neighbors better. our sun resides within a spiral arm of our milky way galaxy about two - thirds of the way out from the center. it lives in a fairly calm, suburb - like area with an average number of stellar residents. recently, nasa ' s wide - field infrared survey explorer, or wise, has been turning up a new crowd of stars close to home : the coldest of the brown dw... read more | the content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are copyright 1995 - 2012 - space media network. afp, upi and ians news wire stories are copyright agence france - presse, united press international and indo - asia news service. esa portal reports are copyright european space agency. all nasa sourced material is public domain. additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by space media network on any web page published or hosted by space media network. privacy statement |


cloves ( syzygium aromaticum, syn. eugenia aromaticum or eugenia caryophyllata ) are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family myrtaceae. it is native to indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world. the name derives from french clou, a nail, as the buds vaguely resemble small irregular nails in shape. cloves are harvested primarily in zanzibar, indonesia and madagascar ; it is also grown in india, and sri lanka. the clove tree is an evergreen which grows to a height ranging from 10 - 20 m, having large oval leaves and crimson flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. the flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. cloves are harvested when 1. 5 - 2 cm long, and consist of a long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the centre. clove, small, reddish - brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum of the family myrtaceae, was important in the earliest spice trade and believed in indigenous to the moluccas or spice islands ( now maluka ), of indonesia. the people of the moluccas used to plant a clove tree to celebrate the birth of a child and would wear a necklace of cloves as a protection from evil spirit and illness. strong in aroma and hot and pungent in taste, cloves are used to flavour many foods, particularly meats and bakery products ; in europe and the usa the spice is a characteristic flavouring in christmas holiday fare, such as wassail and mincemeat. the name clove is believed to be derived from the french word clou meaning nail due to the appearance of this spice. as early as 200 bc, envoys from java to the han - dynasty court of china brought cloves that were customarily held in the mouth to perfume the breath during audiences with the emperor. during the late middle ages, cloves were used in europe to preserve, flavour, and garnish food. clove cultivation was almost entirely confined to indonesia, and in the early 17th century the dutch eradicated cloves on all islands except amboina and ternate in order to create scarcity and sustain high prices. in the latter half of the 18th century the french


effects of high - intensity training on performance and physiology of endurance athletes carl d paton, will g hopkins sportscience 8, 25 - 40, 2004 endurance in relation to athletic performance has been defined in various ways. in this article we have reviewed effects of high - intensity training not only on athletic endurance performance but also on underlying changes in the aerobic energy system. endurance for our purposes therefore refers to sustained high - intensity events powered mainly by aerobic metabolism. such events last ~ 30 s or more ( greenhaff and timmons, 1998 ). training for endurance athletes generally emphasizes participation in long - duration low - or moderate - intensity exercise during the base or preparation phase of the season, with the inclusion of shorter - duration high - intensity efforts as the competitive phase approaches. the effects of low - to moderate - intensity endurance training on aerobic fitness are well documented ( see jones and carter, 2000 for review ), but reviews of high - intensity training on endurance performance have focused only on describing the effects of resistance training ( tanaka and swensen, 1998 ), the effects of resistance training with runners ( jung, 2003 ), and the different types of interval training used by athletes ( billat, 2001a ) and studied by researchers ( billat, 2001b ). furthermore, previous reviews have included the effects of high - intensity training on untrained or recreationally active subjects, so findings may not be applicable to competitive athletes. the purpose of this review was therefore to describe the effects of high - intensity training on performance and relevant physiological characteristics of endurance athletes. we identified most relevant publications through previous reviews and our own reference collections. we found 22 original - research peer - reviewed articles that identified competitive endurance athletes as the subjects in a study of effects of high - intensity training on performance or related physiology. we excluded studies of recreationally active subjects or of subjects whose characteristics were not consistent with those of competitive athletes, including daniels et al. ( 1978 ), hickson et al. ( 1988 ), tabata et al. ( 1996 ), franch et al. ( 1998 ), and norris and petersen ( 1998 ). we did not perform a systematic search of sportdiscus or medline databases for theses or for non - english articles, and we did not include data from chapters in books. we assigned the training to two categories : resistance training : sets of explosive sport - specific movements against added resistance, usual or traditional weight training ( slow repeated movements of weights ), explosive weight training, or plyometrics and


from chapters in books. we assigned the training to two categories : resistance training : sets of explosive sport - specific movements against added resistance, usual or traditional weight training ( slow repeated movements of weights ), explosive weight training, or plyometrics and other explosive movements resisted only by body mass ( table 1 ). interval training : single or repeated intervals of sport - specific exercise with no additional resistance ( table 2 ). classification of some resistance - training studies was difficult, owing to the mix of exercises or lack of detail. in particular, all the studies we classified under explosive sport - specific resisted movements probably included some non - explosive resisted movements and some plyometrics. we classified the duration and intensity of intervals in table 2 as follows : supramaximal ( < 2 min ), maximal ( 2 - 10 min ) and submaximal ( > 10 min ), where " maximal " refers to the intensity corresponding to maximum oxygen consumption ( vo2max ). the supramaximal intervals will have been performed at or near all - out effort ; the maximal intervals will have started at less than maximum effort, but effort will have approached maximum by the end of each interval ; the submaximal intervals can be considered as being close to anaerobic threshold pace ( a pace that can be sustained for ~ 45 min ), and effort will have risen to near maximum by the end of each interval. a major concern with all but one of the studies we reviewed is that the high - intensity training interventions were performed in the non - competitive phases of the athletes ’ season, when there was otherwise little or no intense training. authors who have monitored endurance athletes throughout a season have reported substantial improvements in performance and changes in related physiological measures as athletes progress from the base training to competitive phases ( barbeau et al., 1993 ; lucia et al., 2000 ; galy et al., 2003 ). indeed, our own unpublished observations show that well - trained cyclists ordinarily make improvements in power output of ~ 8 % in laboratory time trials as they progress from base through competitive phases of their season. the large improvement in performance as the competitive phase approaches occurs because athletes normally include higher intensity endurance training as part of a periodized program. it therefore seems unlikely that the large improvements reported in studies performed during a non - competitive phase would be of the same magnitude if the studies were performed in the competitive phase, when the athletes ordinarily include higher intensity training in their program. indeed, in the only training study we could find


reported in studies performed during a non - competitive phase would be of the same magnitude if the studies were performed in the competitive phase, when the athletes ordinarily include higher intensity training in their program. indeed, in the only training study we could find performed during the competitive phase of a season, toussaint and vervoorn ( 1990 ) found that 10 weeks of sport - specific resistance training improved race performance time in national level competitive swimmers by ~ 1 %. though such improvements appear small, they are important for elite swimmers ( pyne et al., 2004 ), and the estimated change in power of ~ 3 % is certainly greater than the ~ 0. 5 % that is considered important in other high - level sports ( hopkins et al., 1999 ). analysis of performance measures of performance in real or staged competitions are best for evaluating the effects of training interventions on competitive athletes ( hopkins et al., 1999 ). toussaint et al. ( 1990 ) were the only researchers to use competitive performance in a study of high - intensity training. the others have opted instead for laboratory - based ergometer tests or solo field tests, which may not reproduce the motivating effect of competition. appendix 1 summarizes the effects from sport - specific time trials and constant - power tests, sorted into the same three intensity / duration categories as the interval training. appendix 2 summarizes the effects on maximum power in incremental tests. to permit comparison of effects, we have converted outcomes in the various performance tests into percent changes in mean or maximum power, using the methods of hopkins et al. ( 2001 ). footnotes in the appendices indicate which measures needed conversion. the remaining tables show the effects of high - intensity training on physiological measures related to endurance performance : maximum oxygen consumption ( vo2max, appendix 3 ), anaerobic threshold, exercise economy ( appendix 4 ), and body mass ( appendix 5 ). most endurance events are performed at a nearly constant pace, and for those performed at an intensity below vo2max mean performance power or speed is the product of vo2max, the fraction of vo2max sustained, and aerobic energy economy ( di prampero, 1986 ). provided they can be measured with sufficient precision, percent changes in each of these components are therefore worth documenting, because they translate directly into percent changes in endurance power. of course, training is likely to change more than one of these components, so researchers serious about identifying the mechanism of a change in performance should assess all three


of these components are therefore worth documenting, because they translate directly into percent changes in endurance power. of course, training is likely to change more than one of these components, so researchers serious about identifying the mechanism of a change in performance should assess all three. most authors of the studies we reviewed measured vo2max, usually in an incremental test. some also measured economy ( work done per liter of oxygen consumed ) from vo2 measurement either in middle stages of the incremental test or at a fixed work rate in a separate test. where necessary, we re - expressed percent changes in vo2max and economy for vo2 measured in units of l. min ‑ 1, to avoid difficulties in interpretation arising from changes in mass when vo2 is expressed as ml. min ‑ 1. kg ‑ 1. no authors measured the fraction of vo2max sustained in the endurance test itself ( requiring measurement of vo2 throughout the test ), but some measured the anaerobic threshold, usually from an analysis of blood lactate concentration during an incremental test. depending in its method of measurement, the anaerobic threshold occurs at ~ 85 % of vo2max, an intensity that an athlete can sustain for ~ 30 - 60 min ( jones and carter, 2000 ). one can therefore assume that percent changes in the anaerobic threshold will translate directly into percent changes in fractional utilization of vo2max in a sub - vo2maximal event. authors in two studies provided the anaerobic threshold as a power rather than a percent of vo2max ; in this form the measure is effectively already a nett measure of submaximal endurance performance, with contributions from vo2max, fractional utilization of vo2max, and economy. we therefore included these measures in appendix 1 in the subgroup of submaximal tests. the relevance of changes in anaerobic threshold to changes in endurance performance at maximal and supramaximal intensities is unclear, but for such events ( lasting up to ~ 10 min ) anaerobic capacity makes a substantial contribution to performance ( greenhaff and timmons, 1998 ). none of the studies we reviewed included critical - power or other modeling of performance to estimate the contribution of changes in anaerobic capacity resulting from high - intensity training. however, a practical and much more reliable measure of anaerobic capacity is performance in sprints lasting ~ 30 s, which we have included as supramaximal tests in appendix 1. mass is an important determina


high - intensity training. however, a practical and much more reliable measure of anaerobic capacity is performance in sprints lasting ~ 30 s, which we have included as supramaximal tests in appendix 1. mass is an important determinant of performance in running the outcomes from individual studies are shown in appendices 1 - 5, at the end of this article. table 3 represents a summary derived from the appendices and justified in the following sections. appendix 1 shows that maximal and supramaximal intervals produced equally impressive gains ( 3. 0 - 8. 3 % ) on performance at submaximal intensities. the magnitude of the largest improvement ( westgarth - taylor et al., 1997 ) is likely to be due to either sampling variation or a computational error, because it is not consistent with the smaller gains ( 4. 6 and 8. 3 % ) in two similar studies by the same group ( lindsay et al., 1996 ; weston et al., 1997 ). explosive resistance training was less effective ( 0. 3 and 1. 0 % ) over the same time frame as the interval training studies ( ~ 4 wk ), and even after 9 wk the gains were still not as great ( 2. 9 and 4. 0 % ) as with interval training. in the only study of the effect of usual weight training on submaximal endurance, there were opposing effects on anaerobic threshold power ( 2. 6 % ) and time - trial power ( ‑ 1. 8 % ) in the same subjects after 12 wk. the authors suggested that the non - specific movement and speed of the weight training accounted for its failure to enhance time - trial performance ( bishop et al., 1999 ). explosive sport - specific movements produced the greatest gains in maximal endurance tests ( 1. 9 - 5. 2 % ) after 8 - 9 wk ( appendix 1 ). maximum intervals were less effective ( 2. 8 % ), although the duration of training was only 4 wk. plyometric jumps were less beneficial ( 1. 2 % ). not surprisingly, the highest - intensity training produced the greatest enhancements in the supramaximal tests ( appendix 1 ). the very large gain with explosive weights ( 11 % ) was more than twice that with supramaximal intervals and explosive sport - specific resistance ( 3. 0 - 4. 6 % ). maximal intervals had little effect ( 0. 4 % ). there was only one study of


11 % ) was more than twice that with supramaximal intervals and explosive sport - specific resistance ( 3. 0 - 4. 6 % ). maximal intervals had little effect ( 0. 4 % ). there was only one study of the effects of submaximal intervals ( sjodin et al., 1982 ), and it did not include measures of performance power. the effects on vo2max, anaerobic threshold, and economy in that study, if they were additive, would be consistent with ~ 6 % enhancement of submaximal endurance and possibly 2 - 4 % on supramaximal and maximal endurance respectively. maximum - intensity intervals appear to be the most effective form of high - intensity training for improving maximum incremental power ( by 2. 5 - 7. 0 % ; appendix 2 ). gains appear to be smaller with explosive sport - specific resistance training ( 2. 3 % and 6. 0 % ) and supramaximal intervals ( 1. 0 - 4. 7 % ), and possibly smaller still with explosive weights ( 2. 0 % ). remarkably, a gain of 4. 7 % was achieved in only four sessions of supramaximal intervals ( laursen et al., 2002a ). these improvements will transfer to time - trial performance to some extent, because maximum power achieved in an incremental test correlates well with time - trial performance ( noakes et al., 1990 ; hawley and noakes, 1992 ; bourdin et al., 2004 ). exactly how they will transfer might depend on the duration of the time trial. most of an incremental test is performed at submaximal intensities, but the last minute or two is maximal and supramaximal. performance in the test will therefore be determined by a mix of vo2max, anaerobic threshold, economy, and anaerobic capacity. if the mix does not reproduce that of the time trial, enhancements of one or more components of the mix will produce changes in maximum incremental power that differ from those in time - trial performance. it is evident from appendix 3 that the largest improvements in vo2max occurred with maximal - intensity interval training ( gains of 2. 3 - 7. 1 % ). supramaximal intervals were probably less effective ( impairment of 0. 6 % in one study, enhancements of 2. 2 % and 3. 5 % in two others ). the changes can


. 3 - 7. 1 % ). supramaximal intervals were probably less effective ( impairment of 0. 6 % in one study, enhancements of 2. 2 % and 3. 5 % in two others ). the changes can occur rapidly : laursen et al. ( 2002a ) recorded an increase of 3. 5 % after a total of only four supramaximal sessions in two weeks. explosive weight training can produce smaller gains ( up to 2. 0 % ), but the various forms of resistance training had a predominantly negative effect on vo2max. improvements in other physiological measures can offset this effect and result in nett improvements in endurance performance following resistance training. one cannot draw a firm conclusion about the effect of explosive resistance training on the anaerobic threshold in appendix 4, given that there were major enhancements in three studies ( 5. 0 - 7. 1 % ) and substantial impairments in two others ( 2. 0 and 2. 1 % ). in the only study of presumably maximal intervals, the gain was ~ 5. 0 %, whereas the gain was less ( 1. 5 % ) in the only study of submaximal intervals. although the claim of 39 % increase in economy from explosive sport - specific resistance training in appendix 4 is almost certainly erroneous, it is clear from the other studies in the table that explosive resistance training in general produced spectacular beneficial effects ( 3. 5 - 18 % ) on this endurance parameter. plyometrics may be only a little less effective ( 3. 1 - 8. 6 % ). the effects of interval training were least for submaximal ( 2. 8 % ) and greater for a mixture of submaximal and maximal ( 6. 5 % ). it is reasonably clear from appendix 5 that explosive resistance training increased body mass by ~ 1 %, presumably via an increase in muscle mass. any direct harmful effects of this increase in mass on performance were inconsequential, given the large enhancements that this form of training produced in power output of all durations. usual weight training may produce increases in body mass that are greater ( 2. 8 % in one study ) and therefore more likely to impair performance in some sports. high - intensity interval and resistance training in an endurance athlete ’ s non - competitive phase can substantially improve performance and related physiological measures. interval training at intensities around vo2max ( intervals lasting 2 - 10 min ) improves mainly submaximal endurance performance ( by


and resistance training in an endurance athlete ’ s non - competitive phase can substantially improve performance and related physiological measures. interval training at intensities around vo2max ( intervals lasting 2 - 10 min ) improves mainly submaximal endurance performance ( by ~ 6 % ) through improvements of all three components of the aerobic system ( vo2max, anaerobic threshold, economy ). effects of longer intervals at lower intensity have unclear but possibly similar effects on performance, judging by their effects on the components of the aerobic system. higher intensities of interval training ( intervals of < 2 min ) probably have similar benefit for submaximal endurance and possibly less benefit ( ~ 4 % ) for shorter durations of endurance performance, but the contribution of aerobic components is unclear. explosive resistance training produces some benefit ( ~ 2 % ) for submaximal endurance, but probably more benefit ( 4 - 8 % ) for maximal and supramaximal endurance. the effects of explosive resistance training are mediated at least partly by major increases in economy, possibly by increases in anaerobic threshold, but probably not by increases in vo2max. increases in body mass with this kind of resistance training are not an issue. many high - level endurance athletes will already include high - intensity intervals in their training leading up to and including the competitive phase. for these athletes adding more intervals is not necessarily a good strategy, but altering the mix to reduce the volume of lower intensity intervals and increase the volume of higher intensity intervals may be beneficial. athletes who do not currently include sport - specific explosive resistance training are almost certain to experience substantial gains in performance by adding this form of training to their programs. a partially selective effect of the different kinds of training on physiological measures raises the possibility of prescribing training to correct weaknesses in these measures. on the basis of the existing research one can tentatively recommend adding or increasing explosive resistance training for an athlete with a poor economy and / or poor anaerobic capacity, and adding or increasing maximal intervals for an athlete with a poor vo2max. we need more research aimed at filling voids in the matrix of different kinds of training vs effects on performance and physiology. in particular : we need to know more about the effects of non - specific resistance training ( especially plyometrics and usual weights ) on performance and some aspects of physiology. the effects of supramaximal intervals on anaerobic threshold and economy need more research. the one study on physiological effects of submaximal intervals needs augment


b, petit b, muriaux g, koralsztein j ( 1999 ). interval training at vo2max : effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 156 - 163 bishop d, jenkins dg, mackinnon lt, mceniery m, carey mf ( 1999 ). the effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 886 - 891 bourdin m, messonnier l, hager jp, lacour jr ( 2004 ). peak power output predicts rowing ergometer performance in elite rowers. international journal of sports medicine 25, 368 - 373 creer ar, ricard md, conlee rk, hoyt gl, parcell ac ( 2004 ). neural, metabolic, and performance adaptations to four weeks of high intensity sprint - interval training in trained cyclists. international journal of sports medicine 25, 92 - 98 daniels jt, yarbrough ra, foster c ( 1978 ). changes in vo2max and running performance with training. european journal of applied physiology 39, 249 - 254 di prampero pe ( 1986 ). the energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. international journal of sports medicine 7, 55 - 72 franch j, madsen k, mogens sd, pedersen pk ( 1998 ). improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands. medicine and science in sports and exercise 30, 1250 - 1256 galy o, manetta j, coste o, maimoun l, chamari k, hue o ( 2003 ). maximal oxygen uptake and power of lower limbs during a competitive season in triathletes. scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports 13, 185 - 193 greenhaff pl, timmons ja ( 1998 ). interaction between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during intense muscle contraction. exercise and sport sciences reviews 26, 1 - 30 hawley ja, noakes td ( 1992 ). peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists. european journal of applied physiology 65, 79 - 83 hickson rc, dvorak ba, gorostiaga em, kurowski tt, foster c ( 1988 ). potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. journal of applied physiology 65, 2285 - 2290 hoff j, gran a,