{"text": "the idea of the hypernova was first proposed by dr. bohdan paczynski of princeton university. he wanted to explain the gamma ray burst s that typically last a few second s at a time, come from seemingly random directions in space, and have the potential to produce more energy than anything else in the rest of the universe for a few seconds. the first remnants of such an explosion were identified by q. daniel wang of northwestern university, using work done by dr. you - hua chu of the university of illinois at urbana - champaigne as a base. the two remnants he identified reside in the galaxy m101 in the ursa major constellation. they have been given the easily memorable names ngc5471b. the former is a nebula that is expanding at at least a hundred miles a second while the latter is one of the largest pieces of supernova wreckage known at 850 light year s across. both are about ten times brighter than any known supernova remnants in our galaxy little is known for sure about these powerful explosions, although it is suspected that they are the product of the collapse of extremely massive stars or their collisions with superdense objects such as neutron stars. both relationships also imply that hypernovae probably have something to do with the formation of black holes. aside from the physics that i ' m not going to butcher by trying to explain, these relationships have been deduced primarily from the locations of gamma ray bursts ' points of origin as well as the locations of various remnants of hypernovae, which both tend to be in areas of intensive star formation. said areas are also hotspots for the formation of neutron stars, black holes, and other associated objects. another hypernova that may come to play an important role in our lives in the near future is eta carainae. while it is not yet a hypernova, it is suspected that it will probably become one relatively soon due to its unstable patterns of brightness and dimness over the past 150 years that has culminated recently in an intensive brightening spell. it now radiates around 400 million times as much light and energy as the sun and is brightening in a way that astronomers do not understand. on the bright side, though, if it does explode again, it will probably be too far away ( 7500 light years ) to hurt those of us who are protected from gamma ray bursts by an atmosphere. if, however, you are an orbital satellite or have any friends who are orbital satellites, i ' d be very frightened indeed. a really cool picture of eta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5485484559472231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.336554"} {"text": "chapter vi. arrival at the lake. \" it sleeps among a hundred hills where no man ever trod, and only nature ' s music fills the silences of god. \" after going about two thousand three hundred miles up this serpentine river, we discovered the entrance to the lake. many had been the conjectures and counsels of would - be advisers when we started. some said that there was no entrance to the lake from the river ; others, that there was not sufficient depth of water for the steamer to pass through. on our port bow rose frowning rocks of forbidding aspect. drawing nearer, we noticed, with mingled feelings of curiosity and wonder, that the face of these rocks was rudely carved by unmistakably indian art. there were portrayed a rising sun, tigers ' feet, birds ' feet, etc. why were they thus carved? are those rocks the everlasting recorders of some old history - some deed of indian daring in days of old? what these hieroglyphics signify we may never know ; the workman is gone, and his stone hammer is buried with him. to twentieth century civilization his carving tells nothing. no indians inhabit the shores of the lake now, perhaps because of this \" writing on the wall. \" with the leadsman in his place we slowly and cautiously entered the unexplored lake, and thus for the first time in the world ' s history its waters were ploughed by a steamer ' s keel. soon after our arrival the different guards were told off for the silent watches. night shut in upon the lake, and all nature slept. the only lights on shore were those of the fire - flies as they danced through the myrtle boughs. the stars in the heavens twinkled above us. now and again an alligator thrust his huge, ugly nose out of the water and yawned, thus disturbing for the moment its placid surface, which the pale moon illuminated with an ethereal light ; otherwise stillness reigned, or, rather, a calm mysterious peace which was deep and profound. somehow, the feeling crept upon us that we had become detached from the world, though yet we lived. afterwards, when the tigers [ footnote : jaguars are invariably called tigers in south america. ] on shore had scented our presence, sleep was often broken by angry roars coming from the beach, near which we lay at anchor ; but before dawn our noisy visitors always departed, leaving only their footprints. early next morning, while the green moon was still shining ( the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4475908086534853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.342065"} {"text": "our presence, sleep was often broken by angry roars coming from the beach, near which we lay at anchor ; but before dawn our noisy visitors always departed, leaving only their footprints. early next morning, while the green moon was still shining ( the color of this heavenly orb perplexed us, it was a pure bottle green ), each one arose to his work. this was no pleasure excursion, and duties, many and arduous, lay before the explorers. the hunter sallied forth with his gun, and returned laden with pheasant and mountain hen, and over his shoulder a fine duck, which, unfortunately, however, had already begun to smell - the heat was so intense. in his wanderings he had come upon a huge tapir, half eaten by a tiger, and saw footprints of that lord of the forest in all directions. let me here say, that to our hunter we were indebted for many a good dish, and when not after game he lured from the depths of the lake many a fine perch or turbot. fishing is an art in which i am not very skilled, but one evening i borrowed his line. after a few moments ' waiting i had a \" bite, \" and commenced to haul in my catch, which struggled, kicked, and pulled until i shouted for help. my fish was one of our paraguayan sailors, who for sport had slipped down into the water on the other side of the steamer, and, diving to my cord, had grasped it with both hands. not every fisher catches a man! lake gaiba is a stretch of water ten miles long, with a narrow mouth opening into the river paraguay. the lake is surrounded by mountains, clad in luxuriant verdure on the bolivian side, and standing out in bare, rugged lines on the brazilian side. the boundary of the two countries cuts the water into two unequal halves. the most prominent of the mountains are now marked upon the exhaustive chart drawn out. their christening has been a tardy one, for who can tell what ages have passed since they first came into being? looking at mount ray, the highest of these peaks, at sunset, the eye is startled by the strange hues and rich tints there reflected. frequently we asked ourselves : \" is that the sun ' s radiance, or are those rocks the fabled ' cliffs of opal ' men have searched for in vain? \" we often sat in a wonder of delight gazing at the scene, until the sun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4599045761484317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.345203"} {"text": "aplomado falcons are rare birds. so rare, in fact, that no one really knows how many exist. their historic range extended from casual visits to tierra del fuego north to northern mexico and southern texas, new mexico and arizona. fossils of their pleistocene predecessors have been found in what is now called ecuador and peru. no one even knows how many lived the united states. we do know that by the early 1960s none were residents in the united states. a vicious combination of ddt and elimination of the native grasslands had eradicated them. some survived in northern mexico but very few. a breeding program begun in 1977 has released about 500 aplomados in northern mexico and southern texas and southern new mexico. the remaining natural grasslands of the chihuahuan desert are natural habitat for them. one of the many good things ted turner has done with his life is make available one of his new mexico ranches for a release program. this ranch is just south of the bosque del apache wildlife refuge in central new mexico and at least one of the falcons has made its way there. we saw it day before yesterday and here are photos. it is a juvenile and it was making the acquaintance of a raven. given the intelligence of ravens, we wondered if the raven knew how rare aplomados are and just wanted to look at one \u201c up close and personal. \u201d we \u2019 re sorry the birds are so small in the photo but they were a long way away and the adapter which fits the camera to our spotting scope was even further so this is the best we got. we \u2019 ll return again soon and try again, hopefully before this bird grows out of its juvenile coloring.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4454799660784271, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.349618"} {"text": "tree ownership brings with it the responsibility to manage each tree to minimize risks associated with environmental hazards and aging. following these three simple rules will make for safer trees ; ( 1 ) systematic inspection, ( 2 ) treating problems quickly, ( 3 ) removing a tree when it ' s risk outweighs its value. the tree examination maintaining a tree health issues is a fairly simple process and should be done slowly and systematically. pick a spot where you can see the entire tree and on a day with appropriate weather and sunlight conditions. that inspection should include these three major tree sections - the crown ( branches and foliage ) ; the trunk ( tree stem ) ; the roots ( within the critical root zone ). printing my quick guide how to check a tree ' s health can help with this and also be used for note - taking. some sources suggest a tool kit to use including binoculars, trowel, rubber mallet and a yardstick. this is certainly appropriate but, in my opinion, not really necessary. using these tools can give clues that yield information to one who knows how to interpret those clues. i have found that most serious problems can be readily found without the kit by any observant tree owner. i will now describe the most serious conditions. you should try to identify the tree species group ( oaks, elms, birches, etc ) as they have unique risks and tolerances to certain conditions. tree conditions of major concern defective root conditions : roots can become defective by a failure of the soil and by root failure. it is important to know the difference. soil failure happens when soil particles lose the the ability to hold the root system in place. saturated and waterlogged soils combined with high wind can cause this. serious saturation problems may call for a drainage correction. obviously, root failure is a major defect to contend with. roots that are severed, decayed or otherwise damaged can cause failure. check for large roots that have died, are decayed, have been cut or broken, or are confined, restricted or strangling the tree ' s main stem. leaning trees may have a root problem and should be taken seriously when soil is \" mounding \" opposite the leaning side. multiple trunks : tree failure can occur where a tree forks at or near the ground. inside that fork, a weak union is possible and can cause the union to separate. not all unions are problems. a solid union is when there is a well developed \" u \" and / or where there are upturned ridges between trunks, stems and branches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44737368903214453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.366457"} {"text": ", a weak union is possible and can cause the union to separate. not all unions are problems. a solid union is when there is a well developed \" u \" and / or where there are upturned ridges between trunks, stems and branches. problems are more likely when stem unions are cracked, decayed and has included bark ( ingrown bark between two trunks ). weak branch attachment : findingweak branch attachments will take a little more time and keener observation skills. these attachments usually occur where older limbs have broken off and where sprouts have developed off these breaks. as the weak limb sprouts grow larger, they gain weight and can fail at any time. signs of a weak branch attachment are included bark at the branch union, branches that grow off topping cuts, branches with abrupt 90 degree bends, species with a tendency for branch failure ( hackberry ) and where a branch is as large as its attached stem. cavities and decay : decay is in every tree and introduced at the point of an injury. it is caused by a fungal infection which causes the breakdown of wood cells and overwhelms the ability of the tree to compartmentalize that particular area. cavities develop as the wood deteriorates and may be visible on the outside or in an unseen interior section. signs of decay include mushrooms and conks, loose bark, dead branch stubs, trunk bulges, ants and nesting holes. hangers and suspended branches : hangers are limbs that have broken but remain attached to another limb or broken off the tree stem. a suspended branch is one that is detached but \" hung up \" in the living material. these aerially suspended branch hazards should be taken seriously and removed, especially if there is property and potential traffic below. the removal of hangers should be carefully completed and any remaining part of a live branch removed using proper pruning methods. cracks : cracks can occur at the point of a major fork or where a tree flaw undermines the structure. cracks can form from traumatic stress and usually separates along the wood grain. they are of major concern when they occur along the main tree stem or on major branches and when long and deep. signs of a crack needing attention is one running deep and long, is opposite or connected to decay / cavity or among multiple cracks. deadwood : some deadwood is seen on most trees in one form or another. and more easily identified during the growing season. obviously, the tree safety hazard issue increases as the size of the branch or limb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4960311073732861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.367775"} {"text": "decay / cavity or among multiple cracks. deadwood : some deadwood is seen on most trees in one form or another. and more easily identified during the growing season. obviously, the tree safety hazard issue increases as the size of the branch or limb increases. again, if you have targets that can be harmed under the tree, removing deadwood should be done as soon as possible. deadwood also could mean that the tree has a health issue. dying limbs and branches often indicates root damage on that same side. so you know the problem! now what? most of these problems will take major tree work if not corrected when the tree is very young. an aging tree becomes more and more massive and outgrows the ability of the owner to do the work safely. you should only attempt to do the work required if the tree is small, easily handled and in reach of the ground. attempting tree work yourself may cost more than you bargained for and get you hurt too boot! always get a second opinion on your evaluation. there are professional arborists in the business that will gladly help you in the decision making process. their cost may be well worth the expense and prevent a weekend job that could conceivably turn into a tragic mistake. try visiting the international society of arboriculture ' s web site to find a certified arborist in your area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4478509992262403, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.369438"} {"text": "academic performance and college aspirations suffer when harassment goes unchecked the gay, lesbian and straight education network, or glsen, released its most recent national school climate survey in 2003. for the first time, the bi - annual study reported a direct relationship between in - school victimization, grade - point averages ( gpas ) and the college aspirations of lgbt students. at the same time, more than 4 out of 5 lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender ( lgbt ) students reported being verbally, sexually or physically harassed at school because of their sexual orientation. key findings of the 2003 national school climate survey include : to download a free copy of the survey and key findings document click onto the ' related documents ' notepad to the right. - unchecked harassment correlates with poor performance and diminished aspirations : lgbt youth who report significant verbal harassment are twice as likely to report they do not intend to go to college and their gpas are significantly lower ( 2. 9 vs. 3. 3 ). - supportive teachers can make a difference : 24. 1 % of lgbt students who cannot identify supportive faculty report they have no intention of going to college. that figure drops to just 10. 1 % when lgbt students can identify supportive staff at their school. - policymakers have an opportunity to improve school climates : lgbt students who did not have ( or did not know of ) a policy protecting them from violence and harassment were nearly 40 % more likely to skip school because they were simply too afraid to go. - harassment continues at unacceptable levels and is too often ignored : 84 % of lgbt students report being verbally harassed because of their sexual orientation. 82. 9 % of students report that faculty never or rarely intervene when present. glsenis national school climate survey is the only national survey to document the experiences of lgbt students in americais schools and has been conducted bi - annually since 1999. the 2003 survey includes responses from 887 lgbt middle and high school students from 48 states and the district of columbia. key findings, the complete survey and additional information about methodology and demographics may be obtained by calling glsenis communications department at 212 - 727 - 0135 or by visiting www. glsen. org. glsen, or the gay, lesbian and straight education network, now in its 10th year, is the leading national education organization focused on ensuring safe schools for all students. glsen envisions a world in which every child learns to respect and accept all people, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity / expression.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4847374828826273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.375133"} {"text": "how the heart opens : sacred geometry and the new science of compassion - the heart ' s labyrinthine electrification : 1. dimple, 2. ' turn inside out \" from dan winter 12 / 3 / 2000 the essential thing we have learned about phi / golden ratio harmonics from years of harmonic analysis of ekg during bliss, is that indeed the completion of the ' turning inside out ' process is the new science of compassion. what is marvelous for those interested in labyrinth studies is that work is precisely the topo map to how to turn inside enacted outside you, so that you can do it ( compassion ) inside you. the animation of turning inside out on the 7 color moebius map of the origin of matter, co - defines the 7 spin ( symmetries ) of the tetra ( as seen in the heart muscle geometry ) and when projected onto ' flatland ' ( 2d ) codefines the labyrinth ( animation below ). when this turning inside out ness of both the heart electrification and the labyrinth is mapped going to it ' s limit or boundary or final 3d fractal symmetry, we literally get the animation of the holy grail. the essential point for teaches of the ultimate map to successful turning inside out ness ( labyrinth ), is to translate the topological skill learned kinesthetically from the labyrinth - into what you do inside your heart when you choose to feel someone outside as if they were inside. this is the ' new sacred geometry how does phi / golden mean based recursion now imagine the heart learning the teachable skill we have called compassion, like a child learns how to digest foods.. 1 at a time.. creating this electrical ratio in the heart harmonics.. directly. 618 phi from the above graphic, in the heart!.. made visible with heartlink labyrinth creating and walking with intent, on the land can sort magnetic tangles ( geopathic zones ), can help re - draw ground water into magnetic flowering, help with dyslexia, with creativity, begin to embed your back yard and bio - region into the global magneto - gravitiv fractal.. with thanks to marty cain, who teaches the profound relation between where the labyrinth turn points lie, and the flowering of the underground water, and the healing of the land and those who... \" by turning and turning they come round right \". for labyrinth building : magnetic map of your back yard if you had to do the actions necessary to be born, the first move you ever made, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.574107830405612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.381751"} {"text": "of the land and those who... \" by turning and turning they come round right \". for labyrinth building : magnetic map of your back yard if you had to do the actions necessary to be born, the first move you ever made, was to turn inside out.. when the ectoderm and the endoderm ( ( turning inside out ) ) then you know the egg is going to become a fetus.. to begin the dimple ( vortex ) deepens, as the spin added by sperm, learns the geometry of recursion : now if you needed a mnemonic device in order to remind you of the kinesthetic feeling of walking around on the surface of the moebius which is the donut turning inside which makes the dimpling sustainable you might find a way to project the 7 color donut map ( codefining the 7 spins of the tetra ).... onto a flat surface ( flatland ).. like shadows on the wall of plato ' s this would give you the 7 circuit next, starting with the \" greek key \", which is the inside then outside stepping of the flamenco we add a turn to arrive a the 7 circuit cretan / minoan labrinth.. a kinesthetic mnemonic to weave the spin path to turning inside out into body memory.. from 1d.. greek key to 3d... 7 color donut.. learning to lead magnetic paths to recur ( turning inside out ), is the memory of how to sort them.. and thus give them el ( turn ) into the eye ( focus ) of labyrinths are also a great way to help your horse center, and you to be centered on your horse.. sue ann foster ' s labyrinth, in carmichael california.. dowse to turn at ley water dome points start with a magnetic map and feed the rose petaling of the magnetic lines.. get landscape elemental to sit on your shoulder whispering.. stone circle implies labyr.. basic dowsing skill to feel magnetism is to feel life.. notice that biodiversity of heirloom seeds.. creates capacitive joy ( access to newness ) for genes monocultured grains scream.. all hunger for implosion, because all want to touch return to sacred geometry master", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5465686055157992, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.382572"} {"text": "the acrimony directed at sugar, in all its forms, has taken a particularly bitter turn of late, with the suggestion that sugar is a poison and should be regulated as such through some combination of taxes, product bans, and dose restrictions. is this rational, or maybe just a bit crazy? let ' s chew on it. excess dietary sugar is irrefutably harmful. the calories provided \u2014 whether from sucrose, high - fructose corn syrup, or any other variant \u2014 are empty, carrying no nutritional benefit to offset the cost, and they contribute to weight gain and obesity. the glycemic effect of sugar \u2014 its tendency to raise blood sugar, and in some cases insulin \u2014 can further contribute to extra pounds and obesity, as well as hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and ultimately, diabetes. such, by and large, is the epidemiologic indictment of sugar. there is, as well, an indictment based on dietary guidance : americans eat considerably more, on average, than the 10 percent of daily calories that authorities such as the world health organization, the american heart association, the institute of medicine, and the dietary guidelines advise should come maximally from added sugars, and the 25 percent that should come from total sugars. and there is even a biochemical indictment, based on the fact that high levels of sugar, and perhaps fructose in particular, can be linked to vital organ injury. most notably it has been tied to liver damage resembling the effects of alcohol, as described most vividly and adamantly by robert lustig of the university of california \u2013 san francisco. all of which seems to suggest we should just go ahead and convict sugar as a toxin, and regulate it. but i don ' t think it is, and i don ' t think we should. sugar is a native part of the homo sapiens diet. babies get it first from breast milk, and virtually all humans also consume fruits as part of their native diet. glucose floats in the blood and must remain above a particular concentration at all times or a person will succumb to nausea, fainting, seizure, and, without prompt remediation, death. if adequate sugar is not consumed, the body will make \" sugar \" in the liver from any nutrient source available to maintain that crucial level in the bloodstream. so sugar cannot be avoided entirely. and then there is the question : what will people wind up eating instead? soda isn ' t the only product that can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44754226030767397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.389964"} {"text": "\" in the liver from any nutrient source available to maintain that crucial level in the bloodstream. so sugar cannot be avoided entirely. and then there is the question : what will people wind up eating instead? soda isn ' t the only product that can be artificially sweetened. doughnuts, danish, and muffins can, too. but the starches these foods are made of often have a higher glycemic index than sugar itself. though researchers have demonstrated that improving the overall quality of the diet is powerfully good medicine for both health and weight, to date, the \" one nutrient at a time, \" or onaat, fallacy has led to nothing but compounded troubles. we added oat bran, cut fat, cut carbs, yet still got fatter and sicker each time. if sugar is regulated, it could open the floodgates to artificially sweetened everything, leading people to eat even more products that are unsound in other ways. we could well repeat the follies of nutritional history. there are better ways to go, like measuring the overall nutritional quality of foods with a validated scoring index, such as nuval ( www. nuval. com ), which i helped develop and is now being licensed to retail grocery chains around the country, like hy - vee, meijer, and price chopper. nuval places a suitable emphasis on sugar, along with starch, glycemic load, artificial sweeteners, and every other nutrient property that truly matters. in addition, financial incentives ( or disincentives ) could be tied to such a metric. health insurers for years have been offering better rates to companies offering wellness programs and to employees who use them. incentives that reduce the cost of the most nutritious foods could be provided by those currently paying the much higher costs of disease care : insurance companies, employers, and the government. the public, too, can be better educated about the abundance of added \" stealth \" sugar in seemingly unsweet foods. do we eat too much sugar? yes. can policy help fix that? again, yes. but to suggest that sugar is the only thing wrong with the modern diet and a poison is a distortion that risks both distraction and backlash. to take a slight liberty with the yiddish for \" crazy, \" it ' s a bit misugarna! hungry for more? write to firstname. lastname @ example. org with your questions, concerns, and feedback. david l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.462565900812206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.392442"} {"text": "jailed for freedom pin grade range : k - 12 resource type ( s ) : artifacts, primary source date posted : 9 / 3 / 2008 in january 1917, members of the national woman ' s party ( nwp ) became the first people to picket the white house. protesting the government ' s failure to pass a constitutional amendment enfranchising women, nwp members, led by alice paul, began picketing the white house. their purple, white, and gold banners asked president woodrow wilson, \" mr. president what will you do for woman suffrage? \" and \" mr. president how long must women wait for liberty? \" tolerated at first, the \" silent sentinels \" were increasingly seen as an embarrassment to the administration. as the united states entered the first world war, the nwp pickets ' banners often pointed out the hypocrisy of fighting for democracy and freedom in europe while denying it to women at home. in june 1917, the d. c. police began arresting picketers for obstructing sidewalk traffic. over 150 women were sentenced to terms ranging from 60 days to six months in the occoquan workhouse. when their demands to be treated as political prisoners were ignored, they went on hunger strikes and were forcibly fed. the publicity surrounding their ordeal generated public sympathy for the suffragists and their cause. in december, 1917, at a meeting in their honor, the pickets who had been jailed were presented with small silver pins in the shape of prison doors with heart - shaped locks. the national museum of american history owns three \" jailed for freedom \" pins that belonged to lucille calmes, amelia walker, and alice paul. the nineteenth amendment to the constitution enfranchising women was ratified in august 1920. use this investigation sheet to guide students through describing the object and analyzing its meaning. historical thinking standards ( grades k - 4 ) historical thinking standards ( grades 5 - 12 ) united states history standards ( grades 5 - 12 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4630047443773267, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.395204"} {"text": "heather cox richardson in 1938 superman sped into this galaxy from the planet krypton to save humanity. he and his superhero friends oversaw the chaos of the late 1940s, as america first fought world war ii and then struggled to adjust to demobilization. superman and his friends then swept through the skies as the u. s. armed for the cold war. while superman matured, the late 1940s and early 1950s brought chilling fear to americans that the nation was slipping, losing ground to the russians, falling apart. so many children \u2014 and adults \u2014 were reading comics that critics carped that comics themselves were part of america \u2019 s moral decline. in 1953, 6. 5 comics were sold for every one person in the country. more than 90 % of children admitted to reading them. in 1954 the psychiatrist fredric wertham published the seduction of the innocent, detailing how comic books dragged impressionable youths into crime, violence, and homosexuality. the book used anecdotes to prove that batman, for example, promoted a gay lifestyle. the seduction of the innocent was such a sensation that wertham became the go - to man for information about the danger of comics, and the industry itself, which scorned wertham, felt obliged to bow to pressure from his acolytes. to preempt government censorship, the comics magazine association of america developed the comics code authority, which banned violence, sex, and disrespect for authority in comic books. under the comics code, good must always triumph over evil, and any treatment of sexuality had to emphasize the sanctity of marriage. wertham died in 1981, and his archives opened to researchers in 2010. carol tilley, a scholar of library science at the university of illinois, dug immediately into wertham \u2019 s files on the seduction of the innocent. she found that wertham had comprehensively fudged his data. wertham used no citations, and excised from his notes the full portraits of the children he claimed were victimized by comics. his 13 - year - old \u201c dorothy \u201d refused to go regularly to school because she admired sheena, queen of the jungle and crime comics. in fact, dorothy had other attributes that undoubtedly affected her school attendance : she was a sexually active runaway with a reading disability who belonged to a gang. another 13 - year - old \u2014 a boy this time \u2014 admired batman for what he and robin might be doing in their spare time ; in fact, the boy had been sexually assaulted and preferred", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4654015871789111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.399515"} {"text": "remember that these lists are only suggestions. we strongly recommend that you review the entire list of workshops to find the ones that suit you best. f - 3 exhibitor : components of a complete language arts program aspects of a comprehensive language arts program including : phonics and phonemic awareness ; spelling ; vocabulary and word study ; reading strategies, fluency, and comprehension ; grammar, usage, mechanics ; and written composition. resources in each area for struggling learners. a thumbnail look at what speaker \u2019 s top picks offer and what audience would most benefit from each. f - 6 how to begin homeschooling planning your homeschool and getting started. complying with the law, including filing the required online form pi - 1206. a - 1 exhibitor : choosing textbook - based curriculums for your family overwhelmed by all the homeschool curriculums available? brief descriptions of basic facts and features of a number of textbook - based curriculums including a beka, ace, alpha omega, bob jones, christian liberty press, mystery of history, pandia press, power basics, singapore, and story of the world will be presented to help you decide which components might work well for your family. a purchased textbook curriculum can serve as a core for one or more subject areas and serve as a springboard in a rich and varied homeschool program. a - 3 exhibitor : tuning up your science toolkit learn how the jason project, immersion learning, engineering is elementary, and stop for science improve student performance, are interdisciplinary, and provide a wonderful introduction to science, technology, engineering, and math for kids of all ages. b - 4 how to choose a style of homeschooling that works for you confused by all the different styles of homeschooling that are available? basic information about four different styles : purchased curriculum, unit studies, eclectic, and unschooling. how you can choose a style that works well for you and your family. making changes when necessary. for both new and experienced homeschoolers. c - 2 exhibitor : overview of curriculum choices for science and math an overview of choices available to help you decide which are best for your family. math options include bob jones, key to, mathletics, math - u - see, right start math, saxon, singapore math, teaching textbooks, and thinkwell. science options include curriculum with creation - based, evolutionary, and origins neutral programs including alpha omega, apologia, bob jones, power basics, pandia press r. e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4940681493733638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.409612"} {"text": "start math, saxon, singapore math, teaching textbooks, and thinkwell. science options include curriculum with creation - based, evolutionary, and origins neutral programs including alpha omega, apologia, bob jones, power basics, pandia press r. e. a. l. science, real science 4 kids, and singapore science. d - 4 setting priorities for our homeschools homeschooling is more than academics. keeping \" the big picture \" in mind so we can help our children grow into well - rounded, contributing adults. acquiring thinking, business, character, and communication skills and others. remembering that parents are in the best position to make these decisions for their families, that there isn ' t one set of priorities that every family should use or aspire to, and that one big advantage to homeschooling is that parents ( and not the public schools ) take responsibility. more workshops by time slot - friday, 7 : 15 - 8 : 30 pm : f workshops - saturday, 8 : 30 - 9 : 30 am : a workshops - saturday, 9 : 50 am - 10 : 50 pm b workshops - saturday, 1 : 30 - 2 : 30 pm : c workshops - saturday, 2 : 50 - 3 : 50 pm : d workshops more workshops by category to help you choose workshops, click on a category that interests you and look over the list. remember that these lists are only suggestions. we strongly recommend that you review the entire list of workshops to find the ones that suit you best. - basic subjects - encouraging learning - choosing curriculum - ways to homeschool - beginning homeschooling - workshops for parents and kids - life skills and problem solving - homeschooling young children - for teens and parents of teens - special interests and passions - support for parents - of particular interest to mothers - of special interest to dads - workshops by exhibitors - family activity workshops - legal and homeschooling freedoms", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5332890315526573, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.410411"} {"text": "with etymological history tracing the roots of the word \" language \" back to the middle english, old french and latin words for \" tongue, \" the very nature of language is tied to ideas of communication and expression. the common thread in all of the varying definitions of language is the concept of rifts between individual people, animals, even inanimate objects and how those gaps may best be bridged. inherent, however, in this idea of connection and communication is the separation that language may often imply by its very definition. beyond the conflict in definition, the idea of language raises serious questions in regard to where it falls in terms of medium, media, and mediator. the varying manifestations of language fit with different theories of media as demarcated by peirce, mcluhan, lacan, and saussure. in its most basic form, language is the primary mode of communication - - the expression of thoughts, feelings, and ideas to another. different subsets of language are defined by speech and vocal patterns, written systems, and the specialized vocabulary or phraseology required by particular professions, as well as non - verbal systems ranging from body language and kinesics to communication between animals to the modes and systems in which computers exchange data. one definition in the oxford english dictionary refers to language as \" applied to methods of expressing the thoughts, feelings, wants, etc. otherwise than by words. \" under this category may fall dance, facial expression, and other commonly accepted conditions [ see movement, face ]. one example of non - verbal communication worth considering is the cinema of the silent era [ see film ]. often, a dye wash would be employed to add visual interest to the black and white film stock used at the time. each color came to take on a specific meaning that would not change from film to film : blue came to mean night, red danger, pink dawn, etc. additionally, a stylized gesture system came to take the place of spoken words, allowing emotions to be understood without speech and only a periodic use of titles. language systems of this definition may be comprised of any socially understood practice : flowers may take on specific meanings, the movements of a lady ' s fan held a particular meaning in regency england, colors, movements, as well as what one may consider unarticulated sounds. this definition of language aligns itself most clearly with the writings of peirce. peirce ' s theories of semiotics examines the divisions of words and communications into doctrines by which a sign or idea is communicated to an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.604869024504436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.421415"} {"text": "unarticulated sounds. this definition of language aligns itself most clearly with the writings of peirce. peirce ' s theories of semiotics examines the divisions of words and communications into doctrines by which a sign or idea is communicated to an outside party. each of the above mentioned methods of communication reflects to a varying degree what peirce sees as the key to sign theory : making known an abstraction ( peirce, 98 ). while utilizing diverse methods of embodying particular emotions and ideas, each of these subsets of language works toward what peirce defines as being a sign : each \" stands for something, its object \" ( peirce, 99 ). the object may be an emotion, a state of mind, or an idea. the method of representation may vary from speech to movement to creating a unified system of color. conversely, however, language may create barriers as it strives to create open communication. the oxford english dictionary defines language first and foremost as \" the whole body of words and of methods of combinations of words used by a nation, people, or race. \" exclusion of others becomes inherent in this conception of language. as it bonds some together, language may separate others along the lines of nationality, class, and race. speech patterns may reveal more about a person speaking than the words themselves. in shakespearean texts, the speeches ( and often, the dialogue ) of noble - born characters are written in blank verse. lower born characters, by the class expectations of elizabethan england, would ( with notable exceptions ) be uneducated, with comic relief found in their blatant malapropisms and grammatical blunders. unlike the rhythmic lines of their social superiors, these characters speak in prose, often using contemporary slang and more vulgar sexual innuendos. in this instance, the very nature of their speech is a language in and of itself, speaking far more than their words about their birth and position in society. by this definition, the role of language changes from a mediator of ideas between two parties, to approach marshall mcluhan ' s definition of media. to mcluhan, \" the media is the message \" ( mcluhan, 7 ). in this case, language has the ability to say more than the content of its words : the language itself is revealing. for mcluhan, media is never as isolated as one might think, and the very use of media itself becomes key to the content of what is being communicated. out of this theory comes mcluhan ' s famous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6053100270497354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.422999"} {"text": "the language itself is revealing. for mcluhan, media is never as isolated as one might think, and the very use of media itself becomes key to the content of what is being communicated. out of this theory comes mcluhan ' s famous supposition that the message and the media are one, and neither can be separated from the other. such is the case in this way of looking at language : the content and the mode of communication are braided - - interlacing and inseparable, language here ceases to be a method to be utilized by a mediating power, becoming a media unto itself, using the mediator as much as the mediator may use language. moreover, when viewed in this light, the failures of language are brought to the fore in the discussion of expression. as a tool to express abstract ideas, peirce describes semiotics as \" eminently fallible \" ( peirce, 98 ). while a sign may hold a specific connotation to the mediator, the same sign may have a very different meaning to the transmittee of any given message. when dealing with language, one deals with the removal by varying degrees of what one hears to the original thought. before one may understand what another has to say, that other must find words for his thoughts, which must be understood ( bringing up issues of word choice and connotation ). the room for error is great, and grows with each step away from the original, abstract thoughts like a game of \" telephone. \" the gaps in our ability to fully and truly express an abstraction are unquestionable. these holes in language, however, are reminiscent of the failure of lacan ' s \" natural reality \" ( lacan, 4 ) to be completely sufficient. lacan describes the experience of a young child, learning about the world through empirical experience but still too young to possess the intellectual capabilities to truly understand what he sees. for lacan, the moment this baby first sees ( and recognizes ) itself in a mirror, the pieces of himself that he has seen ( arm, leg, hand, foot, torso ) come together as a whole. the whole that he sees, however, is not really what he is - - rather, it is a reflection. the mirror gives truth and hides reality in the same moment. echoing the tendency of lacan ' s mirror to render incomplete what it seems to make whole, language may divide where it seems to unite, leave questions when it seems to give answers. just as the baby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5522384208485398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.424317"} {"text": "truth and hides reality in the same moment. echoing the tendency of lacan ' s mirror to render incomplete what it seems to make whole, language may divide where it seems to unite, leave questions when it seems to give answers. just as the baby can never see its true self - - only the reflection in the mirror - - language can never fully express one ' s abstract thought to another. somewhere in the translation from idea to articulated thought to spoken or written word to what is understood by the audience, something will be lost. language presents a challenging conundrum to the student of media theory. able to unite and divide at the same time, the greatest divine gift and the ultimate punishment, the very mythology of language manifests the duality of the definitions and contrasting ideas. the transmission of a thought is almost as difficult to trace and describe as it is to successfully perform. in his course in general linguistics, saussure puts forward the difficulty in ascribing words to represent objects and ideas. the relationship between the signified and the signifier is arbitrary. the meaning in the relationship comes from a learned association. for example, the word \" tree \" in and of itself does not resemble or call to mind the actual thing one would find in a forest. the reader knows the meaning because he has been taught over a lifetime that the tall brown and green plant one chops for wood and sits under for shade is \" tree. \" for all intents and purposes, however, \" tree \" might just as easily be replaced with \" zebra \" or \" bob. \" this randomness in nomenclature raises an entirely new set of questions : if language is nothing more than a commonly accepted system of signs, an arbitrary relationship between signs and realities, communication is bound to be rife with confusion. beyond its compound definition, the variances that arise in concept make language distinctly hard to categorize. language is unique in the sheer number of forms in which it may exist ; language crosses the boundaries of visual ( pictogram, hieroglyph, sign language, alphabetic writing, character languages ) and aural ( speech ). as with many things that relate to media theory, it is hard to write a hard and fast rule for language to firmly place it under the category of \" media \" or \" mediator. \" christopher nolan ' s 2001 film memento drives home the point that even when one may feel in control, it is still possible that the power relations are not what they appear. similar issues of a confused dynamic of who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5962201138422059, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.425340"} {"text": "\" or \" mediator. \" christopher nolan ' s 2001 film memento drives home the point that even when one may feel in control, it is still possible that the power relations are not what they appear. similar issues of a confused dynamic of who is controlling who is brought up in the 1999 wachowski brothers ' film, the matrix, making an interesting metaphor for the issues raised in the idea of language. as with the changing status of language as medium, media, and even mediator, the matrix raises the question of what happens when roles are reversed, and what was thought of as the tool becomes the operator. the matrix also brings the question of computer language to the fore. computer code is commonly accepted as a language. what are the implications of humanity being reduced to binary code? if such is the case, who is there left to decipher said code? these questions, while unanswerable in many respects, shape our perception of the thoughts that surround media theory and the very words in which we are able to express and discuss these ideas. when the very tools we require to shape our thoughts and discussion must be debated, what effect will this debate have on the discussion itself? how can we speak of anything if we are unsure of the nature of our own words?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5983713340179364, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.426006"} {"text": "correlation - based learning is, as a whole, often called hebbian learning. the hebb rule ( 10. 2 ) is a special case of a local learning rule because it only depends on pre - and postsynaptic firing rates and the present state wij of the synapse, i. e., information that is easily ` available ' at the location of the synapse. recent experiments have shown that the relative timing of pre - and postsynaptic spikes critically determines the amplitude and even the direction of changes of the synaptic efficacy. in order to account for these effects, learning rules on the level of individual spikes are formulated with a learning window that consists of two parts : if the presynaptic spike arrives before a postsynaptic output spike, the synaptic change is positive. if the timing is the other way round, the synaptic change is negative ( zhang et al., 1998 ; markram et al., 1997 ; bi and poo, 1998, 1999 ; debanne et al., 1998 ). for some synapses, the learning window is reversed ( bell et al., 1997b ), for others it contains only a single component ( egger et al., 1999 ). hebbian learning is considered to be a major principle of neuronal organization during development. the first modeling studies of cortical organization development ( willshaw and von der malsburg, 1976 ; swindale, 1982 ) have incited a long line of research, e. g., linsker ( 1986b ) ; obermayer et al. ( 1992 ) ; linsker ( 1986a ) ; kohonen ( 1984 ) ; miller et al. ( 1989 ) ; mackay and miller ( 1990 ) ; linsker ( 1986c ). most of these models use in some way or another an unsupervised correlation - based learning rule similar to the general hebb rule of eq. ( 10. 2 ) ; see erwin et al. ( 1995 ) for a recent review. correlation - based learning can be traced back to aristoteles 10. 2 and has been discussed extensively by james ( 1890 ) who formulated a learning principle on the level of ` brain processes ' rather than neurons : when two elementary brain - processes have been active together or in immediate succession, one of them, on re - occurring, tends to propagate its excitement into the other. a chapter of james ' book is reprinted in volume 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.590850142668329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.429903"} {"text": "rather than neurons : when two elementary brain - processes have been active together or in immediate succession, one of them, on re - occurring, tends to propagate its excitement into the other. a chapter of james ' book is reprinted in volume 1 of anderson and rosenfeld ' s collection on neurocomputing ( anderson and rosenfeld, 1988 ). more than 50 years later, hebb ' s book ( hebb, 1949 ) of which two interesting sections are reprinted in the collection of anderson and rosenfeld ( 1988 ) was published. the historical context of hebb ' s postulate is discussed in the review of sejnowski ( 1999 ). in the reprint volume of anderson and rosenfeld ( 1988 ), articles of grossberg ( 1976 ) and bienenstock et al. ( 1982 ) illustrate the use of the rate - based learning rules discussed in section 10. 2. kohonen ' s book gives an overview of some mathematical results for several generic rate - based learning rules ( kohonen, 1984 ). for reviews on ( hippocampal ) ltp, see the book of byrne and berry ( 1989 ), in particular the articles of sejnowski and tesauro ( 1989 ) and brown et al. ( 1989 ). cerebellar ltd has been reviewed by daniel et al. ( 1996, 1998 ) and linden and connor ( 1995 ). further references and a classification of different forms of ltp and ltd can be found in the nice review of bliss and collingridge ( 1993 ). for the relation of ltp and ltd, consult artola and singer ( 1993 ). a modern and highly recommendable review with a focus on recent results, in particular on spike - time dependent plasticity has been written by bi and poo ( 2001 ). the theoretical context of spike - time dependent plasticity has been discussed by abbott ( 2000 ). \u00a9 cambridge university press this book is in copyright. no reproduction of any part of it may take place without the written permission of cambridge university press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6048414574906924, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.430687"} {"text": "williams v. california a lawsuit that established safety and materials requirements for california schools. on august 13, 2004, governor arnold schwarzenegger announced the settlement of williams v. california, a lawsuit filed on behalf of thousands of california ' s public school students who were denied equal educational opportunity. williams legislation established new standards and accountability mechanisms to ensure that all california public school students have textbooks and instructional materials and that their schools are clean, safe, and functional. it also took steps toward assuring all students have qualified teachers. a team of researchers, affiliated with ucla \u2019 s idea, investigated the statewide impact of williams legislation on california \u2019 s lowest performing schools. using a mixed methodological approach, the study documents the progress made during the first two years of williams implementation : 2004 - 05 and 2005 - 06. data for this investigation were provided through surveys, county office of education annual reports, school accountability report cards, and interviews. teacher misassignment and english learner monitoring data were made available through the california commission on teacher credentialing. the qualitative case - study design involved site visits to twelve decile 1 - 3 schools throughout the state ( southern, central, and northern california ) during the fall of 2006. williams v. california : the statewide impact of two years of implementation \u2014 the report drawn from this study \u2014 provides a comprehensive discussion of these quantitative and qualitative analyses. the report investigates the impact of the williams settlement legislation on decile 1 - 3 schools by seeking answers to the following questions : - since the enactment of the williams legislation, has access to textbooks and instructional materials increased for public school students in california? - since the enactment of the williams legislation, has access to clean, safe, and functional schools increased for public school students in california? - since the enactment of the williams legislation, has access to appropriately certificated and assigned teachers increased for public school students in california? the report can be accessed at www. decentschools. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4565347937469104, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.432905"} {"text": "tarangnan is politically subdivided into 41 barangays. on the earlier part of the 18th century, tarangnan was the first settlement of the jesuits missionaries in the island of samar. even before the explusion of the jesuits, moro raids have already begun as early as 1750. samar though was not their major target because of its poverty. most of its coastal settlements were often attack by moros as they return to their bases in mindanao and sulu after raiding affluent places in luzon, bicol and west visayas. hence, for greater safety, the people settling in tinago, now tarangnan, moved to an interior site called dapdap. in the second half of the nineteenth century, the island of samar experienced a commercial boom especially in abaca with imports and exports of said products. moro raids in the island have declined due to the presence of spaniards. as the spaniards settled in samar, they saw the need of all w eather seaports and easy communications for their commercial activities and political administration. this development paved the way for the convergence of the inhabitants into the old town site of tarangnan where transport was relatively accessible. the settlement of tarangnan indeed, was growing at a much faster pace than the pueblo of dapdap. taking into consideration of the island \u2019 s commercial boom with prospect of tarangnan as a trading center and its religious vigilance over dapdap, gov. enrique chacon on june 21, 1881 wrote his superiors recommending the transfer of the poblacion suggesting that the poblacion be transferred from dapdap to tarangnan due to the former \u2019 s poor accessibility, unavailability of land area for expansion and its unsanitary environment. on april 1, 1884, tarangnan was declared as one of the municipalities of the province of samar by means of royal decree by the king of spain, king alfonso i the municipality of tarangnan has forty - one ( 41 ) duly constituted barangays with a total land area of approximately 10, 417. 1435 hectares, having a population of 18, 791 based on the 1995 nso data. the municipality is geographically situated in the west portion of the island of samar, bounded on the east by the municipality of pagsanghan, in the south by the capital city of catbalogan and on the west by the samar sea or maqueda bay. tarangnan is accessible by either land or sea. the distance of the poblacion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3578889026213454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.442814"} {"text": "as americans we are all connected to each other about the way we do one thing : how we govern ourselves. the three dominant religions in the world are also about one thing : how we govern ourselves. in other words, there is a connection between religion and government \u2014 therefore national and international politics ; therefore war \u2014 that will not go away. in other words, religion lies like a force underneath the major wars we have going on today, and those brewing. studying the history of government, the founders of our country found that, one way or another, people always seemed to end up directed by a thumb not their own. thumbs were even found directing what god was heard to say! the founders were determined to reverse this condition. they wanted to create a country made up by people with the ability to lift themselves out from under a directing thumb. they devised a set of rules to live by that would give them that ability. the rules were devised to keep the thumb in its place. as americans, we pledge allegiance to those rules. allegiance is an invisible force, like gravity. like gravity, it works through the body \u2014 its only downfall. the rules extend protection even to god from thumbs directing what god was heard to say! when the thumb is kept in its place direction can come from other parts of our anatomy. the rest of the hand, for example. the rest of the body : the whole body is open to direction. eyes and ears are all about direction. so are legs. legs listen to gravity, eyes to light, ears to sound. and heart, lungs, liver,..? all are open to direction. as muslims, christians, and jews, what god was heard to say comes to us through our religion, from which those rules to live by have set us free. we have to remember why : thumbs were even found directing what god was heard to say! it remains for us to use that freedom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5360010407821765, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.449154"} {"text": "born sep 6 1919 - died sep 27 2011 medical cardiac pacemaker patent number ( s ) 3, 057, 356 wilson greatbatch invented the cardiac pacemaker, an innovation selected in 1983 by the national society of professional engineers as one of the two major engineering contributions to society during the previous 50 years. greatbatch established a series of companies to manufacture or license his inventions, including greatbatch enterprises, which produces most of the world ' s pacemaker batteries. his original pacemaker patent resulted in the first implantable cardiac pacemaker, which has led to heart patient survival rates comparable to that of a healthy population of similar age. born in buffalo, new york, greatbatch received his preliminary education at public schools in west seneca, new york. in 1936 he entered military service and served in the atlantic and pacific theaters during world war ii. he was honorably discharged with the rating of aviation chief radioman in 1945. he attended cornell university and graduated with a b. e. e. in electrical engineering in 1950. greatbatch received a master ' s from the state university of new york at buffalo in 1957 and was awarded honorary doctor ' s degrees from houghton college in 1970 and state university of new york at buffalo in 1984. although trained as an electrical engineer, greatbatch primarily studied interdisciplinary areas combining engineering with medical electronics, agricultural genetics, the electrochemistry of pacemaker batteries, and the electrochemical polarization of physiological electrodes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45686337418274164, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.455229"} {"text": "at 8. 4 x 12. 4 micrometers, the world ' s smallest advent calendar was created in a lab late one night in germany. the motivation for the work was that the researchers wanted to have \" a nice picture of christmas to put on our homepage. \" \" we waited until normal business was done for the day in the clean room, \" said phd student daniel neumaier at the university of regensburg, one of the three collaborators on the project. \" then we went in and did it. we were just having fun. \" he said the creation took about two hours. on the randomly - numbered calendar, the doors for the first six days of december are open, revealing six different images, including santa claus, a bell, a snowman and a church. the smallest images on the calendar are the glass panes on the church windows, which measure about 20nm. at the bottom of the calendar, the researchers finished with a wish : \" merry christmas wish from nanonic \" in german. it would take about 5 million of the calendars to fit on a postage stamp. nanonic is the start - up company founded by the three doctoral students, which supplied the computer program that guided an electron microscope in this project. using the electron microscope, the scientists etched a semiconducting wafer coated with a material called \" poly ( methyl methacrylate ) \" ( pmma ). by breaking the bonds of the pmma, they etched the lines and images on underlying semiconductor. later they improved the contrast with an ion beam. one of the collaborators, dieter weiss, thinks that the advent calendar is the smallest in the world, but explains that he doesn ' t know for sure. \" i searched on google and could find nothing smaller, \" he said. the researchers admit that other labs around the world could create similar nano - scale images, which are used primarily for scientific research, and not art. via : chemistry world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5114715105485325, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.457760"} {"text": "- posted january 22, 2013 by this ireport is part of an assignment : fight, bleed, die - equality? no - hhanks, cnn ireport producer we are in a new era or so we are told. it was evident during monday ' s inaugural speech by president barack obama accepting the trust of the us of a for a second term. the president made history by use of the term \" gay \" twice during his address to the nation. he also placed the stonewall riots of 1969 in new york city, reputed to be the start of the gay rights movement, on the same footing with the civil rights milestones of seneca falls for women ' s rights and the selma march for african - american rights. yet, as historic and how flourishing the rhetoric, which placed the fight by the glbt for equality in america by the president on the front page, it does not match up to the reality on the ground. out military service members may now openly fight in wars and battles deemed in the national interest. out members may now bleed to uphold and protect the constitution of the united states. out gay and lesbian military personel may die to ensure our freedoms guaranteed under the bill of rights. but when it comes to legal same - gender spouses having the same rights, benefits and privileges as those of opposite - gender spouses, the military and department of defense says, \" no. \" yes, thanks to president obama, unlike when i was in the air force, men and women no longer have to keep their sexuality in the \" closet \". being out and proud is no longer an impediment to service to the nation. but, as many news reports attest in the last week and lawsuits filed in federal court over the last year, equality is still not a reality for out service members and their legal same - gender spouses. unlike opposite - gender spouses, same - gender spouses cannot recieve a military identification card. same - gender spouses are denied medical benefits and cannot seek treatment at military hospitals. same - gender couples cannot receive housing allowances offered to opposite - gender couples. from medical benefits, access to clubs and associations, base commissary privileges and so much more, these are denied to the loved ones who are legally wed same - gender spouses. the army cites that the uniform code of military justice does not provide for an exception for sexual orientation in the anti - discrimination statute. the marine corps by contrast, when it comes to clubs and associations, is pressing those civilian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46700568318852487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.462649"} {"text": "same - gender spouses. the army cites that the uniform code of military justice does not provide for an exception for sexual orientation in the anti - discrimination statute. the marine corps by contrast, when it comes to clubs and associations, is pressing those civilian, but military support organizations, to open the doors to same - gender spouses if those associations want to continue to meet and operate on base. the department of defense has come out in defense of the army ' s stand. while the president talks about acceptance and furtherance of equality for same - gender couples, he has not proposed legislation to change the ucmj. the president has not sent any guidance to the dod to allow or provide for equality of same - gender spouses. talk is fine, but it is action that matters. the president ' s administration has dropped defending the 1996 defense of marriage act ( doma ) in court. but at the same time, the president has not sent legislation to congress to repeal doma. the president continues to allow his departments to discriminate against same - gender couples across the nation even in states where same - gender couples enjoy legal status. the supreme court in march will take on doma. how the court rules may either advance equality or will push the fight for equality back for a decade or more. it is time for more than just lofty speeches. it is time for action to ensure that all americans are treated equally and fairly under the law. from the cornfield, while i still believe whether to grant legal status to same - gender and opposite - gender couples falls under states rights and authority, the federal government has no business denying equality especially after a state has granted that equality. it is time for a lot less talk and a lot more action from president obama on the federal level and especially with same - gender military spouses. if our out military members can fight, bleed and die for our country, their loved ones, those spouses keeping the home fires burning deserve to be treated equally under the law.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45051525244219415, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.463544"} {"text": "john nott, the chef for the duke of bolton, who resided in st. jamess \u2019 s street, wrote this charming introduction to his cookbook, which was published in 1723 and is now in the public domain. a learned man, nott \u2019 s french inspired recipes show that vegetables, such as carrots and new varieties of asparagus and spinach, which were brought from overseas, were becoming more plentiful on tables. he also makes frequent mention of marmalades, blanc - manges, creams, biscuits, and sweet cakes. * the cookbook includes two peacock recipes and a collection of 13 red currant recipes. he seems to have been a fairly - read and intelligent man, and cites, in the course of his work, many celebrated names and receipts. thus we have : \u2014 to brew ale sir jonas moore \u2019 s way ; to make dr. butler \u2019 s purging ale ; ale of health and strength, by the viscount st. albans ; almond butter the cambridge way ; to dress a leg of mutton a la dauphine ; to dress mutton the turkish way ; to stew a pike the city way. dr. twin \u2019 s, dr. blacksmith \u2019 s, and dr. atkin \u2019 s almond butter ; an amber pudding, according to the lord conway \u2019 s receipt ; the countess of rutland \u2019 s banbury cake ; to make oxford cake ; to make portugal cakes ; and so on. - old cookery books, w. carew hazlitt, 1902 in regard to the cookbook \u2019 s title, it is interesting to note that an extravagant use of sugar in recipes was a sign of the wealth and status, as sugar remained a luxury item for most people until well into the 19th century. * * nott told hostesses who served desserts ( there should be as many dishes of dessert as courses offered ) to make the table arrangement perfectly symmetrical in design and color, and provided an illustration of the ideal dessert \u201c pyramid \u201d. nott included bills of fare for every month of the year. below is the one he created for january. note the absence of vegetables. nott \u2019 s 18th century recipe for hot milk chocolate ( said to be rich and delicious ) : 1 quart milk 4 ounces chocolate without sugar 1 / 8 ounce fine sugar 1 / 8 ounce flour or starch salt to taste mix, dissolve and bring to a boil before serving hot. nott \u2019 s recipe for a posset, the 18th century version of a nightcap :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44115838699584076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.466352"} {"text": "zechariah 12 - 14 is the second oracle of the second half of the book of zechariah. the first half of zechariah contained eight visions ( zechariah 1 - 6 ) and four messages ( zechariah 7 - 8 ). the second half of zechariah comes in the form of two oracles ( the hebrew term only occurs in zechariah 9 : 1, 12 : 1 and malachi 1 : 1 ). the first ( zechariah 9 - 11 ) promised a restored israel \u2014 both judah and ephraim \u2014 but delayed the promise due to the rejection of yahweh \u2019 s appointed shepherd. the second oracle ( zechariah 12 - 14 ) envisions a bright future for israel and uses apocalyptic ( eschatological ) language to describe the day when god will realize his promises for israel. zechariah 12 - 14 falls into two halves with a transitional poem between them. the first half ( zechariah 12 : 2 - 13 : 6 ) describes the triumph of israel in the wake of their mournful laments and their subsequent cleansing. the second half ( zechariah 14 ) envisions a day of rejoicing when even the nations of the earth will worship yahweh and everything will be inscribed \u201c holy to yahweh. \u201d the transitional poem ( zechariah 13 : 7 - 9 ) celebrates the redemption of the remnant of israel. zechariah 12 - 14, then, narrates the final disposition of israel in god \u2019 s eschatological agenda. structurally, zechariah 12 : 1 functions as a superscription for the whole oracle containing a doxological or liturgical affirmation of yahweh while the term \u201c behold \u201d ( hinneh ) identifies new sections. the language recalls the creative work of god, particularly in the isaianic tradition ( cf. isaiah 42 : 5 ; 44 : 24 ; 45 : 12 ; 51 : 13 ) : stretching out the heavens, laying the foundation of the earth, and forming the spirit of humanity within them. this liturgical memory underscores god \u2019 s universal claim upon the heavens and earth as well as upon all humanity ( including the nations ). further, it emphasizes god \u2019 s ability to actualize what is promised concerning israel. moreover, and perhaps most significantly, the imagery shapes this new work of god which is the stretching, laying and forming of a new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47070487706296327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.473191"} {"text": "humanity ( including the nations ). further, it emphasizes god \u2019 s ability to actualize what is promised concerning israel. moreover, and perhaps most significantly, the imagery shapes this new work of god which is the stretching, laying and forming of a new creation \u2014 a new humanity upon a new heavens and new earth in a new jerusalem ( cf. isaiah 65 : 17ff ). god is about to repeat his creative work which means redemption for israel, the nations and the whole earth. the hebrew phrase, literally translated \u201c and [ it ] shall be on that day \u2026 \u201d occurs three times in zechariah 12 - 13 \u2014 at 12 : 3, 12 : 9 and 13 : 2. this is a structural device for the first half of the second oracle in zechariah 9 - 14. the first half of the oracle is thereby divided into three messages : ( 1 ) the renewed status of israel, particularly judah, jerusalem and the house of david ( zechariah 12 : 2 - 8 ) ; ( 2 ) the mourning of israel over the pierced one ( zechariah 12 : 9 - 13 : 1 ) ; and ( 3 ) the cleansing of israel from idolatry and false prophecy ( zechariah 13 : 2 - 6 ). zechariah 12 : 2 is a thematic or thesis sentence for the first movement within zechariah 12 - 13. judah and jerusalem will be besieged by the nations but the nations will stagger from their encounter as a person drunk with wine. as the succeeding verses recount, this will be a \u201c day, \u201d that is, an eschatological or apocalyptic day. it is the vision of an ultimate future, the goal of god \u2019 s work in israel. it is an \u201c end - time \u201d vision of the \u201c day \u201d of redemption. on that day ( 12 : 3 ), jerusalem will be an \u201c immovable rock. \u201d the nations will hit a brick wall. the nations are powerless before jerusalem. on that day ( 12 : 4 - 5 ), yahweh will blind the horses and their riders from among the nations but will benevolently and graciously keep a watchful eye upon judah. the leaders of judah will recognize that yahweh is the god of jerusalem. on that day ( 12 : 6 - 7 ), the leaders of judah will consume the surrounding peoples like grass in a wildfire or a firepot deposited in a woodpile. jerusalem will be safe. yahweh will preserve the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5022143684543675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.474244"} {"text": "america ' s digital divide is narrowing in some respects, mainly due to the rise of mobile computing, but other metrics indicate that it is solidifying along income, age, and educational lines, according to a new report from the pew internet project. some 63 percent of u. s. adults now access the internet through a mobile device like a cell phone, laptop, ereader, or tablet, pew reported in asummary of its survey of 2, 260 adults aged 18 and older conducted between july 25 and aug. 26, 2011. the rise of mobile has helped to narrow the digital divide between white americans and minorities, according to pew. \" even beyond smartphones, both african americans and english - speaking latinos are as likely as whites to own any sort of mobile phone, and are more likely to use their phones for a wider range of activities, \" the report stated. all told, some 88 percent of american adults own a cell phone, while the breakdown of ownership for other types of mobile devices capable of internet access was 57 percent for laptops, 19 percent for ereaders, and 19 percent for tablets. the study also found that adults in their thirties and forties were more likely than younger respondents to say they owned an ereader or a tablet. the rate at which smartphone users access the internet with those devices also broke down along demographic lines. younger smartphone owners, minorities, those with lower income levels, and less educated respondents were \" more likely than other groups to say that their phone is their main source of internet access, \" according to the study. while mobile devices have given some groups of americans more access to the internet than they had when pew first began studying internet usage patterns in 2000, there still exists a stark line between internet haves and have - nots that closely parallels broader patterns of wealth disparity in the country, and also tracks with educational levels, the use of english, and age of respondents. a full fifth of american adults don ' t use the internet at all, according to the pew report. looming large among that group were \" [ s ] enior citizens, those who prefer to take our interviews in spanish rather than english, adults with less than a high school education, and those living in households earning less than $ 30, 000 per year. \" half of those respondents who said they don ' t go online told pew that \" they don ' t think the internet is relevant to them. \" somewhat shockingly in such a wired age, most non - internet users said they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44794333585077667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.477164"} {"text": "rotavirus causes severe vomiting and diarrhea. it can be a serious condition in young children. fortunately, there is a rotavirus vaccine that has been proven effective at preventing this infection. one of the first rotavirus vaccines was associated with an increased risk of intussusception in first few weeks after vaccine. intussusception is a condition where intestines folds on itself and cause a blockage or damage to the intestines. it is the most common abdominal emergency in children under 2 years of age. this original rotavirus vaccine was removed from use and newer versions of rotavirus appear to be much safer. researchers from the united states wanted to assess any remaining risk of intussusception with the newer generation of rotavirus vaccines. the study, published in journal of american medical association, did not find an increased risk of intussusception in infants receiving the rotavirus vaccine. about the study the retrospective cohort study included 786, 725 doses of the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine ( rv5 ) of which 309, 844 were first doses. infants included in the study were aged 4 - 34 weeks who received the vaccine between 2006 - 2010. researchers then gathered historical data on rate of intussusception in children who did not receive vaccines during this same time period. this value was called expected case rate and was compared to rate of intussusception in children with vaccine to. intussusception developed in : - 21 infants that had received vaccine vs. 20. 9 infants without vaccination ( not significant ) during 1 - 30 days after vaccine - 4 infants with vaccine vs. 4. 3 infants without vaccination ( not significant ) during 1 - 7 day window after vaccine how does this affect you? rotavirus vaccine is an effective method of reducing incidence and serious side effects of a rotavirus infections in infants. its use has been associated with significant reductions in the number of infants needing medical care for these types of infections. this type of study is an observational study which can decrease its reliability. however, there was a large number of infants in this trial and side effects for vaccines are carefully monitored. the lack of difference is a safe assumption of the vaccine ' s safety. the cause of intussusception is not clear. while past rotavirus vaccines were associated with a small increase in risk, viral infections may also be associated with intussusception. so an unvaccinated child ' s increased risk of rotavirus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4663074115979512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.480029"} {"text": "pityriasis rosea is a common skin rash. it occurs most often in children and young adults. the rash is scaly and reddish - pink. it may first appear on the back, stomach, or chest. the rash can then spread to the neck, arms, and legs. the rash may last for several months. it will usually go away on its own. talk to your doctor if you have a widespread rash. the cause of pityriasis rosea is unknown. it may be caused by viruses or certain medicine, such as antibiotics or heart medications. if you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to pityriasis rosea. they may be caused by other health conditions. symptoms associated with pityriasis rosea include : - feeling ill \u2014 you may feel ill like you are getting a cold just before the rash appears. having a herald patch \u2014 often the first lesion to appear. - large, oval, scaly patch that is often on the back, stomach, armpit, or chest. - lesions found on the back tend to form a \u201c christmas tree \u201d pattern. - more lesions that appear after several days. mild to severe itching of the lesions \u2014 not typically itchy, but may occur in some patients - itching worsens when the body overheats. this may happen during physical activities or after taking a hot shower. - skin redness or inflammation - feeling tired and achy if symptoms last for more than three months, contact your doctor. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders. a specialist can usually diagnose pityriasis rosea by looking at your rash. - blood tests - skin scrape - skin biopsy \u2014 removal of a sample of skin tissue from the lesion to test for pityriasis rosea there is no cure for pityriasis rosea. the rash will usually go away on its own. treatment may be able to relieve some of the symptoms, such as itching. treatment options include the following : medications to relieve itching and inflammation caused by pityriasis rosea include : - antihistamine pills - steroid pills - steroid creams or ointments - calamine lotion - avoid physical activities that can raise your body temperature. this can make itching worse. - avoid hot baths or showers. oatmeal baths may also soothe the itching. - sunlight or medical treatment with artificial ultraviolet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4342588326182676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.484528"} {"text": "seeing red, or green - chemistry of color vision dr. ali zand is researching the chemistry underlying our ability to perceive colors and its implications on color blindness. at first glance, dr. ali zand ' s research on the chemistry of color vision defies the very foundation of the art world, where red, blue and yellow are the \" primary colors \" from whence all other colors are made. in the chemistry world, the colors are determined by red, blue and green proteins - heresy to those schooled in the universally accepted theory of the color wheel. according to zand, associate professor of chemistry at kettering university, the human eye perceives all colors based on three colored proteins ( rhodopsins ) : red, blue and green. before all the artists and art majors start rioting in the streets, take a moment to consider the chemistry that backs up zand ' s claim. \" why humans see different colors is based on how these proteins react in the cone cells of the eye, \" he said. \" there is only one chromophore ( one molecule ) that is responsible for a chemical reaction that takes place in the eye allowing humans to see, \" zand said, \" that molecule is retinal, a form of vitamin a. \" retinal combines with a protein called opsin to form rhodopsin, the chemical entity ( protein ) responsible for vision. opsins are found in the rod and cone cells of the eye. zand ' s research is concerned with the question ' if there is only one molecule involved in vision, how can that one molecule allow us to see so many different colors? \" to find out, zand, and dr. babak borhan, associate professor of chemistry at michigan state university and his research group, collaborated to engineer a protein that could mimic rhodopsin ' s response to chemical and physical changes. they had to engineer a surrogate protein because rhodopsin is a membrane - bound protein that could not easily be separated and purified for research purposes. \" rhodopsin has to stay within the membrane to maintain its conformation ( shape ), \" said zand. \" we engineered a protein called cellular retinoic acid - binding protein ii ( crap ii - who said scientists don ' t have a sense of humor? ) to use in research. \" to understand the importance of this crap ii protein, it ' s necessary to explain the process of vision. when the light hits the eye", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5701521683469016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.491101"} {"text": "( crap ii - who said scientists don ' t have a sense of humor? ) to use in research. \" to understand the importance of this crap ii protein, it ' s necessary to explain the process of vision. when the light hits the eye it passes through the cornea, the lens and the vitreous fluid. those three objects focus the light on the tissue lining the inner part of the eye, which is the retina. the retina is made up of thousands of rod and cone cells that are activated through the absorption of light by rhodopsin. inside of the active site of opsin is 11 - cis - retinal. the chemical structure of cis - retinal has a bend in its carbon structure that straightens out ( becomes more planar ) when light is absorbed. this causes a cascade of events. rhodopsin is a g - protein coupled receptor ; it binds itself to and activates the g - protein called transducin. when rhodopsin absorbs light, transducin releases a subunit of its molecular structure called the alpha segment. the alpha segment attaches itself to another protein leading to cascade of events resulting in closure of calcium ion channels within the cell. this causes a gradient in ion concentrations inside the cell versus outside the cell, initiating an electrical impulse that leads to a neurotransmitter release into a synapse. the neurotransmitter is picked up by another neuron and the neuron transmits the signal to the brain resulting in a visual image. ' the rod cells are very sensitive to different shades of light and darkness ; and cone cells are actually the cells that allow humans to see color ', said zand. the rod cell has an outer segment that has various membranous discs containing a seven - alpha - helical protein ( seven alpha helixes that are bound together like a barrel ) called opsin. cone cells possess the same discs, but they are part of the actual cell membrane of the cone cell, notdisconnected from the plasma membrane as in the rod cells. in the cone cell there are three different types of opsins : red opsin, blue opsin and green opsin. the wavelength where retinal absorbs light is different for each. the blue rhodopsin absorbs at 420 nanometers ; green rhodopsin absorbs at 530 nanometers and red rhodopsin absorbs at 570 nanometers. there may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5744292178637269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.492023"} {"text": "is different for each. the blue rhodopsin absorbs at 420 nanometers ; green rhodopsin absorbs at 530 nanometers and red rhodopsin absorbs at 570 nanometers. there may be only one chromophore ( retinal ), but because the proteins are a little different, the way the retinal is attached to a protein has a great deal of affect on its wavelength of absorption. \" color blindness results when the absorption wavelengths of red rhodopsin and green rhodopsin are closer together. red and green rhodopsin are 96 percent sequence identical, \" said zand. all the rhodopsins have about 348 amino acids and two oligosaccharide ( sugar ) chains. human red and green cone proteins differ by only 15 amino acids. hence, the color blindness arises from either mutations or lack of one or more of the opsin proteins. although color vision deficiencies are termed color blindness, in reality it is simply a reduced ability to distinguish between colors. most people who are color blind cannot distinguish between red and green because mutations in red rhodopsin can lead to shift in absorbance from 570 nm to 530 nm and vice versa. these individuals can, however, distinguish between blue and red or blue and green because blue absorbs at a much lower wavelength. however, they cannot distinguish between red and green. \" there are people who lack cone pigments or within whim the opsins within the cone cells are non - functional, and they can only see shades of black, white and gray, \" zand said, \" but it ' s very rare. \" scientists have proposed many different theories to explain why this one molecule absorbs light at three different wavelengths and allows us to see different colors. one theory is related to how the protein arranges itself around the retinal and the bend inthe carbon structure of retinal. when the structure is bent, the carbons are not on the same plane. the more bent the structure the more blue - shifted the light absorption is going to be. another hypothesis relates to the point at which retinal attaches to opsin. at the attachment point there is a nitrogen molecule with a positive charge. because the positive charge requires a counter ion - a negative charge, the location of that negative charge is very crucial. the retinal becomes more planar in the active site as the distance between the positive and negative charges", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5604148623931643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.493113"} {"text": "molecule with a positive charge. because the positive charge requires a counter ion - a negative charge, the location of that negative charge is very crucial. the retinal becomes more planar in the active site as the distance between the positive and negative charges increases. therefore, it is hypothesized that the negative charge and positive charge are very close in blue rhodopsin whereas they are far apart in the red rhodopsin. zand and the researchers at michigan state university have engineered the crap ii protein to bind to retinal instead of retinoic acid, and they are currently looking at whether they can prove these hypotheses by measuring how twisted the molecule is within the active site as well as trying to mimic the rhodopsin in changing the positions of the negative charges. their tests will attempt to show if a shift in the absorption from red to green to blue can be accomplished by merely changing the position of the counter - ion ( negative charge ) within the protein active - site, or by causing different twists in the retinal. could unraveling the chemistry underlying our color vision enable science to chemically alter someone ' s eye so they could see color if they were colorblind? \" the only way that could be done is through stem cell research or gene therapy, by inoculating the eye with stem cells that would eventually differentiate into rod and cone cells possessing healthy proteins enabling the person to see color, \" said zand. for all those artists who still insist the primary colors are red, blue and yellow, zand sympathizes, but said yellow is merely \" green \" with envy. written by dawn hibbard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5699996917304379, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.493753"} {"text": "you ' re in the middle of a meeting at work, but your mind keeps drifting to the parent - teacher conference you have tonight... and the car you have to pick up at the shop on the way home... and how you wish you hadn ' t skipped lunch because the rumbling in your stomach is driving you nuts. then, suddenly, you ' re back in the moment, hoping nobody noticed your brief \" departure. \" it may seem as if your brain is always on the go. and it is. the brain not only controls what you think and feel, how you learn and remember, and the way you move and talk, but also many things you ' re less aware of \u2014 such as the beating of your heart, the digestion of your food, and yes, even the amount of stress you feel. like you, your brain is quite the juggler. anatomy of the nervous system if you think of the brain as a central computer that controls all bodily functions, then the nervous system is like a network that relays messages back and forth from the brain to different parts of the body. it does this via the spinal cord, which runs from the brain down through the back and contains threadlike nerves that branch out to every organ and body part. when a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body, the brain tells the body how to react. for example, if you accidentally touch a hot stove, the nerves in your skin shoot a message of pain to your brain. the brain then sends a message back telling the muscles in your hand to pull away. luckily, this neurological relay race takes a lot less time than it just took to read about it. considering everything it does, the human brain is incredibly compact, weighing just 3 pounds. its many folds and grooves, though, provide it with the additional surface area necessary for storing all of the body ' s important information. the spinal cord, on the other hand, is a long bundle of nerve tissue about 18 inches long and \u00be inch thick. it extends from the lower part of the brain down through spine. along the way, various nerves branch out to the entire body. these make up the peripheral nervous system. both the brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone : the brain by the bones of the skull, and the spinal cord by a set of ring - shaped bones called vertebrae. they ' re both cushioned by layers of membranes called meninges as well as a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. this fluid helps protect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5316876613277117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.511249"} {"text": "the skull, and the spinal cord by a set of ring - shaped bones called vertebrae. they ' re both cushioned by layers of membranes called meninges as well as a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. this fluid helps protect the nerve tissue, keep it healthy, and remove waste products. the brain is made up of three main sections : the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. 1. the forebrain the forebrain is the largest and most complex part of the brain. it consists of the cerebrum \u2014 the area with all the folds and grooves typically seen in pictures of the brain \u2014 as well as some other structures beneath it. the cerebrum contains the information that essentially makes us who we are : our intelligence, memory, personality, emotion, speech, and ability to feel and move. specific areas of the cerebrum are in charge of processing these different types of information. these are called lobes, and there are four of them : the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. the cerebrum has right and left halves, called hemispheres, which are connected in the middle by a band of nerve fibers ( the corpus collosum ) that enables the two sides to communicate. though these halves may look like mirror images of each other, many scientists believe they have different functions. the left side is considered the logical, analytical, objective side. the right side is thought to be more intuitive, creative, and subjective. so when you ' re balancing the checkbook, you ' re using the left side ; when you ' re listening to music, you ' re using the right side. it ' s believed that some people are more \" right - brained \" or \" left - brained \" while others are more \" whole - brained, \" meaning they use both halves of their brain to the same degree. the outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cortex ( also known as \" gray matter \" ). information collected by the five senses comes into the brain from the spinal cord to the cortex. this information is then directed to other parts of the nervous system for further processing. for example, when you touch the hot stove, not only does a message go out to move your hand but one also goes to another part of the brain to help you remember not to do that again. in the inner part of the forebrain sits the thalamus, hypothalamus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5302570714317631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.512455"} {"text": "only does a message go out to move your hand but one also goes to another part of the brain to help you remember not to do that again. in the inner part of the forebrain sits the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland. the thalamus carries messages from the sensory organs like the eyes, ears, nose, and fingers to the cortex. the hypothalamus controls the pulse, thirst, appetite, sleep patterns, and other processes in our bodies that happen automatically. it also controls the pituitary gland, which makes the hormones that control our growth, metabolism, digestion, sexual maturity, and response to stress. 2. the midbrain the midbrain, located underneath the middle of the forebrain, acts as a master coordinator for all the messages going in and out of the brain to the spinal cord. 3. the hindbrain the hindbrain sits underneath the back end of the cerebrum, and it consists of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla. the cerebellum \u2014 also called the \" little brain \" because it looks like a small version of the cerebrum \u2014 is responsible for balance, movement, and coordination. the pons and the medulla, along with the midbrain, are often called the brainstem. the brainstem takes in, sends out, and coordinates all of the brain ' s messages. it also controls many of the body ' s automatic functions, like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, digestion, and blinking. the basic functioning of the nervous system depends a lot on tiny cells called neurons. the brain has billions of them, and they have many specialized jobs. for example, sensory neurons take information from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the brain. motor neurons carry messages away from the brain and back to the rest of the body. all neurons, however, relay information to each other through a complex electrochemical process, making connections that affect the way we think, learn, move, and behave. intelligence, learning, and memory. at birth, the nervous system contains all the neurons you will ever have, but many of them are not connected to each other. as you grow and learn, messages travel from one neuron to another over and over, creating connections, or pathways, in the brain. it ' s why driving seemed to take so much concentration when you first learned but now is second nature :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5248775656004407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.513431"} {"text": ". as you grow and learn, messages travel from one neuron to another over and over, creating connections, or pathways, in the brain. it ' s why driving seemed to take so much concentration when you first learned but now is second nature : the pathway became established. in young children, the brain is highly adaptable ; in fact, when one part of a young child ' s brain is injured, another part can often learn to take over some of the lost function. but as we age, the brain has to work harder to make new neural pathways, making it more difficult to master new tasks or change established behavior patterns. that ' s why many scientists believe it ' s important to keep challenging your brain to learn new things and make new connections \u2014 it helps keeps the brain active over the course of a lifetime. memory is another complex function of the brain. the things we ' ve done, learned, and seen are first processed in the cortex, and then, if we sense that this information is important enough to remember permanently, it ' s passed inward to other regions of the brain ( such as the hippocampus and amygdala ) for long - term storage and retrieval. as these messages travel through the brain, they too create pathways that serve as the basis of our memory. movement. different parts of the cerebrum are responsible for moving different body parts. the left side of the brain controls the movements of the right side of the body, and the right side of the brain controls the movements of the left side of the body. when you press the accelerator with your right foot, for example, it ' s the left side of your brain that sends the message allowing you to do it. basic body functions. a part of the peripheral nervous system called the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling many of the body processes we almost never need to think about, like breathing, digestion, sweating, and shivering. the autonomic nervous system has two parts : the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for sudden stress, like if you see a robbery taking place. when something frightening happens, the sympathetic nervous system makes the heart beat faster so that it sends blood more quickly to the different body parts that might need it. it also causes the adrenal glands at the top of the kidneys to release adrenaline, a hormone that helps give extra power to the muscles for a quick getaway. this process is known as the body ' s \" fight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5369278338451479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.514547"} {"text": "might need it. it also causes the adrenal glands at the top of the kidneys to release adrenaline, a hormone that helps give extra power to the muscles for a quick getaway. this process is known as the body ' s \" fight or flight \" response. the parasympathetic nervous system does the exact opposite : it prepares the body for rest. it also helps the digestive tract move along so our bodies can efficiently take in nutrients from the food we eat. the senses. your spouse may be a sight for sore eyes at the end of a long day \u2014 but without the brain, you wouldn ' t even recognize him or her. pepperoni pizza sure is delicious \u2014 but without the brain, your taste buds wouldn ' t be able to tell if you were eating pizza or the box it came in. none of your senses would be useful without the processing that occurs in the brain. sight. sight probably tells us more about the world than any other sense. light entering the eye forms an upside - down image on the retina. the retina transforms the light into nerve signals for the brain. the brain then turns the image right - side up and tells us what we are seeing. hearing. every sound we hear is the result of sound waves entering our ears and causing our eardrums to vibrate. these vibrations are then transferred along the tiny bones of the middle ear and converted into nerve signals. the cortex then processes these signals, telling us what we are hearing. taste. the tongue contains small groups of sensory cells called taste buds that react to chemicals in foods. taste buds react to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. messages are sent from the taste buds to the areas in the cortex responsible for processing taste. smell. olfactory cells in the mucous membranes lining each nostril react to chemicals we breathe in and send messages along specific nerves to the brain \u2014 which, according to experts, can distinguish between more than 10, 000 different smells. with that kind of sensitivity, it ' s no wonder research suggests that smells are very closely linked to our memories. touch. the skin contains more than 4 million sensory receptors \u2014 mostly concentrated in the fingers, tongue, and lips \u2014 that gather information related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and send it to the brain for processing and reaction. because the brain controls just about everything, when something goes wrong with it, it ' s often serious and can affect many different parts of the body. inherited diseases, brain disorders associated with mental illness, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5304373655940388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.515607"} {"text": "it to the brain for processing and reaction. because the brain controls just about everything, when something goes wrong with it, it ' s often serious and can affect many different parts of the body. inherited diseases, brain disorders associated with mental illness, and head injuries can all affect the way the brain works and upset the daily activities of the rest of the body. problems that can affect the brain include : brain tumors. a brain tumor is an abnormal tissue growth in the brain. a tumor in the brain may grow slowly and produce few symptoms until it becomes large, or it can grow and spread rapidly, causing severe and quickly worsening symptoms. brain tumors in children can be benign or malignant. benign tumors usually grow in one place and may be curable through surgery if they ' re located in a place where they can be removed without damaging the normal tissue near the tumor. a malignant tumor is cancerous and more likely to grow rapidly and spread. cerebral palsy. cerebral palsy is the result of a developmental defect or damage to the brain before or during a child \u2019 s birth, or during the first few years of life. it affects the motor areas of the brain. a person with cerebral palsy may have average intelligence or can have severe developmental delays or mental retardation. cerebral palsy can affect body movement in many different ways. in mild cases of cerebral palsy, there may be minor muscle weakness of the arms and legs. in other cases, there may be more severe motor impairment \u2014 a child may have trouble talking and performing basic movements like walking. epilepsy. this condition is made up of a wide variety of seizure disorders. partial seizures involve specific areas of the brain, and symptoms vary depending on the location of the seizure activity. other seizures, called generalized seizures, involve a larger portion of the brain and usually cause uncontrolled movements of the entire body and loss of consciousness when they occur. although the specific cause is unknown in many cases, epilepsy can be related to brain injury, tumors, or infections. the tendency to develop epilepsy may be inherited in families. headaches. of the many different types of headaches, the most frequently occurring include tension headache ( the most common type ), caused by muscle tension in the head, neck, and shoulders ; migraine, an intense, recurring headache with an unclear cause ; and cluster headache, considered by some to be a form of migraine. migraines occur with or without warning and may last for several hours or days. there seems", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49536623417355746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.516603"} {"text": "and shoulders ; migraine, an intense, recurring headache with an unclear cause ; and cluster headache, considered by some to be a form of migraine. migraines occur with or without warning and may last for several hours or days. there seems to be an inherited predisposition to migraines as well as certain triggers that can lead to them. people with migraines may experience dizziness, numbness, sensitivity to light, and nausea, and may see flashing zigzag lines before their eyes. meningitis and encephalitis. these are infections of the brain and spinal cord that are usually caused by bacteria or viruses. meningitis is an inflammation of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord, and encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. both conditions may result in permanent injury to the brain. mental illness. mental illnesses are psychological and behavioral in nature and involve a wide range of problems in thought and function. certain mental illnesses are now known to be linked to structural abnormalities or chemical dysfunction of the brain. some mental illnesses are inherited, but often the cause is unknown. injuries to the brain and chronic drug or alcohol abuse also can trigger some mental illnesses. signs of chronic mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia may first show up in childhood. mental illnesses that can be seen in younger people include depression, eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa, obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ), and phobias. head injuries. head injuries fit into two categories : external ( usually scalp ) injuries and internal head injuries. internal injuries may involve the skull, the blood vessels within the skull, or the brain. fortunately, most childhood falls or blows to the head result in injury to the scalp only, which is usually more frightening than threatening. an internal head injury could have more serious implications because the skull serves as the protective helmet for the delicate brain. concussions are also a type of internal head injury. a concussion is the temporary loss of normal brain function as a result of an injury. repeated concussions can result in permanent injury to the brain. one of the most common reasons kids get concussions is through sports, so it ' s important to make sure they wear appropriate protective gear and don ' t continue to play if they ' ve had a head injury.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4969209166520685, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.518765"} {"text": "strength training is a vital part of a balanced exercise routine that includes aerobic activity and flexibility exercises. regular aerobic exercise, such as running or using a stationary bike, makes your muscles use oxygen more efficiently and strengthens your heart and lungs. when you strength train with weights, you ' re using your muscles to work against the extra pounds ( this concept is called resistance ). this strengthens and increases the amount of muscle mass in your body by making your muscles work harder than they ' re used to. most people who work out with weights typically use two different kinds : free weights ( including barbells, dumbbells, and hand weights ) and weight machines. free weights usually work a group of muscles at the same time ; weight machines typically are designed to help you isolate and work on a specific muscle. most gyms or weight rooms set up their machines in a circuit, or group, of exercises that you perform to strengthen different groups of muscles. people can also use resistance bands and even their own body weight ( as in pushups, sit - ups, or body weight squats ) for strength training. many people tend to lump all types of weightlifting together, but there ' s a big difference between strength training, powerlifting, and competitive bodybuilding! strength training uses resistance methods like free weights, weight machines, resistance bands, or a person ' s own weight to build muscles and strength. olympic lifting, or powerlifting, which people often think of when they think of weightlifting, concentrates on how much weight a person can lift at one time. competitive bodybuilding involves evaluating muscle definition and symmetry, as well as size. powerlifting, competitive weightlifting, and bodybuilding are not recommended for teens who are still maturing. that ' s because these types of activity can cause serious injuries to growing bones, muscles, and joints. if you ' ve started puberty, your body will have begun making the hormones necessary to help build muscle in response to weight training. if you haven ' t started puberty, though, you ' ll still be able to get stronger \u2014 you just won ' t see your muscles getting bigger. before you start strength training, you should be checked out by your doctor to make sure it ' s safe for you to lift weights. any time you start a new sport or activity, start out slowly so that your body gets used to the increase in activity. even if you think you ' re not exerting yourself very much, if you ' ve never lifted weights before, your muscles may be sore when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5110329252869426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.525944"} {"text": "new sport or activity, start out slowly so that your body gets used to the increase in activity. even if you think you ' re not exerting yourself very much, if you ' ve never lifted weights before, your muscles may be sore when you wake up the next day. and, because of something called delayed onset muscle soreness, the pain may be at its worst 2 or 3 days after you first exercise. before you begin any type of strength training routine, get some guidance and expert advice. your coach or trainer can give you advice on how many times a week you should lift and what kinds of warm - up and cool - down activities you should do before and after lifting to avoid soreness or injury. many trainers who work at schools, gyms, and in weight rooms are knowledgeable about strength training, but it ' s best to get advice from someone who is a certified fitness expert and experienced working with teens. when lifting weights \u2014 either free weights or on a machine \u2014 make sure that there ' s always someone nearby to supervise, or spot, you. this person, called a spotter, encourages you and also can act as your coach, telling you if you ' re not doing a particular exercise correctly. having a spotter nearby is particularly important when using free weights. even someone in great shape sometimes just can ' t make that last rep. it ' s no big deal if you ' re doing bicep curls ; all you ' ll have to do is drop the weight onto the floor. but if you ' re in the middle of a bench press \u2014 a chest exercise where you ' re lying on a bench and pushing a loaded barbell away from your chest \u2014 it ' s easy to become trapped under a heavy weight. a spotter can keep you from dropping the barbell onto your chest. many schools offer weight or circuit training as units in their gym classes. check to see if you can sign up. don ' t be afraid to ask for pointers and tips about how much weight to start with and how to develop a routine. what are some dangers of strength training? you may love the challenge of lifting, especially if you and your friends do it together. you ' ll definitely see results over a few months in your ability to progressively lift more weight. but there are a few things to look out for. because your bones, joints, and tendons are still growing and developing, it ' s easy to overdo it and strain or even permanently damage them. when you ' re in the middle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4412232670465549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.526983"} {"text": ". but there are a few things to look out for. because your bones, joints, and tendons are still growing and developing, it ' s easy to overdo it and strain or even permanently damage them. when you ' re in the middle of a strength - training session and something doesn ' t feel right to you, you feel pain, or if you hear or feel a \" pop \" when you ' re in the middle of a workout, stop what you ' re doing and have a doctor check it out before you resume training. it ' s possible you may need to modify your training or even stop lifting weights for a while to allow the injury to heal. another danger surrounding strength training is the use of anabolic steroids or other performance - enhancing drugs and preparations that supposedly help muscles develop. steroid use is widespread in many sports \u2014 including football, swimming, biking, track and field, and baseball. but because many of their long - term effects on the body are still unknown ( and because they are linked to health problems like cancer, heart disease, and sterility ), resist the urge to try them. the benefit is definitely not worth the risk! what is a healthy routine? if you take a few minutes to watch the guys and girls lift weights at your school, you ' ll see there are lots of different ways to train with weights. try a few good basic routines that you can modify as you start to train harder later on. if you ' re just starting out in the weight room, most fitness experts recommend you begin by training three sessions a week, ranging from 20 minutes to 1 hour ( including warm - up and cool - down periods ), allowing at least a day off between sessions. it ' s best to work only two or three muscle groups during each session. for example, you can work your leg muscles one day, your chest, shoulders, and triceps at the next session, and your back and biceps on the last. before you head for the weight bench, warm up your muscles by spending 5 - 10 minutes pedaling on a stationary bicycle or by taking a brisk walk around the gym. after finishing your workout, cool down by stretching all the major muscle groups to avoid injuries and keep your muscles flexible. you can use many different exercises for each body part, but the basics \u2014 like bench presses, lat pull - downs, and squats \u2014 are great to start with. learn proper technique first, without any added weight. perform three sets of 8 - 10 repetitions ( or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42712344245730066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.527967"} {"text": "for each body part, but the basics \u2014 like bench presses, lat pull - downs, and squats \u2014 are great to start with. learn proper technique first, without any added weight. perform three sets of 8 - 10 repetitions ( or reps ) of each exercise, starting out with a light weight to warm up and increasing the weight slightly with the second and third sets. ( add more weight only after you can successfully perform 8 - 15 repetitions in good form. ) perform two to three different exercises for each body part to make sure you work each muscle in the group effectively. here are some basic rules to follow in strength training : start with body weight exercises for a few weeks ( such as sit - ups, pushups, and pull - ups ) before using weights. work out with weights about three times a week. avoid weight training on back - to - back days. warm up for 5 - 10 minutes before each session. spend no more than 40 minutes in the weight room to avoid fatigue or boredom. work more reps ; avoid maximum lifts. ( a coach or teacher can give you specifics based upon your needs. ) ensure you ' re using proper technique through supervision. improper technique may result in injuries, particularly in the shoulder and back. cool down for 5 - 10 minutes after each session, stretching the muscles you worked out. don ' t rely on strength training as your only form of exercise. you still need to get your heart and lungs working harder by doing some kind of additional aerobic exercise for a minimum of 20 - 30 minutes per session. doctors recommend an hour a day of moderate to vigorous activity \u2014 so on days when you ' re not lifting weights, you may want to get more aerobic activity. strength training is a great way to improve strength, endurance, and muscle tone. but remember to start slowly, use proper form, avoid heavy weights, and increase workouts gradually to prevent injury. just a few short sessions a week will really pay off \u2014 besides better muscle tone and definition, you may find that you have more energy and focus in both sports and school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43061888399233994, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.528917"} {"text": "a home filled with reading material is a good way to help kids become enthusiastic readers. what kind of books should you have? ask your kids about their interests. if they ' re too young to have a preference, your local librarian can offer suggestions about age - appropriate books. here are some other tips : keep a varied selection. collect board books or books with mirrors and different textures for babies. preschoolers enjoy alphabet books, rhyming books, and picture books. elementary - age kids will enjoy variety : fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, plus dictionaries and other reference books. kids can understand stories they might not be able to read on their own. if a more challenging book interests your child, make it something to read together. younger kids can look at illustrations in books and ask questions as they follow along. and don ' t limit reading material to books. kids might also enjoy : magazines ( for kids ) postcards, e - mails, and text messages from relatives photo albums or scrapbooks beginning reading and alphabet games on a computer magnetized alphabet letters e - readers or e - books keep reading material handy. keep sturdy books with other toys for easy exploration. books near the changing table and high chair can be helpful distractions for younger kids at appropriate moments. plastic books can even go in the bathtub. keep books next to comfy chairs and sofas where you cuddle up so you can read after feedings and before naps. create a special reading place. as kids grow, keep age - appropriate books and magazines on shelves they can reach in their favorite hangouts around the house. make these shelves appealing and keep them organized. place some of the books with the covers facing out so they ' re easy to spot. put a basket full of books and magazines next to their favorite places to sit. create a cozy reading corner, and encourage kids to use it by setting up \" reading corner time \" each day. keep it appealing. make sure reading areas have good lighting. change the materials often \u2014 add seasonal books, rotate different magazines, and include books that relate to what kids are interested in or studying in school. decorate the corner with your child ' s artwork or writing. place a cd or tape player nearby for audio books. encourage kids to create the reading. set up a writing and art center and encourage kids to make books, posters, or collages that they decorate with their own pictures and writing. kids love to read things they ' ve written themselves or to share their creations with family and friends.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4087708512735775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.532031"} {"text": "shots - health news fri february 1, 2013 quick tb test builds up arsenal against drug - resistant bacteria originally published on sat february 2, 2013 4 : 56 pm the people on the front lines of tuberculosis control have their hands full, but their biggest challenge for the moment may be containing strains of the disease that are resistant to drugs. worldwide the number of tb cases is going down. the bad news is that the number of drug - resistant cases is going up. the world health organization estimates that the number of reported tb cases that were multi, extremely - or totally - drug resistant doubled between 2009 and 2011. until recently, it was extremely difficult to even diagnose drug - resistant tb, particularly in developing countries where the disease is most prevalent. tests had to be sent to fancy labs and could take up to three months to process. but hope arrived a few years ago, in the form of a new screening tool called xpert. it was designed to identify tb bacteria and the most common form of drug resistance in only two hours. but as a new technology, no one was quite sure how effective it was. now, a comprehensive analysis of xpert ' s performance, published thursday in the influential cochrane library, validates the test as an accurate tool for detecting resistance to one of the leading tb drugs, rifampicin. at $ 17, 000 for the machine and $ 9. 98 for each test, xpert is pricey. but this stamp of approval could encourage more health departments in tb endemic countries to spend the dough on this new method of testing. in the study, researchers at the university of washington and mcgill university analyzed 18 previously published studies involving almost 8, 000 tb patients. they found that, compared to the conventional methods, xpert could accurately detect a tb infection 88 percent of the time and rifampicin resistance 94 percent of time. health workers in the field are a fan of it, too. doctors in cape town, south africa working with doctors without borders tell shots the xpert is a \" game changer \" in tb control. they say that by identifying drug - resistant tb earlier, these highly dangerous strains of the air - borne bacteria can be contained and kept from spreading. the xpert machine examines the nucleic acid in a patient ' s sputum \u2013 the mucus coughed up from the upper respiratory tract. the spit is put in a cartridge, which is then stuck into the xpert machine. within two hours, a doctor will know if the patient has tb and if that form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45757842673196175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.536132"} {"text": "there are many contemporary strategies for naming children. you can echo family traditions or heritage. you can try to balance given names with too - unusual or too - common family names. you can refer to people, places and qualities you admire. our you can name children purely for the poetry of the sound, or in nod to the circumstances of the times, or your aspirations for them. you can find names that either fit in or stand out. all these ways work. recently i ' ve noticed two new strategies in naming children. one i call the global brand naming strategy. here the object is to devise names that work in as many languages and regions of the world as possible. these names are kind of esperanto names. names without language specific sounds. names that can be easily pronounced by japanese, russian, spanish, french and english speakers for instance. names that don ' t have negative connotations in certain cultures. they are usually short. punchy. almost nicknames. they may often seem generic. but they are easy to say and remember. they work just about anywhere on the planet. they are similar to brand names. names like leo. maya. tasi. kip. they work best with family names that are not common. finding them is a little bit like settling on a global brand. it requires a particular mindset and international awareness that some may find pretentious, and others invigorating and exciting. the other recent strategy is to find googleunique names. these are invented names, or name combinations, which will yield singular results in a google search. in other words, when you search for the child ' s name, your child is the only result. these can work with either uncommon last names or family names that are common. like mine. we did not set out to make googleunique names for our kids ( they were born before or at the dawn of the web ), although we did hope they would be special. i have an extremely common last name ( in the us ), so we choose first names for our children that meant something in both irish ( my family ) and chinese ( my wife ' s family ) for contrast. but it turns out all three of our kids full names, which work both in gaelic and mandarin ( kaileen kelly and tywen kelly and ting kelly ), are also googleunique. they are the only people with that name the results point to ( although there are more results from the reverse of the name, or from two people with parts of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4663271152786661, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.539679"} {"text": "##leen kelly and tywen kelly and ting kelly ), are also googleunique. they are the only people with that name the results point to ( although there are more results from the reverse of the name, or from two people with parts of the name, and so forth ). in the small but growing world indexed by the web, they are unique. i have not plotted this out, but my impression is that there are more baby names used now ( in the us and the world ) than before. baby name books would have thousands. now they have 100, 000. many of the new ones are unique to a single individual. in the future, perhaps most people will have a unique name. some adults may object to naming a kid like you were searching for a domain name, ( or a brand ), but our kids are delighted about this uniqueness and international sensibility. from our limited experience i can recommend a googleunique name. all things being equal, a name which is unique and works for all the other namely considerations a fine name needs is a better name. there are a lot of ways a name can go amiss, and uniquenss alone won ' t prevent a name from making it onto the bad baby name list. ( from one of those lists of real names : fanny whiffer ; nice carr ; hugh jass ; al caholic ; anita bath. ) thinking about the global searchability of a name may actually help prevent such disasters. oh, and i have a googlecommon name. i share my name with so many other people that we have our own kevin kelly disambiguation website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4646264437279062, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.540360"} {"text": "drought was nothing new to the farmers of western kansas. since their fathers and grandfathers had settled there in the 1870s, there had been dry periods interspersed with times of sufficient rainfall. but the drought that descended on the central plains in 1931 was more severe than most could remember. many factors led to the dust bowl. the increased demand for wheat during world war i, the development of new mechanized farm machinery along with falling wheat prices in the 1920s, led to millions of acres of native grassland being replaced by heavily disked fields of straight row crops. four years of drought shriveled the crops and left the loose top soil to the mercy of the ever - present winds. on sunday, april 14, 1935, called black sunday, a massive front moved across the great plains from the northwest. packing winds of 60 miles per hour, the loose topsoil was scooped up and mounded into billowing clouds of dust hundreds of feet high. people hurried home, for to be caught outside could mean suffocation and death. the dust and darkness halted all forms of transportation and the fine silt sifting through any crack or joint forced the closure of hospitals, flour mills, schools and businesses. some met this incredible hardship and gave up. others stayed, living on hope, humor and stubbornness. farmers listened to the advice of the u. s. soil conservation service and began strip farming and contour farming, restoring pastureland and planting hundreds of miles of wind breaks. with concerted effort and favorable weather conditions, the land was made to bloom again as the breadbasket of the nation. entry : dust bowl author : kansas historical society author information : the kansas historical society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state ' s history. date created : june 2003 date modified : february 2013 the author of this article is solely responsible for its content.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4268552057074333, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.544444"} {"text": "most active stories thu march 22, 2012 from abe lincoln to donald duck : history of the income tax the story of how the u. s. wound up with the income tax is the story of two wars, a supreme court justice on his death bed, and donald duck. it ' s also the story of how the government overcame three obstacles. obstacle no. 1 : logistics how do you make sure people pay? before the civil war, the government received most of it revenue through tariffs \u2014 taxing goods as they came into the ports. this had its limits, though. \" tariff duties are a great way to raise money as long as [ you ' re ] not fighting a war, \" says joe thorndike, co - author of the book war and taxes. in the 19th century, war meant blockaded ports, sunk ships \u2014 and almost no revenue from tariffs. so during the civil war, congress decided it had to try an income tax. it devised a really clever plan to get people to pay. it made the tax returns public. \" your neighbor would see you driving around on a brand new plow and he ' d say, ' wait a minute, ' \" thorndike says. \" ' i ' m going to see how much he reported on his income tax. ' \" even the president ' s tax returns were public. here is a tax assessor ' s list from 1864. note the entry for \" lincoln abraham \" right there below \" linney edward. \" president lincoln paid $ 1, 296 in taxes. the list also includes a retail liquor dealer and an eating house owner. obstacle no. 2 : the constitution in the 19th century, the income tax fell almost exclusively on the rich \u2014 who, as it turns out, had some pretty good lawyers. they argued that a \" direct tax \" had to be divvied up among the states according to their populations. the income tax didn ' t work that way. in 1895, the case went all the way to the supreme court. one justice was on his death bed, and the remaining eight split evenly. the dying justice came back, and the court re - heard the case. by a 5 - 4 vote, the court found the income tax unconstitutional. it wasn ' t until 1913, when congress and the states amended the constitution to allow for the income tax, that the tax became legal again. obsacle no. 3 : the love until world war ii, the income tax was levied only on the rich. but wartime spending meant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4050150943711021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.626063"} {"text": "congress and the states amended the constitution to allow for the income tax, that the tax became legal again. obsacle no. 3 : the love until world war ii, the income tax was levied only on the rich. but wartime spending meant the government needed money, and ordinary folks are now asked to pay. \" there was a lot of concern that americans just wouldn ' t do it, \" thorndike says. \" or that they wouldn ' t understand that they were supposed to... or even just how to do it. \" the government needed to get the word out. it needed a spokesperson. someone credible, and easy to understand. the government needed donald duck. the movie at the top of this post is from 1943. in it, donald duck marches around his house, listening to the radio and filling out his tax form. occupation : actor. dependents : three ( huey, dewey and louie ). this wartime patriotic motivation campaign worked. maybe we didn ' t love the income tax. but we paid it. david greene, host : get ready, because tax day is fast approaching. it seems like the appropriate time to note that the income tax is the major source of revenue for the u. s. government. but that was not always the case. in fact, the story of how we got the income tax is the story of several wars, a supreme court justice on his death bed and a duck. david kestenbaum with our planet money team has a brief history. david kestenbaum, byline : before you can have an income tax, you have to overcome three basic obstacles. the first, logistics. like, how do you make sure people pay? in the early days, the government got most of its revenue a simpler way. taxing stuff that came into the ports. though, that had its limits. joe thorndike : tariff duties are a great way to raise money as long as you ' re not fighting a war. kestenbaum : yeah, because someone ' s blocking your port, right? thorndike : or sinking your ships on the way across the ocean. kestenbaum : that ' s joe thorndike, who co - authored a book called \" war and taxes. \" during the civil war, he says, congress decided it had to try an income tax. and the government does this really very clever thing to get people to pay it. it makes tax returns public. thorndike : during the civil war, anyone could go in and look up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42941174480236466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.627830"} {"text": "says, congress decided it had to try an income tax. and the government does this really very clever thing to get people to pay it. it makes tax returns public. thorndike : during the civil war, anyone could go in and look up your income tax return or at least your report of how much you earned. and the idea was that this would help improve compliance, because your neighbor would see you driving around on your brand new plow and he ' d say wait a minute. that guy, how did he get all that money? i ' m going to see how much he reported on his income tax. kestenbaum : a tax assessors list from 1864 shows a mr. abraham lincoln, address : white house, taxes paid : $ 1, 296. also entries for restaurant owners and liquor dealers. the income tax - people paid it. the income tax faced a second obstacle though, a legal obstacle. the income tax at this point taxed mainly the rich. the rich didn ' t like it and the rich, have lawyers. in 1895, the case reaches the u. s. supreme court. john steele gordon : my great, great uncle was one of the lead lawyers in that case. and guess which side he was on? kestenbaum : trying to shoot down income tax. gordon : you got it. he was a morgan partner five years later. ( soundbite of laughter ) kestenbaum : this is economic historian john steele gordon. the argument his great, great uncle made in court was that the income tax violated the u. s. constitution, which said any direct tax had to be divvied up among the states according to their populations. and the income tax wasn ' t taxing according to population, it was taxing according to income. gordon : a very interesting thing happened in the supreme court. one justice was ill - in fact, he was dying, justice jackson from tennessee. it was argued before eight justices, split four - four. kestenbaum : that ' s why we have an odd number of justices, so you can ' t have a tie. kestenbaum : the court decides to haul justice jackson out of his death bed and rehear the case. jackson is a supporter of the income tax. so, he is going to break the tie in favor of the income tax. and the tie is broken, but it ' s five - four the other way, against. income tax is ruled unconstitutional. gordon : one of the other justices, we don '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4453548728523756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.629097"} {"text": "he is going to break the tie in favor of the income tax. and the tie is broken, but it ' s five - four the other way, against. income tax is ruled unconstitutional. gordon : one of the other justices, we don ' t know who because the opinion was unsigned, switched his vote. ( soundbite of laughter ) gordon : and so, the tax was unconstitutional, no income tax. kestenbaum : the legal problem is finally overcome in 1913 with a constitutional amendment. so, logistics, check. legality, check. the income tax needs one more thing - love. the income tax up to this point has been a tax on the rich. everyone else was exempt. this changes with world war ii. the government needs money and now ordinary folks are asked to pay. thorndike : there was a lot of concern that americans just wouldn ' t do it. kestenbaum : again, joseph thorndike. thorndike : that they wouldn ' t understand that they were supposed to, or that they had to, or even just how to do it. kestenbaum : the government needs to get the word out. it needs a spokesperson for the income tax. someone with credibility, someone who ' s instantly recognizable, someone who ' s easy to understand. ( soundbite of donald duck ) kestenbaum : donald duck. ( soundbite of music ) kestenbaum : this film is from 1943. in it, donald duck is marching around his house patriotically listening to the radio and talking back to it. ( soundbite of movie, \" spirit of ' 43 \" ) unidentified man # 1 : are you a patriotic american? clarence nash : ( as donald duck ) yes, sir. unidentified man # 1 : eager to do your part? nash : ( as donald duck ) yes, sir. kestenbaum : donald duck runs and gets a gun and a sword and boxing gloves. ( soundbite of movie, \" spirit of ' 43 ) unidentified man # 1 : then there ' s something important you can do. nash : ( as donald duck ) oh, boy. oh, boy. oh, boy. unidentified man # 1 : your income tax. nash : ( as donald duck ) income tax? unidentified man # 1 : yes, your income tax. nash : ( as donald duck ) ( unintelligible ) income tax. kestenbaum : the film walks donald duck through filling out his tax form. occupation, he writes actor. dependents :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4690857689311183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.630458"} {"text": "as obesity rates in children have climbed, so has the incidence of type 2 diabetes, and a new study adds another worry - the disease progresses more rapidly in children than in adults and is harder to treat. one of the biggest threats to our children \u2019 s health may be underestimated. obesity and the form of diabetes linked to it are setting kids up for runaway medical problems. \u201c an obese child is potentially more at risk for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, joint related problems, liver disease, gall bladder disease. that \u2019 s a big list, \u201d says lee memorial health system pediatrician dr. nancy witham. with upwards of 30 percent of florida \u2019 s kids weighing in as obese, pediatricians are intervening. \u201c the first thing we would do is look at where the child is on a growth chart, take a good family history and find if there \u2019 s some of the things like the diabetes, high blood pressure, already present in the family which would put the child at increase risk, \u201d says dr. witham. new studies suggest diabetes in children is harder to treat and it progresses more quickly, meaning they get sicker quicker. \u201c adults who are overweight may take 15 years before they develop diabetes. and in children that can be as short as a couple of years, \u201d says lee memorial health system pediatric endocrinologist dr. asjad khan. doctors believe the speed and severity may be linked to hormones. \u201c such as growth hormone and testosterone, estrogen. they are much higher in children in puberty. so these excess hormones, plus the overweight together, cause even more insulin resistance, \u201d says dr. khan. in theory, people who develop diabetes as children may suffer complications much earlier in life than previous generations who became diabetic as adults. type 2 diabetes is typically avoidable by improving diet and exercise. \u201c it \u2019 s all about choices and making the appropriate choices, \u201d says dr. witham. the best advice : eliminate the risk by preventing the problem.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3987680685400261, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.636146"} {"text": "internet ' s impact on museums and libraries open lib / info sci education forum [ jesse @ listserv. utk. edu ] ; on behalf of ; kevin oconnell [ koconnell @ imls. gov ] jesse @ listserv. utk. edu fri 7 / 03 / 2008 for immediate release march 6, 2008 imls press contacts jeannine mjoseth, email @ example. com mamie bittner, firstname. lastname @ example. org wanda monroe, email @ example. com imls announces results of study on the internet ' s impact on museums and libraries \" museums and libraries are alive and well in the digital world! \" radice said. \" the interconnections report shows how people currently search for information and makes the case that the libraries and museums must provide service both online and in person. \" imls sponsored this national study through a cooperative agreement with a libraries and museums are the most trusted sources of online information among adults of all ages, education levels, races, and ethnicities. libraries and museums rank higher in trustworthiness than all other information sources including government, commercial, and private web sites. the study shows that the public trust of museums and libraries migrates to the online environment. the explosive growth of information available in the \" information age \" actually whets americans ' appetite for more information. people search for information in many places and since the use of one source leads to others, museums, public libraries, and the internet complement each other in this information - rich environment. the internet is not replacing in - person visits to libraries and museums and may actually increase onsite use of libraries and museums. there is a positive relationship between internet use and in - person visits to museums and public libraries. the interconnections report provides evidence that public libraries and museums are thriving in the internet age as trusted providers of information to people of all ages. to view the report, please go to http : / / interconnectionsreport. org < http : / / interconnectionsreport. org >. the 2008 webwise conference on libraries and museums in the digital world on march 6, 2008. the annual late winter webwise conference draws museum, library, information systems, and other professionals to explore new research and innovation in digital technology. the 2008 conference, co - hosted by imls and the wolfsonian \u2013 florida international university ( the wolfsonian \u2013 fiu ), with support from the national endowment for the humanities,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4777084717515857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.877490"} {"text": "professionals to explore new research and innovation in digital technology. the 2008 conference, co - hosted by imls and the wolfsonian \u2013 florida international university ( the wolfsonian \u2013 fiu ), with support from the national endowment for the humanities, highlights the growing convergence between libraries and museums in collection and information management. for more information, go to http : / / webwise2008. fcla. edu < http : / / webwise2008. fcla. edu >. joint use conference proceedings now available open lib / info sci education forum [ jesse @ listserv. utk. edu ] ; on behalf of ; sarah mcnicol [ ebase @ hotmail. co. uk ] jesse @ listserv. utk. edu mon 5 / 11 / 2007 for any public, academic, special or school library considering any form of joint / dual use library or library based service partnership. full proceedings of the first international joint use libraries conference, twenty - six papers from overseas $ 70. 00 plus $ 20. 00 p & h each from auslib press, fax ( 08 ) 8278 4000 international + 61 8 8278 4000 jsc document 2008 / 01 / 25 mcgarry, dorothy [ firstname. lastname @ example. org ] sla - dst sun 27 / 01 / 2008 the following document was posted on the jsc web site on 2008 / 01 / 25 : - 5jsc / chair / 9 / chair follow - up / 6 [ appendix on initial articles ] knowledge 2008 : map of human knowledge chaim zins [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org wed 6 / 02 / 2008 dear friends & colleagues, knowledge 2008 is an ongoing r & d project aimed at mapping human knowledge and facilitating efficient information searching. the project is composed of 6 parts : map, portal, smart search, encyclopedia, overview, and forum : knowledge 2008 : map of human knowledge < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / map / map. html > overview. a systematic map of human knowledge. the knowledge map maps 500 major fields. human knowledge is composed of 10 pillars. each pillar is divided into relevant categories and presents the relevant field. unique characteristics. to better evaluate the map let us look at its unique characteristics : 1. the 10 pillar structure, which is based on the knowledge - supernatural - universe - humans model is unique. 2. the distinction between categories of the map ( e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.559140197363629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.878545"} {"text": "unique characteristics. to better evaluate the map let us look at its unique characteristics : 1. the 10 pillar structure, which is based on the knowledge - supernatural - universe - humans model is unique. 2. the distinction between categories of the map ( e. g., theory ) and fields of knowledge ( e. g., philosophy of knowledge ) is unique. imagine that the map mirrors a library. the pillars are bookcases. the categories are shelves, and the fields of knowledge are books. the library of human knowledge has 10 bookcases, 100 shelves, and a collection of 500 books. 3. the theory - embodiment structure is unique. the map has a theory - embodiment structure. it is manifested within the map level, the pillar level, and the field level. [ in the map level : pillar 1 is ' the theory ' part of human knowledge ( hk ). it is composed of the meta - knowledge of hk. pillars 2 - 10 are ' the embodiment ' of hk. they are composed of our knowledge on the explored phenomena ( the supernatural, the universe, the living world, and humans. in the pillar level : each pillar has ' a theory ' category. in the field level : each field has ' a theory ' sub - field ( e. g., philosophy of medicine, literary theory, philosophy of art ) 4. the categories of the map were formulated in this research. knowledge 2008 : portal to human knowledge < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / portal / portal. html > overview. a systematic portal to top quality resources. currently, the portal includes hundreds links to top resources in all fields of knowledge. knowledge 2008 : smart search < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / search / index. html > overview. a systematic user interface of internet search engines. it is designed to facilitate an efficient information searching. currently, it is implemented for google search engine. rationale. search words are essential for formulating effective search queries. unfortunately, most searchers are not familiar with the relevant search terms. it is assumed that in every field there are main keywords that relate to the core knowledge of the field. the idea is to develop a systematic user interface that presents the main keywords in the major fields of knowledge. knowledge 2008 : encyclopedic portal to wikipedia < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / encyclopedia / index. html > overview. a systematic portal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5551662656748586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.879640"} {"text": "that presents the main keywords in the major fields of knowledge. knowledge 2008 : encyclopedic portal to wikipedia < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / encyclopedia / index. html > overview. a systematic portal to the wikipedia encyclopedia. the portal implements the knowledge map for facilitating systematic access to wikipedia ' s encyclopedic articles. rationale. wikipedia is a general encyclopedia. it is free and popular. undoubtedly, wikipedia is a significant international, intercultural, and interdisciplinary project despite the poor quality of many articles. note that the map can be implemented in other encyclopedias. a concise overview of the knowledge map. an academic and professional forum ( via email ) on the theoretical and practical aspects of the project. please feel free to reflect. thanks. knowledge 2008 < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / index. html > : map < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / map / map. html > - portal < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / portal / portal. html > - encyclopedia < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / encyclopedia / index. html > - smart search < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / search / index. html > - overview < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / overview / 1. html > - forum < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / forum / forum. html > knowledge map of information science < http : / / www. success. co. il / is / index. html > chaim zins, phd. knowledge mapping research homepage : www. success. co. il < http : / / www. success. co. il / > knowledge 2008 : map of human knowledge lc releases final report on future of bib control open lib / info sci education forum [ jesse @ listserv. utk. edu ] ; on behalf of ; b. g. sloan [ bgsloan2 @ yahoo. com ] jesse @ listserv. utk. edu fri 11 / 01 / 2008 library of congress subject headings report mcgarry, dorothy [ email @ example. com ] science - technology division wed 5 / 03 / 2008 from : miller, david [ mailto : firstname. lastname @ example. org ] sent : tuesday, march 04, 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5575900115669763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.880616"} {"text": "report mcgarry, dorothy [ email @ example. com ] science - technology division wed 5 / 03 / 2008 from : miller, david [ mailto : firstname. lastname @ example. org ] sent : tuesday, march 04, 2008 7 : 21 am subject : [ ccs - sac ] library of congress subject headings report hello, everyone - pardon me if you ' ve all seen this announced already ( i ' m only on a couple of mailing lists and look at a handful of blogs ), but this doesn ' t seem to have received a lot of play yet. the report \" library of congress subject headings : pre - vs. post - coordination and related issues \" is out from cpso, and is available at http : / / www. loc. gov / catdir / cpso / pre _ vs _ post. pdf. mark perkins lists [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org thu 1 / 11 / 2007 5 : 52 pm isoc netherlands and isoc belgium participate in the launch of opendoc society a new member - based organisation, opendoc society, will try to bring a global community of users, technologists, and decision makers together around open document format ( odf ). the opendoc society will be trying to build a community around the open document format ( iso 26300 : 2006 ) and related document standards as key technologies for our society and the internet in a pre - competitive way. open document format ( odf ) is an oasis / iso - standardized, vendor neutral file format that enables cross - platform collaboration between people and many different types of applications - from office suites to server software. having such a standard will re - establish full ownership of documents to users, guaranteeing unhindered access to content now and in the future. at the same time, it will contribute to interoperability and innovation across platforms and applications. this will help people work more efficiently and take away the dependency on specific software companies and versions of software for having access to one ' s own content. it is not about converting people to use specific software. it promotes all odf - based technology alike : may the best offering in any given situation win. this pragmatic and positive approach is what makes the opendoc society unique. a growing number of governments, including the dutch, belgian, south - african and danish governments, is moving away from the proprietary formats such as. doc,. wpd and. xls and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5447870056660108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.881951"} {"text": "approach is what makes the opendoc society unique. a growing number of governments, including the dutch, belgian, south - african and danish governments, is moving away from the proprietary formats such as. doc,. wpd and. xls and converting to odf. on 23 october 2007, the new initiative was launched with a large event in the royal library in the founding board of opendoc society will consist of bert bakker ( director of center for media and communication, and former member of the the organization wants to expand internationally and hopes it can play a strategic role in creating awareness and building a community to further the growth of odf. more information can be found at : there is already interest from a number of isoc chapters to set up local branches. if you want to start a chapter of opendoc society in your region, contact : email @ example. com or alternatively contact one of the people below : isoc netherlands, nlnet foundation phone : + 31 ( 0 ) 20 8884251 cell phone : + 31 ( 0 ) 6 27050947 sip : michiel [ @ t ] isoc. nl machtelt. garrels [ @ t ] isoc. be m : + 32 ( 0 ) 473 94 68 78 if you have any questions regarding your membership please contact isoc membership team at < membership at isoc. org >. copyright ( c ) 2007 internet society. permission to duplicate and redistribute in any form is granted as long as this copyright and this notice remain intact. pioneers in information management scoop top awards federation for information & documentation [ lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk ] ; on behalf of ; dcsa dst - im4 [ dcsadst - im4 @ defence. mod. uk ] lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk wed 28 / 11 / 2007 pioneers in information management scoop top awards ukeig are delighted to announce today the winners of the strix and jason farradane awards, which will be presented at the online information conference and exhibition at both awards celebrate achievement in the broad field of information management. the 2007 strix award, created in honour of dr tony kent, is made to mats lindquist, senior executive officer at the national library of sweden. \" we ' re delighted to award the tenth annual strix award to professor lindquist, \" said adrian dale, editor of the journal of information science and online information conference chairman. \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4868886475140795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.882962"} {"text": ", senior executive officer at the national library of sweden. \" we ' re delighted to award the tenth annual strix award to professor lindquist, \" said adrian dale, editor of the journal of information science and online information conference chairman. \" in the world of practical full text information retrieval he is one of the \" giants \", wholly in the spirit of tony kent ' s contribution in chemical information \". professor lindquist won the strix award for his key role in the development and significant improvement in accessibility to an information service through the business development of the jason farradane award, which recognises brilliant work in information science, is made to executive director of intute, caroline williams and the intute community network. intute is a free online service, created in partnership with university subject specialists, with over 100, 000 links to academic content on the web, as well as a suite of virtual training tutorials and internet information services. adrian dale praised highly the winners. \" intute is a great example of the intute ' s origins lie in the 1996 electronic libraries programme, where a number of librarians and researchers won jisc ( joint information systems committee ) funding to develop their ideas for new internet gateway services. the service has thrived as it has always actively pursued exploring original ways of working online, as a community. intute has also innovated with new technologies - such as web 2. 0 - but always against balanced judgements about their relative value to education and research. the awards will be presented at the online conference to be held from 4 - 6 december at contact : chris armstrong, ukeig and information automation ltd tel : ( + 44 ) 1974 251302 notes for editors ukeig is an established professional group for all information professionals, users and developers of electronic information resources. the group encourages communication and the exchange of best practice and knowledge across all sectors ; and offers an e - journal, a mailing list, an annual programme of training courses ; and an array of awards and bursaries. ukeig is a special interest group of cilip : the chartered institute of library and information professionals. www. cilip. org. uk sage is a leading international publisher of journals, books, and electronic media for academic, educational, and professional markets. since 1965, sage has helped inform and educate a global community of scholars, practitioners, researchers, and students spanning a wide range of subject areas including business, humanities, social sciences, and science, technology and medicine. an independent company, sage has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49280521202906663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.884855"} {"text": ". since 1965, sage has helped inform and educate a global community of scholars, practitioners, researchers, and students spanning a wide range of subject areas including business, humanities, social sciences, and science, technology and medicine. an independent company, sage has principal the journal of information science is an international journal of high repute covering topics of interest to all those researching and working in the sciences of information and knowledge management. the journal seeks to achieve a better understanding of the principles that underpin the effective creation, organization, storage, communication and utilization of information and knowledge resources. it also seeks to understand how policy and practice in the area can be built on sound theoretical or heuristic foundations to achieve a greater impact on the world economy. http : / / jis. sagepub. com / the strix award is presented in memory of dr tony kent, a past fellow of the past winners have been stella dextre clarke ( 2006 ) ; jack mills ( 2005 ) ; professor cornelis joost ( keith ) van rijsbergen ( 2004 ) ; dr herbert van sompel ( 2003 ) ; malcolm jones ( 2002 ) ; professor peter willett ( 2001 ) ; dr martin porter ( 2000 ) ; dr donna harman ( 1999 ) ; professor stephen robertson ( 1998 ). jason farradane graduated in chemistry in 1929 at what is now the centre for information science in 1966. on the research side his main contributions lay in relational analysis, which can now perhaps be seen as providing a precursor to work in the area of a. i., and the concept of information. he saw information science as a step towards understanding and better organizing ourselves. the iis first presented the award in 1979, to jason farradane. previous award winners have proceedings of the 1st african information ethics conference firstname. lastname @ example. org ; on behalf of ; m. j. menou [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org ; sigiii - l ; sigifp - l ; eurchap tue 30 / 10 / 2007 the 7th volume of irie ( 01 / 2007 ) is dedicated entirely to the publication of the proceedings of the first african information ethics conference ( www. africainfoethics. org < http : / / www. africainfoethics. org > ) that was held in february, 5 - 7, 2007 in dr. michel j. menou visiting professor, slais, consultant in ict policies and knowledge & information management adviser of somos @", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5300066066480458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.886013"} {"text": "www. africainfoethics. org > ) that was held in february, 5 - 7, 2007 in dr. michel j. menou visiting professor, slais, consultant in ict policies and knowledge & information management adviser of somos @ telecentros board http : / / www. tele - centros. org member of the founding steering committee of telecenters of the americas partnership http : / / www. tele - centers. net / b. p. 15 f - 49350 les rosiers sur phone : + 33 ( 0 ) 2 41511043 publishing trade associations issue clear rules for orphan works \" safe harbor \" for users of academic and scholarly journals mark perkins lists [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org fri 26 / 10 / 2007 publishing trade associations issue clear rules for orphan works \" safe harbor \" for users of academic and scholarly journals london, 24 october 2007 - three trade associations, the association of learned and professional society publishers ( alpsp ), the international association of scientific, technical & medical publishers ( stm ) and the professional / scholarly division ( psp ) of the association of american publishers today released a further step towards establishing clear rules for users of copyright works who cannot locate the owners of such works ( so - called \" orphan works \" ) to obtain permission to include such content in new works, course - packs, and compilations. the \" safe harbor \" statement we are releasing today is an evolution in policy and practice from statements and positions announced previously ( see prior stm, ipa and aap stakeholders around the world are currently debating whether orphan works should be dealt with as a matter of a copyright exception, a reduction in copyright penalties once a \" parent \" is located, or a blanket collective license. the view of alpsp, stm and psp is that private market solutions are almost always to be preferred, since they are the most likely to provide tangible results, and that solution is put forward in the new \" safe harbor \" the safe harbor document outlines a need for a viable and diligence search request, and identifies resources that should be consulted, including a list of journal publisher imprints that the associations have compiled. users who conduct such a search where the owner of such a work is later identified, will be subject only to a normal license fee and will not be subject to any statutory, punitive or special fees or damages. a significant number of alpsp, stm and psp members have acceded to the safe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48424162079867256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.887006"} {"text": "work is later identified, will be subject only to a normal license fee and will not be subject to any statutory, punitive or special fees or damages. a significant number of alpsp, stm and psp members have acceded to the safe harbor principles, and it is hoped many more will join shortly. in a sense this effort creates an actual legal right that would otherwise only be available through extensive formal legislation. the safe harbor that members of the three associations are providing will significantly increase the ability of scholarly users, researchers and writers, to utilize the rich resources of scholarly and academic journal content for the benefit of all. the association of learned and professional society publishers ( alpsp ) is the international trade association for not - for - profit publishers and those who work with them. http : / / www. alpsp. org stm - international association of scientific, technical and medical publishers - is an international association of about 100 scientific, technical, medical and scholarly publishers, collectively responsible for more than 60 % of the global annual output of research articles, over half the active research journals and the publication of tens of thousands of print and electronic books, reference works and databases. the professional & scholarly publishing ( psp ) division of the association of american publishers, inc. ( aap ) serves over 140 commercial, not - for - profit, and university press publishers who provide scholarly information in the sciences, technology, medicine, business, law, and the humanities and social sciences. psp engages in educational and advocacy activities for the advancement of scholarship and the broad interests of information services community. http : / / www. pspcentral. org for further information, please contact : mark seeley eu information officer tel. : + 31 70 309 05 52 fax : + 31 70 309 05 58 lobbying for archives and libraries rda vocabularies work begun mcgarry, dorothy [ email @ example. com ] science - technology division thu 21 / 02 / 2008 announcement : work begins on the rda vocabularies the dcmi / rda task group was formed in april of 2007, when members of the joint steering committee for the development of rda, dublin core and the w3c semantic web deployment working group met in 1. definition of an rda element vocabulary 2. disclosure on the public web of rda value vocabularies using rdf / rdfs / skos technologies the rda vocabularies project proposes to surface these underlying bibliographic elements in the form of semantic web voca", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5459229287285773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.889132"} {"text": ". disclosure on the public web of rda value vocabularies using rdf / rdfs / skos technologies the rda vocabularies project proposes to surface these underlying bibliographic elements in the form of semantic web vocabularies, thereby making them reusable in semantic web applications and citable with uniform resource identifiers ( uris ). this will be based on rdf ( resource description framework ), a generic grammar for expressing data for use not just by humans, but also in automated processes of data integration and \" intelligent \" reasoning. the work will be lead by the dcmi / rda task group chairs : gordon dunsire of the * karen coyle ( independent consultant well known in the library world ) * alistair miles ( editor for the simple knowledge organization system ( skos ) and member of the w3c swdwg ) * mikael nilsson ( researcher in the knowledge management research group, royal institute of technology, sweden and co - chair of the dcmi architecture forum ) partial funding for the effort has been secured, and sources of additional funding are still being sought. potential funders should contact diane hillmann at firstname. lastname @ example. org for further information. public information on the progress of the project is available on the dcmi / rda task group wiki, see : http : / / dublincore. org / dcmirdataskgroup /. continuing discussion on the work of the task group will take place on the public mailing list maintained by the task group and available for open subscription at : http : / / www. jiscmail. ac. uk / lists / dc - rda. html. feedback, comment and experimentation with the products that the group will be presenting is both welcome and essential to the success of the work. socrs ( serials and other continuing resources section ) - proceedings ann okerson [ email @ example. com ] ifla mailing list tue 26 / 02 / 2008 we are very happy to let you know that the proceedings of our august 2007 socrs ( serials and other continuing resources section ) satellite conference are now up on line at the web site, located at : the title of this satellite conference was : electronic resource management systems : a solution with its own challenges, held at the university of the western cape, cape town, south africa august 16 - 17, 2007. the papers presented are of an exceptional caliber and bring together state of the art information about erms, which will be of value to librarian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5448863965308706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.892321"} {"text": "challenges, held at the university of the western cape, cape town, south africa august 16 - 17, 2007. the papers presented are of an exceptional caliber and bring together state of the art information about erms, which will be of value to librarians in many institutions around the world. when you click on \" papers, \" you will arrive at the section where the speakers ' abstracts and full text presentations are available. the speakers ' bios are all available on the link called \" speakers. \" the full contents are listed below. editing of the papers was done over the last few months by graziano kratli, international program support librarian at yale university library, and we owe him immense gratitude for this painstaking work. we also owe, again, huge thanks to the various socrs members who helped to plan and organize this event, as well as to our hosts at the university of the as they say, \" enjoy \" this substantive contribution to current serials and library work, and please share this information with your various e - mail lists and contacts. cordially, ann okerson chair, serials and other continuing resources section associate university librarian, collections & international programs yale university library firstname. lastname @ example. org rochelle ballard and jennifer lang the hidden benefits of implementing an electronic resources management system. text & ppt robert bley ( ex libris ) dis - integration and re - integration : ermss in the wider context - predictions. text & ppt. richard burke ( scelc ) a consortial approach to information management. text & ppt. ted fons ( innovative interfaces ) the present and future of electronic resource management systems : public and staff. text & ppt. brian green ( editeur ) licenses and erms : standards for the expression of publisher / library licenses. text & ppt. dalene hawthorne ( kimberly parker ( text & ppt. oliver pesch ( ebsco information services ) connecting e - resource management systems and usage statistics. text & ppt. dorette snyman ( wilhelm widmark ( alicia wise ( publishers licensing society ) electronic resource management : copyright and licensing context presentation. ppt only. federation for information & documentation [ lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk ] ; on behalf of ; paul nieuwenhuysen [ pnieuwen @ vub. ac. be ] lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk wed 7 / 11 / 2007 an international training program on \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4756521884144549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.895497"} {"text": "; on behalf of ; paul nieuwenhuysen [ pnieuwen @ vub. ac. be ] lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk wed 7 / 11 / 2007 an international training program on \" information \" : scientific and technological information management in universities and libraries : an active training environment ( edition 8 ) announcement information about this training program can be found on the www starting from : the program is planned to take place mainly in october 1 - december 19, 2008. language used is english. our motto is : \" helping educators and innovators to advance knowledge and to enrich lives \" context and evolution of the program : the initiative has been approved by the flemish interuniversity council ( vlir ) and is sponsored by the belgian government ( the directorate named dgos since december 2002 ). this fits in a series of similar international training activities that have been organized since 1991, named mist 1, 2, 3, know - how, and stimulate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. this initiative is aimed primarily at persons with a university degree ( bachelor or master ), who work in universities, information and documentation centres, and libraries, including of course university libraries, and who have a few years of practical experience. the term active training environment in the title of the training program reflects our wish to create an environment in which each participant is stimulated to get involved actively, supported by the lecturers and the infrastructure provided by the training program. this fits well into the general, worldwide trend away from \" teaching \" to \" learning management \". aim / goal of the training program : the main aim and goal of this international training program is to offer a stimulating learning environment to the participants. these are young scientists and professionals who have a function as information intermediary in the area of science and technology, so as to sharpen their skills in collecting, storing, retrieving, presenting and managing information. this can be of great benefit to the teaching and research activities going on in their institute and to the further development of their organisation and region. this initiative corresponds well with the basic, general aim of all the international training programs that are supported by vlir : to train young scientists and professionals from developing countries in a domain that is relevant for the further development of the country, and to stimulate the participants to transfer their increased knowledge and skills to their colleagues and other stakeholders in their home country. more specific objectives of the training program : - - to provide participants with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5481548417452475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.897646"} {"text": "domain that is relevant for the further development of the country, and to stimulate the participants to transfer their increased knowledge and skills to their colleagues and other stakeholders in their home country. more specific objectives of the training program : - - to provide participants with a clearer view on the importance of information in general and for their environment in particular, and on how to manage information : summarised : \" management in libraries and information centres \" - - to learn the participants to cope with modern technology, in view of the increasing importance of ict ; summarised : \" information and communication technology for libraries and information centres \" - - to guide them in retrieving information that is publicly accessible on an international scale : summarised : \" information retrieval / searching \" and - - to learn them to store, organise, present, manage, publish information resources at personal, institutional, regional or national level : summarised : \" information architecture \" after being actively involved in this international training program, every participant will have improved the ability - - to appreciate and explain the importance of access to information for their organisation - - to present information to users and potential users, using appropriate information technology - - to train interested persons in the use and management of information, using appropriate presentation techniques - - to contribute to the planning of the ( further ) development of an information service - - to communicate through the internet with users of information, information providers, colleagues, \u2026 - - to apply quantitative methods in decision making related to information systems and services - - to retrieve information from the internet - - to store information for later retrieval and access by potential users, using information technology contents of the program : 3 months means about 10 weeks or about 50 days. during about 3 days per week for 10 weeks = 30 days, the participants will be guided by professors and other experts. during the other 2 days per week for 10 weeks = 20 days, they will work on tasks = assignments as individuals or in groups, and their reports will be presented and discussed afterwards again guided by professors and other experts. the sessions are organised in such a way that - - the first month = introduction level, - - the second month = intermediate level, and - - the third month = more advanced level. thanks to this approach and organisation, it may make sense to participate exceptionally during only one or two of the three months, depending on expertise. however, the available scholarships are granted only to persons who will participate for the full three months. to start with, the participants are offered an orientation tour of the university and the university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514867447015968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.898807"} {"text": "during only one or two of the three months, depending on expertise. however, the available scholarships are granted only to persons who will participate for the full three months. to start with, the participants are offered an orientation tour of the university and the university library. then some of the following subjects are covered. of course, due to the limited available time, not all the mentioned subjects can be discussed in each training program, but a selection will be made by the organisers. the concrete content of each training program depends on the availability of suitable expert lecturers from during the period of the training program. as soon as possible, the concrete schedule is made available through the www site of the program. 1. management in libraries and information centers : statistics to support decision making for information science and for library management. business plans for libraries and information centers. using spreadsheets in the management of libraries and information centers. consortia of libraries for the acquisition of electronic journals and databases. scientific writing methods. isbd = international standard bibliographic description. formats for computer - based cataloguing ; marc formats. national libraries and national bibliographies. knowledge organisation : subject classification schemes ; thesaurus systems, ontologies. assessing the influence of scientific journals ; citations and impact factors. the bibliometric laws. architecture of libraries and information centers. orientation of information users ; relations with information users. interlibrary lending and co - operation ; document delivery. development of a national or regional information network. the information society. cultural aspects of the information society and information technology transfer. copyright ; information security ; trans - border data flow. writing a project proposal ( for instance related to the establishment of an information network ). conservation / preservation of printed documents. conservation / preservation of digital documents. informetric aspects of the internet. artificial intelligence and knowledge representation in information science. electronic journals : implementation in a library. integration of e - learning environments and library services. libraries involvement in scientific publishing. international co - operation projects. 2. information and communication technology for libraries and information centers : microcomputer systems : evolution of hardware. disks for computers. cd - rom in a local area network. cd - r, cd - rw, dvd - r, dvd + r, dvd - rw, dvd + rw. microcomputer operating systems. microcomputer systems : applications software. text editing ; word processing ; desktop publishing. presentation of data, using a microcomputer. creating charts to present information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4930529143158812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.900124"} {"text": "- rw, dvd + rw. microcomputer operating systems. microcomputer systems : applications software. text editing ; word processing ; desktop publishing. presentation of data, using a microcomputer. creating charts to present information. image processing ; graphics file formats ; photo / image editing. multimedia / hypermedia. data communication ; computer networks ; internet. world - wide web ; hypertext and hypermedia. data - communications networks and librarians. selecting and procuring a computer system ; writing a proposal for a computer implementation. providing access to information through public internet workstations. methods for access to databases through internet : telnet, http / www, z39. 50 and iso239. 50, open archives initiative - metadata harvesting protocol. 3. information retrieval / searching : introductory concepts about information. internet - based information resources : introduction. the information industry and the information market. online information retrieval and database searching ; search tactics and strategies. internet search engines. information available free of charge ; open access. online access databases about books and about journal articles. electronic newsletters and journals. computer - network based interest groups. online systems versus cd - rom. theoretical and quantitative aspects of information retrieval. evaluation of information retrieval strategies and systems. evaluating the quality of information sources. 4. information architecture and digital libraries : basic, fundamental, theoretical concepts. software packages for local storage and retrieval of bibliographic information. introduction to the the application of printer ; developing a database structure ; indexing data for fast retrieval ; windows ; winisis ; history and future of isis ; programming in formats : marc ; application of marc in downloading of information and record format conversion. online public access catalogues ( opacs ). archives and records management. archives in the domain of science and technology. geographic information systems ( gis ) : an introduction. developing a web site ; html, css, xml, xsl ; intranets ; developing an intranet. evaluating web sites. dynamic web pages. developing co - operative community www sites ; web contents management systems. setting up an electronic newsletter. extensions of the classical www. ( client - based and server - based ). in addition to the courses taking place at the university campus, study visits are organised. a selection from the following possible visits is made : - - to the royal ( national ) - - to the european patent office - - to the information service of the geology department of the - - to the inter - university postgraduate school on information and library", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5309405785284219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.902677"} {"text": "a selection from the following possible visits is made : - - to the royal ( national ) - - to the european patent office - - to the information service of the geology department of the - - to the inter - university postgraduate school on information and library science at the university of antwerp, belgium - - to the library of the university of antwerp, belgium - - to the human sciences library of the - - to the library of the - - to the city library of - - to the old central library and to the modern science and technology library of the kul ( university ) in - - to the vliz marine science information and documentation centre near the sea coast in oostende / - - to the central library of - - to the documentation department of the kit ( the royal tropical institute ), and to the high school on libraries, documentation and information, both in - - to the headquarters of ifla and to the national, royal library in den haag / - - to the institute for social studies ( iss ) in den haag / more culturally oriented guided visits are also organised ; these may include trips to the old cities of soon after the start of the program, each participant presents to the other participants and to interested lecturers his / her interests, working environment, planning, tasks, experience. this is organised with printed posters in a small poster exhibition with time allotted for stimulating and ice - breaking discussions. at the end of the course, each participant completes a presentation supported by slides managed on computer, with constructive comments on the training program experienced and with concrete recommendations to the organisers of this training program and to the director of their own organisation. about half of the time, the participants are guided by experts who are invited to the university. they use the other half time to solve problems, to make exercises, to use microcomputers and the internet, to prepare discussions, for self study... besides the formal, guided course activities, the participants have access like any regular student at our university - - to several rooms equipped with microcomputers connected to the internet, - - to the university library which offers printed material, cd - roms and pcs with internet access, - - to the university restaurant and to sport facilities at low student prices. at the end of the program all participants obtain a certificate stating that they have indeed participated, with a reference to the full detailed overview of the program contents on the www site of the program. several substantial parts of the program are followed by an evaluation by the responsible expert of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48626871596665894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.904470"} {"text": "the program all participants obtain a certificate stating that they have indeed participated, with a reference to the full detailed overview of the program contents on the www site of the program. several substantial parts of the program are followed by an evaluation by the responsible expert of the knowledge and skills acquired by each participant ; this can lead to a certificate of active and successful participation. notebook pc for each participant : participants should of course bring a notebook or laptop computer, if they have one available. this notebook pc should ideally include a wireless network card ( wifi ) to connect to the internet through the university wireless network. if however that is not possible, then the participant should communicate about this problem with the secretariat of the training program, as soon as possible ; then the program organisers can try to rent a personal notebook computer for the participant at a reasonable price. poster session by participants : each participant is expected to create a poster about ongoing activities related to information management in their home institution. this poster is presented in a poster session as early as possible early in the program. in this way, participants and some professors get to know each other efficiently and the participants learn to present information in the format of a scientific poster. therefore, participants are encouraged to bring supporting materials like folders, leaflets, photos, maps, etc \u2026 for inclusion in their poster. scientific tutorial presentations by participants : each participant is expected to present a tutorial presentation during the program of maximum 15 minutes, with 10 minutes of questions and answers plus discussion foreseen. the audience is composed of the other participants. the topic of each presentation is one aspect of their expertise. the aims are the following : - participants improve their scientific presentation, teaching and communication skills, - they share their knowledge with the other participants, - participants get to know each other better, - the session may form a basis for possible later co - operation, etc \u2026 teachers, professors, experts, resource persons : the following will be invited. they may contribute as they did in previous programs, if their agenda and the limited duration of the training program allow this : \" collier, kul, \" dekeyser, kul, \" de keyser, hogeschool, and \" de smet, \" koninckx, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium \" holans, kul, \" nieuwenhuysen, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium \" nyssen, vrije universiteit brussel, bruss", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5071870604526608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.905862"} {"text": "brussel, belgium \" holans, kul, \" nieuwenhuysen, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium \" nyssen, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium \" rousseau, universiteit antwerpen, \" van audenhove, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium \" vanderpijpen, royal / national library, social and cultural activities planned : - poster presentation by each participant to the other participants and to invited guests, about information management in their home institute, on the same evening as the welcome reception with drinks and appetizers, early in the program. - evening with the opportunity to learn more about beer tasting and to taste some of the world - famous belgian beers and some belgian food. - photography contests. - farewell gathering with drinks and snacks. ( final evening of the program ) furthermore the participants can join some of the many activities at the university and in participation, registration = tuition fee and costs : participation is free of charge (! ) for 12 participants from developing countries. they are selected by the steering committee of the program, by vlir ( the flemish inter - university council ) section for university co - operation vlir - uos, and by dgos. they also receive a return flight ticket plus a scholarship to cover the costs of transport from the airport upon arrival to their room, accommodation, health insurance during the stay in and finally transport from their room to the airport. the detailed forms that are needed to request a grant = scholarship should be available through the internet from the www site of vlir - uos. their site is http : / / www. vliruos. be / at the time of writing this text, the required forms, one for the request and one for the recommendation letters could be downloaded primarily from http : / / www. vliruos. be / index. php? navid = 380 & direct _ to = scholarships _ programme and from http : / / www. vliruos. be / index. php? navid = 322 & direct _ to = downloads grant applications must be received by vlir before the end of january! ( and not before the end of february as in previous years up to 2005 ). official and formal requests for a grant - scholarship or any other correspondence about the grants should be sent to vlir - uos in the ideal participant applying for a grant is younger than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4623900253889054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.907403"} {"text": "the end of february as in previous years up to 2005 ). official and formal requests for a grant - scholarship or any other correspondence about the grants should be sent to vlir - uos in the ideal participant applying for a grant is younger than 40 years, and will be able to apply what has been learned directly in a professional scientific or technical environment afterwards. besides the persons who receive a grant from the belgian government through vlir, 8 persons can participate after paying a registration = tuition fee that is small in comparison with similar programs. the costs mentioned do not include air travel, - to participate during the full period : 2400 euro - exceptionally, persons who cannot participate for the whole period can nevertheless participate during 2 months only ( 1800 euro ) or during 1 month only ( 1000 euro ). it makes sense to attend for instance the first month or the first two months only. it makes less sense to participate only during the second or the third month, as introductions to some activities or topics may be missed. - to participate to particular items selected from the program : 30 euro per half day. to register and pay the registration = tuition fee, send the form ( see below ) by classical mail or by private courier, together with an international bank transfer / bank cheque / bank draft, payable to university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussel, belgium, with no need for any bank account numbers. if however this simple procedure is not suitable for you, then you can transfer the required sum of money to the following bank account of the vrije universiteit brussel : fortis bank located at warandeberg 3 in account number 001 - 0686459 - 66 or iban = be07 0010 6864 5966 and do not forget (! ) to mention as a remark : for internal account vopa21 biblink3 university library stimulate international training program. the money received by the vrije universiteit brussel financial department must be transferred internally ; this transfer takes about 1 week, which means a delay in the registration procedure, which is better avoided. ( without your remark, the money may be not retraceable and lost. ) realize that some bank transfer costs are involved and that these should be paid besides the requested participation fee that is transferred. there is no formal deadline. however, we recommend you to register as early as possible, because \" first come, first served \" : the arrival of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47482724232200585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.909471"} {"text": "bank transfer costs are involved and that these should be paid besides the requested participation fee that is transferred. there is no formal deadline. however, we recommend you to register as early as possible, because \" first come, first served \" : the arrival of your participation fee determines who can participate. furthermore the later a participant is registered, the more difficult it becomes to find cheap and suitable accommodation. there is no need to \" apply \" prior to the registration, to request permission to participate or to be accepted, from the organizers of the program or from their universities. also there is no age limit. the decision if the program is suitable and appropriate for an interested person is to be made by that person and not by the organizers. this is similar as participation to a conference. invitation letters can be sent on request if needed, but in principle only when the participation = registration fee has been received. this announcement is in fact an invitation. it is a waste of time to ask the organisers of the program about sponsors besides vlir mentioned above. participants are covered during their stay by a full medical insurance. this costs about 40 euro per month. this is formalised as soon as possible after arrival in the organisers of this program normally book in advance a single, cheap, basic room with access to a shared kitchen, as accommodation for each participant, unless a participant writes us that he / she wants to take care of accommodation personally, for instance by staying with a friend or by renting a room that offers more luxury. participants pay for their accommodation directly to the person or organisation providing accommodation in the cost of living in according to previous participants and in agreement with the grants provided by vlir - uos, 1100 euro per month should be enough to cover all expenses, including accommodation, transport, food \u2026 how to contact the organizers? e - mail ( internet ) : stimulate at vub. ac. be ( or in case that this does not seem to work, to paul. nieuwenhuysen at vub. ac. be ) ( change at in @ when you want to use an address ) fax 32 2 629 2693 ( or 2282 ) tel. 32 2 629 2629 or 32 2 629 2429 or 32 2 629 2609 telex 61051 vubco - b stimulate - itp ( or paul nieuwenhuysen ), university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussels, belgium the training is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.458836062220207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.911579"} {"text": "61051 vubco - b stimulate - itp ( or paul nieuwenhuysen ), university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussels, belgium the training is mainly organized at the university library of the vrije universiteit brussel. the campus is located south of the older centre of the city of http : / / wikitravel. org / en / brussels http : / / www. agenda. be / about events going on in http : / / www. disgruntled. ca / writings / brussels / offers information on based on the experience of living there for some time http : / / www. eric - maerschalck. be / brussels / bruxelles. php? log = no offers photos made in http : / / www. ilotsacre. be / site / en / default _ en. htm offers an interactive map and photos of http : / / www. sievers. nl / visitbrussels / shows some photos made in interesting trips are possible to places in neighbouring countries like the netherlands and france. therefore, participants should try to obtain also a visa for those countries ( a so called schengen - visa ). program and steering committee : the course director is dr. paul nieuwenhuysen, professor at the vrije universiteit brussel and guest professor at universiteit antwerpen, science and technology librarian of the vrije universiteit brussel. http : / / www. vub. ac. be / biblio / nieuwenhuysen / professional / an official, formal steering committee is composed of members from the co - operating universities in - vrije universiteit brussel, - universiteit antwerpen - katholieke universiteit leuven this steering committee supervises the organisation, the program and the budget. this committee reports formally to vlir. this version is dated 2007 - 11 - 06 to stimulate, university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussel, i want to participate. therefore i send this as a letter and i pay the registration = tuition fee as described in the announcement of the international training program on information. ( so the following is not the form to apply for a grant. use this form only when you pay the registration = tuition fee. ) a. family name ( surname ) :.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4904092475900741, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.913643"} {"text": "as described in the announcement of the international training program on information. ( so the following is not the form to apply for a grant. use this form only when you pay the registration = tuition fee. ) a. family name ( surname ) :............................... ( married female participants please fill in maiden - name as well as name of husband ) b. first or given names ( according to your official passport ) :.............. personal address :................................... electronic mail address telephone, fax, telex : date of birth : place of birth : nationality : sex : male / female a. name and address of employer :................. b. since :.. /.. /.. c. position - function - specialization d. telephone, fax, telex and / or e - mail of the employer : education - studies : name of institute degree date knowledge of english : writing :........ speaking :........ reading :....... have you been abroad earlier? please specify : duties that you will carry out after returning to your country : please book a room for me or do not book a room for me ; i will take care myself of accommodation date and signature :..................... please include a recent photograph, as this will simplify identifying you upon arrival. tape publishes audio tape digitisation workflow anne muller [ email @ example. com ] ; on behalf of ; ecpa e - mail [ firstname. lastname @ example. org ] iflaemail @ example. com fri 7 / 03 / 2008 tape has published web - based guidelines for digitisation. they describe the digitisation workflow for analogue open reel tapes as a step by step approach for the production of digital copies from analogue tapes from a technical point of view. most of the workflow may also be applied to audio cassettes. the workflow was written by juha henriksson ( finnish jazz & pop archive ) & nadja wallas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5249426294922896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.915482"} {"text": "production of digital copies from analogue tapes from a technical point of view. most of the workflow may also be applied to audio cassettes. the workflow was written by juha henriksson ( finnish jazz & pop archive ) & nadja wallaszkovits the workflow is mainly aimed at newcomers in the world of audio tape digitization. it contains references to other literature and many detailed photographs. you will find the workflow at http : / / www. jazzpoparkisto. net / audio / the tape project, training for audiovisual preservation in european commission on preservation and access ( ecpa ) c / o royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences p. o. box 19121, nl - 1000 gc amsterdam, the netherlands visiting address : trippenhuis, kloveniersburgwal 29, nl - 1011 jv amsterdam t + + 31 - 20 - 551 08 39 f + + 31 - 20 - 620 49 41 unesco grants usd 5, 000 for information for development success stories sjoerd koopman [ sjoerd. koopman @ ifla. nl ] ifla - l mon 3 / 03 / 2008 win us $ 5, 000 funding for your project through ifap success stories platform < http : / / www. unesco - ci. org / newsletter / lt / t _ go. php? i = 1193 & e = mzuxnje = & l = - http - - www. unesco - ci. org / cgi - bin / ifapstories / page. cgi - - q - g - - e - ; d - - e - 1 > unesco ' s information for all programme ( ifap ) encourages communities using information for development to submit their success stories to the online platform where others could learn from them and adapt them to their own local situations. for more information see http : / / www. unesco - ci. org / cgi - bin / ifapstories / page. cgi? g = ; d = 1 web search : multidisciplinary perspectives firstname. lastname @ example. org ; on behalf of ; amanda spink [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org mon 25 / 02 / 2008 we ' re pleased to announce the publication of web search : multidisciplinary perspectives in the information science and knowledge management series by springer. contents include contributions approaching web search engines from philosophical, cultural, critical, legal, economic, historical,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5560959346659012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.917930"} {"text": "2008 we ' re pleased to announce the publication of web search : multidisciplinary perspectives in the information science and knowledge management series by springer. contents include contributions approaching web search engines from philosophical, cultural, critical, legal, economic, historical, political, and information scientific perspectives. the table of contents is pasted below. more information can be found at these links : springer : < http : / / www. springer. com / computer / database + management + % 26 + information + retrieval / book / 978 - 3 - 540 - 75828 - 0 our thanks to all the contributors! web search : multidisciplinary perspectives part i : introduction o introduction ( amanda spink and michael zimmer ) part ii : social, cultural, and philosophical perspectives o through the google goggles : sociopolitical bias in search engine design ( alejandro diaz ) o reconsidering the rhizome : a textual analysis of web search engines as gatekeepers of the internet ( aaron hess ) o exploring gendered notions : gender, job hunting and web o searching ethics : the role of search engines in the distribution of knowledge ( o the gaze of the perfect search engine : google as an infrastructure of dataveillance ( michael zimmer ) part iii : political, legal, and economic perspectives o search engine liability for copyright infringement ( brian fitzgerald, damien o ' brien, and anne fitzgerald ) o search engine bias and the demise of search engine ( eric goldman ) o the democratizing effects of search engine use : on chance exposures and organizational hubs ( azi lev - on ) o \u2018 googling ' terrorists : are northern irish terrorists visible on internet search engines? ( paul reilly ) o the history of the internet search engine : navigational media and the traffic ( elizabeth van couvering ) part iv : information behavior perspectives o toward a web search information behavior model ( shirlee ann knight and amanda spink ) o web searching for health : theoretical foundations and connections to health related outcomes ( mohan dutta and graham. bodie ) o search engines and expertise about global issues : well - defined landscape or undomesticated wilderness? ( jenny fry, shefali virkar, and ralph schroeder ) o conceptual models for search ( david hendry and efthimis o web searching : a quality measurement perspective ( dirk lewandowski and nadine hochstotter ) part v : conclusion o conclusions and further research ( amanda spink and michael michael zimmer, phd world book capital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5666398522811954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.919454"} {"text": "and efthimis o web searching : a quality measurement perspective ( dirk lewandowski and nadine hochstotter ) part v : conclusion o conclusions and further research ( amanda spink and michael michael zimmer, phd world book capital nomination 2010 sophie felfoldi [ sophie. felfoldi @ ifla. nl ] email @ example. com fri 23 / 11 / 2007 call for applications for the world book capital nomination 2010 appel a candidatures pour la nomination de la capitale mondiale du livre 2010 presentacion de candidaturas para la designacion de la capital mundial del libro 2010 : convocatoria the selection committee for the world book capital is calling for nominations for the world book capital 2010. the complete applications, duly substantiated, including a cover or support letter from the mayor of the candidate - city and drafted in one of unesco ' s official languages ( french, english, spanish, russian, arabic or chinese ), should reach unesco no later than monday 31 march 2008. no application received after this date will be taken into consideration. the candidate programmes shall be aimed at promoting books and fostering reading during the period between one world book and copyright day and the next ( 23 april ). to involve all regions of the world in turn, the selection committee will avoid the consecutive nomination of cities from the same region. since the 2009 title was awarded to a city of the arab states ' region ( the applicants ' programme proposals will be examined in the light of the following five criteria : 1. the submission of an activity programme specifically conceived for the 2. the degree of municipal, regional, national and international involvement and the impact of the programmes. 3. the quantity and quality of one - time or ongoing activities organized by the applicant city in collaboration with national and international professional organizations representing writers, publishers, booksellers and librarians and in full respect of the various players in the book supply chain. 4. the quantity and quality of any other noteworthy projects promoting and fostering books and reading. 5. the conformity with the principles of freedom of expression, freedom to publish and to distribute information, as stated in the unesco constitution as well as by articles 19 and 27 of the universal declaration of human rights and by the agreement on the importation of educational, scientific and cultural materials ( florence agreement ). by presenting its application each candidate city commits itself, in case of nomination, to : 1. associate unesco, as well as the three professional associations represented in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218400698522481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.920816"} {"text": "by the agreement on the importation of educational, scientific and cultural materials ( florence agreement ). by presenting its application each candidate city commits itself, in case of nomination, to : 1. associate unesco, as well as the three professional associations represented in the selection committee, in its communication and information campaign, at all levels ; 2. provide unesco, which will share it with all members of the selection committee, with a final report on the activities implemented during the nomination year. besides, the city authorities will facilitate possible evaluation audits implemented on unesco ' s demand. the selection committee \u2013 operating under the auspices of unesco \u2013 is made up of one representative of the international publishers association ( ipa ), one representative of the international booksellers ' federation ( ibf ), one representative of the international federation of library associations and institutions ( ifla ) and one unesco representative, under the chairmanship of the president of ipa. the committee ' s task is to choose a world book capital each year, in accordance with 31 c / resolution 29, adopted by the unesco general conference on 2 november 2001. the first world book capital chosen prior to the adoption of 31 c / resolution 29 mr mauro rosi division of arts and 1, rue miollis tel. : + 33 1 45 68 46 33 fax : + 33 1 45 68 55 95 according to its own criteria based on operational needs, unesco distinguishes five regions : africa,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4476928560958192, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.921424"} {"text": "the script command is part of the util - linux - ng package and so should be available already installed in any distribution, or you should be able to easily add it. what \u2019 s script? from his man page : script makes a typescript of everything printed on your terminal. it is useful for students who need a hardcopy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the type script file can be printed out later with lpr. basic usage from a terminal type script this will start a new session and write all the command in the file typescript ( in your home ). but now we \u2019 ll see how to use it to record a whole session and than replay it : script - t - a / tmp / mylog. out 2 & > / tmp / mylog. time ; - a append the output to file or typescript, retaining the prior contents. - t output timing data to standard error. this data contains two fields, separated by a space. the first field indicates how much time elapsed since the previous output. the second field indicates how many characters were output this time. this information can be used to replay typescripts with realistic typing and output delays. after this command do your work session and end it with ^ d ( ctrl - d ) or \u201d exit \u201d now you \u2019 ll find in / tmp the 2 files mylog. out and mylog. time. scriptreplay / tmp / mylog. time / tmp / mylog. out sciptreplay it \u2019 s script companion, take as input the output produced with script and do a replay of them. the replay simply displays the information again ; the programs that were run when the typescript was being recorded are not run again. since the same information is simply being displayed, scriptreplay is only guaranteed to work properly if run on the same type of terminal the typescript was recorded on. otherwise, any escape characters in the typescript may be interpreted differently by the terminal to which scriptreplay is sending its output. % script - t 2 & > demo. timing - a demo. session script started, file is demo. session % % exit script done, file is demo. session % scriptreplay demo. timing demo. session example of scriptreplay : - how to protect apache with fail2ban - nightingale a beautiful music player for linux - linux shell : dfc \u2013 check your disk space with style - livarp \u2013 a lightweight linux distribution - how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4410481164402992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.923930"} {"text": "10 truly eccentric organisms most species of organisms are unrecognized for their unique, versatile abilities, appearance and existence. when we think of organisms we often think of the typical dog, cat and other household pets. when we think of wild organisms, we think of zebras, lions, monkeys and other animals seen in habitats that are known for housing wild animals, like zoos. when thinking of aquatic organisms we think of jellyfish, goldfish, and sharks. we have become accustomed to a stereotype of the organisms that form each label of organisms ; people are becoming ignorant to the variety and eccentricity of organisms we have among us today. this following list is of 10 eccentric organisms, showing the plethora of organisms within each species. sea pigs are sea creatures closely related to sea cucumbers, belonging to the kingdom animalia. these aquatic organisms are about four inches in length, and have 10 tentacles with tub like feet that are used not for swimming, but for marching along the ocean floor. sea pigs are bottom feeders and detect food by scent ; they remove organic particles from the mud with their deflating and inflating tentacles and eat the particles trapped in their tentacles. these sea creatures obtained their name from their pink - tint and chubby body, do not fall short of idiosyncrasy. the yeti crab was only discovered in 2005 by marine biologists in the pacific ocean. this organism resembles the mythical organism yeti with its hair - like sinuous, and resides in the hydrothermal vents of the pacific ocean that protrude a toxic liquid that to the average organism would be deadly. this organism is not well - researched yet, but its albino - like eyes suggest that the organism may be blind and it is suspected to feed off of the toxic minerals from the hydrothermal vents. the viperfish, which can easily be recognized from the disney film \u201c finding nemo \u201d with its hinged lower - jaw containing long stringy, pointy teeth, is a deepwater fish that lives in tropical and temperate waters. the viperfish varies from 12 to 24 inches in length and swims in depths from 250 to 5, 000 feet. although the viperfish is frightening in appearance, it is preyed on by sharks and even dolphins! this fish can live up to 40 years and holds the guinness world record for largest teeth in comparison to head size in a fish. this marine crab is the biggest arthropod in the word in overall size containing eight legs. the japanese spider crab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46782631452744616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.928951"} {"text": "this fish can live up to 40 years and holds the guinness world record for largest teeth in comparison to head size in a fish. this marine crab is the biggest arthropod in the word in overall size containing eight legs. the japanese spider crab is found about 150 - 800 meters deep off the southern coasts of the japanese island honshu and has a leg span of 3. 6 meters. this crab can live up to a miraculous 100 years and are known to be calm animals. the japanese spider crab feeds off animal carcasses, plants and shellfish ; they could be considered the vulture of the sea. the giant isopod, a crustacean living in the atlantic ocean, is an alien - looking sea creature that exists in the pitch darkness of the bathypelagic zone in depths as deep as 7, 020 feet. this interesting organism has stayed relatively the same for the past 130 million years! the giant isopod can be up to 14 inches in length and up to 30 inches in height and have four sets of jaws. the giant isopod is a scavenger that feeds with its four sets of jaws, on dead whales, fish, and squid. this organism has the ability to survive without food for more than eight weeks! the chinese giant salamander has stayed almost exactly the same in resemblance as its ancestors of 30 million years. this organism is the largest known salamander in existence and its habitats include mountain streams and lakes of china. this salamander can grow up to 73 inches in length and have lived up to 80 years at a time. the giant salamander does not have eyelids, and therefore has poor vision and rely on sensory nodes to detect possible vibrations made by predators. this amphibian has the ability to breathe through the pores and wrinkles in the skin and is mainly a nocturnal animal that hunts during the night feeding on crabs, crayfish, fish, frogs, insects, shrimps, snails and worms. this proteus, aquatic, snake - like amphibian is a blind organism that lives in the caves of the subterranean waters. the olm is about 8 - 12 inches and the small fragile superior limbs contain three fingers and the inferior limbs containing two. the olm \u2019 s skin resembles the color and texture of humans and is sometimes recognized as the \u201c human fish \u201d for its skin. the olm has not only external gills but also has lungs that are rarely actually used during the respiratory process. due to their eyes that lay deep beneath the dermis and only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43859348113191987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.929999"} {"text": "humans and is sometimes recognized as the \u201c human fish \u201d for its skin. the olm has not only external gills but also has lungs that are rarely actually used during the respiratory process. due to their eyes that lay deep beneath the dermis and only somewhat detect light, the olm is dependent on their acute sense of smell and hearing abilities to survive. the giant grenadier is the only member of the albatrossia genus that is found along the north pacific part of japan to the okhotsk and bering seas. this fish can reach up to seven feet in length and has been proven to live up to at least 56 years - old. the giant grenadier feeds mainly on different species of squids, crabs, worms, shrimps and echinoderms and is well known for its frightening resemblance to snakes with its long pointy tail and its large eyes. this fish, also known as the oarfish is the longest bony fish in existence. it is found in depths from 300 - 1000 meters in any of the world \u2019 s oceans. the king of herrings remains in deep waters and does not surface often ; typically if it surfaces, it dies when doing so. this 16 foot long fish was first discovered washed up dead on the shore in bermuda in 1860. it is believed by scientists that the great myth of a sea serpent could have branched off of a king of herrings sighting. despite that, this organism is a fish, it does not have any scales and although frightening in size, is not a threat to the human race based on its small teeth and one dorsal fin. this cuddly creature is a domestic rabbit bred for long and soft wool. they originate from angora, turkey, are affable companions for those looking for a pet, and live up to seven years when well taken care of. there are five types of angora rabbit breeds including english, german, giant, french and satin. the angora rabbit can be up to 12 pounds and in spite of their large fluffy appearance, are very active creatures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4367665072930606, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.930784"} {"text": "a child ' s right to safe, clean drinking water every monday we profile a dow live earth run for water partner organization that works toward providing solutions to the nearly 1 billion people who lack access to clean, safe water. to donate to one of these projects, visit liveearth. org / give. a child ' s right ( acr ) is unique in the water field as its sole focus is bringing clean, safe, purified drinking water to vulnerable children in impoverished urban and peri - urban centers \u2013 specifically to sites burdened with unsafe water quality and high concentrations of at - risk children. in the last three years alone, they have provided safe drinking water to more than 250, 000 children in orphanages, street shelters, rescue homes, schools, displacement camps and children ' s hospitals in cities around the world. acr is an implementing organization and has projects, offices and staff in cambodia, china, ethiopia and nepal. all projects are monitored routinely by in country staff for efficacy and safety, and each site project assists between 100 - 5, 000 children ( depending on the site ). the process and system coverage are scalable and have been used in both cambodia and nepal ' s largest pediatric hospitals to assist more than 100, 000 children per site annually. acr ' s most ambitious project to date is their five - year mission to bring clean drinking water to every orphanage in china \u2013 an undertaking that will encompass more than 500 orphanages in every province and municipality across china. acr launched this project in partnership with the chinese government in may 2008, and has already completed more than 150 system installations in orphanages throughout the country. with staff and offices in 5 cities, they will be averaging 200 orphanage installations annually in china. thirty percent of acr ' s work is focused on cleaning well water, while the remaining projects target contaminated municipal or surface water sources. prior to every project they undertake comprehensive water quality testing and site analysis to ensure each location is provided unique care and any dangerous water parameters are remedied. post - project all sites receive constant and continuous support via acr ' s international staff. acr designs and distributes all equipment, oversees all water station construction, water system installations, scheduled maintenance and review, resupplies of spare parts and provisions, and periodic water quality tests through their us and international offices and staff. acr was established in 2006 by founder and executive director, eric stowe, and is headquartered in tacoma, washington. you can find out more about a child ' s right by visiting www.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43759906518363145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.933340"} {"text": "ruby cornwell ( 1902 \u2013 2003 ) recalls her early life in south carolina, and her experiences with segregation. she talks about her grandmother, isabella reeder chavis, who graduated from avery institute in 1873, and her roots in charleston. she discusses issues of class and colorism and her experience growing up as a light - skinned person coming from a free black family background with mixed white and native american heritage. she recalls growing up as the child of an american methodist episcopal minister, durant percival pendergrass, who was educated at hampton institute and worked as a wheelwright and latrine cleaner before entering the ministry. she refers to her first school experiences and what it was like to live in the country - side, where life was still organized around a race - based economic system like share - cropping. she describes attending religious revival meetings and how her father dealt with root medicine and other non - christian spiritual beliefs. she discusses moving to charleston to live with her uncle, rev. p. j. chavis, the pastor of mt. zion ame at the time, to attend avery for one year and then meeting mary mcleod bethune and following her to daytona, florida. she mentions teachers at avery, including the principal benjamin f. cox, whom she described as a good teacher but not a particularly good administrator. cornwell concludes by discussing attending talladega college, moving to brooklyn to work at the ywca, and returning to charleston to teach english at avery with edith mcfall.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.442090020896616, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.936182"} {"text": "[ numpy - discussion ] \" nyquist frequency \" in numpy. fft docstring sun jul 11 18 : 13 : 44 cdt 2010 hi! i ' m a little confused : in the docstring for numpy. fft we find the \" for an even number of input points, a [ n / 2 ] represents both positive and negative nyquist frequency... \" but according to http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / nyquist _ frequency ( i know, i know, i ' ve bad mouthed wikipedia in the past, but that ' s in a different \" the * nyquist frequency *... is half the sampling signal < http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / discrete _ signal > processing system... the nyquist frequency should not be confused with the *, which is the lower bound of the sampling frequency that satisfies the nyquist sampling criterion for a given signal or family of signals... * nyquist rate *, as commonly used with respect to sampling, is a property of a signal < http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / continuous - time _ signal >, not of a system, whereas * nyquist frequency * is a property of a discrete - time system, not of a signal. \" yet earlier in numpy. fft ' s docstring we find : \"... the discretized input to the transform is customarily referred to as a * should we be using \" nyquist rate \" instead of \" nyquist frequency, \" and if not, why not? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - next part - - - - - - - - - - - - - - an html attachment was scrubbed... more information about the numpy - discussion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5422291662032049, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.937776"} {"text": "biodiversity loss is one of the world ' s most pressing crises, and there is a growing global concern about the status of the biological resources on which so much of human life depends. it has been estimated that the current species extinction rate is between 1, 000 and 10, 000 times higher than it would be naturally. the mediterranean is a mosaic of natural and cultural landscapes that has led to the evolution of remarkable species. the mediterranean flora is outstanding, with between 15, 000 and 25, 000 species, 60 % of which are unique to the region. besides this great richness of plants, a high proportion of mediterranean animals are also endemic. however, this natural wealth is subject to heavy pressures, causing severe environmental degradation. species are disappearing, important habitats are being lost or degraded, and both terrestrial and marine ecosystems are destabilized because of pollution, the over - exploitation of resources, invasive alien species, human disturbances, and the increasing impact of climate change. sound scientific information is critical for guiding decision - makers and ensuring the sustainable and wise use of natural resources. the mediterranean species programme the mediterranean species programme aims at : - encouraging the development and availability of scientific data on mediterranean species ; - promoting regional conservation tools, especially red lists or actions plans, that can guide conservation actions ; - building capacity on species conservation and management in the region ; and - supporting the work of regional iucn members and networks, such as the species survival commission. the mediterranean species programme collaborates with numerous individuals and organizations in order to achieve these goals. amongst its main partners are the iucn species survival commission and iucn specialist groups, conservation international, the ci centre for applied biodiversity science, the agreement on the conservation of cetaceans of the black sea, mediterranean sea and contiguous atlantic area ( accobams ), the barcelona convention, birdlife international, the instituto centrale per la ricerca applicata al mare ( icram ), the turkish marine research foundation ( tudav ), as well as several universities ( centro de investigacao em biodiversidae e recursos geneticos da universidade do porto ( cibio / up ), american university of beirut, universite d ' annaba, etc... ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4718945009246106, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.940307"} {"text": "a key issue in dealing with marine pollution incidents is preparedness. given the volumes of oil and other pollutants shipped around the uk and the turbulent, often unpredictable nature of our waters, marine pollution incidents are an unfortunate inevitability. the uk has extremely well developed contingency planning arrangements to ensure that if pollution does occur, its impacts can be limited in the most effective way. the following contingency plans are regularly reviewed and updated with input from us. the national contingency plan produced by the maritime and coastguard agency, this plan outlines the roles and responsibilities of all key players in a marine pollution incident. this plan is reviewed every five years. mmo marine pollution contingency plan we hold the mmo marine pollution contingency plan, which outlines the procedures we carry out in case of a marine pollution incident. this plan is under constant review to ensure the best possible response. - mmo marine pollution contingency plan ( pdf 1. 8 mb ) updated 13 may 2013 standing environment group contingency plans there are 14 standing environment groups ( segs ) around the coasts of england and wales. in addition, northern ireland and scotland each have their own seg. port / harbour authority contingency plans under the merchant shipping ( oil pollution preparedness response and co - operation, oprc ) regulations 1998, ports and harbours in england and wales are required to have contingency plans ready to be implemented in the event of a marine pollution incident emergency. these plans are reviewed by the marine pollution response team and relevant local offices within the mmo. ports and harbours may also obtain standing approvals to use oil spill treatment products in specific circumstances without needing to apply for permission from us. such standing approvals are considered by our marine pollution response team and local mmo offices, the centre for environment, fisheries and aquatic science ( cefas ) and natural england. standing approvals are issued with strict conditions, usually including type and maximum amount of product to be used, and specific tidal conditions during which use can take place ( usually on an ebb, or out - flowing, tide ). standing approvals are available to view as a list, or as an interactive map. offshore installation plans a proportion of oil pollution emergency plans ( opeps ) for offshore installations ( oil and gas rigs and offshore wind farms ) in english and welsh waters are seen by us for input into the review process, led by the department of energy and climate change ( decc ). mmo has produced guidance on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44469634187667073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.944551"} {"text": "as it is improper to mention a lesser known incident of the war and not provide sufficient details, allow me to follow up yesterday \u2019 s post with more information about the childs - ripley incident at charleston arsenal in late november 1862. so a bit of background on the principles to start. the son thomas childs, a distinguished war of 1812 officer, major frederick l. childs graduated west point in 1855. he briefly served at fort monroe, florida, west point, and fort moultrie before posting to the texas frontier. in march 1861, childs resigned and offered his services to the confederacy. captain childs, c. s. a, commanded castle pinckney in april 1861, playing a minor role in the bombardment of fort sumter. later that spring he served at posts around wilmington in his native state of north carolina. but in july childs returned to charleston in command of the arsenal, detailed to the ordnance department. in this capacity, childs came into frequent contact with brigadier general roswell s. ripley, who commanded troops in the charleston area. not a southerner by birth, ripley graduated seventh in the west point class of 1843, a good bit ahead of fellow ohioan ulysses s. grant. he received two brevet promotions for service in the mexican war. after brief assignments in florida during the seminole wars, ripley reported to fort moultrie. there he courted the wealthy widow alicia middleton. shortly after marriage, ripley left the army and entered the private sector, no doubt with his wife \u2019 s estate providing a significant step up. ripley remained active in military affairs, joining the state militia. that capacity placed him at the fore of operations at the start of the war. he played a significant role in operations against fort sumter and the establishment of the defenses of charleston afterwards. but in the spring of 1862, ripley \u2019 s notion of a forward defense of the city conflicted with his superiors ( at first general robert e. lee, then later general john c. pemberton ). granted a transfer, ripley took command of a brigade in general d. h. hill \u2019 s division in northern virginia. after serving through the summer campaigns, ripley was wounded leading his brigade at antietam. on recovery, authorities requested his services again at charleston \u2013 which again placed him in contact with childs. in mid - october ripley assumed command of the first military district at charleston. the direct trail to the contention between childs and ripley began with special orders no. 229 issued by general p. g.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4308489310760694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.950673"} {"text": "which again placed him in contact with childs. in mid - october ripley assumed command of the first military district at charleston. the direct trail to the contention between childs and ripley began with special orders no. 229 issued by general p. g. t. beauregard \u2019 s headquarters ( department of south carolina and georgia ) on november 21, 1862, which read in part : iii. the commanding general of first military district has authority to direct and order the rifling and banding of such guns as require it within his command to the extent of the capacity for doing the work effectually, and may make requisitions directly upon the charleston arsenal or other proper source through his district ordnance officer for the necessary material for the work. as mentioned in the previous post, beauregard sensed peril at charleston, particularly a growing threat from the federal fleet. from his perspective, beauregard complained of extensive delays modifying old smoothbore ordnance into at least partially acceptable rifled guns. working through childs, the turn around time was four weeks. ripley, perhaps bypassing much red tape, claimed the process could be done in half the time. but the nature of this order put beauregard \u2019 s command at odds with the confederate ordnance department. childs \u2019 authority at the arsenal covered the requisition, or modification, of ordnance. yet order no. 229 gave ripley authority in that regard. while ripley negotiated directly with eason & brothers, childs sought to bring another charleston firm, that of cameron & company, to bear on the problem. towards that end, childs had earmarked a set of 42 - pdr bands for a contract with cameron, and asked for ripley to send one of those weapons there. ripley, on the other had, had at least one 42 - pdr gun at eason awaiting bands. this came to a head on november 26, 1862. ripley arrived at the arsenal with armed guards and demanded childs release the bands for immediate use at eason \u2019 s shop. childs refused on the grounds the iron was obtained from atlanta, under the ordnance department \u2019 s authority, not the local command \u2019 s. in a three page report ( first page seen below ), childs noted, \u201c \u2026 the bands have been waiting for the guns and it was every intention to give them either to eason or cameron \u2026 \u201d but ripley had not turned the appropriate guns over to the arsenal for the work. ripley, on the other hand, claimed he \u2019 d already sent the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3999302074458403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.952981"} {"text": "waiting for the guns and it was every intention to give them either to eason or cameron \u2026 \u201d but ripley had not turned the appropriate guns over to the arsenal for the work. ripley, on the other hand, claimed he \u2019 d already sent the guns where the work was to be done which would save time in the process. childs, somewhat resentfully added, \u201c there can be no proper reason for the easons not working as well for me as for general ripley \u2026 \u201d ripley had childs arrested, citing the failure to fill valid requisitions with the supply on hand. and of course the bands went over to eason. for what it was worth, beauregard fully recognized the conflicting issues, noting, \u201c \u2026 the chiefs of ordnance of this department and district, relying too much on the supplies of the arsenal, of which they are not fully informed, often make requisitions at too short notice, thereby causing unnecessary delays and confusion. \u201d his offered solution was a relocation of the arsenal to \u201c a place in the northwestern part of this state \u201d selected by major childs. the ordnance department \u2019 s response, if any, was not recorded. childs remained under arrest, but was allowed to continue his work at the arsenal, confined to charleston, awaiting a court - marshal. the contention for iron feeding into the defense of charleston continued in spite of the arrest. by late december colonel ambrosio j. gonzales, beauregard \u2019 s chief of artillery, pressed the ordnance department for more munitions, particularly projectiles for the 32 - pdr and 42 - pdr rifled guns. gonzales complained he had less than 50 rounds per gun at forts sumter and moultrie. in response forwarded on january 6, 1863, colonel josiah gorgas cautioned, \u201c it would be well to consider the question of a supply of rifle projectiles before going too far with the rifling and banding of 32 - pdrs. the want of proper iron for casting these shells is very serious. \u201d that last sentence sums up so many problems facing the confederate war effort \u2013 a want of iron. gonzales, ripley, and beauregard needed supplies in charleston. and likewise j. r. anderson called for supplies in richmond. ( and let \u2019 s not forget what the confederacy lost just a year prior. ) gorgas \u2019 went on to suggest, \u201c send me a full statement of all you want and cannot get at charleston, limiting your requisition to, say, 150 rounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4068995380314071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.954196"} {"text": "while the easiest languages for english speakers to learn have some syntactic common ground with english, the toughest ones are quite alien. learners tackle writing systems, tonality, and grammatical systems so different, they can make an english - speaking head spin. if you \u2019 re studying or have mastered one of these nine languages, matador salutes you \u2026 and we want to learn your secrets. arabic breaks down into families. one is the modern standard arabic of print, media, and online content. the other is spoken arabic, which encompasses many colloquial dialects which vary by region. this means that if you pick up conversational arabic in tunisia, it might still be tough to be understood in kuwait. for all dialects of arabic, pronunciation is difficult for english speakers, as many consonants are formed at the back of the mouth. arabic script is a phonetic, 28 - symbol alphabet descending from phonecian. most letters change shape depending on their position in the word, and letters may or may not be joined. the most basic challenge in tackling written arabic is in reading from right to left, working against an english speaker \u2019 s deeply embedded instinct. arabic grammar has very few parallels with english and indo - european languages. the plural is expressed by changing the vowel structure of the word : kitab ( book ) becomes kutub ( books ). the bulk of verbs are irregular and can be formed 25 ways. it \u2019 s a logical grammar system, but a complicated one too. in a study conducted by the british foreign office, basque was ranked as the hardest language to learn. geographically surrounded by romance languages, it is one of the only language isolates of europe, with no syntactic parallels to english. the regional dialects are highly diverged, though a standardized basque is used for media and academics. like many languages on this list, basque is agglutinative, meaning that words are formed and modified with prefixes and suffixes. while \u201c law \u201d is lege in basque, the phrase \u201c according to the law \u201d would be structured by suffixes as \u201c legearen arabera. \u201d instead of prepositions, basque uses cases endings to show the relationship between words, such as mendi ( mountain ) and mendira ( to the mountain ). it sounds simple, but with eleven cases, each taking four forms, the grammar is complex. basque is written in the roman alphabet and pronunciation is fairly easy, even with new consonant sounds like tx or tz. cantonese is a tonal language, which can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43964095216605614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.961409"} {"text": "simple, but with eleven cases, each taking four forms, the grammar is complex. basque is written in the roman alphabet and pronunciation is fairly easy, even with new consonant sounds like tx or tz. cantonese is a tonal language, which can be hugely challenging for english speakers who are used to speaking with emphasis ( \u201c i didn \u2019 t eat your sandwich! \u201d ) and inflection, rising tones to pose a question. cantonese can be difficult even for those fluent in other chinese dialects because of its tonal system. while mandarin has four tones, cantonese has eight, with pitch and contour shaping a syllable \u2019 s meaning. chinese has a logographic ( pictoral ) writing system of 5000 + characters. this gives a new hurtle to language learning, since a reader of cantonese can \u2019 t sound out syllables in a text as we can with phonetic alphabets. they must know and recall the name of each character. it is a myth that all chinese languages are written in the same logographic form, though cantonese and mandarin share many traits of their writing systems, and the mandarin writing system is often used by cantonese speakers. barry farber, the author of \u201c how to learn any language \u201d and a polyglot many times over, says that finnish is one of the hardest languages for him to learn. finnish is in the finno - ugric language family, with estonian and hungarian. without germanic or latin influence, finnish vocabulary is completely alien to english speakers. its grammar is also somewhat notorious. there are fifteen noun cases, sometimes with subtle differences. talotta means \u201c without a house, \u201d while talolta means \u201c from a house. \u201d tricky. there are six verb types, classed by their stems. these stems alter as the verbs are conjugated. the language is agglutinative and verbs are conjugated with a succession of suffixes. the good news? finnish is written as it sounds ( in the roman alphabet! ), and pronunciation is comfortable for english speakers. a common speaking problem lies in remembering single or double vowel sounds, as in tuli ( fire ) and tuuli ( wind ). though it uses the roman alphabet for writing, don \u2019 t think that reading hungarian will be a snap. unique vowel sounds ( a, e, o, o, o, u, u, u, i ) and consonant clusters ( ty, gy, ny, sz, zs, dzs, dz, ly, cs ) make it difficult for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5006242267755827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.962770"} {"text": ", e, o, o, o, u, u, u, i ) and consonant clusters ( ty, gy, ny, sz, zs, dzs, dz, ly, cs ) make it difficult for english tongues to read and pronounce hungarian. instead of articles, hungarian conjugates verbs in one of two ways for definite and indefinite objects. olvasok konyvet means \u201c i read a book, \u201d while olvasom a konvyet is \u201c i read the book. \u201d because possession, tense, and number are indicated by suffixes, not word order in a sentence, hungarian sentence structure is very loose and flexible. sounds forgiving for a novice speaker, huh? the truth is that any sentence can take on several meanings if the suffixes are altered slightly. it \u2019 s a confusing system to learn. the good news about japanese? for english speakers, pronunciation is a cinch. japanese vowel and consonant sounds are very familiar to those fluent in english, which makes the language easy to parrot and understand. the tough part? written japanese can be a headache to learn. it uses four alphabets including the chinese - influenced kanji ( pictoral ), two phonetic writing systems, and the roman alphabet ( romanji ). the notion of honorific language is challenging for learners. japanese speech can vary with levels of politeness, with each level having set forms and rules. english has no set way of speaking honorifically or intimately, and learners may have trouble recalling when and where to use honorific speech. grammatically, japanese is a mixed bag. there are only three irregular verbs and a pretty consistent structure, with verbs at the end of the sentence. nouns carry no gender or number, though they can function as adjectives or adverbs, which can be confusing for readers. studying japanese? check out matador \u2019 s 10 essential tips for learning japanese and 10 extraordinarily useful japanese phrases for travelers. the navajo language was famously used as a code by us forces in world war two. in the pacific battles, japanese codebreakers cracked other allied dialects and coded language. they could never decipher navajo. navajo is a verb - centred language. even adjectives have no direct translation into navajo ; descriptions are given through verbs. it \u2019 s a prefix - heavy language, with 25 kinds of pronominal prefixes which can be stacked onto one another. this forms incredibly long phrases like chidi naa\u02bcna\u02bci bee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5161059621574507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.963774"} {"text": "navajo ; descriptions are given through verbs. it \u2019 s a prefix - heavy language, with 25 kinds of pronominal prefixes which can be stacked onto one another. this forms incredibly long phrases like chidi naa\u02bcna\u02bci bee\u02bceldoohtsoh bikaa\u02bc dah naazniligii which means \u201c army tank. \u201d another feature unique to navajo is animacy, wherein nouns will take on certain verbs according to their rank in the hierarchy of animation. humans and lightning are highest, children and big animals come next, and abstractions sit at the bottom. it \u2019 s a fascinating aspect of the language and culture, but a tough one to memorize and put into practice. written mandarin is pictoral and contains over 20, 000 characters. some base characters, like root words, appear in other symbols, like ( the character for \u201c woman \u201d forming part of \u201c sister. \u201d the written form of the language has no phonic connection to the spoken form. mandarin, like cantonese, is a tonal language, and a misused inflection can change the meaning of a sentence. the syllable \u201c ma \u201d can mean mother or horse, depending on the inflection, which could lead to grave insults at the dinner table. grammatically, mandarin is far simpler than indo - european languages. words, for the most part, have only one grammatical form. their function is shown through prepositions, word order and particles. building and comprehending this syntax, however, takes time. there are some tough elements like mandarin adverbs : a dozen words which have no direct english translation. at first, the language seems far easier than other east asian tongues. no tones! no pictoral writing system! it \u2019 s true that reading and writing in korean is easy to master, as the language uses the very logical hangul phonetic written system. speaking and listening, while tone - free, can be challenging with unique sounds that are hard for english speakers to recognize, let alone master. the biggest challenge with korean lies in the grammar. verbs can be conjugated hundreds of ways, depending on tense, mood, age and seniority. like japanese, one sentence can be said in three different ways, depending on the relationship between the speaker and addressee. adjectives are conjugated too, with hundreds of possible endings. also, there are also two different number systems, quite different from one another. have you studied any of these languages? what did you find most difficult?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4935191399712341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.964740"} {"text": "art education program courses alternative settings for art education in this course students will use the museum, contemporary art collections and alternative settings as a resource for informing classroom practice and will explore, develop, and participate in engaging intergenerational and multicultural community field and group activities on site in various venues in the portland area. under the guidance of the instructor students will collaborate with local schools and teachers to conduct classroom visits, develop and lead gallery tours, and teach integrated workshops in a museum setting. students will engage young children by extending and integrating their academic knowledge through interdisciplinary and integrated lesson plans. students will learn how to work collaboratively with their communities to create artwork that has a social impact. in addition to class time, a minimum of 25 hours of assigned fieldwork is required for successful completion of this course. students will explore the diverse roles of the artist / educator to engage student learning through the arts. individual studio practices will be translated into teaching expertise to inform curriculum design and development. understanding how individual identities and dispositions shape one \u2019 s practice will be a key focus of this course. through readings, cooperative learning strategies, on - site observations, presentations and research a collaborative circle of learning will set the stage for inquiry and improvement of pedagogy throughout students \u2019 professional careers. in addition to class time, a minimum of 10 hours of assigned fieldwork is required for successful completion of this course. creativity and cognition in the arts students will study multiple perspectives of educational theory and their relationship to the cognitive, creative and psychosocial development of children and adolescents. students will examine the role of creativity and cognition in the arts, developing strategies to engage critical and creative thinking to foster learning across the curriculum. students will envision and invent new learning strategies that will meet the needs of student learning and thinking in an ever - changing context. in addition to class time a minimum of 10 hours of assigned fieldwork is required for students for successful completion of this course. exceptionality in the art classroom course will provide students with a framework for understanding the concept of exceptionality and an overview of the characteristics of students with disabilities. strategies for how to effectively instruct, modify, adapt and differentiate instruction as well as how to provide educational services and resources for students who need additional support to learn, as well as for gifted children, particularly in an inclusive art classroom, will be explored. students will gain a basic understanding of the identification of exceptional children, processes and procedures that determine student eligibility for special services, and current legislation as it relates to individuals with exceptionalities. in addition to class", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5146451796333797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.976398"} {"text": "in an inclusive art classroom, will be explored. students will gain a basic understanding of the identification of exceptional children, processes and procedures that determine student eligibility for special services, and current legislation as it relates to individuals with exceptionalities. in addition to class time, a minimum of 15 hours of assigned fieldwork is required for successful completion of this course. frameworks for teaching and learning in multicultural environments students will study and critically examine theories and practices in teaching, and the ethical and legal responsibilities of an educator teaching art to children and adolescents within various learning contexts and environments. students will explore a range of approaches to teaching art in public and private school classrooms, from highly structured to experimental. course content focuses on the history of art education within the larger educational framework. contemporary methods of art education such as reggio emilia, discipline based art education ( dbae ), and teaching for artistic behaviors ( tab ), and multicultural studies will be investigated. students will develop curricula that incorporates relevant theory, produce documentation, and assess learning outcomes in a variety of settings. through on - site observations and experiences, students will examine questions and issues exploring the diverse perspectives of the visual arts education classroom. in addition to class time, a minimum of 25 hours of assigned fieldwork is required for successful completion of this course. k - 12 curriculum design, development and assessment course introduces students to instructional design through themes, media and concepts culminating in a series of unit plans that meet the cognitive, social and personal interests of youth. under the guidance of the instructor, students will explore materials and develop comprehensive lesson plans and assessment tools that integrate personal artistic expertise with research. through guided practice, students will gain confidence in teaching children in preparation for the student teaching experience. lesson planning, unit planning, integration of technology, teaching methods and other relevant topics will be discussed. in addition to class time, a minimum of 25 hours of pre - practicum experiences is required for successful completion of this course. professional practices seminar this seminar will provide a forum to support students during their student teaching experiences, exploring the day - to - day issues encountered in the classroom. the course will focus on making connections with theory and pedagogy, meeting state and national standards, and on facilitating reflection on one \u2019 s identity as a teacher and on the overall goals of the program. developing the teaching portfolio occurs in conjunction with understanding the requirements for entry into the field and professional responsibilities of an art teacher. issues relevant to student teaching experiences and career preparation will be investigated through readings and discussions. registration by permission of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4882911834250878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.977577"} {"text": "study shows bariatric surgery restores pancreatic function by targeting belly fat in a substudy of the stampede trial ( surgical therapy and medications potentially eradicate diabetes efficiently ), cleveland clinic researchers have found that gastric bypass surgery reverses diabetes by uniquely restoring pancreatic function in moderately obese patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. the two - year substudy evaluated the effects of bariatric surgery and intensive medical therapy on blood sugar levels, body composition, and pancreatic beta - cell function. striking metabolic changes were observed in patients who underwent bariatric surgery compared with intensive medical therapy, particularly in the gastric bypass treatment group. \" the substudy results extend the findings from our initial 12 - month report that showed bariatric surgery can eliminate the need for diabetes medications in many obese patients with uncontrolled diabetes, \" said lead investigator sangeeta kashyap, m. d., an endocrinologist at cleveland clinic ' s endocrinology & metabolism institute. \" furthermore, we observed that gastric bypass can resurrect a failing pancreas. \" the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone that helps the body store and use sugar, are called beta cells. malfunctioning pancreatic beta cells can cause the pancreas to not release enough insulin ; they can also produce insulin that the body does not recognize. when the body can ' t use insulin properly, it can ' t regulate the amount of glucose in its bloodstream. \" gastric bypass surgery seems to uniquely restore pancreatic beta - cell function, presumably by targeting belly fat and modifying the hormones in the gastrointestinal tract, \" said kashyap. \" gastric bypass remarkably targets belly fat where hormones that are toxic to the body develop. \" researchers observed that patients who underwent gastric bypass saw a greater reduction in belly fat compared to the patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. the substudy results indicate a correlation between a decrease in belly fat and the ability of the pancreas to start working again. diabetes care published the study results online today. the prospective, randomized, controlled substudy followed 60 patients from the original stampede trial to determine the durability of the initial results and examine the metabolic changes observed with bariatric surgery. the patients were divided into three groups of 20 : those who received intensive medical therapy of their diabetes, those who received intensive medical therapy plus gastric bypass surgery,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4376913842603678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.986248"} {"text": "( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 calculating on - axis elements of a solenoid 3 hours ago i wanted to mention that this solenoid has many winds over many layers. the thickness of the windings is 2. 4 inches coming off of the engineering... latitude & longitude & air pressure 4 hours ago hi there, i have a peculiar question. imagine that you are in a earth position, obtained by google, that gives you the latitude and longitude.... differences of classical mechanics when learned with calc vs algebra? 7 hours ago what are the differences? every example i find usually has a derivative or integral or some kind of calculus defined concept that seems to make it... what is the distance traveled 11 hours ago a rough sketch of experiment. image : http : / / i43. tinypic. com / 14t4sk5. png the red dots represent a side view of path traveled, f is downward force... image of a convex lens cut in half horizontally 15 hours ago hello everyone, a friend of mine came up with this question in class and i really do not have a good answer. suppose you have a convex lens... ray tracing throught optical system of thick lenses 15 hours ago can you advise me a free software that allow to draw rays passed throught system of thick lenses ( preferable in 3d )? - more from physics forums - classical physics more news stories johns hopkins researchers have developed new guidelines \u2014 the first in more than 35 years \u2014 to govern the amount of blood ordered for surgical patients. the recommendations, based on a lengthy study of blood use at the johns... surgery 10 hours ago | 4 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 indian doctors said wednesday they have successfully carried out a first round of reconstructive surgery on the skull of a baby suffering from a rare disorder that caused her head to nearly double in size. surgery 15 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 a 33 - year - old polish man received a face transplant just three weeks after being disfigured in a workplace accident, in what his doctors said wednesday is the fastest time frame to date for such an operation.... surgery 16 hours ago | not rated yet | 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5951527654720259, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.988520"} {"text": "man received a face transplant just three weeks after being disfigured in a workplace accident, in what his doctors said wednesday is the fastest time frame to date for such an operation.... surgery 16 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 surgeons investigated sexual function in 62 patients, 50 years and older, who had received extensive spinal \u2013 pelvic instrumentation for spinal deformity at the university of virginia health center. based on their results,... surgery may 21, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 physicians at monash university and the alfred hospital in melbourne, australia describe the logistic, medical, and societal challenges faced in treating spine trauma in morbidly obese patients. based on a case series of... surgery may 21, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 existing research shows that bicyclists who wear helmets have an 88 percent lower risk of brain injury, but researchers at boston children ' s hospital found that simply having bicycle helmet laws in place showed a 20 percent... 31 minutes ago | not rated yet | 0 swiss scientists reveal the mechanism responsible for aging hidden deep within mitochondria \u2014 and dramatically slow it down in worms by administering antibiotics to the young. 11 hours ago | 4. 9 / 5 ( 7 ) | 0 | researchers from queen mary, university of london have led the largest sequencing study of human disease to date, investigating the genetic basis of six autoimmune diseases. 11 hours ago | 4 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | until now, little was scientifically known about the human potential to cultivate compassion \u2014 the emotional state of caring for people who are suffering in a way that motivates altruistic behavior. 8 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 | 8 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | a new approach for immunizing against influenza elicited a more potent immune response and broader protection than the currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines when tested in mice and ferrets. the vaccine... 8 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.465550953321456, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.989385"} {"text": "in order to maximize learning and transfer of this information into practice we have provided a variety of tools. this section includes suggested formats for educational programs as well as vital components. this includes : a basic slide set for a 45 minute didactic lecture ; a video depicting actual ed scenarios and didactic information ( 40 minutes ) ; role play scenarios for skills \u2013 based workshops ; and additional information / enhancements for further educational sessions. while it is relatively easy to teach this technique to emergency practitioners, the real power of this technique is realized only if they are used in clinical practice. the additional content is provided to assist with transfer of learning. rationale for specific teaching tools we have created a slide presentation in powerpoint\u2122 format for use in a lecture to learners. the purpose of the lecture is several \u2013 fold : - introduce the topic of unhealthy drinking as it pertains to the ed - review the pertinent literature in the field of alcohol screening and intervention - describe a recommended process of screening, brief intervention ( sbi ), namely the \u201c brief negotiation interview, \u201d and referral to treatment in the emergency department - stress to learners that interventions in the ed can make a difference the basic slide set can be easily covered in about 45 minutes. these slides can be used \u201c as \u2013 is \u201d or can be customized ( see supplementary slides ). several barriers exist to screening and intervention that may be raised by the learners. the key job of the lecturer is to address these barriers and provide information to raise the awareness of the learner regarding the burden of illness related to unhealthy alcohol use and the proven efficacy of offering sbi and referral to treatment in the ed setting. in addition other factors that promote change in an institution such as system changes, use of opinion leaders for example can be discussed to enhance success. ( see slide set ) didactic sessions alone are not enough to maximize the learning of this important topic. effective screening, brief intervention and referral to treatment ( sbirt ) are skills. instructors would not have residents perform a skill such as central venous access or lumbar puncture after having only heard a lecture on the topic. insufficient preparation of learners is an invitation for failure. also, the initial attempts at using this technique will be awkward. if the learners encounter difficulties in implementing this technique due to lack of familiarity while with patients in a busy ed, they will be less likely to incorporate it into their clinical practice. a sample role \u2013 play should be viewed by the learners after the didactic session.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5007208729915118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.994995"} {"text": "learners encounter difficulties in implementing this technique due to lack of familiarity while with patients in a busy ed, they will be less likely to incorporate it into their clinical practice. a sample role \u2013 play should be viewed by the learners after the didactic session. this can be accomplished by two instructors in real time, or a short video clip can be used that is provided on the website. skills \u2013 based sessions are critical. ideally the learners should split into groups of three. one learner plays the provider, another plays the patient and the third acts as the observer. the provider and patient receive a scripted handout with information pertaining to his or her part in the case they are role \u2013 playing that includes their alcohol screen, and history. the patient has their readiness to change response including cons and pros of drinking. the observer should have provider \u2019 s page. he / she should note what things the provider did well, that evoked a positive response on the part of the patients, and what things were said that elicited a negative response. they should also note that all the critical \u201c prescribed \u201d components of the intervention were adhered to as well as that \u201c proscribed \u201d components such as labeling the patient, or argumentative statements were not used. when time is limited, an alternative method is to split into groups of 2 without the observer, however there is potential for much to be lost in translation with this method as both participants are usually engrossed in their role and will miss some important responses to each other. once all pairs are finished, the entire group should reflect briefly on successes and difficulties encountered ( ie, debrief ). after that, another role \u2013 play is done, with learners reversing roles. this process is repeated as time permits. we recommend each learner gets to portray the provider. we have provided several examples of the sbirt in video format. we suggest these be used as a supplement to the lecture and role play. most learners will only need to see one or two videos to grasp the technique. the video is versatile as it can be used in a large group format to show an example of the technique or in a small group, where the video can serve as a springboard for discussion. we have provided extra slides that can be inserted into the lecture as determined by the instructor. instructors are encouraged to customize the slides as they see fit ; for example, inserting data on regional alcohol use trends. a number of materials can be provided to learners. the primary purpose of these materials is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4984873519707252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.996106"} {"text": "application configuration files application configuration files contain settings specific to an application. this file contains configuration settings that the common language runtime reads ( such as assembly binding policy, remoting objects, and so on ), and settings that the application can read. the name and location of the application configuration file depend on the application ' s host, which can be one of the following : the configuration file for an application hosted by the executable host is in the same directory as the application. the name of the configuration file is the name of the application with a. config extension. for example, an application called myapp. exe can be associated with a configuration file called myapp. exe. config. in visual studio projects, place the. config file in the project directory and set its copy to output directory property to copy always or copy if newer. visual studio automatically copies the file to the directory where it compiles the assembly. for more information about asp. net configuration files, see asp. net configuration settings internet explorer - hosted application. if an application hosted in internet explorer has a configuration file, the location of this file is specified in a < link > tag with the following syntax : < link rel = \" configurationfilename \" href = \" location \" > in this tag, location is a url to the configuration file. this sets the application base. the configuration file must be located on the same web site as the application.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4511931431589336, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:43.999766"} {"text": "technologies of tracking and the making of modern wildlife publication year : 2010 published by : the johns hopkins university press download pdf ( 56. 7 kb ) most of the research for this book was completed while i was a student in mit \u2019 s doctoral program in history, anthropology, and science, technology, and society. during that period and since, harriet ritvo has been a thoughtful, rigorous, and generous advisor and friend. her scholarship on human - animal relationships profoundly shaped this book, as it has many others. introduction : knowing the wild download pdf ( 43. 6 kb ) many americans in the second half of the twentieth century were fascinated with wild animals. they watched wildlife films and television shows, visited zoos, aquariums, and amusement parks with performing wild animals, donated money to organizations working to \u201c save \u201d baby seals, whales, pandas, tigers, and other charismatic creatures, and gave their support to politicians... 1 cold war game download pdf ( 793. 0 kb ) in search of new methods of locating, tracking, and identifying individual wild animals in their natural habitats, wildlife biologists in the 1950s looked to the electronic technologies of the cold war and the space age. the recent invention of the transistor had made it possible to build, for the first time, radio transmitters small enough... 2 the poetry of wilderness download pdf ( 572. 7 kb ) despite a brief flourishing of scientific research in the american national parks in the 1930s, the national park service \u2019 s interest in science had never been strong. as late as the 1950s, for example, the iconic grizzly bears of yellowstone or mount mckinley had not yet been subjected to systematic study. 3 diplomatic and political subtleties download pdf ( 641. 8 kb ) in the 1960s, indian biologists such as e. p. gee and salim ali began to warn that the country \u2019 s population of tigers would soon be extinct if habitat loss and hunting continued at their present rates. by the end of the decade they were joined by a number of european and american conservationists, including s. dillon ripley,... 4 the regulatory leviathan download pdf ( 453. 7 kb ) while radio tags had been successfully deployed on a variety of species of birds and terrestrial animals by the mid - 1960s, the use of the technique to study marine animals lagged far behind. the technical and logistical challenges of radio tagging marine mammals, sea turtles, and fishes were daunting : the animals often lived in harsh and inaccessible environments ;...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5135556972310371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.007050"} {"text": ", the use of the technique to study marine animals lagged far behind. the technical and logistical challenges of radio tagging marine mammals, sea turtles, and fishes were daunting : the animals often lived in harsh and inaccessible environments ;... conclusion : new connections download pdf ( 65. 5 kb ) from the 1960s to the 1990s, disputes over wildlife radiotelemetry often pitted scientists against wilderness activists, animal protectionists, and others claiming to speak for animals and for the public. at the end of the twentieth century, radio tracking also became a means for wildlife biologists to establish connections between the animals they studied and the mass audiences whose support was necessary for effective conservation. download pdf ( 57. 7 kb ) download pdf ( 203. 4 kb ) essay on sources download pdf ( 57. 9 kb ) the technical development of wildlife radiotelemetry in the 1960s can be tracked through two periodicals : the journal of wildlife management, which is widely available, and the wildlife society \u2019 s wildlife telemetry newsletter ( 1961 \u2013 1967 ), which can be found in the library of the university of minnesota and a few other locations. the proceedings of the 1962 biotelemetry conference at the \u2026 download pdf ( 70. 3 kb ) page count : 264 illustrations : 15 halftones, 1 line drawing publication year : 2010 series title : animals, history, culture series editor byline : harriet ritvo, series editor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4461819992902135, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.007707"} {"text": "search the collections australian red cross society image : badge - australian red cross appeal, 1918 ( incomplete ) source : museum victoria the international committee of the red cross was formed in 1863 and is the founding body of the red cross movement. today the australian red cross is one of 178 members of the international federation of red cross and red crescent societies. the australian red cross was formed as a branch of the british red cross at government house, melbourne on 13 august 1914. it was established by lady helen munro - ferguson, wife of the governor - general, nine days after the outbreak of world war i. lady munro - ferguson had been a member of the british red cross in fyfe, scotland, and was aware of the important role the organization played in britain. she asked the wives of each state governor to form a local committee in each capital, which they agreed to do. the first australian red cross volunteers focused on supplying care parcels containing soap, toiletries, special food and games for sick and wounded troops. within weeks of its foundation, the branch was providing clothing ( flannel shirts, cardigans, socks and gloves ), medical supplies and equipment. soon it was shipping items such as mosquito nets, hospital clothing and materials, and food parcels. it initiated the voluntary aid detachments ( vad ), whose members cared for the sick and wounded in hospitals, on trains during transport and in convalescent homes. the red cross provided assistance to the survivors of the battle of gallipoli, the soldiers who fought in egypt, the blind and those suffering from the effects of war. in 1915 it also began its transport service, driving soldiers who had returned on the hospital ships to their homes or convalescent facilities. by the end of 1916 the service included 2, 500 cars, with more than half overseas, working on the battlefields of france, italy and east africa. transport duties included daily ambulance rounds to hospitals, weekly outings with patients, and delivering and collecting materials. the australian red cross also developed the cycle and motor cycle corps, with volunteers delivering special red cross messages or small parcels. after the great war the australian red cross continued to care for returned servicemen. the thousands of australian red cross volunteers who had been engaged actively during the war effort remained involved through local services and programs which were expanded to include hospital visits, emergency and disaster assistance, transport and first aid training : all the while expanding the strength and professionalism of the volunteers and the capacity of australian red cross. the sick and needy in the wider community were now also assisted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3684206257966818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.014084"} {"text": "were expanded to include hospital visits, emergency and disaster assistance, transport and first aid training : all the while expanding the strength and professionalism of the volunteers and the capacity of australian red cross. the sick and needy in the wider community were now also assisted. in 1929 australian red cross set up the blood transfusion service in victoria, which soon expanded throughout australia. today the australian red cross blood service is considered to be one of the most effective and safe blood services in the world. in the same year that the blood transfusion service was established, the second geneva convention stated that red cross volunteers could be deployed alongside official medical personnel of the armed forces in the task of searching for and evacuating wounded or killed soldiers, and in the prevention of disease in the armed forces. in 1938 the australian red cross was formally recognized as an autonomous national society, and was incorporated by royal charter in 1941. its official name became the australian red cross society. world war ii placed much bigger challenges on red cross society volunteers and services : 347 men and 193 women served in 23 countries, as well as on hospital ships and aircraft carriers. thousands of australians spent hundreds of hours in red cross offices around the country, packing red cross parcels, sewing clothes and processing tracing requests. volunteers worked in hospitals throughout australia, and the australian red cross also supplied all personnel except for doctors and nurses for civil emergency hospitals and first aid posts. they cooked meals, carried out immunization programs and organized blood donor drives. australian red cross staff also provided assistance to captured and wounded enemy soldiers being treated in military hospitals. providing weekly food parcels, clothing, medical and other supplies to australian prisoners - of - war was one of the main tasks of australian red cross. for hundreds, if not thousands, the red cross parcels meant survival. many pows in germany, italy and other european countries received regular red cross deliveries. the japanese government refused to permit the dispatch of food parcels, medical supplies and clothing to pows in the far east, however. the scope of relief activities undertaken by australian red cross during world war ii was enormous. in 1945 australian red cross chartered the admiral chase to ship supplies to europe. the red cross tracing and message service was one of the busiest services during world war ii. prisoners of war have a right to communicate with their families under the geneva conventions, and during 1943 alone some 230, 000 letters were distributed to pow camps in malaya, java, shanghai, hong kong, china, burma and japan. australian red cross carried out a vast range of other relief operations throughout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.426414422798092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.015141"} {"text": "their families under the geneva conventions, and during 1943 alone some 230, 000 letters were distributed to pow camps in malaya, java, shanghai, hong kong, china, burma and japan. australian red cross carried out a vast range of other relief operations throughout the war. in egypt a surgical unit was established, and in papua new guinea an army hospital was set up in torokina. the busiest time for the transport service was in 1945, when volunteer drivers met thousands of wounded servicemen and returning prisoners of war. in the immediate aftermath of world war ii, the australian red cross became active in providing emergency and development relief assistance to many countries. the need in many parts of the world was enormous. disasters in greece, malaysia, korea, papua new guinea, pakistan and japan were also assisted. after the 1950s, australian red cross continued to expand its domestic and overseas humanitarian operations. during the korean war, it provided services to australian troops with volunteers visiting hospitals, facilitating correspondence with families at home and organizing help for released pows. provision of emergency relief assistance in disasters and conflicts, implementation of development programs and deployment of professional delegates all became standard activities of australian red cross. the national office of australian red cross society is today based in melbourne. state and territory offices are located in each capital city and are responsible for membership, fundraising and the provision of local services and programs. over 60 community services are provided in australia, including disaster and community services ( such as meals on wheels ), tracing and refugee services, first aid, health and safety services and the australian red cross blood service. overseas, australian red cross provides other development and emergency programs. at any given time, more than 50 medical and relief field staff bring assistance and relief to victims in war zones around the world. australian red cross website http : / / www. redcross. org. au / aboutus _ history _ australia _ default. htm ( showing 1 - 7 ) 7 items australia victoria tennis prize medal c. 1940 ( ad ) mint : k. g. luke other details : this medal, issued by the red cross society, reflects the use of sport as a fund - raising activity in mel... images : 2 lined sheet of note paper listing the items made for, or sent as gifts to, soldiers during world war i by a mrs j. davis. she lists grey and brown slippers, face washers, linen and ' old... images : 1 letter on lined note paper from a wounded infantryman during world war i, addressed to a mrs james davis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.403058926165037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.016206"} {"text": "a mrs j. davis. she lists grey and brown slippers, face washers, linen and ' old... images : 1 letter on lined note paper from a wounded infantryman during world war i, addressed to a mrs james davis. according to the letter the soldier was wounded by a german machine gun, resul... images : 1 hand - written letter on stationery from the australian branch of the british red cross society, written by driver e. d. ross to mrs j. davis during world war i. the letter was written b... images : 1 hand - written letter on stationary from the presbyterian soldiers ' institute, written by private donald patience to mrs davis during world war i. the letter was written by private ( late... images : 1 australia victoria tennis prize medal c. 1940 ( ad ) mint : k. g. luke other details : this medal, issued by the red cross society, reflects the use of sport as a fund - raising activity in me... from : melbourne, australia images : 2 australia anzac rememberance 1914 - 1918 artist dora ohlfsen 1918 ( ad ) mint : not recorded other details : this medal was produced and sold to raise funds for of australians and new zeal... images : 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39289488915840576, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.016709"} {"text": "for those who commute into new york city on a regular basis, thoughts of september 11, 2001 are never far away. the increased ever - present police presence at mass - transit facilities together with signs and announcements about \" staying alert \" serve as a constant reminder. lest we forget, new plots are sometimes unearthed and made public. on september 11 of this year, for example, one group was allegedly planning to blow up a variety of nyc buildings. because of the constant threat of terrorism, emergency response and disaster management have become much better armed and coordinated. these improved solutions have even proven their merit during natural disasters. this past august, for example, verizon wireless was able to test its communications solutions as wildfires raged in los angeles county. to stay connected, both firefighters in the field and evacuees at shelters used the verizon wireless network. the firm donated more than 160 cell phones and almost 100 mobile - broadband cards during the wildfires. it also added capacity to area cell sites as mandatory evacuations of residential and commercial neighborhoods generated spikes in call volume. the recent california wildfires also inspired the mundus group, inc. to form the airstar search & rescue unmanned aerial vehicle ( uav ) 4 life. with vertical takeoff and landing capabilities, the uav 4 life can fly out with fire and rescue departments and provide accurate visual details and thermal data of fires in buildings or forest areas. by gathering and communicating such data to rescue agencies, it can help to assess where the greatest dangers are in the immediate area as well as what occupies any adjacent buildings. it also can enable search and rescue operations where smoke or fog ground piloted planes and eliminate the possibility of ground searches. these solutions are only two examples of the multitude that exist. if some small consolation can be gained in the face of another terroristbased disaster, it is that better communications are available. as a result, such a disaster should be better managed and more lives saved. the technology will not be as effective, however, if the proper action is not taken by individuals. now more than ever, families should have an emergency plan. after a recent nationwide survey, underwriters laboratories ( ul ) revealed that more than 90 percent of children said they would know exactly what to do if there was an emergency like a fire. yet only 47 percent chose the safest option : to get out of the building immediately. those who live or work in or around major cities should have individual plans as well so that they have places to stay, alternate routes home, and more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4542528202240007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.021142"} {"text": "surgical technologists, sometimes called \u201c scrub techs \u201d are allied health professionals who assist in surgical procedures under the supervision of surgeons and registered nurses. a surgical technologist provides surgical care to patients in a variety of settings. they possess expertise in theory and application of sterile and aseptic technique and combine the knowledge of anatomy, surgical procedures and implementation of tools and techniques to assist the surgeon in performance of invasive procedures. what do surgical technologists do? the surgical technologist \u2019 s role as a member of the operating room team is to ensure quality patient care during the operative procedure and constant vigilance in maintaining a sterile field. the surgical technologist can perform a variety of functions depending on their work environment. they check supplies and equipment for the procedures, set up sterile tables with instruments, supplies, equipment and medications / solutions, perform appropriate counts with the circulating nurse, drape the sterile field, pass instruments to surgeon and assistants, prepare sterile dressings and clean instruments for terminal sterilization. skills and helpful traits is this for me? the ability to perform under pressure in stressful and emergency situations is an essential quality for a surgical technologist. manual dexterity to handle instruments quickly and physical stamina are vital. a stable temperament, a strong sense of responsibility, considerable patience and exceptional organizational skills are also required. they are expected to keep abreast of new developments in the field and should make a commitment to lifelong learning. other skills that are required to succeed as a surgical technologist include : physical strength, eye / hand coordination, critical thinking skills, concentration, good interpersonal relations, memorization and sequencing. technologists must respond quickly and know the procedures well enough to have instruments ready for the surgeons. education and certification the trend today is to graduate from an accredited surgical technology training program and attain professional certification through the national board of surgical technology and surgical assisting ( nbstsa ). programs may be offered in community and junior colleges, vocational and technical schools, the military, universities and structured hospital programs in surgical technology. accredited programs vary from nine to fifteen months for a diploma or certificate to two years for an associate \u2019 s degree. the choice to become certified exhibits pride in the profession, the desire to be recognized for mastery of scientific principles, as well as ongoing commitment to quality patient care. certification is a means for upward mobility, a condition for employment in some areas, a route to higher pay and a source of recognition nationwide. according to the department of labor, employment of surgical technologists is expected to grow faster than the average for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41205238410709755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.027561"} {"text": ". certification is a means for upward mobility, a condition for employment in some areas, a route to higher pay and a source of recognition nationwide. according to the department of labor, employment of surgical technologists is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations through the year 2016 as the volume of surgery increases. the number of surgical procedures is expected to rise as the population grows and ages. technological advances, such as fiber optics, laser technology, and robotics will also introduce new surgical procedures. hospitals will continue as the primary employer of surgical technologists, although much faster employment growth is expected in offices and clinics of physicians, including ambulatory surgical centers. a few, known as private scrubs, are employed by surgeons who have special surgical teams, such as those for organ transplantation. technologists advance by specializing in a particular area of surgery, such as neurosurgery or open heart surgery. some surgical technologists manage central supply departments in hospitals, or take positions with insurance companies, sterile supply services and surgical equipment firms. job opportunities will be best for technologists who are certified. there is very high demand nationwide, with about five job openings for every graduate. surgical technologist work environments - operating rooms in hospitals - central sterile processing in hospitals - dental and orthodontic offices - private surgical facilities - experienced surgical technologists may return to teach future technologists - organ and tissue donation organizations the professional organization for surgical technologists is the association of surgical technologists ( ast ). formed in 1969 with the support of the american college of surgeons, american medical association ( ama ), american hospital association ( aha ), and association of perioperative registered nurses ( aorn ), ast represents the interests of over 80, 000 surgical technologists. ast ' s primary purpose is to ensure that surgical technologists have the knowledge and skills to administer patient care of the highest quality and is the principal provider in conjunction with more than 40 state organizations of continuing education for surgical technologists. ast also works with accreditation review committee on education in surgical technology and the national board of surgical technology and surgical assisting to set standards for education and certification and represent the profession at state and national levels to ensure graduation from an accredited program. $ 32, 490 and $ 46, 910 us department of labor bureau of labor statistics occupational outlook handbook, $ 36, 025 and $ 43, 583 professional organization websites i began my career as a hospital secretary but i knew i needed a bigger challenge while still wanting to help people. i moved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40423519381068374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.028689"} {"text": "department of labor bureau of labor statistics occupational outlook handbook, $ 36, 025 and $ 43, 583 professional organization websites i began my career as a hospital secretary but i knew i needed a bigger challenge while still wanting to help people. i moved into a position as a nursing assistant and then an orderly. at the urging of my peers i began to explore my options as a surgical technologist. after completing a training program at the local community college and attaining my certification i finally found my life \u2019 s goal. if it \u2019 s broke, we can fix it i have always found the human body fascinating. i love the idea that when something is wrong with a patient \u2019 s body, we can go inside and make it better. surgical technologists get to work in almost every area of the body. some of the most common surgeries include joint replacements, ear, nose and throat procedures and \u201c simple fix \u201d operations like removing a patient \u2019 s gall bladder. surgical technologists work best as a team i work at one of cleveland clinic \u2019 s regional hospitals. i am able to assist with a variety of surgical procedures on a daily basis. working in a regional hospital allows for a stronger camaraderie among the other surgical technologists, doctors and the rest of the surgical team members due to the closeness of our daily interaction. teamwork is an essential element of my job. a surgical technologist \u2019 s typical shift begins at 7 a. m. and may or may not end at 3 : 30 p. m. if one is required to be \u201c on call \u201d that day or maybe pick up extra time for a colleague your day can last for several extra hours beyond that of your normal routine. ambulatory surgery center surgical technologists work a set schedule of monday through friday with no call time. stitching it together communication and a willingness to work with many personality types is a must in order to be a surgical technologist. knowledge of the many tools and procedures, working in a demanding field and responsibility for maintaining a sterile environment is vital to success for the surgical technologist. who says you can \u2019 t travel if you are a surgical technologist? i began my career as a surgical technologist in north carolina. the excitement of traveling to other hospitals across the united states gave me the opportunity to see a variety of procedures and many different techniques. i came to the cleveland clinic because their philosophy of \u201c patient \u2019 s first \u201d was a strong passion of mine. i also get to be a part of surgeries that do not happen anywhere else", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4302283028088413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.029775"} {"text": "to see a variety of procedures and many different techniques. i came to the cleveland clinic because their philosophy of \u201c patient \u2019 s first \u201d was a strong passion of mine. i also get to be a part of surgeries that do not happen anywhere else in the country. working at cleveland clinic \u2019 s main campus has allowed me to work with some of the world \u2019 s finest doctors and see a wide variety of procedures. it \u2019 s never too early to start i share my insight into my profession to all that i meet who may be interested in becoming a surgical technologist. there are educational programs available in cleveland and throughout the united states. not only is your education important for use on the job, but observing surgeries and talking with other surgical technologists will help you decide if this career path is the right one for you. certification for a surgical technologist is strongly recommended. joining with your fellow \u201c techs \u201d through networking in the association of surgical technologists allows one to keep informed and stay on top of the newest policies and procedures. patients are the reason for the job one of the biggest rewards of my job is that you can truly feel as if you have improved a person \u2019 s quality of life after a successful procedure. the patient \u2019 s protection and wellbeing is my number one priority. although we cannot always bond with our patients, we sometimes have the opportunity to meet them before or after surgery. they are always so grateful for what our team does. it makes our job that much more satisfying and another way we can exhibit our \u201c world class service. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4137635653902008, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.030504"} {"text": "originally a middle english anglicized form of french marie, from latin maria. this is a new testament form of miriam, which st jerome derives from elements meaning \u2018 drop of the sea \u2019 ( latin stilla maris, later altered by folk etymology to stella maris \u2018 star of the sea \u2019 ). mary was the name of the virgin mary, mother of jesus christ, who has been the subject of a cult from earliest times. consequently, the name was extremely common among early christians, several saints among them, and by the middle ages was well established in every country in europe at every level of society. it has been in use ever since, its popularity in england having been relatively undisturbed by vagaries of fashion until the 1960s, when it began to decline sharply. in the new testament, mary is also the name of several other women : mary magdalene ( see madeleine ) ; mary the sister of martha, who sat at jesus ' s feet while martha served ( luke 10 : 38 \u2013 42 ; john 11 : 1 \u2013 46 ; 12 : 1 \u2013 9 ) and who came to be taken in christian tradition as symbolizing the value of a contemplative life ; the mother of st mark ( colossians 4 : 10 ) ; and a roman matron mentioned by st paul ( romans 16 : 6 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42837071985041497, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.031812"} {"text": "the wisconsin natural resources board recently approved a set of rules designed to address phosphorous and other nutrient pollution, as well as help control erosion and sedimentation in the state. wisconsin farmers will be able to obtain up to 70 % of the costs of implementing non - point pollution controls to meet the standards set by the new rules, according to the wisconsin department of natural resources ( dnr ) the rules address both point and non - point sources of pollution, including agricultural sources, factories, municipal water treatment systems, and urban and suburban storm water runoff. science - based, numerical water quality standards for phosphorus have been established. \u201c this comprehensive approach means that we will identify and work proactively with all sources that contribute to poor water quality in a watershed. we will rely on solid data to take actions that achieve maximum environmental benefits in the most cost - effective manner possible. these rules strike a good balance between creating a solid path to cleaner water and providing flexibility in implementation, \u201d says matt frank, wisconsin department of natural resources secretary. included in the package are numeric water quality criteria for rivers, streams and lakes that are expected to prove pivotal in determining phosphorus levels to keep waters clear of algae and safe for recreational activities. wisconsin has 172 lakes and streams on the impaired waters list for phosphorus. frank says that with this package, wisconsin becomes the first state in the country to create these water quality standards for rivers, lakes and streams. the rules build on wisconsin law that requires the state to partner with the agriculture community and provide cost - sharing dollars. the wisconsin dnr will work with county land conservation experts and farmers to help them use the best management practices to curb pollution, while helping provide incentives toward cost - effective solutions. under this provision, the dnr will provide the cost - share program as part of a positive enforcement of the rules.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45596297736722735, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.033821"} {"text": "4. 2. protoplanetary disks contrary perhaps to the expectation that protoplanetary disks would be deeply embedded within the clouds from which they form, and they would therefore be inaccessible to optical observations, hst revealed many dozens of protoplanetary disks ( \" proplyds \" ; e. g., bally, o ' dell and mccaughrean 2000 ; o ' dell 2001 ; o ' dell et al. 1993 ; o ' dell and wong 1996, following the initial correct identification by churchwell et al. 1987 and meaburn 1988 ). many of these disks are seen silhouetted against the background nebular light ( when they are shielded from photoionization ), with some possessing ionized skins and tails ( e. g., bally, o ' dell and mccaughrean 2000 ; henney and o ' dell 1999, fig. 12 ). figure 12. protoplanetary disks ( proplyds ) in the orion nebula ( m42 ), hst / wfpc2. credit : nasa, c. r. o ' dell ( vanderbilt university ), and m. mccaughrean ( max - planck - institute for astronomy ). http : / / hubblesite. org / newscenter / archive / 1995 / 45 / the ubiquity of the protoplanetary dust disks ( they are seen in 55 % - 97 % of stars ; hillebrand et al. 1998, lada et al. 2000 ) demonstrates that at least the raw materials for planet formation are in place around many young stars. indeed, in a few cases, like the dust ring and disk in hr 4796a and the nearly edge - on disk surrounding beta pictoris, the detailed hst images reveal gaps and warping ( respectively ) that could represent the effects of orbiting planets ( schneider et al. 1999, kalas et al. 2000 ). another aspect of the protoplanetary disks that is significant for planet formation is the discovery of evaporating disks in the orion nebula. as was noted in section iiia, some of the orion proplyds were shown to be evaporating ( due to photo - ablation by uv radiation from young, nearby stars ) at rates of ~ 10 - 7 to 10 - 6 m yr - 1 ( e. g., henney and o ' dell 1999 ). given that the masses of these disks are typically of order 10 - 2 m ( if normal interstellar grains are assumed, so that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5286272322277255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.039127"} {"text": "to 10 - 6 m yr - 1 ( e. g., henney and o ' dell 1999 ). given that the masses of these disks are typically of order 10 - 2 m ( if normal interstellar grains are assumed, so that the observed dust emission can be scaled to the total mass ), this implies lifetimes for these disks of 105 years or less. there exists, however, some evidence that the grain sizes in orion ' s disks may, in fact, be relatively large - perhaps of the order of millimeters ( throop 2000 ). the latter conclusion is based on the fact that the outer portions of the disks appear to be gray ( they do not redden background light ), and on the failure to detect the disks at radio wavelengths in spite of the implied large extinction in the infrared ( hiding the central star in some cases ). the observations are thus consistent with grain sizes in excess of the radio wavelength used, of 1. 3 mm. when we think about the potential implications of these two findings ( about disk lifetimes and grain sizes ), we realize that they may have interesting consequences for the demographics of planets in orion. the relatively short disk lifetimes but relative large grain sizes may mean that while rocky ( terrestrial ) planets can form in these strongly irradiated environments, giant planets ( that require the accretion of hydrogen and helium from the protoplanetary disk ) cannot ( unless their formation process is extremely fast ; boss 2000, mayer et al. 2002 ). it is nevertheless clear from the many observations of \" hot jupiters \" ( giant planets with orbital radii 0. 05 au ) that less extreme environments do exist, in which giant planets not only form, but also have sufficient time to gravitationally interact with their parent disk and migrate inward, to produce the distribution in orbital separations we observe today ( see, for example, lin, bodenheimer, and richardson 1996, armitage et al. 2002 ). while disks around young stars produce jets and form planets, similar structures around old stars help perhaps to shape incredible \" sculptures \" around dying stars.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5104374660293454, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.040005"} {"text": "on july 4, 1776, delegates of the continental congress adopted the declaration of independence ; a document that announced the fledgling 13 colonies would gain freedom from rule under great britain - - a landmark decision during the early years of the revolutionary war. today, we typically celebrate the birth of american independence with barbecues, fireworks, and parades. but another way to celebrate is to become immersed in the rich history of connecticut and the early days of what has since become the united state of america. the burning of fairfield ( including westport, weston, easton, and black rock ) back when fairfield included two - thirds of westport, weston, easton, and bridgeport ' s black rock section, the area played a significant role in the revolutionary war. that role is commemorated every year by fairfield with a walking tour of an event known as the burning of fairfield. and begins at the. detailed how fairfielders helped the cause for independence. troops were sent from fairfield to fight in lexington, mass. in 1775 and to new york to fight in 1776. on july 7, 1779, british major general william tryon and 800 troops landed at black rock harbor and by that evening had taken fairfield ' s town green. seventeen hundred more british troops joined tryon later that evening and, by 8 a. m. on july 8, had burned 97 homes, 64 barns, two meetinghouses, a church, and the county jail. fairfield and the ' second war of independence ' this year - - the bicentennial of the war of 1812 - - fairfield will focus its july 4th festivities on its role in that war, according to a report in the fairfield citizen. the war of 1812 - - sometimes known as the \" second war of independence \" - - began a mere 29 years after the revolutionary war was concluded. members of the daughters of the american revolution will participate in the town ' s festivities, which begin at 10 a. m. wednesday on the town hall green. according to the report in the citizen, dar member and president of connecticut society, u. s. daughters of 1812 betty oderwald will discuss fairfield ' s role in the war., a building erected by fairfield farmers in 1814 to store ammunition to support the cause against the british. continental army at putnam park camp reading, now known as putnam park in bethel,. the troops, under the direction of gen. israel putnam, were encamped on the northern border of redding throughout that harsh winter. battle - weary and ill - supplied, the troops were doing so poorly that gen. george washington himself felt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38585194376352655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.044183"} {"text": ",. the troops, under the direction of gen. israel putnam, were encamped on the northern border of redding throughout that harsh winter. battle - weary and ill - supplied, the troops were doing so poorly that gen. george washington himself felt it was his responsibility to right the situation. the commander of the continental army personally urged that the connecticut troops be furnished with shirts, stockings, and shoes. the battle of ridgefield near the start of the revolutionary war, ridgefield ' s keeler ' s tavern served as a hub for patriots to discuss the moves of the british army. on april 27, 1777, talk among neighbors became reality when british major general tryon with 1, 500 troops, a cavalry group, 300 loyal colonials, and a six - piece artillery unit attempted to keep patriots at bay patriot general david wooster and 700 soldiers camped in bethel forced tryon to head south toward ridgefield, where troops under the direction of general benedict arnold and general gold selleck silliman were waiting. barricades were erected in ridgefield as wooster attacked the british from the rear. tryon overran the patriot troops in ridgefield and burned the town, but not before arnold displayed legendary heroics - - escaping after taking nine musket balls. though the patriots lost, the battle slowed the british, who never fought in connecticut again, angela liptak, associate director of the keeler tavern museum,. washington stops in westport it was known as west parish during george washington ' s time - - a conglomerate of parts of westport, fairfield, and norwalk - -. after he crossed the saugatuck river on horseback, washington met with local minister rev. hezekiah ripley of the west parish meetinghouse ( now known as green ' s farms congregational church ). the men enjoyed a walk together talked about rebellion before washington headed north. before leaving, washington supposedly remarked that the meetinghouse was a \" comely little church. \" war veterans buried in monroe stepney cemetery, located in monroe ' s stepney village,. thirty - one of the tombstones belong to civil war veterans, six to men who fought during the war of 1812, and five to soldiers of the revolutionary war. the village will mark the 150th anniversary of the civil war in september with a special ceremony on stepney green. the service will include reading the names of all the civil war veterans. east haven houses encampment of gen. lafayette on the east haven town green is a memorial dedicated to continental army general marquis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41991861571935796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.045128"} {"text": "exhibit that proves the exception to the rule i attended the excellent presentation at the holocaust museum on jan. 29 and was impressed by the photos and film portraying the courageous acts of heroism among muslims in occupied albania during world war ii. no other muslim community displayed such a commitment to humanitarian aid to their jewish neighbors. when the question is asked why was not similar behavior encountered anywhere else in the muslim world in that period, it is imperative to understand what made the albanian brand of islam so different, and the besa tradition of hospitality and honor so wholly atypical. indeed it was startling to see albanian muslims proudly displaying their certificates of honor from israel, listening to albanian politicians boasting of their close ties with friends and colleagues in the albanian - israeli friendship association and listening to veterans among the former partisans who fought against the german and italian occupying forces recount their exploits and members of the communist party singing their international hymn. what is also worth remembering is that albania, turkey and iran were the first three muslim countries to extend diplomatic recognition to the state of israel in 1949 - 50 and all three incurred the wrath of the entire muslim world for refusing to go along with the invasion of palestine by the armies of six arab countries in order to crush the nascent jewish state in may 1948. these three states were long regarded throughout the muslim world as \u201c renegades. \u201d albania \u2019 s recognition of israel was de jure ( like that of the ussr and not simply de facto as was the case with american recognition ). the muslims of albania have traditionally been divided into two main communities : those associated with sunni islam and those associated with the \u201c deviant \u201d bektashi sufis, a mystical dervish order that arrived in albania during the ottoman period in the 18th and 19th centuries. this sect is to this day considered heretical by most mainstream muslims. the bektashis are found primarily in the lands of the south where the tosk dialect of albania prevails ( in contrast to the gheg variety in the north ). it is in the south that we find most of the courageous acts of muslim aid to the jews in world war ii. in the north and especially in neighboring bosnia where there has always been a strong albanian minority, the record of collaboration with the axis and even participation in a german organized ss unit ( the skanderberg dvision ) is very different. the 21st mountain waffen skanderberg division was established by heinrich himmler in march 1944 and named after george kastrioti skanderberg, the national hero of albanians who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5000909530104302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.049552"} {"text": "ss unit ( the skanderberg dvision ) is very different. the 21st mountain waffen skanderberg division was established by heinrich himmler in march 1944 and named after george kastrioti skanderberg, the national hero of albanians who resisted ottoman invasion for 25 years. its purpose was to crush the resistance movement in yugoslavia and promote ethnic albanian identity and possible creation of a \u201c greater albania \u201d but it had little success as most of its conscripts were not enthusiastic about their being dragged into the conflict. the tradition of close albanian cooperation with their jewish neighbors and even pro - israel sentiments is still alive today. on a recent three - day trip in november 2011 to jerusalem and tel aviv, and in meetings with prime minister netanyahu and president shimon peres, albanian prime minister sali berisha criticized unilateral efforts by the palestinian authority to achieve the status of a sovereign state. he stated that \u201c such moves do not advance a political solution. the palestinians must understand that this is not the way. peace between israel and the palestinians must pass through direct negotiations and promises of security for the two states. \u201d berisha has sought to boost business ties with israel further, encouraging investors to participate in projects such as the construction of new hydropower stations and development of joint projects in the areas of agriculture, fishing, education, tourism, information technology and energy. albania \u2019 s readiness in april 1949 to recognize the state of israel, although not followed by an exchange of ambassadors, was a courageous act. it demonstrated the unwillingness, shared with turkey and iran ( all three are non - arab muslim countries ) not to fall prey to muslim extremism, so common in the arab world to promote hostility to israel as a religious issue. turkey, the first muslim state to recognize israel, had under its national leader kemal attaturk completely divorced islam from the state institutions and legal codes of the turkish republic and the iranian shah, who also recognized israel in 1950 was a pro - western leader who realized that economic development and progress for his people would most likely be realized if he followed the turkish model of secularism. the holocaust museum is to be commended for the besa exhibit and adding an important and moving positive portrayal of the record of righteous gentiles. originally printed in the the heritage - florida jewish news, feb. 3, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5092166007748902, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.050531"} {"text": "editors ' note : updated june 1, 2011. we do a lot of top products lists here at cnet, and manufacturers are usually pretty excited to see their products on those lists. but this is one \" top \" list that manufacturers probably aren ' t too thrilled to find their products on. as we note in our intro to the list, for a phone to pass fcc certification and be sold in the united states, its maximum sar level must be less than 1. 6 watts per kilogram. in europe, the level is capped at 2 watts per kilogram, whereas canada allows a maximum of 1. 6 watts per kilogram, just like we do. the sar level listed in our charts represents the highest sar level measured with the phone next to the ear as tested by the fcc. it ' s possible for the sar level to vary among different transmission bands ( the same phone can use multiple bands during a call ), and different testing bodies can obtain different results. i should also add our usual disclaimer when discussing cell phone radiation levels. as editor nicole lee says, we are in no way implying that cell phone use is harmful to your health by publishing this list. research abounds, but much of the literature is contradictory. cell phone radiation : harmless or health risk? q & a : researcher ' s strong signal on cell phone risk who : cell phones may cause cancer twenty lowest - radiation u. s. cell phones though some researchers, including the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ), an arm of the world health organization, have recently stated that cell phones could possibly cause cancer, others disagree and say there still is not conclusive or demonstrated evidence that cell phones cause or don ' t cause adverse health effects in humans. in short, the jury is still out. research into the matter will continue, and we will continue to monitor its results. ( for a more complete list of sar ratings for various phones, check out our full quick guide to cell phone radiation levels. ) click on any image to begin the slideshow. models are listed from lowest to highest sar rating, with the last phone on the list at no. 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47004712264385495, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.053864"} {"text": "since computer scientists and biochemists at the university of washington launched a project in 2008 that taps into the brainpower of computer gamers to fold proteins, almost 60, 000 people around the world have taken on the challenge. in the process, foldit players have been able to best computers on problems that require radical moves, risks, and long - term vision, according to results being published on thursday, in the journal nature. \" the really fundamental question in most scientists ' minds was, ' what can it produce, in terms of results? is there any evidence that it ' s doing something useful? ' \" says principal investigator zoran popovic, a uw associate professor of computer science and engineering who clearly not only loves his work, but who loved it back in his thesis days as well. \" i hope this paper will convince a lot of those people who were sitting on the sidelines, and the whole genre of scientific discovery games will really take off. \" there are more than 100, 000 different kinds of proteins in the human body alone, forming every cell and setting the speed of chemical reactions. while scientists already know the genetic sequences of many, they ' re still working to understand how they fold up into complex shapes that play vital biological roles. thousands of computers are already calculating how physical forces would cause a protein to fold. but computers do not always outperform humans, so the uw team decided to involve the power of thousands of human brains. it turns out that in foldit, which is free, people tend to outperform computers when a problem requires intuitive leaps or strategy shifts. foldit has been compared to tetris, but instead of stacking blocks, players fold a protein. players are awarded points based on the internal energy of the 3d protein structure, and every puzzle has a high score that players can try to best. the foldit energy calculations are carried out by rosetta, which was developed by uw biochemistry professor david baker, who co - authors the foldit paper. baker ' s group has used donated computer cycles through rosetta @ home to help sift through literally trillions of possible orientations for the chains of amino acid molecules that make up proteins. although the players have yet to design proteins that can, say, disable viruses or generate energy, the team at uw is confident that with so much brain and computing power involved, it is only a matter of time before medical issues are tackled. they even included in their author list an acknowledgement of more than 57, 000 fold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5518982742249301, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.056955"} {"text": "australian scientists conduct trials for hepatitis c vaccine in a bid to save people from deadly hepatitis c, australian scientists have developed a vaccine that is undergoing trials. around 200 million people worldwide are suffering from this disease. hepatitis c is an infectious disease that affects liver. the disease is caused by the hepatitis c virus ( hcv ). the infection generally does not have symptoms, but can results in scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, becomes evident after many years. in certain cases, those suffering from cirrhosis develop liver failure or liver cancer. the vaccine which is under trial is a result of a breakthrough work done by heidi drummer, associate professor from burnet institute and his team from its virology centre. for the development of vaccine drummer and her team overcame a major hurdle in hcv vaccine research, and went on to develop a vaccine candidate that protects against a number of different hcv strains, says a burnet statement. \" hepatitis c has a great ability to change its structure and evade the immune response. this makes vaccine development challenging, \" drummer has been quoted as saying. \" our vaccine is unique as it contains only the most essential, conserved parts of the major viral surface protein, eliciting antibodies that prevent both closely and distantly related hepatitis c viruses from entering cells, thereby preventing infection, \" drummer stated. drummer presented these findings at the prestigious immunotherapeutics and vaccine summit ( imvacs ) in cambridge, massachussets, us, on aug 13. - - with inputs from ians read more : cambridge road | s. v. u. p. g. centre | g. s. t. centre | k. p. centre | science institute lsg so | karnata health institute | indian institute of technology | central institute of technolog | k. r. centre | birouli rural institute | morarji desai national institute of yoga | central institute of psychiatry, ranchi | national institute of homeopathy | gandhigram rural institute | national dairy research institute | birbal sahni institute of palaeobotany | central institute of indian language | g20 summit | rio + 20 summit | national institute of virology priyanka chopra ' s life now part of school curriculum! may 23, 2013 at 8 : 48 am bjp was never a constructive opposition - shukla may 22, 2013 at 11 : 06 pm minus scam the upa report card is biased javadekar ( nnis exclusive ) may 22, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47101750637081385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.059662"} {"text": "from my research in hungary, one of the key things that has struck me is the way in which multiple representations and images are used to support the development of very abstract and complex mathematical ideas. this month ' s website will seek to illustrate this and offer some problems and resources that help students to develop notions of abstract mathematical ideas through exposure to a range of representations of them. this all sounds rather obscure and abstract in itself so let me illustrate this with two examples one from a class of 7 year old students and the other from a class of 15 year olds. for the younger students the concept under consideration was the idea of the number six. during the course of one lesson focused on this number, the children were offered a range of iconic and symbolic representations of six and asked to identify collections of six objects. this range comprised : pattern on a die, finger pattern, collections of objects, collections of actions, the cuisenaire rods, the ' number picture ', ( you can find them here doc. pdf ), dominoes with six spots, roman numerals, the symbol 6, number line, 6 o ' clock on an analogue clock face, coins. i would argue that this rich range of representations of 6 enabled the children to abstract a notion of the ' sixness ' of six that transcended the different representations. all the different representations have their value and potential applications : some stress the notion of a number representing a collection and so build from counting such as a collection of objects of actions ; others stress aspects of the structure of six such as the finger pattern which draws attention to six being one more than five ; others emphasise the wholeness of six as an entity that supports students away from a counting notion of number such as the symbol 6, the 6 cuisenaire rod or even potentially the die pattern that can be recognized without counting the spots ; some stress the place of six in the sequence of counting or natural numbers such as the number line. for the 15 year olds, the lesson that i observed was focused on the solution of simultaneous equations involving trigonometric functions. in this lesson the students were able to identify solutions to complicated pairs of equations through their knowledge of the meanings of the functions that were being considered. they were able to sketch the relevant graphs of the functions, consider their ranges and domains and use these ideas to produce solutions or to identify when solutions could not be found. this seemed to me to be linked to my observations of lessons with the younger children. in both cases the students had access to a range of representations,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6253973861715098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.064856"} {"text": "ranges and domains and use these ideas to produce solutions or to identify when solutions could not be found. this seemed to me to be linked to my observations of lessons with the younger children. in both cases the students had access to a range of representations, images and mathematical models and were able to bring appropriate images to the problems with which they were presented. in some of our problems this month we offer a range of representations of mathematical ideas to work with, in others we offer a problem that lends itself to solution with one representation in mind. in all of the problems we are seeking to explore the power of a variety of representations, images and models with a view to supporting students in enriching their understanding of various abstract mathematical concepts through exposure to this variety. the aim of the exercise is to deepen students ' understanding of the abstract mathematical concepts involved in the process of generalizing from a variety of models and representations. matching numbers is an interactive game in which the task is to match different representations of numbers in pairs. in fact the set of cards has four possible representations of each of the numbers so children can discuss how each of those representations shows the number. when they have played the game themselves, they can make their own sets of number cards showing different representations of numbers using this blank set. how do you see it? is an activity with a difference in that as the children work on these they will have the opportunity to exhibit their own individual ways of thinking about simple calculations. the article referred to in the teachers ' notes will enable you to explore some of the findings about those calculations that children find more difficult because of the order of the information. let ' s divide up offers a story scenario in which three different conceptions of division are presented. we hope that children will be able to explore the different conceptions to deepen theri understanding of the mathematical operation of division. they may be encouraged to make up their own stories about that involve division conceived of as sharing, grouping, successive subtraction or the inverse of multiplication. matching fractions is another interactive game of memory but this time there are four representations of a number of fractions to match in pairs. we have a tendency to use pizzas as our main representation of fractions for young children and this can cause them problems with developing their conceptual understanding of fractions so this is a useful activity to tackle this as it offers a range of different representations including fractions of quantities bigger than one. once again children can create their own fraction representations and their own game using the blank card set. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6011976214527361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.065997"} {"text": "understanding of fractions so this is a useful activity to tackle this as it offers a range of different representations including fractions of quantities bigger than one. once again children can create their own fraction representations and their own game using the blank card set. in what numbers can we make?, students are invited to work with numbers chosen from a linear sequence. in order to explain the patterns they find, they need to explore ideas from modular arithmetic, which can be represented geometrically, numerically, and algebraically. the same representations can be adapted in the follow - up problems take three from five, and what numbers can we make now?. an understanding of algebraic and graphical representations is also required when playing diamond collector. factorising with multilink and pair products both make the links between number and algebra through geometric representations. students are encouraged to generalise by going beyond simple pattern - spotting and engaging instead with the underlying structure. polar bearings brings attention to the relationship between cartesian and polar coordinates. by striving to represent certain curve shapes using different systems, students will realise that choice of coordinates is actually arbitrary and can lead to useful algebraic simplification ( or unnecessary complication! ). the problem trig reps looks at different representations of ' trigonometry ' and encourages students to derive many familiar properties of sine and cosine using each representation. through engagement with this activity students will hopefully gain a deeper understanding of trigonometry and realise that certain representations are more useful for solving certain types of problem. both problems reinforce the important mathematical notion that the ' underlying ' mathematics can be dressed up in different ways as required. it reminds me of the popular saying that ' there is no such thing as bad weather, only the wrong choice of clothes.... '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5411042141794178, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.066797"} {"text": "many consumers assume that if their water looks, tastes, and smells okay that it ' s safe to drink. unfortunately, few contaminants can actually be detected by our senses, so water testing may be needed. the four main contaminant categories are as follows : most health departments require a total coliform test to determine if bacteria is present in a well when it is first put into service or when the property changes ownership. two additional forms of potential microbiological contamination include parasites and viruses, although these are most frequently found in surface water supplies. this category includes metals and minerals that can affect either the safety or taste of well water. they can be naturally occurring or may result from manmade contamination. some common inorganics found in well water include : chemicals can also leach into well water supplies from the application of pesticides, runoff from agricultural and industrial operations, or from gasoline storage tanks. the fourth type of contaminant sometime found in private wells would be radiological in nature, such as : to determine if any of these contaminants are present in your well water supply, you may want to have your water tested. local health departments can usually provide a list of state - certified drinking water laboratories to whom a water sample can be sent. if any contaminants are detected at levels that exceed epa or state guidelines for public drinking water supplies, consider installing a home water treatment system or using certified bottled water for drinking. to view a list of common contaminants that can be found in public and private drinking water supplies, view the contaminant guide. to find nsf certified products, visit the online product database.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4819491530765124, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.069993"} {"text": "photographs taken in china before about 1950 are relatively rare. during the cultural revolution many chinese destroyed their collections of photographs, as any evidence of a \u2018 bourgeois \u2019 past could get you into serious trouble. some collections of photographs of china have been preserved elsewhere, but until recently most of those were fairly difficult to access. professor robert bickers of the university of bristol has been instrumental in making a number of those collections available through the visualising china website, where more than 8, 000 images can now be explored. these pictures include views of cities which have since completely changed, portraits of individual chinese both eminent and humble, and records of everyday life. some of the collections came from british people who were working in china as part of mercantile, imperial or missionary enterprises. others are photographs taken and collected by chinese that somehow ended up outside china. one of these collections comes from fu bingchang ( 1895 - 1965 ), who held various posts in the nationalist government and was also a keen amateur photographer. his snaps provide a very personal glimpse of elite life in china between the 1920s and 1940s. the images show a society poised between tradition and modernity. as well as cameras, motor cars and bathing suits, they include traditional architecture, gardens and furniture. exemplifying this period of huge change in chinese society, women are often portrayed wearing the cheongsam ( or qipao ) dress, based on male manchu dress but adopted by women from the 1920s onwards as a modern, progressive fashion and accessorised with scarves and handbags ( as was recently explained to me by wessieling ). fu binchang himself is sometimes portrayed in traditional dress and sometimes in up - to - the - minute plusfours and co - respondent shoes. an image of a fang jiangling next to a round window to me exemplifies this fascinating hybridity : the window is of a type that had been used for centuries in chinese garden walls to provide enticing and nicely framed glimpses of greenery and vistas beyond. at the same time, fang jiangling \u2019 s pose next to it is somehow very moderne, as she grasps the edge of the window like an art deco sylph playing with a ball or a bauhaus mannequin manipulating a cog in a machine. this image database is yet another example of the opening up and linking of online collections that i have mentioned in previous posts. thanks to visualising china fu binchang \u2019 s world can now be reappraised and studied in greater detail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5048263269059964, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.072681"} {"text": "the 179, 755 - acre kalmiopsis wilderness, located in southwestern oregon in the rugged klamath / siskiyou mountains, is the third largest wilderness in the state. a portion of the current kalmiopsis was originally protected by the u. s. forest service in the 1940s and subsequently was included in areas protected by the wilderness act of 1964. ranging in elevation from stream canyons barely 500 feet above sea level to its highest point \u2014 pearsoll peak, at 5, 098 feet \u2014 kalmiopsis is named for one of the unique plant species endemic to the area, the ancient heath plant kalmiopsis leachiana. the delicate shrub produces five - petaled flowers that vary from pink to rose in hue and bloom through the transition from spring to summer. gold drew miners to the rivers and streams coursing out of these hills during the nineteenth century, and some small claims continue to be worked. the ultramafic soils in the eastern half of the kalmiopsis region contain heavy metals such as chromium, magnesium, and nickel and are toxic to many plant species. these valuable ores were mined extensively during the middle decades of the twentieth century, prior to the designation of the area as wilderness. some of the trails that now thread through the area overlay the beds of old mining roads, particularly in the emily cabin area. the rugged and remote kalmiopsis offers visitors outstanding opportunities to experience solitude, but some areas fall shy of being pristine because of the region ' s history of resource extraction. the kalmiopsis wilderness contains a singular level of rare endemic plants that only grow in niche environments. some of this botanical variety can be traced to particular soil types. many plants and shrubs in the area were named by botanist t. j. howell, including howell ' s mariposa lily, howell ' s saxifrage, and howell ' s manzanita. the brewer spruce, identifiable by its distinctive drooping limbs, is a native to the klamath mountains in the kalmiopsis. fen and seep habitats feature a native variation on the fly - catching pitcher plant : darlingtonia californica. the upper reaches of the rough and ready creek watershed \u2014 outside of the kalmiopsis wilderness but adjacent to its southeastern boundary \u2014 contain the greatest number of endemic species found anywhere in the state. the kalmiopsis and surrounding klamath - siskiyou mountains support the broadest array of vertebrate species in oregon. black bear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39010935535393254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.076873"} {"text": "but adjacent to its southeastern boundary \u2014 contain the greatest number of endemic species found anywhere in the state. the kalmiopsis and surrounding klamath - siskiyou mountains support the broadest array of vertebrate species in oregon. black bear, elk, coyote, gray fox, cougar, black - tailed deer, and smaller mammals and rodents are relatively abundant throughout the region. the siskiyou chipmunk makes its home in the area and nowhere else. other species in the wilderness include the spotted owl, quail, grouse, pileated woodpecker, rattlesnake, and scarlet kingsnake. three wild and scenic rivers flow from or through the kalmiopsis wilderness : the north fork of the smith river ; the chetco river, in the southern range of the wilderness ; and, bisecting the north lobe of the area, the fabled whitewater stretch of the illinois river canyon. these clear, swift streams represent some of the least disturbed salmon habitat in oregon. another distinctive feature of the kalmiopsis wilderness are two small glacial cirque lakes that are a remnant of the ice age. the most accessible of these is babyfoot lake, a short hike from a trailhead on the eastern boundary of the wilderness. another, vulcan lake, is a short trek from the western, coastward boundary of the wilderness. the half - million acre biscuit fire in the summer of 2002 swept though the kalmiopsis wilderness and surrounding rogue river - siskiyou national forest, burning vast stretches of its old - growth forests and charring some of the better known areas in the wilderness, including the slopes surrounding babyfoot lake. the changes this fire wrought on large expanses of unlogged forests have attracted the attention of ecologists and botanists eager to determine the impact of fire on the plant life and to evaluate whether these plants and animals would prosper or suffer while the ecosystem regenerated. written by : william cornett \" kalmiopsis wilderness. \" wilderness. net. http : / / www. wilderness. net / index. cfm? fuse = nwps & sec = wildview & wid = 287. atzet, tom, diane e. white, lisa a. mccrimmon, patricia a. martinez, paula reid fong, and vince d. randall. \" field guide to forested plant associations of southwestern oregon, \" technical paper r6 - nr - ecol - tp - 17 - 96. portland, ore. : u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36175854858423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.077896"} {"text": "| comparing adult & juvenile offenders | | what time of day are adults and juveniles most likely to commit violent crimes? | | unlike violent crime by adult offenders, violent crime by juvenile offenders peaks in the late afternoon. note : violent crimes include murder, violent sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault. data are from law enforcement agencies in 35 states and the district of columbia. [ text only ] [ excel file ] - in general, the number of violent crimes committed by adults increases hourly from 6 a. m. through the afternoon and evening hours, peaks at 10 p. m., and then drops to a low point at 6 a. m. in contrast, violent crimes by juveniles peak in the afternoon between 3 p. m. and 4 p. m., the hour at the end of the school day. - nearly one - third ( 29 % ) of all violent crime committed by juvenile offenders occurs between 3 p. m. and 7 p. m. in comparison, 26 % of all violent committed by adult offenders occurs between 8 p. m. and 12 p. m. internet citation : ojjdp statistical briefing book. online. available : http : / / www. ojjdp. gov / ojstatbb / offenders / qa03401. asp? qadate = 2008. released on december 21, 2010. adapted from snyder, h. & sickmund, m. ( 2006 ). juvenile offenders and victims : 2006 national report, chapter 3. washington, d. c. : office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention. data source : national archive of criminal justice data. national incident - based reporting system, 2008 : extract files [ computer file ]. ann arbor, mi : inter - university consortium for political and social research [ distributor ], 2010 - 08 - 13. usa. gov | privacy | policies & disclaimers | foia | site map | ask a question | ojjdp home a component of the office of justice programs, u. s. department of justice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39924458508084654, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.080000"} {"text": "- resurvey of a gloria target region in the swiss national park ( 2011 ) - there is no doubt that recent global climate change is in process and affects life on earth. especially mountain ecosystems are supposed to be highly sensitive to climate change due to the vertical compression of life zones, rough abiotic environment and limiting ecological factors. therefore, the european alps is one of the best observed ecosystems where many studies figured out how climate change is affecting biodiversity. probably the biggest and most well - known project is the gloria - europe initiative established by prof. dr. georg grabherr from university of vienna. the aim of this project is to establish a world - wide long - term monitoring network in alpine ecosystems to detect effects of climate change on the vegetation of mountain summits using standardised methods. this study is involved in the gloria initiative to resurvey four calcareous and four siliceous summits at swiss national park in summer 2009 / 10. the aim of this study is to answer the questions if there are changes between the first ( 2002 / 03 ) and second survey in plant species number, species frequency and in heterogeneity between plots. furthermore, is altitude, cardinal direction and bedrock influencing changes or are there species groups reacting different and what are the reasons behind it? in total 226 species were found in 2009 and 2010 with almost 80 % more species on the siliceous summits. species turnover rate between the two surveys is relatively high ( 15 - 30 % ) and also frequency is increasing for several species. but, there are no effects of bedrock or exposition and no differences for species groups. this study shows that fluctuation of species turnover is due to fluctuation of phenological development. furthermore, differences in plot heterogeneity can be explained by phenological fluctuation. however, there are hints for initiating effects of climate change. the occurrence of l. decidua on three lower summits and the high content of new found species with a lower distribution limit at the montane belt on pmu as well as general increase in plant frequency could be caused by climate change. hence, these hints of climate change should be focused on in future investigations as long - term effects of climate change are expected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47670790100317384, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.084679"} {"text": "schwenzer, s. p. ; abramov, o. ; allan, c. c. ; clifford, s. m. ; cockell, c. s. ; filiberto, j. ; kring, d. a. ; lasue, j. ; mcgovern, p. j. ; newsom, h. e. ; treiman, a. h. ; vaniman, d. t. and wiens, r. c. puncturing mars : how impact craters interact with the martian cryosphere. earth and planetary science letters, 335 ( click here to request a copy from the ou author. geologic evidence suggests that the martian surface and atmospheric conditions underwent major changes in the late noachian, with a decline in observable water - related surface features, suggestive of a transition to a dryer and colder climate. based on that assumption, we have modeled the consequences of impacts into a ~ 2 \u2013 6 km - thick cryosphere. we calculate that medium - sized ( few 10s of km diameter impact craters can physically and / or thermally penetrate through this cryosphere, creating liquid water through the melting of subsurface ice in an otherwise dry and frozen environment. the interaction of liquid water with the target rock produces alteration phases that thermochemical modeling predicts will include hydrous silicates ( e. g., nontronite, chlorite, serpentine ). thus, even small impact craters are environments that combine liquid water and the presence of alteration minerals that make them potential sites for life to proliferate. expanding on the well - known effects of large impact craters on target sites, we conclude that craters as small as ~ 5 \u2013 20 km ( depending on latitude ) excavate large volumes of material from the subsurface while delivering sufficient heat to create liquid water ( through the melting of ground ice ) and drive hydrothermal activity. this connection between the surface and subsurface made by the formation of these small, and thus more frequent, impact craters may also represent the most favorable sites to test the hypothesis of life on early mars. | | 2012 elsevier b. v. | | nasa mars fundamental research programme, nasa mdap, nasa pgg, nasa mars science laboratory project, nasa astrobiology institute director ' s discretionary fund | | early mars ; cryosphere ; impact crater ; impact - generated hydrothermal ; astrobiology ; search for extraterrestrial life ; mars surface ; impact processes | | science >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5202603585773218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.092076"} {"text": "scottish - irish settlers in america 1500s - 1800s cd276 including free viewer. if you ' ve got ancestors of scotch - irish descent, you ' ll want to explore the 13 volumes available here. among these significant volumes, you ' ll find a collection of pennsylvania genealogies from chester county, a location historically scarce on genealogical source material. approximately 215, 000 individuals referenced genealogically valuable because passenger and immigration lists can be an invaluable primary source for tracing most immigrants to the united states, particularly in the 19th century highlights include three out - of - print sources, including ford ' s the scotch - irish in america, providing an essential historical perspective. what are the data sources for this product? scotch irish pioneers in ulster and america by charles knowles bolton this is a study of the emigration from northern ireland of persons of scottish and english descent. chapters are devoted to the scotch - irish settlements in pennsylvania, maryland, south carolina, and massachusetts and include valuable lists of early pioneers. in addition, considerable space is devoted to the redoubtable settlers of londonderry, new hampshire. the book ' s extensive appendices contain lists of great genealogical importance, including ( 1 ) petitioners for transport from northern ireland ( 1718 ) ; ( 2 ) hometowns of ulster families, with names of the scotch - irish in new england from presbytery and synod records ( 1691 - 1718 ) ; ( 3 ) members of the charitable irish society in boston ( 1737 - 1743 ) ; ( 4 ) names of fathers in the presbyterian baptismal records in boston ( 1730 - 1736 ) ; and ( 5 ) names of ships carrying passengers from ireland to new england ( 1714 - 1720 ). the scotch - irish. or the scot in north britain, north ireland and north america, 2 volumes by charles this is the basic sourcebook on the scotch - irish in america, a massive compilation of source records pertaining to the scots who settled in the north of ireland and their descendants in america. volume i describes in detail the conditions obtaining in both scotland and ireland at the time of the scottish migrations to ireland and america. volume ii contains a detailed survey of scotch irish settlements in america in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring lists and records referring to tens of thousands of individuals. also included in this volume are chapters devoted to scottish names, scottish families, and locations of scottish families in ireland. scots - irish links, 1575 - 1725. 2 volumes by david dobson this resource can help persons of scotch - irish descent make the linkage first to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40726963095041124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.099182"} {"text": "volume are chapters devoted to scottish names, scottish families, and locations of scottish families in ireland. scots - irish links, 1575 - 1725. 2 volumes by david dobson this resource can help persons of scotch - irish descent make the linkage first to ulster and then back to scotland. the work identifies some 1, 200 scotsmen who resided in ulster between the early 1600s and the early 1700s. many of them were young men from ireland many bearing scottish surnames attending universities in scotland. still other scots - irish links were apprentices, ministers, merchants, weavers, teachers, or persons in flight. in a number of cases mr. dobson is able to provide information on the man or woman ' s spouse, children, local origins, landholding, and, of course, the source of the information. while there is no certainty that each of the persons identified in scots - irish links or their descendants ultimately emigrated to america, undoubtedly many did or possessed kinsmen the scotch - irish in america by henry jones ford professor ford ' s history of the scotch - irish, though still considered by many to be the starting point for studying the history of the ulster plantation, has been out of print for many years. the scotch - irish in america tells the story of the ulster plantation and of the influences that formed the character of the scotch - irish people. professor ford commences with a detailed discussion of the events leading to the scottish migration to ulster in the seventeenth century, followed by an examination of the causes of the secondary exodus of these same \" scotch - irish \" to north america before the end of the century. entire chapters are then devoted to the scotch - irish settlement in new england, new york, the jerseys, pennsylvania, and along the colonial frontier. special chapters take up the role of the scotch - irish in the development of the presbyterian church in the u. s., some prominent scotch - irish preachers, the scotch - irish in the american revolution and the birth of the new nation, and the role of the scotch - irish in the spread of popular education in america. among the valuable resources at the back of the volume are a list of the \" scottish undertakers \" who applied for land in ulster in 1609, a list of sources consulted in the preparation of the work, and a subject / name index with references to many early scotch - irish luminaries. chronicles of the scotch - irish settlement in virginia, extracted from the original court records of augusta county, 1745 - 1800, 3 volumes by lyman chalkley referencing 50,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46527048889695927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.100299"} {"text": "a subject / name index with references to many early scotch - irish luminaries. chronicles of the scotch - irish settlement in virginia, extracted from the original court records of augusta county, 1745 - 1800, 3 volumes by lyman chalkley referencing 50, 000 individuals, this monumental work consists of court records pertaining to the scotch - irish pioneers who first breached the mountain barrier sealing off the atlantic seaboard from the country west of the blue ridge. in 1745, when augusta county, virginia was erected, its domain extended from the alleghenies to the mississippi river, and from the northern part of tennessee to the great lakes. so, this stands as the supreme source of genealogical information for hundreds of thousands who trace their ancestry to augusta county, and the great valley the scotch - irish of colonial pennsylvania by wayland f. dunaway the best history of the scotch - irish of colonial pennsylvania ever written, dunaway ' s classic is indispensable to the genealogist. it outlines the circumstances behind the settlement of lowland scots in ulster, their life in that province for two or three generations, and the reasons for their emigration to america. this volume further traces the important migratory movements of the scotch - irish from northern ireland to pennsylvania, and from pennsylvania down the foothills of the appalachians through the great valley of virginia to the carolinas and georgia. pennsylvania genealogies, chiefly scotch - irish and german 2nd edition by william henry egle collection of pennsylvania genealogies is concerned primarily with families which, for the most part, settled in the extreme regions of colonial chester county, an area for which source material is notoriously scarce. fully two - thirds of the families included are of scotch - irish ancestry, and most, though not all, are brought down to the late nineteenth century. more than 3, 000 names are found in the index. vital records of londonderry, new hampshire, 1719 - 1910 by daniel gage annis in april 1719, a small band of scotch - irish settlers under the guiding spirit of rev. james macgregor founded the town of londonderry in new hampshire, which was destined to be an early presbyterian stronghold in america. the keeping of vital records in londonderry commenced almost at once. years later, when the town voted to fund the printing of these vital records for the period from 1719 to 1910, there were approximately 25, 000 records of births, marriages, marriage intentions and deaths. compiled by the former town clerk and tax collector, daniel annis, the records are given here in alphabetical order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44105757137125434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.101734"} {"text": "vital records for the period from 1719 to 1910, there were approximately 25, 000 records of births, marriages, marriage intentions and deaths. compiled by the former town clerk and tax collector, daniel annis, the records are given here in alphabetical order under those four main headings. not all persons in these records are scotch - irish or of scotch - irish descent, but the historically significant scotch - irish element is traceable through all the nearly 200 years of records. scotch - irish migration to south carolina, 1772 : rev. william martin and his five shiploads of settlers by jean stephenson this book began as jean stephenson ' s effort to validate the family tradition that her great - great - grandparents emigrated from belfast to south carolina under the leadership of covenanter presbyterian minister william martin in 1772. the author was not only able to authenticate the crux of the story, but, in the process, to place nearly 500 scotch - irish families in south carolina on the eve of the revolutionary war. the author references records of the south carolina council journal and tax lists, passenger lists, church histories, and other sources housed at the south carolina department of archives view this cd using the search / view cd button in family tree maker v3. 02 or later, or ask us for a free copy of the family archive viewer cd when you place your order. scottish - irish settlers in america 1500s - 1800s cd276 is \u00a324. 95", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39967252935526787, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.103175"} {"text": "formation. location : the kimberley, nw australia. age : upper devonian, frasnian. 350 million years. fig. 1. 3d skull of the placoderm mcnamaraspis kaprios. courtesy of dr. j. long. the placoderm fish mcnamaraspis was approximately 25 cm long and, like other placoderms, had a bony head shield which was joined to the ' shark ' - like body ( fig. 1 ). placoderms were the first jawed fish. the mcnamaraspis skull exhibits annular cartilage preserved in the snout, which has never been observed in other placoderm specimens. this facilitated the entrance of water over its olfactory organs and hence its sense of smell was acute. this, together with the sharp teeth, probably made the fish a highly successful predator ( fig 2 ). fig 2. reconstruction of the placoderm mcnamaraspis kaprios. courtesy of dr. j. long fig 3. fig fig 3. front view of an arthrodire placoderm fish. note the hard, bony teeth used for grabbing shrimp - like crustaceans. fig 4. head plates of the long - snouted placoderm fallocosteus turnerae. courtesy of dr. j. long. fig 5. the skull and lower jaw of a gogo lungfish, griphognathus whitei. fig 6. the 3d skull morphology of another gogo lungfish, chirodipterus australis. fig 7. reconstruction of the gogo reef fauna. courtesy of dr. j. long.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41466137940218795, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.104784"} {"text": "broccoli may prevent stomach cancer april 10, 2009 by personal liberty news desk bacterium known as helicobacter pylori is a major cause of stomach ulcers which may cause stomach cancer, but new research has found compounds in broccoli sprouts may act to kill the germ. scientists in japan conducted a study of 48 helicobacter - infected people who were assigned 70 grams of fresh broccoli sprouts daily for eight weeks. what they found was what researchers around the world long suspected, namely that the phytochemical sulforaphane found in broccoli significantly reduced the bacteria count. after testing the group which ate broccoli they established h. pylori levels that were significantly lower at eight weeks among those patients who had eaten broccoli sprouts, while remaining the same for patients who had not. \" broccoli has recently entered the public awareness as a preventive dietary agent, \" says dr. jed fahey, research associate in the department of pharmacology at johns hopkins school of medicine. \" this study supports the emerging evidence that broccoli sprouts may be able to prevent cancer in humans, not just in lab animals, \" he adds. this finding adds to the mounting evidence of health benefits associated with broccoli consumption. an study published earlier this year found that the vegetable may help protect against respiratory inflammation that causes asthma, allergic rhinitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43570544457537536, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.106411"} {"text": "theoria 22 ( 3 ) : 271 - 273 ( 2007 ) | abstract | | abduction is a typical theme where logic and philosophy of science meet today : occasionally, with computer science as a go - between. this is just one instance of a broader study of \u2018 styles of reasoning \u2019, dating back to bolzano and peirce. the resulting concern with \u2018 logical architecture \u2019 moves us closer to cognitive science, and the dynamics of reasoning intertwined with learning and belief revision. the crucial process of self - correction involved here is usually triggered by others, and hence a shared target of logic and philoso - phy of science should be the phenomenon of \u2018 intelligent interaction \u2019 between rational agents | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles rineke verbrugge ( 2009 ). logic and social cognition. journal of philosophical logic 38 ( 6 ). michael h. g. hoffmann ( 2004 ). how to get it. diagrammatic reasoning as a tool of knowledge development and its pragmatic dimension. foundations of science 9 ( 3 ) : 285 - 305. rineke verbrugge ( 2009 ). logic and social cognition the facts matter, and so do computational models. journal of philosophical logic 38 ( 6 ) : 649 - 680. daniel g. campos ( forthcoming ). on the distinction between peirce ' s abduction and lipton ' s inference to the best explanation. synthese. jaime nubiola ( 2005 ). abduction or the logic of surprise. semiotica 153 ( 1 / 4 ) : 117 - 130. ilkka niiniluoto ( 1999 ). defending abduction. philosophy of science 66 ( 3 ) : 451. sami paavola ( 2004 ). abduction as a logic and methodology of discovery : the importance of strategies. foundations of science 9 ( 3 ) : 267 - 283. lorenzo magnani ( 2009 ). abductive cognition : the epistemological and eco - cognitive dimensions of hypothetical reasoning. springer verlag. michael hoffmann ( 1999 ). problems with peirce ' s concept of abduction. foundations of science 4 ( 3 ) : 271 - 305. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads3 ( # 201, 930 of 549, 090 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 63, 317 of 549, 090 ) how can i increase my downloads?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.573461976510883, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.109031"} {"text": "raze to the ground to destroy and sweep completely away. the expression ' raze to the ground ', like ' bated breath ' and ' just deserts ', is often spelled incorrectly. the sources of these misunderstandings are the homophones ' bated ' and ' baited ', ' deserts ' and ' desserts ' and, in ' raze to the ground ', ' raze ' and ' raise '. added to that is the fact that the correct spelling in each case is of an archaic word that is rarely used elsewhere. as a child, i heard stories of wwii and of cities like dresden and hiroshima being, as i thought, ' raised to the ground '. that seemed odd to me. how could destroying them with bombs raise them? were these cities underground? it makes a little more sense when we understand that ' raze ' is the verb that gave rise to the noun ' razor '. what ' s being said is akin to ' razored ( i. e. shaved ) to the ground '. it seems that others are similarly confused - there are currently ( oct 2009 ) many hits in google for ' raise the the ground '. raze is hardly a common word now ( in the uk at least - there is more use of it in other countries, notably the usa ), but it was in the 16th century ; for example, henry howard, the earl of surrey, used it in aeneid ii, 1547, in a context that makes the ' razored / erased ' meaning evident : \" i saw troye fall down in burning gledes. neptunus town clene razed from the soil. \" shakespeare also used it in henry vi, part ii, 1592 : \" these are his substance, sinewes, armes, and strength, with which he... razeth your cities, and subverts your townes. \" the earliest example that i can find of the precise ' raze to the ground ' form is in the glory of england, written by thomas gainsford in 1620 : \" king lewis held nothing in italy but the lanterne of genes, which afterward the genouais razed to the ground. \" if you invite your neighbours to a barn raising, you had better get the spelling right, or the consequences might be unfortunate. see also, ' beck and call '. see other phrases and sayings from shakespeare.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4477714830333854, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.112722"} {"text": "a stanford scientist has spelled out for the first time the direct links between increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and increases in human mortality, using a state - of - the - art computer model of the atmosphere that incorporates scores of physical and chemical environmental processes. the new findings, to be published in geophysical research letters, come to light just after the environmental protection agency \u2019 s recent ruling against states setting specific emission standards for this greenhouse gas based in part on the lack of data showing the link between carbon dioxide emissions and their health effects. while it has long been known that carbon dioxide emissions contribute to climate change, the new study details how for each increase of one degree celsius caused by carbon dioxide, the resulting air pollution would lead annually to about a thousand additional deaths and many more cases of respiratory illness and asthma in the united states, according to the paper by mark jacobson, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at stanford. worldwide, upward of 20, 000 air - pollution - related deaths per year per degree celsius may be due to this greenhouse gas. \u201c this is a cause and effect relationship, not just a correlation, \u201d said jacobson of his study, which on dec. 24 was accepted for publication in geophysical research letters. \u201c the study is the first specifically to isolate carbon dioxide \u2019 s effect from that of other global - warming agents and to find quantitatively that chemical and meteorological changes due to carbon dioxide itself increase mortality due to increased ozone, particles and carcinogens in the air. \u201d jacobson said that the research has particular implications for california. this study finds that the effects of carbon dioxide \u2019 s warming are most significant where the pollution is already severe. given that california is home to six of the 10 u. s. cities with the worst air quality, the state is likely to bear an increasingly disproportionate burden of death if no new restrictions are placed on carbon dioxide emissions. on dec. 19, the environmental protection agency denied california and 16 other states a waiver that would have allowed the states to set their own emission standards for carbon dioxide, which are not currently regulated. the epa denied the waiver partly on the grounds that no special circumstances existed to warrant an exception for the states. stephen l. johnson, the epa administrator, was widely quoted as saying that california \u2019 s petition was denied because the state had failed to prove the \u201c extraordinary and compelling conditions \u201d required to qualify for a waiver. while previous published research has focused on the global effect on pollution \u2014 but not health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4619224040573718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.121648"} {"text": "was widely quoted as saying that california \u2019 s petition was denied because the state had failed to prove the \u201c extraordinary and compelling conditions \u201d required to qualify for a waiver. while previous published research has focused on the global effect on pollution \u2014 but not health \u2014 of all the greenhouse gases combined, the epa noted that, under the clean air act, it has to be shown that there is a reasonable anticipation of a specific pollutant endangering public health in the united states for the agency to regulate that pollutant. jacobson \u2019 s paper offers concrete evidence that california is facing a particularly dire situation if carbon dioxide emissions increase. \u201c with six of the 10 most polluted cities in the nation being in california, that alone creates a special circumstance for the state, \u201d he said, explaining that the health - related effects of carbon dioxide emissions are most pronounced in areas that already have significant pollution. as such, increased warming due to carbon dioxide will worsen people \u2019 s health in those cities at a much faster clip than elsewhere in the nation. according to jacobson, more than 30 percent of the 1, 000 excess deaths ( mean death rate value ) due to each degree celsius increase caused by carbon dioxide occurred in california, which has a population of about 12 percent of the united states. this indicates a much higher effect of carbon dioxide - induced warming on california health than that of the nation as a whole. jacobson added that much of the population of the united states already has been directly affected by climate change through the air they have inhaled over the last few decades and that, of course, the health effects would grow worse if temperatures continue to rise. jacobson \u2019 s work stands apart from previous research in that it uses a computer model of the atmosphere that takes into account many feedbacks between climate change and air pollution not considered in previous studies. developed by jacobson over the last 18 years, it is considered by many to be the most complex and complete atmospheric model worldwide. it incorporates principles of gas and particle emissions and transport, gas chemistry, particle production and evolution, ocean processes, soil processes, and the atmospheric effects of rain, winds, sunlight, heat and clouds, among other factors. for this study, jacobson used the computer model to determine the amounts of ozone and airborne particles that result from temperature increases, caused by increases in carbon dioxide emissions. ozone causes and worsens respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, emphysema and asthma, and many published studies have associated increased ozone with higher mortality. \u201c [ ozone ] is a very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46040877214841003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.122891"} {"text": "that result from temperature increases, caused by increases in carbon dioxide emissions. ozone causes and worsens respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, emphysema and asthma, and many published studies have associated increased ozone with higher mortality. \u201c [ ozone ] is a very corrosive gas, it erodes rubber and statues, \u201d jacobson said. \u201c it cracks tires. so you can imagine what it does to your lungs in high enough concentrations. \u201d particles are responsible for cardiovascular and respiratory illness and asthma. jacobson arrived at his results of the impact of carbon dioxide globally and, at higher resolution, over the united states by modeling the changes that would occur when all current human and natural gas and particle emissions were considered versus considering all such emissions except human - emitted carbon dioxide. jacobson simultaneously calculated the effects of increasing temperatures on pollution. he observed two important effects : - higher temperatures due to carbon dioxide increased the chemical rate of ozone production in urban areas - increased water vapor due to carbon dioxide - induced higher temperatures boosted chemical ozone production even more in urban areas. interestingly, neither effect was so important under the low pollution conditions typical of rural regions, though other factors, such as higher organic gas emissions from vegetation, affected ozone in low - pollution areas. higher emissions of organic gases also increased the quantity of particles in the air, as organic gases can chemically react to form particles. and in general, where there was an increase in water vapor, particles that were present became more deadly, as they swelled from absorption of water. \u201c that added moisture allows other gases to dissolve in the particles \u2014 certain acid gases, like nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, \u201d jacobson said. that increases the toxicity of the particles, which are already a harmful component of air pollution. jacobson also found that air temperatures rose more rapidly due to carbon dioxide than did ground temperatures, changing the vertical temperature profile, which decreased pollution dispersion, thereby concentrating particles near where they formed. in the final stage of the study, jacobson used the computer model to factor in the spatially varying population of the united states with the health effects that have been demonstrated to be associated with the aforementioned pollutants. \u201c the simulations accounted for the changes in ozone and particles through chemistry, transport, clouds, emissions and other processes that affect pollution, \u201d jacobson said. \u201c carbon dioxide definitely caused these changes, because that was the only input that was varied. \u201d \u201c ultimately, you inhale a greater abundance of deleterious chemicals due to carbon dioxide and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45004468427256983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.124251"} {"text": "medically, crying is known to be a symptom of physical pain or stress. but now a tel aviv university evolutionary biologist looks to empirical evidence showing that tears have emotional benefits and can make interpersonal relationships stronger. new analysis by dr. oren hasson of tau ' s department of zoology shows that tears still signal physiological distress, but they also function as an evolution - based mechanism to bring people closer together. \" crying is a highly evolved behavior, \" explains dr. hasson. \" tears give clues and reliable information about submission, needs and social attachments between one another. my research is trying to answer what the evolutionary reasons are for having emotional tears. \" my analysis suggests that by blurring vision, tears lower defences and reliably function as signals of submission, a cry for help, and even in a mutual display of attachment and as a group display of cohesion, \" he reports. his research, published recently in evolutionary psychology, investigates the different kinds of tears we shed - - tears of joy, sadness and grief - - as well as the authenticity or sincerity of the tears. crying, dr. hasson says, has unique benefits among friends and others in our various communities. for crying out loud ( and behind closed doors ) approaching the topic with the deductive tools of an evolutionary biologist, dr. hasson investigated the use of tears in various emotional and social circumstances. tears are used to elicit mercy from an antagonistic enemy, he claims. they are also useful in eliciting the sympathy \u2015 and perhaps more importantly the strategic assistance \u2015 of people who were not part of the enemy group. \" this is strictly human, \" reasons dr. hasson. \" emotional tears also signal appeasement, a need for attachment in times of grief, and a validation of emotions among family, friends and members of a group. \" crying enhances attachments and friendships, says dr. hasson, but taboos are still there in certain cases. in some cultures, societies or circumstances, the expression of emotions is received as a weakness and the production of tears is suppressed. for example, it is rarely acceptable to cry in front of your boss at work - - especially if you are a man, he says. streets awash with tears? multiple studies across cultures show that crying helps us bond with our families, loved ones and allies, dr. hasson says. by blurring vision, tears reliably signal your vulnerability and that you love someone, a good evolutionary strategy to emotionally bind people closer to you.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4880442881200978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.127392"} {"text": "project uses cell phones as computers in the classroomfebruary 9th, 2009 in technology / hi tech & innovation educational software for cell phones, a suite of tools developed at the university of michigan, is being used to turn smart phones into personal computers for students in two texas classrooms. their mobile learning environment includes programs that let students map concepts, animate their drawings, surf relevant parts of the internet and integrate their lessons and assignments. it also includes mini versions of microsoft word and excel. it is currently licensed through soloway ' s company goknow! to 40, 000 users around the world for larger palm - sized computers. cell phones change the game, though. the software developers are elliot soloway, an arthur f. thurnau professor in the department of electrical engineering and computer science, the school of information, and the school of education, and cathleen norris, a regents professor at the university of north texas. \" this is the beginning of the future, \" soloway said. \" the future is mobile devices that are connected. they ' re going to be the new paper and pencil. \" cell phones can be powerful computers, soloway says. they can do just about everything laptops can do for a fraction of the price. and many students are bringing them to school anyway. matt cook, a fifth - grade teacher from keller, texas who started the pilot project, says the popularity of cell phones got him thinking about how to harness their power for teaching. about half of the students in his class had phones before the project started. cook was looking for an answer when he met soloway at an education technology conference last year. he got verizon wireless involved to donate phone service. htc corp. is donating smart phones. celio corp. is donating screens for the phones. microsoft is providing training. the project equips 53 students in two fifth - grade classes at trinity meadows intermediate school with a smart phone of their own to use around - the - clock for the rest of the school year. students can ' t text message or make calls with them. but they can use the cameras, mp3 players, calendars, calculators and educational software. cook handed out the phones in late january. \" the phones will be seamlessly integrated into my lessons, \" cook said. \" i think that right off the bat, this will add a level of student engagement. they ' ll be more interested in the lessons because we ' re talking in the students ' language. any time you can do that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4833373834648378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.132989"} {"text": "lessons, \" cook said. \" i think that right off the bat, this will add a level of student engagement. they ' ll be more interested in the lessons because we ' re talking in the students ' language. any time you can do that, you ' re a lot more likely to be heard. \" he explained how the devices will change his lesson on physical and chemical weathering. he will take the students outside with sidewalk chalk and let them decorate the concrete. normally, they would then go outside every day to watch the chalk fade over time. now, students will take a photos of the sidewalk every day and use the sketchy animation program to create a video of the fading process. soloway says this type of hands - on, reinforced learning is only possible when each student has his or her own device. \" people ask why every child needs a computer and why can ' t students just share, \" soloway said. \" well, do you share pencils? \" the school district is examining several aspects of student learning with these devices. they ' ll determine whether listening to recordings of texts enhances at - risk students ' reading comprehension. they are studying students ' technological savvy before and after the project. the teachers involved will also teach responsible and appropriate use of these phones. cook and school officials hope to expand the project next year. source : university of michigan \" project uses cell phones as computers in the classroom. \" february 9th, 2009. http : / / phys. org / news153400005. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4663503168535418, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.133713"} {"text": "common lisp functions are partial ; they are not defined for all possible inputs. but acl2 functions are total. roughly speaking, the logical function of a given name in acl2 is a completion of the common lisp function of the same name obtained by adding some arbitrary but ` ` natural ' ' values on arguments outside the ` ` intended domain ' ' of the common lisp function. acl2 requires that every acl2 function symbol have a ` ` guard, ' ' which may be thought of as a predicate on the formals of the function describing the intended domain. the guard on the primitive car, for example, is ( or ( consp x ) ( equal x nil ) ), which requires the argument to be either an ordered pair or nil. we will discuss later how to specify a guard for a defined function ; when one is not specified, the guard is is just to say all arguments are allowed. but guards are entirely extra - logical : they are not involved in the axioms defining functions. if you put a guard on a defined function, the defining axiom added to the logic defines the function on all arguments, not just on the guarded domain. so what is the purpose of guards? the key to the utility of guards is that we provide a mechanism, called ` ` guard verification, ' ' for checking that all the guards in a formula are true. see verify - guards. this mechanism will attempt to prove that all the guards encountered in the evaluation of a guarded function are true every time they are encountered. for a thorough discussion of guards, see the paper [ km97 ] in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5355331705497441, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.138055"} {"text": "the paycheck fairness act may come up for a vote in the u. s. senate today. this is a critical piece of legislation that addresses several shortfalls in current laws against unequal pay for women. we know from personal experience that these shoftfalls need to be addressed before we can hope to achieve the decades - old goal of equal pay. terrel mcsweeny writes at whitehouse. gov : wage discrimination is real. just ask lilly ledbetter. she is a mother. she didn \u2019 t seek a \u201c less stressful work environment \u201d than her male counter parts. and she was paid roughly 30 % less. if she had been allowed to share information about her pay with her colleagues she would have realized she was being paid less than men with less experience. but lilly couldn \u2019 t bring that case. she could have lost her job if she discussed her pay with her colleagues. the paycheck fairness act would provide that protection. the author [ of a wall street journal op - ed ] is right there are a lot of laws aimed at this problem \u2013 but because they don \u2019 t provide basic tools like pay transparency, discrimination persists. also see carol rose at boston. com : lawmakers meant for the equal pay act of 1963 to ensure equal pay for equal work, but over time, because of weak remedies and loopholes in the law, significant disparities in pay persist. the paycheck fairness act would give employees the legal tools they need to finally close the wage gap by, for example, requiring employers to demonstrate that wage differences between men and women doing the same work have a business justification ; prohibiting retaliation against workers who inquire about their wages ; and leveling the playing field by ensuring that women can obtain the same remedies as those subject to employment discrimination based on their race or national origin. the bill would also provide technical assistance to employers and provide important safeguards for small businesses. the paycheck fairness act already passed the u. s. house of representatives with bipartisan support and now has 40 co - sponsors in the senate \u2014 more than it has ever had in any previous congress. recently, a report from the white house national economic council underscored the need for the paycheck fairness act as an important step towards the economic security of women and our nation \u2019 s families. if we want the tools to eliminate pay discrimination against women, it is time to pass the paycheck fairness act.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4236341739691029, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.142179"} {"text": "the hudson river estuary, a stretch of the hudson river from troy, n. y. to its mouth in new york harbor, has begun a new stage of its life say geologists at columbia university ' s lamont - doherty earth observatory and queens college in flushing, n. y. researchers at both institutions have found that, aside from a few very specific locations, the estuary may have largely stopped filling in with new sediment. \" the hudson has gone through many stages of evolution, \" said cecilia m. g. mchugh, the lead scientist on the study being published in an upcoming issue of the journal geology. \" now it ' s entering a new phase. \" some new deposits are being laid down as a result of annual rise in sea level, mchugh continued, but on the whole, the river is at equilibrium. every year the hudson tributaries to the north discharge sand and silt into the river. the sand is trapped around islands and shoals near kingston, while the silt washes down into the hudson river estuary, filling areas where scouring or dredging has occurred. most of the silt is being trapped in a section of the river near the george washington bridge known as the estuarine turbidity maximum ( etm ). a small amount of silt is also being washed out to areas around the mouth of the lower new york bay. the valley that the hudson river occupies is a deep gouge in the bedrock that geologists believe was formed over the course of tens of millions of years. during the last glacial maximum nearly 18, 000 years ago, the valley was filled with ice from the laurentide glacier. as the glacier receded, ice and melt water formed a series of interconnected lakes in the valley that eventually merged to form the hudson river. the valley filled with river sediments for nearly 3, 000 years until sea level rose and the river merged with the encroaching atlantic ocean forming the hudson river estuary. the estuary, the section of river where river and ocean water mix and that rises and falls with the tide, formed nearly 6, 000 years ago. in places, sediment deposits beneath the estuary are more than 700 feet thick. previously it was thought that this process of sedimentation was continuing today. however, mchugh and her colleagues believe that accumulation ceased some time in the last 3, 000 \u2013 1, 000 years. the researchers examined more than 100 two - meter - long sediment cores taken from the estuary and bay as well as high - resolution sonar and seismic imagery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4380351554170818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.147512"} {"text": "and her colleagues believe that accumulation ceased some time in the last 3, 000 \u2013 1, 000 years. the researchers examined more than 100 two - meter - long sediment cores taken from the estuary and bay as well as high - resolution sonar and seismic imagery of the bottom. they found that the current rate of sedimentation in the estuary as a whole is approximately 1mm per year - - about the same rate as sea level rise, which, together with scouring or dredging are the only processes that are providing space for new sediment in much of the estuary. of the estimated 1. 2 million to 5. 6 million metric tons of silt and fine sediment that wash into the river each year, about 300, 000 metric tons is trapped in the etm - - the place where friction between seawater and river water creates turbulence that causes fine sediment to drop out of suspension. currently, the etm is centered roughly at the george washington bridge, but its daily position is influenced by the tides and the strength of the river current. if sea level ever stopped or reversed, said mchugh, the etm could push all the way out into the mouth of the river and we could see the formation of an entirely new feature - - a hudson river delta. about 50, 000 metric tons of fine sediment is trapped every year in bays and bends of the river as well as on the river bottom in the hudson highlands where the river is narrow and most of the natural scouring occurs. in many places, only scouring of the river bottom caused by current and tides or human dredging is creating space for an appreciable amount to accumulate. as a result, said mchugh, these localized areas of new accumulation offer the potential for pollution to concentrate, creating toxic \" hot spots \" in the river bottom. a small amount of sediment carried by the hudson is flushed out into the lower new york bay and settles at sandy hook bay in new jersey, where it accumulates at a rate of about 5mm per year. mchugh said she had a flash of insight several years ago that something about the river must have changed when she saw sediment cores that displayed unusual scouring marks at the top and found localized accumulations of new sediment next to large expanses of old sediment. \" that ' s when i thought of the hudson as a bathtub filled with sand, \" she said. \" only if it ' s scoured out can you fill it with new material. \" source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4508949445608356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.148521"} {"text": "my research focuses on the development of social and visual cognition in humans. specifically, my students and i are addressing the following questions from a developmental perspective : - what is the nature of the information that infants and children encode about humans and objects? - how do they organize this information to compute meaningful representations of people, objects, and events? - how do memory and other cognitive processes, such as expectancy, develop to enable the functional use of this information? i also collaborate with professor jane joseph of the medical university of south carolina to study brain development in typically developing children and those with autism spectrum disorder ( asd ). 1. one set of studies is examining the nature of the information that infants use to process faces and how that differs with age. other face studies that we are conducting are looking into the question of expertise. as adults, we are experts at detecting and attending to socially significant information in faces, such as race, gender, and emotion. we are investigating how infants process these kinds of information during the first year of life. 2. another set of studies is examining infants \u2019 knowledge about human bodies. our research suggests that at least by 9 months of age, infants are sensitive to certain aspects of bodies, such as the relative proportions of body parts. however, 5 - month - olds do not appear to be sensitive to such information. we are examining the nature of this development. 3. another area of research involves visual organization. when we look around us or imagine things, we don \u2019 t see unorganized bits and pieces of contours and shapes. rather we see a meaningful picture of objects and events around us. how does this happen? how does this capacity develop in infancy? to answer such questions, we are trying to understand how infants organize visual information into coherent objects and how this changes with age. 4. a fourth area of my research is a collaboration with dr. jane joseph of the medical university of south carolina in which we are using fmri techniques to understand the neural underpinnings of face processing in childhood. we are studying normally developing children, those with autism developmental disorder ( asd ), and non - diagnosed siblings of children with asd. infant cognition lab : http : / / www. uky. edu / ukinfantmemory \u00b7 bhatt, r. s., & quinn, p. c. ( 2011 ). how does learning impact development in infancy? the case of perceptual organization. infancy, 16, 2 - 38. \u00b7 joseph,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5222214104056203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.154331"} {"text": "##ory \u00b7 bhatt, r. s., & quinn, p. c. ( 2011 ). how does learning impact development in infancy? the case of perceptual organization. infancy, 16, 2 - 38. \u00b7 joseph, j. e., bhatt, r. s., & gathers, a. d. ( 2011 ). progressive and regressive developmental changes in neural substrates for face processing : testing specific predictions of the interactive specialization account. developmental science, 14, 227 - 241. \u00b7 zieber, n. *, bhatt, r. s., hayden, a. *, kangas, a. *, collins, r., & bada, h. ( 2010 ). body representation in the first year of life. infancy, 15 ( 5 ), 534 - 544. \u00b7 hayden, a. *, bhatt, r. s., zieber, n. *, & kangas, a. * ( 2009 ). race - based perceptual asymmetries underlying face processing in infancy. psychonomic bulletin and review, 16, 270 - 275. \u00b7 quinn, p. c., & bhatt, r. s. ( 2009 ). transfer and scaffolding of perceptual grouping occurs across organizing principles in 3 - to 7 - month - old infants. psychological science, 20, 933 - 938. \u00b7 hayden, a. *, bhatt, r. s., reed, a. *, corbly, c. r. *, & joseph, j. e. ( 2007 ). the development of expert face processing : are infants sensitive to normal differences in second - order relational information? journal of experimental child psychology, 97, 85 - 98. \u00b7 hayden, a. *, bhatt, r. s., joseph, j. e., & tanaka, j. w. ( 2007 ). the other - race effect in infancy : evidence using a morphing technique. infancy, 12, 95 - 104. \u00b7 bhatt, r. s., bertin, e. *, hayden, a. *, & reed, a. * ( 2005 ). face processing in infancy : developmental changes in the use of different kinds of relational information. child development, 76, 169 - 181. * denotes undergraduate, graduate, or post - doctoral student.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5316370707597229, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.155170"} {"text": "individual differences | methods | statistics | clinical | educational | industrial | professional items | world psychology | distance education or distance learning is a field of education that focuses on the pedagogy / andragogy, technology, and instructional systems design that is effectively incorporated in delivering education to students who are not physically \" on site \" to receive their education. instead, teachers and students may communicate asynchronously ( at times of their own choosing ) by exchanging printed or electronic media, or through technology that allows them to communicate in real time ( synchronously ). distance education courses that require a physical on - site presence for any reason including the taking of examinations is considered to be a hybrid or blended course or program. types of distance education courses : edit - correspondence conducted through regular mail - internet conducted either synchronously or asynchronously - telecourse / broadcast where content is delivered via radio or television - cd - rom where the student interacts with computer content stored on a cd - rom - pocketpc / mobile learning where the student accesses course content stored on a mobile device or through a wireless server one of the oldest distance education universities is the university of south africa, which has been offering de courses since 1946. the largest distance education university in the united kingdom is the open university founded 1969. in germany the fernuniversitat in hagen was founded 1974. there are now many similar institutions around the world and these are listed below. there are many private and public, non - profit and for - profit institutions offering courses and degree programs through distance education. levels of accreditation vary ; some institutions offering distance education in the united states have received little outside oversight, and some may be fraudulent diploma mills. in many other jurisdictions, an institution may not use the term \" university \" without accreditation and authorisation, normally by the national government. major institutions offering distance learning programsedit caution some organisations describing themselves as distance education institutions are nothing of the sort and their actions may bring the sector into disrepute. refer to diploma mills and list of unaccredited institutions of higher learning. go to www. azrena. org - correspondence schools are run by state education departments for students in remote areas, where they are too far away to attend any school. students and teachers use the postal system to communicate. - school of the air is a system similar to correspondence schools but use radios developed in the 1920s for the rfds to link students and teachers. universities which have comprehensive distance education programs : - athab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5465121767252665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.163028"} {"text": "students and teachers use the postal system to communicate. - school of the air is a system similar to correspondence schools but use radios developed in the 1920s for the rfds to link students and teachers. universities which have comprehensive distance education programs : - athabasca university - royal roads university - simon fraser university - tele - universite ( part of uqam ) - thompson rivers university - university of waterloo - ryerson university - alberta distance learning centre - canadian virtual university - the open university of hong kong ( ouhk ) - school of professional and continuing education, the university of hong kong ( hku space ) - fernuniversitat in hagen - akad privathochschulen - diploma europaische hochschulen - europaische fernhochschule hamburg - fernfachhochschule riedlingen - hamburger fernhochschule - private fernfachhochschule darmstadt - indira gandhi national open university - school of distance education, andhra university - sikkim manipal university - amrita vishwa vidyapeetham - singapore institute of management - open university centre ( to be accorded university status as sim university in 2006 ) - heriot - watt university - open college of the arts - the open university ( also provides the ouvs verification services for degrees awarded by other institutions such as the maryvale institute ) - university of london - university of wales, lampeter ( including certain courses offered by midlands bible college ) - international correspondence schools - the international extension college - the national extension college - napier university - the university of glamorgan - baker college - breyer state university - california state university, dominguez hills - capella university - cleveland state university - charter oak state college - city college of san francisco - coastline community college - colorado technical university - empire state college - excelsior college - goddard college - harvard extension school - heritage college & heritage institute - imperial valley college - kennedy - western university - northern arizona university - pacific oaks college - saint joseph ' s college of maine - saint leo university - strayer university - thomas edison state college - union institute & university - university of alaska fairbanks - university of phoenix - university of maryland university college - university of north dakota - utah state university - norwich university - european graduate school in switzerland and the united states. - euclid university in belgium, central africa, pakistan and the united states. - universitas 21 global, an online university affiliated to the universitas 21 alliance in distance education, students may not be required to be present in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5026143198720485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.164142"} {"text": "- euclid university in belgium, central africa, pakistan and the united states. - universitas 21 global, an online university affiliated to the universitas 21 alliance in distance education, students may not be required to be present in a classroom, but that also maybe a question of option. for example in the open universities in india, especially in the indira gandhi national open university, week end contact sessions are held. these are optional, but for certain courses which have practical components such as those for computers, attendance to the tune of about 90 % is compulsory. the national open university in india is based on the united kingdom open university model ( though it is many years since the latter has done so ). as for an electronic classroom or virtual learning environment, it may or not be a part of a distance education set up. electronic classrooms can be both on campus, and off campus. we would call such institutions as using a ' flexible ' delivery mode. distance education may also use all forms of technology, from print to the computer. this range will include radio, television, audio video conferencing, computer aided instruction, e - learning / on - line learning et al. ( e - learning / online - learning are largely synonymous ). a distinction is also made between open learning and distance learning. to clarify our thinking we can say that while ' open ' education is the system in which the student is free to choose the time and place, but distance education is a teaching methodology used when the student and teacher are separated by time and place. thus it follows that not all open - learning institutions use distance education and not all organisations that use distance education are open learning institutions. indeed there are many cases in which students are in traditional classrooms, connected via a video - conferencing link to a teacher in a distant classroom. this method is typical in geographically dispersed institutions. distance education has traversed four to five ' generations ' of technology in its history. these are print, audio / video broadcasting, audio / video teleconferencing, computer aided instruction, e - learning / online - learning, computer broadcasting / podcasting etc. yet the radio remains a very viable form, especially in the developing nations, because of its reach. in india the fm channel is very popular and is being used by the national open university ( the indira gandhi national open university ) and its consortia plus the state open universities, to broadcast educational programmes of variety on areas such as teacher education, rural development, programmes in agriculture for farmers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.532445740120848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.166004"} {"text": "popular and is being used by the national open university ( the indira gandhi national open university ) and its consortia plus the state open universities, to broadcast educational programmes of variety on areas such as teacher education, rural development, programmes in agriculture for farmers, science education, creative writing, mass communication, in addition to traditional courses in liberal arts, science and business administration. in short then, though a range of technology presupposes a distance education ' inventory ' it is technological appropriateness and connectivity, such as computer, or for that matter electrical connectivity that should be considered, when we think of the world as a whole, while fitting in technological applications to distance education. older models of distance education utilized regular mail to send written material, videos, audiotapes, and cd - roms or other media storage format ( e. g. sdram or compactflash cards ) to the student and to turn in the exercises. today ' s distance education course makes use of e - mail, the web, and video conferencing over broadband network connections for both wired physical locations and wireless mobile learning. in some countries, the material is supplemented by television and radio programming. to compete with the conventional sector, course material must be of very high quality and completeness, and will use modern technologies such as educational animation. full time or part - time study is possible, but most students choose part - time study. research study is possible as well. distance education is offered at all levels, but is most frequently an option for university - level studies. a form of educational program which is similar to this but which requires some amount of presence during the year is a low - residency program. distance education programs are sometimes called correspondence courses, an older term that originated in nineteenth - century vocational education programs that were conducted through postal mail. this term has been largely replaced by distance education, and expanded to encompass more sophisticated technologies and delivery methods. the first subject taught by correspondence was the pitman shorthand, a tool of stenography. primary and secondary education programs were also widely available by correspondence, usually for children living in remote areas. - call a historical perspective : computer - assisted language learning - diploma mill while many distance education programs provide valuable instruction, others offer degrees with little requirements. - distance learning courses for psychologists - educational technology - efficient learning method - european association of distance teaching universities - learning management system - online learning - e - learning glossary - aacis : american association for collegiate independent study - the distance education and training council - european association of distance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5191831227335787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.167098"} {"text": "4. the story of genocide in afghanistan 13. genocide throughout the country the claim of the soviet union that it dispatched its \u201c limited contingent \u201d to repulse foreign aggression proved groundless after the uprising of february 1980, when its war machine began to kill not only the mujahideen but also defenseless civilians throughout the country. frustrated by the tough resistance and their inability to suppress it expeditiously, the soviets embarked on a program of genocide. genocide is a term that social scientists have defined in different ways, just as they have defined other social terms differently. this is not surprising, because definitions restrict, encase, and distort concepts. definitions also change with the passage of time as historical developments add new dimensions to social concepts. also, social scientists with different backgrounds and outlooks delimit terms by defining them in their own ways. yet definitions are the necessary conceptual constructions by which people communicate and scientists proceed with the formulation and organization of knowledge. the more precise definitions and generalizations are, the better is the state of knowledge. people have perpetrated genocide from time immemorial. it was, however, during world war ii, when it was committed on a massive scale, that the term genocide was coined and became the subject of scholarly study, as f. chalk and k. jonassohn have described and evaluated in detail in the history and sociology of genocide ( 1990 ). in a pioneering work, raphael lemkin described genocide as the coordinated and planned annihilation of a national, religious, or racial group by actions aimed at undermining the foundation essential to the survival of the group as a group. lemkin \u2019 s work, composed with a view to illustrating the nazi theory and practice of the extermination of the jews and the gypsies, underlined his statement about genocide. but the holocaust is unique in history. lemkin \u2019 s work partly influenced the united nations to consider first in 1946 and then in 1948 the issue of preventing and punishing genocide. calling genocide a \u201c crime under international law, \u201d the united nations in its convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide, considered the following acts punishable : genocide ; conspiracy to commit genocide ; direct and public incitement to commit genocide ; attempt to commit genocide ; and complicity in genocide. but the united nations, as a \u201c club of sovereign states \u201d and under pressure from the communist bloc countries, adopted as its final resolution a compromise definition that excluded state victimization of groups of people on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5516308507481599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.367468"} {"text": "to commit genocide ; and complicity in genocide. but the united nations, as a \u201c club of sovereign states \u201d and under pressure from the communist bloc countries, adopted as its final resolution a compromise definition that excluded state victimization of groups of people on political grounds. in the united nations \u2019 definition, genocide \u201c means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group. \u201d political groups are excluded from this definition. excluding political groups from the definition of genocide is like excluding political history from history. such a definition excludes activities without which history is incomprehensible, especially in an age of totalitarian states and nation - states. war can also be understood in terms of the state, because \u201c war is not a licence to kill, but an obligation to kill for reasons of state. \u201d it is this all - embracing nature of the state that has made political genocide and, consequently, human rights important aspects of history in modern times, when the perpetrator of genocide is predominantly the state. that is why, although the united nations \u2019 definition marked a milestone in international law, and although it is the only internationally accepted one, it is of little use to scholars. because not one of the genocidal killings committed since the adoption of this resolution has been covered by it, \u201c it has never had any practical effect. \u201d it has thus been left to scholars to provide a precise definition of genocide, a full survey of which is to be found in the chalk and jonassohn \u2019 s work. rather than enumerate definitions of genocide, i will describe the empirically based categories about which students of genocide are close to consensus. these are retributive genocide, which is based on the desire for revenge ; institutional genocide, which is frequently incidental to military conquest ; utilitarian genocide, which is motivated by the desire for material gain ; monopolistic genocide, which originates in the desire to monopolize power ; and ideological genocide, which is motivated by the desire to impose a particular notion of salvation or purification on an entire society. chalk and jonassohn have combined these categories into a master definition : \u201c genocide is a form of one - sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator. \u201d for genocide to happen, there must be certain preconditions. foremost among them is a national culture that does not place a high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.593404052678479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.369498"} {"text": "authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator. \u201d for genocide to happen, there must be certain preconditions. foremost among them is a national culture that does not place a high value on human life. a totalitarian society, with its assumed superior ideology, is also a precondition for genocidal acts. in addition, members of the dominant society must perceive their potential victims as less than fully human : as \u201c pagans, \u201d \u201c savages, \u201d \u201c uncouth barbarians, \u201d \u201c unbelievers, \u201d \u201c effete degenerates, \u201d \u201c ritual outlaws, \u201d \u201c racial inferiors, \u201d \u201c class antagonists, \u201d \u201c counterrevolutionaries, \u201d and so on. in themselves, these conditions are not enough for the perpetrators to commit genocide. to do that \u2014 that is, to commit genocide \u2014 the perpetrators need a strong, centralized authority and bureaucratic organization as well as pathological individuals and criminals. also required is a campaign of vilification and dehumanization of the victims by the perpetrators, who are usually new states or new regimes attempting to impose conformity to a new ideology and its model of society. features of genocide in afghanistan the afghans are among the latest victims of genocide by a superpower. large numbers of afghans were killed to suppress resistance to the army of the soviet union, which wished to vindicate its client regime and realize its goal in afghanistan. thus, the mass killing was political. incidents of the mass killing of noncombatant civilians were observed in the summer of 1980, when the mujahideen frustrated the invaders in their program of speedy conquest. three considerations prompted the invading army to resort to indiscriminate mass killing outside battle zones. unable to locate the elusive mujahideen, the wrath of the invading army fell on civilians as well, punishing them for their support of the mujahideen. the mujahideen had to be detached from the people. as guerrilla fighters, they could not be a viable force without the support of local populations. hence, the soviets felt it necessary to suppress defenseless civilians by killing them indiscriminately, by compelling them to flee abroad, and by destroying their crops and means of irrigation, the basis of their livelihood. the dropping of booby traps from the air, the planting of mines, and the use of chemical substances, though not on a wide scale, were also meant", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4743871751132894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.370695"} {"text": "abroad, and by destroying their crops and means of irrigation, the basis of their livelihood. the dropping of booby traps from the air, the planting of mines, and the use of chemical substances, though not on a wide scale, were also meant to serve the same purpose. also, since the soviets did not increase the number of their troops above around 120, 000 at any one time, they undertook military operations in an effort to ensure speedy submission : hence the wide use of aerial weapons, in particular helicopter gunships or the kind of inaccurate weapons that cannot discriminate between combatants and noncombatants. however, although the total number of the victims of genocide was high, it was not high in each separate incident. a common feature of the soviet program of total war was retributive mass killing, which was their means of repaying tough resistance. for example, in revenge for the killing by the mujahideen of three russian soldiers, the commander brother of the fallen captain led his commando unit into the city of tashqurghan in april 1982 and razed the city, killing at least two hundred of its defenseless civilians. a third consideration in the mass killing was the necessity of silencing the mujahideen before the afghan issue attracted too much international support. on the one hand, the authorities prevented the entry into afghanistan of foreign mass media personnel ; on the other, it branded the freedom fighters as \u201c bandits \u201d and \u201c robbers, \u201d claiming that they \u201c had sold their body and soul to the american dollars, the pakistani rupees, and the british pounds. \u201d soldiers of the invading army branded the mujahideen as dushman ( enemy ) as well as basmachis ( anti - russian muslim freedom fighters of bukhara ). this branding was intended to justify the extermination of the mujahideen because as \u201c robbers \u201d they were the disturbers of peace and social order. another aspect of the genocide was the killing of civilians while praying in mosques, performing wedding or funeral ceremonies, forming sizable groups for any civil purpose, or engaging in the customs and conventions that constitute the afghan social fabric. it would appear strange to think that the soviets were unable to comprehend that these were peaceful and civic gatherings. the frequency of such killing made the afghans believe that the russians were barbarians ( wahshi ). the acts of genocide were the work of the soviets, and as guides or collaborators the parchamis as well as some khalqis played the role of acc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5176159963525431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.371774"} {"text": "such killing made the afghans believe that the russians were barbarians ( wahshi ). the acts of genocide were the work of the soviets, and as guides or collaborators the parchamis as well as some khalqis played the role of accomplices. because afghanistan has long been a crossroad, famous conquerors such as alexander the great, genghis khan, timur lane, babur, nadir shah afshar, and the british have invaded it, but the soviet invaders have surpassed all in the systematic killing of its people and the destruction of their land. they did so at a time when nations had never been so loud in support of peace, and never so loud in opposition to war. among the governments of the world, the soviet government was the loudest in all this, as well as in its trumpeting of the rights of the toiling people, an instance of truly orwellian doublespeak. it is thus fitting to cite a few historical facts about the russians to convey a view of their national culture. russia at a glance the russians are latecomers to the fold of civilization. until the late tenth century they worshiped mother earth, but their principal deity was perun, god of thunder and lightning. the slavs lived in southern russia in what is now the ukraine with its capital city, kiev, whose grand prince vladmir decided in 988, for reasons both pragmatic and spiritual, to impose the orthodox form of christianity on his subjects. according to one chronicle, \u201c he directed that the idols should be overthrown and that some should be cut to pieces and others burned with fire. he thus ordered that perun should be bound to a horse \u2019 s tail and dragged \u2026 to the river. he appointed twelve men to beat the idols with sticks. \u201d vladmir accepted christianity from the greek orthodox empire of byzantium, not rome. no split had yet occurred between the two branches of the church, the latin west and the greek east. only much later would it become apparent what a fateful choice vladmir had made, one partly responsible for cutting russia off from the dynamics of western christendom, in particular from the great renaissance movement of artistic and intellectual activity. besides, the christianity introduced in russia was a religion of forgiveness, not of tolerance, at least not of other religions. orthodox christianity taught russia that it held the \u201c one truth, \u201d for truth, like god, could only be one. the renaissance of western europe eroded a similar doctrine held by the roman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46660375828908096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.372916"} {"text": "forgiveness, not of tolerance, at least not of other religions. orthodox christianity taught russia that it held the \u201c one truth, \u201d for truth, like god, could only be one. the renaissance of western europe eroded a similar doctrine held by the roman catholic church, but nothing of the sort took place in russia. russia \u2019 s political organization, in addition to being of recent origin, was not organized by the russians themselves but by scandinavians, who, in the middle of the ninth century, were invited to rule the major russian city of the north, novgorod. the very notion of a \u201c russian state \u201d appeared only in the fifteenth or sixteenth century. the scandinavian - slav rule revolved around the combination of war and commerce that was the hallmark of the first few centuries of russia \u2019 s history. in the centuries that followed, russia failed to create a society where order resulted from the self - governing behavior of its own citizens. russia \u2019 s rulers were absolute monarchs, particularly after 1547 when ivan the terrible was crowned tsar. ivan \u2019 s new position corresponded with a belief that moscow, after the fall of constantinople to the ottomans in 1543, was the third rome and the last. this belief enabled the tsar to make himself still more absolute by concentrating religious and secular power. in russia only a few hundred aristocratic families ( the boyars ), reputedly of foreign origin, dominated the rest of the people, with no middle class in between. before the advent of the scandinavians, the russians were divided into freemen and slaves ; after the scandinavians arrived, the slaves remained as the dregs of society. slaves were originally prisoners of war ; later anyone could become so by birth or voluntary agreement. warfare was the most important form of commerce, and the principal product was slaves. the tsar ruled in absolute fashion with the help of his secret police, organized as early as 1565. this period followed the mongol yoke, an interim of about two and a half centuries ( 1240 - 1480 ) in which the golden horde mongols mastered russia after they had ended its flourishing period that had begun after its baptism. russia \u2019 s pyramidal society was reformed for the first time in 1861, when about forty million serfs were legally freed from bondage by an edict of the tsar following russia \u2019 s defeat in the crimean war in 1854. the serfs were neither efficient tillers of land nor efficient soldiers in battle. why should they work hard and die for others? more significant was the reform when the tsar, after russia \u2019 s defeat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47578884404866223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.373989"} {"text": "\u2019 s defeat in the crimean war in 1854. the serfs were neither efficient tillers of land nor efficient soldiers in battle. why should they work hard and die for others? more significant was the reform when the tsar, after russia \u2019 s defeat by japan in 1904 - 5, introduced a parliamentary democracy that lasted until 1917. in february 1917 the tsar abdicated because of the insurmountable pressures generated by russia \u2019 s inability to cope with the problems resulting from her participation in world war i ; the liberal government that then assumed power was ousted in october 1917 by the bolsheviks. in the period before the end of tsardom, russia had excelled in cultural, not political, achievements ; under the bolsheviks, it was set on the path toward communism, a new experiment in history. but the idea behind the society \u2019 s reorganization was old. the communist idea was monolithic ( as opposed to pluralist ) : it emphasized the validity of only one truth, that is, communism. the idea was the same as that of orthodox christianity, which vladmir had chosen for russia over nine hundred years earlier. however, whereas russian orthodox christianity was a religion of forgiveness, not of tolerance, communism was a creed neither of forgiveness nor of tolerance. besides, not only the groups ordering the society but every individual in it had to believe in the truth and act on it. the soviet state, which was the most totalitarian state ever devised, was assigned the task of translating the truth into reality. to achieve this end, this totalitarian state applied all the persuasive and coercive means that it could muster. among the means was the secret police ( first cheka and later the kgb ), which soon became virtually omnipotent and ubiquitous. on the road to the unapproachable goal, it committed many crimes, among which was the genocide of the 1930s ; no other state in history has ever perpetrated violence against its own people on such a scale. it also tried to implant abroad by deceit and violence the \u201c truth \u201d of communism, of which afghanistan is the most recent example. problems relating to genocide in afghanistan for reasons already stated, it is impossible to give a complete account of the soviet army \u2019 s mass killing in afghanistan. here i will describe only the tip of the iceberg. also, i cannot pretend that my descriptions are precise or thorough, because the witnesses whom i interviewed in the course of my inquiry often either had no direct access to the event in question or did not know the whole story in question", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5300991701960636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.375025"} {"text": "of the iceberg. also, i cannot pretend that my descriptions are precise or thorough, because the witnesses whom i interviewed in the course of my inquiry often either had no direct access to the event in question or did not know the whole story in question. in the present case, i have, where possible, compared the observations of various witnesses and other sources to try to arrive at a reasonably accurate account of the events in question. nonetheless, figures must be understood to be approximate, unless stated otherwise. despite these qualifications, the information here does indicate the dimensions of the genocide undertaken by the soviets. the period under study has not been covered in a substantial way by non - afghan writers, with the exception of edward girardet, a correspondent for the christian science monitor who visited certain areas from 1979 to 1982. the most thorough records are the result of joint research by jerry laber and barnet rubin, but they start with events mainly in 1984. their works, particularly a report from helsinki watch and a nation is dying, are monuments of soviet brutality in afghanistan. the russians in particular should read them to know what kind of people their leaders and the military actually are. i have used relevant sections of the final report of the international afghanistan hearing. the hearing, held in oslo in march 1983, is based on the accounts of afghan witnesses and non - afghan experts. indiscriminate mass killing of the civilians by the soviet soldiers dates from the invasion, although, as already noted, until the february uprising the soviets did not initiate military operations. thereafter they undertook major operations, and in none did they confine themselves to battles with the combatants. indeed, the soviet soldiers failed throughout to conduct themselves with proper discipline, showing themselves to be ill trained and unconcerned with observing the laws of war. since hostilities invoke the instinct to kill, whether for an ulterior motive or in self - defense, combatants often do not confine themselves only to military targets, as recommended by the international conventions agreed to by member countries of the united nations. but to kill civilians indiscriminately, deliberately, and as a matter of policy ; to destroy their sources of livelihood ; to force them to flee abroad ; to do so without provocation on the part of the civilians, all in an effort to punish them for their support of combatant compatriots in conditions under which the state of war does not officially exist \u2014 this constitutes a crime, a crime defined at nurnberg as \u201c devastation not justified by military necessity. \u201d wars have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4888980749621047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.376274"} {"text": "effort to punish them for their support of combatant compatriots in conditions under which the state of war does not officially exist \u2014 this constitutes a crime, a crime defined at nurnberg as \u201c devastation not justified by military necessity. \u201d wars have laws, and as one commentator has put it, the laws of war have as their objective that \u201c the ravages of war should be mitigated as far as possible by prohibiting needless cruelties, and other acts that spread death and destruction and are not reasonably related to the conduct of hostilities. \u201d the soviet soldiers did not observe such laws. on the contrary, they carried on the undeclared war of their rulers in afghanistan, indiscriminately killing civilians, individually and in groups, and devastating their land for military and nonmilitary reasons alike, visiting on them a terrible variety of unmitigated cruelties. early instances of genocide major operations were underway in the countryside in early june 1980, although they had started much earlier. in late may 1980, during an operation in ghazni province, at least thirty villagers were massacred. because of a battle between the mujahideen and the invading army, these villagers had taken refuge in a subterranean canal ( karez ) in waghiz near shilgir. the soviet army poisoned them with chemical agents of an unknown sort. new operations targeted the districts around kabul. during the first week of june 1980 heavy guns and mortars were fired from the begram military base toward villages in kohdaman, gul dara, and farza valleys. later, targets as far away as the valleys of nijrao and ghorband were shelled from the same base. at the same time, the first - mentioned valleys also became the targets of bombings, followed by operations in which ground forces destroyed houses and orchards and killed \u201c many people. \u201d the operations had been undertaken without warning or provocation. during the first two weeks of july 1980, from fifty to sixty villages in districts around kabul were either wholly or partially destroyed. on 10 july 1980, as a result of a clash between the mujahideen and the invading force in qarabagh near kabul, the soviets killed civilians in such numbers that their bodies lay strewn about the area for days. the remaining inhabitants started to leave for kabul, but the authorities prevented them from doing so. during the last week of july 1980 helicopter gunships fired rockets into the town of islamabad and the villages of sabrabad, sham", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5004582896104368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.377347"} {"text": "about the area for days. the remaining inhabitants started to leave for kabul, but the authorities prevented them from doing so. during the last week of july 1980 helicopter gunships fired rockets into the town of islamabad and the villages of sabrabad, shamaram, and the small valley of salao in the upper part of the alishang valley in laghman province, destroying them either wholly or partly. they were bombed for being considered the hideouts of mujahideen. the massacre in turani ( nurani? ) village and the city of baghlan in late july 1980 was a case of revenge. a group of soviet soldiers in tanks was ambushed by the mujahideen after they had searched houses in turani village close to baghlan on 28 july 1980. the next day the invading army bombarded the village and, entering the city, killed anyone who happened to be there. about fifty people were killed, and their bodies could be seen scattered about. in october 1980 soviet soldiers brought a bigger calamity on the people of baghlan. having lost men in fighting with the mujahideen in parts of the provinces of baghlan and qunduz, the soviets turned on the people of the city of baghlan in revenge. first they searched houses and denuded them of valuables. then they brought to one place those people whom they had rounded up in the course of the house searches. having separated out the party members, they shot the rest, dumping their bodies in pits dug with their machines. some claimed that five hundred people were killed, but this seems an exaggeration. this deliberate massacre was reminiscent of the keralay tragedy in kunar province in 1979 and of the killings in merv in turkmenistan 120 years earlier. following the counsel of a soviet adviser, the khalqi governor of kunar province massacred more than 620 people of the town of keralay to intimidate the rest to submit. in merv the russians had massacred more than six hundred turkomen with a view to intimidating the recalcitrants to desist from opposition. in late july 1980 the soviets bombarded the dai mierdad district in the province of ghazni so much that the destruction of human and animal lives and property was said to be beyond calculation. many houses and villages were destroyed, and the survivors found it difficult to dispose of the dead bodies, which lay unburied for days. at about the same time, as many as five hundred people were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.452680325803571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.378663"} {"text": "and property was said to be beyond calculation. many houses and villages were destroyed, and the survivors found it difficult to dispose of the dead bodies, which lay unburied for days. at about the same time, as many as five hundred people were killed in bombardments in a few villages ( names unknown ) close to maidan ; the number may be inflated. but at this time helicopter gunships were seen flying almost every minute over the city of kabul, most of them heading toward the west, where casualties during the two weeks of july and august were said to be beyond calculation. my diary for 3 july 1980 reads in part : \u201c in this way the defenseless, tyrannized people, women, the old, and children alike, fell like leaves in the autumn in their own homes, mosques, hamlets, and villages. the operations were so ruthless that an afghan regiment in maidan clashed with the russians until the regiment was recalled to kabul. \u201d as a result of these operations, the regime considered kabul to be safe. it was an illusion. within the first week of august the city was besieged. the mujahideen wrested qal \u2019 a - e - qazi, a huge village in the western suburbs of kabul, from the regime \u2019 s control and destroyed the military post in the midst of the town of dasht - e - barchi. likewise, the mujahideen destroyed the ancestral house of karmal along with the houses and property of other party members in shewaki and kamari in the eastern suburbs. they also wrested the surrounding villages from the regime \u2019 s control. on 7 august the villages were bombed and many people killed. the survivors took refuge in kabul. in mid - august guns were fired from mehtarlam, the provincial capital of laghman, toward villages believed to be hideouts of mujahideen. by now this had become a standard way of dealing with the situation. on 19 august 1980, after tanks were landed by helicopters on some hills in the valley of ali shang, villages nearby were shelled. not much later the trees of karinj, a hilly area close to the alishang town from where the mujahideen had fired on the soviets, were burned with some chemical substances. on 6 september 1980 the mujahideen destroyed two tanks and a number of other vehicles after they had been separated from the convoy and headed toward the village of shakarman in the ali shang valley of laghman. in revenge, the following night scores", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47761001451600893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.379773"} {"text": "september 1980 the mujahideen destroyed two tanks and a number of other vehicles after they had been separated from the convoy and headed toward the village of shakarman in the ali shang valley of laghman. in revenge, the following night scores of villages, including deva, ganjawan, and the town of maskura, were shelled and a number of people killed or injured. a greater calamity befell the city of herat when, on 16 august 1980, a part of the city was shelled. until then, except for the governor \u2019 s headquarters the rest of the city was out of the regime \u2019 s control. it was said that three thousand people were killed in the attack. this was the most grievous attack on herat since the one in march 1979, when approximately 25, 000 persons were killed. during the present attack soviet soldiers looted shops, particularly those selling the gold and silver products for which herat is famous. the soviet army then withdrew to its bases in shindand. the massacre that the invading army committed in kandahar at almost the same time as that in herat was no less atrocious. guided by parchamis, soviet armored units searched houses in villages far from and close to the city of kandahar. in places clashes occurred with losses to both sides, including the destruction of many tanks. this was more than the russians could digest, and in revenge they visited a pogrom on the people of the city of kandahar. this incident began when the invading army, stationing their tanks and other vehicles on high mounds, shelled for hours many villages in the distant nagahan district. confident that the opposition had been suppressed, they descended on the villages and orchards to loot goods and pick up fruit. the mujahideen, who had been in their hideouts, fell on them, killing many on the spot and also those fleeing. the remainder of the soviet soldiers fled to the city, where they, in company with the soviet force stationed near it, killed many people, including women and children, in revenge for those they had lost in nagahan. the massacre disturbed party leaders, including majid sarbiland ( chief of the kandahar zone ), aslam watanjar, and saleh mohammad zeray, who were there at the time. they asked the soviet commander to dissuade the soldiers from committing excesses. the commander replied, in effect, \u201c you do your business, and we will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41185307063209897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.380916"} {"text": "common features of the afghan society. strong social bonds, characteristic of the society, required such functions, which were attended by hundreds of people, whether or not invited. but such gatherings were now fraught with danger. the russians, brought up in a different social environment, were ignorant of the social conventions or simply intended to terrorize the afghans. at any rate, helicopter gunships would fire rockets on men, women, and children in groups. they did this so frequently all over the country that it is impossible to describe all of the events. perhaps the biggest gathering they hit was in the ganjabad village of the bala buluk district of farah province. in mid - september 1980 hundreds of villagers were convivially celebrating wedding ceremonies in the village. suddenly they were hit with rockets fired from a group of helicopter gunships. about 150 were killed and scores of others wounded, some of whom were brought to kabul for treatment. in august 1981, as a result of a two - hour attack by four helicopter gunships on a wedding party in the village of jalrez in the upper part of the maidan valley, 30 people were killed and 75 wounded. while military operations in the country were going on, women were abducted. while flying in the country in search of mujahideen, helicopters would land in fields where women were spotted. while afghan women do mainly domestic chores, they also work in fields assisting their husbands or performing tasks by themselves. the women were now exposed to the russians, who kidnapped them with helicopters. by november 1980 a number of such incidents had taken place in various parts of the country, including laghman and kama. in the city of kabul, too, the russians kidnapped women, taking them away in tanks and other vehicles, especially after dark. such incidents happened mainly in the areas of darul aman and khair khana, near the soviet garrisons. at times such acts were committed even during the day. khad agents also did the same. small groups of them would pick up young women in the streets, apparently to question them but in reality to satisfy their lust : in the name of security, they had the power to commit excesses. likewise, in the name of security the security men were involved in creating insecurity, looting shops and stores and breaking into houses while patrolling during the curfew hours at night. the kidnapping of women disturbed families with young daughters. the incidents were sporadic and infrequent, since the soviet officers censored the suspected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4996826192160328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.383267"} {"text": "civilians, who would then pressure the mujahideen not to attack the invaders. if the mujahideen disregarded the people \u2019 s requests, they would be estranged from them. if they accepted their request, the regime would increase the posts, which, along with other measures, would lead to the pacification of the country. on requests from the locals the mujahideen often desisted from attacking the invaders, but the soviets still massacred civilians. apparently, their mission was to loot and kill in order to establish the regime. the soviet strategy made the mujahideen cautious, but it was impossible for them to remain spectators. this would have been the end of their mission. encounters were still common, and retaliations, whether by the russians or the regime \u2019 s forces, became widespread. the mobile mujahideen could anticipate retaliation and escape. it is impossible to give even an estimate of the number of civilians killed in the clashes, which were sporadic and irregular. the frequency of notes on the subject in my diary is depressing to read. as a by - product of the policy of guarding the main roads, a disaster of a different kind befell the people. of the main roads, the roads of kabul - jalalabad, kabul - gardez ( via logar ), and kabul - hairatan ( via salang ) were especially important, since the first two lead to pakistan and the latter to the soviet union. among other things, control over the first two meant some control over the movements of the mujahideen as well as the materiel and weapons they brought from pakistan ; control over the last meant the maintenance of undisturbed transportation between kabul and the soviet border. as already noted, along the kabul - jalalabad road about forty military posts had been manned by the soviets. to control the roads, the soviets had to ensure that the districts through which they passed were clear of mujahideen. the two roads leading to salang and gardez passed through densely populated districts. it was hazardous to set up military posts along these roads like those along the kabul - jalalabad road. instead, the soviets chose either to bomb villages close to the roads or shell them by guns and submachine guns from tanks stationed on mounds. the bombing of these villages was comparable to the bombing of the districts around cities, particularly kabul. the attacks on logar, which suffered more than any other district, will be described in the next chapter. an unknown number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45234952304312603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.386555"} {"text": "tanks stationed on mounds. the bombing of these villages was comparable to the bombing of the districts around cities, particularly kabul. the attacks on logar, which suffered more than any other district, will be described in the next chapter. an unknown number of men, women, and children either perished or moved out of their homes because they lived near roads, the outward symbol of civilization. this was, however, not the end of the plight of the inhabitants of the areas. even before the major operations had begun, the plan for making the main roads safe was on the agenda. for some time in july 1980 a major military force destroyed houses, orchards, and other constructions as well as trees along both sides of the logar road. helicopter gunships hovered over the ground force. whatever lay within about 150 meters on both flanks of the road was scheduled to be destroyed. the idea was to make the military convoys on the roads safe from rocket attacks by the mujahideen, who often concealed themselves in nearby villages. how precisely the order was carried out is difficult to determine. the setting up of permanent posts along the logar road was risky ; instead, expeditions were undertaken frequently. the destruction must have been tremendous, since in some places the road passed close to main villages. in mid - december groups of tanks were stationed here and there along the road, and the nearby villages were searched. the plight of the people affected by this act can be guessed from the reaction of an old man who lost an apple tree near his home in mohammad agha. after his pleas with the regime men failed to be effective, the old man leaned on a wall, looked to the heavens, and cried, \u201c oh god, where are you? do you not see? \u201d for a devout old muslim to utter such words, he must have been at the height of despair. but he was lucky to have lost only his tree, not his life. many others in his district lost their lives. on one day alone, 9 october 1980, the russians killed forty pedestrians along the logar road in an effort to make the road safe for their convoys. similar measures were taken to secure the road going through shamali. the bazaars of qarabagh and saray khoja through which the road passed were burned, and houses and villages near the road were destroyed. huge trees on both sides of the road, which had pleasantly distinguished it from those in the rest of the country, were felled. but the manning of roads by groups of russian soldiers created new sorts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4668791559102575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.388598"} {"text": "and houses and villages near the road were destroyed. huge trees on both sides of the road, which had pleasantly distinguished it from those in the rest of the country, were felled. but the manning of roads by groups of russian soldiers created new sorts of problems that were staggering to the afghans. the incidents happened along the salang and jalalabad roads, which were, unlike all other roads, manned by soviet soldiers. instead of maintaining the security of the road for which they had been commissioned, the russians began looting passengers and even killing them. for a brief time they looted consignments from trucks passing along these two roads, the busiest in the country ; they would then sell the stolen goods, as well as a wide variety of state goods in their possession, to other drivers at low prices at gunpoint. they would also force the drivers to sell them marijuana ( chars ). most drivers provided the soldiers with the drug with a view to making them addicts. judging from the frequency of exchange, the number of the addicts must have been considerable. but at times this trade led to violence. a group of soviet soldiers had been taking marijuana somewhere near the wood factory in samarkhel to the east of jalalabad. in august 1980 a soldier intended to enter a house near the factory to steal either marijuana or money. when stopped at the door, he suspected a trap and began firing at random at the inhabitants. all but one member of the family died in the initial assault, and the sole survivor died later in the hospital. it was said that to hush up the story the authorities arranged to do away with him. party activists gave out that the tragedy was the work of the \u201c rebels. \u201d more serious were the incidents when soviet soldiers fired at passenger buses without provocation. apparently they were killing human beings for the fun of it or for revenge on innocent passengers for the men they might have lost elsewhere. such tragedies were many. in december 1980 eleven persons died and many others wounded in an attack along the jalalabad road ; drivers refused to drive on the road for two days thereafter. earlier ( 8 november 1980 ) two bus drivers close to the salang tunnel were killed for no apparent reason. drivers protested to the ministry of the interior and refused to drive for days. in ounduz, soviet soldiers walked across the flat rooftops of the houses at night and fired through the openings at the people inside for no apparent reason. the common afghans called the russians barbarians ( wahshi ). despite all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44300080434351213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.390074"} {"text": "for days. in ounduz, soviet soldiers walked across the flat rooftops of the houses at night and fired through the openings at the people inside for no apparent reason. the common afghans called the russians barbarians ( wahshi ). despite all the killings, the soviets failed to establish control over the roads. frequently the roads leading to kabul were closed. on such occasions the city was deprived of the essentials of life, food and fuel. along these as well as along other roads, armed mujahideen also checked transport vehicles. in certain places they operated within sight of the soviets without being molested. close to kabul beyond khair khana the mujahideen checked transport vehicles. the soviets and the mujahideen had accepted a modus vivendi. it is now time to survey the soviet operations in areas visited by foreigners during the period covered by this work. pal hougen, chair of the norwegian committee for afghanistan, states that three of his fellow countrymen who had visited afghanistan in the summer of 1980 \u201c brought home pictorial documentation of bombarded farms, destroyed villages and the destruction of kamdesh, the central town in nuristan. much of what i had heard and read was not to be believed, even [ though they ] were reliable persons and journalists. \u201d he then made two trips himself in the summer of 1981 and 1982, the first to the upper part of the kunar valley, and the second to the town of bashgul in the same valley. hougen states that the people of bashgul \u201c were still living in the mountains, unable to go back to their farm and cultivate their soil. \u2026 it was dangerous for men and cattle to stroll around the passes, and passes as well as the forests had every day and every week to be systematically examined for small booby - traps - butterflies [ small antipersonnel bombs shaped somewhat like butterflies ]. \u201d if these people returned to their homes, they were bombed without provocation. hougen writes, \u201c two days after, when part of the population had returned, the town was attacked from the air and set on fire. the result was that the entire population of the town and of the neighboring districts emigrated to pakistan, a total of 3, 000 people. \u201d during my two visits, i had to admit that the reports were true. i did not only see ruined dwellings, observe terror bombing myself, but i found a society where all ordinary functions were disturbed, even the basic ones : the production of food, the supplies from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47096908728816983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.391161"} {"text": "visits, i had to admit that the reports were true. i did not only see ruined dwellings, observe terror bombing myself, but i found a society where all ordinary functions were disturbed, even the basic ones : the production of food, the supplies from outside of salt, sugar and tea \u2014 other items of trade as i mentioned. the infrastructure in this society was broken down, not [ torn ] into pieces, for no single piece of the former modest modernization was [ left ] intact, there was no trade, no school, no medical care, the water supplies were disturbed, the irrigation system severely harmed. hougen describes a fellow norwegian \u2019 s experience in kandahar province in 1981 : \u201c in the autumn [ of ] that year, he stayed in the outskirts of kandahar where he daily experienced air attacks, bombing and mining of civilian dwellings. \u201d the situation in the province of paktia was no better. hougen comments on the experience of a nurse who stayed in a village in paktia for three weeks in september 1982 : \u201c she reported about air attacks a year earlier which had ruined 50 percent of the houses, how the villages on the plains had been attacked by tanks \u2014 in units with 200 and 400 tanks \u2014 and the houses had been destroyed. according to her accounts, the attacks were entirely directed against the civilian population. \u201d the people of the jaghori district of the ghazni province had dug bunkers to save themselves from the hazards of bombardment. according to tone a. odegaard and jame reitan, two norwegian women who stayed with them for a week in september 1982 : they [ the hazara inhabitants of the jaghori district ] are accustomed to air attacks and every family had their own shelters \u2014 one for each person \u2014 dug as small holes outside the house, as they [ vietnamese ] did it in vietnam. all children were instructed how to behave when the next attack would come and how they should escape for the mountains after [ the ] attack. there can be no doubt that the air attacks were aimed at the civilian population and took place regularly. one of the most striking descriptions comes from nicolas danziger, a british lecturer in art history and one of the authors of a report from helsinki watch. in describing \u201c this image of hiroshima in herat, \u201d danziger writes : we went along the asphalt road from iran to herat. the desert on the iranian side was absolutely covered in track marks, the hooves of horses, of camels, footmarks, bicycle marks, \u2014 you name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45761754439489133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.392284"} {"text": "[ back ] 10. for details, see carlton, war and ideology. [ back ] 11. horowitz, quoted in chalk and jonassohn, genocide, 13. [ back ] 12. the intensity of the soviet military operations is suggested by the number of afghans who fled abroad. by the middle of 1981 about 2 million afghans had fled to pakistan alone. by the end of 1984 the figure had exceeded 3 million. in 1991 the total number of afghan refugees abroad was estimated to be 5, 670, 000. ( see azari, \u201c afghan refugees \u201d : humanitarian assistance program, 4. ) a more recent study indicates that by the end of 1981, 2. 3 million afghans had fled to pakistan alone. the total number of refugees is calculated to be \u201c more than 3 million in pakistan and as many as 3 million others in iran \u201d ( ruiz, left out in the cold, 2, 3 ). more afghans fled to pakistan than to iran. afghans fled to iran from the three western provinces of herat, farah, and nimroz ; afghans from the rest of the country, especially the eastern frontier provinces, took refuge in pakistan. this explains why the pashtuns constitute the highest percentage ( 85 percent ) of the refugee population in pakistan ( sliwinski, \u201c afghanistan 1978 - 87, \u201d 18 ). the total figure for afghan refugees in pakistan and iran are official and therefore cannot be considered accurate ; still, afghan refugees are clearly the world \u2019 s largest group in absolute terms as well as in proportion to the total number of afghans, who numbered 15. 5 million before the invasion. period to pakistan to iran to other destinations source : amstutz, afghanistan, 224 through 1978 18, 000?? through 1979 389, 000?? through 1980 1, 232, 000 250, 000? through 1981 2, 500, 000?? through 1982 2, 700, 000 500, 000? through 1983 2, 900, 000 650, 000? through 1984 3, 200, 000 850, 000 70, 000 13. a soviet tajik deserter quoted in laber and rubin, a nation is dying, 18. according to the soldier, \u201c when the drunk commander found out that his brother and three soldiers were killed by mujahideen, he took the whole commando unit at night. he went to the village and butchered, slaughtered all the village [ rs ]. they cut off the heads and killed perhaps 2, 000 people. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45227653158223385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.394334"} {"text": "three soldiers were killed by mujahideen, he took the whole commando unit at night. he went to the village and butchered, slaughtered all the village [ rs ]. they cut off the heads and killed perhaps 2, 000 people. \u201d to terrorize the people, the officers of the invading army also ordered the brutal killing of individuals. in 1983 they assembled the people of the village of babyan in logar ; they then singled out qazi fatih, a retired judge who looked like a mulla. they tied him to a tank, then dragged him behind it at high speed. the qazi was smashed to pieces in front of the villagers. see alam, \u201c violation of human rights, \u201d 7. [ back ] 14. carmichael, history of russia ; lourie, predicting russia \u2019 s future. [ back ] 15. girardet, afghanistan. [ back ] 16. wasserstrom, \u201c laws of war, \u201d 484. [ back ] 17. t. taylor, quoted in wasserstrom, \u201c laws of war, \u201d 484. [ back ] 18. laber and rubin, helsinki watch, 53. [ back ] 19. for details, see international afghanistan hearing, 173. [ back ] 20. ibid., 174. [ back ] 21. ibid., 175. [ back ] 22. ibid., 176. [ back ] 23. laber and rubin, helsinki watch, 23. [ back ] 14. genocide in districts around kabul as already noted, the immediate purpose of the invading army was to enable the regime to establish control over cities and the main roads. the countryside was to be pacified afterward. the mujahideen had to be made incapable of disturbing the cities, especially kabul. the regime then had to extend control over the immediate surrounding districts as well : hence the intensification of operations there and the killing of civilians inside their homes and villages. this chapter highlights the massacres that resulted from the operations in districts around kabul. for kabul, logar and shamali ( districts south and north of kabul, respectively ) are important strategic regions. from logar the mujahideen can infiltrate the city more easily. through logar, kabul is connected to paktia, the frontier region bordering pakistan. the shortest route from kabul to the border passes through logar ( in dobandi ), zazay, and tiramangal ( in kurram ) beyond the durand line. of all the major conduits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4144242276627158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.395286"} {"text": "bordering pakistan. the shortest route from kabul to the border passes through logar ( in dobandi ), zazay, and tiramangal ( in kurram ) beyond the durand line. of all the major conduits, logar was the most important one for weapons and logistics as well as combatants for almost the whole country, as pakistan was the most important conduit for weapons for the whole of afghanistan. also, afghans from many other areas, including those from the central and northern regions, could flee to pakistan through logar. thus, it was primarily through logar that the peshawar - based organizations kept in touch with mujahideen throughout most of afghanistan. it was also through logar that kabul received its main supplies of fuel from paktia. but while shamali enjoys an abundance of water for agricultural purposes, logar is not as fortunate, although it has both open water canals and underground canals ( karez ). both regions are among the most fertile in the country, and their inhabitants live mainly in relatively large villages with attached mud houses. massacre in logar following the invasion, the mujahideen expelled party members and government officials from logar and extended control over the road passing through it. only pul - e - alam, the headquarters of the province, remained in the government \u2019 s hands. when the soviets undertook their first military operation there is unknown. units of their army had clashed with the mujahideen a number of times, and civilians had been among the victims. after the mujahideen defeated a unit of the invading army along the logar road on 2 october 1980, the soviets responded strongly. my diary entry for 10 october 1980 reads, \u201c the recent operations of the russians in the region were barbarous. on 5 october a russian armored unit on the way to logar killed or wounded anyone who happened to be on the road or within range of it from beni hissar up to pul - e - alam \u201d \u2014 that is, from the southern outskirt of the city to the provincial capital, a distance of eighty - six kilometers. after the incident a delegation of elders from logar raised the matter in kabul with two members of the politburo, saleh mohammad zeray and nur ahmad nur. an elder of the delegation from the surkhab valley of logar said to them, \u201c since you are no longer able to govern, you should either quit or join us so that together we can expel the russians from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4095994030006451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.396383"} {"text": "and nur ahmad nur. an elder of the delegation from the surkhab valley of logar said to them, \u201c since you are no longer able to govern, you should either quit or join us so that together we can expel the russians from our fatherland. \u201d it might seem incredible that anyone would dare make such a bold statement in a police regime whose khad agents could not tolerate outspoken critics ; nevertheless, on such occasions afghan elders become bolder than usual. in another instance, an elderly man from logar, haji sharif, had been imprisoned in pul - e - charkhi because one of his sons was a successful commander. the government offered to release him if he dissuaded his son from opposing the government, but haji sharif replied, \u201c while you have a superpower behind you, and the mujahideen have no such supporter, let my son be with them. \u201d in any case, the delegation failed in its purpose. its mission was tactical, a reflection of the view among the islamic revolutionary movement commanders that while carrying on the jehad they intended to maintain at least the facade of a relationship with the government. after the meeting, greater calamities befell not only the people of logar but the people in most parts of the country. in november karmal returned to kabul from his first state visit to moscow ; thereafter, the government adopted a tougher stand. in late november, karmal announced that the government had planned to hold military exercises in the provinces of kabul, parwan, and ningrahar. these \u201c military exercises \u201d were in fact major military operations intended to suppress the resistance before ronald reagan took office as president of the united states on 20 january 1981 so that his rumored assistance in weapons to the mujahideen could not materialize. the winter season favored the well - protected mechanized army units over the poorly supplied mujahideen. as already noted, the kgb had predicted that \u201c the spring and summer of 1981 will be decisive for the final and complete defeat of the forces of the counterrevolutionaries. \u201d the operations that the soviets undertook in logar afterward were the biggest and widest in the area. a typical pattern of military operations developed. a slow - flying reconnaissance plane would precede the operations. afterwards, helicopter gunships would fire rockets into certain places and villages where the mujahideen were suspected to be. sometimes as many as thirty helicopter gunships would bombard targets. targets would also be hit by rocket launchers mounted on tanks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4818882800588635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.397551"} {"text": ". afterwards, helicopter gunships would fire rockets into certain places and villages where the mujahideen were suspected to be. sometimes as many as thirty helicopter gunships would bombard targets. targets would also be hit by rocket launchers mounted on tanks. then units of tanks would surround a village or a group of villages. during major operations armored units would appear in logar from four directions : from kabul, from gardez ( provincial capital of paktia ), from the maidan area in the west, and from pul - i - alam, the only place in the province under the government \u2019 s control. after an area was thus encircled and believed cleared of the defenders, armed groups of the invading army, accompanied by khad guides, would descend on it and search houses for weapons, draft dodgers, and persons suspected as mujahideen or antiregime activists. soon, though, the intruders exerted themselves more in looting valuables and western and japanese gadgets than they did in performing their assigned job. with nightfall they would assemble in a distant desert or return to their headquarters. in military operations the civilians were the main victims, although the russians also lost many men. the casualties of the mujahideen were the least in number. in spite of the severity of the operations the invading army and their afghan henchmen failed to suppress the resistance. however, they did succeed in keeping the road from kabul to gardez open at least temporarily, but they had to guard it with units of tanks stationed along the way for the 125 kilometers to kabul. they also vandalized logar and denuded a considerable area of it. my diary entry for 21 november reads : \u201c the actual number of the casualties is unknown. it is said that they were beyond calculation. in many places dead bodies lay here and there. no one dared to bury them. dogs have consumed many. they have decomposed and have an offensive odor. some houses have been destroyed while others are closed because of the destruction of their inhabitants. \u201d the people were unable to cope with the enormous problems relating to casualties, and many left their homes to take refuge in pakistan. for a long time no major operation was reported to have taken place in logar, although sporadic bombing was routine. on 7 may 1981 a caravan of the invaders, as a result of encounters with the mujahideen in mohammad agha and mosayee, lost about thirty tanks and a large number of parchamis as well as khad agents. usually the mu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41950975089861836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.398629"} {"text": "may 1981 a caravan of the invaders, as a result of encounters with the mujahideen in mohammad agha and mosayee, lost about thirty tanks and a large number of parchamis as well as khad agents. usually the mujahideen, particularly in the mohammad agha district, would destroy around twenty tanks of a convoy on the logar road. it is estimated that on this road alone the invaders lost about one thousand tanks during the occupation. this front, particularly its bini sharafgan locality, was the toughest in the province. the invaders also lost men in large numbers after they ascended a mound where they were shelled simultaneously by the mujahideen and the outraged afghan soldiers. the aftermath was terrible. my diary entry for 14 may 1981 reads : \u201c following the incident, when the soviets assaulted many villages with their armored units they showed no mercy to any human being. \u201d the massacre that the invaders committed in an underground irrigation canal came to be known in the west through an american anthropologist, mike barry, who visited the area in september 1982. such canals are wide and deep enough to accommodate many people. in my diary i noted that an unknown number of people perished somewhere in a cave where they had taken refuge ; informed by a proregime villager, soviet soldiers burned petroleum products in its entrance. the \u201c cave \u201d was the underground irrigation canal karez - e - baba, which passes through the padkhab - e - shana village in logar. mike barry writes : according to eyewitness reports, \u2026 villagers who fled spoke of soldiers wearing gas masks, pouring mysterious things into an underground irrigation canal where villagers including children were hiding. our investigation showed that the soldiers had actually used gasoline, diesel fuel and an incendiary white powder, an evil - smelling [ substance ] designed to ensure that the gasoline would properly burn in a tunnel with little oxygen. after the 105 people including the little children were burned to death, the population in a panic decided to run away to pakistan. in the second week of august 1981 the soviets massacred people in the village of dadokhel in logar. this event happened when a unit of the soviet army was forced to retreat after trying to enter the small village of babus. in revenge for the loss of four drunken soviet and cuban officers who had separated from the main convoy in the region of kulangar, the village of dadokhel was razed by attacks from the air and ground ; about forty - five villagers perished. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41186542304490426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.400685"} {"text": "for the loss of four drunken soviet and cuban officers who had separated from the main convoy in the region of kulangar, the village of dadokhel was razed by attacks from the air and ground ; about forty - five villagers perished. in the third week of october 1981 a soviet army unit of about three hundred tanks and other vehicles again visited logar, accompanied as usual by helicopter gunships. at this time the main road was under the control of the mujahideen, and the invading army had to go instead through the deserts of babus and kulangar, after they spread rumors that a huge force was about to visit logar. the mujahid commanders, who at the time were more disunited than before, desisted from opposing the enemy. the army surrounded many villages where children, women, and old people had remained. the draft dodgers had escaped. the mujahid commanders complained to their leaders in peshawar of the inadequacy of their weapons when pitted against the superior weapons of their adversaries. they demanded antiaircraft weapons, but their leaders were unable to supply them at the time. before winter set in, when the well - protected units of the invading army had the upper hand, a delegation of about ninety elders of logar visited sulaiman laweq, minister of tribal affairs, in kabul to plead for the suspension of military operations. they told the minister, \u201c instead of being supplied with clothes, houses, and food, as promised, now the things in our possession are destroyed and our people are killed indiscriminately. \u201d the khalqi government, when laweq was a member, had promised to provide the people with clothes, food, and homes. but laweq now told the elders, \u201c you are to blame for your own misfortune : you support the rebels, you do not want to pay taxes, and you are unwilling to cooperate with the government. \u201d he told them further, \u201c in defending our land against the united states of america, china, and pakistan, we had to ask for soviet military assistance. but, \u201d added the minister, \u201c if you really want to live in peace, cooperate with us, expel the rebels from your region, and pay your taxes, for which you will be granted local autonomy. \u201d the elders returned disappointed. earlier, a progovernment mulla had preached the same things to a gathering of the people of logar whom the government had summoned. when the mulla", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41001323697799047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.401895"} {"text": "taxes, for which you will be granted local autonomy. \u201d the elders returned disappointed. earlier, a progovernment mulla had preached the same things to a gathering of the people of logar whom the government had summoned. when the mulla promised that the soviet forces would withdraw if the people cooperated with the government, an elderly man answered, \u201c unless the soviet forces are withdrawn, we would not be willing to do any thing of the sort. \u201d the soviets were, of course, unwilling to withdraw, and in june 1982, in the course of an unprovoked and unopposed operation that lasted for two days, their forces massacred 240 people of the district of baraki barak. in addition, of the 900 people whom they took with them, some they killed in a camp in the kulangar region ; others they imprisoned, and still others they pressed into the army. the perpetrators were all russians. zahir ghazi alam, who along with others had in the course of the operation taken refuge in an underground canal, writes : this is written at a time when the dust of the bloody soviet operation in the district of baraki barak is still unsettled. in every house there is wailing and weeping. in common graveyards new graves are dug, the dead are buried, and new flags are hoisted over the martyred. barefoot and pale, mothers and sisters, men and women, are looking for their disappeared ones, hurrying through vineyards, streams, and fields. the russians have perpetrated their most barbarous operation in the region. the eyes of the people of the world are closed, their ears deaf, and their tongues mute to this unprecedented crime of the russians. worse still is the fact that even in this third year of the war the peshawar - based islamic organizations are still astray from the path of jehad and distant from the afghan spirit and values. they have let themselves be seized by the disease of disunity, personal interest, and ambition. the effect of these operations on logar has been described by borge almqvist and mike barry, who visited the province in late summer and early fall 1982. the swedish journalist almqvist notes : barry \u2019 s comments are even more sobering : i entered into a country where every village has been bombed at least once since the war started or fired at by soviet land forces. many villages are deserted, there are whole areas where the entire population have run away to the camps in pakistan out of fear of being killed in further air bombardment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45317642835716115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.403366"} {"text": "village has been bombed at least once since the war started or fired at by soviet land forces. many villages are deserted, there are whole areas where the entire population have run away to the camps in pakistan out of fear of being killed in further air bombardments. these areas are so - called helicopter territories. when you move in them and you hear a helicopter you have 60 seconds to go. these areas have turned into the age before stone age. civilization has gone back. this is before man entered afghanistan in the very old times. as a result of these battles, the fertile logar had become a place of ruins and graves, just as herat had become after the conquest of genghis khan in the early thirteenth century. almqvist continues : in our trip to logar province, \u2026 we crossed 12 villages including dobandi, 8 of these villages, including dobandi, were completely uninhabited. one further village we saw destroyed virtually before our eyes. we were told that we should visit a village called altamor, and in the fog, we saw a great flash in the distance. \u2026 and that evening and early the next morning the first wounded came into where we were from altamor, telling us there is no more altamor. again, in his words, \u201c the logar province in many areas looks like an archaeological site. \u201d everywhere in the logar province the most common sight except for ruins are graves. [ at ] the first sight you see when you enter the village, huge graveyards or a small one, and you can see which graves are new and which are [ old, that is ] before the war, because nowadays they [ the people of logar ] have started like in the old days to put up flags like they did for holy men before, because the ones killed by the russians are considered as holy people and according to afghan islamic belief they go to paradise if they were killed by the karmal troops or the russian troops. almqvist provides frightening evidence about the frequency of the bombing. in one passage he describes seeking a shelter in the company of villagers, all of them in great panic from the danger of an imminent bombing : in such a helpless situation people still lived, perhaps unable or unwilling to move out, hoping that the carnage would end. no one, however, was sure, and the fear of being killed in one \u2019 s own home haunted the inhabitants. almqvist writes, \u201c in the villages in the logar province where people [ still ] live, they live under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44048712499345677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.404470"} {"text": "end. no one, however, was sure, and the fear of being killed in one \u2019 s own home haunted the inhabitants. almqvist writes, \u201c in the villages in the logar province where people [ still ] live, they live under a constant fear, if next morning will be the last, if they will wake up to the sound of helicopter [ s ] zooming in over the rooftops, heavy machine gun fire, rockets and bombs exploding in the village. \u201d we got to the village shelter which was a small grove of trees, the only shelter available for hundreds of people. after these bombardments within a week i saw two other bombardments. \u2026 every morning the helicopters come from kabul to the airbase and headquarters for the soviet and karmal troops in the logar province, where they get the orders which village in the valley to bomb. that morning [ when ] they were bombing a village for thirty minutes, only 5 people died. farms, too, were unsafe. almqvist observed that \u201c farmers working on in the fields were shot down by their helicopter gunships. they had no time to run away for shelter and guns, they were just gunned down unarmed. \u201d here almqvist refers to a particular incident that happened in the village of baraki rajan in logar on 19 june 1982, before almqvist arrived in the area. in that locality, after a brief encounter with a group of retreating mujahideen, the army of \u201c internationalist solidarity \u201d embarked on a spate of \u201c burning and looting and killing. \u201d looting was not an individual but a group act, common among the russians in logar. almqvist writes, \u201c i went to quite a few villages where people told me how the russians had taken everything out of the houses, like radios, carpets, food, all sorts of household tools. these houses were completely empty. \u201d even individuals had been robbed. during the winter of 1982 i met a number of inmates in the prison each of whom had been looted simultaneously by a number of russian soldiers in logar. according to the victims, the soldiers acted as if they were competing with one another in robbing the same person. mike barry describes how the russian soldiers denuded the \u201c enormous \u201d village of aochakan of its wealth. the invaders had apparently undertaken the whole operation for that purpose : the village was also emptied of its inhabitants since there was nothing left for them to live on. barry continues, \u201c i saw an enormous village by moonlight which had not been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4888516450262211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.405533"} {"text": "of its wealth. the invaders had apparently undertaken the whole operation for that purpose : the village was also emptied of its inhabitants since there was nothing left for them to live on. barry continues, \u201c i saw an enormous village by moonlight which had not been bombed, and yet there [ was ] not a single human being left alive in it. it was already snowing, and you could tell that there were no footsteps in the snow. it was a freezing night, and with my companions i explored the village, and all we found living in the village was a single dog. \u201d on august 30th 1982, the whole village was surrounded in the classical way by tanks, helicopters flying above. young men of military age had been able to run away into the mountains on time, so all the people who were collected by the soviet troops were elderly villagers, farmers \u2019 women and children. the soldiers did not kill anybody this time, they simply stripped every single person in the village that they could lay their hands on of anything valuable he had on, whether jewelry or wrist watches. houses were searched, and all transistor radios were confiscated. the granaries were emptied, all sacks of grain reloaded on to the lorry vehicles, and finally all the sheep, all the goats, and all the cattle were loaded on to the military lorries and taken away. the villagers had fled to pakistan, but flight abroad in the cold winter could be deadly, especially for families with children. it was so for the people of dehsabz, a cluster of villages northeast of kabul. again in mike barry \u2019 s words : almqvist has also noted the accounts of local witnesses about genocide committed by the soviets. in one incident the russians first looted then set fire to shops ; when the shops were ablaze, they threw a number of old people into them. they burned the shops after they had looted them. quoting a witness, almqvist writes, \u201c at ghulam raza \u2019 s house in baraki rajan they [ the soviet soldiers ] forced nine people out and killed them. \u201d this was probably the end of the whole family. the account of another witness is more revealing : \u201c i was on the roof of my house on watch. the russian forces were attacking the village of baraki rajan. the attack was both from the air and the ground. \u2026 the russian forces and their allies started to search the houses. men, women and children were forced out of their homes and shot. [ i ] myself did see 8 people being murdered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4909087830038107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.407397"} {"text": "we do, we will have our food burnt. they shoot with machine guns, with kalashnikovs or kalakovs at the heaps of wheat or whatever on the fields so that they catch fire. \u201d small butterfly mines were also thrown here and there in logar, but not in as large numbers as in other isolated areas. these operations made the people of logar believe that \u201c it is a normal way of fighting when a european occupation force comes into the country to shoot and kill people in many, many different ways. \u201d since the soviet soldiers felt free to kill as they pleased, common afghans called them with the awe - inspiring names of \u201c rus \u201d and \u201c barbarians. \u201d even children held this opinion. they would scream at the sight of the blond swedish almqvist, who looked like the russians. parents apologized to him, saying, \u201c very sorry, but you have blond hair you know, you look like a russian. and they have never seen a camera before. they have seen so many new guns in this area, they are small kids, they do not understand that it is a camera, they think it is a new gun and that you want to kill them. \u201d almqvist wrote in conclusion : \u201c when i left afghanistan i felt like a traitor leaving all these people behind. \u201d massacre in shamali the region toward the north of kabul up to the hindu kush is called by the traditional name of shamali. this region comprises the two provinces of parwan and kapisa. the latter, lying as it does to the south of the hindu kush, includes a number of long, narrow, and tortuous river valleys, among them the famous district ( wuluswali ) of panjsher. like logar, this region is significant to kabul, particularly in times of disturbance. in the present war it became even more important. the shortest road from kabul to the soviet border passes through this region. for the soviets, it was important to keep this road open to supply its forces and the regime. to the north of the salang tunnel in kelagai the soviets had stationed the bulk of their troops, while to the south of it was the bagram military air base. significant also was the location of panjsher, which links shamali with northeastern afghanistan. the soviets thus treated shamali as a special region. as mentioned above, soviets killed many villagers in shamali and fired on the villages from their bases in khair khana in the city and from bagram in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43893900468627767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.409693"} {"text": "links shamali with northeastern afghanistan. the soviets thus treated shamali as a special region. as mentioned above, soviets killed many villagers in shamali and fired on the villages from their bases in khair khana in the city and from bagram in parwan province. in addition, they undertook several expeditions in the course of which they killed many civilians. the intensity of the operations, here as elsewhere, was such that cows ceased to give milk and some children died of shock. both sides of the main road for a considerable distance were flattened to ensure its safety. the invaders still failed to pacify the region, although the mujahideen here were far from united. besides the two unfriendly islamist groups of hizb ( led by hekmatyar ) and jam \u2019 iyyat, the leftist sama was also active in the region. despite the disunity, because of grass - roots support the resistance here, as in many rural areas, was strong. as in logar so in parwan the soviets, descending in groups of tanks, searched houses for weapons and draft dodgers. when not allowed to do so, they would attack the village or residential forts. for example, the fort of dade khuda hussain khel close to the village of musa near qarabagh was hit so much by rockets in early february 1981 that of its ten inmates and a number of cattle, only one child survived for a few days. while searching houses, the soviet soldiers would denude them of valuables, as they did in other places. in an attempt to make the bagram air base safe from attacks from the surrounding districts, they looted parwan even more scandalously. for the same reason they hit villages at random with rockets and guns from the south of the city of charikar and bagram. they were still unsafe from the ambushes of the mujahideen, who attacked them from trenches in the walled orchards, where they could hide and escape retaliatory fire. the soviets were more frustrated in parwan than elsewhere, although khad had recruited many persons from the area. many senior officials of khad were from the various districts of parwan, but the locals had ostracized them. when the mujahideen fired at them, and particularly when they inflicted casualties on them, the soviets would do what they could to take revenge. then they would fire at anything and anyone whom they wished to destroy. on one such occasion in early may 1981 they killed a number of children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46686843624010216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.410829"} {"text": "them, and particularly when they inflicted casualties on them, the soviets would do what they could to take revenge. then they would fire at anything and anyone whom they wished to destroy. on one such occasion in early may 1981 they killed a number of children in the village of kalakan, the stronghold of sama. the russian soldiers were stated to have said, \u201c when the children grow up they take up arms against us \u201d ; much later, russians in baghlan said, \u201c we do not need the people ; we need the land. \u201d in may 1981 the soviet soldiers flattened the village of mahigiran close to raig - i - rawan. they also killed nearly all of its residents to take revenge for a defeat the mujahideen had inflicted on them elsewhere. their massacre of the kushkeen ( or kuchkeen ) villagers close to mazeena was without provocation. when soviet tanks appeared, the mujahideen, acting on the request of the villagers, withdrew without firing at the invaders. the soviets were nevertheless unsatisfied : they killed thirty - one villagers, slaying them inside mosques, in lanes, or inside their homes. this they did on the second day of eid, a religious festival. the invaders inflicted incredible cruelty on some people in a village nearthe town of jabalus siraj in august 1981. after they had been fired on, the soviets entered the village. by then the young people had escaped, and only women, children, and elderly men remained. the soviets wrapped thirteen of the elderly people in bedsheets and blankets and set fire to them. massacre in panjsher the regime still had only precarious control from kabul to charikar, the capital of parwan province, which they controlled through terror. in august 1981 khad arrested about six hundred men of the city, accusing them of having cooperated with the mujahideen. to pacify the region, the soviets undertook a regionwide operation ( \u2019 amalyat - e - sartasari ). but before that operation is described, it is necessary to note their operations in the valley of panjsher. a long, tortuous river valley, panjsher is inhabited by tajiks and a number of sunni hazaras. the valley is flanked by high mountains, pierced here and there with habitable caves ; indeed, the caves are so spacious that people sometimes use them as summer quarters. a combination of circumstances made panjsher famous as a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42260193457563305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.411894"} {"text": "of sunni hazaras. the valley is flanked by high mountains, pierced here and there with habitable caves ; indeed, the caves are so spacious that people sometimes use them as summer quarters. a combination of circumstances made panjsher famous as a resistance front. mujahideen, taking cover in the caves or other protected places in the mountains, could be safe from rockets and bombs. in an emergency whole populations could take refuge in the rugged hills. from the start of the jehad only one resistance organization, jam \u2019 iyyat, operated in panjsher ; jam \u2019 iyyat was, moreover, under the leadership of a local commander, ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud. emeralds, rubies, and other precious gems, taken from twenty - five mines in the crags of the siah qullah in khinj above the valley, gave the resistance an income from eight to nine million dollars a year with which to buy weapons and meet other expenses. unlike the mujahideen in other areas, who pressured the locals for taxes and other necessities of life, the panjsher mujahideen did not. hence, the solidarity between them and the locals was unstrained. this solidarity proved significant, since the panjsheris who worked in kabul as technicians, drivers, shopkeepers, and government employees provided the resistance with necessary intelligence. since panjsher, like many areas, was not self - sufficient, the enterprising panjsheris worked and lived in kabul, particularly after the development programs begun in the late 1950s. some owned transport companies. the district of panjsher and ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud did not at first attract the attention of the soviets. when, however, parwan and kapisa became disturbed and when the mujahideen of panjsher also took part in the disturbances, the soviets directed their war machine at it. they did this to dry up one source of mujahideen and to guard the salang road, which runs close and parallel to the panjsher valley. the road from the south of the tunnel to the town of jabalus siraj is vulnerable to attacks from the panjsher side. in early january 1981, after the mujahideen had repulsed some soviet military operations and inflicted losses on them, the soviets blockaded the valley of panjsher. at the foot of the valley, near unaba, they erected a wall, a miniature version of the berlin wall, and intensified the bombardment. the french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4537870561235674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.413010"} {"text": "military operations and inflicted losses on them, the soviets blockaded the valley of panjsher. at the foot of the valley, near unaba, they erected a wall, a miniature version of the berlin wall, and intensified the bombardment. the french medical doctor lawrence laumonier, who visited panjsher for the second time in the summer of 1981, states : but the bombing destroyed their houses and killed their cattle. dorr mohammad, a native of panjsher, states : \u201c in villages they [ the soviets ] managed to destroy our fruit trees like walnuts, almonds, things that we live on. when they come to a village they even destroy or kill our cattle \u2026 like cows, sheep and even our donkeys. in our villages there are not many houses left for the people \u2026 to live in. consequently, they have to move from their villages which are totally deserted now. \u201d the blockade failed, and grain was imported to panjsher, although with difficulty, from other regions, notably andarab. in september 1981 the soviets undertook their fifth operation against panjsher ; it, too, was repulsed by the mujahideen. by this time the panjsher front had become famous, and in order to raise the morale of its forces the regime lied that it had pacified it. addressing the polytechnic students, saleh mohammad zeray, a member of the politburo, said, \u201c after the usa and the ussr, the panjsher front is the strongest in the world, and our forces are now stationed there. \u201d on 22 september 1981 the regime announced that panjsher had fallen to it, but it was untrue. for three months i did not see any bombings in panjsher when i was there [ in 1980 ], but this time i saw [ bombardment ] every day. \u2026 it was practically every day [ that ] the civilian population, especially women and children, at five o \u2019 clock in the morning, left the villages, went up into the mountains to find refuge in grottoes and caves, and they only came back at five or six o \u2019 clock in the evening. and it is only during the nights that the women can do the house work and the men can irrigate the fields and do the normal agricultural work. against this background, in february 1982 the soviets undertook a regionwide operation in parwan and kohistan that resulted in the massacre of civilians. the soviets had started the operations in december 1981, but until the following february they were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44322989597535767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.414000"} {"text": "normal agricultural work. against this background, in february 1982 the soviets undertook a regionwide operation in parwan and kohistan that resulted in the massacre of civilians. the soviets had started the operations in december 1981, but until the following february they were small and sporadic ; moreover, the soviet forces had fared badly, and their casualties in men and weapons had alarmed them. for example, on 11 february 1982 a group of seventy - one members of sama destroyed thirty - three enemy tanks. ten days earlier sama had defeated another soviet unit. having acquired weapons from the soviets and the regime forces, and being composed of daring men, sama fought the islamic party as well as the soviets at the same time. frustrated at their failure, on 14 february the soviets undertook the largest operation to date in the region ; it continued for five days. military units of the soviet and of the regime, supported by approximately five thousand tanks, took positions in certain areas surrounding parwan and kapisa while helicopter gunships hovered over them to block exits of the mujahideen. at the request of the locals, the mujahideen refrained from opposing the invaders, and many withdrew under cover of night. some soviet army units from the opposite points in bagram and jabalus siraj spread throughout the region unopposed. in the course of house searches, the invaders did what men with consideration for life would not do. my diary entry for 26 february 1982 reads : although not fired at, the soviet army showed barbarity, especially in the villages where female folk threw certain things over them from rooftops. the invaders killed women, children, and the elderly. they killed anyone who was sighted. they were also said to have used gas. every family lost some members. the dead bodies lay in fields, mosques, lanes, homes, everywhere. the total number of casualties was estimated to be between one thousand and two thousand. the parchamis gave out that the backbone of the resistance was broken. throughout the region military posts were set up, but when the troops withdrew the mujahideen destroyed them. the mujahideen, as before, spread throughout the region, and assisted the bereaved in burying their dead. but before withdrawing, the soviet forces brought another calamity on the locals. to mark the triumph, the regime assembled thousands of the locals at a rally led by dastagir panjsheri, an eccentric member of the central committee. when the televised fanfare and the cries of \u201c hurrah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4197987921219525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.416270"} {"text": "on the locals. to mark the triumph, the regime assembled thousands of the locals at a rally led by dastagir panjsheri, an eccentric member of the central committee. when the televised fanfare and the cries of \u201c hurrah! \u201d were over, the people found themselves prisoners. led into waiting buses, they were taken to kabul, where some were said to have been executed for being suspected as mujahideen. others were enlisted in the army, some were later released, and the greater number imprisoned in the zone ward of pul - e - charkhi, where i, along with about three hundred other inmates, was transferred from block two in 1984. massacre in paghman as already noted, paghman, a region of several villages lying only a few miles west of kabul, was also hazardous to the regime. in peaceful times paghman was a most pleasant summer resort for almost all kabulis, just jalalabad was a winter resort for many. paghman is famous for its private villas, public parks, and orchards ; here streams, flowers, fruits, trees and cool shadows abound in the summer, when kabul becomes dry and hot. in the last century amir abdur rahman khan chose paghman as a summer resort, and later king amanullah conducted public affairs and built the arc of triumph there ; since then, down to the soviet invasion, paghman has increasingly attracted the public. but if it was so in peaceful times, after the invasion paghman, and especially its densely populated valley of pashaee, became a tough resistance front, despite being so close to kabul. since paghman has rocky caves and paths leading to the mountains beyond it, the soviets found it difficult to overcome the mujahideen of the area, despite the many expeditions they took against them. the soviets bombarded it almost daily, as i could see from khushal maina. a result of the bombing was a continuous exodus of its inhabitants toward kabul with their belongings on their backs. while the mujahideen had established control over the district in july 1981, later they occupied its headquarters. protected by migs and helicopter gunships, a large soviet force was dispatched to the area. when it spread in groups into glens, the mujahideen descended on them from their hideouts, inflicting casualties before retreating. led by their officers, groups of the invading army searched houses for weapons, draft dodgers, and valuables. they also embarked on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4390603696340341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.417449"} {"text": "glens, the mujahideen descended on them from their hideouts, inflicting casualties before retreating. led by their officers, groups of the invading army searched houses for weapons, draft dodgers, and valuables. they also embarked on a novel program of homicide. when the officers suspected the locals as mujahideen or collaborators, they would hand them over to the regime officers and the khad personnel to kill them. the khad men had no choice but to carry out the order, which was said to be a military order. the following example is an eyewitness account. during the course of a house search, eight boys were taken out. the soviet officer singled out four and handed them over to the regime officer to kill them somewhere. the latter demurred, arguing that their guilt had not been established. the soviet officer warned him that if he did not carry out the order, then he would be killed instead. accompanied by, among others, two russian soldiers and the condemned boys, the officer set out for a place to carry out the order. along the way the officer, speaking in the pashto language, told the boys to drop down as if dead on hearing the shots, which would not be fired directly at them. the scheme worked as arranged, but as the boys ran homeward, they were killed by another group of soviets, who took them for mujahideen. the place and time of the event is unknown, but it did happen. it confirms a statement by a former soviet army sergeant : \u201c we did not take any prisoners of war. none. generally we killed them on the spot. as soon as we caught them, the officers ordered us to slaughter them. \u201d paghman was still not pacified. after the withdrawal of the forces. the mujahideen spread out in the district and pressured the military posts that the invaders had set up in peer - e - biland ( the district headquarters ) and other places. the soviets sent occasional expeditions into the region and continued their frequent bombardments. the destruction of houses, the killing of civilians, and the almost continuous flight of refugees to kabul and elsewhere was the outcome. the soviets must have been frustrated at their inability to pacify a district so close to kabul. the mujahid commanders abdul haq, bilal nairam, and jagran sayyed hassan became well - known for their resistance. the term chemical warfare comprises a variety of chemical substances, such as irritating agents, lethal gases, chemical warfare agents,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5211797876943942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.418782"} {"text": "had taken the elders to present them to the governor of the province in ghazni to cooperate on matters relating to the fatherland front. a few days afterwards, the people of the area found their bodies, already decomposed despite the short time. the elders were killed because the soviets were met sourly by the people of a village where the soviets had shot dead a small boy after he had protested to them for their burning the fuel of the village mosque. in autumn 1980 some people were killed by chemical substances after they had entered an underground canal in the district of shilgir in ghazni. their bodies had also been decomposed, apparently by injection of some chemical substance. a panjsheri from the malekat village of kapisa province describes such rapid decomposition thus : \u201c the injured afghans were injected with chemicals and within 20 minutes [ their bodies were ] practically decomposed. \u201d he adds, \u201c when they [ the soviets ] use gas bombs the victims \u2019 bodies decompose quickly. \u201d a norwegian narrator of a film shot in afghanistan comments on the subject of chemical warfare near the village of charpur in paktia in june 1980 : in the morning we were woken up by helicopters [ which ] were flying around. hurriedly we left the village, but left one man behind us ; he was wounded and we could not carry him out. the helicopters dropped a couple of what we thought at that moment were bombs. the only thing which we saw was a kind of explosion and a yellow cloud. then, the second wave of helicopters came in and bombed with chemical rockets. so, everything in the village was bombed. then a [ villager? ] told me that the first wave was a gas tank. well, at that moment i did not believe it, because it [ was ] rather unbelievable that they [ the soviets ] were doing [ this ] and a lot of afghans [ had ] been claiming it before and i never saw any evidence of it. we came [ back to ] the village a couple of hours later. we found the man we [ had ] left behind dead. his face was swollen. we took him out and brought him to another place and came back the next morning and then the face was completely swollen, physically like what would have been dead for three or four weeks. it was really strange, and everybody in the group who was in the village was having blisters on his head, his face, [ while ] the face was swollen. seemingly, a wide variety of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4796368797528682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.422663"} {"text": "have been dead for three or four weeks. it was really strange, and everybody in the group who was in the village was having blisters on his head, his face, [ while ] the face was swollen. seemingly, a wide variety of emical ] agen [ ts ] have been used from the old classic, if you will, nerve agents to a number of agents we do not fully understand yet. mycotoxins which have been found in south - east asia, apparently are also being used in afghanistan. that is a new kind of agent, rather hideous and extremely lethal. riot control agents are apparently also being used, and there aresome agents that have been reported and which have symptoms that arenot fully understood which cause sudden onset of death without any prior symptoms. mycotoxins such as yellow rain, sleeping death, and blue x seem to have been used in afghanistan. yellow rain causes burning sensations, vomiting, headaches, spasms, and convulsions. internal bleeding follows, followed by the destruction of the bone marrow. the skin then turns black as necrosis sets in. the time from exposure to physical decomposition may be a matter of hours. sleeping death kills the victim instantly. victims have been found in fighting position, holding their rifles, eyes open, fingers on their triggers, with no apparent cause of death. blue x, a nonlethal agent dispensed in aerosol form and dropped from aircraft, renders the victim unconscious for eight to twelve hours. george shultz, the former american secretary of state, has dealt with the subject of chemical warfare in afghanistan in detail. according to shultz, \u201c reports of chemical attacks from february through october 1982 indicate that the soviet forces continue their selective use of chemicals and toxins against the resistance in afghanistan. \u201d in twelve provinces yellow, black, red, and white substances, along with nerve gas, were released from aircraft and assault helicopters as well as pumped from armored vehicles. the chemicals were stored at kandahar airport, which was an important staging area for soviet military operations. until late 1982 many observers suspected the soviets of using chemical substances, which were said to have been deployed as early as 1979. shultz comments, \u201c our suspicions that mycotoxins have been used in afghanistan have now been confirmed. \u201d he also states that \u201c reports during 1980 and 1981 described a yellow - brown mist being delivered in attacks which caused blistering, vomiting and other symptoms similar to those described by \u2018 yellow rain \u2019 victims in southeast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4947657658873488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.423802"} {"text": "in afghanistan have now been confirmed. \u201d he also states that \u201c reports during 1980 and 1981 described a yellow - brown mist being delivered in attacks which caused blistering, vomiting and other symptoms similar to those described by \u2018 yellow rain \u2019 victims in southeast asia. \u201d he then goes on to state that \u201c new evidence collected in 1982 on soviet and afghan government forces \u2019 use of chemical weapons from 1979 through 1981 reinforces the previous judgement that lethal chemical agents were used on the afghan resistance. \u201d ricardo fraile, a french legal expert on chemical warfare, visited logar for a week in december 1982. unlike the narrator of the film mentioned above, he did not see the use of chemical agents. he collected information about chemical warfare from sources in afghanistan and also from diplomatic sources abroad. being cautious by profession and by nature, and being well aware of the implications of his professional views on such a matter, he took the stance of a scholar - philosopher in his statement to the oslo hearings on afghanistan. in this statement he says : in fact, fraile was too cautious, at least at this phase, to express a view on the subject, despite the \u201c evidence, \u201d which he described as \u201c fairly well supported. \u201d for he said, \u201c on one hand we have an ever - growing number of facts and evidence which are fairly well supported, and we are far closer to being convinced that chemical warfare is in fact taking place [ in afghanistan ]. and then we have the attitude of the incriminated countries, which do nothing to prove their good faith or to actually remove suspicion. \u201d i personally can not say, \u201c yes, i can with great certainty say that there is chemical warfare [ going on in afghanistan ], \u201d but for some years now, since south - east asia and since afghanistan, i can say that there is an ever - growing bulk of evidence which is growing every time, and which is becoming clear. we have been shown masks, we have been shown protective clothing, we hear witnesses \u2014 people who have come from different parts of the country. thus we create a composite of a mosaic. how can afghan witnesses who describe something \u2014 they could never have been in contact with people in south - east asia or in eritrea and describe the same fact? although the scholar - philosopher summed up the \u201c well - supported evidence \u201d as \u201c indications, \u201d \u201c clues, \u201d and \u201c elements, \u201d and although in his views \u201c the russians [ were ] using the asians as \u2026 guineapigs for \u2026 [ testing ] military hardware and \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48747714475323345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.424869"} {"text": "the \u201c well - supported evidence \u201d as \u201c indications, \u201d \u201c clues, \u201d and \u201c elements, \u201d and although in his views \u201c the russians [ were ] using the asians as \u2026 guineapigs for \u2026 [ testing ] military hardware and \u2026 chemical weapons, \u201d he was still unwilling to take a position until he was asked to do so. then in categorical terms he said, \u201c in the past i was not necessarily convinced that chemical warfare was being carried out in afghanistan. today i am convinced that such chemical weapons are being used. \u201d a united nations commission of enquiry set up in december 1980 had concluded, in fraile \u2019 s words, that \u201c at least for one case in afghanistan it would seem that it is almost certain that chemical agents, very specially of the irritant type, had been used. \u201d this was in the early stage of the war. besides, the commission had not visited afghanistan, where these agents had allegedly been used as early as 1979. dr. fraile writes, \u201c the first alleged use of chemical warfare [ is ] from the summer of1979, when it was suspected that the afghan army with the help ofsoviet advisers was using chemical warfare in badakhshan and in parwan \u2026 and in bamiyan, the center of the country. \u201d by the time the hearing was held, the number of cases of the use of chemical agents had increased, according to dr. fraile, to approximately one hundred instances, resulting in the deaths of about three thousand people. but in afghanistan the soviets caused more destruction through conventional warfare than through chemical warfare. edward girardet, who visited a number of areas in afghanistan from 1979 to 1982, holds that \u201c there is a form of chemical warfare carried out at least on a sporadic basis. \u201d but in his view conventional bombing had been more destructive, a subject that has not been made the focus of attention. he says, \u201c i think the conventional bombing has taken such a toll on civilian lives in afghanistan, that i think it is really an academic question to pursue the so - called issue of chemical warfare. \u201d the \u201c sporadic basis \u201d and the relatively small number of victims \u2014 three thousand \u2014 as a result of about a hundred cases of the use of chemical agents in the period under discussion tend to support fraile \u2019 s suggestion that the soviet union had used afghanistan as a guinea pig for its experiments with chemical warfare. the mining of certain areas and the spread of booby traps also led, and will continue to lead, to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47553463521383227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.426002"} {"text": "discussion tend to support fraile \u2019 s suggestion that the soviet union had used afghanistan as a guinea pig for its experiments with chemical warfare. the mining of certain areas and the spread of booby traps also led, and will continue to lead, to the indiscriminate killing of people. i have already commented on the fact that areas surrounding military garrisons and military posts had been mined. also mined were certain routes in the frontier areas leading to pakistan. both sides of the war mined their opponents \u2019 routes. this mining was limited to war zones, but areas in the countryside with no military significance were also mined with plastic mines. in mid - march 1982 large numbers of plastic bombs were dropped from helicopters along the shonkaray road and the surrounding areas in kunar province. in spring 1981, while dropping \u201c heavy bombs \u201d from air on villages, the soviets also dropped plastic bombs and antipersonnel bombs on fields and pathways in dehshaykh in the district of baraki barak. the soviets also used poisonous bullets in many places. one foreign observer described plastic bombs \u201c camouflaged to look like stones or leaves \u201d : soviet helicopters scatter them by the thousands in the fields and on mountain pass [ es ]. they are desired to maim not kill and these tiny booby traps have been responsible for the maiming of hundreds of men, women and children. the use of camouflaged mines in civilian areas was outlawed by an international convention signed by the soviet union in april 1981. at the time of the signing russian helicopters were dropping the mines. they are still dropping them. for those [ who ] opposed the soviets there is little medical care. the international red cross is not allowed to work in afghanistan. since the invasion a handful of french [ medical ] doctors make secret trips to afghanistan and provide medical care to the people. this hospital was marked with a cross, but the soviets still strafed it. it is estimated that half a million civilians have died, and no one knows how many have been wounded. but still, the afghans resist. 1. alam, \u201c memoirs of jehad, \u201d 139. [ back ] 2. for details, see international afghanistan hearing ( hereafter iah ), 186 - 212. the date and the number of casualties in the canal are not the same in all sources. according to z. g. alam, between seventy - one and eighty persons perished in the canal ( personal communication, san diego, 1991 ). the incident occurred in spring 1982, but the precise date is uncertain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4788979491819316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.428770"} {"text": "not the same in all sources. according to z. g. alam, between seventy - one and eighty persons perished in the canal ( personal communication, san diego, 1991 ). the incident occurred in spring 1982, but the precise date is uncertain. [ back ] 3. alam, \u201c memoirs of jehad, \u201d 178. [ back ] 4. quoted in ibid., 186 - 89. [ back ] 5. quoted in ibid., 161. [ back ] 6. ibid., 209 - 19. [ back ] 7. iah, 186. [ back ] 8. ibid., 198. [ back ] 9. ibid., 190. [ back ] 10. ibid., 191. [ back ] 11. ibid., 187. [ back ] 12. ibid., 186. [ back ] 13. ibid., 190. [ back ] 14. ibid., 195. [ back ] 15. ibid. [ back ] 16. ibid., 196. [ back ] 17. ibid., 188. [ back ] 18. ibid., 189. [ back ] 19. ibid., 191. [ back ] 20. ibid., 192. [ back ] 21. ten miners work in each of the twenty - five mines, using primitive techniques. around twenty - five miners are killed each year from the collapse of tunnels and gas from the explosives. annual yield varies from $ 80 to $ 90 million. led by ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud, the supervisory council oversees the extraction. the gems have brought prosperity to the region. the houses in khinj are solidly built, and the latest japanese vehicles crowd the narrow streets. ( asian journal [ southern california ], 11 september 1992. ) [ back ] 22. iah, 26. [ back ] 23. ibid., 1. [ back ] 24. from my journal. [ back ] 25. laber and rubin, helsinki watch, 173. [ back ] 26. iah, 77, 78. [ back ] 27. ibid., 106. [ back ] 28. cordsman and wagner, lessons of modern war 3 : 216. [ back ] 29. for details, see shultz, chemical warfare. [ back ] 30. iah, 84. [ back ] 31. ibid., 85. [ back ] 32. ibid., 100. [ back ] 33. ibid., 88.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4273508797956604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.429873"} {"text": "shultz, chemical warfare. [ back ] 30. iah, 84. [ back ] 31. ibid., 85. [ back ] 32. ibid., 100. [ back ] 33. ibid., 88. [ back ] 34. iah, 65. [ back ] 35. how many mines the soviets and ( to a much lesser degree ) the mujahideen planted throughout the war in afghanistan will never be known. according to a soviet engineer, the invading army planted two thousand minefields ( kakar, geneva compromise on afghanistan, 232 ). other sources have put the number up to fifteen million mines. the united nations survey of november 1991 has this to say : \u201c about 10 million mines are thought to have been laid in afghanistan. they have been dropped randomly from the air, laid in concentrated clusters and minefields, laid singly and as booby - traps. often they are washed down by floods on to previously cleared land. in some areas, they are everywhere : in villages, gardens, tracks, fields. in others, they may be only on access roads. there are large quantities of unexploded ordinance in almost all the areas where intensive fighting has taken place. information on locations, concentrations, and types of mines is acquired slowly and often tragically. the problem tends to be worst in provinces bordering pakistan, and in areas where fighting was heaviest \u201d ( ruiz, left out in the cold, 12 ). \u201c the consequences of all this mining are only too visible. two million people, or one in seven or eight, are disabled in afghanistan. of these, 20 percent or 400, 000 people, have been maimed by mines or unexploded ordinance. a recent u. n. survey found that 10 percent of villagers in afghanistan, and 60, 000 refugees in camps in pakistan are disabled. in four camps surveyed, 2 percent of all men were amputees. at least 50, 000 have been provided with artificial limbs \u201d ( girard, \u201c afghanistan, \u201d 23 ). [ back ] 36. alam, \u201c memoirs of jehad, \u201d 264. [ back ] 37. ibid., 180. [ back ] 38. iah, 107. [ back ] this work, as noted in the introduction, deals with actual, living, dynamic men who fought against each other in a brutal struggle for domination and survival. as such, this is a historical work describing the group actions of men in the actual theater of life. since they struggled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4712950164985082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 48, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.431150"} {"text": "in the introduction, deals with actual, living, dynamic men who fought against each other in a brutal struggle for domination and survival. as such, this is a historical work describing the group actions of men in the actual theater of life. since they struggled in a matter of life and death, they were compelled by the force of circumstances to reveal their true selves, something that they would not have done in ordinary circumstances. it is therefore a study of people who have provided us the opportunity to understand them from their actual deeds. also, since the combatants belonged to different nations, they may be considered as samples of their cultures. this is, then, a work of international as well as a national and local political history. on the one side were men predominantly from the slav republics of the soviet union and their communist afghan allies ; on the other were patriotic muslim afghans and their distant, external supporters. they warred against each other for opposite reasons. the former believed \u2014 or, rather, their prophetic ideologues and absolute state had made them believe \u2014 that the tide of time had commissioned them to clear the afghan land of weeds, to create a paradise in this world where its people could live in happiness forever. they also believed that since the reactionaries had misled the warring afghans, preventing them from realizing the truth, they had no alternative but to make them accept what was good for them. this belief justified their paternalism and the violence they directed against those afghans whom they thought had gone astray. in short, the soviets and their afghan allies believed that they knew what was good for the afghans, and the afghans themselves were incapable of comprehending it. the patriotic afghans held the opposite view. they believed that what the soviets and their afghan allies preached was a smoke screen covering their designs on the afghans \u2019 possessions and souls. further, they held that what the soviets and their afghan comrades preached was false, that they themselves were misled, and that in any case it was not the soviets \u2019 business to organize the afghans \u2019 lives for them. hence, the patriotic afghans opposed the invasion, willingly sacrificing what they possessed to emancipate themselves and to safeguard their value system and mode of life. and they persisted in their resistance despite the odds, despite the pundits \u2019 gloomy predictions that against the red army the afghans, like the people of the east european countries, had no alternative but to submit. there was then no common ground that could constitute a basis for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48157456994375064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.432238"} {"text": "despite the odds, despite the pundits \u2019 gloomy predictions that against the red army the afghans, like the people of the east european countries, had no alternative but to submit. there was then no common ground that could constitute a basis for accommodation. the issue was left to be settled by the sword. as a result, many thousands of afghans perished, and their centuries of accomplishment were destroyed. common sense should have persuaded the kremlin decision makers to stop the destruction and let the afghans live the way they pleased, but they did so only in 1989, after almost ten years of war. by that time every ninth afghan had died, every seventh ( or eighth ) had been disabled, and every third had fled abroad. afghanistan lay in ruins, and the soviets had still not accomplished their war objective. this, then, was the longest, costliest, most destructive, and most indecisive war a superpower ( with 280 million people ) has ever fought against a small country ( with 15. 5 million people ). if there were a grain of truth in what the soviet decision makers preached, they would not have let this happen. why they let this happen ; why they were long unwilling to stop the destruction ; and, above all, why they intervened in the first place \u2014 this is a subject beyond the scope of this discussion. but, as this study shows, they were unable to motivate their men to break the afghan resolve to resist, and thus they were unable, superpower though they were, to accomplish their war objective. an explanation for this failure may be found in the unworkability of the soviets \u2019 convictions and, conversely, in the potency of the afghan \u2019 s convictions. the soviets \u2019 convictions failed to motivate their fighting men to action except when they were under direct discipline or under the impulse of revenge. in the latter case, they were indifferent to the lives of men, women, and children. \u201c the average soviet had no motivation to fight in afghanistan, other than to survive and go home. he was not defending his homeland, he was the invader detested by most afghans, allies or enemy, and badly trained, fed and accommodated. \u201d the soviet fighting men expected to fight foreign enemies on afghan soil, but instead they encountered as adversaries the very men and women for whose protection their leaders claimed to have sent them. the contradiction in what the soviet fighting men were to believe and what they were to do was bewildering enough to shake their resolve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5190109850149547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.433233"} {"text": "instead they encountered as adversaries the very men and women for whose protection their leaders claimed to have sent them. the contradiction in what the soviet fighting men were to believe and what they were to do was bewildering enough to shake their resolve to fight. to finance the war the soviet authorities sold billions of dollars worth of gold and diamonds, but they were unable to convince their fighting men that those who encountered them were not afghans, despite their pavlovian indoctrination. the afghan adventure was not the soviets \u2019 only adventure, but it was their last. and, although they did not succeed at their stated purpose, they did succeed in destroying an independent government without being able to replace it by a viable one. their failure caused a surge of ethnocentric and destructive tendencies in war - torn afghanistan and helped speed the break - up of the soviet union itself. in late december 1991 the soviet union ceased to exist, fracturing into a number of smaller nation - states. a state that war had produced, war reduced. a state that by its rise had divided the world, by its demise reunited it. in this gratifying end, the afghans played a part. the world owes themnot only recognition but also appreciation, since in the course of their struggle for emancipation the afghans also served the world in emancipating itself from the scourge of one of the leading totalitarian states of our time. happily, after more than seventy years of its mischievous existence, this state is now a part of history, as is the german fascist totalitarian state. both were rooted in wars ; both brought on wars ; both committed genocide ; and both perished as a result of wars. in contrast to the soviet fighting men were the mujahideen, whose will to fight inside their own country in the defense of their faith, their homeland, their independence, and their honor was unshakable. as already noted, they believed that in the fight against the intruding infidels, \u201c the weapons of faith are the strongest and most effective weapons in the world. \u201d because of this faith and their other values, the afghans have fought many wars in the past against foreign intruders, so much so that, as i have commented elsewhere, probably every settled square meter of the afghan soil has cost the lives of afghans, and is therefore priceless to them. any other explanation would be less than satisfactory. 1. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 54. [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48412121514248213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.434740"} {"text": ", probably every settled square meter of the afghan soil has cost the lives of afghans, and is therefore priceless to them. any other explanation would be less than satisfactory. 1. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 54. [ back ] 2. m. poltoranin, russia \u2019 s minister of information, quoted in dobbs, \u201c secret memos, \u201d a1. the soviet foreign minister, edward shevardnadze, put the cost of war to the soviets at sixty billion rubles ( shevardnadze, future, 58 ). [ back ] 3. kakar, second anglo - afghan war, 146 [ back ] the period from 1982 to the present was marked by the replacement in 1986 of karmal by najibullah, the withdrawal in 1989 of soviet troops after the conclusion in 1988 of the geneva accords, and the replacement in 1992 of the parchami regime by the islamic state. from 1982 to 1986, when najibullah ( najib allah ) replaced karmal, the situation in the country remained basically unchanged. during this period the soviets followed first an \u201c enclave strategy \u201d and later a \u201c scorched earth policy. \u201d under the former policy the soviets undertook less ambitious campaigns, restricting themselves to the defense of military bases, military installations, key cities, major roads, and communications, avoiding as far as possible countrywide pacification campaigns. but throughout 1983 and 1984 repeated military operations across the country were undertaken, sometimes as large as the one in panjsher involving between fifteen thousand and twenty thousand troops. to cut off weapon supplies to the mujahideen, the soviets littered the frontier provinces bordering pakistan with mines. described as \u201c migratory genocide, \u201d the soviet campaigns were \u201c massive reprisals against towns and villages harboring mujahideen. \u201d the campaigns were undertaken \u201c with a view to uprooting the local population, hurting the mujahideen and curtailing their mobility. \u201d still, the soviets scored no success in pacifying the country ; only during the winter months were they able to extend their defenses, push their perimeter outwards, and capture mujahideen bases and arms in the hills surrounding kabul. beginning in 1985, though, the mujahideen were supplied with thick jackets, snow boots, and ski tents, which enabled them to remain in the field in large numbers during the winter months. more important, they began to receive heavy equipment, such as bazookas and heavy machine guns ; they were also supplied some relatively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4486947557674457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.437073"} {"text": ", snow boots, and ski tents, which enabled them to remain in the field in large numbers during the winter months. more important, they began to receive heavy equipment, such as bazookas and heavy machine guns ; they were also supplied some relatively primitive sam - 7 missiles. their old lee enfield rifles had already been replaced with kalashnikovs. during this time, too, the reagan administration raised the level of funding for weapons to the mujahideen from $ 280 million in 1985 to $ 470 million in 1986 and to $ 630 million in 1987. from 1984 on, chinese assistance and the flow of saudi funds to the resistance also stabilized at a substantial scale. \u201c with the network of logistical supplies and coordination development through the seven - party alliance, the afghan resistance became a highly efficient force by 1986. \u201d but the regime scored some successes among the city population by repairing mosques, promoting the islamic affairs department to the status of ministry, increasing subsidies to religious persons, holding jirgas, promoting trade facilities with the soviet union, adopting local languages as the medium of instruction in primary schools, and undertaking publications in those languages. nevertheless, even with these measures the karmal regime remained a city regime. with the rise in march 1985 of mikhail gorbachev as the general secretary of the soviet communist party, the scene was set for changes : in the soviet union by the inauguration of glasnost ( openness ) and perestroika ( economic restructuring ) ; in afghanistan by the gradual disengagement of the soviet union ; and in the world by the relaxation of tensions. in afghanistan the change was marked by the replacement in may 1986 of karmal by najibullah, first as general secretary of the pdpa and then as president of the revolutionary council. this replacement occurred after gorbachev described the soviet war in afghanistan as a \u201c bleeding wound. \u201d the change reflected the soviet policy of pulling out its troops after a settlement had been worked out. as early as 1983 yuri andropov, general secretary of the communist party, had told karmal that \u201c he should not count on [ an ] indefinite and protracted stay of the soviet troops in afghanistan ; that it was his obligation to expand the social base of his government by political means. \u201d but andropov died shortly afterward, and during the brief reign of his successor, konstantin chernenko, the issue was not pursued, and \u201c karmal did not draw the required conclusion. \u201d in 1985 gorbachev told karmal that \u201c we must think together \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4572479128928905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.438324"} {"text": "shortly afterward, and during the brief reign of his successor, konstantin chernenko, the issue was not pursued, and \u201c karmal did not draw the required conclusion. \u201d in 1985 gorbachev told karmal that \u201c we must think together \u201d about the issue ; karmal, after his face \u201c darkened, \u201d replied, \u201c if you leave now, you will have to send in a million soldiers next time. \u201d karmal, who had brought the calamity of soviet troops on the afghans, found it impossible to \u201c expand the social base of his government by political means. \u201d still, early in november 1985 he unveiled his so - called ten - point thesis to achieve, among other things, \u201c conciliation \u201d and \u201c compromise. \u201d he also showed willingness to include non - pdpa members in the state council and to promote a mixed economy. but his \u201c conciliation \u201d proposal was addressed only to those who had not raised arms against the regime. at the time neither the soviet union nor kabul was willing to expand the social base of the regime by including the islamic groups. instead, calling these groups \u201c counterrevolutionaries, \u201d they aimed at their destruction. karmal wanted his soviet comrades, out of their internationalist duty, to seal the border with pakistan with an additional 500, 000 soldiers ; he would then approach the islamic groups for negotiations.. the soviet union was, of course, unwilling to embark on such a policy. karmal therefore had to go, and najibullah, who did not share his view, was promoted to his position. but the soviet leaders did not agree on how najibullah should proceed to form a coalition government. marshal s. f. akhromenyev, chief of general staff, and g. m. kornienko, a member of the committee on afghanistan, argued that the pdpa should \u201c forgo the major share of power in order to establish a coalition government. \u201d \u201c this government \u201d they said, \u201c had to represent the interest of various sections of afghan society. \u201d by contrast, foreign minister edward a. shevardnadze and v. a. krutchkov, the chairman of the kgb, held \u201c a conviction that even after the soviet troops \u2019 withdrawal the pdpa could retain \u2026 a determining and a \u2018 leading \u2019 role in the new regime. \u201d tilting toward the latter view, gorbachev in december 1986 informed najibullah of the soviet leaders \u2019 decision \u201c to withdraw the troops", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46470370754920964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.439365"} {"text": "\u2019 withdrawal the pdpa could retain \u2026 a determining and a \u2018 leading \u2019 role in the new regime. \u201d tilting toward the latter view, gorbachev in december 1986 informed najibullah of the soviet leaders \u2019 decision \u201c to withdraw the troops within one and a half to two years. \u201d he also \u201c urged an intense pursuit of the national reconciliation policy, \u201d emphasizing at the same time \u201c the necessity to extend the reconciliation policy not only to include the conservative forces, but also those who had been fighting with arms against the authorities. \u201d but shevardnadze, during a conversation with najibullah, \u201c emasculated \u201d this proposal, telling him that half of the ministerial portfolios, and not the main ones, in the coalition government could be assigned to the opposition. najibullah, however, was given to understand that the president in the new order should be someone like the former king mohammad zahir, who could be acceptable to all sides, and that \u201c the whole range of political forces of the country [ was ] to be represented in [ a ] loya jirga, which was scheduled to elect a president by the end of november. \u201d after these discussions two series of events dominated the scene : the intensification of military operations and the pursuit of a policy that the regime called \u201c national reconciliation. \u201d as r. m. khan correctly notes, \u201c soviet military activity appeared to have intensified following the rise of gorbachev and the appointment of general mikhail zaitsev as the new commander of the soviet forces in afghanistan. \u201d according to a rumor circulated at the time, gorbachev had given a span of one year to the military to suppress the resistance. if it failed, so the rumor went, he would then try to resolve the issue through diplomacy. whatever the truth, for about a year after gorbachev \u2019 s rise the soviets carried out the severest operations they had ever undertaken in afghanistan. in this series was the battle for the base of zhawara near khost in paktia in april 1986, in which they and their afghan allies lost thirteen helicopters and aircraft. also, more than 100 soldiers of the regime were captured, and more than 1, 500 either killed or wounded. the loss in the mujahideen camp exceeded 300. the soviets occupied the base, but they retreated within hours of its destruction. incidental to these operations was the detonation of explosive devices inside pakistan, killing or wounding hundreds of people. this was probably the work of khad agents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4555909102632827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.440382"} {"text": "exceeded 300. the soviets occupied the base, but they retreated within hours of its destruction. incidental to these operations was the detonation of explosive devices inside pakistan, killing or wounding hundreds of people. this was probably the work of khad agents. but if the soviets escalated the war, so did the united states and pakistan. they heightened the defense capability of the mujahideen by providing them with the stinger, a sophisticated shoulder - fired, antiaircraft missile which america had recently made operable. this was the most effective defensive weapon which the mujahideen received. at 3 : 00 p. m. on 25 september 1986, engineer abdul ghaffar of the islamic party ( hekmatyar ) successfully fired the first stinger against a helicopter landing at the jalalabad airfield. it became \u201c a turning point of the campaign. \u201d from then on stingers partly neutralized soviet aerial offensives. according to the estimates of pakistan \u2019 s intelligence service ( isi ), \u201c during the summer of 1987 the mujahideen hit an average of 1. 5 aircraft of varied description every day. \u201d by the end of 1987 the military situation had deteriorated to the extent that even najibullah admitted that \u201c 80 percent of the countryside and 40 percent of towns were outside the control of his government. \u201d on 15 january 1987, while inaugurating the policy of \u201c national reconciliation, \u201d najibullah invited political groups for a dialogue about the formation of a coalition government. he also invited leaders of the islamic groups, but in reply they reiterated their view : \u201c the continuation of armed jehad until the unconditional withdrawal of soviet troops, the overthrow of the atheistic regime, and the establishment of an independent, free and islamic afghanistan. \u201d the former king mohammad zahir also rejected the call. even within the pdpa opposition was felt. the followers of karmal, who numbered more than the followers of najibullah, set up a separate faction, snma ( organization for the national liberation of afghanistan ). they held a rally and voiced their discontent, but they were dispersed. their leaders were dismissed or demoted from government and party positions, and karmal was sent to moscow against his will. the pro - taraki khalqis, although seemingly on good terms with najibullah, were, like the pro - karmal parchamis, unwilling to follow him for a variety of reasons. nevertheless, confident of the support of his moscow mentors, na", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46083030988196555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.441375"} {"text": "prisoners in intervals ; some time passed before most prisoners were released. our group of professors was released in early 1987 before we had completed our terms of imprisonment. peace commissions were set up and were granted authority in administrative and welfare affairs. i was invited to attend the national peace commission ; had i done so, the rights that i had lost during my stay in prison would have been restored, but i declined. the national front, led by abdur rahim hatif, was authorized to play a major role in the implementation of the program of \u201c national reconciliation. \u201d to change the state structure, on 30 november 1987 najibullah convened a loya jirga composed of men and women selected by the authorities from among members of social organizations, the national front, government officials, and members of the pdpa. the two - day session of the loya jirga was marred by violent incidents. while najibullah was delivering his opening statement, four rockets launched from the hills of paghman hit the area of the polytechnic building where the jirga was held. members of the jirga were alarmed, but najibullah kept on reading his statement. the next day, general asmat muslim, commander of the achakzay tribal militia, was barred from entering the hall with his armed guards ; they clashed with the security men outside, in the course of which several men, including two senior officials, were killed or wounded. muslim was responsible for keeping the road from kandahar to speen boldak open. despite these difficulties, the loya jirga succeeded in its mission. it passed a new constitution and elected najibullah president for seven years \u2014 not surprisingly, since he was the only candidate for the position. the constitution devised a presidential system with an elective bicameral parliament to which the executive was made accountable. the constitution declared \u201c the sacred religion of islam \u201d the official religion, and it stated that the state power belongs to the people, who exercise it through their representatives. it guaranteed the democratic rights of the individual and made it legal to form \u201c political parties, \u201d a provision allowed for the first time in an afghan constitution. it declared the society \u201c multi - nationalities \u201d and charged the state with pursuing the development of all \u201c tribes and nationalities \u201d to ensure equality. to appease the nationalists, photos of afghan heroes of the past were posted in the city. the word \u201c democratic \u201d was dropped from the name of the republic because of its communistic connotation ; it was now called the republic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49858658207396644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.443675"} {"text": "ensure equality. to appease the nationalists, photos of afghan heroes of the past were posted in the city. the word \u201c democratic \u201d was dropped from the name of the republic because of its communistic connotation ; it was now called the republic of afghanistan. later in 1990 the pdpa was renamed the fatherland party ( hizb - e - watan ), a party whose published aims claimed that it \u201c fights for democracy based on a multi - party system \u201d and loya jirga, as well as \u201c national reconciliation whose contents it would develop on the basis of islamic beliefs, patriotism, the chosen customs of the people, and the experience of practical politics. \u201d despite these changes, afghans not connected with the party or the regime held that president najibullah was so committed to the ideals of pdpa and so loyal to the soviet union that he would not transform. in particular, they distrusted the pdpa and khad. the latter, though now called wad ( ministry of state security ), was dominated by the same parchamis, who still called themselves \u201c khadists, the true sons of comrade dzerzhinsky, \u201d the bloodthirsty prophet of the leftist revolutionaries. the afghans viewed the regime to be unviable and the \u201c national reconciliation \u201d policy a ploy, especially since the soviet troops were still present ; however, rumors were afloat that the troops would leave as soon as a coalition government was in place. but president najibullah had started a move that even the islamic groups could not ignore. they could not do so because the regime, among other measures, doubled its efforts at neutralizing the resistance commanders and building up militias. as explained in chapter 10, through premier kishtmand the regime promoted in effect a policy of fragmentation by promising autonomy to localities, in particular in the north and to the hazaras. now president najibullah, who also headed the supreme council for the defense of the fatherland, approached the commanders about running their territories in an autonomous manner with the assistance of the regime, provided that they refrained from fighting and negotiated. among the approximately four thousand commanders throughout the country, a considerable number went along with the proposal ; however, mohammad hassan sharq, who headed the government as prime minister from 1988 to 1989 and who abrogated the special political arrangement of an autonomous nature that had been devised for northern afghanistan, notes, \u201c until the end of my office no known commander submitted, nor any known refugee was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5072607836175219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.444935"} {"text": "who headed the government as prime minister from 1988 to 1989 and who abrogated the special political arrangement of an autonomous nature that had been devised for northern afghanistan, notes, \u201c until the end of my office no known commander submitted, nor any known refugee was willing to negotiate. if a known commander received a government emissary it was to tell him that they were unwilling to negotiate but willing to fight to the end. \u201d on 10 february 1988 yuli vorontsov, the ace soviet diplomat, told president zia al - haq in islamabad that \u201c the soviet troops would be withdrawn, with or without national reconciliation and with or without the geneva settlement. \u201d the geneva talks that had been going on at intervals since 1982 under the supervision of the un secretary general \u2019 s personal envoy, diego cordovez, were expedited. on 14 april 1988 the accords, known as the geneva accords, were signed by representatives of the governments of pakistan and kabul. the u. s. secretary of state george shultz and the soviet union \u2019 s foreign minister edward shevardnadze were present as the coguarantors of the accords. the soviets undertook to withdraw their troops in nine months, completing it on 15 february 1989. since the basic parameters and structure of the agreements had been completed at a time when moscow enjoyed a position of strength militarily, \u201c the geneva accords accomplished little more than providing a respectable exit for the soviet troops. \u201d the \u201c respectable exit \u201d and the nonexistence of a national government helped the soviets avoid paying war indemnities. more to the point, the accords \u2014 from which the resistance leaders had been excluded \u2014 had no provision to stop the war. \u201c specifically, they failed to address the question of self - determination, an issue critical for any restoration of peace in the country. \u201d on the contrary, by accepting the principle of \u201c positive symmetry, \u201d whereby the coguarantors would provide weapons as they pleased to their respective afghan sides, the accords in effect increased the chances of war and the destruction of an already battered afghanistan. the soviet union took full advantage of this situation by supplying abundant arms to kabul and raising its fighting capability several times. the soviet union, until its dissolution in december 1991, is believed to have continued its delivery of weapons to kabul at the same pace. it did so with \u201c a conviction that even after the soviet troops \u2019 withdrawal the pdpa could retain, if not the complete control of power, then a determining and a \u2018 leading", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.480499566176429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.446173"} {"text": "to have continued its delivery of weapons to kabul at the same pace. it did so with \u201c a conviction that even after the soviet troops \u2019 withdrawal the pdpa could retain, if not the complete control of power, then a determining and a \u2018 leading \u2019 role in the new regime. \u201d but this \u201c conviction \u201d was ill founded, and mikhail gorbachev knew it. in separate meetings in the kremlin, afghan premier mohammad hassan sharq, minister of the interior sayyed mohammad gulabzoy, and minister of defense shahnawaz tanay had told gorbachev and others that \u201c the mujahideen and the people of afghanistan would neither negotiate nor reconcile themselves with dr. najibullah. \u201d unlike the soviet union, the united states, having achieved its goal of forcing the withdrawal of soviet troops, gradually disengaged itself. to meet its goal, the united states even \u201c allow [ ed ] the soviet union to leave afghanistan without losing face. \u201d although as of 1990 the united states \u201c appeared to be pushing for an understanding with the soviets on an effective transitional arrangement that could lead to un - supervised elections, \u201d in effect it left regional powers, in particular pakistan, free to devise a government for afghanistan. but pakistan, like the soviet union, had a view of its own on the subject that was well known until the death of president zia al - haq and general akhtar abdur rahman in a mysterious plane crash in august 1988. specifically, pakistan wanted \u201c an outright military victory and the establishment of an islamic government in kabul, \u201d and this view was promoted in the isi. the man who fought hardest for this end was general akhtar, who, as chief of isi from 1979 to 1987, was second in command only to president zia while the office he was heading \u201c was considered all - powerful \u201d in pakistan and \u201c the most effective intelligence agency in the third word. \u201d akhtar opposed the alternative view put forward by foreign minister sahibzada ya \u2019 qub khan. \u201c yakub khan wanted to push the [ islamic ] alliance to take political initiatives and felt that it did not receive support from the isi for this purpose. \u201d the same was true of prime minister mohammad khan junejo, who \u201c lacked control over the isi setup and had little rapport with the alliance leaders. \u201d president zia al - haq, who did not pursue \u201c a single clear line of policy, \u201d allowed \u201c the hard - line leadership to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4798467038772656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.447388"} {"text": ", who \u201c lacked control over the isi setup and had little rapport with the alliance leaders. \u201d president zia al - haq, who did not pursue \u201c a single clear line of policy, \u201d allowed \u201c the hard - line leadership to stall on the foreign office efforts. \u201d that was why the isi had allotted 67 to 73 percent of weapons it received from the donor countries to the four fundamentalist groups. these groups effectively opposed the \u201c broad - based \u201d formula that diego cordovez proposed shortly after the geneva accords had been concluded. thus, settlement of the issue was left to the sword. most believed that after the withdrawal of the soviet army the mujahideen would soon oust the kabul regime from power. but like the soviet conviction that its army would suppress the resistance within weeks or months, this conviction, too, proved simplistic. as the withdrawal date ( 15 february 1989 ) approached, the kabul regime rearranged its forces and evacuated the headquarters of the outlying province of kunar. the mujahideen occupied it on 11 october 1988. they behaved not as liberators but as pillagers and set up a dual system of administration for the province, one run by men of the seven group, and the other by the followers of jamil ur rahman, leader of the salaffiya group known as wahhabi. the inhabitants of the plain fled. in late 1988, seventy - four officers and soldiers of the regime submitted to the border authorities of pakistan in torkham, but they were said to have delivered them to a commander of the hizb - e - islami of khalis. later they were found dead on the afghan side of the border. visiting the area in january 1989, i saw the remains of some of them. also, in early january, when the mujahideen overran the military post of shewa, some arabs of the salafiyya group slaughtered two officers of the post who had submitted and possessed as war booty sixteen women, while members of two islamic groups possessed five women. the incidents began to shake the conviction about the mujahideen as saviors, especially when the regime publicized the torkham incident in its mass media after it had reoccupied the region for a short while in late november. the jehad had begun to degenerate into a war for spoil and revenge. in this atmosphere efforts were made to convene a shura to form an interim government to replace the kabul regime after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4773437908059151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.450187"} {"text": "region for a short while in late november. the jehad had begun to degenerate into a war for spoil and revenge. in this atmosphere efforts were made to convene a shura to form an interim government to replace the kabul regime after the soviets left. however, the shura was restricted to the seven peshawar - based islamic sunni groups, the islamic unity of afghanistan \u2019 s mujahideen ( iuam ). it was a loose structure, and the leader of each of the seven groups became its spokesperson for three months. the iuam also had a leadership council, composed of leading members of the groups. in june 1988 engineer ahmad shah was chosen head of the interim government, but a more effective interim government was required. in january 1989 the isi chief, general hameed gul, persuaded leaders of the iuam in a joint meeting to set up such a government. but the iuam leaders were disunited about the basis on which to set up the shura. hekmatyar proposed that the shura be elected, but mohammad nabi mohammadi called elections un - islamic. mohammad yunus khalis held that only the pious, the intelligent, and the learned were entitled to elect an amir. the suggestion that the council should be elected by the refugees was brushed aside, because in 1987 a survey of them had given a higher rating to the former king mohammad zahir than to the iuam. the iuam then devised a formula according to which each islamic group, including the tehran - based shi \u2019 ite group of the islamic alliance council ( iac ), was to nominate sixty members to the shura. the iac, however, held out for a hundred members. the iuam increased the number to sixty - five, but no more. mojaddidi, who was the spokesman of iuam at the time, came out in favor of the iac \u2019 s demand but backed away after he found that he was being isolated on the subject. the efforts of iran \u2019 s diplomats, including foreign minister akbar velayati, who argued the iac \u2019 s case with the government of pakistan, bore no fruit, and the tehran - based shi \u2019 as were excluded from the shura. the iuam leaders also had to battle with tribal and community elders. more than eighty elders and mullas from various parts of afghanistan, among them azizullah wasifi, abdul ahad karzay, and abdul quddus, arrived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45151110185946997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.452388"} {"text": "iuam leaders also had to battle with tribal and community elders. more than eighty elders and mullas from various parts of afghanistan, among them azizullah wasifi, abdul ahad karzay, and abdul quddus, arrived in peshawar and on 2 february 1989 held a rally there along with other afghans ; similar demonstrations were held in quetta. in a communique the spokespersons for the peshawar demonstrators stated, \u201c the time has come to constitute a united leadership and a united government. not a few leaders, but the whole of mujahid, muhajir [ emigre ], and muslim people of afghanistan have the right and the discretion to institute them. \u201d the demonstrators suggested that a coalition government be formed with equal numbers of representatives from the mujahideen, the refugees, and the kabul regime ; this proposal was similar to the one - third formula which president zia al - haq had held until the previous january. expressing support for the former king and denouncing the iuam, the leaders of the rally reiterated the view that in the present circumstances only a loya jirga could achieve this goal. some circulated the view, now widespread, that the islamic groups were the creation of pakistan. but as in 1980, so now too the latter reacted swiftly. while the police watched, followers of the islamists disrupted the meeting and condemned the loya jirga. hekmatyar said, \u201c it was not our traditional system, but a deception of our nation by the tyrannical and absolutist governments, \u201d and later stated, \u201c henceforth, without the mujahideen no one else can rule over afghanistan. \u201d by this time the schism between the islamic fundamentalists and secularists had widened, and a number of prominent figures from the latter group, including aziz al - rahman ulfat, jannat khan gharwal, and the activist philosopher sayd bahauddin majruh, had been killed by terrorists. among those killed later were two physicians, sa \u2019 adat shigaywal and naseem ludin. fearful for their lives, others, including the author of this book, took refuge in the west. in peshawar the controversy raged, and division surfaced everywhere. community and tribal elders worked for the view that king mohammad zahir was the only person under whom the nation could unite and the war be ended. the fundamentalists, though, reiterated the conviction that during his rule the former king had allowed the communists to penetrate the state and society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667122334387508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.454502"} {"text": "for the view that king mohammad zahir was the only person under whom the nation could unite and the war be ended. the fundamentalists, though, reiterated the conviction that during his rule the former king had allowed the communists to penetrate the state and society and that he had taken no part in the resistance. in fact, the controversy was part of the wider division between those who stood for a theocratic order in which they would steer the state and society and those who stood for a secular order governed by elected representatives. on 10 february 1989 the shura, made up of 439 members from among the seven groups and a few smaller ones including the unity council of hazarajat, met with mohammadi as chairman and sayyaf as spokesperson. with 420 members, the seven sunni groups dominated the shura, but a rift occurred between the traditionalists and the fundamentalists. while the latter wished to ratify the existing interim government, the traditionalists wanted a new one. they opposed the interim government of engineer ahmad shah because he was known to be a wahhabi. at the time the dispute over the quota for the iac had not been settled. the traditionalists made it known that they would boycott the shura if the fundamentalists persisted in their demand. for three days the shura was adjourned to give time for consultation. when it was reconvened on february 13, it opted for a new interim government with a president and a prime minister. to establish this new government, first a seventy - member commission and then a fourteen - member subcommission were set up to lay down electoral procedures. commander jalaluddin haqqani, a veteran in mediation and settlement, presided over both. inasmuch as many agents of the isi were also present in the shura, the subcommission met secretly in an unknown place where it formulated electoral procedure. each member of the shura was entitled to two votes, one for his own group and the other for the group of his choice. the position of the head of state was to go to the group that obtained the highest number of votes, and the position of the prime minister to the next in order. each group was assigned two ministerial posts. on 23 february votes were cast and the result declared : 174 votes were cast for the national liberation front, led by mojaddidi ; 173 for the islamic union, led by sayyaf ; 139 for the islamic revolutionary movement, led by mohammadi ; 126 for the islamic party led by hekmat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.52539573229432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.455598"} {"text": "votes were cast for the national liberation front, led by mojaddidi ; 173 for the islamic union, led by sayyaf ; 139 for the islamic revolutionary movement, led by mohammadi ; 126 for the islamic party led by hekmatyar ; 102 for the islamic party led by khalis ; 99 for the jam \u2019 iyyat, led by rabbani ; and 86 for the national islamic front, led by pir gailani. thus, sibgatullah mojaddidi became president and abdur rab rasul sayyaf prime minister of the afghan interim government ( aig ). the purpose of the state was declared to be the establishment of an islamic order in accord with the quran. one month after its inception the government was to be transferred into afghanistan, and a year afterward it would obtain a vote of confidence from a shura to be devised. the outcome surprised many observers, who had expected victory to go to the major groups, not the smaller ones such as the fundamentalist islamic union and the traditionalist national liberation front. the votes were, however, cast more for persons than groups. although a strict and orthodox scholar, sayyaf had the exceptional ability of simplifying complex issues and winning adherents. it was mainly this attribute that in 1980 won for him the leadership of the islamic union. besides, arabs were said to have won him votes by offering gratuities to members of the shura. sayyaf was popular with arabs, in particularly with the wahhabis. by contrast, mojaddidi, though mercurial, was a moderate traditionalist, not an islamist ; he also had a longer anticommunist and antiabsolutist stand. no one feared either him or his group. these attributes, and pir gailani \u2019 s decision not to seek a high position for himself, helped mojaddidi stand with head high on that day among his peers in the shura. more than anything else, mojaddidi \u2019 s victory was a response to the rigidity of the fundamentalists and a reflection of opposition to the isi \u2019 s manipulation of the affairs of the resistance groups. despite mojaddidi \u2019 s selection, the aig was inherently weak : because nationalists, tribal elders, and the pdpa had been excluded, the new government rested on a narrow basis. the sunni afghans who stood for a theocratic order dominated it. the field commanders, who were more pragmatic than the personnel of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4380321543417399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.456694"} {"text": ", tribal elders, and the pdpa had been excluded, the new government rested on a narrow basis. the sunni afghans who stood for a theocratic order dominated it. the field commanders, who were more pragmatic than the personnel of the groups, were not part of it. they had even been underrepresented in the shura by the failure of each group to send, in accord with the quota formula, 50 percent of its members from among its commanders. more serious was the unwillingness of the constituent groups to subordinate their military structures to the aig. in addition, like the groups the new government was dependent on the isi for money and other support. the aig needed to establish itself inside afghanistan as a prelude to overcoming the kabul regime. for that purpose, on 6 march 1989, after the soviet troops had left on time ( 15 february 1989 ), between five thousand and seven thousand mujahideen under the leadership of eight senior commanders advanced on the frontier city of jalalabad, but without a coordinated plan of action. after a speedy advance from the east, their advance was halted close to the city by the defenders, who were better armed and who were, moreover, in commanding positions. they had either to defend with determination or face slaughter, as the torkham tragedy had warned them. besides, from kabul \u201c over 400 scud missiles thumped down among the hills around jalalabad during the siege, \u201d which lasted for four months. after having sustained more than three thousand casualties, the mujahideen lifted the siege ; thus, the mujahideen failed in their first frontal attack in a conventional war, and the aig failed in its bid to find a seat inside afghanistan. the \u201c catastrophe \u201d of jalalabad raised the morale of the regime \u2019 s army, which had warded off the assault without the support of the soviet army. while the regime rewarded manokay mangal, the commander of jalalabad, for his successful defense, pakistan replaced the isi director, general hameed gul, with shamsur rahman kallu, a general whom president zia had earlier pensioned off. more serious for aig was the unwillingness of pakistan and the united states to officially recognize it. not long afterward the islamic party boycotted the aig when hekmatyar resigned as foreign minister. his resignation showed that the existing rivalry between the two major constituent groups of aig \u2014 the jam \u2019 iyyat and the islamic party \u2014 had turned into a vende", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4637106905827211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 67, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.457818"} {"text": "party boycotted the aig when hekmatyar resigned as foreign minister. his resignation showed that the existing rivalry between the two major constituent groups of aig \u2014 the jam \u2019 iyyat and the islamic party \u2014 had turned into a vendetta. the feuding intensified after sayyed jamal, a commander of the latter group, ambushed and killed in the gorge of farkhar in takhar province thirty - six men of the jam \u2019 iyyat, including seven of its commanders who were close to ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud, the commander of jam \u2019 iyyat and the head of its special unit, the supervisory council. subsequently, sayyed jamal and three other commanders were caught and in december 1989 hanged before the public by court order. all this happened after takhar had been nearly completely liberated and divided between the two groups, and \u201c a truce had been arranged and sealed by the reading aloud to each other of the commanders [ ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud, and sayyed jamal ] of passages from the holy koran. \u201d the event further weakened the aig, widened the schism between the jam \u2019 iyyat and the islamic party, and turned hekmatyar and mas \u2019 ud into undeclared enemies. it was rumored that sayyed jamal had acted on hekmatyar \u2019 s instructions. the episode showed that taking revenge is a practice of ambitious afghan politicians. thereafter the aig became ineffective, and hekmatyar concentrated on subverting the kabul regime from within. as noted in chapter 2, in late 1979 hekmatyar had reached an agreement with the khalqi leader, hafizullah amin, to share power with him in a coalition government. now that the soviet forces were out, hekmatyar began to persuade the khalqis to work for the downfall of president najibullah. at that time the khalqis had decided to win the trust of the people and for that purpose were prepared to make sacrifices \u2014 hence their cooperation with hekmatyar. however, the khalqis were unable to escape the watchful eyes of the khad agents, who arrested many of their military officers for attempting a coup in december 1989. while gulabzoy, the self - styled leader of the khalqis, served as ambassador in moscow, the khalqi minister of defense, general shahnawaz tanay, showed signs of rebellion ; but before he could strike, the soviet deputy minister of foreign affairs, yuli voron", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4270344679860725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.458922"} {"text": "khalqis, served as ambassador in moscow, the khalqi minister of defense, general shahnawaz tanay, showed signs of rebellion ; but before he could strike, the soviet deputy minister of foreign affairs, yuli vorontsov, persuaded him to accept his mediation. vorontsov, who also served as the soviet ambassador in kabul, assured him that najibullah would meet his demands : that is, he would release all khalqi prisoners and subordinate all militias to the ministry of defense. president najibullah had made the militias part of his own office, which he had lately expanded. vorontsov and the soviet advisers were trying apparently to reconcile the parcham and khalq factions, but they were in reality working for clashes between them : hence the delaying tactics of president najibullah in meeting the demands. the outcome was tanay \u2019 s coup effort on 6 march 1990, the fifth since the withdrawal of the soviet army. tanay was still unprepared for it, but president najibullah forced him to embark on it prematurely. after a one - day clash in which parts of kabul were destroyed and scores of people killed and wounded, tanay and a number of senior officers flew to pakistan. there, in separate statements tanay and hekmatyar declared that the islamic party and the khalqis had made a coalition to oust president najibullah, whom they called a soviet man. a coalition between the pro - tanay khalqis and the islamic party, who were polar opposites, bewildered observers. many senior members of the islamic party resigned in protest, and leaders of other islamic groups ridiculed the idea of uniting with the khalqis to oust the parchamis. they saw no difference between najibullah and tanay. hekmatyar had never been so isolated by his peers. some believed that the coalition had been made under ethnic impulse, but this view overlooks the fact that president najibullah was also a pashtun and, like tanay, came from the same province of paktia. the core consideration of the alignment was for its designers to snatch state power from president najibullah. in the context of parcham - khalq rivalry after the soviet army had departed, tanay represented the ambition of the khalqis to regain the leading position they had lost. in kabul the regime rounded up three thousand khalqis in the military", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3990385928428776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 69, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.460163"} {"text": "of parcham - khalq rivalry after the soviet army had departed, tanay represented the ambition of the khalqis to regain the leading position they had lost. in kabul the regime rounded up three thousand khalqis in the military and civilian departments. \u201c the incident changed the balance of power [ in the army ] in favor of the followers of karmal and the people of the north. \u201d instructed by the soviets, the kabul regime concentrated on building up tribal militias, especially in provinces bordering the soviet union. \u201c after the clearance from the army of the khalqis for being pro - tanay, the tribal commanders of the provinces of herat and the north were armed to the teeth and drowned in money. \u201d among the militia commanders was abdur rashid dostum, whom the regime groomed to build up his jawzjan uzbek militias, known for their looting as gilam jam ( total pillagers ). numbering about forty thousand, they were used as storm troopers against the enemies of the regime. president najibullah was, however, unable to enjoy the fruits of victory for long. his troubles resurfaced the next year. on 31 march 1991 the city and garrison of khost in paktia, and on 21 june the garrison of khoja ghar in takhar, fell to the mujahideen. these losses were in addition to many others the regime had already sustained. but in khost and khoja ghar it lost about eight thousand soldiers and huge quantities of military hardware. it was, however, still receiving weapons, foodstuffs, and fuel from the soviet union worth between $ 250 and $ 300 million a month, an assistance that helped it remain in place. but this lifeline was to be cut : on 13 september 1991, following the failed coup attempt by hard - liners in moscow in august 1991, soviet foreign minister boris pankin and u. s. secretary of state james baker agreed that effective the beginning of the new year, their countries would cease to deliver \u201c lethal materials and supplies \u201d to the warring parties in afghanistan. more serious, the regime lost its patron when, in december 1991, the soviet union broke up into fifteen constituent republics. the new russian republic, headed by boris yeltsin, was unwilling to help the kabul regime. although by then president najibullah had extensively reformed the government in line with the new liberal constitution and given high state positions to many prominent afghans outside the pdpa, he had still", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4317594928148792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.461215"} {"text": "yeltsin, was unwilling to help the kabul regime. although by then president najibullah had extensively reformed the government in line with the new liberal constitution and given high state positions to many prominent afghans outside the pdpa, he had still failed to persuade any leader of the armed islamic groups, as well as the former king, to negotiate with him. even though his patron was now gone, najibullah \u2019 s record as khad \u2019 s boss and a soviet surrogate was the stumbling block. among the nearly one hundred thousand afghans living in the west, those who were active in the issue put forward agendas for the convening of a loya jirga and the institution of an interim government to be made up of nonaffiliated technocrats, statesmen, and others without the participation of leaders of the islamic groups or the pdpa in the transitional period. for this purpose, some had in 1990 set up an association, the movement for a representative government in afghanistan. but they all failed to develop a common front to work for this scheme. they stood behind the \u201c broad - based \u201d plan which the united nations had devised for afghanistan. in november 1989 the united nations general assembly had instructed secretary general javier perez de cuellar to work for the realization of \u201c a comprehensive political settlement in afghanistan. \u201d on 21 may 1991 perez de cuellar put forward a plan that called for \u201c an intra - afghan dialogue \u201d to work for \u201c a broad - based government \u201d in a \u201c transition period \u201d before a national government could be set up through \u201c free and fair elections. \u201d the plan required consultation with and the concurrence of the principal sides in afghan politics. the secretary general commissioned benon sevan as his special envoy for this purpose. unlike the \u201c broad - based \u201d formula that diego cordovez had put forward in the summer of 1988, this plan came out in a more favorable climate. the breakup of the soviet union and the opening of central asia had made afghanistan once again significant in linking the latter region with south asia. hence, pakistan was interested in a stable afghanistan primarily for economic reasons, hoping to reach through it to central asia. on 27 january 1992, after the isi \u2019 s reservations had been overcome, the foreign minister of pakistan announced that his government had decided \u201c to support the un secretary - general \u2019 s efforts to convene an assembly of afghan leaders to decide on an interim government. \u201d before its dissolution, even the soviet union had, in a joint communique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4812527011846829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 71, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.462488"} {"text": "announced that his government had decided \u201c to support the un secretary - general \u2019 s efforts to convene an assembly of afghan leaders to decide on an interim government. \u201d before its dissolution, even the soviet union had, in a joint communique with a delegation from the major parties of the afghan resistance, agreed on the need to \u201c pass all power in afghanistan to an islamic interim government. \u201d similarly, the united states softened its stand on the pdpa : as early as february 1990 secretary of state james baker had announced that \u201c it would not be a precondition that mr. najibullah step down in advance of beginning discussions on a political settlement or transitional government. \u201d nearly all the afghan power groups came out gradually in favor of the plan. hekmatyar, who initially called it \u201c complicated, ambiguous and impractical, \u201d modified his position in early april 1992, \u201c swinging behind the united nations plan and warning that any delay in accepting it would have serious consequences. \u201d a gathering of more than five hundred commanders in paktia in early february 1992 supported the proposal in principle, stating that if the plan, after clarification, was \u201c not against the expectations of our jehad, and national interest and results in the establishment of islamic government, it will not be opposed. \u201d while sayyaf rejected the plan, the three traditionalist islamic groups and the former king endorsed it in categorical terms. echoing the voice of the jam \u2019 iyyat, commander ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud accepted the plan but stated that \u201c as long as najib is in power or has a share of power, in one form or another, un efforts will not succeed. \u201d thus, the prospects for the plan seemed good. at the urging of benon sevan, on 18 march 1992 president najibullah, who was the first to support the plan, declared that he was ready to step down from office and cooperate in the transfer of power to a commission of nonaffiliated afghans. by then sevan, who had met with all the parties concerned, had arranged for the transfer of power on 28 april 1992. first a fifteen - member commission composed of nonaffiliated persons would transfer power to itself ; after forty - five days from that date it would, under the supervision of the united nations, convene either in geneva or ankara a 150 - member jirga of the mujahideen, commanders, and influential afghans to set up an interim government. but before the plan was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46949673730319175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.463663"} {"text": "it would, under the supervision of the united nations, convene either in geneva or ankara a 150 - member jirga of the mujahideen, commanders, and influential afghans to set up an interim government. but before the plan was set in motion, an alignment known as the coalition of the north ( ittilaf - e - shamal ) emerged, and it undid what sevan had accomplished. when the coalition of the north ( cn ) was established is unknown, but it became active in march 1992 in mazar after abdur rashid dostum, commander of the uzbek militias, rebelled. he did so because kabul could no longer grant him money and weapons. president najibullah dispatched a force by air under general mohammad nabi azimi, deputy minister of defense, to silence the rebellion, but azimi secretly joined dostum instead. more serious, on 22 march ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud, dostum, azad beg khan, abdul ali mazari, and azimi decided in a meeting to overthrow president najibullah and set up a new government with mas \u2019 ud as the head of state, mazari as prime minister, and dostum as minister of defense. mazari was head of the islamic unity party of the tehran - based afghan shi \u2019 as ; azad beg khan was an uzbek emigre from uzbekistan whose agenda was to work for the unity of all uzbeks. sayyed ja \u2019 far nadiri, commander of the sayyed - e - kayan militias and spiritual leader of the isma \u2019 ili shi \u2019 as of kayan, also joined the cn. dostum claimed that he had headed the national and islamic movement ever since he entered the service of the regime, and now he joined the karmal faction against his patron. babrak karmal, who had returned home before the unsuccessful moscow coup of august 1991, schemed behind the scene, while his followers in the army and the pdpa put his plans into motion. but the cn was made under ethnic impulse, as none among those who devised it spoke pashto. it originated from the regime \u2019 s \u201c nationalities \u201d policy and reflected the \u201c national oppression \u201d which tahir badakhshi had advanced ( see chapters 3 and 10 ). at 2 : 00 p. m. on 14 april 1992, the militias of dostum, which had been brought to kabul by air, took positions in the city. surprised, president najibullah, in a hastily convened session of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44773283371085726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 73, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.464585"} {"text": "). at 2 : 00 p. m. on 14 april 1992, the militias of dostum, which had been brought to kabul by air, took positions in the city. surprised, president najibullah, in a hastily convened session of the supreme council of defense, asked for an explanation. azimi and other parchami leaders told him that the militias had been brought to protect kabul against the threats posed by hekmatyar, who had concentrated his men at the city \u2019 s southern limits. they also asked najibullah to announce this on the mass media and apologize to the nation for having invited the soviet army in 1979. giving the impression that he would do so, najibullah instead went straight to the headquarters of the united nations ; from there he asked benon sevan, who was in islamabad at the time, to come immediately to kabul. after sevan arrived, najibullah arranged to fly with him abroad, but dostum \u2019 s militia controlled the airport and refused to let him go. he escaped death in the coup, but his chief of wad ( the former khad ) was killed. najibullah took asylum in the headquarters of the united nations, where he still remains ( june 1994 ). azimi declared him \u201c a national traitor, \u201d and abdur rahim hatif, the first vice - president, took his place. the event opened a pandora \u2019 s box, which, among other things, killed the united nations plan, which sevan had brought to the threshold of success. kabul was no longer immune to hostile armed groups. on 16 april foreign minister abdul wakeel, an architect of the coup, met mas \u2019 ud in parwan ; afterward mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s men, who had already occupied the bagram military base and the nearby town of charikar, took positions in the northern part of the city and in some military installations. the parchami officers turned over the arsenals to them, to the men of dostum, and, to a lesser degree, to those of mazari. because the lion \u2019 s share went to mas \u2019 ud, he surpassed his rivals in modern weapons. the parchamis did so with the understanding that with mas \u2019 ud they would be safe. hekmatyar \u2019 s men had entered kabul from the south, and on 20 april the khalqis and the pro - najibullah parchamis helped them occupy the building of the ministry of the interior. on 22 april vice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49029325716351657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 74, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.465493"} {"text": "hekmatyar \u2019 s men had entered kabul from the south, and on 20 april the khalqis and the pro - najibullah parchamis helped them occupy the building of the ministry of the interior. on 22 april vice - president mohammad rafi \u2019 met hekmatyar in logar, afterward stating, \u201c i obtained his agreement with regard to the transfer of power to the mujahideen. \u201d by 24 april nearly twenty thousand armed mujahideen had entered kabul under the cover of darkness. the situation in kabul became explosive, and as benon sevan said, \u201c kabul belonged to every one, but no one controlled it. \u201d on 23 april, after cautioning heads of the afghan factions against armed clashes, benon sevan informed premier nawaz sharif of pakistan of the dangerous situation in afghanistan. on the next evening ( 24 april ) premier sharif summoned heads of the islamic groups to the official governor \u2019 s house in peshawar. only hekmatyar refused to attend, saying that \u201c his presence was needed inside afghanistan. \u201d qutbuddin helal represented him in the meeting but soon left because of disagreements principally over the assignment of the ministry of defense in the interim government to the jam \u2019 iyyat, that is, commander ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud. soon a formula was devised for an \u201c interim government of the islamic state of afghanistan. \u201d a fifty - one - member commission, headed by sibgatullah mojaddidi, was to transfer power to itself from the kabul regime. mojaddidi was to represent the state as its president for two months, after which time he was to hand it over to burhanuddin rabbani. the latter was to hold the office for four months ; a shura was then to devise a new interim government, which would remain in power for two years. the post of prime minister was assigned to the islamic party of hekmatyar and ministerial portfolios to other islamic groups, but not to their leaders. the latter constituted the leadership council ( shura - e - qiyadi ), which rabbani was to preside over for four months. the arrangements came to be known as the peshawar accords. the peshawar accords were agreed on in a meeting whose non - afghan participants outnumbered their afghan counterparts, although afghan self - rule was the subject for decision. some of these foreign dignitaries had, during the course of resistance, granted the afghan leaders weapons, logistics, and millions of dollars in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40723233853894636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 75, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.466833"} {"text": "in a meeting whose non - afghan participants outnumbered their afghan counterparts, although afghan self - rule was the subject for decision. some of these foreign dignitaries had, during the course of resistance, granted the afghan leaders weapons, logistics, and millions of dollars in cash, thus making them susceptible to their influence. as compelling evidence of this influence, all except for hekmatyar accepted the summons to an official headquarters of a foreign government and agreed to accords initiated by its premier. setting aside the foreign pedigree of the accords, they were unrealistic. even some afghan participants called them \u201c impracticable, \u201d \u201c hastily drawn and monopolistic, \u201d and not devised \u201c in line with the will of the [ afghan ] nation. \u201d however, these critics lacked the courage to stand by their views. the accords were drawn to meet the requirements of pakistan with respect to the new central asian republics. that was why pakistan took their wishes into account in the accords. for \u201c pakistan has been told in unequivocal terms that its support of the establishment of an extreme right - wing government in afghanistan would impede friendly relations with central asia \u201d \u2014 hence the virtual dismissal of hekmatyar \u2019 s islamic party, the preponderance of the jam \u2019 iyyat, and the assignment of the key post of defense minister to ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud before someone had been assigned the post of prime minister. besisdes, either in collusion with the cn or by themselves, the framers of the accords devised a government of minorities to make it amenable to the interests of its eastern neighbor. abdullah shiniwari even goes so far as to hold that, through a \u201c grand conspiracy agrainst afghanistan, \u201d foreigners \u201c forced a [ n ] alliance of the minorities and the communists to trigger an internecine war between the majority pashtuns and the minority represented by ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud. \u201d shiniwari also maintains that these foreigners schemed to embroil the afghans among themselves with a view to exhuasting the huge stockpiles of the scud, oregon, luna - i, and luna - ii missiles, as well as the huge stockpiles of conventional weapons afghanistan had acquired during najibullah \u2019 s rule \u2014 weapons that not many countries in the region possessed. indeed, the external influence was considered so important that the aig, which a shura had elected, was discarded, and the setting up of another aig by another shu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4483538856962703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 76, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.468605"} {"text": "meanwhile, it decreed that the state should set up a special court \u201c against traitors and transgressors and for their trial and for maintenance of general security. \u201d this court was, however, directed against violators of laws, not the former communists. nevertheless, the former pdpa was declared illegal and its property confiscated. later, when rabbani had succeeded mojaddidi, the court ordered three men to be hanged, and the order was publicly carried out. mohammad siddiq chakari, the minister of information and culture, proclaimed, \u201c our people have no need for music \u201d ; in line with this attitude, cinemas were closed. alcoholic drinks were banned, and the liquor stock of the government - run ariana hotel was burned. the lc declared that \u201c all officials and workers of government and private organizations shall pray collectively at fixed times. \u201d it also directed the ministry of information and culture \u201c to collect all anti - religion books from libraries and other places and keep them in a sealed place. \u201d a commission was set up \u201c for islamic preaching and publicity, \u201d and women were instructed \u201c to cover their heads, legs, and arms \u201d \u2014 that is, to observe the law regarding the islamic veil. presumably this order was not fully enforced : in september 1993 the supreme court issued a fatwa complaining that \u201c women as before work in schools as well as radio and television, and wander about in the streets unveiled. \u201d holding that the \u201c admixture of women with men in offices, cities and [ their ] learning and teaching in modern schools are unlawful, and are an imitation of the west, and of atheistic orders, \u201d the fatwa forbade such mingling. the fatwa also demanded that the government \u201c immediately enforce all the commands of allah, especially that concerning the veil, and drive women out of offices, and close schools for girls. \u201d the decrees were not fully implemented, since shortly afterward kabul was divided among the former mujahid groups and the militias, whose overriding concern became short - term personal and group gains instead of those of society. the government represented the country, but it was unable to extend direct rule over it. after kabul fell, all of the garrisons and provincial capitals submitted one after the other with the cooperation of the military and the civilians of the defunct regime. more provincial capitals submitted to mohammadi \u2019 s islamic revolutionary movement than any other single islamic group. in herat the well - known commander mohammad isma \u2019 il predominated ; he soon disarmed other groups,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4715749869502157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 79, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.472788"} {"text": "civilians of the defunct regime. more provincial capitals submitted to mohammadi \u2019 s islamic revolutionary movement than any other single islamic group. in herat the well - known commander mohammad isma \u2019 il predominated ; he soon disarmed other groups, expelled the militias from herat, and maintained law and order throughout the province. also, as the guardian of an important frontier province, he showed vigilance about the intrigues of iran. ( isma \u2019 il khan is now more popular and effective in herat than any other governor is in his own province. ) dostum dominated the northwest provinces around mazar. but as parts of many of these provinces also were in the hands of various islamic groups, and because dostum, as the commander of the uzbek militias during the resistance period, had fought the mujahideen, the potential for clashes there was great. in the major provinces of kandahar, ningrahar, and ghazni, local notables and islamic groups set up joint councils. gul agha sherzoy, abdul qadeer, and qari baba headed these councils, respectively. essentially, each maintained peace in its region, and the country remained quiet. kabul maintained educational, financial, and other links with these local governments, each of which began to assert its authority over its own domain in its own fashion with empty coffers and small income but abundant weapons. kabul also sent them money when it received it from moscow, where it was still printed. but to establish real authority over the provinces, kabul needed an effective government, a steady source of income, and international help. before it could procure these, the government had to assert its authority over the city itself, which had been the bone of contention among the armed groups almost from the start. in the confusion that followed the fall of the regime, eleven armed groups entered kabul and its immediate environs. these included the seven peshawar - based groups ; the islamic movement, led by shaykh asif muhsini ; the islamic unity, led by abdul ali mazari ; and two militia groups, the jawzjan militia led by abdur rashid dostum, and the kayan militia led by sayyed ja \u2019 far madiri. khair khana and the central part up to dehmazang were controlled by the jam \u2019 iyyat and the supervisory council ; from the international airport up to bala hissar was the domain of the jawzjan militia ; the eastern and southern parts were dominated by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4263056777750657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 80, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.473889"} {"text": "the central part up to dehmazang were controlled by the jam \u2019 iyyat and the supervisory council ; from the international airport up to bala hissar was the domain of the jawzjan militia ; the eastern and southern parts were dominated by the islamic party of hekmatyar ; the western part ( karta - e - char, meer wais maidan, and beyond ) was controlled by the islamic unity ; and khushal maina and beyond were the fiefdom of the islamic union, led by sayyaf. each group hoisted its own flag in the area under its control ; arabs, punjabis, and iranians wandered about with their afghan groups inside their own domains. as an observer writes, \u201c neither the state nor any group is able to guarantee security. this is because none has the power to order anyone beyond its own domain. \u201d the major groups were responsible for guaranteeing peace and promoting the effectiveness of the government, but instead of cooperating with the government, they fought among themselves with an intensity that kabul had never seen before. within days of their arrival the three groups of the cn \u2014 that is, the supervisory council, the jawzjan militia, and the islamic unity \u2014 had ejected the islamic party of hekmatyar from the city and forced it to retreat to tangi - e - waghjan in logar. shortly afterward the islamic unity and the islamic union fought each other in and around mier wais maidan in the western part of the city. during this fighting the hazara islamists of the islamic unity captured, tortured, and slaughtered innocent pashtuns, while the pashtun followers of the islamic union did the same to the ordinary hazaras. the victims were tortured singly and in groups in newer, more brutal ways. nearly two weeks later the supervisory council and the islamic union fought the islamic unity in chindawal and khushal maina, from which the latter was forced to retreat. in this round of fighting ordinary panjsheris and hazaras were the main victims. they were treated as brutally as the others already had been. a few weeks later the islamic party of hekmatyar, the supervisory council, and the jam \u2019 iyyat fought each other. while the islamic party launched rockets on the positions of its opponents in the city, the supervisory council and the jam \u2019 iyyat bombed the islamic party \u2019 s positions in char asia and bagrami. afterward the jam \u2019 iyyat and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4306785754539697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 81, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.474997"} {"text": "while the islamic party launched rockets on the positions of its opponents in the city, the supervisory council and the jam \u2019 iyyat bombed the islamic party \u2019 s positions in char asia and bagrami. afterward the jam \u2019 iyyat and the jawzjan militia fought in the old macroriyan district, from which the former was ejected and the area looted. in the majority of cases fighting began when the armed men of one group incited the men of another and then their respective leaders stood by their own men. the rich city was too tempting for warriors to be restrained. they went about looting property, raping women, and kidnapping persons for money. state property, including government offices, was thoroughly looted. \u201c from the beginning of their entry into kabul these forces [ armed groups ] took to their headquarters in panjsher, char asia, paghman and jawzjan whatever they could lay hands on including light and heavy weapons, war materials and public properties. \u201d the islamic unity did the same. the groups treated kabul as if it was the capital city of the land of war ( dar al - harb ). this thievery set the warriors at loggerheads against each other. the cn fought the islamic party because hekmatyar demanded that the jawzjan militia should leave kabul and that the parchamis should be cleared from the government. after the ejection of the islamic party from the city, the cn members fought each other. the temptation noted earlier inclined them to do so. the men of the former khad, in the guise of mujahideen, also played a role in creating anarchy. but the underlying cause of all of this turmoil was the disintegration of the standing army of the former regime. the government lacked the power, the means, especially monetary, and the vision to integrate the warriors of the groups into a national army. the cn became irrelevant, and a new group alignment began to emerge. the association of the jam \u2019 iyyat with the islamic union estranged it from its allies, especially the islamic unity. more serious, the latter \u2019 s unacceptable demand for a share of 25 percent of the seats in the government caused clashes. outmaneuvered by rabbani and handicapped by mas \u2019 ud, mojaddidi looked to dostum and the islamic unity as his allies. he promoted the former to the position of senior general and great mujahid when he visited him in his stronghold in mazar in late may. with one stroke mojaddidi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4300391339055876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 82, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.476078"} {"text": "the latter had stated that the movement, \u201c in solidarity with the supervisory council and the islamic unity, had played a decisive role in the conquest of kabul and the institution of the islamic state. \u201d in a meeting with hekmatyar on 25 may 1992, mas \u2019 ud had agreed to dismiss the militia in return for hekmatyar \u2019 s willingness to dismiss the khalqis and cooperate with the government ; however, he not only did not do so but even let dostum increase the size of his militia, explaining that the militia had been integrated into the army. hekmatyar, though, was adamant, arguing that the presence of jawzjan militia in kabul and of parchami officers and officials in the army and the ministry of national security constituted a danger to the islamic party and was unpopular with the people. in an undated statement the islamic party demanded that the communist army contingents be disbanded, the militias withdrawn, and the security of the city made the responsibility of the lc ; otherwise, the islamic party would have no alternative but to fight. the scene was thus set for conflicts between the two sides. the islamic unity and the islamic union also sporadically clashed with each other in the western parts of kabul. other islamic groups stayed away from the conflict. the main features of the conflict were rocket attacks by the islamic party and aerial bombardment by the islamic state and its allies. rockets were aimed at the military installations and centers, but since they were guided imprecisely, they also hit civilian centers and men, women, and children. likewise, since men of the islamic party had penetrated into the eastern and southern parts of the city, the men of the islamic state also bombed and shelled these areas. the positions of the islamic party in char asia, logar, bagrami, and shewaki were likewise bombed. whatever the exact tale of who did what and to whom, the result was the further destruction of kabul, the death and wounding of its residents by the thousands, and their displacement by the hundreds of thousands ; kabul had not experienced such a calamity before in a struggle for political ascendancy among rival afghans. the conflict continued off and on, and in the intervals that followed the kabulis came out from inside their shelters, haggling in crowded bazaars and open - air markets for foodstuffs and other necessities which, though available, were expensive. at the end of his four - month term rabbani was unable to arrange for an elected shura to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44333978789220296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 84, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.480007"} {"text": ", who dreamed of \u201c turning afghanistan into the base for islamic revivalism, \u201d separately tried to do the same. the outcome was the islamabad accords, concluded on 7 march 1993 by the leaders of eight islamic groups, including the islamic unity and the islamic movement ; the new accords were signed in the residence of prime minister nawaz sharif, with representatives of the governments of iran and saudi arabia also present. mohammad yunus khalis and general dostum were conspicuous by their absence. the islamabad accords spelled out in detail the jurisdictions of the offices of president and prime minister and laid down procedures for the formation of the future government through an elected shura. in consultation with the president and leaders of the mujahid parties, the prime minister was to form a ministerial cabinet. the accords shortened president rabbani \u2019 s present term of office from two to one and a half years and assigned the post of prime minister to hekmatyar or anyone else from his party. the islamabad accords were an improvement on the peshawar accords. my evaluation of the latter accords, therefore, applies broadly to the former. here it is sufficient to note that by shortening the term of the president the islamabad forum showed that it was above the council of settlement and resolution. even the leaders of the groups tacitly admitted this by attending the forum. otherwise, they would have boycotted a forum that was scheduled to deliberate on an issue which was the exclusive prerogative of the people of afghanistan. in particular, if the council of settlement and resolution was legitimate, president rabbani should have refrained from taking part in the forum, let alone accepting its decisions. to honor the new accords, the leaders paid visits to the president of iran and the king of saudi arabia ; in the ka \u2019 ba ( the house of allah ) they renewed their pledges to abide by the accords. nevertheless, they took their pledges lightly. back home president rabbani and hekmatyar disagreed on the ministerial cabinet. while rabbani wanted mas \u2019 ud as the minister of defense, hekmatyar, as prime minister - designate, did not. the war dragged on. to iron out the differences, leaders and representatives of the eight islamic groups assembled on 30 april 1993 in the city of jalalabad under the supervision of the ningrahar shura and governor abdul qadeer. after long negotiations, on 20 may they concluded an agreement known as the jalalabad accords. among other things,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43578802385699894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 86, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.483198"} {"text": "1993 in the city of jalalabad under the supervision of the ningrahar shura and governor abdul qadeer. after long negotiations, on 20 may they concluded an agreement known as the jalalabad accords. among other things, these accords agreed on the implementation of the islamabad accords ; the formation of a supreme council to be composed of leaders of the islamic groups, commanders, the \u2019 ulama, and others ; the implementation of a cease - fire ; the deliverance by the groups of their heavy weapons to the ministry of defense ; the setting up of a national and islamic army ; and the formation of a commission composed of two commanders from each province to select in the course of two months the ministers of defense and home affairs. until then rabbani was to head a commission for the ministry of defense and hekmatyar a commission for the ministry of home affairs. the immediate outcome of the jalalabad accords was the official resignation of defense minister mas \u2019 ud. this was a significant change : rabbani wanted the ministry under him, but hekmatyar wanted it to go to an unaffiliated person who had not taken part in the fighting. mas \u2019 ud took his headquarters and the heavy weapons to jabalus siraj in parwan just north of kabul. although mas \u2019 ud had no official position, he \u201c still control [ led ] the government forces of some 20, 000 men who patrol [ led ] the capital \u2019 s streets. \u201d this situation made hekmatyar wary of entering kabul, just as mas \u2019 ud had felt insecure about going to jalalabad to take part in the meeting. both distrusted each other to a degree that made accommodation between them impossible. thus, the other clauses of the accords could not be implemented, although some steps were taken. the jalalabad accords were orchestrated partly to silence the general outcry that accused the leaders of being overly malleable under foreign influence, as the peshawar and islamabad accords had demonstrated. \u201c every day thousands of people held rallies in front of the ningrahar palace where the meetings were held, and vehemently denounced the leaders. they also shouted that these pseudo - leaders including mas \u2019 ud and dostum ( who were not there ), should be killed \u2026 so that the nation is freed from them. \u201d to calm the mobs, the hosts did not let diplomats and foreign journalists visit the participants and created hope among afghans by giving out that the leaders had been warned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.440160846630113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 87, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.486869"} {"text": "there ), should be killed \u2026 so that the nation is freed from them. \u201d to calm the mobs, the hosts did not let diplomats and foreign journalists visit the participants and created hope among afghans by giving out that the leaders had been warned of being \u201c imprisoned \u201d unless they came out with a settlement. in mid - june 1993 hekmatyar and his cabinet were sworn in by president rabbani in paghman, which was under the control of sayyaf. as noted, since hekmatyar felt insecure in kabul, he kept his office in darul aman and chaired cabinet meetings in his stronghold in char asia just south of kabul. but his ministers were unable to commute freely, and once they were abducted near pul - e - charkhi when they were on their way to hold a cabinet meeting. this was hardly an effective way of governing. hekmatyar and mas \u2019 ud then took long - term views of their positions and looked for alternatives. the immediate result was a lull in the fighting. for months kabul and the areas under the influence of the islamic party remained relatively free of rockets, siege, and bombing. some embassies were reopened in kabul, and about a million refugees from pakistan returned. in november, though, the alternative policy of mas \u2019 ud became known ; as before, it was military. on 1 november 1993 mas \u2019 ud attacked the positions of the islamic party in the valley of tagab about forty miles northeast of kabul. from tagab, mas \u2019 ud intended to grab sarobi, a region linking the strongholds of the islamic party east of kabul. situated on the road between kabul and jalalabad and supplying hydroelectric power to kabul, sarobi was an important region. had he taken it, mas \u2019 ud would have split the domains of the islamic party and weakened it. but he failed in his design. tagab changed hands about ten times between the contenders before one of them dominated one part of it and the other dominated the rest. the local safay pashtuns refrained from taking sides. about forty - five hundred men, among them a few hundred arabs and punjabis, fought on the side of the islamic party, led by commander zardad khan under the supervision of hekmatyar. by contrast, mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s men, who were fewer, fought with less determination, but the parchami pilots on his side wreaked havoc by bombing the positions of the islamic party in tagab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46891826723397007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 88, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.488653"} {"text": "supervision of hekmatyar. by contrast, mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s men, who were fewer, fought with less determination, but the parchami pilots on his side wreaked havoc by bombing the positions of the islamic party in tagab, sarobi, lataband, and laghman. general dostum took a neutral position. in this round of fighting about eight hundred were killed and fifteen hundred injured. subsequently, mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s men were driven out from tagab altogether. on saturday, 1 january 1994, mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s opponents struck in what came to be the fiercest round of fighting after the establishment of the islamic state. after the supervisory council clashed with the forces of the islamic and national movement led by general dostum in mazar on 31 december 1993, dostum \u2019 s tanks and artillery units in kabul advanced on the airport, the radio and television stations, and the presidential palace at 5 : 00 a. m. on 1 january 1994 under the command of general raofi. rabbani \u2019 s forces retreated but soon recovered part of the airport after sayyaf, leader of the islamic union, supported them with his warriors. while rabbani \u2019 s warplanes, stationed at the bagram airport, bombed the strongholds of dostum in tapa - e - maranjan, bala hissar, and the airport, dostum \u2019 s planes from mazar started bombing the presidential palace, the ministry of defense, the radio and television stations, and other places considered to be militarily significant. at the same time, rockets hit the city from many directions. on 3 january 1994 rockets and shells rained on the city \u201c at the rate of about six or seven a minute for much of the day. \u201d during the first few days the fighting was so severe that people could not come out of their homes, and many injured persons died because they could not be transferred to hospitals. the dead were buried inside homes or in places nearby. according to an observer \u201c alone during the first day of the fighting perhaps about 2, 000 civilians had died. \u201d \u201c a survey of the city \u2019 s hospitals put the number of casualties admitted in the 36 hours since the start of the battle at more than 670. \u201d throughout the month of january fighting was intense. by 21 january, 9, 593 casualties had been admitted to the ten functioning hospitals, with an estimated 700 to 800 killed. after the outset, the warriors of the islamic party penetrated as far as jada - e -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38690873322286906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.489759"} {"text": "january fighting was intense. by 21 january, 9, 593 casualties had been admitted to the ten functioning hospitals, with an estimated 700 to 800 killed. after the outset, the warriors of the islamic party penetrated as far as jada - e - maiwand in the central part of the city, but the assailants failed to overthrow rabbani. after january the war gradually slackened. probably about 12, 000 recruits of the so - called state are now in positions to the left side of the kabul river dividing the city. \u201c but the warriors of no group wish to endanger their lives. on the other hand, no side is willing to accept the advance of the other. that is why each side pressures the other by rockets and bombs. the armed recruittees and their commanders prefer their own interests to those of the warlords. in addition to the huge allowances they receive, the warriors and their commanders sell war supplies and private and public properties. they make themselves increasingly prosperous. \u201d as of this writing ( 20 june 1994 ) the bombing, rocketing, and shelling have continued on an intermittent basis. the part of the city that rabbani \u2019 s forces control is under siege, although not for essential foodstuffs. the rabbani government has ceased functioning, as it has no offices and no employees. four groups \u2014 the islamic party, islamic unity, the national and islamic movement, and the islamic liberation front \u2014 have come out against rabbani. they have made a coalition and set up a coordination council that has asked him as well as hekmatyar to resign and transfer power immediately to an interim government to be set up by all of the forces ( that is, the islamic groups ). the council also states that leaders of the groups should not take part in the interim government, and that the latter, in consultation with a shura, should prepare the ground for general elections. rabbani, by contrast, states that he is ready to transfer power but only to a representative shura ( shura - e - mumassil ) to be convened by a nongovernment commission under the supervision either of the united nations or the conference of islamic states. under this proposal, rabbani would remain in his position until the representative shura has been convened, an arrangement which would take considerable time ; thus, his opponents are unwilling to accept his offer. in their view this is a ploy by which he intends to extend his rule, as he had done before, when he extended his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45038598579789546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 90, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.490886"} {"text": "has been convened, an arrangement which would take considerable time ; thus, his opponents are unwilling to accept his offer. in their view this is a ploy by which he intends to extend his rule, as he had done before, when he extended his term of office until 12 december 1992. his opponents suspect that now, too, he wants to prolong his term until 29 december 1994, whereas the islamabad accords had stipulated that he should step down on 28 june 1994. they therefore distrust him as well as mas \u2019 ud, and the latter two distrust hekmatyar. the distrust is indeed the crux of the crisis. hekmatyar and others are adamant in their demands, the more so because now khalis, mohammadi, pir gailani, and muhsini have also for the first time abandoned rabbani and mas \u2019 ud because of their delaying tactics. only sayyaf has remained in alliance with them. the distrust is also evident from the nature of the coalition itself. the core of the coalition consists of the groups of hekmatyar and dostum, whose warriors fight against rabbani \u2019 s forces ; other groups support hekmatyar and dostum morally and diplomatically. the coalition is fundamentally negative, having arisen from opposition to rabbani and mas \u2019 ud rather than from an affirmative program of action. it originated in the islamic state, and specifically in the policies established by rabbani, first as head of the lc and later as head of state, and by mas \u2019 ud as the all - powerful figure in the state. as i have already described, although mojaddidi was the head of state, rabbani and mas \u2019 ud administered it. since he headed a small group and lacked the support of leaders of other groups, mojaddidi could not do much vis - a - vis mas \u2019 ud and rabbani. as a counterpoise to them, mojaddidi raised the moral and military stature of dostum. mojaddidi left the office a frustrated man, alienated by the machinations of rabbani and mas \u2019 ud. president rabbani \u2019 s efforts at extending his terms of office, his reliance on the shura of resolution and settlement, and his equivocations have raised questions about his integrity. mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s refusal to enlist the cooperation of commanders haqqani and abdul haq and generals yahya naoroz, rahim wardak, abdur rauf safay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46982523139616084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 91, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.492090"} {"text": "who was supported in his stand against the islamic radicals in creating troubles in central asia. it is unknown whether uzbekistan has advised dostum to join with hekmatyar, but rabbani and his spokesman have alleged that \u201c we found uzbekistan participating in the confrontations \u201d to overthrow the state. let us turn now to the internal aspect of the coalition. many of dostum \u2019 s officers, especially the khalqis, pressured him to draw closer to hekmatyar. similarly, hekmatyar \u2019 s commanders in the north urged him to join forces with dostum. sibgatullah mojaddidi had been a major influence in effecting the coalition. the pressure explains why, in forging the alliance with dostum, hekmatyar did not face a revolt from his colleagues as he did in 1990 when he made a similar deal with the khalqis. the alliance, however, was a political expedient born out of opposition to a common enemy rather than of unity in a cause. for its builders the overriding concern was power politics, not ethnic, sectarian, or ideological politics. since they had until then played out conflicting policies among themselves, they could not do otherwise. by making the alliance, hekmatyar came out of isolation and instead isolated his archrival, a significant achievement considering the fact that mojaddidi was against him and that mazari and dostum were mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s allies. dostum \u2019 s apparent change of views made the alliance easier. whereas before dostum stood for federalism, which many thought might endanger the integrity of the country, he now said, \u201c i am for a prosperous and non - federal afghanistan complete with its boundaries, and willing to serve it as a soldier of the minority. \u201d as before, he still stood for equal rights for minorities. dostum and some of his nearest relatives are related to pashtuns by marriage ( indeed, his wife is a popalzay pashtun ), and this fact might have influenced him to change his views. his participation in the alliance showed that, like his counterparts, he was also concerned with national rather than provincial politics. at one time widely considered to be an unscrupulous militia commander, dostum probably has transformed ; but his warriors in recent fighting in qunduz have treated the innocent civilians as brutually as before, for which they were called gilam jam. an alliance with such people is nothing but politics without morality. but ever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44015166113908305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 93, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.494289"} {"text": "burned. most public and private libraries, including mine, have been looted, and their contents burned or sold in pakistan. hit by a rocket ( or rockets ), kabul museum caught fire, and its countless artifacts, some of which were the unique relics of remote ages, have been destroyed, looted, or smuggled out of the country. the whereabouts of the golden artifacts of tilla tapa, the fascinating crown of the kabul museum \u2019 s rich contents, are unknown. of about three million inhabitants who lived in kabul before 1992, how many still breathe there no one knows for sure. thousands of homeless families now live in public buildings, mosques, and schools. a larger number have found accommmodation with relatives and friends. probably about 50 percent of the population has fled to the countryside whence they or their fathers had come. even khalqis and parchamis who had been expelled from the countryside and who had no known criminal record have gone to the places of their birth, and there relatives and villagers have accepted them back. about two hundred thousand of the inhabitants of kabul have escaped to jalalabad and peshawar. in jalalabad they live in tents provided by the united nations in the nearby desert of sarshahi amidst snakes, scorpions, and insects. in peshawar the destitute women among them beg and prostitute themselves for subsistence. those killed since april 1992 are said to number ten thousand, but the actual number is many times higher, as this figure is based only on hospital reports. uncounted numbers of people have been injured. many families have been split, and their members \u2019 separate destinies have taken them to different places, where they do not know each other \u2019 s whereabouts. the people who live in kabul now are those who either do not want to leave, come what may, or those who are without the means to do so. all this was allowed to happen to a people who were the first to rise en masse against the soviet occupiers and their puppets, as has been described. afghanistan will long feel the effects of the destruction of kabul as the nation \u2019 s main political, industrial, commercial, administrative, and cultural center \u2014 the place where people from all over the country had mingled and begun the move earlier in the century toward detribalization, secularization, national solidarity, and modern ways of life. for the moment, as one observer states, \u201c nowhere in kabul is life safe ; everyone is afraid of everyone else. \u201d there are reasons for this state", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4460761358943639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 95, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.496580"} {"text": "century toward detribalization, secularization, national solidarity, and modern ways of life. for the moment, as one observer states, \u201c nowhere in kabul is life safe ; everyone is afraid of everyone else. \u201d there are reasons for this state of mind. a woman was forced to give birth on a street. female inmates of a mental asylum ( mrastun ) were repeatedly raped. to protect her honor, miss naheeda gave her life, when, chased by the sex maniacs of an armed band, she threw herself from the sixth floor of her apartment in the sixteenth block in the macroriyan district. in early november 1993, by the order of a commander, no fewer than fourteen men were thrown from the second floor of a mosque in the qarabagh district for not praying. two of them died on the spot. political terrorism, the kidnapping of wealthy persons for money and of women for sexual abuse, and burglary are now features of life in kabul. the warriors of the islamic groups, especially the warriors of dostum, have commited all these acts. an analyst notes, \u201c since there is no effective legal authority in the country, those who possess guns, money, and fighters call the shots. \u201d as described, in the resistance period rural afghanistan was severely damaged, the agricultural system disrupted, and millions of mines placed throughout the land, while more than five million afghans fled abroad. conversely, in this period the city of kabul swelled ; when the islamic state was set up there, it was the dwelling place for about three million people. the destruction that it has suffered since then is bound to adversely affect the future of afghanistan as an independent nation - state. but the subject is here considered from the human perspective. so here are some speculations as to why this happened and whither afghanistan is now bound. the immediate cause of the destruction was the entry into kabul of more than twenty thousand armed men belonging to eleven groups, some of which totally opposed each other. these men entered the city even before the new government had taken its seat there, while the former regime lay prostrate. the groups clashed almost immediately. after the expulsion of the islamic party from the city, intergroup clashes ceased for a while, but the militias as well as the islamic warriors engaged in looting, burglary, kidnapping, and rape. the jehad had changed them, making them unsuited to ordinary life. they had led lives of deprivation. the islamic warriors \u201c lived on stale bread and tea.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4773735680086546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 96, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.497662"} {"text": "the islamic warriors engaged in looting, burglary, kidnapping, and rape. the jehad had changed them, making them unsuited to ordinary life. they had led lives of deprivation. the islamic warriors \u201c lived on stale bread and tea. they slept on stones in the mountains. and they drove the soviets out. \u201d besides, they as well as the militias were used to destroying and killing. thus, they could not be restrained, especially when the rich city lay helpless before their eyes. the islamic party alone exhibited restraint ; others \u2014 that is, the militias of dostum, the supervisory council, the islamic unity, and the islamic union \u2014 played havoc with the helpless people of kabul. but each of these five groups had its share in the destructionof the city and the killing and displacement of hundreds of thousands of its inhabitants. i know of no other groups of people in history who have, in the course of their struggle for power, destroyed the capital city of their own country the way these groups have. evidently, their leaders cared more for securing state power than for their city and its inhabitants. had it not been so, once the soviet invaders had been expelled and the regime of their puppets overthrown, they should have opted for a modus vivendi at least among themselves. after the destruction they had wrought by their policies they should have given up politics, as men and women who respect moral values would. they would then have immortalized the heroism which they had shown in frustrating the designs of a superpower on their country. but it was not to be. much depended on ahmad shah mas \u2019 ud as the key military figure in the new state, but in the complicated environment of kabul this internationally known commander of the resistance period found himself embroiled with conflicting groups and interests ; thus taxed, he failed to establish law and order. consequently, the islamic government failed to bring peace to the city. the government failed because it failed to restrain the unruly armed bands in the first place. it failed because, strictly speaking, it was not a government : it was actually a commission established principally by foreigners, to transfer power in the course of two months, a short period for such a difficult task. it failed because the groups constituting it did not cooperate with it. they could not even restrain their own warriors. the islamic state thus failed in its early critical stage. the failure was the result primarily of the absence of an alternative government, which should have been set up during the resistance period. of course, leaders of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4611718296931395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 97, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.499811"} {"text": "could not even restrain their own warriors. the islamic state thus failed in its early critical stage. the failure was the result primarily of the absence of an alternative government, which should have been set up during the resistance period. of course, leaders of the afghan jehad groups were divided on this issue for various reasons ; as a leader of one faction said, \u201c [ the leadership ] of every group tries to grab power by force, and then use it as it pleases. \u201d however, the host government of pakistan did not seriously work toward establishing an alternative government, particularly at a time when the soviet union had disappeared and the situation seemed ripe for the setting up of such a government. at no time did pakistan exert influence on afghan leaders to work for an alternative national government. on the contrary, it discouraged afghan nationalists, royalists, and community and tribal elders when they worked for such a government. pakistan instead concentrated on the sunni islamic groups, and even then it pursued a policy of favoritism by distributing among them weapons, logistics, and cash that it received from donor countries. the absence of an alternative national government to replace the crumbling regime, one strong enough to ensure order and security in the initial critical stage, was the underlying cause of the destruction of the city and of the momentous failure of the islamic state. the destruction and the failure can properly be understood when the scene where it was played out is considered. by 1992 kabul had assumed the features of a cosmopolitan city whose three million inhabitants had adopted different lifestyles and held various ideologies and beliefs. although the secular rule of the communists, especially the relatively lax rule of najibullah, had in theory followed a policy of conformity, it had in fact encouraged this trend toward diversity. kabul was largely a modern city with liberated women working side by side with men. females outnumbered males in kabul. it differed in many respects from the tradition - bound countryside. the latter was medieval in features, and the difference between the two, the result of uneven development, became still sharper during the resistance period. kabul had been run by urban and urbanized persons, most of whom were communists, while the countryside was in the grip of the islamic groups whose leaders opposed secularism and imposed the puritanical ways of islam in their domains. the two had become worlds apart. the warriors entered kabul as the germanic warriors had entered rome. they treated the kabulis as if they were beings from a different planet, an attitude that led to the destruction of kabul. whither afghanistan is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4931423980623219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 98, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.501982"} {"text": ". the two had become worlds apart. the warriors entered kabul as the germanic warriors had entered rome. they treated the kabulis as if they were beings from a different planet, an attitude that led to the destruction of kabul. whither afghanistan is a subject of speculation for futurologists. however, i wish to venture a few words about it, even though the subject is yet to become history, my particular field. to expect afghanistan to be a country with a government constituted by the participation of its own citizens, capable of extending its rule throughout the land and conducting its domestic and foreign policy independently remains a dream for the present. the changed correlation of forces of society, the absence of a national government, the disjointedness of the country, the bickering among the contenders for power, foreign interference in afghan affairs \u2014 all these militate against the reemergence of an independent nation - state. the educated and bureaucratic middle class, many of whose members have fled abroad, has become insignificant. the secular - minded community and tribal elders likewise have been weakened. \u201c in present - day afghanistan the groups of clergy, community elders, intelligentsia, and the military cannot be seen. \u201d the laity, the commanders, and the islamic fundamentalist groups \u2014 or, to put it differently, bearded men, veiled women, and armed warriors \u2014 now constitute the principal characters of afghan society. in particular, the young generation has changed. the fifteen years of war \u201c have almost totally changed the culture of the afghans under the age of thirty, who [ now ] know nothing but war, its ravages, and the power of the gun. \u201d with no education and no career to pursue, the kabul youth are, like mercenaries, sitting idly in military posts \u201c addicted to hashish ( chars ), heroine, homosexuality, sadism, and other kinds of moral degredation. \u201d also, as a result of the prevailing anarchy in kabul, the value the afghans cherish most has been hurt beyond imagination : because the gilam jam have injured people \u2019 s dignity and honor, adults wish not to have new babies, and when they want them they pray god to give them ugly ones. women hate themselves for being attractive. most provincial officials are illiterate. after the advent of the islamic state, unprofessional and illiterate persons in the samangan province headed all departments except the judiciary department, which was headed by a professional one. even the head of the education department", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4436696735078653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 99, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.504802"} {"text": "radical islamism, which is only a new current. also, afghanistan \u2019 s political structure, although far from perfect, was not exclusive to a particular ethnic group. on the contrary, in modern afghanistan an ethnic dynasty ruled principally with the help of persons drawn from various ethnic groups. in fact, as mentioned in the introduction, because of the extensive practice of intergroup marriages, the spread of bilingualism, the recent emphasis on islamic values, and the introduction of communistic values, ethnicity has lost much of its traditional sharpness, although it is still a dominant force. the present armed groups are still strong, deriving strength from their organizations, the vast arsenal of modern weapons at their disposal, and the backing of their foreign patrons. but their manpower has thinned, as noted. many of those who now fight for them are mercenaries, some even foreign mercenaries. the continuation of war politics is bound to weaken the groups further, discredit them further with their compatriots, and make them still more receptive to their foreign patrons. already they have become unpopular. for \u201c during their time afghanistan has been looted more than when the british and the soviets had occupied it. besides, these armed groups have injured the dignity and honor of a nation. \u201d it is a proof of their unpopularity that even \u201c though it is shameful people everywhere long for the days of najibullah and russia. \u201d the people have become so tired of the war that they now hate even iron. still, the armed groups remain adamant in their stands, and this rigidity is likely to perpetuate the crisis. the reverend mawlawi of tarakhel even holds that \u201c as long as they [ the leaders of the groups ] are on the scene, the afghan crisis will not be resolved. \u201d the danger to afghanistan \u2019 s national sovereignty lies here, and it is real in view of its encirclement by self - serving neighbors. still, all this is not cause for despair. afghanistan has experienced many critical periods in the past. the nineteenth century witnessed the transition of rule from the sadozay to the mohammadzay dynasty, as well as the two anglo - afghan wars. although each crisis lasted a long time, in every case afghanistan finally emerged as a nation - state. in the present crisis, if wars abound, so do peace efforts. because of widespread opposition to the war and to foreign interference, this peace movement is gaining momentum. even the ill - disposed neighbors approach the afghan problem in the name of peace,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5066477915220686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 101, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.507746"} {"text": "in the present crisis, if wars abound, so do peace efforts. because of widespread opposition to the war and to foreign interference, this peace movement is gaining momentum. even the ill - disposed neighbors approach the afghan problem in the name of peace, whatever their real intentions. although they still promote their intentions through their afghan surrogates, their intelligence services know well the maxim : \u201c you can hire an afghan but you cannot buy him. \u201d so far the efforts of these neighbors have been aimed at setting up an afghan government amenable to them. the multiplicity of neighbors hinders efforts to monopolize the afghan issue and tends to promote the state of equilibrium among them that is likely to ensure afghan statehood. this in part explains why, despite the prolongation of the crisis and the schemes of the russians with respect to northern afghanistan, no group has emerged to advocate separatism. the rise of such a movement, particularly if incited by outsiders, is likely to become more menacing to the integrity of afghanistan \u2019 s major muslim neighbors. a stable, independent, nonaligned, and friendly afghanistan is to their advantage. after the breakup of the soviet union, afghanistan has become once again the most important link between south and central asia. it and pakistan have become as interdependent as they were in pre - soviet times. now, as much as afghanistan needs pakistan to reach the sea and the world beyond it, the latter needs the former to have access to central asia and russia. these considerations and the fact that despite the recent odds the afghans have remained loyal to their fatherland are signs that anation - state is going to be instituted in afghanistan. most important, unlike the nineteenth century, the current era is marked by the presence of the united nations. this organization has been especially concerned with the territorial integrity, national sovereignty, and nonaligned status of afghanistan from the time the soviet union invaded it. the united nations for the third time has addressed the afghan problem, or what secretary - general boutros boutros - ghali has called this \u201c human tragedy. \u201d on the recommendation of the general assembly, on 11 february 1994 he commissioned mehmoud mestiri as his special envoy \u201c to canvas a broad spectrum of afghanistan \u2019 s leaders to solicit their views on how the un can best assist afghanistan in facilitating national rapprochement and reconstruction. \u201d mestiri has concluded the first phase of his mission, and the united nations is now expected to adopt measures to help afghans end the tragedy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47788441705537027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 102, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.509086"} {"text": "views on how the un can best assist afghanistan in facilitating national rapprochement and reconstruction. \u201d mestiri has concluded the first phase of his mission, and the united nations is now expected to adopt measures to help afghans end the tragedy. mestiri met afghan leaders in quetta, peshawar, kandahar, khost, mazar, herat, and bamian, where they expressed support for the un efforts. in peshawar, kandahar, and quetta, they held rallies for this purpose and also spoke out against the war and its perpetrators, for a loya jirga, and for the former king mohammad zahir. undoubtedly, these rallies reflected the sentiments of the greatest number of afghans. mestiri was so impressed by this sentiment that in a rally in peshawar he said, \u201c we hear there is war in kabul. let them make war ; we will make peace. \u201d ambassador mestiri has made an optimistic statement the like of which his predecessors, diego cordovez and benon sevan had not made. it seems that this time the united nations or, more correctly, boutros - ghali and mestiri, are serious about helping the afghans to cut their gordian knot. supporters have also urged the former king to come out of rome. mohammad aziz na \u2019 eem, his son - in - law and nephew of the former president mohammad daoud, has summed up the sentiment well : \u201c the time has come for the former king to put forward his platform and personally supervise its implementation to its logical conclusion. \u201d na \u2019 eem adds that this end cannot be achieved by the mere issuance of messages. the former king has issued statements suggesting that an interim government be set up by an emergency loya jirga under the supervision of the united nations. this delaying policy has led to speculation, as these words from rahimullah yusufzai indicate. \u201c the former king is keen on winning the support of western powers, led by the united states as well as russia, before making up his mind whether or not to play a role in forming a broad - based government in afghanistan. he is seeking guarantees of their support to be channeled through the united nations not only to ensure his personal safety but also to sustain his government in power in the face of threats by some of the radical islamist elements. \u201d if so, the former king is waiting for a political miracle. it is doubtful whether the united states and other major powers will effectively back the un plan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.421076150329341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 103, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.510200"} {"text": "sustain his government in power in the face of threats by some of the radical islamist elements. \u201d if so, the former king is waiting for a political miracle. it is doubtful whether the united states and other major powers will effectively back the un plan. robert oakley, the former u. s. ambassador to pakistan who was also concerned with afghan affairs, holds that \u201c the political future of afghanistan is no longer of interest to the u. s. \u201d this may or may not be the official line, but since the dissolution of the soviet union the u. s. administrations have shown no evidence to the contrary. the united states and other powers have even forgotten about the part that afghanistan played in the dissolution of the \u201c evil empire \u201d and the end of the cold war, events that made it possible for world governments to improve their economies for the first time in four decades. their afghanologists as well as men and women of the mass media have turned their backs on afghanistan. they all have left a former friendly people in their vulnerable moment to the mercy of their scheming neighbors. feeling betrayed, the disillusioned afghans have become bitter about them, particularly about the u. s. administrations, whereas during the resistance they lauded them for their support. the neglect is bound to endanger the lives of the innocent people of the world, especially those of the united states. since the soviet withdrawal, afghanistan has become connected to drug trafficking and the training of terrorists. because of the absence of a central government and the openness of its borders, \u201c thousands of islamic radicals, outcasts, visionaries and gunmen from some 40 countries have come to afghanistan to learn the lessons of jehad, \u2026 to train for armed insurrection, to bring the struggle back home. \u201d also, afghanistan is now the source of \u201c roughly a third of the heroin reaching the united states. \u201d afghan farmers have long grown opium poppies, which require only small landholdings and offer high monetary returns ; the absence of suitable substitute crops and the lack of other sources of livelihood have also led farmers to the cultivation of poppies. now, though, these traditional compulsions have been exacerbated by the presence of millions of mines in the country, which has greatly reduced the amount of arable land and thereby forced afghan farmers to grow more opium poppies than at any time before ; the opium is then sold to dealers who process it into hard drugs for sale abroad. thus, the legacy of the soviet war and the western response to it is not only a ravaged afghanistan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47846663540701906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 104, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.511646"} {"text": "farmers to grow more opium poppies than at any time before ; the opium is then sold to dealers who process it into hard drugs for sale abroad. thus, the legacy of the soviet war and the western response to it is not only a ravaged afghanistan without a functioning national government but also a culture of guns, drugs, and terrorism that is as poisonous to others as it is to afghans. the world governments have a moral responsibility to the afghans, and it is now time for them to assist in transforming the poisonous culture into a healthy one by permitting the afghans to institute a national government. they can do so if regional powers are persuaded to keep their hands off afghan affairs. specifically, if world governments discourage russia from printing unsupported banknotes for kabul and encourage pakistan, iran, saudi arabia, and uzbekistan to cease supporting their afghan surrogates illegally, before long the war in afghanistan likely will end. the afghans then will be able to set up a government for themselves in accordance with their conventions, preferably under un supervision. by helping to establish such a government, the world governments, among other things, would secure millions of men and women throughout the world from the dangers of the poisonous culture. \u201c a lawful, massive and coordinated law enforcement response \u201d to the culture, as fbi director louis freeh, has suggested in another context, will be possible only when afghanistan has a stable, broad - based government. conversely, the continued absence of an actual government will allow the poisonous culture to flourish more rankly. in the end, the problem may grow too great to ignore. then, as commander abdul haq predicts, \u201c maybe one day they will have to send hundreds of thousands of troops to deal with that. and if they step in they will be stuck. we have a british grave [ yard ] in afghanistan. we have a soviet grave [ yard ]. and then we will have an american grave [ yard ]. \u201d 1. khan, untying the afghan knot, 86 - 87. [ back ] 2. ibid., 84 - 86. [ back ] 3. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 154. [ back ] 4. ibid. [ back ] 5. ibid. [ back ] 6. saikal and miley, soviet withdrawal from afghanistan, 16. [ back ] 7. mcclintock, instruments of statecraft, 32. [ back ] 8. khan, untying the afghan knot, 88. [ back ] 9. ibid.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44371439965591447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 105, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.514324"} {"text": "miley, soviet withdrawal from afghanistan, 16. [ back ] 7. mcclintock, instruments of statecraft, 32. [ back ] 8. khan, untying the afghan knot, 88. [ back ] 9. ibid., 89. [ back ] 10. kornienko, \u201c afghan endeavor, \u201d 10. [ back ] 11. ibid. [ back ] 12. najibullah, quoted in khan, untying the afghan knot, 178. [ back ] 13. \u201c a. \u201d personal communication, kabul, 1987. [ back ] 14. kornienko, \u201c afghan endeavor, \u201d 11. [ back ] 15. ibid., 12. [ back ] 16. ibid. [ back ] 17. ibid., 13. [ back ] 18. khan, untying the afghan knot, 89. [ back ] 19. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 166 - 73. [ back ] 20. ibid., 174 - 79. [ back ] 21. khan, untying the afghan knot, 89, 90. [ back ] 22. kakar, geneva compromise on afghanistan, 138 ; kakar, afghans in the spring of 1987, 13. [ back ] 23. kakar, \u201c afghanistan on the eve of soviet withdrawal. \u201d [ back ] 24. to effect equality among afghan ethnic groups, kishtmand, a politburo member of pdpa, wrote that the state was to carve out \u201c autonomous administrative units \u201d on the basis of \u201c national characteristics \u201d within a \u201c federal structure. \u201d \u201c the constitution and the national problem in the republic of afghanistan, \u201d the truth about the saur revolution ( pdpa newspaper ), 9 qaus 1367 ( 30 november 1987 ), page unknown. kishtmand \u2019 s view was a replica of the soviet model, which is impracticable in afghanistan because of its highly mixed population. [ back ] 25. resolution of the second congress of the party, aims of the fatherland party ( maramnama - e - hizb - e - watan ), kabul, 1990. [ back ] 26. sharq, memoirs, 282. [ back ] 27. ibid., 256. [ back ] 28. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 42. [ back ] 29. sharq, memoirs, 272. [ back ] 30. khan, untying the afghan knot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.511217389802515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 106, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.515350"} {"text": ". ibid., 256. [ back ] 28. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 42. [ back ] 29. sharq, memoirs, 272. [ back ] 30. khan, untying the afghan knot, 255. [ back ] 31. ibid., 285, 294. [ back ] 32. rais, \u201c afghanistan and regional security, \u201d 82. [ back ] 33. the departing soviet army handed over all of its heavy weapons and food supplies to the kabul regime ; in addition, it is believed that during the six months of 1989 the soviets delivered $ 1. 5 billion worth of weapons, including five hundred scud surface - to - surface missiles. every day from fifteen to eighty huge planes would bring weapons of all kinds to kabul. sharq, memoirs, 292 ; yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 227 ; khan, untying the afghan knot, 297. \u201c moreover in significant areas of military advice and intelligence support moscow \u2019 s direct invlovement in afghanistan \u2019 s internal affairs did not end with the formal withdrawal of soviet troops \u201d ; rais, \u201c afghanistan and regional security, \u201d 82. [ back ] 34. kornienko, \u201c afghan endeavor, \u201d 11. [ back ] 35. sharq, memoirs, 260, 257. [ back ] 36. khan, untying the afghan knot, 296. [ back ] 37. kornienko, \u201c afghan endeavor, \u201d 14 ; yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 234. [ back ] 38. khan, untying the afghan knot, 297. [ back ] 39. according to the cia, general akhtar of the isi promoted the idea of outright military victory for afghan islamists. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 234. [ back ] 40. ibid., 1, 22, 234. [ back ] 41. khan, untying the afghan knot, 200. [ back ] 42. ibid., 201. [ back ] 43. ibid. [ back ] 44. in 1987 the following broad percentages were allowed to the islamic groups : to hekmatyar, 18 - 20 percent ; to rabbani, 18 - 19 percent ; to sayyaf 17 - 18 percent ; to khalis, 13 - 15 percent ; to mohammadi, 13 - 15 percent ; to gailani, 10 - 11 percent ; and to mojaddidi, 3 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.513579049155991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 107, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.516268"} {"text": "- 19 percent ; to sayyaf 17 - 18 percent ; to khalis, 13 - 15 percent ; to mohammadi, 13 - 15 percent ; to gailani, 10 - 11 percent ; and to mojaddidi, 3 - 5 percent. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 105. [ back ] 45. kakar, \u201c afghanistan on the eve of soviet withdrawal. \u201d the information on the shura held in february 1989 are drawn from this source. i lived in peshawar at the time. i am grateful to mohammad qasim laghmani for giving me valuable information and some documents on the shura. laghmani was a member of the commissions of the shura that laid down electoral procedures for it. see also khalilzad, prospects for afghan interim government ; maley and saikal, political order in post - communist afghanistan. [ back ] 46. quoted in shahadat, newspaper of the islamic party ( peshawar ), 2 sunbula 1367 / 1988, 1. [ back ] 47. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 226 - 32. [ back ] 48. ibid., 230. [ back ] 49. ibid., 129, 231. [ back ] 50. ibid., 129. [ back ] 51. sharq, memoirs, 301. [ back ] 52. ibid. kakar, \u201c failed coup, \u201d 112. [ back ] 53. sharq, memoirs, 301. [ back ] 54. kakar, \u201c failed coup, \u201d 113. [ back ] 55. bisharat, \u201c stormy developments, \u201d 12. [ back ] 56. sharq, memoirs, 302. [ back ] 57. maley and saikal, political order in post - communist afghanistan, 27. [ back ] 58. ibid., 28. [ back ] 59. ibid., 24. [ back ] 60. kakar, \u201c central asia. \u201d [ back ] 61. maley and saikal, political order in post - communist afghanistan, 27. [ back ] 62. ibid., 26. [ back ] 63. ibid. [ back ] 64. ibid. [ back ] 65. ibid. [ back ] 66. ibid. [ back ] 67. kakar, \u201c the policy of intrigues, \u201d 12. [ back ] 68. kakar, \u201c the policy of intrigues, \u201d 12 ; yusufzai, \u201c dos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4787351586217263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 108, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.517250"} {"text": ". [ back ] 66. ibid. [ back ] 67. kakar, \u201c the policy of intrigues, \u201d 12. [ back ] 68. kakar, \u201c the policy of intrigues, \u201d 12 ; yusufzai, \u201c dostum. \u201d [ back ] 69. kakar, \u201c the policy of intrigues, \u201d 17. [ back ] 70. along with nawaz sharif, other foreign dignitaries who participated in the peshawar meeting were the governor of the northwest frontier province ; siddiq kanju, minister of state without portfolio ; general asif nawaz, pakistan \u2019 s chief of staff ; general javid nassir, chief of the isi ; mehr mosawi, iran \u2019 s roving ambassador ; the ambassdors of iran and saudi arabia in islamabad ; turkey al faisal, chief of the intelligence service of saudi arabia ; and benon sevan. after helal, hekmatyar \u2019 s representative, walked out of the meeting, the afghan leaders present were khalis, sayyaf, mohammadi, rabbani, gailani, and mojaddidi. [ back ] 71. kakar, \u201c the success of the failed babrak karmal, \u201d mujahid wolas ( newspaper ), june 1992, 4. [ back ] 72. rais, \u201c afghanistan and regional security, \u201d 82. [ back ] 73. a. shinwari, \u201c afghanistan \u2014 two years of mujahideen \u2019 s rule, \u201d afghanistan forum, july 1994, 7. the article first appeared in the frontier posts, 10 may 1994. marwat even holds that not only the peshawar accords but \u201c all accords proved to be the license given by vested interests to the mujahideen leaders for killing and [ destroying ] their own people and country. \u201d f. r. marwat, \u201c waiting for the u. n., \u201d writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, july - august 1994, 48. [ back ] 74. kakar, \u201c success of babrak karmal, \u201d 2. [ back ] 75. anonymous, \u201c from peshawar to kabul, \u201d rastgoyan, journal of the national salvation front 4, no. 4 ( 1992 ) : 3. [ back ] 76. ibid. [ back ] 77. s. m. maiwand, the maiwand trust ( new delhi ), 10 may 1992, 4. i have drawn throughout on this informative and trustworthy weekly newsletter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4565516340120446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 109, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.520418"} {"text": "[ back ] 76. ibid. [ back ] 77. s. m. maiwand, the maiwand trust ( new delhi ), 10 may 1992, 4. i have drawn throughout on this informative and trustworthy weekly newsletter for the mojaddidi period. [ back ] 78. ibid. [ back ] 79. maiwand trust, 17 may 1992, 6. [ back ] 80. supreme court of the islamic state of afghanistan, \u201c fatwa on veil, \u201d kabul, 1993, 36. [ back ] 81. bebt, \u201c note on events in kabul \u201d ( in pashto ), december 1993. a manuscript by an insider, 7, 8. [ back ] 82. maiwand trust, 17 may 1992, 5. [ back ] 83. bebt, \u201c note on events in kabul, \u201d 8. [ back ] 84. h. azizi, \u201c guardianship or looting of a city? \u201d afghanistan [ journal ] ( peshawar ), april 1994, 66. [ back ] 85. for details, see s. kh. hashemyan, \u201c the end of two months of blood, and the start of four months of troubles, \u201d afghanistan mirror, special bulletin, 29 june 1992. [ back ] 86. a. r. dostum, statement in the constituent assembly of the national and islamic movement, mazar, 31 may 1992, 2. [ back ] 87. bisharat, \u201c stormy developments, \u201d 10. for a list of senior parchami officers in the army of the islamic state, see peace ( monthly newspaper ), december 1993, 4. [ back ] 88. interview with mawlawi m. zarif, mujahid wolas ( newspaper ), november - december 1993, 1. [ back ] 89. ermacora, \u201c human rights in afghanistan, \u201d 32. [ back ] 90. rashid, \u201c green revolutionary, \u201d 19. [ back ] 91. for comments on the islamabad accords, see kakar, \u201c time for choice, \u201d 2 - 9. [ back ] 92. for details, see gh. parwani, \u201c the jalalabad accords, \u201d writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, may 1993, 7 ; \u201c new peace accords concluded in jalalabad, \u201d afghanistan forum, july 1993, 6. [ back ] 93. \u201c strange calm in kabul, \u201d afghanistan forum, november 1993, 10. [ back ] 94. m. k.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45421723410662906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 110, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.521445"} {"text": "; \u201c new peace accords concluded in jalalabad, \u201d afghanistan forum, july 1993, 6. [ back ] 93. \u201c strange calm in kabul, \u201d afghanistan forum, november 1993, 10. [ back ] 94. m. k. momand, \u201c my observations, \u201d sabawoon [ journal ] ( california ), july 1994, 21. in a letter sent in january 1994 from kabul the writer states : \u201c to the people of kabul there no longer exists either a lion [ mas \u2019 ud ] or an amiror a hero. they are all thieves and violators of people \u2019 s honor and property. mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s men are illiterate panjsheri youth who do not even know how to pray and observe the commands of islam. they know nothing else but to engage in homosexuality and make the boys and girls dance for them. they steal people \u2019 s property and kidnap their children. hekmatyar \u2019 s men, who are older than mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s men, respect people \u2019 s honor, but their rockets have destroyed much of kabul. in fact, their rockets and the aircraft and bombs of mas \u2019 ud have ravaged kabul. dostum \u2019 s men are all addicted to hashish ( chars ) ; they are all homosexuals, burglars, and criminals. even their officers cannot control them. just like mas \u2019 ud \u2019 s men, they also do as they please. \u201d qari abdullah in peace ( monthly newspaper ), 15 march 1994, 4. [ back ] 95. a. safi, former member of parliament from tagab, personal comunication, december 1993. in the tagab round of fighting mas \u2019 ud paid 100, 000 afghanis, and hekmatyar paid from 1, 200 to 2, 000 pakistani rupees a month to each of their recruits. one rupee equalled 95 afghanis. mas \u2019 ud had advantages over his rivals in money matters. according to a commander of mas \u2019 ud, \u201c i would spend 20 million afghanis on each of the military posts per week. \u201d also, according to him, \u201c once, shortly after 20 billion afghanis had arrived from moscow, these were all taken out of the bank for military purposes. \u201d anonymous, [ tb \u201c why and how the war in kabul started, \u201d afghanistan journal, april 1994, 10. [ back ] 96. d. sahari, \u201c afghanistan and the islamic world, \u201d mujahid wolas ( newspaper ), january - february 1994", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4359135342144919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 111, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.522462"} {"text": "\u201c why and how the war in kabul started, \u201d afghanistan journal, april 1994, 10. [ back ] 96. d. sahari, \u201c afghanistan and the islamic world, \u201d mujahid wolas ( newspaper ), january - february 1994, 2. [ back ] 97. afghanistan forum, january 1994, 7. [ back ] 98. \u201c why and how the war started, \u201d 72. [ back ] 99. ibid. [ back ] 100. afghanistan forum, march 1994, 13. [ back ] 101. \u201c why and how the war started, \u201d 72. [ back ] 102. interview with hekmatyar, shafaq ( newspaper ), may 1994, 3. for details see a. h. ahady, \u201c an evaluation of the four main peace plans for afghanistan, \u201d afghan millat ( newspaper ), peshawar ( 21 july 1994 ). [ back ] 103. statement by rabbani, jam \u2019 iyyat ( newspaper ), may 1994, 3. [ back ] 104. s. coll, \u201c the agony of victory, \u201d afghanistan forum, march 1994, 16. [ back ] 105. z. abbas, \u201c the battle for kabul \u201d, afghanistan forum, may 1994, 9. according to s. mojaddidi, \u201c mas \u2019 ud has gathered around him a number of companions who hold that the pashtuns have ruled over us for years, and now it was time we ruled over them \u201d ; shafaq ( newspaper ), may 1994, 3. [ back ] 106. abbas, \u201c battle for kabul, \u201d afghanistan forum, 9. [ back ] 107. ibid. in particular, the loss in november 1993 to dostum of the sher khan post on the oxus at the instigation of mas \u2019 ud by a commander of the islamic union became the last straw in the coalition between dostum and mas \u2019 ud. see \u201c why and how the war started, \u201d 9. [ back ] 108. b. rumer and e. rumer, \u201c who will stop the next yugoslavia? \u201d world monitor, november 1992, 38 ; malik, \u201c contemporary south and central asian politics, \u201d asian survey, october 1992, 901. masu \u2019 d, who \u201c dreams of a pan - tajik constituency for himself, \u201d is backing tajik rebels against the moscow - installed government in doshanbay, the capital of tajikistan. a. rashid, \u201c battle for the north, \u201d far eastern economic review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4275321850447805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 112, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.523367"} {"text": "dreams of a pan - tajik constituency for himself, \u201d is backing tajik rebels against the moscow - installed government in doshanbay, the capital of tajikistan. a. rashid, \u201c battle for the north, \u201d far eastern economic review, 31 march 1994, 23. [ back ] 109. anonymous, \u201c central asia : the silk road catches fire, \u201d far eastern economic review, 26 december 1992, 45, 46. [ back ] 110. d. sahari, \u201c afghanistan and the islamic world, \u201d mujahid wolas ( newspaper ), no. 11 - 12 ( january - february 1994 ), 2. [ back ] 111. interview with rabbani, afghanistan forum, march 1994, 26. [ back ] 112. in kabul an official spokesman claimed, \u201c we have clear - cut evidence about direct interference by uzbekistan in the kabul fighting \u201d ; ibid., 20. [ back ] 113. a. r. safi, former member of parliament from shiberghan, personal communication, february 1994. [ back ] 114. ibid. [ back ] 115. \u201c message to the kunduz commanders, \u201d writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 4 may 1994, 1. [ back ] 116. yousaf and adkin, bear trap, 142. [ back ] 117. n. majruh, personal communication, june 1994. [ back ] 118. interview with q. m. a. wiqad, writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 30 march 1994, 8. [ back ] 119. bebt, \u201c note on events in kabul, \u201d 9. [ back ] 120. r. yusufzai, international news ( peshawar ), 3 november 1993, 21. [ back ] 121. t. weiner, \u201c blowback from the afghan battlefield, \u201d new york times magazine, 13 march 1994, 53. [ back ] 122. interview with q. m. a. wiqad, writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 30 march 94, 8. [ back ] 123. sahari, \u201c afghanistan and the islamic world, \u201d 2. [ back ] 124. s. yarzay, \u201c problems and fighting in kabul, \u201d writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 20 july 1994, 6 ; z. durani, \u201c what is going on in kabul? \u201d writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 2 august 1994, 7. [ back ] 125. momand, \u201c my observations, \u201d 21. [ back ] 126. m. shindan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4502506802941269, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 113, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.524407"} {"text": ". durani, \u201c what is going on in kabul? \u201d writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 2 august 1994, 7. [ back ] 125. momand, \u201c my observations, \u201d 21. [ back ] 126. m. shindanday, \u201c the tyrannized and powerless afghans, \u201d writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 20 july 1994, 6. [ back ] 127. sahari, \u201c afghanistan and the islamic world, \u201d 2. \u201c from the city of mazar to the frontier post in torkham the islamic groups have set up customs posts ( pataks ). in each of these posts each group levies tolls on a loaded truck, ranging from twenty thousand to over a million afghanis. because of insecurity trucks now go in caravans as the caravans of men, camels, and horses went in the middle ages. it now takes about twenty days for a caravan to reach torkham from mazar, whereas before the communist coup in 1978 it took only a day for a truck to make the journey. from mahipar, east of kabul, to torkham twenty - eight such posts are in place. this part, which is the worst, is called the looting highway ( shahrah - e - choor ). a man who had made the journey from mazar to torkham with a caravan has been quoted as saying \u2018 the situation of the highway from the hydroelectric dam of mahipar to sarobi is totally disappointing. in each bend of the road one and even two customs posts operate. in these posts rusty, ruthless, and tyrannical men, seen often with wild and long hair and beards, have come together. to them it is useless to plead and implore. instead of god, the prophet, the quran, and the love of parents they recognize money. for them it is ordinary to curse, insult, and beat a passenger and bring down his belongings and food. an ordinary man of them can stop a truck and even a caravan with impunity for days and beat a passenger whom he dislikes to the limit of death. most of these posts belong to major groups. \u2019 some among them are, of course, pious, but the majority are such as described. it is because of the heavy tolls that in kabul a sack of wheat flour [ 70 kilograms ] is sold for one hundred thousand afghanis, a staggering amount. the pious muslims now say that doomsday is near. \u201d shahbaz, \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45002276379562234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 114, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.525481"} {"text": "is because of the heavy tolls that in kabul a sack of wheat flour [ 70 kilograms ] is sold for one hundred thousand afghanis, a staggering amount. the pious muslims now say that doomsday is near. \u201d shahbaz, \u201c mazar - e - sharif \u2014 torkham, \u201d writers union of free afghanistan, 7 september 1994, 6. [ back ] 128. \u201c interview with the mawlawi of tarakhel, \u201d afghanistan ( journal ), april 1994, 41. the bickering among the islamic groups is harming afghanistan. internally, it acts as a divisive force, subverting the process of reunification and reconstruction. abroad, it is looked on as a symbol of islamic fundamentalism, terrorism, intolerance, and radicalism. this is why afghanistan has plummeted from a global flash point to a local affair. from a major catalyst that initiated the disintegration of the soviet union, it has developed into a \u201c self - destructive inter - afghan affair, threatening to split afghanistan. \u201d marwat, \u201c waiting for the u. n., \u201d 48. [ back ] 129. momand, \u201c my observations, \u201d 24. [ back ] 130. quoted in sahari, \u201c afghanistan and the islamic world, \u201d 2. [ back ] 131. statement by m. a. nae \u2019 em, writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, 24 april 1994, 2. [ back ] 132. r. yusufzai, \u201c zahir shah option resurfaces in search for afghan peace, \u201d the breeze of freedom ( journal ), no. 4 ( mar. - apr. 1994 ) : 38. [ back ] 133. h. naweed, interview with r. oakley, writers \u2019 union of free afghanistan, nos. 22 - 23 ( 8 june 1994 ), 7. [ back ] 134. n. m. kamrany, personal communication, june 1994. kamrany is a professor of economics at the university of california, los angeles. [ back ] 135. weiner, \u201c blowback, \u201d 53. [ back ] 136. ibid. according to a u. s. satellite survey, 19, 470 hectares were cultivated in poppies during the 1991 - 92 season in afghanistan. the breeze of freedom ( journal ), no. 4 ( mar. - apr. 1994 ) : 63. [ back ] 137. quoted in the san diego union - tribune, 5 july 1994, a12. [ back ] 138", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43675313349792644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 115, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.526533"} {"text": "article : python resources if i might suggest an addition to the list, i found this tutorial a good synthetic reference : heres another great source from mit open course ware website to check out a whole semester intro to programming video lectures with python. you may want to post above i want to throw in a few more code editors, for people who don ' t want a full blown ide. the first two i think are great for beginners, and the third ( vim ) is for people who love the modal interface in rhino and want a scriptable command line interface for text editing. i would not recommend vim to a beginner. - notepad + + - a simple code editor for windows - e texteditor - comparable to textmate, but for windows - vim - a simple, powerful cross - platform text editor with a steep learning curve. i recommend gvim for windows or macvim for mac. here are two more similar to notepad + +, i ' m sure the list can go on and on but i thought they deserved to be listed. - ps pad - have used on many of my standard installs for years. - context - used this for a while also, but stopped using when i found ps pad. i recommend you to add an api to the editor. or do like processing, thus making any exterior editor workable for python in rhino.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4557807604404576, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.528201"} {"text": "seven states plan to sue the environmental protection agency. they want the federal government to regulate methane gas emissions from the nation ' s oil and gas wells. up to now, the epa has preferred to rely on existing state and regional regulations. if the epa continues with current policies, a legal battle will likely ensue, and that battle could reach the u. s. supreme court. but no matter what happens between the litigants, the industry will likely continue drilling and producing oil and natural gas. in their notice of intent to sue, the states of new york, connecticut, delaware, maryland, massachusetts, rhode island and vermont informed the epa administrator that they believe the epa failed to determine whether standards of performance are appropriate for the nation ' s methane emissions from oil and natural - gas operations. the states are demanding the epa establish such standards and related guidelines for new and existing sources. to provide perspective, methane is one of the most lethal greenhouse gases known. methane can do far more damage to the atmosphere than can carbon dioxide. some believe it is 25 times more lethal than carbon dioxide. either the epa acquiesces and begins regulating methane, or the states will follow through and file suit in the federal courts. if the states reach the point of filing the suit, they will likely win. how do we know they will win? because this suit is not the states ' first rodeo. some of the same states filed a similar suit against the epa in 2005 - - they won, and they won big. they demanded that a reluctant epa regulate carbon dioxide, and the supreme court agreed. in the suit, massachusetts v. epa, 12 states and several cities set a precedent to force the epa to regulate all greenhouse gases, which include methane gas. while some believe the recent flurry of epa ' s new rules regulating coal and greenhouse gases came about only because of political inclinations, the supreme court ' s decision in massachusetts v. epa required the new rules. of course, the u. s. congress could have amended the clean air act, making new rules unnecessary. but three congresses elected to do nothing, so the epa was forced to act. it appears new federal regulations are on the horizon. if those new regulations are implemented, it is clear that domestic exploration - and - production costs will climb. but new regulations controlling methane may not be as bad as they may sound. of course, they will affect all participants, but they will affect them equally. also, most major exploration - and - production companies, such as exxon mobil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42828138516832254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.533045"} {"text": "| easton ' s bible dictionary | ( hebrews pered ), so called from the quick step of the animal or its power of carrying loads. it is not probable that the hebrews bred mules, as this was strictly forbidden in the law ( leviticus 19 : 19 ), although their use was not forbidden. we find them in common use even by kings and nobles ( 2 samuel 18 : 9 ; 1 kings 1 : 33 ; 2 kings 5 : 17 ; psalm 32 : 9 ). they are not mentioned, however, till the time of david, for the word rendered \" mules \" ( r. v. correctly, \" hot springs \" ) in genesis 36 : 24 ( yemim ) properly denotes the warm springs of callirhoe, on the eastern shore of the dead sea. in david ' s reign they became very common ( 2 samuel 13 : 29 ; 1 kings 10 : 25 ). mules are not mentioned in the new testament. perhaps they had by that time ceased to be used in palestine. noah webster ' s dictionary 1. ( n. ) a hybrid animal ; specifically, one generated between an ass and a mare, sometimes a horse and a she - ass. see hinny. 2. ( n. ) a plant or vegetable produced by impregnating the pistil of one species with the pollen or fecundating dust of another ; - - called also hybrid. 3. ( n. ) a very stubborn person. 4. ( n. ) a machine, used in factories, for spinning cotton, wool, etc., into yarn or thread and winding it into cops ; - - called also jenny and mule - jenny. int. standard bible encyclopedia mul ( peredh ( 1 kings 10 : 25 ; 1 kings 18 : 5 ezra 2 : 66 isaiah 66 : 20 zechariah 14 : 15 ), the feminine pirdah ( 1 kings 1 : 33, 38, 44 ), rekhesh, \" swift steeds, \" the king james version \" mules \" ( esther 8 : 10, 14 ), ' achashteranim, \" used in the king ' s service, \" the king james version \" camels, \" the revised version margin \" mules \" ( esther 8 : 10, 14 ), yemim, \" hot springs, \" the king james version \" mules \" ( genesis 36 : 24 ) ; hemionos, \" half - ass, \" \" mule \" ( 1 esdras", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4908114416674685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.541168"} {"text": "esther 8 : 10, 14 ), yemim, \" hot springs, \" the king james version \" mules \" ( genesis 36 : 24 ) ; hemionos, \" half - ass, \" \" mule \" ( 1 esdras 5 : 43 ; judith 15 : 11 ) ) : mules are mentioned as riding animals for princes ( 2 samuel 13 : 29 ; 2 samuel 18 : 9 1 kings 1 : 33, 38, 44 ) ; in the tribute brought to solomon ( 2 chronicles 9 : 24 ) ; as beasts of burden ( 2 kings 5 : 17 1 chronicles 12 : 40 ) ; horses and mules are obtained from the \" house of togarmah \" in the distant north ( ezekiel 27 : 14 ). the injunction of psalm 32 : 9, \" be ye not as the horse, or as the mule, which have no understanding, \" need not be understood as singling out the horse and mule as more in need of guidance than the rest of the brute creation, but rather as offering familiar examples to contrast with man who should use his intelligence. at the present day mules are used as pack animals and for drawing freight wagons, rarely for riding. one does not often see in palestine mules as large and fine as are common in europe and america. this may be because most of the mares and many of the donkeys are small. alfred ely day mule ( 9 occurrences ) luke 10 : 34 he went to him, and dressed his wounds with oil and wine and bound them up. then placing him on his own mule he brought him to an inn, where he bestowed every care on him. ( wey ) 2 samuel 13 : 29 the servants of absalom did to amnon as absalom had commanded. then all the king ' s sons arose, and every man got him up on his mule, and fled. ( web kjv jps asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) 2 samuel 18 : 9 absalom happened to meet the servants of david. absalom was riding on his mule, and the mule went under the thick boughs of a great oak, and his head caught hold of the oak, and he was taken up between the sky and earth ; and the mule that was under him went on. ( web kjv jps asv bbe dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) 1 kings 1 : 33 the king said to them, \" take with you the servants of your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42990801281127555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.542172"} {"text": "mule that was under him went on. ( web kjv jps asv bbe dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) 1 kings 1 : 33 the king said to them, \" take with you the servants of your lord, and cause solomon my son to ride on my own mule, and bring him down to gihon. ( web kjv jps asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) 1 kings 1 : 38 so zadok the priest, and nathan the prophet, and benaiah the son of jehoiada, and the cherethites and the pelethites, went down, and caused solomon to ride on king david ' s mule, and brought him to gihon. ( web kjv jps asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) 1 kings 1 : 44 the king has sent with him zadok the priest, nathan the prophet, benaiah the son of jehoiada, and the cherethites and the pelethites ; and they have caused him to ride on the king ' s mule. ( web kjv jps asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) 1 kings 18 : 5 ahab said to obadiah, \" go through the land, to all the springs of water, and to all the brooks. perhaps we may find grass and save the horses and mules alive, that we not lose all the animals. \" ( root in web kjv jps asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) psalms 32 : 9 don ' t be like the horse, or like the mule, which have no understanding, who are controlled by bit and bridle, or else they will not come near to you. ( web kjv jps asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv ) zechariah 14 : 15 so will be the plague of the horse, of the mule, of the camel, and of the donkey, and of all the animals that will be in those camps, as that plague. ( web kjv jps asv dby wbs ylt nas rsv niv )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.397922001240364, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.542974"} {"text": "earth talk : the cost of losing tropical rainforests from the editors of e / the environmental magazine dear earthtalk : do you have current facts and figures about how much rainforest is being destroyed each day around the world, and for what purpose ( s )? \u2014 teri, via e - mail pinning down exact numbers is nearly impossible, but most experts agree that we are losing upward of 80, 000 acres of tropical rainforest daily, and significantly degrading another 80, 000 acres every day on top of that. along with this loss and degradation, we are losing some 135 plant, animal and insect species every day \u2014 or some 50, 000 species a year \u2014 as the forests fall. according to researcher and writer rhett butler, who runs the critically - acclaimed web site, mongabay. com, tropical rainforests are incredibly rich ecosystems that play a key role in the basic functioning of the planet. they help maintain the climate by regulating atmospheric gases and stabilizing rainfall, and provide many other important ecological functions. rainforests are also home to some 50 percent of the world \u2019 s species, butler reports, \u201c making them an extensive library of biological and genetic resources. \u201d environmentalists also point out that a quarter of our modern pharmaceuticals are derived from rainforest ingredients, but less than 1 percent of the trees and plants in the tropics have been tested for curative properties. sadly, then, we don \u2019 t really know the true value of what we \u2019 re losing as we slash, burn and plant over what was once a treasure trove of biodiversity. according to the united nations \u2019 food and agriculture organization ( fao ), overall tropical deforestation rates this decade are 8. 5 percent higher than during the 1990s. while this figure pertains to all forests in the world \u2019 s tropics, researchers believe the loss of primary tropical rainforest \u2014 the wildest and most diverse swaths \u2014 has increased by as much as 25 percent since the 1990s. despite increased public awareness of the importance of tropical rainforests, deforestation rates are actually on the rise, mostly the result of activities such as commercial logging, agriculture, cattle ranching, dam - building and mining, but also the result of subsistence agriculture and collection of fuel wood. indeed, as long as commercial interests are allowed access to these economically - depressed areas of the world, and as long as populations of poor, rural people continue to expand, tropical rainforests will continue to fall. some scientists see light at the end of the tunnel. joseph wright of the panama - based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39721726747279795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.548166"} {"text": "to these economically - depressed areas of the world, and as long as populations of poor, rural people continue to expand, tropical rainforests will continue to fall. some scientists see light at the end of the tunnel. joseph wright of the panama - based smithsonian tropical research institute says the tropics now have more protected land than in recent history, and believes large areas of tropical forest will remain intact through 2030 and beyond : \u201c we believe that the area covered by tropical forest will never fall to the exceedingly low levels that are often predicted and that extinction will threaten a smaller proportion of tropical forest species than previously predicted. \u201d only time will tell whether wright \u2019 s optimistic predictions ring true, or whether a more doomsday scenario will play out. to stay informed and be part of the solution, stay tuned to the web sites of rainforest action network, rainforest alliance, the rainforest site and, of course, mongabay. com. contacts : mongabay, www. mongabay. com ; rainforest alliance, www. rainforestalliance. org ; rainforest action network, www. ran. org ; rainforest site, www. rainforestsite. com ; fao, www. fao. org. send your environmental questions to : earthtalk, p. o. box 5098, westport, ct 06881 ; firstname. lastname @ example. org. read past columns at : www. emagazine. com / earthtalk / archives. php. earthtalk is now a book! details and ordering information at : www. emagazine. com / earthtalkbook. from the december 2 - 8, 2009 issue print this article", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4753559231778789, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.548923"} {"text": "posts tagged \u2018 virtual tour \u2019 two extraordinary repositories ; two extraordinary new web visualization tools \u2026 from the smithsonian institution \u2019 s national museum of natural history, the 3d collection : date of discovery : 1961 discovered by : hisashi suzuki age : about 41, 000 years old fossil name : amud location of discovery : wadi amud, israel the purpose of this collection [ of 3d fossils and artifacts ] is to allow you to view your favorite objects from our david h. koch hall of human origins and to help you share your museum experience with your friends and family. before our exhibit opened, the objects on display were either ct or laser scanned. the scanning process enabled human origins progam staff to generate 3d models of each object that you can view, rotate, and interact with online. it may take a minute or two to load depending on your computer, but after it is loaded you will be able to move the 3d object around by holding down the left - click button and moving your mouse. and from the vatican, the virtual reality tour of the sistine chapel : a virtual tour of michelangelo \u2019 s masterwork \u2014 move around the space and inspect from any angle, using your mouse \u2013 designed by the augustinian computer scientists at villanova university. as we marvel at time, at space, and at the technology that aims to tame them, we might recall that it was on this date in 1979 that operators failed to notice that a relief valve was stuck open in the primary coolant system of three mile island \u2019 s unit 2 nuclear reactor following an unexpected shutdown. consequently, enough coolant drained out of the system to allow the core to overheat and partially melt down \u2013 the worst commercial nuclear accident in american history. 182 years earlier, on this date in 1797, nathaniel briggs ( of new hampshire ) patented the first \u201c washing machine, \u201d known as the box mangler \u2013 a heavy frame containing a large box filled with rocks, resting on a series of long wooden rollers. washing was laid flat on a sheet and wound round one of the rollers, then two people pulled on levers to move the heavy box back and forth over the rollers. while it was expensive, heavy, difficult to operate, and even then, jammed often, its failures never led to the evacuation of major population centers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48839707965711004, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.555115"} {"text": "the world \u2019 s first bionic eye has been approved by america \u2019 s food and drug administration ( fda ). the futuristic retinal prosthesis will be used to treat a certain type of blindness. the product, which has been named argus ii, was designed by california - based second sight \u2013 which focuses on developing, manufacturing, and marketing implantable visual prosthetics. it \u2019 s a fitting name for a company which will soon give blind people a second chance at seeing the world around them. while the bionic eye isn \u2019 t a cure - all for every type of blindness, it will potentially change the lives of people afflicted with retinitis pigmentosa \u2013 a disorder which damages and kills light - processing cells in the retina. the disease causes vision to become increasingly blurry until patients can \u2019 t see at all. around 100, 000 people in the us suffer from the condition. the potentially life changing bionic eye, which was approved by the fda on february 14, aids patients through a four - step process. first, video cameras mounted on the patient \u2019 s glasses capture visual information in the form of light. the data is then wirelessly transmitted to the implant to trigger electrodes in the chip. those electrodes stimulate pixels of light on the retina. finally, the information is sent to the brain and processed normally as an image. it \u2019 s a revolutionary concept which has impressed professionals throughout the health industry. \" ten or twenty years ago, people wouldn ' t think of the possibility of a bionic eye, and now it ' s something that is possible, \" director of the retinal diseases program at the national eye institute, grace shen, told technewsdaily. those who have tested the device in clinical trials have reported significant improvements in their eyesight. the device allowed most patients to see well enough to locate objects, doors and windows in a room and turn in the direction of motion. about a quarter of people regained enough sight to read alphanumeric characters the size of headline letters. \" the fact that many patients can use the argus implant in their activities of daily living such as recognizing large letters, locating the position of objects, and more, has been beyond our wildest dreams, \u201d mark humayun, a doctor and medical professor at the university of southern california who was involved in creating the device, told the wall street journal. but the device didn \u2019 t come without technical hurdles. one of those challenges was developing a way to add enough electrodes into the tiny", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47229315430722635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.558991"} {"text": "there are two types of judges, de jure and de facto. de jure means \u201c in law \u201d while de facto means \u201c in practice \u201d. de facto judges are judges that have never signed their oaths of office and are acting as judges only in practice, but not under the law. their judgments are not legally binding or binding only so far as a person chooses to personally follow their rulings. most people are not aware of it, but as many as 90 % of judges in america fall into this category. they have purposely refused or otherwise neglected to affirm their status as judges. many thought that by doing so, they avoided prosecution under rico laws. in 2004, the oaths project in new york state discovered that, not only had judges refused or neglected to sign and file the oaths and / or bonds required, but so had district attorneys and other elected or appointed officials that are responsible for making and upholding our laws. the supreme court has upheld that judgments rendered by de facto judges are, in fact, no judgment. officials are still attempting to sort out the mess in new york caused by these fake judges. the solution to the problem is for every american involved in the courts to check their judge \u2019 s oath before entering the courtroom. if you are involved with any arm of government, regardless of the position, check first. how do you know if the person who is responsible for voting in your community is acting de jure or de facto? these papers are filed with your secretary of state. if they cannot or will not produce them, run, don \u2019 t walk to file a complaint with your magistrate. but than, how do you know they have signed, either? the answer may lie in the commission of private attorney \u2019 s general. i am registering as one. it gives me all the powers of attorney general under 42 u. s. c. 1988 and the powers of a qualified criminal investigator under 18 u. s. c. 1510 as well as protection from harassment under the federal witness program 18 u. s. c. 1512. you can rest assured, i will sign and file my oath of office.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4784221796493807, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.561607"} {"text": "in our last post we discussed our generally favorable impression of damon acemoglu and james robinson \u2019 s why nations fail. as we indicated, we \u2019 re not economic historians or political economists, so we \u2019 re not quite in a position to pass judgment on the relative merits of a & r \u2019 s arguments. but they seem to explain quite a lot about the historical development of countries purely in terms of their economic and political systems, irrespective of cultural and environmental considerations. as we indicated, we don \u2019 t necessarily think this precludes multi - layered explanations, but we give a & r points for trying to develop a relatively straightforward theory about why some countries are rich, and some countries are poor. so, what about the united states? it has clearly been one of the most successful experiments in country - building in human history, as a result of a number of factors \u2014 inclusive political and economic institutions in particular. a & r note in their book that this was not necessarily guaranteed or intended \u2014 early english settlers in virginia, massachusetts and rhode island initially attempted to duplicate the spanish model \u2014 and failed. so alternative models, empowering both in terms of economic and political rights, necessarily evolved \u2014 where they did not, in fact, colonies perished. moreover, there have been significant developments along the way \u2014 the civil rights act, for example, which redressed the political inequalities created by the preservation of the extractive economic and political institutions of the south after the civil war. but they are not sanguine. as they note on their blog : there are clear and present dangers for us institutions : increasing economic inequality ; increasing political inequality ; super pacs and all that ; failing educational institutions ; huge incarceration rates, especially for african - americans ; and erosion of civil liberties. as a & r discuss in their book and on their blog, there is no necessary guarantee that political institutions, once they become inclusive, will stay that way. and economic institutions will tend towards being extractive if political institutions do not remain inclusive. as they point out, it is quite possible to have inclusive economic institutions but extractive political institutions \u2014 look at china, for example. so how likely is it that the us could evolve to more extractive economic and political systems? or, say, an inclusive economic system but an extractive political system? actually, there are concerns on both fronts, as a & r suggest above, but, as they point out elsewhere, the us has been here before \u2014 in the 19th century, and it moved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5019866799088153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.570451"} {"text": "an inclusive economic system but an extractive political system? actually, there are concerns on both fronts, as a & r suggest above, but, as they point out elsewhere, the us has been here before \u2014 in the 19th century, and it moved ahead. so this could certainly happen again. but that doesn \u2019 t mean that there aren \u2019 t some real concerns out there. let \u2019 s take the ones a & r mention first, and then add one they seem to have missed. ( 1 ) first, increasing income inequality. we \u2019 ve heard quite a lot about this over the past two years thanks to the occupy movement, but it \u2019 s been a multi - decade problem, mainly since the 1980s. the problem appears to be intensifying. more ominously, the share of income from labor is falling, and stands at a record low percentage, according to the federal reserve bank of cleveland, which provides us with this handy little graph : what is labor? that \u2019 s anyone who takes home a paycheck for anything \u2014 truck drivers, supermarket clerks, dentists, traders, bible salesmen, whatever. there are two take - aways here \u2014 first, labor \u2019 s share is declining. in fact, since 2000 it has plummeted, and it \u2019 s not improving. moreover, labor income is growing at a slower rate than total income. the cleveland fed article has a pretty good discussion of the various factors that may explain what \u2019 s going on here. the second is that capital \u2019 s share seems to be increasing \u2014 but this is actually a bit misleading, since this may mask a growth in indirect tax subsidies. what is capital? corporate profits, rental income, depreciation, indirect tax subsidies, and interest income. why these people feel threatened by obama is a bit unclear, because like nearly all democratic presidents, stock market performance under obama has boomed, and corporate profits have been improving. capital income looks like it \u2019 s never had it so good. anyway, this sort of data would suggest that in a & r \u2019 s terminology, the us economic system is becoming more extractive, and the process appears to be accelerating. in a & r \u2019 s approach to the world, extractive economic systems are those that concentrate wealth at the top. we know from other sources ( cited by a & r ) that this trend is firmly in place, and there \u2019 s nothing in the data portrayed above that \u2019 s inconsistent with that fact. it \u2019 s one for which no easy solution appears imminent \u2014 we \u2019 re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42978566214326974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.571696"} {"text": "other sources ( cited by a & r ) that this trend is firmly in place, and there \u2019 s nothing in the data portrayed above that \u2019 s inconsistent with that fact. it \u2019 s one for which no easy solution appears imminent \u2014 we \u2019 re probably in for a long period of stagnant labor income, even if it stabilizes at current levels. but that \u2019 s probably unlikely \u2014 the one thing about money is the more you have, the easier it is to get more. ( 2 ) increasing political inequality. there are several trends here, which a & r detail in their link. actually, i would include two of their other concerns in with this one \u2014 the increasing power of pacs, and the very high rates of incarceration for black males, which of course tends to disenfranchise them as voters. it \u2019 s no accident that the various republican attempts at voter suppression are funded in large part by koch money. and it \u2019 s not an accident that the media is completely useless here. it \u2019 s all of a piece and it \u2019 s designed to solidify the political control of the political system by the rich \u2014 to make the political institutions as extractive as the economic institutions. ( 3 ) i would add a third issue \u2014 the subversion of property rights, which, surprisingly, i have not seen a & r discuss anywhere. as a & r ( and david landes in the wealth and poverty of nations ) emphasize, securing property rights is a necessary condition for the emergence of inclusive economic institutions. extractive economic institutions remain that way in part because of the lack of secure property rights for all. so the subversion of property rights by banks and mortgage companies during the past decade would, one would have thought, triggered more alarm. in fact, it did, and a number of bloggers, particularly yves smith over at naked capitalism and barry ritholtz at the big picture, have been banging on about this issue for years. ( others have as well, of course \u2014 it \u2019 s just that ritholtz and smith have probably been the longest and loudest. ) the short version is essentially this \u2014 since the banks made their money not on the mortgages they wrote, but rather by packaging them into securitized vehicles such as cdos to sell on to investors as quickly as possible, they streamlined the title process so that titles were no longer registered as they had been registered for hundreds of years. so tens of thousands of real estate transactions where people had bought homes to which they thought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4527840568150328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.572897"} {"text": "##os to sell on to investors as quickly as possible, they streamlined the title process so that titles were no longer registered as they had been registered for hundreds of years. so tens of thousands of real estate transactions where people had bought homes to which they thought they had title turned out to have a different outcome \u2014 no one could actually determine who held title. the recent national mortgage settlement between all 50 state attorneys general and the banking industry was not a perfect solution, and the banks have been spending the past several years untangling the mess they made. but the more general point is that the system that was designed to secure property rights in the form of title turned out to be surprisingly easy to circumvent, and the penalties have been, in many ways, disproportionately lighter than one would have expected, to put it mildly. the lack of interest by obama \u2019 s justice department in pursing this issue has been surprising \u2014 but, taken with their lack of interest in prosecuting anyone involved in the creation of the worst global financial crisis since the great depression, maybe not so much. none of this is to suggest that these issues are insurmountable. but they are issues, and they need to be addressed. it \u2019 s a virtue of the a & r approach that it gives us some tools to analyze these trends with. as indicated above, they \u2019 re optimists \u2014 they point out that we \u2019 ve been there before, in the age of the robber barons, and successfully turned back a very unpleasant tide. but doing it again in the face of an indifferent media and an increasingly stacked political deck may be harder. on the other hand, social networking is a huge boon here, as is the internet in general \u2014 it \u2019 s just so much easier to find stuff out than it was, say, 30 years ago. information wants to be free, and it \u2019 s a darn good thing. we \u2019 re going to need all we can get.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43608839411344347, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.573967"} {"text": "digital memory cards, such as usb flash drives and sd memory cards, are used to store content ranging from computer files to photos. however, the files on the digital cards, just like other files on your computer, are susceptible to become lost or damaged. in order to access the files again, you need to recover the files and return the files to their native settings. connect the digital memory card to your computer. if you have a flash, drive simply insert the flash drive into a usb port. if using an sd memory card, you need to use an sd card reader and connect the card reader to a usb port. launch the file recovery software on your computer. many programs have this feature including norton 360. however, if you do not have file recovery software installed, you can obtain a free version from cnet. com. select \" downloads, \" \" windows \" and finally type \" file recovery. \" a list of the most popular file recovery programs will load. download and install one of the available programs. select the digital memory card as the area you want to scan for recoverable files. click \" start \" and the file recovery software will scan the connected flash drive or sd memory card. once complete, a list of all the files it can recover appears. select the lost files you want to recover and click \" restore. \" the software will now recover your lost files and place them back onto the digital card. - usb flash drive image by bosko martinovic from fotolia. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43211586935535823, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.575617"} {"text": "examples of student research results 1 - 10 of 21 matches natural disaster risk at home part of example students analyze the natural disaster threat and potential mitigation techniques of their ( family ) home. west texas : guadalupe mountains, carlsbad caverns, big bend part of nagt : teaching resources : teaching in the field : field trip collection neil haywood, kevin hefferean university of wisconsin - stevens point geology / geography 393 : field trip - southwestern usa intended audience : geology and geography undergraduate students location : guadalupe... sem / eds beach sands part of example students pose a question that can be answered using the sem and sand they have previously collected from beach profiles. petrology in the field and laboratory part of example in this multi - week project, students collect samples in the field, analyze them using various tools and instruments, then present their results and interpretations. family economy of 19th - century industrial workers part of example this activity teaches students how to formulate research questions and perform empirical analysis. students analyse family budgets from late 19th - century industrial workers. economics senior thesis part of example research on economics of population part of example research paper on the economics of population using international census data. taking - risks while driving : are there sex differences part of example students carry out a naturalistic observation study in order to test the hypothesis that there are sex differences in risk - taking. students collect and analyze data and prepare apa style research report. who gets help : a field experiment? part of example students carry out a field experiment in order to test the hypothesis that able bodied individuals receive less help than those perceived to have an injury. students collect and analyze data and write an apa style research report. research paper in introductory econometrics part of example", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5344042338834117, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.579836"} {"text": "although blight is often referred to as a fungal spore, it can also be a protozoa, bacteria or virus as well. it ' s almost a catch all term for what often inflicts vegetation during damp or humid and windy conditions. it affects a wide variety of plants, from carrots to potatoes and apple trees to squash. it ' s hard on a plant, and even harder to get a harvest once your plant is infected. after planting over 60 tomatoes, i was on the verge of loosing every single one of them to blight. i searched online for organic home remedies and found some, such as epsom salt dissolved in water. unfortunately, i did not find that this particular solution made any noticeable difference to my plants. fermented foods are incredibly good for us. they provide loads of good bacteria to help fight and overpopulate the bad. it makes sense to reason then that fermented formulas would help us fight microbial pests in the garden too. after all, the soil could be likened to the human digestive system, with beneficial bacteria working hard to make nutrients available for use while keeping dangerous pathogens in check. i recalled reading about a fermented garlic and ginger recipe to deal with fungal problems in the garden a long time ago. since i ' m learning to incorporate fermented foods in my diet, it felt appropriate to try this for my tomatoes as well. the results to date have been amazing. my tomato plants are looking incredible and the tomatoes themselves are ripening quickly without any signs of being infected. i have been spraying this solution weekly to continue to keep the tomato plants healthy and to harvest what tomatoes remain on the plants. what follows is the protocol and recipe i used : fermented ginger & garlic spray ( makes 2 gallons ) 2 small garlic bulbs 2 small ginger roots ( equivalent in size to the garlic ) 1 / 2 cup cane sugar ( do not use white sugar ) 2 gallon mason jar with lid sprayer or mister peel, crush, chop and mince your garlic and place it into your mason jar. do the same with your ginger. fill with purified water, leaving one inch of head space. do not use chlorinated water, as it will inhibit bacterial growth. place lid on loosely. let steep at room temper for 24 hours. add the cane sugar, stir and set the lid on top of the jar. i used a glass lid, which provides weight, but still allows air to bubble out as it ferments. place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45762788458315684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.586516"} {"text": ". let steep at room temper for 24 hours. add the cane sugar, stir and set the lid on top of the jar. i used a glass lid, which provides weight, but still allows air to bubble out as it ferments. place in a warm spot for five days. the solution will turn cloudy when it is ready to use. strain and refrigerate until you ' re ready to spray. remove all yellow leaves and any leaves touching the fruit on your tomato plants. remove any additional leaves that may be inhibiting air circulation around your plants. use a ratio of approximately 1 / 10 solution to 9 / 10 water ( rain barrel water preferably ). spray the plants and fruit thoroughly. i continued to spray everything in my garden - except my lettuce - with this solution. store leftover solution in a cold cellar or fridge until you need it again. when you ' re down to one batch left, start another jar fermenting. note : when i started experimenting with this solution, my aim was to save what was left of my harvest, and so i snapped off all new growth on my plants. i do not know if this solution would have allowed me to continue developing new fruit or not. linked to fight back friday, barn hop, tomato tuesday, traditional tuesday, real food wednesday, wfmw, health2day simple lives thursday, pennywise platter thurdsay, living well blog hop.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38939521642159736, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.587599"} {"text": "middle east roundtable edition 18 volume 6 - may 08, 2008 the middle east in an asian century \u2022 a japanese viewpoint - kentaro hirayama will the day ever come when a sports event is held under the \" israel - palestine \" logo? \u2022 an indian perspective - jasjit singh will this century be like that last, the most violent in human history, or will mankind change? \u2022 two asias - yin gang east asia ' s reliance on energy from west asia will not decrease in the asian century. \u2022 china ' s energy security - weiming zhao it is unfair to ascribe the increase in oil prices to the economic rise of china. a japanese viewpoint during the oil crisis that followed the yom kippur war in 1973, japan ' s government spokesman susumu nikaido announced in the clearest way possible japan ' s firm commitment to un security council resolutions 242 and 338 and acknowledged the palestinians ' political rights. the event was reported as reflecting japan ' s heavy dependence on middle east oil and gas - - then 70 percent of its needs ; now 90 percent. this was and still is one of the main motives for the frequent \" pro - arab \" stance of japanese governments regarding the arab - israel conflict. but there are other factors as well. one is that japan has her own occupied territories, the southern half of the kuril archipelago northeast of hokkaido, an area the size of lebanon. these islands were occupied illegally by soviet forces in the very last days of world war ii in the pacific. the resulting dispute has been the core factor hindering a peace treaty between japan and the soviet union / russia. japan believes in the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force and expects russia - - the same russia that has been urging israel to return occupied arab territories - - to behave accordingly. in a way, the west bank and kuril islands are linked in the japanese mind. another factor is japan ' s bitter experience with \" occupation \" and \" annexation \" in its modern history. beginning in the late nineteenth century, japan ' s military victories over china, russia and ( in wwi ) germany brought her new territories ( taiwan, korea and many pacific islands ). this territorial expansion produced animosity and alarm among neighboring countries and caused international criticism of japan ' s imperial intent that eventually culminated in the devastating defeat of 1945, as a result of which japan lost all annexed territories and abandoned militarism. this change has gradually improved japan ' s relations with her neighbors to the point where japan has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46689727892152766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.608246"} {"text": "japan ' s imperial intent that eventually culminated in the devastating defeat of 1945, as a result of which japan lost all annexed territories and abandoned militarism. this change has gradually improved japan ' s relations with her neighbors to the point where japan has obtained recognition from the world community as a peace - loving industrial nation. japan will feel very happy if israel follows suit. japan understands israel ' s \" existential anxiety \" quite well and doubtlessly will continue trying to persuade israel ' s hostile neighbors, including iran, to support lasting peace and prosperity in the region. in 2002, when japan and the republic of ( south ) korea jointly hosted the football world cup, i happened to be in israel. at the knesset i met former israeli foreign minister shlomo ben - ami. i presented him with a ballpoint pen inscribed with a \" korea - japan 2002 \" logo and explained to him that the japanese occupation of korea had lasted 35 years - - then incidentally the same duration as israel ' s occupation of the west bank and gaza - - and that it took more than half a century to restore relations to the point of co - hosting the world cup. the imposition of international rule led by america would be the only possible solution, but there is an end to everything, prof. ben - ami replied with a wry smile. i hope that end comes sooner rather than later. then too, will the day ever come when a sports event is held under the \" israel - palestine \" logo? - published 8 / 5 / 2008 \u00a9 bitterlemons - international. org kentaro hirayama is professor at the hakuoh university research institute. he is a former nhk middle east commentator. an indian perspective nearly a decade of the 21st century has passed and we need to ask a basic question : will this century be like that last, the most violent in human history, or will mankind change? paradoxically, the middle east might hold the key - - even though the region itself lacks the power to make the changes, ambitions notwithstanding, and the \" great \" powers ( new and old ) will continue to act to shape the future. three mega - trends need to be considered in this context. first, a shift in global power balances ( the second in a hundred years ) will shape the overall landscape in which we are going to live. while it is obvious that the model that would suit the world best is a non - polarized, polycentric and non - hegemonic one, the cruel reality is of a clear trend toward", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4747094617747342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.609394"} {"text": "overall landscape in which we are going to live. while it is obvious that the model that would suit the world best is a non - polarized, polycentric and non - hegemonic one, the cruel reality is of a clear trend toward polarization, where there appears to be little effort to transcend national interests in favor of human interests. the end of the cold war - - which maintained peace in the euro - atlantic region with horrendously destructive militarization and was fought out in vicious wars across the rest of the world - - has opened up unlimited opportunities to redirect global energies toward a century different from the last. but the united nations, for example, always hobbled by the polarization of the cold war, miserably failed to provide any conceptual direction toward a better world and further marginalized itself in the process. the un may be further reduced in effectiveness before it gets reformed sufficiently to be more representative. it may still be possible to stall if not prevent this polarization - - especially since polarization is expanding beyond national interests to social, religious, cultural and ideological dimensions while terrorism employing the most modern tools is proliferating. and tragically, the middle east has become a major hub for this process of polarization, which extends all the way to indian border regions and threatens to expand beyond. in india we have tried hard to follow the concepts of tolerance, multiculturalism and an \" inclusive society \". but for these to expand requires a global non - polarized environment. second, the issue of globalization is no longer up for debate : globalization is a reality that has its positive and negative aspects. the challenge is how to manage these effects and in which direction. one of the less recognized effects of globalization has been to trigger a revolution of rising expectations in asia and beyond, especially through information - technology advances. this has increased the general awareness of people and in the process made them far more conscious of the gap between expectations and realities. in most asian countries those realities have enhanced a sense of relative deprivation. in turn, asian societies have become vulnerable to ideological and political exploitation driving many of them toward violence and crime. this side of globalization, with its diffusion of sophisticated weapons and technology, is part of the debris of the cold war making the process extremely lethal. a century that legitimized targeting civilians has tragically resulted in making transnational terrorism almost an instrument of foreign policy and coercion. the challenge here is conceptual and ideological and it has to be met at that plane. mere force will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5619316347170086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.610495"} {"text": ". a century that legitimized targeting civilians has tragically resulted in making transnational terrorism almost an instrument of foreign policy and coercion. the challenge here is conceptual and ideological and it has to be met at that plane. mere force will not bring about stability or eliminate terrorism. this is where the conceptual flaw in the us strategy of \" war against terrorism \" becomes obvious : you can prosecute a war against an entity, but not against a phenomenon like terrorism. third, globalization has also created interdependence. one effect is that we are already returning to medieval and older trade and demographic patterns in asia and the middle east. the middle east, with its enormous and vital resources, especially of hydrocarbons, is crucial to the rapidly rising economies of india and china, while expatriate populations in the middle east ( there are over 4. 2 million indians in gulf countries ) are integral to the region ' s economies. these are clear examples of the deepening of national interdependence - and hence also a deepening of vulnerabilities to negative trends. this makes the issue of middle east security ( especially for india ) so critical in the coming decades. the stability of the middle east, however, already imperfect and discriminatory, has been further fractured by the us war in iraq. no stable framework for regional security is possible as long as all countries of the region are not part of it. iran, of course, must reform and moderate its policies in tune with international law and commitments. but that applies to all countries. and the practical challenge of restructuring middle eastern political relations within the region and with the wider world still needs to be resolved. one serious question that demands an objective answer is whether the containment policy the us has pursued has produced the kind of results conducive to peace, development and security in the middle east, or whether it has further aggravated the problems. - published 8 / 5 / 2008 \u00a9 bitterlemons - international. org jasjit singh is director of the center for strategic studies in new delhi. in discussing the \" asian century \", people talk most about the overall development of the south and east asian countries, including china, india, korea and japan. the gnp of the region, which has jumped to 30 percent of the world total from less than four percent half a century ago, is maintaining the momentum of rapid development. the concept of \" chindia \" highlights the dominant role played by china and india in this development. although west asia is part of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108226745199314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.611554"} {"text": "30 percent of the world total from less than four percent half a century ago, is maintaining the momentum of rapid development. the concept of \" chindia \" highlights the dominant role played by china and india in this development. although west asia is part of asia, there is a dispute as to whether the asian century includes the middle east - - a europe - centered concept of political geography that only half a century ago was also called the near east. this oil - rich region, dominated by muslims, with nearly a century - old arab - israel conflict and the recent rise of iran, is fundamentally different from the south and east asian countries in political, social and economic development. compared with religious and ethnic relations in the middle east, those in south and east asian countries are less tense. although pakistan is also dominated by muslims, conflicts in south and east asia are between countries instead of religious and ethnic groups, e. g., the kashmir dispute between india and pakistan, the territorial dispute between india and china and the disputes between china and japan over historical issues and the east china sea. there is no doubt these conflicts of interest between two countries can at present be controlled. therefore, in the asian century there is far less possibility of war in the south and east asian regions than in the middle east. perhaps we can also say that there are two different asias : west asia and east asia. there is also south asia, including pakistan, india and afghanistan, which has some characteristics of west asia in population structure and religious affiliation but displays obvious differences from middle east countries due to its close geopolitical and economic relations with east asia. strictly speaking, south asia is a transition region between east and west asia in terms of both geopolitical and economic relations. moreover, south east asia is on the whole closer to east asia because of india, while southeastern countries like singapore, myanmar, vietnam, thailand and cambodia should be categorized as east asian in cultural and economic development. the nuclear balance maintained between india and pakistan, the peaceful rise repeatedly pledged by china and the lesson japan learned from world war ii on the whole guarantee that the asian century will be characterized by asia ' s economic rise and political solutions to conflicts of interest between countries. indeed, the preconditions for ensuring an asian century are the avoidance of war and steady economic development. but in the middle east we cannot see the same prospects. although the possibility of a war between arab countries and israel is decreasing, it appears very difficult to avoid a new war based on complicated religious and ethnic conflicts of interest in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5309923900596102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.612631"} {"text": "and steady economic development. but in the middle east we cannot see the same prospects. although the possibility of a war between arab countries and israel is decreasing, it appears very difficult to avoid a new war based on complicated religious and ethnic conflicts of interest in the region. bearing in mind the increasing impact of shi ' ite iran, the rise of islamic extremists and the intervention of western christian forces in recent years, the chances of avoiding war in the region in the asian century are very small. in short, we shall witness an east asia filled with the spirit of cooperation and a west asia continuing its confrontations. until recently, the two asias did not have any reciprocal relations. but dense population growth and rapid economic development in east asia have brought about a great need for energy, while the economic powers in the region, japan and korea, are not energy - producing countries. the per capita energy reserve of china, india and pakistan combined, accounting for one - fourth of the world ' s population, lags far behind their needs ; hence their reliance on oil and liquefied natural gas from the middle east, or west asia. in recent years, japan and china have made great efforts toward diversifying energy imports, yet russian and african oil can never meet all their needs. east asia ' s reliance on energy from west asia will not decrease in the asian century. in contrast, although commodities from east asia are popular and necessary at present in west asia, east asia is not a source of industrial goods that are badly needed by west asia and trade between east and west through the silk road and the sea silk road does not involve daily necessities. historic mediterranean trade routes make it possible for west asia to survive without any relations with east asia. as part of the flourishing economic development of west asia in the asian century, the gulf countries are making efforts to diversify their unitary oil economy. accordingly, the importance of industrial goods for west asia may decrease. in other words, west asia may need east asia but it is not reliant on it. to conclude, in the asian century the status of the middle east has grown. in order to satisfy the needs of their own societal development, east asian \" countries on the rise, \" including china and india, will strengthen their political and economic relations with middle east countries and increase their economic input there while maintaining a pragmatic posture of \" sitting on the fence \" on middle east political issues. japan has been a pioneer in this aspect. another conclusion is that regarding energy security the east", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5208324920914327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.613784"} {"text": "economic relations with middle east countries and increase their economic input there while maintaining a pragmatic posture of \" sitting on the fence \" on middle east political issues. japan has been a pioneer in this aspect. another conclusion is that regarding energy security the east asian countries have identical interests with the oil - importing countries of the west and even need the united states to protect oil passageways. considering that most gulf oil is exported to east asia and only ten percent to the united states, the east asian countries will not confront the united states in the region at the risk of their energy security. neither china, japan or india will be as interested in political reform in middle east countries as are western christian countries. - published 8 / 5 / 2008 \u00a9 bitterlemons - international. org yin gang is a research professor of the institute of west asian and african studies, under the chinese academy of social sciences. he also serves as deputy secretary general of the chinese association of middle east studies. china ' s energy security energy consumption in china is growing as fast as the rapidly growing chinese economy. china has changed from a net oil exporter to a net oil importer. in recent years, 40 to 50 percent of the oil that china consumes is imported. of that 60 percent comes from the middle east. saudi arabia, iran, qatar and sudan are the main suppliers. therefore china has a significant interest in the middle east, and any changes in the situation there will affect china ' s energy security. it is only natural for energy factors to play a role in china ' s policy toward the middle east. although china ' s opposition to the iraq war and to the use of force to resolve the iranian nuclear issue is not purely based on considerations of energy security, this is a key factor. in a word, energy diplomacy constitutes an important part of china ' s diplomacy. similarly, energy security is also regarded as a strategically significant part of china ' s national security. china ' s energy security strategy comprises a number of requirements, of which the first is to increase domestic oil production. at the end of march last year, china announced that a new oil field with an estimated reserve of 2200 million barrels had been found in bohai bay. the daily output of this field is expected to reach 200, 000 barrels in three years. at present, the oil yielded in china satisfies about 50 percent of domestic need ; in future, china ' s oil self - sufficiency rate should remain no lower than the present level. a second requirement is to restructure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49554220131514837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.614945"} {"text": "years. at present, the oil yielded in china satisfies about 50 percent of domestic need ; in future, china ' s oil self - sufficiency rate should remain no lower than the present level. a second requirement is to restructure the energy mix. from now on, china will give priority to the development and exploitation of coal, wind power, water energy and bio - energy. third, china must establish a national system of energy reserves. china ' s current oil reserve mainly depends on the business reserves of three government - owned oil companies, china petrochemical corporation, china national petroleum corporation and china national offshore oil corporation. their reserve capacity is equal to only 21 days ' consumption of the entire country. added to the newly - established national energy reserve bases, the total reserve capacity in china can meet only 30 days ' consumption needs. the petroleum reserve capacity of china is only one - sixth that of japan, one - fifth of the united states, one - fourth of germany and one - third of france. thus, in this field china still has a lot of work to do. fourth, china needs to conserve energy more efficiently. according to the international energy agency, the energy consumption per unit gdp in china is as high as nine times that in japan, 5. 6 times that of the european union, 3. 3 times that in the us and 2. 7 times that in korea. so there is much room for china to develop energy conservation. finally, china needs to explore overseas energy resources so as to realize the multi - model approach to petroleum supplies. in recent years, oil prices have been rising steadily. this is the product of a number of factors such as the growth of the world economy, a decline in oil production, a reduction of oil reserves, the devaluation of the us dollar, the impact of geopolitics and unexpected events and speculating in oil trading. another factor worthy of mention is that the economy is developing very fast in some major petroleum - exporting countries, such as indonesia, mexico and russia. in these countries, increased domestic energy consumption results in a decrease in exports. some petroleum - exporting countries provide their citizens with plentiful gasoline allowances and offer prices as low as seven cents per gallon. such policies unfortunately foster waste. the consumption per capita in some middle eastern petroleum - exporting countries has even exceeded that of the us. another phenomenon that merits keen attention is that in the current round of oil price rises, one power has taken no measures to control the price of oil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4641549477159276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.616086"} {"text": "the consumption per capita in some middle eastern petroleum - exporting countries has even exceeded that of the us. another phenomenon that merits keen attention is that in the current round of oil price rises, one power has taken no measures to control the price of oil as before but rather has added fuel to the fire and is enjoying the financial result. some critics assume that the short - term strategic energy target of this power is to raise the oil price rapidly in order to strike at china ' s economy, lure china into capital outlays for overseas petroleum industries and then suppress the oil price to create a dilemma for china ' s economy. it is unfair to ascribe the increase in oil prices to the economic rise of china. china ' s oil imports account for only six percent of the total volume of oil trade in the world. china ' s oil consumption is only eight percent of the world total. energy consumption per capita in china is only three - fourths of the world average, one - fourth that of japan and one - seventh that in the us. yet china to a large extent shares much of the burden of high oil prices insofar as it has replaced the west as the world ' s factory and the prices of exported goods from china remain the same as before the rise of oil prices. this means that china is in effect granting a subsidy to consumers of goods made in china all over the world. although the multi - model approach to petroleum resources is one of the key aims of china ' s energy strategy, china is likely to depend even more on oil imports from the middle east in the coming years. according to the institute for the analysis of global security in washington, 70 percent of china ' s imported petroleum will come from the middle east by 2015. therefore, it will remain the basic posture of china ' s diplomacy for a long time to come to pay more attention to the development of the situation in the middle east, to be more concerned with middle east affairs and to establish closer relations with middle east countries. - published 8 / 5 / 2008 \u00a9 bitterlemons - international. org weiming zhao is professor of international relations, middle east studies institute, shanghai international studies university. he was a fulbright research scholar at princeton university during 2000 - 2001. bitterlemons - international. org is an internet forum for an array of world perspectives on the middle east and its specific concerns. it aspires to engender greater understanding about the middle east region and open a new common space for world thinkers and political leaders to present their viewpoints and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4746015039444611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.618392"} {"text": "mission type : orbiter launch vehicle : titan ivb / centaur launch site : cape canaveral air force station, fla., usa nasa center : jet propulsion laboratory spacecraft mass : 5, 712 kilograms ( 12, 593 pounds ) with fuel, huygens probe, adapter, etc ; 2, 125 kilograms ( 4, 685 pounds ) unfueled orbiter alone spacecraft instruments : 1 ) composite infrared spectrometer ; 2 ) imaging system ; 3 ) ultraviolet imaging spectrograph ; 4 ) visual and infrared mapping spectrometer ; 5 ) imaging radar ; 5 ) radio science ; 6 ) plasma spectrometer ; 7 ) cosmic dust analyzer ; 8 ) ion and neutral mass spectrometer ; 9 ) magnetometer ; 10 ) magnetospheric imaging instrument ; and 11 ) radio and plasma wave science spacecraft dimensions : 6. 7 meters ( 22 feet ) high ; 4 meters ( 13. 1 feet ) wide spacecraft power : three radioisotope thermoelectric generators maximum power : 885 watts ( 633 watts at end of mission ) total cost : about $ 3. 27 billion, of which the u. s. contribution is $ 2. 6 billion and the european partners ' contribution $ 660 million deep space chronicle : a chronology of deep space and planetary probes 1958 - 2000, monographs in aerospace history no. 24, by asif a. siddiqi national space science data center, http : / / nssdc. gsfc. nasa. gov / solar system log by andrew wilson, published 1987 by jane ' s publishing co. ltd. the cassini - huygens project was the result of plans at nasa dating from the early 1980s. the cooperative project involved a nasa - supplied spacecraft, cassini, and a european space agency lander, huygens. the lander was to study titan, saturn ' s largest moon, during a parachute descent. during its four - year primary mission, cassini used a large complement of instruments ( including radar and optical imagers ) to explore both saturn and its many moons. the 3, 132 - kilogram orbiter, with a design life of eleven years, is powered by three rtgs. cassini ' s trip to saturn included four gravity - assists. seven months after launch, the spacecraft passed venus on 26 april 1988 at a range of 284 kilometers, gaining 26, 280 kilometers per hour. cassini performed a second flyby of venus on 24 june 1999 at a range of 600 kilometers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4541807952209361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.622960"} {"text": "- assists. seven months after launch, the spacecraft passed venus on 26 april 1988 at a range of 284 kilometers, gaining 26, 280 kilometers per hour. cassini performed a second flyby of venus on 24 june 1999 at a range of 600 kilometers and one of earth at 03 : 28 ut on 18 august 1999 at a range of 1, 171 kilometers ; it then headed to jupiter. cassini passed by the asteroid 2685 masursky on 23 january 2000, coming close to a distance of 1. 5 million kilometers at 09 : 58 ut. during the encounter, cassini used its remote - sensing instruments to investigate the asteroid ' s size and dimensions, and albedo. during the jupiter encounter, on 30 december 2000, cassini performed simultaneous observations of the planet with the galileo orbiter. once past jupiter, cassini ' s was set for saturn orbit insertion on 1 july 2004. cassini was the first spacecraft to orbit saturn. pioneer 11 and voyagers 1 and 2 were flyby missions. on 24 december 2004, cassini released the huygens probe and continued its numerous flybys. the huygens probe entered titan ' s atmosphere on 14 january 2005. during its 2. 5 - hour descent, the spacecraft deployed a main parachute for stabilization and relayed data and images back to the orbiter for transmission back to earth. it landed on rocky, muddy terrain and successfully sent back the first images from the surface of a moon beyond earth ' s. the orbiter continued its mission making numerous titan flybys and capturing close looks at other moons, including iapetus, enceladus, dione, rhea and more distant encounters with tethys, mimas and hyperion. enceladus delivered one of the mission ' s greatest surprises - - geysers erupting from a moon previously thought to be frozen and inert. scientists found the geysers create one of saturn ' s rings. the orbiter ' s primary mission ended on 30 june 2008. it is now on the cassini equinox mission, seeking answer to new questions raised in cassini ' s first years at saturn. the mission ' s extension, through september 2010, is named for the saturnian equinox, which occurred in august 2009 when the sun shone directly on the equator and began to illuminate the northern hemisphere and the rings ' northern face. cassini observed seasonal changes brought by the sun ' s changing angle on saturn, the rings and moons, which were illuminated from the south during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43561365688664455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.624278"} {"text": "anatomy of a busted comet date : 1 feb 2008 nasa ' s spitzer space telescope captured the picture on the left of comet holmes in february 2008, four months after the comet suddenly erupted and brightened a millionfold overnight. the contrast of the picture has been enhanced on the right to show the anatomy of the comet. every six years, comet 17p / holmes speeds away from jupiter and heads inward toward the sun, traveling the same route typically without incident. however, twice in the last 116 years, in november 1892 and october 2007, comet holmes mysteriously exploded as it approached the asteroid belt. astronomers still do not know the cause of these eruptions. spitzer ' s infrared picture at left reveals fine dust particles that make up the outer shell, or coma, of the comet. the nucleus of the comet is within the bright whitish spot in the center, while the yellow area shows solid particles that were blown from the comet in the explosion. the comet is headed away from the sun, which lies beyond the right - hand side of the picture. the contrast - enhanced picture on the right shows the comet ' s outer shell, and strange filaments, or streamers, of dust. the streamers and shell are a yet another mystery surrounding comet holmes. scientists had initially suspected that the streamers were small dust particles ejected from fragments of the nucleus, or from hyerpactive jets on the nucleus, during the october 2007 explosion. if so, both the streamers and the shell should have shifted their orientation as the comet followed its orbit around the sun. radiation pressure from the sun should have swept the material back and away from it. but pictures of comet holmes taken by spitzer over time show the streamers and shell in the same configuration, and not pointing away from the sun. the observations have left astronomers stumped. the horizontal line seen in the contrast - enhanced picture is a trail of debris that travels along with the comet in its orbit. the spitzer picture was taken with the spacecraft ' s multiband imaging photometer at an infrared wavelength of 24 microns. last update : 27 jun 2011 ( amb )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5027652659346336, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.626702"} {"text": "what is in this article? : \u2022 farmers in the southeast knew going into the 2011 spring planting season that temik was being taken off the market \u2014 gradually up to 2016. \u2022 they didn \u2019 t count on a lawsuit in west virginia stopping production and significantly restricting the amount of temik available for the 2011 cropping season. \u2022 the fallout from shortages in temik supply has already been significant in determining what crops farmers do and don \u2019 t plant. temik has been widely used in crops in the southeast since the early 1980s, and though maligned by both farmers and environmental activists because of its safety liabilities, there is no doubt the product has contributed significantly to the growth in agricultural productivity around the world. farmers in the southeast knew going into the 2011 spring planting season that temik was being taken off the market \u2014 gradually up to 2016. they didn \u2019 t count on a lawsuit in west virginia stopping production and significantly restricting the amount of temik available for the 2011 cropping season. the fallout from shortages in temik supply has already been significant in determining what crops farmers do and don \u2019 t plant. however, having been on the market and so widely used for so many years, the use of old, lesser used, chemistry to replace temik could have some far - reaching affects. the toughest replacement questions are facing growers who have a cotton and peanut rotation. cotton acreage, for example, is expected to be up significantly in 2011. temik at 5 - 8 pounds per acre, applied at planting, has been a standard for cotton growers for as long as most southeast growers have been growing cotton. the same is even truer for peanuts, another staple crop of the southeast. peanut farmers may have fewer options for temik replacements than cotton growers. long - time virginia tech plant pathologist pat phipps says in some areas of the upper southeast he recommends using existing temik on peanuts rather than on cotton. \u201c especially in virginia and in some parts of north carolina, peanut growers just don \u2019 t have many options, especially in fields with a history of high nematode populations and soil - borne diseases, \u201d phipps says. north carolina state entomologist jack bachelor, who has studied the use of temik for thrips control in cotton for many years, says the options for temik alternatives are relatively few when it comes to managing both early season insects and nematodes. \u201c for thrips control and cotton yield, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47712199753697165, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.634061"} {"text": "temik for thrips control in cotton for many years, says the options for temik alternatives are relatively few when it comes to managing both early season insects and nematodes. \u201c for thrips control and cotton yield, in our replicated tests, temik 15g at the 5. 0 product rate has been a little better from an economic standpoint than any one of the seed treatments ( gaucho grade, cruiser, avicta complete or aeris ) plus a foliar spray ( typically acephate ) at the first true leaf stage, \u201d he says. \u201c according to our latest survey of independent consultants, last year temik alone was used on 54 percent of the consulted acreage ; an additional 17. 5 percent of this acreage was planted to temik ( most often 5 pounds ) plus a seed treatment. \u201d according to north carolina state university plant pathologist, steve koenning, aeris and avicta complete, which contain different nematicides ( thiodicarb and abemectin ) in addition to the thrips - active insecticide, are roughly equivalent to 4 - 5 pounds of temik 15g for nematodes. for higher populations of nematodes, growers have routinely used 7 pounds of temik per acre or inject the soil sterilant telone ii. acceleron seed treatment will be offered to cotton growers buying deltapine seed in 2011. this seed coat should perform comparable to aeris, gaucho grande or avicta complete for thrips control because acceleron shares the same active ingredients and amounts used in gaucho grande ( thrips only ) and in their thrips plus nematode versions similar to aeris ( imidacloprid plus thiodicarb ) and another similar to avicta complete ( thiamethoxam plus abemectin ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41787855956991976, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.636351"} {"text": "get more help on finding the right kids ' summer camps. read the free summer camp guide. children who prefer to learn during the summer can take part in an academic camp. these camps teach everything from astronomy to veterinary medicine. types of academic camps include : - foreign language - marine science - veterinary science kids can climb rocks, go canoeing or spend time in the wilderness at a general camp but adventure camps are centered around unique expeditions. rock climbing, canoeing and outdoor activities don ' t become a couple of hours of fun, they become an entire camp experience. types of adventure camps include : - marine biology - rock climbing - scuba diving - whitewater rafting the budding artist in your family may be interested in a camp that teaches fine or performing arts. art camps focus on developing a child ' s certain artistic talents. children may attend workshops, practice for a performance or prepare for an exhibit, all to take the child ' s love of that particular art to the next level. types of arts camps include : can ' t imagine spending a week away from the kids? head to family camp. these camps invite your whole family out for traditional wilderness activities or you can expose the family to music and dance camps that teach everyone how to clog, appreciate folk music and square dance. many family camps overlap with other types of summer camps on this list with the exception being that everyone in your family attends instead of kids only. types of family camps include : - special needs most parents who went to summer camp usually think of a general camp when considering programs for their own children. swimming, arts and crafts and spending time in the great outdoors are some of the many activities offered at general camps. most take place in the woods and are budget - friendly kids ' summer camps. children of a certain religious denomination may enjoy religious camp. many churches hold vacation bible school during the summer, which is usually a day camp. for overnight camps, denominations offer sessions by region. children from other counties and states go to a camp that ' s based on their religious beliefs. kids experience traditional camp activities, such as water play, arts and crafts and sports but there is prayer time, bible studies and other religious services throughout the session. military camp may sound like a boot camp where troubled teens go but that ' s not the case. military summer camps teach loyalty, build confidence and give kids the chance to see what life in the military is like. campers also get to participate in typical summer camp activities like arts and crafts, paintball, rappelling and more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45614319637425327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.642066"} {"text": "case. military summer camps teach loyalty, build confidence and give kids the chance to see what life in the military is like. campers also get to participate in typical summer camp activities like arts and crafts, paintball, rappelling and more. these camps can be found on military bases as well as other sites. boys and girls have been attending scouts camps for about 100 years. some scouting camps allow children who are not scouts to attend for an extra fee. kids can enjoy horseback riding, swimming, arts and crafts or themed summer sessions such as water fun or wilderness survival. scouts also work toward earning badges while they ' re at camp. service organization camps kids involved in service organizations, such as 4 - h, future farmers of america ( ffa ) and kiwanis kids, can attend camps related to their group. campers may get to swim, play field games, learn new skills and explore nature. since service organization members range from elementary school students all the way up to seniors in high school, many of these camp programs are broken up into age - appropriate sessions. name a sport and there ' s probably a camp for it. cheerleading, baseball, football and basketball camps are the typical sports camps that come to mind. but sports camps also include surfing, lacrosse and bmx, to name a few. a lot of sports camps have a professional athlete or coach associated with them so children learn from some of the most experienced people in their sport. types of sports camps include : - cross country - water polo special needs camps children with special needs often look forward to camp each year so they can be surrounded by their peers and participate in activities geared just for them. many of these camps provide a counselor to tend to each child and her specific needs, giving them the individual attention they deserve. these camps usually have a full medical staff on location to distribute the children ' s medications and treat the kids for any situations that may arise. types of special needs camps include : - celiac disease - crohn ' s and colitis - developmental disabilities - hearing impaired - hiv and aids - learning disabilities - physical disabilities - speech impaired - spina bifida - visually impaired you ' ll find some crossover between art and technology camps. however, technology camps give kids hands - on training in areas such as animation, graphic design and digital photography. types of technology camps include : - computer programming - digital photography - film production - graphic design - video game design - website design do your kids have dreams of becoming an astronaut? crime scene investigator? circus performer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44842068937418855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.643112"} {"text": "ecology of kerren : the ecology of kerren is in a saurian phase, with megafauna ( big animals ) dominating. saurians are smooth skinned, partially warm blooded ( they are endo thermic, but need help in regulating temp ), reptilike animals. in northern or colder climes, they have proto feathers to create a bizzare fuzzy coat to keep them warm. they come in hundreds of different sizes and types. insectoids and fish are also present. the insects are about 500 % bigger than their terrestial counterparts. fish, like saurians, come in hundreds of different sizes and types. the only mammals and birds on this world come from terra. the terrestrial animals that came with the humans have found some nitches. most of these animals are pet animals : dogs, cats, and raptors. a few of these animals have escaped into the wild, but they really have not made a notable impact upon the environment. the cattle and goats all died off early of either preditors and then disease. the rats never survived out in the wilds because the native rat like dinosarus. the terran insects have not been able to compete with their larger kerran cousins. the saurians still rule the ecology. in short, take a terrestrial environment, instead of mammals, birds, and such, make them saurians and about 50 % bigger than their terran counterparts. sprinkle in a few odd creatures, like a megafauna ( big dinosaur ) and a dragonlike critter ( leapers, swimmers, etc ) and zhan monsters [ the world is almost lost worldish in its critters... the normal ones are bigger and meaner than their terrestrial counterparts, plus we have a few saurians. ] [ dragons hate \u201c pet \u201d animals dogs, cats, chirps hawk these creatures are bigger and smarter than their terrestrial equivalents ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4443366657896414, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.645500"} {"text": "a lot of \u2018 performance tests \u2019 are posted online lately. many times these performance tests are implemented and executed in a way that completely ignores the inner workings of the java vm. in this post you can find some basic knowledge to improve your performance testing. remember, i am not a professional performance tester, so put your tips in the comments! for example, some days ago a \u2018 performance test \u2019 on while loops, iterators and for loops was posted. this test is wrong and inaccurate. i will use this test as an example, but there are many other tests that suffer from the same problems. so, let \u2019 s execute this test for the first time. it tests the relative performance on some loop constructs on the java vm. the first results : iterator \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 78 for \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 28 while \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 30 allright, looks interesting. let \u2019 s change the test a bit. when i reshuffle the code, putting the iterator test at the end, i get : for \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 37 while \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 28 iterator \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 30 hey, suddenly the for loop is the slowest! that \u2019 s weird! so, when i run the test again, the results should be the same, right? for \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 37 while \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 32 iterator \u2013 elapsed time in milliseconds : 33 and now the while loop is a lot slower! why is that? getting valid test results is not that easy! the example above shows that obtaining valid test results can be hard. you have to know something about the java vm to get more accurate numbers, and you have to prepare a good test environment. some tips and tricks - quit all other applications. it is a no - brainer, but many people are testing with their systems loaded with music players, rss - feed readers and word processors still active. background processes can reduce the amount of resources available to your program in an unpredictable way. for example, when you have a limited amount of memory available, your system may start swapping memory content to disk. this will have not only a negative effect on your test results, it also makes these results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47484718072725257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.655115"} {"text": "to your program in an unpredictable way. for example, when you have a limited amount of memory available, your system may start swapping memory content to disk. this will have not only a negative effect on your test results, it also makes these results non - reproducible. - use a dedicated system. even better than testing on your developer system is to use a dedicated testing system. do a clean install of the operating system and the minimum amount of tools needed. make sure the system stays as clean as possible. if you make an image of the system you can restore it in a previous known state. - repeat your tests. a single test result is worthless without knowing if it is accurate ( as you have seen in the example above ). therefore, to draw any conclusions from a test, repeat it and use the average result. when the numbers of the test vary too much from run to run, your test is wrong. something in your test is not predictable or consistent. try to fix your test first. - investigate memory usage. if your code under test is memory intensive, the amount of available memory will have a large impact on your test results. increase the amount of memory available. buy new memory, fix your program under test. - investigate cpu usage. if your code under test is cpu intensive, try to determine which part of your test uses the most cpu time. if the cpu graphs are fluctuating much, try to determine the root cause. for example garbage collection, thread - locking or dependencies on external systems can have a big impact. - investigate dependencies on external systems. if your application does not seem to be cpu - bound or memory intensive, try looking into thread - locking or dependencies on external systems ( network connections, database servers, etcetera ) - thread - locking can have a big impact, to the extent that running your test on multiple cores will decrease performance. threads that are waiting on each other are really bad for performance. the java hotspot compiler the java hotspot compiler kicks in when it sees a \u2018 hot spot \u2019 in your code. it is therefore quite common that your code will run faster over time! so, you should adapt your testing methods. the hotspot compiler compiles in the background, eating away cpu cycles. so when the compiler is busy, your program is temporarily slower. but after compiling some hot spots, your program will suddenly run faster! when you make a graph of the througput of your application over time, you can see when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48195621407048395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.656199"} {"text": "we \u2019 ve seen claims that high fructose corn syrup is unnatural. yet high fructose corn syrup is made from corn, a natural grain product. there are no artificial or synthetic ingredients and no color additives in high fructose corn syrup. it is refined with similar production methods to other sugars, making it no more \u201c processed \u201d than any other sweetener. high fructose corn syrup meets the food and drug administration \u2019 s ( fda ) requirements for use of the term \u2018 natural. \u2019 study : straight talk about high - fructose corn syrup : what it is and what it ain ' t, john s white, american society for clinical nutrition 2008 the super - sized myth surrounding high fructose corn syrup is that it is uniquely responsible for causing obesity. the only problem with that is that there \u2019 s no actual evidence to support this claim. research does show, however, that obesity results from an imbalance of calories consumed and calories burned. research also does not directly connect obesity to one specific food or ingredient. \" after studying current research, the american medical association ( ama ) today concluded that high fructose syrup does not appear to contribute to obesity more than other caloric sweeteners... \" - american medical association, june 2008 lack of findings for the association between obesity risk and usual sugar - sweetened beverage consumption in adults - a primary analysis of databases of csfii - 1989 - 1991, csfii - 1994 - 1998, nhanes iii, and combined nhanes 1999 - 2002. similar to misunderstandings around obesity, high fructose corn syrup also has no unique link to causing diabetes. this fact has been supported by the u. s. centers for disease control and the american diabetes association who state that the primary causes of diabetes are obesity, advancing age and heredity. in fact, the u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) data shows that per capita consumption of high fructose corn syrup has been declining in recent years, while the incidence of obesity and diabetes in the united states continues on the rise. the ratio of fructose in the diet is not higher now than it was 30 years ago. fructose is a natural simple sugar found in sugars, vegetables, fruits and honey. significant confusion has stemmed from recent studies that examined pure fructose in excess amounts and linked it to obesity, a precursor to diabetes. the results were then inappropriately connected to high fructose corn syrup, even though the two substances", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41763298516331016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.664327"} {"text": "and honey. significant confusion has stemmed from recent studies that examined pure fructose in excess amounts and linked it to obesity, a precursor to diabetes. the results were then inappropriately connected to high fructose corn syrup, even though the two substances are vastly different. the studies included abnormally high levels of fructose that are never consumed in a normal human diet. high fructose corn syrup and table sugar both have fructose in them but it is combined with glucose which balances the metabolic effects of fructose. yes, there are no safety concerns. the safety of high fructose corn syrup is based on science and expert review accumulated over the past 40 years. in 1983, the fda listed high fructose corn syrup as \u201c generally recognized as safe \u201d ( known as gras status ) for use in food and reaffirmed that ruling in 1996. gras recognition by the fda is important because it recognizes a long history of safe use as well as adequate scientific studies proving an ingredient \u2019 s safety. gras status is maintained indefinitely unless the fda has a new reason to question an ingredient \u2019 s safety, in which case it will then look into maintaining or revoking the gras status. john white, ph. d. noted, \u201c its safety was never seriously doubted because expert scientific panels in every decade since the 1960s drew the same conclusion : sucrose, fructose, glucose, and, latterly, hfcs did not pose a significant health risk, with the single exception of promoting dental caries [ tooth decay ]. \u201d in addition to government - convened expert panels, professional organizations have also confirmed the safety of high fructose corn syrup, including the american medical association ( ama ) and the academy of nutrition and dietetics ( formerly the american dietetic association ). insulin is responsible for the uptake of glucose into cells and the lowering of blood sugar, a vital control process for metabolism. both sugar and high fructose corn syrup have largely the same effect on insulin production. among common sweeteners, pure glucose triggers the greatest insulin release, while pure fructose triggers the least. both table sugar and high fructose corn syrup trigger about the same intermediate insulin release because they contain nearly equal amounts of glucose and fructose. the body metabolizes the sugars in high fructose corn syrup the same way it does table sugar, honey and many fruits. since these sweeteners all have approximately equal ratios of fructose and glucose, these simple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4336742768232431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.665439"} {"text": "university of toronto : found that sugar, high fructose corn syrup, and 1 : 1 glucose / fructose solutions do not differ significantly in their short - term effects on subjective and physiologic measures of satiety and food intake at a subsequent meal. the glycemic index ( gi ) is a ranking of foods, beverages and ingredients based on their immediate effect on blood glucose levels. the gi measures how much blood sugar increases over a period of two or three hours after a meal. sugar and honey, both have moderate gi values that range from 55 to 60 and an index of up to 100. although it has not yet been specifically measured, high fructose corn syrup is expected to have a moderate gi due to its similar composition to honey and sugar. however, it is important to keep in mind that the body does not respond to the gi of individual ingredients, but rather to the gi of the entire meal. since added sugars like sugar and high fructose corn syrup typically contribute less than 20 percent of calories, they are a minor contributor to the overall gi in a normal diet. 61 fed. reg. 43447 ( august 23, 1996 ), 21 c. f. r. 184. 1866. direct food substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe ; high fructose corn syrup - final rule. u. s. department of agriculture, economic research service. 2009. calories : average daily per capita calories from the u. s. food supply, adjusted for spoilage and other waste. loss - adjusted food availability data. food allergies are caused by your body \u2019 s response to certain proteins in foods. nearly all of the corn protein is removed during the production of high fructose corn syrup. moreover, the trace protein that remains likely bears little immunological resemblance to allergens in the original kernel. a number of cereal grains, including wheat, rye, barley and corn, can cause allergic reactions in some individuals. although the amount of corn protein found in high fructose corn syrup is extremely low, a person who is allergic or sensitive to corn and corn products should seek and follow the advice of medical professionals about consuming products with hfcs. high fructose corn syrup is made from corn using a process called wet milling. in general, the process includes : 1. steeping corn to soften the hard kernels 2. physically separating the kernel into its separate components ( starch, corn hull, protein and oil ) 3. breakdown of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4897289534291006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.669806"} {"text": "a process called wet milling. in general, the process includes : 1. steeping corn to soften the hard kernels 2. physically separating the kernel into its separate components ( starch, corn hull, protein and oil ) 3. breakdown of starch into glucose 4. use of enzymes to invert glucose to fructose 5. removal of impurities 6. blending of glucose and fructose to make hfcs - 42 and hfcs - 55 white js. 1992. fructose syrup : production, properties and applications, in fw schenck & re hebeda, eds, starch hydrolysis products \u2013 worldwide technology, production, and applications. vch publishers, inc. pp. 177 - 200. according to keith - thomas ayoob, ed. d., rd, fada, a practicing pediatric nutritionist with 25 years of experience, people often assume that sugar causes hyperactivity because of all the nutritional myths and misinformation they \u2019 ve read or heard about. adhd is a definable medical condition, but it \u2019 s not caused by sugar, high fructose corn syrup or any other form of sweetener. this is the conclusion of dozens of well - controlled studies. high fructose corn syrup and other sugars may give you a quick burst of energy, but it is short - lived and relatively mild. no mercury or mercury - based technology is used in the production of high fructose corn syrup in north america. high fructose corn syrup is safe and does not contain quantifiable levels of mercury. a study was published claiming the opposite but independent experts have performed their own evaluations and confirmed that hfcs is mercury - free. one of the nation \u2019 s leading experts in mercury contamination, dr. woodhall stopford, md, msph, of duke university medical center confirmed this assessment. you can view his analysis and conclusion by visiting http : / / duketox. mc. duke. edu / recenttoxissues. htm and clicking on the link under the mercury heading. reports regarding high fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ) and mercury misleading : chemrisk discussing report flaws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4739241141334244, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.671903"} {"text": "the challenges that educators face throughout the world have never been greater. as developing nations work to build their economies and industrialized nations endeavor to maintain their infrastructures, virtually everyone looks to education as the foundation for future economic prosperity. creating and maintaining a highly educated and skilled workforce has become increasingly important at a time when technology is intensifying global competition. technology - rich schools have taken advantage of the internet to expose their students to diverse educational materials that were once difficult to access. as a result, students are now able to investigate and explore topics in greater depth. in this learning environment, educators encourage students to use technology to follow individualized paths of learning, a process that supports the development of life - long learning skills. further, many teachers in technology - rich schools emphasize cooperative learning and project - based activities, thereby taking on greater roles as facilitators in the educational process. they help students navigate through the knowledge that information technology makes available to them. internet technology has become the tool that assists teachers in creating a learning environment that is interactive, collaborative, multidisciplinary, and exploratory. to help k - 12 schools cope with the challenge of this new educational model, carl sandburg college ( csc ) in galesburg, illinois, offers a wide array of products and services at little or no cost to school districts or their teachers. the college ' s mission is to \" provide accessible, quality education in a caring environment by keeping the learner ' s needs at the center of decision making and by working in partnership with communities of the college district \" ( n. d.,? c\u00ac? 7 ). serving k - 12 schools is an important aspect of csc ' s fulfillment of this mission and its commitment to the surrounding community. the purpose of this article is to describe csc ' s outreach initiatives as an example of how colleges can foster technology - enhanced education in their local communities. carl sandburg college community college district 518 covers 3000 square miles with a population of approximately 117, 000 people. there are 26 k - 12 schools within csc ' s community college district. because of the low income, poor literacy rate, and rural location of the district, most of its k - 12 schools are not well enough equipped to deliver education with the newest technology. since 33 % of the graduates from these schools eventually enroll at csc, we identified a need for the college to reach out to these students while they are still in high school. we decided that exposing teachers to the latest technology and educating them about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5084812963449423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.685182"} {"text": ". since 33 % of the graduates from these schools eventually enroll at csc, we identified a need for the college to reach out to these students while they are still in high school. we decided that exposing teachers to the latest technology and educating them about its use in the classroom would be the most effective method for raising the technology competence level of prospective students. csc created the sandburg educational network ( sen ) in may 2000 to provide a holistic solution to the technology needs of the k - 12 community unit school districts within our area. most of these school districts did not have a technology infrastructure or educators who knew how to use technology to enhance their teaching. the schools simply could not afford the tools or teacher training. moreover, because most of these school districts have experienced a decline in their enrollment, they receive less funding from the federal and state governments, and, subsequently, a number of these districts face the possibility of consolidation. sandburg teaching / learning initiative initially, sen only offered technology workshops through our teaching / learning initiative. through this initiative, we conduct workshops for k - 12 teachers throughout the district to teach them to use technology effectively in their classrooms. we have created two kinds of workshops : ( a ) web site design and publishing and ( b ) web course management using webct. these workshops last 15 hours each and require two consecutive saturdays or five 3 - hour classes on weekdays. they are typically held on tuesdays and thursdays for three hours each day, over two and a half weeks. we conduct these workshops either in the schools or at a community - based technology center ; they have proven effective and have sparked the interest of teachers of all grade levels and subjects. csc instructors who use these tools in their own classrooms lead the workshops, which have been particularly effective because instructors ( instead of technical staff ) teach them by incorporating hands - on work. the main goal of these workshops is to present technology as a solution to teachers ' classroom needs and to give instructions that are as non - technical and simple as possible. for example, in one of the workshops, a high school journalism teacher brought material that she had designed for her students. by the end of the workshop, she had moved all of her assignments online. the following week, she took her students to a computer lab and asked them to complete the assignments. the response she received from her students was phenomenal. the students wanted to know if they could access the material from home. the surveys that teachers complete at the end of the workshop suggest that they learned new pedagogical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4882911331537527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.688090"} {"text": "to complete the assignments. the response she received from her students was phenomenal. the students wanted to know if they could access the material from home. the surveys that teachers complete at the end of the workshop suggest that they learned new pedagogical techniques in the workshops ( e. g., involving students in web research in a controlled environment ) and used the web to update and enhance their curriculum. follow - up conversations with the teachers confirmed that students who normally did not participate in class discussions participated in the online discussions and assignments. more than 50 % of the teachers who have attended our workshops ultimately use technology to prepare material for their classrooms. though most of the schools do not have a fully - developed technology infrastructure, their teachers make use of public libraries and community college resources to prepare the material to be presented in their classrooms. after the workshops, teachers have access to the staff at sen ' s web development department for further guidance and technical support. we also offer to host their work on our servers as a free service. the school boards have supported this initiative although school administrators were skeptical in the beginning. since most of the school districts and public libraries already have high speed internet access, accessibility has never been a major issue. the college has made a commitment to sustain funding for this initiative indefinitely. expanding our services while conducting the workshops, sen staff and instructors were able to learn more about the technology needs of k - 12 teachers and their schools. consequently, our staff developed the following services : sandburg hosting services this fee - based service hosts a school ' s administrative software on csc ' s central servers, providing the school with secure access to applications that generate reports for payroll, student demographics, enrollment data, and the like. the fee covers only the expenses that we incur in providing this hosting service. the sandburg connection this service offers distance - learning classes to qualified high school students in their high school distance learning labs. through this program, students can enroll in and complete college - level courses to reduce the time and money that they spend in gaining an undergraduate degree. this might also improve the student ' s chances of getting into institutions of higher learning in addition to building their confidence and helping them decide on a career choice. the sandburg connection offers a wide array of courses in which students can enroll, depending on the career path that they want to pursue. these courses may serve as pre - requisites to a variety of career programs such as teaching, engineering, medicine, and nursing. we provide all of the distance learning equipment on both sides such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5398410729172572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.689280"} {"text": "depending on the career path that they want to pursue. these courses may serve as pre - requisites to a variety of career programs such as teaching, engineering, medicine, and nursing. we provide all of the distance learning equipment on both sides such as cameras, monitors and audio visual aids to support this technology. the western illinois education consortium funds this initiative. we have developed a proposal for the sandburg e - xpress, which would establish mini - learning centers within k - 12 schools and equip them with state - of - the - art technology that teachers and students could easily learn to use. these centers will include computers, printers, scanners, smart boards, and high - speed internet access. in addition, the learning centers will provide tutors, career guidance, and technology support. the purpose of this initiative is to bring awareness of both the value of education and the uses of technology to enhance teaching and learning to k - 12 schools and the communities that they serve. csc has already established two technology centers, the educational technology center ( etc ) in galesburg, illinois, and the education commons ( edcomms ) in carthage, illinois. we created these technology centers in partnerships with local industry and educational institutions. these technology centers not only serve the needs of students and teachers in their respective communities but also serve the public at large ; members of the public are allowed to use etc and edcomms resources at certain times during the day according to guidelines of the facility. sen is currently writing grants to secure funds to implement the sandburg e - xpress concept. we have overcome two major challenges in implementing our program, and the solutions have been crucial to its success : support from k - 12 administrators. the administrators felt that teachers already overwhelmed by their current work would not be able to attend these workshops and subsequently use web - based supplements in their classroom instruction. on the contrary, though, teachers who have attended the workshops and created web - based assignments and supplements have reported that this mode of instruction has actually saved them time and helped them teach more. moreover, they have observed an increase in students ' participation and interest level when they enhance their classroom teaching with web - based supplements. the administrators have begun to notice the enhanced learning tools that the teachers use in their classrooms and have started to support and encourage their teachers to attend sen workshops. in fact, sen has received phone calls from superintendents and principals to request in - service workshops in their schools. the fact that sen provides this training at no cost to the teachers or the school district", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5168531674695268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.690524"} {"text": "support and encourage their teachers to attend sen workshops. in fact, sen has received phone calls from superintendents and principals to request in - service workshops in their schools. the fact that sen provides this training at no cost to the teachers or the school district at first seemed too good to be true, but after two years of implementation, the integrity and effectiveness of our training has gained wide acceptance even among administrators. schedule conflict. it was difficult to find days and times that were convenient for teachers throughout the district. sen found two ways to address this issue : first, we offer the classroom workshop online, allowing teachers to complete the workshops from the comfort of their home and at their own pace ( samples of which are available here ). second, we have also conducted workshops at different school districts during scheduled workshop days for teachers. to serve the technology needs of the k - 12 schools more effectively, we recently formed an advisory committee comprised of teachers and administrators from the k - 12 school districts. the advisory committee has suggested that sen work with other governmental entities such as regional offices of education, professional development centers, and learning technology centers that provide technology training to k - 12 teachers. the center for the application of information technologies ( cait ) at western illinois university is developing a database of all available courses, through all the above agencies, for the k - 12 teachers within our district. this database will also keep track of the courses that teachers complete, audit their re - certification requirements, and offer suggestions about which courses they still need to fulfill those requirements. there are more than 2, 000 teachers in the 26 school districts that we serve, and, through various partnerships and workshops, our goal is to reach every teacher in these districts in the next 6 years. this initiative effectively supports the state of illinois vision for technology in education and the no child left behind act of 2001 ( nclb ). sandburg educational network is starting to see its impact on the community and school districts in technologically competent students and teachers. [ editor ' s note : this paper is modified from a presentation at the 2001 webct conference in vancouver, bc. ] carl sandburg college. ( n. d. ). about csc : philosophy / mission and history. retrieved february 15, 2002, from http : / / www. sandburg. edu / about _ csc / philosophy _ _ _ mission _ and _ histo / philosophy _ _ _ mission _ and _ histo. htmlsimulation gamesaction gamesdownloadable gamesshooter gamesplatform", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4687275050037212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.691860"} {"text": "national office 681 main street, waltham, ma 02451 888 - 466 - 8233 www. thealliancefordemocracy. org what is gats? the general agreement on trade in services ( gats ) is one of 15 agreements adopted as part of the uruguay round of trade negotiations concluded in 1994 which greatly expanded the 1947 general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ). the uruguay round also created the world trade organization ( wto ) to enforce the agreements. today 139 countries are in the wto. every country in the wto is part of the gats agreement. services cover everything from mcdonalds hamburger flippers to international bankers. health care, education, lawyers, accountants, advertising, media, travel, even municipal services like sewer and water, are all services which today makes up about 70 % of the u. s. economy. the goal of bringing services into the wto is to make sure they are \" liberalized. \" this means promoting privatization of public services like education. it also means deregulation of services at the local, state and national levels and subjecting them to the wtos global rules for the benefit of transnational the u. s. pushed very hard to have services included in the uruguay round negotiations, but did not succeed in requiring the inclusion of all services. countries resisted the threat to privatization of their public services and would only agree to gats if they could choose which services to include in the agreement. so gats has country - specific schedules of commitments which detail which services are covered. nonetheless, gats creates legally enforceable obligations backed up by trade sanctions. the wto says : gats is the first multilateral agreement to provide legally enforceable rights to trade in all services. it has built - in commitment to continuous liberalization through periodic negotiations. and it is the worlds first multinational agreement on investment, since it covers not just cross - boundary trade but every possible means of supplying a service including the right to set up a commercial presence in the export this sets out rights without responsibilities for corporations, including the right for u. s. corporations to set up operations in other countries immune from u. s. laws. now big changes are being proposed. gats is part of the \" built - in agenda. \" negotiations are going forward even though the \" millennium round \" of new wto negotiations came to a screeching halt in seattle. this is because the original gats agreement requires negotiations to recommence at the beginning of 2000 in order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46218264622578686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.711753"} {"text": ". \" negotiations are going forward even though the \" millennium round \" of new wto negotiations came to a screeching halt in seattle. this is because the original gats agreement requires negotiations to recommence at the beginning of 2000 in order to pursue the service industry corporations see a real opportunity here. to quote j. robert vastine, president of the u. s. coalition of service industries, speaking in tokyo on may 13, 1999 : \" the overarching objective of the global business community in the coming negotiations should be both to broaden and deepen countries gats liberalization commitments. a contestable, competitive market in every sector and in every wto member country is the ultimate goal. \" the end result of this scenario would be government of the corporations, for the corporations, and by the corporations. what public services remained would be forced into constant competition with the corporations leading to slashing of labor costs and services to the poor. the trade ministers of wto member countries meet in regular and, when negotiating, in special session. countries also appoint representatives to the council on trade in services which meets more frequently to do the legwork for the ministers. the wto provides staffing through its secretariat located in geneva. the u. s. trade representatives office ( ustr ) is the lead u. s. agency, which also maintains staff in geneva. if a member country believes another member country has violated gats and they cannot resolve their disagreement, the aggrieved country can bring its claim to the wto ' s dispute settlement body, which has not been receptive to environmental, health and other public concerns. this panel meets in closed session, acting like a secret tribunal. decisions are enforced by the winning country imposing economic sanctions on the losing country until it comes into compliance. gats impact our lives? privatization of services impacts how our kids get educated, the elderly are cared for, workers are treated, even how we obtain water to drink. gats rules will accelerate a trend toward privatization of human services already underway in the united states. in a democracy, people should be able to decide what human services they want the government to under gats, once a country agrees to put a service into its \" schedule of specific commitments, \" it is very difficult to change course. a country has a three - year window in which to withdraw a commitment and must agree \" on any necessary compensatory adjustment \" for the withdrawal. also, at the time the u. s. makes a commitment, it can exempt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.456990821175415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.713101"} {"text": "course. a country has a three - year window in which to withdraw a commitment and must agree \" on any necessary compensatory adjustment \" for the withdrawal. also, at the time the u. s. makes a commitment, it can exempt existing state laws, but once the commitment is made no states can pass similar laws without violating gats. education already corporations have made major inroads into our educational system. high schools are contracting with private businesses for guidance counselors ; text books are using corporate logos in their exercises ; zap me! is offering schools free computer equipment in return for displaying a constant stream of advertisements on the screens ; and coke made a deal with colorado springs schools to provide $ 8. 4 million in funding over 10 years in exchange for the schools contracting to sell 70, 000 cases of coke products to students every year. according to david kearns, the u. s. chair of xerox, \" business will have to set the agenda... a complete restructure driven by competition and market discipline, unfamiliar grounds for educators. \" when knowledge becomes privatized, it is no longer a common heritage to be used for the common good. maude barlow writes in the ecologist : \" the intellectual property provisions of nafta and gatt treat knowledge as a commodity and as the exclusive property of the company that takes a patent or holds a copyright on it. \" the inclusion of education under gats would accelerate this process and make it harder for citizens to turn health care \"... it is not health which makes money but ill health, \" states agnes bertrand in the ecologist. the wto staff says countries should reconsider the \" depth and breadth of their commitments \" on health and social services, which are \" trailing behind other sectors. \" this means more privatization, deregulation and competition by foreign suppliers. privatization of public health services increases inequity. the wto acknowledges that \" private health insurers competing for members may engage in some form of cream skimming... private clinics may well be able to attract qualified staff from public hospitals without... offering the same range of services to the same population groups.... \" according to public services international : \" the elite will be able to access private tnc - controlled care ; the rest will have to make do with the shrinking public system. \" u. s. managed care corporations are doing just this in latin america. as mobility of health care professionals is encouraged, there will be pressure for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48295182215669585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.714312"} {"text": "private tnc - controlled care ; the rest will have to make do with the shrinking public system. \" u. s. managed care corporations are doing just this in latin america. as mobility of health care professionals is encouraged, there will be pressure for a downward leveling of standards for medical training and qualification resulting in a reduction in health quality standards. further, health service providers may encourage rich foreign clients while ignoring poorer clients in their own area as is already happening in northern mexico. finally, \" privatization brings with it a view of labour as a cost, rather than an investment in skills, \" notes the psi report, leading to use of less skilled labor to replace more skilled labor performing the same tasks. water with water scarcity becoming widespread, partly due to the pollution and misuse of water by corporations, companies like bechtel and enron want to profit from this scarcity by supplying water in bulk to those who can afford it. while water itself is a commodity, the operation of water pipelines and ships to supply bulk water is a service. the local distribution of drinking water is also a service. in the u. s. this is primarily a municipal function. but today, tncs want to privatize these systems, as has already been done in countries such as france and great britain. rebecca mark, speaking as ceo of enrons water subsidiary azurix, said she would not rest until all the worlds water has been privatized. contrast this with the words of vandana shiva : \" privatization and commodification of water are a threat to the right to life. \" the threat is at our doorstep. in california, the state constitution guarantees that the people have the right of ownership of the water, but tragically the people are losing control of this right to agribusiness, private land companies, and water speculators like azurix. since 1992, some companies, operating as federal contractors, have been given the right to sell some of californias water on the open market. in 1995, the state also gave its contractors the right to sell water. the european gats negotiators want to be sure that drinking water is included in the gats agreement because they have large tncs like suez lyonnaise des eaux and generale des eaux, a division of vivendi sa, which are involved in privatizing municipal water services around the world, including the city of indianapolis. now the u. s. negotiators are figuring out how to respond. they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48082833111752327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.715403"} {"text": "des eaux, a division of vivendi sa, which are involved in privatizing municipal water services around the world, including the city of indianapolis. now the u. s. negotiators are figuring out how to respond. they know there is controversy in the u. s. about having gats cover water. u. s. corporations would like limited coverage in areas where they are competitive with the european corporations. advocates for environment and justice dont want water covered in gats at all. the u. s. is looking for a compromise position. they are willing to propose that gats \" carve out, \" i. e., exclude, transportation of bulk water across international borders by private companies. this would be good from the perspective of citizens and organization who believe water is a right not a need to be supplied by the market for but the u. s. is considering a more compromised position on water services within a country such as water treatment, distribution, and sewage treatment. they have suggested limiting the application of gats in the u. s. to commercial applications. unfortunately, this approach does not deal with the fact that other countries might have a harder time resisting the pressure from tncs to put public water systems on their schedule of commitments. if a country does this and later realizes it made a mistake, it could be too late to change course. encouraging the private sector to supply water for commercial uses could lead to less water being available for public uses like public drinking water and wildlife protection. also, if big commercial users get water from private sources, public water supplies will have to carry more of the public infrastructure costs, leading to higher rates. this is another form of cream skimming. finally, gats fits in nicely with the imf and world banks agenda to promote privatization. in bolivia, under pressure from these institutions, the government passed a law which led to the privatization of water in its major city of cochabamba. the city signed a contract with a private consortium in which bechtel had a majority interest. water bills quickly became unaffordable. cooperative distribution systems were dismantled. people first refused to pay, then took to the streets to protest. in the end, after police violence, the people won and the contract was terminated. prisons the trend in the united states toward privatization of prisons has been quite dramatic over the last decade. according to afscme, there are now 193 for - profit prisons in operation or under construction in 30 states with 43 in texas and 24 in california", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4903604344678914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.716486"} {"text": "prisons the trend in the united states toward privatization of prisons has been quite dramatic over the last decade. according to afscme, there are now 193 for - profit prisons in operation or under construction in 30 states with 43 in texas and 24 in california. altogether they account for 7 % of the prison population. profits passed the $ 1 billion mark in 1998. the two largest private prison corporations in the us are wackenhut and corrections corporation of america. these corporations have already become transnationals. cca alone manages 82 prisons with 73, 000 beds in 26 states, puerto rico, great britain, and australia. wackenhut extends its reach to south africa and canada. not only are prisons being privatized, but 36 states allow corporations to set up factory production in prisons where wages are low and workers forced to be compliant. the new york times reports : \" private sector programs, which exist in 36 states and employ 3, 500, have doubled in size since 1995 after years of almost no growth. \" ( 3 / 19 / 00, p. 22 ) recent studies report that minorities are being targeted by the judicial system : \" black men are sent to state prisons on drug charges at 13 times the rate of white men \" even though five times as many whites use cocaine ; minorities are given longer sentences and treated more harshly than whites. these three trends - - private prisons, private sector production in prisons, and a judicial system which targets minorities - - are creating a system tantamount to slave labor. workers and unions gats is likely to accelerate the use of cheaper labor abroad facilitated by use of the internet in providing many services. privatization of government services will allow for replacement of public sector unions with non - unionized workers. this loss of worker power will further accelerate the race to the bottom in wages. there cannot be justice at home or abroad when human services are taken out of the public sector and given over to profit - driven corporations. this trend is being promoted by the overall goal of privatization of all services through gats. how much will be achieved in this round of negotiations remains to be seen. the united states trade representatives office and the wto secretariat say not to worry. all government services are excepted under gats article i, section 3 ( b ) and ( c ). but is this really true? it is important to understand just what these sections say. section ( b ) says \" ' services includes any service in any sector except services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority. \" sounds fine, right?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42733349761629885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.718639"} {"text": "c ). but is this really true? it is important to understand just what these sections say. section ( b ) says \" ' services includes any service in any sector except services supplied in the exercise of governmental authority. \" sounds fine, right? read on. section ( c ) says \" ' a service supplied in the exercise of governmental authority means any service which is supplied neither on a commercial basis, nor in competition with one or more service suppliers. \" now it just so happens that \" commercial basis \" is not defined in gats. the ustr staff say they cannot provide a definition, nor can the wto staff. member countries would have to agree on the definition. meanwhile, if a dispute arises over whether a government service is covered, it would be left up to the dispute settlement procedures to decide the meaning. \" competition \" is also used without any further explanation. if there is one private school in a community, does that mean there is competition and the public system is not exempted? if one community is totally public, but the next has a private school which will accept students from both communities, is there competition? again, the ustr and wto staff cannot provide the definition. in sum, this exception is so full of holes that it is almost impossible to say with certainty what local, state or federal government services are covered. one thing is for sure, the police and military are exempted from gats under the \" public safety \" gats article xiii calls for \" multilateral negotiations on government procurement in services under this agreement within two years from the date of entry into force of the wto agreement. \" six years after gats was signed, these negotiations are still ongoing. there is, however, a government procurement agreement under gatt which only what exactly are the provisions of gats? some of the gats provisions will be familiar to anyone involved in the fight against the multilateral agreement on investment ( mai ). under gats some of these apply to all sectors whether or not they are included in a countrys schedule of commitments. others apply only to those sectors included on the schedule. most favored nation treatment ( article ii ) all wto countries must treat services and service suppliers from any member country no less favorably than service suppliers in any other member country. this applies to all services, whether or not they are on a countrys list of commitments. the only exception is government procurement of services ( see above ). however, at the time the agreement was signed, countries were allowed to take one - time only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5499375364912329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.720428"} {"text": "applies to all services, whether or not they are on a countrys list of commitments. the only exception is government procurement of services ( see above ). however, at the time the agreement was signed, countries were allowed to take one - time only temporary exceptions which are now up for review. national treatment ( article xvii ) services and service suppliers of member countries must receive treatment no less favorable than that given to domestic services and service suppliers. this provision only applies to the sectors included in a countrys schedule of commitments. as with the mai, a country could treat foreign corporations more favorably than domestic ones. take prisons for example. once the u. s. puts this sector on its schedule, it would be wto illegal for communities to pass an ordinance which restricts the building of private prisons to transparency ( article iii ) all member countries are to publish all \" measures \" relevant to gats. measures include those by \" central, regional or local governments and authorities ; and non - governmental bodies in the exercise of powers delegated by central, regional or local governments or authorities. \" the full implementation of this provision is a top priority for the u. s. which wants to go even further and require proposed regulations to be published ( see every law or regulation even in your local community relating to services is subject to scrutiny under gats. however, corporations are protected from the government disclosing confidential information \" which would prejudice legitimate commercial interests of domestic regulation ( article vi ) this requires that domestic regulations \" do not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade in services. \" the disciplines developed under this section can be used to overturn local, state or federal regulations even if there is no discrimination based on national treatment or most favored nation. general obligations. article vi could also become a vehicle for setting \" general obligations \" which would not be limited to country - specific commitments, a position already taken by the wto secretariat. this could be a major intrusion on national, state and local sovereignty. more transparency. the u. s. negotiators want all member countries and their political subdivisions to publish their proposed regulations to allow for public comment from other member countries. this could be a very significant burden on local communities who would have to consider such comments from around the world before adopting, for instance, a change to their regulations for recycling or water treatment. and who would comment? most likely the tncs who have the resources to keep track of how such proposed regulations would impact their business interests. this unfunded mandate is not really about democracy, it is about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5079654427598066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.721923"} {"text": "their regulations for recycling or water treatment. and who would comment? most likely the tncs who have the resources to keep track of how such proposed regulations would impact their business interests. this unfunded mandate is not really about democracy, it is about corporate power. necessity. the council for trade in services is given the authority to \" develop any necessary disciplines \" to ensure that such regulations are \" not more burdensome than necessary to ensure the quality of the service \" and are \" based on objective and transparent criteria, such as competence and the ability to supply the service. \" currently countries are interpreting this to mean they have to demonstrate the necessity of their regulations. this potentially gives the council much leeway to create international regulations that can trump domestic regulations. the working party on domestic regulation, established by the council, is looking at legitimate objectives which do not have to meet the necessity test. the european communities ( ec ) has submitted a paper covering \" necessity \" which lists proposed legitimate objectives which has some appealing entries such as \" protection of consumers, \" \" protection of the environment, \" \" promotion of welfare, including public policy objectives, \" and \" ensuring pluralism and a media system based on free and democratic principles and including a public service broadcast the wto secretariat has responded with its own list : economic efficiency, promoting competition, administrative efficiency, and economic development. if these were to be adopted, it would be a major assault on domestic environment, consumer protection and human health regulations. think about how this might impact health care, education, treatment of prisoners, provision of drinking water. fortunately, the u. s. negotiators are opposed to adopting a list of \" legitimate objectives, \" since there is a significant risk that we would end up with the wtos list. tribunals. to top it all off, article vi has a domestic version of the investor - to - state provision that has caused such folly in nafta and was slated to be part of the mai. gats calls for each country to set up its own tribunals where service suppliers can take their grievances and expect appropriate remedies. it is no surprise that powerful corporate lobbies like the us - based coalition of service industries and the european services forum have put expanding the gats domestic regulation provisions on the top of their agendas. general exceptions ( article xiv ) here at least measures \" necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health \" are excepted from gats altogether.... except that the preamble has a caveat large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4792674268988385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.723418"} {"text": "of their agendas. general exceptions ( article xiv ) here at least measures \" necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health \" are excepted from gats altogether.... except that the preamble has a caveat large enough to drive a truck through. such measures cannot be \" a disguised restriction on trade in services. \" it is just this language which has led the wto tribunals to come down against environmental regulations in cases brought before them. while article xiv is generally parallel to article xx of the general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ), it omits any mention of natural resources included in the gatt general exceptions. but, as we have seen in the case of water, natural resources can come under gats. if the operation of a pipeline is a service, then is not the operation of a coal train a service or the operation of a lumber truck a service? by not exempting such services, could not gats undercut the exemption contained in gatt? schedules of specific commitments ( article xx ) the member countries schedules of specific commitment were annexed to the gats agreement at the time of its adoption. now the pressure is on countries to further \" liberalize \" their service sector by increasing their commitments. if a country fails to state a limitation on national treatment or market access when their schedule is committed, they are just out of luck. this includes conditions and qualifications on national treatment for states or provinces and communities as well as for the whole conclusion : its time by promoting the privatization and deregulation of all services, gats represents a major restructuring of the global economy and a loss of sovereignty at the local, state and federal levels. when renato ruggiero boasted \" we are writing the constitution of a single global economy \" that \" we \" he was referring to is the trade ministers in bed with the corporations, not us. it is essential that citizens in the u. s. and around the world come together in a massive movement to stop further deregulation and privatization of these services. there is much that can be done locally to build this movement. here are a few ideas. * let the ustr negotiators know that you dont want water included in gats at all. write to u. s. trade representative charlene barshefsky with a copy to chris rosetti, director, multilateral services and investment affairs. send your letter to : ustr, 600 17th street, nw, washington, dc 20508 * get your city /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4730285041277361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.724481"} {"text": "trade representative charlene barshefsky with a copy to chris rosetti, director, multilateral services and investment affairs. send your letter to : ustr, 600 17th street, nw, washington, dc 20508 * get your city / town council to pass a resolution on gats. a model resolution will be available shortly from the alliance. contact ruth caplan in the dc office 202 - 244 - 0561 firstname. lastname @ example. org * sign the wto \" shrink it or sink it \" letter which calls for gutting gats, saying \" areas such as health, education, energy and other basic human services must not be subject to international free trade rules. \" contact margrete strand < email @ example. com > for a copy. * join alliance list serves on gats topics - - water, health, education, prisons - - for information and action alerts. e - mail firstname. lastname @ example. org * read and discuss reports on privatization. for starters, we recommend water blue gold ( from ifg 415 - 229 - 9350 ) ; prisons mother jones may / june 2000 ; education the nation 9 / 27 / 99 ; health \" the wto and the gats : what is at stake for public health? \" public services international, http : / / www. world - psi. org. the alliance also has action packets available on each of these topics available from the national office. * study the pattern of corporatization of services in your community. what changes have taken place in the ownership and management of water, school, health, and prison facilities? what have been proposed? are any of the corporations headquartered outside the * after you identify the hot issues in your community, hold a community forum to look at the problems from both a local and global perspective, including the added threat which further \" liberalization \" under gats poses. select materials from the action packets to use as handouts. * join with other organizations in your community to develop a campaign around your local issues, linking them with the expansion of gats. for more information, contact ruth caplan, co - chair, campaign on corporate globalization / positive alternatives, washington dc office, 3407 34th place nw, washington, dc 20016 email @ example. com phone 202 - 244 - 0561 ; fax 202 - 537 - 6045", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47697956401730085, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.725657"} {"text": "fish oil and surgery, its connection when it comes to fish oil and surgery, people should realize that fish oil is very important for those who want to get better health. most people believe that fish oil is a perfect choice when added into our diet plans. studies have shown that fish oil can be used to improve our heart health. the fact is there are lots of benefits that we can get when we decide to consume fish oil. however, it is important to put more attention when you decide to eat fish oil while taking other medications. while taking other medications, people should be aware with side effects from fish oil. fish oil can be consumed both for men and women so that you can find fish oil supplements for women and men through some stores available around you. speaking about fish oil and surgery, let \u2019 s take a look for more information. fish oil and surgery : its usage when discussing about fish oil and surgery, there is some helpful information for surgical candidates. the first thing we should do is to get more details about the use of fish oil during surgery procedures. fish oils contain with epa and dha that are very important for our brain. most doctors and experts recommend the use of fish oil and people should consume fish oil at least two times per week. fish oil is beneficial both for those who are in the diet or those who are not in the diet. omega 3 fatty acids present in fish oil can be used to lower triglyceride levels, reduce the risk of sudden death, slow the process of hardening of the arteries, and it is also very effective to lower blood pressure. fish oil and surgery are associated each other so that people should learn more about the use of fish oil especially for surgical candidates. fish oil and surgery \u2013 things to consider when using fish oil aside from learning about fish oil and surgery, most doctors recommend eating fish oil after surgery. those who have undergone kidney transplant or heart surgery should realize the importance of taking supplements such as fish oil. by eating fish oil, it can be used to prevent kidney damage or high blood pressure after doing the surgery. while eating fish oil, it is important to put more attention when using fish with other medications. for example, it is strictly prohibited to eat fish oil while taking medications that slow blood clotting. in fish oil and surgery, people should consult with the doctor first before eating fish oil. fish oil and surgery \u2013 benefits and side effects of fish oil as you may already know, people should learn more about fish oil and surgery as well as other side effects that may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45301085282025344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.728886"} {"text": "throughout history the majority of martial arts have operated within a culture of honor. warrior classes from vikings to medieval knights to modern military personnel have shared this tendency as well. the ideal has always been to combine martial skills with ethical codes of behavior. in japan this ethical code of conduct was called bushido ( \u201c way of the warrior ) or budo ( way of the spirit. ) bushido was intended to permeate the life of the samurai. specifically, it developed these seven character traits : right action, courage, benevolence, respect, truthfulness, honor, and loyalty. many modern day jiu jitsu practitioners still find the concept of \u201c bushido \u201d to be an important component of their practice. why have codes of moral virtue been combined with martial skill? charles darwin suggested an answer \u2013 he was puzzled by a phenomenon that seemed to contradict the most basic premise of his theory of evolution, that natural selection should favor the ruthless. people who are kind and generous should therefore die before passing on their genes to the next generation. yet this is clearly not true, and all societies value kindness and generosity among their members. evolutionary biologists say that this seeming contradiction arises from the fact that we pass on our genes as individuals, but we survive as members of groups \u2013 and groups can exist only when individuals act not solely for their own advantage but for the sake of the group as a whole. neuroscientists say this dynamic has resulted in two patterns of reaction in our brains, a \u201c fast track \u201d and a \u201c slow track. \u201d the fast track focuses on the individual. - the fast track focuses on potential danger to us as individuals. - it is characterized by the immediate, instinctive and emotional. the slow track focuses on the group. - the slow track enables us to take a more considered view of the consequences of our actions for us and others. - it is characterized by the reflective, rational and altruistic. the fast track helps us survive, but it can also lead us to acts that are impulsive and destructive. the slow track leads us to more considered behavior \u2013 it brings moments of moral beauty into what might otherwise be harsh and lonely lives. the fast track helps us survive, but it is the slow track that enables us to thrive. the importance of bushido. this puts us in a position to understand why bushido was an important component of martial arts in the past \u2014 and why we still need it in the future. by encouraging ethical behavior, bushido strengthens and speeds up the slow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.520093133164928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.733560"} {"text": "of bushido. this puts us in a position to understand why bushido was an important component of martial arts in the past \u2014 and why we still need it in the future. by encouraging ethical behavior, bushido strengthens and speeds up the slow track. it reconfigures our neural pathways, turning moral behavior into instinct. bushido is the antidote to reckless behavior. it replaces emotional outbursts with moral choices. by metaphorically carving bushido into their hearts, the ideal samurai aimed to make \u201c right action \u201d automatic. this guided them towards the appropriate use of violence. those who fell short of the ideal were more inclined to misuse their power and compromise their honor. a strengthening of the slow track will highlight the honor in restraint. unmitigated violence without the balance of a moral code is self destructive to the individual and the community they reside in. the idea that jiu jitsu can now do without some form of ethical code of behavior, or bushido, not only flies in the face of history, it contradicts evolutionary biology. the emotional strength and psychological fitness that is associated with the slow track will likely have a greater impact on our life than martial arts skill or physical strength. this makes strengthening the slow track of our brains a supremely practical endeavor. philosophies such as bushido are not a useless thing from the past. in fact, when combined with martial skill, they provide a more well rounded knowledge that is the way of the future. what do you think? do these moral codes still have a place in modern day jiu jitsu? can they still be effective in helping us balance physical capabilities with a strong moral character?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5368698195310149, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.735344"} {"text": "the 149th anniversary of the battle of wilson \u2019 s creek will be observed at 10 a. m. on august 10, 2010. missouri state university historian dr. william piston will be the featured speaker at a program in front of the visitor center at the park. decades of grassroots efforts to preserve the battlefield culminated on august 10, 1961 when the site was dedicated as a unit of the national park service. drury university professor dr. lewis meador and local attorney john k. hulston were instrumental in the park \u2019 s establishment. information about their work and the early days of the wilson \u2019 s creek national battlefield foundation can be found in hulston \u2019 s book an ozarks lawyer \u2019 s story, 1946 - 1976. \" bloody hill \" land donated from the springfield ( mo. ) leader & press, july 8, 1961, page 8. \" transfer of first land for the wilson \u2019 s creek battlefield national park was made this morning when the board of the wilson \u2019 s creek battlefield foundation, inc., voted to give the 37 acres it owned to the federal government. \" the meeting was held in the office of john k. hulston, attorney and member of the board, with dr. l. e. meador presiding. also present were louis w. reps, secretary - treasurer ; mrs. fred c. thomson, charles sheppard, dr. benton manley, w. p. keltner and james e. ruffin. \" the foundation was organized in 1951 when through subscriptions of around 600 persons, including school children, the 37 acres on bloody hill were bought from mr. and mrs. bob mcclure as a nucleus for the park. \u201c ' our purpose in acquiring this land, ' said dr. meador, ' was to give it to the government to establish a national park. now that legislation has accomplished that, we are ready to make a deed to the tract. ' \" it was recalled that the movement for the purchase of the bloody hill acreage met instant and widespread response, indicating the great interest in the battlefield. total contributed at that time was $ 2, 843. in addition to the $ 1, 600 land purchase, the foundation was able to do considerable work at the site, including fencing an access road and planting considerable grass seed. it also had two printings of 5, 000 copies each of a booklet giving the history of the battle, which was distributed to school children and other interested persons. \" reps reported $ 26. 97 still remains in the treasury. the board voted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3692782953706772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.739300"} {"text": "moore \u2019 s law has been around for 46 years. it \u2019 s a descriptor for the trend we \u2019 ve seen in the development of computer hardware for decades, with no sign of slowing down, where the number of transistors that can be placed on an integrated circuit doubles every two years. the law is named after gordon moore, who described this pattern in 1965. he would know a thing or two about integrated circuits. he co - founded intel in 1968. moore has said in recent years that there \u2019 s about 10 or 20 years left in this trend, because \u201c we \u2019 re approaching the size of atoms which is a fundamental barrier. \u201d but then, he said, we \u2019 ll just make bigger chips. ray kurzweil, who we mentioned in last weekend \u2019 s piece on transhumanism, is known for his thoughts on another subject even more than he is known for his thoughts on transhumanism. that subject is the technological singularity. the singularity comes after the time when our technological creations exceed the computing power of human brains, and kurzweil predicts that based on moore \u2019 s law and the general trend of exponential growth in technology, that time will come before the mid - 21st century. we \u2019 ll see artificial intelligence that exceeds human intelligence around the same time, he says. but there \u2019 s more to it than just having created smarter intelligences. there are profound ramifications, but we \u2019 ll get to those soon. technological singularity was a term coined by vernor vinge, the science fiction author, in 1983. \u201c we will soon create intelligences greater than our own, \u201d he wrote. \u201c when this happens, human history will have reached a kind of singularity, an intellectual transition as impenetrable as the knotted space - time at the center of a black hole, and the world will pass far beyond our understanding. \u201d he was unifying the thoughts of many of his predecessors, alan turing and i. j. good among them. the idea is that when we become capable of creating beings more intelligent than us, it stands to reason that they \u2014 or their near - descendants \u2014 will be able to create intelligences more intelligent than themselves. this exponential growth of intelligences would work much like moore \u2019 s law \u2014 perhaps we can call it kurzweil \u2019 s law \u2014 but have more profound significance. when there are intelligences capable of creating more intelligent beings in rapid succession, we enter an age where technological advances move at a rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5709509402583071, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.746498"} {"text": "moore \u2019 s law \u2014 perhaps we can call it kurzweil \u2019 s law \u2014 but have more profound significance. when there are intelligences capable of creating more intelligent beings in rapid succession, we enter an age where technological advances move at a rate we can \u2019 t even dream of right now. and that \u2019 s saying something : thanks to the nature of exponential growth, technological advance is already making headway at the fastest pace we \u2019 ve ever seen. the singularity doesn \u2019 t refer so much to the development of superhuman artificial intelligence \u2014 although that is foundational to the concept \u2014 as it does to the point when our ability to predict what happens next in technological advance breaks down. what will the singularity look like? singularitarians say that we simply can \u2019 t imagine what such a future would be like. it \u2019 s hard to flaw that logic. imagine, in a world where human intelligence is near the bottom of the ladder, what the world would look like even a short decade later. the short answer is : you can \u2019 t! the point is that as more intelligent beings they \u2019 ll be capable of not just imagining, but creating things we can \u2019 t even dream about. we can speculate as to the changes the singularity would bring that would enable that exponential growth to continue. once we build computers with processing power greater than the human brain and with self - aware software that is more intelligent than a human, we will see improvements to the speed with which these artificial minds can be run. consider that with faster processing speeds, these ais could do the thinking of a human in shorter amounts of time : a year \u2019 s worth of human processing would become eight months, then eventually weeks, days, minutes and at the far end of the spectrum, even seconds. there is some debate about whether there \u2019 s a ceiling to the processing speed of intelligence, though scientists agree that there is certainly room for improvement before hitting that limit. as with speculation in general, nobody can really speculate as to where that limit may sit, but it \u2019 s still fascinating to imagine an intelligence doing the thinking that a human does in one year in one minute. with that superhuman intelligence and incredibly fast, powerful processing power, it \u2019 s not a stretch to imagine that software re - writing its own source code as it arrives at new conclusions and attempts to progressively improve itself. the age of the posthuman what \u2019 s interesting is that there is potential for such post - singularity improvements to machine speed and intelligence to crossover to human minds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5704968387960198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.747642"} {"text": "own source code as it arrives at new conclusions and attempts to progressively improve itself. the age of the posthuman what \u2019 s interesting is that there is potential for such post - singularity improvements to machine speed and intelligence to crossover to human minds. futurists speculate that such advanced technology would enable us to improve the processing power, intelligence and accessible memory limits of our own minds through changing the structure of the brain, or \u2018 porting \u2019 our minds on to the same hardware that these intelligences will run on. in last week \u2019 s piece i asked whether we \u2019 d be able to tell when we crossed the line from transhuman to posthuman, or whether that line would be ever - moving as we found new ways to augment ourselves. but here \u2019 s another, contrary question : could the singularity, should it arrive, bring the age of the posthuman? if we are able to create superhuman intelligence and then upgrade our own intelligence by changing the fundamental structure of our minds, is that posthuman enough? augmentation is one thing, and upgrading human blood to vasculoid and allowing us to switch off emotions when we need to avoid an impulse purchase are merely augmentations. increasing our baseline intelligence and processing speed seems to me to be much more significant : an upgrade over an augment. there is, of course, no reason to think that our creations would have any interest in us or improving the hardware on which we currently run. many science fiction authors have postulated that superhuman artificial intelligence would in fact want us extinct, given that our species \u2019 behavior doesn \u2019 t lend itself to sustainability. is the singularity near? the real question, of course, is whether such a technological singularity will ever happen. just because it has been predicted by some doesn \u2019 t mean it will, and there \u2019 s plenty of debate on both sides of the argument. ever the technological optimist, i \u2019 m going to avoid the question in this piece \u2014 though that \u2019 s not to say i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s an important one. you can have a look at david brin \u2019 s fantastic article, singularities and nightmares : extremes of optimism and pessimism about the human future, for more discussion of that question. i \u2019 m fond of this quote from brin \u2019 s piece : \u201c how can models, created within an earlier, cruder system, properly simulate and predict the behavior of a later and vastly more complex system? \u201d of course, if you accept that quote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5144420429061509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.748761"} {"text": "m fond of this quote from brin \u2019 s piece : \u201c how can models, created within an earlier, cruder system, properly simulate and predict the behavior of a later and vastly more complex system? \u201d of course, if you accept that quote as the basis for any argument, it \u2019 s just as hard to map the progress of and towards the singularity as it is to deny that it will happen. according to kurzweil \u2019 s predictions, we will see computer systems as powerful as the human brain in 2020. we won \u2019 t have created artificial intelligence until after 2029, the year in which kurzweil predicts we will have reverse - engineered the brain. it \u2019 s that breakthrough that will allow us to create artificial intelligence, and begin to explore other ideas like that of mind uploading. current trends certainly don \u2019 t oppose such a timeline, and in 2009, dr anthony berglas wrote in a paper entitled \u201c artificial intelligence will kill our grandchildren \u201d that : \u201c a computer that was ten thousand times faster than a desktop computer would probably be at least as computationally powerful as the human brain. with specialized hardware it would not be difficult to build such a machine in the very near future. \u201d important to consider is that if kurzweil \u2019 s predictions come true, in 2029 when we \u2019 ve reverse engineered the brain we would have already had nine years of improvement on those computer systems with brain - like power and capacity. in this timeline, as soon as we create artificial intelligence it will already be able to think faster and with faster access to more varied input than humans thanks to the hardware it runs on. by 2045, kurzweil says, we will have expanded the capacity for intelligence of our civilization \u2014 comprised by that stage of both software and people \u2014 one billion fold. one only needs to look at history to see our capacity for rapid improvement in retrospect. one of my favorite metrics is life expectancy. in 1800, the average life expectancy was 30, mostly due to high infant mortality rates \u2014 though the kind of old age we see as common today was a rare event then. in 2000, the life expectancy of developed countries was 75. if we can more than double the average life expectancy in our society in the space of a historical blip, there \u2019 s much more to be excited about ahead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5414840997538499, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.749854"} {"text": "if you find a nestling bird on the ground and it ' s not injured, if at all possible return it to its nest. a nestling cannot walk, hop or fly, so chances are its nest is very close by, maybe even directly above where you found it. it is not true that parent birds will reject their young because they ' ve been touched by humans. birds in general have no appreciable sense of smell, and parents will readily accept and raise their young when replaced in the nest. altricial birds like robins, grackles and mockingbirds commonly nest in people ' s yards. they build sturdy nests, but often after heavy rain or wind storms, an entire nest and its contents may be found on the ground. if the nestlings are uninjured and the parent birds are still around ( they usually are as birds are very reluctant to abandon their young ), the fallen nest can be replaced. use a piece of wire mesh, like hardware cloth, cup it into the shape of a nest and secure it in the same place as the original nest. if the original nest is usable, place it in the wire mesh and return the nestlings. if the original nest is not intact, a substitute can be made using a small berry box ( with drainage holes ) lined with portions of the original nest and dry grass. after replacing the nestlings, watch from a reasonable distance to make sure that the parents return. some birds, such as woodpeckers, bluebirds, chickadees and screech owls, are cavity nesters. they do not build open nests but use holes, generally in trees, as breeding sites. their nestlings also can be returned to the nest and will be accepted, but it may be more difficult to locate, reach or properly identify the nest site. if you find a nestling that is injured, cannot be returned to the nest or is really orphaned with no parents in attendance, then you have no choice \u2014 rescue it. here ' s how. gently pick it up in your hands. if it ' s cold to the touch, warm it in your hands until you can get it into a warm environment. warming the chick is very important. because young nestlings lack insulating feathers, they can quickly die from exposure. if you can ' t get it to a rehabilitator immediately, you can make an adequate temporary home for a nestling by using a small container ( a berry box or bowl ) lined with layers of facial tissues. to keep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4455974363066274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.756265"} {"text": "from exposure. if you can ' t get it to a rehabilitator immediately, you can make an adequate temporary home for a nestling by using a small container ( a berry box or bowl ) lined with layers of facial tissues. to keep the bird warm and dry, place a heating pad, wrapped in a towel, under the bowl and place a thermometer on the towel. try to maintain a temperature of between 85 and 90 degrees f. an acceptable diet for altricial nestlings for short term use is high protein kibbled ( dry ) dog food soaked in warm water until it ' s soft. this can be fed to the nestling, in bite - sized chunks, using a narrow spoon handle or any small blunt object. a healthy nestling will open its mouth and beg for food when hungry. place the food all the way in the bird ' s mouth and it should swallow normally. three or four mouthfuls are usually enough. most nestlings will stop begging when full. be sure to keep it clean. wipe any excess food from the bird ' s face or feathers with a moistened tissue. feed it at least hourly during the day. the food should be moist ( but not runny ) and that should suffice for the short time you ' ll have it. do not give it water. in the wild, parent birds have no way to bring water to their young. they get all their moisture from their food. water put in a baby bird ' s mouth could go down into the lungs and kill it. and don ' t give birds milk ; they can ' t digest it. keep the nest box clean. replace soiled tissues often. get it to a avian rehabber as soon as possible!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42862552415639565, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.757142"} {"text": "it \u2019 s all in your ( theory of the ) mind posted by the situationist staff on july 13, 2008 story by anne - marie tobin, from canadian press. * * * can robots and computers take the place of a human being? two new studies involving research on brain activity in humans provide some food for thought in the evolving debate about interactions between man and machine \u2013 and in both cases, people seem to prefer people. german scientists used an mri scanner to see how the brain reacted when subjects thought they were playing a game against four different opponents \u2013 a laptop computer, a functional robot with no human shape except for artificial hands, a robot with a humanlike shape and another person. the 20 participants were also asked about their enjoyment levels after playing the prisoner \u2019 s dilemma game, which is similar to the rock paper scissors game. \u201c we were interested in what \u2019 s going on in the brain when you play an interaction game when you need to think what your opponent is thinking, \u201d said soren krach, a psychologist in the department of psychiatry at rwth aachen university. in social cognitive neuroscience, the ability to attribute intentions and desires to others is referred to as having a theory of mind, according to the study. \u201c we found out that the activity in the cortical network related to theory of mind \u2026 was increasingly engaged the more the opponents exhibited humanlike features, \u201d krach explained. before going into the mri scanner, the subjects played against the laptop, the two robots and the human. once inside the scanner, they played again, using special video glasses, and they were told which opponent they were playing against at any given time. later, they were asked about the interaction. \u201c they indicated that the more humanlike the opponent was, the more they had perceived fun during the game and they more attributed intelligence to their opponent, \u201d krach said. the behaviour of the four opponents was randomized. the study was published tuesday in the online open - access journal plos one, along with another study in which neuroscientists looked at the brain \u2019 s response to piano sonatas played either by a computer or musician. * * * to read the rest of the article and about that second experiment, click here. the article, from which the image above is taken, is : krach s, hegel f, wrede b, sagerer g, binkofski f, et al. ( 2008 ) can machines think? interaction and perspective taking with robots investigated via fmri.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5651129771231359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.759876"} {"text": "here is the second half of climateprogress \u2019 summary of the ipcc summary : it is often more cost - effective to invest in end - use energy efficiency improvement than in increasing energy supply to satisfy demand for energy services. efficiency improvement has a positive effect on energy security, local and regional air pollution abatement, and employment. energy efficiency options for new and existing buildings could considerably reduce co2 emissions with net economic benefit. many barriers exist against tapping this potential, but there are also large co - benefits ( high agreement, much evidence ). by 2030, about 30 % of the projected ghg emissions in the building sector can be avoided with net economic benefit. changes in lifestyle and behaviour patterns can contribute to climate change mitigation across all sectors. management practices can also have a positive role. while studies use different methodologies, in all analyzed world regions near - term health co - benefits from reduced air pollution as a result of actions to reduce ghg emissions can be substantial and may offset a substantial fraction of mitigation costs ( high agreement, much evidence ). improved vehicle efficiency measures, leading to fuel savings, in many cases have net benefits ( at least for light - duty vehicles ), but the market potential is much lower than the economic potential due to the influence of other consumer considerations, such as performance and size. market forces alone, including rising fuel costs, are therefore not expected to lead to significant emission reductions. biofuels might play an important role in addressing ghg emissions in the transport sector, depending on their production pathway. medium term mitigation potential for co2 emissions from the aviation sector can come from improved fuel efficiency, which can be achieved through a variety of means, including technology, operations and air traffic management. however, such improvements are expected to only partially offset the growth of aviation emissions. total mitigation potential in the sector would also need to account for non - co2 climate impacts of aviation emissions. realizing emissions reductions in the transport sector is often a co - benefit of addressing traffic congestion, air quality and energy security. renewable energy generally has a positive effect on energy security, employment and on air quality. agricultural practices collectively can make a significant contribution at low cost to increasing soil carbon sinks, to ghg emission reductions, and by contributing biomass feedstocks for energy use ( medium agreement, medium evidence ). forest - related mitigation activities can considerably reduce emissions from sources and increase co2 removals by sinks at low costs, and can be designed to create synergies with adaptation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4975613578361226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.762862"} {"text": "the national oceanic and atmospheric administration confirmed that july was the hottest on record in the contiguous united states, causing massive fish kills across the country and uncontrollable wildfires that consumed 2 million acres. the drought expanded to cover 63 percent of the lower 48 states in july, according to noaa data. the warm july weather contributed to a record - warm first seven months of the year and the warmest 12 - month period the nation has experienced since record - keeping began in 1895. higher - than - average temperatures engulfed much of the contiguous country during july, with the largest temperature departures from the 20th century average occurring across most of the plains, the midwest and along the eastern seaboard. virginia had its warmest july on record, with a statewide temperature 4 degrees f above average. thirty - two states had july temperatures among its 10 warmest, with seven states having their second - warmest july on record. drier - than - average conditions continued across the central plains and midwest during july. nebraska, iowa, illinois and missouri had july precipitation totals ranking among their 10 driest. maine had its fifth - driest july on record. the warm and dry conditions over a large portion of the country were associated with ideal wildfire conditions. more than 2 million acres burned nationwide in july because of wildfires, nearly half a million acres above average and the fourth - most on record since 2000.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41246447784868423, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.765534"} {"text": "by gail dutton it departments can \u2019 t ensure data security. despite firewalls and anti - virus and anti - malware applications, cybersecurity experts say most computer systems already are infected, and there \u2019 s little it administrators can do to prevent it. that \u2019 s the biggest surprise non - it employees experience during computer security training. \u201c non - it employees think cybersecurity isn \u2019 t their problem... and that it has taken care of it, \u201d notes prenston gale, director of information security for dynamics resource corporation, which trains government agencies in cybersecurity. at one time, reliance upon the it department was sufficient. today, however, organizations \u2019 security perimeter is human, and humans are the weakest link. lone hackers have been replaced by sophisticated criminal organizations and by hacktivists ( such as anonymous ) that engage in automated, advanced persistent threats ( apts ) that often gain entry by exploiting end - users. all organizations are vulnerable. attackers target small companies, as well as multinationals, and general employees, as well as senior executives. social engineering and spear phishing are core tactics, according to the report, \u201c when advanced persistent threats go mainstream, \u201d by the security for business innovation council ( sbic ) and rsa. unlike earlier scams, the e - mails or phone calls associated with social engineering appear legitimate. the better business bureau ( bbb ) scam is an example. companies receive an e - mail or phone call \u2014 purportedly from the bbb \u2014 alerting them about a customer complaint, along with the attached complaint form, or a case number and log - in information to a site link. once the link is clicked, malware that steals information and destroys files is loaded onto the pc. \u201c social engineering attacks are based upon interacting with people pretending to be with a particular organization and then stealing information, \u201d gale says. \u201c e - mail is one of biggest threat vectors. \u201d another attack uses thumb drives. after the department of homeland security ( dhs ) seeded a parking lot with thumb drives in 2011, it reported that 60 percent of the devices were inserted into agency or company computers. when the thumb drives had the organization \u2019 s logo, the insertion rate jumped to 90 percent, according to network security firm idappcom. the danger is that the drives could harbor malware or trojans that make it easy for hackers to penetrate. when security firm sophos analyzed 50 usb drives left on railcorp trains in australia, it found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4972157343700319, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.778568"} {"text": "network security firm idappcom. the danger is that the drives could harbor malware or trojans that make it easy for hackers to penetrate. when security firm sophos analyzed 50 usb drives left on railcorp trains in australia, it found that 66 percent contained malware. none were encrypted. one insidious botnet ( a zombie army of infected computers ) attack actually cleans up host device problems, so the pc runs beautifully, and then uses it to launch distributed denial - of - service ( ddos ) attacks against other systems. active training using simulated phishing and spear - phishing ( targeted ) attacks, and serious gaming using situations unique to employees \u2019 jobs are the most effective approaches to cybersecurity training. the objective is for individuals to recognize they could be responsible for major information breaches. in contrast, traditional methods such as webinars, videos, and classroom sessions haven \u2019 t made the threat real for participants, according to the sbic report. \u201c being phished isn \u2019 t a matter of being dumb. even the late steve jobs ( founder of apple ) fell for a spear - phishing attack, \u201d emphasizes rohyt belani, adjunct professor at carnegie mellon university and ceo and co - founder of phishme. as dave frymier, corporate information systems officer ( ciso ) of unisys, elaborates, \u201c it \u2019 s easy to enter innocuous sites that lead to unexpected places. employees can \u2019 t always back out, and sometimes the system is infected. \u201d detecting phishing depends upon noticing that something about a contact doesn \u2019 t seem right. with training, computer users become more aware of the dangers of active hyperlinks and opening attachments and links to sites that ask for sensitive information, even when the story is believable. \u201c the best way to make training effective is to make it hands - on and interesting, and to immerse people in the experience, \u201d belani says. \u201c for phishing, you don \u2019 t have to explain much. \u201d he developed an automated way to conduct unannounced, mock phishing exercises that provide instant, targeted training to those who are susceptible to the attack. by providing training at the point of their risky behavior, people gain instant perspective and spot subsequent dangers quicker and easier. these bite - sized experiences have enough emotional stress to get employees \u2019 attention, and present one concept at a time, such as a flashcard, for easy learning. before beginning a program, phish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5300029814887162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.779646"} {"text": "instant perspective and spot subsequent dangers quicker and easier. these bite - sized experiences have enough emotional stress to get employees \u2019 attention, and present one concept at a time, such as a flashcard, for easy learning. before beginning a program, phishme blasts a notice throughout the organization alerting employees that spot training will occur throughout the year in the course of their normal work. but when simulated attacks are sent, there \u2019 s no warning. phishme simulated attacks arrive just like any other e - mail. \u201c on a first training run at an organization, we typically find 58 percent of the people would click a bad link in an e - mail, \u201d belani notes. \u201c at 12 months, after running the campaign every two months, susceptibility is below 10 percent. the key to success is the frequent nature of the training. \u201d the challenge for it - which often is the unit tasked with conducting cybersecurity training - is a combination of miniscule funding, boring training methods, and failure to recognize that training non - it staff in cybersecurity is crucial. unisys has trained non - it employees in cybersecurity since 2001. as frymier says, \u201c we focus on commonalities : what constitutes information security ; why it \u2019 s important ; what a breach would mean to our four main business units ; and what it would mean to functions such as contracting, regulatory compliance, etc. \u201d the jargon - free course changes at least 30 percent each year. \u201c last year, the course addressed encryption resources for e - mail, files, and whole disks. new content this year focuses upon phishing. \u201d \u201c the hidden face of the \u2018 bring your own devices ( byod ) \u2019 trend is the pc, \u201d frymier says. although mobile device concerns are garnering headlines, many people access the corporate network remotely, from their home pcs in the evenings. consequently, corporate data is stored there and on thumb drives. \u201c unisys solidified its security policies and guidelines with a major focus on secure byod, \u201d frymier says. the policy outlines acceptable uses of personal devices for internet usage and corporate data in two pages of plain language, pointing out individuals \u2019 responsibility if they put corporate data on a device the corporation doesn \u2019 t own, as well as the possible repercussions if the corporation is sued for any reason. \u201c employees must understand they may be required to surrender devices that hold corporate data during the legal discovery process. that happens less than 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5563741350512568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.781117"} {"text": "corporation doesn \u2019 t own, as well as the possible repercussions if the corporation is sued for any reason. \u201c employees must understand they may be required to surrender devices that hold corporate data during the legal discovery process. that happens less than 1 percent of the time, but it \u2019 s a risk, \u201d frymier says. best practices are evolving, along with the threats. randy gross, cio of the computer technology industry association ( comptia ), advises organizations to use up - to - date technology and to have secure tools available to employees. then, ensure employees have internalized the risks, know how to behave on the internet and in e - mail, and understand implications of the business \u2019 regulations and the regulatory environment relating to data security. as a rule of thumb, gross advises, \u201c if you haven \u2019 t purchased it, don \u2019 t trust it. \u201d cybersecurity training strategies by maya yankelevich, senior human capital consultant, pdri who is part of the cyber workforce? all employees at every level of the organization share a responsibility to protect valuable information assets. cybersecurity is part of every business function ; it weaves throughout all aspects of daily business operations and, therefore, should be an intrinsic element of all training and development programs. a resilient organization is the result of an educated workforce and a technologically savvy infrastructure. few organizations have a comprehensive cybersecurity workforce planning strategy in place. as key stakeholders collaborate to develop this strategy, they must address the ongoing critical shortage of cybersecurity professionals. learning management experts then can plan and deploy training and development initiatives that are precisely aligned with the enterprise \u2019 s overarching cybersecurity strategy. conduct a gap analysis after setting strategic direction, determine the critical skills and competencies that are required to achieve strategic objectives. a gap analysis can assess current workforce capabilities and deficiencies. keep in mind that those working on the front lines of cyber defense must possess a mix of hybrid skills - communications expertise and interpersonal capabilities that supplement technical ability, enabling engagement and effective collaboration with stakeholders in other disciplines and business leaders across the organization. working together, the chief information security officer \u2019 s team, the organization \u2019 s human capital experts, and the training organization can improve the effectiveness of workforce cybersecurity programs by spearheading initiatives that will develop the diverse and sophisticated capabilities required to combat increasingly complex cyber threats. cisos who collaborate with their chief human capital officer ( chco ) allies will ensure that they have the resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5079414934041285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.782362"} {"text": "of workforce cybersecurity programs by spearheading initiatives that will develop the diverse and sophisticated capabilities required to combat increasingly complex cyber threats. cisos who collaborate with their chief human capital officer ( chco ) allies will ensure that they have the resources and infrastructure in place to build, develop, and sustain a resilient and globally competitive organization. deploy engaging training programs the training organization is tasked with building and executing learning content that supports the enterprise cybersecurity strategy... teaching risk management skills to end - users and enhancing the capabilities of cyber professionals to improve business performance. critical to consider is the knowledge and know - how needed by everyday users versus true cybersecurity professionals, and the different motivators that will lead to success for each group. traditional end - user security awareness training programs often lack requisite accountability and vigilance. they frequently are flat and lack the necessary impact. cybersecurity awareness is no longer optional ; instead of investing scarce training dollars in standard in - house or costly offsite development programs that often don \u2019 t deliver measurable return on investment, savvy organizations offer flexible and immersive learning programs tailored to specific enterprise goals. training content must be rich and engaging for unique cyber talent populations ; the in - demand experts are motivated by challenge and looking for the next growth opportunity. for example, channel a hacker - like propensity to break code into risk reduction expertise that secures the organization \u2019 s most valuable assets in the cyber domain. realistic hands - on training and development simulations that replicate real - world environments will not only ensure that these cyber warriors keep their skills sharp but also enable them to grow within the organization rather than pursue opportunities elsewhere. monitor success of initiatives after new programs are deployed, continuously evaluate the impact of training and development efforts by measuring employee awareness, behaviors, and capabilities. are you achieving the objectives outlined in the enterprise cybersecurity strategy? iteratively update learning tools to ensure the ongoing effectiveness of the organization \u2019 s response to a constantly evolving threat landscape.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48363453969642634, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.783512"} {"text": "the final act of the uruguay round and the marrakesh agreement establishing the world trade organization were signed on april 15, 1994. the world trade organization ( wto ) was subsequently established on january 1, 1995, as the multilateral institution charged with administering agreed - upon rules for trade among member countries. the wto supersedes the general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ), which was established in 1947 as the umbrella organization for international trade. the united states and other countries participating in the uruguay round of multilateral trade negotiations ( 1986 - 94 ) formed the wto to embody the new trade disciplines adopted during those negotiations. the basic aim of the wto is to liberalize world trade and place it on a secure basis, thereby contributing to economic growth and development. at the heart of the wto are the numerous agreements negotiated and signed by members during the uruguay round. these agreements cover trade in goods and services, as well as trade - related aspects of intellectual property rights. all have some relevance to agricultural trade, and supporting material on a number of them is available in this briefing room. major wto agreements there are also four plurilateral agreements ( not binding on all wto members ) : - agreement on trade in civil aircraft - agreement on government procurement - international dairy agreement - international bovine meat agreement agreement on agriculture ( aoa ) the wto agreement on agriculture ( aoa ) represents a fundamental change in the way agriculture is treated under the rules governing trade among wto member countries. prior to the uruguay round, rules on trade in agricultural products in the general agreement on tariffs and trade ( gatt ) were largely ineffective due to a number of loopholes and exceptions that, in effect, excluded much of this trade from most of the disciplines applied to trade in manufactured goods. the aoa introduced important new disciplines on the trade of agricultural products and required countries to reduce agricultural support and protection in the areas of market access, domestic support, and export subsidies - sometimes referred to as the \" three pillars \" of the agreement. under market access, countries agreed to open markets by prohibiting nontariff barriers, converting nontariff barriers to tariffs ( known as \" tarrification \" ), and reducing tariffs. countries also agreed to reduce expenditures on export subsidies and on the quantity of agricultural products exported with subsidies. domestic support reductions were achieved through commitments to reduce a country ' s aggregate measurement of support ( ams ) - a numerical measure of the value of most trade - distorting domestic policies. the aoa recognized that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4590665132523135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.791686"} {"text": "of agricultural products exported with subsidies. domestic support reductions were achieved through commitments to reduce a country ' s aggregate measurement of support ( ams ) - a numerical measure of the value of most trade - distorting domestic policies. the aoa recognized that the long - term objective of substantial progressive reductions in support and protection is an ongoing process. as a result, it committed members to initiate negotiations by the end of 1999. agriculture and services were the only areas where negotiations on further trade liberalization were mandated in the uruguay round agreements that established the wto. agricultural negotiations began in january 2000, in advance of the official launching of the doha round. see the aoa general issues section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding general issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. tariffication and market access tariffication, the conversion of nontariff barriers to equivalent bound tariffs, was one of the most important outcomes of the uruguay round agreement on agriculture ( aoa ). the adoption of a tariffs - only approach for agriculture was a sweeping reform that went a long way toward subjecting agricultural trade to the same disciplines applied to other traded goods. the uruguay round tariff reductions, along with the establishment of tariff - rate quotas ( trqs ), increased market access for agricultural exports, but also left many high tariffs in place ( see aoa issues series : market access : tariffication and tariff reduction ). agricultural trade would benefit from further reducing high tariffs, expanding and reforming trqs, and improving the predictability of tariff protection. see the aoa tariffs and market access section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding tariff and market - access issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. domestic support policies were recognized as one source of market and trade distortions in negotiating the uruguay round agreement on agriculture ( aoa ). countries, therefore, agreed to limit domestic policies presumed to be the most trade distorting and to exempt non - or minimally trade - distorting policies from any limitations ( see aoa issues series : domestic support policies ). policies were categorized by color according to whether and how they were disciplined. policies that directly influence production decisions, such as price support policies ( amber box policies ), were capped and subject to cuts. support levels from amber box policies are quantified, according to the aoa, by calculation of an aggregate measure of support ( ams ), which combines estimated support levels for all commodities into one overall measure. the aoa exempted three types of domestic programs from reduction commitments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4764340297895648, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.792929"} {"text": "quantified, according to the aoa, by calculation of an aggregate measure of support ( ams ), which combines estimated support levels for all commodities into one overall measure. the aoa exempted three types of domestic programs from reduction commitments. the first type of exempt support is amber box policies deemed to be de minimis - defined as support that is less than 5 percent of the value of production. the second type of domestic program exempt from reduction commitments is expenditures that are entirely government funded and do not vary with prices. this type of support ( green box policies ) - deemed to have little or no effect on production or trade - includes research programs, domestic food aid, environmental programs, and certain crop insurance and income - support programs. the third type of exemption ( blue box policies ) includes payments that are related to production - limiting programs ( e. g., subsidies paid as a result of production quotas or those that require producers to set aside land in order to qualify for subsidies ). see the aoa domestic support section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding domestic - support issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. the uruguay round agreement on agriculture ( aoa ) imposed meaningful disciplines on agricultural export subsidies for the first time ( see aoa issues series : export subsidies ). prior to aoa implementation, export subsidies significantly distorted agricultural trade. under the aoa, countries that employed export subsidies for agricultural commodities agreed to lower the volume and value of their subsidies during a multiyear phase - in period. new subsidies cannot be introduced. bona fide food aid and export market promotion and advisory services are exempt. see the aoa export subsidies section of the recommended readings page for more information regarding export - subsidy issues related to the wto agreement on agriculture. the wto agreement also created a dispute settlement body within the wto to resolve disputes among wto members, and it established a system for regular review of national trade policies and international trade trends. any state or customs territory having full autonomy in the conduct of its trade policies may become a wto member subject to negotiations guided by a working party of wto members. at the conclusion of the uruguay round, there were 124 wto members. china completed accession negotiations and became a wto member in december 2001, taiwan in january 2002, and viet nam in january 2007. tonga is the wto ' s 151st member, joining in july 2007. russia and ukraine are among over two dozen countries currently negotiating to join the wto ( see wto ' s web page on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5192384504802134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.793952"} {"text": "charles de la vallee poussin ' s father was the professor of mineralogy and geology at the university of louvain for around 40 years. the original family name was lavallee, a name of french origin. a great - grandfather of vallee poussin married into the family of nicolas poussin, the leading french artist of the 17th century, and being an artist himself this great - grandfather added the name poussin to his own name of la vallee. so vallee poussin came from a family with both artistic and scientific interests, but it was also a family with literary interests. from his boyhood he was encouraged by the mathematician louis - philippe gilbert but at first vallee poussin thought he would become a jesuit priest. he entered the jesuit college at mons but he found the teaching there unacceptable. he was particularly disappointed in the teaching of philosophy at the college, so he turned to a different topic although he still did not have mathematics as his main interest. he studied engineering and obtained his diploma in that subject. however soon after this he became absorbed by pure mathematics. he studied at the university of louvain where he was taught by gilbert who proved to be an inspiring teacher. gilbert was an excellent mathematician and the author of a fine analysis textbook. vallee poussin also studied at the university of paris and at the university of berlin. in 1891 vallee poussin was appointed as an assistant of gilbert ' s at the university of louvain. however the collaboration was not to last for long since gilbert died in 1892. although only 26 years old at the time vallee poussin was elected to gilbert ' s chair. vallee poussin ' s first mathematical research was on analysis, in particular concentrating on integrals and solutions of differential equations. one of his first papers in 1892 on differential equations was awarded a prize by the belgium academy. his best known work, however, appeared four years later in 1896 when he proved the prime number theorem. this states that \u03c0 ( x ), the number of primes \u2264 x, tends to x / logex as x tends to infinity. the prime number theorem had been conjectured in the 18th century, but in 1896 two mathematicians independently proved the result, namely hadamard and vallee poussin. the first major contribution to proving the result was made by chebyshev in 1848, then the proof was outlined by riemann in 1851. the clue to two independent proofs being produced at the same time is that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48088635732969787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.802849"} {"text": "vallee poussin. the first major contribution to proving the result was made by chebyshev in 1848, then the proof was outlined by riemann in 1851. the clue to two independent proofs being produced at the same time is that the necessary tools in complex analysis had not been developed until that time. in fact the solution of this major open problem was one of the major motivations for the development of complex analysis during the period from 1851 to 1896. in 1900, while on holiday in norway, vallee poussin met a belgium family. he married the talented daughter of this family and it was a very happy marriage. the result was that he had a home where he and his wife were happy and contented. he lived in louvain from the time he was first appointed there except for a few periods abroad. during the first world war he was invited to harvard in 1915 and then to paris in 1916. among a number of famous lectures he gave were those in fribourg in 1918, rome in 1923 and houston in 1924. other than the prime number theorem, vallee poussin ' s only contributions to prime numbers were contained in two papers on the riemann zeta function which he published in 1916. the riemann hypothesis, perhaps the most famous of all the still open questions of mathematics, is that all the complex zeros of the zeta function lie on the line 1 / 2 + i b. vallee poussin strengthened results proved by hardy in 1914 which showed that an infinite number of the zeros were on that line. vallee poussin ' s results were of passing interest, however, for hardy and littlewood proved still stronger results in 1918. vallee poussin also worked on approximation to functions by algebraic and trigonometric polynomials from 1908 to 1918. let us quote vallee poussin ' s own description of the problem of approximation as given in a lecture which he gave in houston in 1924 : - the most important of the problems which have been attacked in the study of approximation is that of the order of approximation. let us define first what we mean by approximation. for example, let a continuous function f ( x ) be represented by means of a polynomial of degree n, and let pn ( x ) be such a polynomial. the difference f - pn is the error of the approximation, and is a function of x ; its maximum value in the interval of representation is the approximation on. this positive number approaches 0 as 1 / n approaches zero, if the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208524981011162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.804070"} {"text": "a polynomial. the difference f - pn is the error of the approximation, and is a function of x ; its maximum value in the interval of representation is the approximation on. this positive number approaches 0 as 1 / n approaches zero, if the polynomial pnis well chosen.... the problem of the order of approximation is the following : to determine the relation which exists between the order of approximation on, which f ( x ) may admit for a finite expression of order n, and the differential properties of the function. he then continued to put his own contribution to this problem into context, although one must say that it is phrased in a very modest way : - i offered myself the beginnings of an answer to this very problem in 1908, while studying the approximation given by edmund landau ' s integral. i showed also that the function | x | admits an approximation of the order of 1 / n by a polynomial of degree n, and i raised the question of deciding whether or not that was the order of the best possible approximation. this definite question had much more importance for the development of the subject than the few isolated results which i had obtained, because that question caused the writing of the two most important memoirs on the subject, one by d jackson and the other by sergei bernstein. vallee poussin ' s most major work was cours d ' analyse. burkill writes in : - it was [ jordan ' s cours d ' analyse ] which, as is recorded by hardy and other mathematicians of his generation, opened their eyes to what analysis really was. if jordan ' s is the most noble of the cours d ' analyse and perhaps goursat ' s ( helped by its translation by hedrick ) the most widely read, it can hardly be doubted that vallee poussin ' s is the most elegant and lucid. vallee poussin ' s cours d ' analyse went through several editions, each containing new material. by 1899, several years before the publication of the first edition, much of the material already existed in the form of lecture notes. the first edition of volume 1 appeared in 1903, and the first edition of volume 2 in 1906. volume i covered differentiation of functions of one or more variables, and integration of functions of a single variable. volume 2 covered multiple integrals, differential equations, and differential geometry. the treatise was written in an interesting way, combining an introductory text with an advanced work for specialists. the way this was achieved was having two different type", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5609597703377566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.805097"} {"text": "functions of a single variable. volume 2 covered multiple integrals, differential equations, and differential geometry. the treatise was written in an interesting way, combining an introductory text with an advanced work for specialists. the way this was achieved was having two different type sizes. if a reader only read the larger type then it was a complete introduction to the subject for beginners or those interested in applications to engineering. the smaller type material was aimed at the pure mathematical specialist interested in the deeper subtleties. the work changed dramatically when a second edition appeared, volume 1 in 1909 and volume 2 in 1912. most of the additional material appeared in small type and covered topics such as set theory, in particular the schroder - bernstein theorem, the lebesgue integral, functions of bounded variation, the jordan curve theorem, polynomial approximation, parseval ' s theorem on trigonometric series, results of fejer, etc. the third edition of volume i again contained new material and was published in 1914. however world war ii disrupted vallee poussin ' s work. the promised german translation failed to appear and the third edition of volume 2 was burned by the german army when it overran louvain. it would have discussed the lebesgue integral, work which was never to be published in this form but a lot of it was incorporated into a later monograph. unlike many similar books of its time cours d ' analyse contains no complex function theory. the fourth edition appeared in 1921 and 1922. it ended the larger / smaller print distinction and became a work aimed at beginners. the two volumes had reached their seventh edition by 1938 but it went through much fewer changes after the fourth edition. after 1925 vallee poussin turned to complex variable, potential theory and conformal representation. further important texts published by him were his borel tract on the lebesgue integral ( 1916 ), approximation theory ( 1919 ), mechanics ( 1924 ), and potential theory ( 1937 ). in 1930 vallee poussin was revising his 1916 tract lebesgue integrals : set functions : baire classes when luzin ' s lectures on analytic sets and their applications was published. the paper contains three letters written by vallee poussin to luzin dated 4 february 1933, 8 march 1933 and 21 march 1933. vallee poussin comments in these letters on the fact, which is of great interest to him, that luzin used slightly different classifications of the same sets as he had studied. he gives high praise to luzin ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5570197430369697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.806385"} {"text": "21 march 1933. vallee poussin comments in these letters on the fact, which is of great interest to him, that luzin used slightly different classifications of the same sets as he had studied. he gives high praise to luzin ' s book. publication of vallee poussin ' s work le potential logarithmique was held up by world war ii and only published in 1949. vallee poussin was elected to the belgium academy in 1909. more honours were to follow including election to the madrid academy of sciences, the naples society of science, the american academy of arts and sciences, the institute of france, the accademia dei lincei, the paris academy of science, and the american national academy of sciences. there were celebrations in 1928 when vallee poussin had held the chair at the university of louvain for 35 years and again celebrations in 1943 when he had been 50 years in the chair of mathematics at louvain. in 1928, when he had held the chair at louvain for 35 years, the king of belgium conferred the title baron on vallee poussin at the celebrations for this event. in 1961 he fractured his shoulder and since vallee poussin was in his mid 90s it failed to heal. his death followed a few months later. article by : j j o ' connor and e f robertson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4833941754263477, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.806930"} {"text": "- author : katherine e. kerlin how wood is used after it is cleared from a forest and where that forest is located largely affects the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere, according to a new study by uc davis. the study, published this week in the advance online edition of the journal nature climate change, provides a deeper understanding of the complex global impacts of deforestation on carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions. when trees are felled to create solid wood products, such as lumber for housing, that wood retains much of its carbon for decades, the researchers found. in contrast, when wood is used for bioenergy or turned into pulp for paper, nearly all of its carbon is released into the atmosphere. carbon is a major contributor to greenhouse gases. \u201c we found that 30 years after a forest clearing, between 0 percent and 62 percent of carbon from that forest might remain in storage, \u201d said lead author j. mason earles, a doctoral student with the uc davis institute of transportation studies. \u201c previous models generally assumed that it was all released immediately. \u201d the researchers analyzed how 169 countries use harvested forests. they learned that the temperate forests found in the united states, canada and parts of europe are cleared primarily for use in solid wood products, while the tropical forests of the southern hemisphere are more often cleared for use in energy and paper production. \u201c carbon stored in forests outside europe, the usa and canada, for example, in tropical climates such as brazil and indonesia, will be almost entirely lost shortly after clearance, \u201d the study states. the study \u2019 s findings have potential implications for biofuel incentives based on greenhouse gas emissions. for instance, if the united states decides to incentivize corn - based ethanol, less profitable crops, such as soybeans, may shift to other countries. and those countries might clear more forests to make way for the new crops. where those countries are located and how the wood from those forests is used would affect how much carbon would be released into the atmosphere. earles said the study provides new information that could help inform climate models of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, the leading international body for the assessment of climate change. \u201c this is just one of the pieces that fit into this land - use issue, \u201d said earles. land use is a driving factor of climate change. \u201c we hope it will give climate models some concrete data on emissions factors they can use. \u201d in addition to earles, the study, \u201c timing of carbon emissions from global forest clearance,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4957035195083465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.811169"} {"text": "the cultural capital of india 1. importance of banaras in india and especially for hindus ; various aspects of banaras, its many names and what makes it the cultural capital of india. 2. archaeology, mythology, geography, and history of banaras - its unique situation on ganges, and its journey through the history of india, and quest to know what makes it oldest living city. 3. religious varanasi - many religions, place and types of worship, a religious place and institutions. you will find that even primitive worship cults are still practiced in this city. discover the city of buddha, jain tirthankars, shaiva and vaishnava saints or devoted saints like kabir and tulsi. 4. arts, crafts and architecture of banaras : you will be amused to see that varanasi is a museum architectural designs. it presents changing patterns and movements in course of history. it has a rich and original variety of paintings and sculptor styles and equally rich treasures of folk art. during the ages varanasi has produced master craftsmen and varanasi has earned name and fame for its sarees, handicrafts, textiles, toys, ornaments, metal work, clay and wood work, leaf and fibre crafts. with ancient crafts, banaras has not lagged behind in modern industries. 5. discover ganga - the holiest of the holy river - its mythology, geography, socio - economic aspects, its monumental ghats and their story and the present condition of pollution. 6. the capital of all knowledge - discover the most ancient seat of education in india world the famous scholars and their ` shastrarthas ', the great scholars, universities, college, schools, madarsas and pathshalas and guru shishya traditions, the epics, famous literary works, languages and dialects, journalistic traditions - newspapers and magazine, and famous libraries. 7. discover the social and cultural fabric - organisation of sacred complex and social spaces, the cultural pluristic, linguistic and ethnic groups. discover the city of affluence, intellectuals, oral traditions, castes and customs, personalities, professions, communal harmony. discover the rural varanasi. and finally ( and with deep insight ) peep into, the pleasure of pans, thandai, gamcha, bahri alang and mauj masti. 8. the city of music and drama and entertainment : banaras has been famous for its music both vocal instrumental, it has its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36686993270351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.815983"} {"text": "the pleasure of pans, thandai, gamcha, bahri alang and mauj masti. 8. the city of music and drama and entertainment : banaras has been famous for its music both vocal instrumental, it has its own dance tradition. add to this a very rich stock of folk music and drama ( esp. ramlila ), the tradition musical soirees, fairs and festival the rich tradition of akharas, games and sports. add to this classical banaras transport vehicles like ekka and modern traffic jam. 9. industrial city : discover the fast developing city of heavy, light and cottage industries, local handicrafts and other small scale industrial units. ( dlw, bhel, electric, cycle, pumps, paper, glass, fertilizer etc. ) 10. medical world of varanasi : discover the ancient college of plastic surgery, sushruta, dhanvantri ( god of medicine ), divodas, and practice of all the ancient and modern systems of medicine in action. 11. the unseen banaras : discover the spots around varanasi, instituions, story of freedom struggle and the martyrs, history of kashiraj, history of sarnath, history of bhadohi ( carpet town ), of mirzapur, of ghazipur, know about the famous travellers and tourists, of the ` nijam '. and finally having seen the panorama of banaras, its continuity of culture, discover the identity of banaras. source of information : - department of culture, varanasi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38826826414391913, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.816858"} {"text": "in the judicial courts of burma, until at least the middle of the 19th century. read the whole thing. an english translation appears in kenneth rh mackenzie ' s 1853 book burmah and the burmese, published in london. mackenzie writes : \" the oath is written in a small book of palm leaves, and is held over the head of the witness. \" called the book of imprecations or the book of the oath, the slim volume also expresses the court ' s sentiments about any witnesses who would fudge facts. the court is fairly thorough in its wishes, touching on the most likely eventualities. \" may false witnesses die of bad diseases, be bitten by crocodiles, be drowned. may they become poor, hated of the king. may they have calumniating enemies, may they be driven away, may they become utterly wretched, may every one ill - treat them, and raise lawsuits against them. may they be killed with swords, lances, and every sort of weapon. may they be precipitated into the eight great hells and the 120 smaller ones. may they be tormented. may they be changed into dogs. and, if finally they become men, may they be slaves a thousand and ten thousand times. may all their undertakings, thoughts and desires ever remain as worthless as a heap of cotton burnt by the fire. \" and so on. the oath itself is all business. the deponent must say : \" if i speak not the truth... when i and my relations are on land, land animals, as tigers, elephants, buffaloes, poisonous serpents, scorpions, & c, shall seize, crush, and bite us, so that we shall certainly die. let the calamities occasioned by fire, water, rulers, thieves, and enemies oppress and destroy us, till we perish and come to utter destruction. let us be subject to all the calamities that are within the body, and all that are without the body. may we be seized with madness, dumbness, blindness, deafness, leprosy and hydrophobia. may we be struck with thunderbolts and lightning, and come to sudden death. in the midst of not speaking truth, may i be taken with vomiting clotted black blood, and suddenly die before the assembled people. \" when i am going by water, may the water nats [ spirits ] assault me, the boat be upset, and the property lost ; and may alligators, porpoises", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4605032661712511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.823714"} {"text": "clotted black blood, and suddenly die before the assembled people. \" when i am going by water, may the water nats [ spirits ] assault me, the boat be upset, and the property lost ; and may alligators, porpoises, sharks, or other sea monsters, seize and crush me to death ; and when i change worlds, may i not arrive among men or nats, but suffer unmixed punishment and regret, in the utmost wretchedness, among the four states of punishment, hell, prita, beasts and athurakai. \" after that and a lot more, the oath concludes with a few thoughts of hope and cheer. if i speak the truth, may i and my relations, through the influence of the ten laws of merit, and on account of the efficacy of truth, be freed from all calamities within and without the body ; and may evils which have not yet come, be warded far away. may the ten calamities and five enemies also be kept faraway. may the thunderbolts and lightning, the nat of the waters, and all sea animals, love me, that i may be safe from them. may my prosperity increase like the rising sun and the waxing moon ; and may the seven possessions, the seven laws, and the seven [ merits of the virtuous, be permanent in my person ; and when i change worlds, may i not go to the four states of punishment, but attain the happiness of men and nats, and realize merit, reward, and perfect calm. then the witness, if he is still alive and not seized with madness, dumbness, blindness, deafness, leprosy or hydrophobia, testifies. the whole thing is here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4896339253671168, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.824730"} {"text": "final product what you ' ll be creating in this tutorial you will learn how to create realistic vector fire, using the gradient mesh tool and screen blending mode. believe me, there \u2019 s nothing overly complicated. let \u2019 s strike a match! every few weeks, we revisit some of our reader ' s favorite posts from throughout the history of the site. this tutorial was first published in april of 2011. we will be working in rgb color model, if you do not have it installed, go to file > document color mode > rgb color. let \u2019 s begin our tutorial by creating a background. take the rectangle tool ( m ) and create a rectangle filled with a black color. proceed to the creation of a match. take the rectangle tool ( m ) and create a rectangle in the shape of a matchstick. now fill it with a linear gradient of various shades of brown to convey the light distribution at the edges of the match. copy this rectangle and paste it in front ( command + c ; command + f ). now slightly reduce the height of the rectangle and fill it with a new linear gradient. the shades of brown on this rectangle are darker than the ones on the bottom rectangle. select both rectangles and go to object > blend > make. create another rectangle of the same width as all the previous ones, as shown in the figure below. set the gradient fill and opacity to 0 % in the transparency palette. create a new rectangle the height of which equals a few pixels with the fill of the same gradient as a transparent rectangle. select the last two rectangles and go to object > blend > make. proceed to the creation of a match head. take the ellipse tool ( l ) and create a circle centered on the same axial line with the match. for convenience turn on the smart guides mode ( command + u ). take the direct selection tool ( a ) and pull out a circle to the left, while holding down shift. now take the pen tool ( p ) and put new anchor points at the intersections of the head with the matchstick. using the direct selection tool ( a ), transform the shape of the head to the view shown in the figure below. fill the match head with a radial gradient that goes from dark brown to its light shades. copy and paste back the shape of the head ( command + c ; command + b ). fill the copy with a solid dark - brown color and shift", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5153737887566405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.831715"} {"text": ". fill the match head with a radial gradient that goes from dark brown to its light shades. copy and paste back the shape of the head ( command + c ; command + b ). fill the copy with a solid dark - brown color and shift it slightly to the left. take the pen tool ( p ) and create a place where the wood is burnt. these areas are filled with a linear gradient composed of dark shades of brown color. both of these objects must be located in the under layers below the match head. create pores on the match head. take the ellipse tool ( l ) and create an ellipse. for the fill color, use solid color of the fill of a radial gradient of the match head. to take the color, use the eyedropper tool ( i ) and hold down the shift to select. often object selection interferes with choosing the right color, you can turn it on, go to view > hide edges ( command + h ). use the same combination of keys to activate the selection. copy and paste the ellipse in front ( command + c ; command + f ), reduce the size and fill it with a solid dark brown. using this technique to create more pores on the match head. now we \u2019 ll proceed to create the match flame. at this stage, you should learn one important property : black objects when overlapping over other objects become transparent if you set the screen blending mode for them in the transparency palette in rgb color mode. you can see below the same objects in the cmyk color mode. if you are still working in the cmyk color mode, then in order to achieve this effect, you should use absolute black. create the shape of the flame. take the ellipse tool ( l ) and create a circle. using the direct selection tool ( a ), pull the top anchor point up. the shape of the flame should be located in the under layer below the elements of the match. select the shape of the flame, and go to object > create gradient mesh \u2026 and set the number of rows and columns in the dialog box. remember that you can edit the grid lines that are obtained automatically. use the gradient mesh tool ( u ) to create new lines, and use the same tool to remove them but this time hold down the alt. use the direct selection tool ( a ) for grid line distortion and movement of the nodes. thus, bring the lines and nodes of the gradient mesh to the view shown in the figure below. flame", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47385685607791395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.832794"} {"text": "to remove them but this time hold down the alt. use the direct selection tool ( a ) for grid line distortion and movement of the nodes. thus, bring the lines and nodes of the gradient mesh to the view shown in the figure below. flame is a movable object, so your grid can have a completely different shape. select the gradient mesh with the selection tool ( v ) or by clicking on the appropriate under layer in the layers palette and fill it with black. set the screen blending mode in the transparency palette. proceed to the coloring of the flame. select the grid nodes and apply yellow and red colors to them. nodes that lie beyond the borders of the gradient mesh should remain in black, otherwise we get the sharp edges of the flame, which is unacceptable. create another object above the match. using the technique described above, create a simple gradient mesh based on this object and color it. and this is how two gradient meshes look together. now create two more feathers of the flame. and all the elements of fire together. when coloring the gradient mesh you can use the colors of the already colored grids. in this, you can rely on your artistic taste to create a very interesting work. there is no smoke without fire, and vice versa. start creating smoke. take the rectangle tool ( m ) and create a rectangle filled with black. and set the screen blending mode in the transparency palette. keep the rectangle selected, go to object > create gradient mesh \u2026 and set the number of rows and columns in the dialog box. transfer the rectangle to the background in order to choose the right color, and replace the color of the two bottom central points of the gradient mesh with blue. now you need to bend the rectangle shape into the shape of a smoke stream. i used the following tools to transform such objects : the direct selection tool ( a ), lasso tool ( q ), and rotate tool ( r ). let \u2019 s take a look at the transformation technique. first, lock all the objects except the rectangle in the layers palette. place the rectangle at the right place in your work, take the lasso tool ( q ) and select all the nodes of the grid, except those that are on the left side. take the rotate tool ( r ) and set the center rotation at point a and use the same tool to bend the object. now make another bend. using the lasso tool ( q ) select mesh nodes, as shown in the figure below. take the rotate tool", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4550477225501928, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.833864"} {"text": "tool ( r ) and set the center rotation at point a and use the same tool to bend the object. now make another bend. using the lasso tool ( q ) select mesh nodes, as shown in the figure below. take the rotate tool ( r ) and set the center of rotation at point b and bend the object using the same tool. in addition, you can move individual nodes and ( or ) several nodes using the direct selection tool ( a ). grid line operation is the same as with operating any other vector objects. i think you \u2019 ve got the working principle down. bring the object to the view shown in the figure below. the smoke stream is located below the match in the layers palette. using the technique described above, create a few more streams of smoke. you \u2019 ve probably noticed that for the creation of these streams both sides of the original rectangle are colored in shades of blue, while central nodes of the grid stay black. check how all the elements that make up the smoke look. we only have to create a composition. creating a composition in the technical sense is always the final stage. of course, before creating the work, you should have an idea about the final result, you can even make a few sketches. but it is convenient to complete your work with this stage. why do you think it is so? the thing is that it is easier to work with gradients if an object is placed vertically or horizontally. imagine how much time you would spend on setting the gradients of the wooden piece of the match, if it was located at an angle to the normal line? and the thing is not only in gradients, it is convenient to work with any object if it is located horizontally or vertically. thus, unlock all objects in the layers palette ( in step 18, we locked some objects ) and group up all the elements of our work and rotate them as shown below. also resize the background in this step so that the composition looked harmonious. when creating a composition pay attention not only to the harmony of objects, but to the harmony of empty space as well. now hide all the objects protruding beyond the background. copy the black rectangle ( background ) and paste it in front ( command + c ; command + f ). move the under layer with the rectangle in the layers palette so that it is above all objects. select all objects command + a. now go to object > clipping mask > make or choose the appropriate option from the context menu. having mastered the technique described in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5213385021045492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.835543"} {"text": "reilly, an 8 - year - old golden retriever, just wasn ' t acting herself when she first came to texas a & m university ' s college of veterinary medicine. reilly ' s mom had noticed the she was less active, had difficulty walking, and acted painful. during examination, a tamu veterinarian determined that the source of her discomfort and disability was most likely a problem within her brain. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) of reilly ' s brain was recommended as a way to \" look \" for tumors, encephalitis, some forms of strokes, and other brain diseases. the mri revealed a large mass, suspected to be a tumor, in the front part of reilly ' s brain ( figure 1 ). various tumor types were considered, but the mri characteristics were strongly suggestive of a tumor called meningioma. meningioma is a cancerous growth of the membranes that cover the brain. various treatments including surgery and radiation have been used to control meningiomas. chemotherapy has also shown promise as an adjunct to other after thoughtful consideration by reilly ' s caretakers, veterinarians, and the staff at texas a & m, the decision was made to perform brain surgery to try to remove at least some of the tumor. tumor removal could help relieve pressure on the brain and allow a definitive diagnosis via microscopic evaluation of tissue from the mass. a team of veterinarians, support staff, and veterinary medical students prepared reilly for surgery a few days after the mri. reilly ' s family gathered in the waiting room anxious for updates while the surgical team worked diligently in the operating room. after completion of the surgery, an mri was performed to determine how much of the tumor was removed. ( figure 2 ) reilly recovered in the icu for a few days then returned home to her family. improvements in her activity and comfort level were seen shortly after her return home. according to her caretakers, \" reilly was back to her old self. \" the post - operative mri demonstrated that a majority of the tumor had been removed. confirmation of meningioma was made allowing the oncologist to choose a chemotherapeutic agent to aid in tumor teamwork amongst multiple specialists ( radiologists, anesthesiologists, oncologists, neurologists, surgeons ) was essential to help reilly. while not every dog with a brain tumor recovers as well as reilly, the type of collaborative effort and access to cutting - edge technology at texas a & m university gives each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5052728919398753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.838454"} {"text": "st. paul of the cross 1694 - 1775 \u201c tell me the landscape on which you live and i \u2019 ll tell you who you are. \u201d ortega y gasset in 1714 a young northern italian, paolo danei, had a striking experience of god. it happened during an ordinary sermon in an ordinary church, preached by an unknown parish priest. a sense of god and a desire to serve him filled his heart. over the years, the experience grew, and it centered on the passion of jesus christ. from the sermon he heard in church, the young man gained a life - long respect for preaching. in his early years he taught catechism in churches near his home ; later he became a powerful preacher of god \u2019 s word. in 1715, responding to a call for help from the pope, paul left his work helping his father to join a crusade against the turks who were threatening the venetian republic, but he soon realized that god wasn \u2019 t calling him to be a soldier. there was something else for him to do, and so he returned to help in the family business. \u201c my father was a poor tobacconist \u201d his father was \u201c a poor tobacconist, \u201d who moved his family and small store from town to town near genoa trying to make ends meet. financial conditions in italy were bad as economic power shifted from the mediterranean to the atlantic coast, bringing prosperity to the seaports of england, holland and france, but leaving italy, once the richest country in europe in renaissance times, a poorer place. considered medicinal at the time, tobacco was an item that hard - pressed governments put a high tax on. paul \u2019 s father fell into the clutches of zealous italian tax - collectors more than once as he brought supplies for his store from the docks of genoa. no doubt his son did too. paul would always have a soft spot in his heart for people in trouble with the law. the danei were a devout catholic family. large families were not unusual then. they had 16 children ; paul was the second child, born in the town of ovada, january 3, 1694. only six children survived into their adult years ; the majority died as infants. so paul danei became acquainted early on with the mystery of death, and from his mother especially, he learned to see it through the lens of the passion of christ. \u201c poor italy, \u201d paul called his native land, and in the 18th century it was poor in more ways than one. the majority of its people lived in rural areas hit hard by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4292039721424507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.854182"} {"text": "learned to see it through the lens of the passion of christ. \u201c poor italy, \u201d paul called his native land, and in the 18th century it was poor in more ways than one. the majority of its people lived in rural areas hit hard by the country \u2019 s weak economy. many were illiterate. politically, the italian peninsula was a patchwork of small city states and territories that made it easy prey for europe \u2019 s bigger states coveting its resources. the governments of spain, france and austria continually found reasons to meddle in italian affairs and periodically sent their armies across its borders to enforce their will. outside control made it difficult for italy to develop economically and politically. the catholic church also shared in 18th century italy \u2019 s poverty. the popes controlled large sections of the italian peninsula \u2013 the ancient papal states \u2013 but they were under the thumb of foreign powers. foreign rulers already had their hands in appointing bishops and in the affairs of religious orders ; through agents they manipulated papal conclaves to lessen the role of the papacy in european politics. if they couldn \u2019 t get a pope that favored them, they settled for an old man in poor health, less likely to get in their way. their aim, already realized in england by henry viii and his ministers in the 16th century, was to weaken the ancient church, dismantle its religious orders and institutions, and grab its wealth for themselves. historians recognize the limitations big governments placed on the papacy in the 18th century : the popes of the era were \u201c good men, \u201d \u201c spiritual leaders, \u201d but \u2013 with the exception of benedict xiv \u2013 lacking the \u201c breadth of understanding \u201d to deal with the critical problems of their times ( henri daniel - rops ). they were \u201c humane, \u201d \u201c not heroic, \u201d \u201c mostly good - humored \u201d church leaders caught in the whirlwind of changing times ( owen chadwick ). they held on to the past, but were not sure how to face the future. besides political and economic forces, a new movement, the enlightenment, affected 18th century italy and the rest of europe, along with europe \u2019 s colonies in the new world. scientists, philosophers and historians saw human reason as the way to a better future and emphasized human rights and human and scientific development \u2013 values they \u2019 ve passed on to us today. the enlightenment changed the spiritual landscape of the western world. the movement \u2019 s followers were religious, for the most part, though some, like the french philosopher voltaire, attacked religion ( especially the catholic church", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44259362440896166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.855423"} {"text": "they \u2019 ve passed on to us today. the enlightenment changed the spiritual landscape of the western world. the movement \u2019 s followers were religious, for the most part, though some, like the french philosopher voltaire, attacked religion ( especially the catholic church ) as the chief enemy of human progress and denied god \u2019 s existence. most figures of the enlightenment, like the americans, george washington and thomas jefferson, believed in a \u201c providential deism. \u201d god created the world, yet afterwards watched it from a distance. no need, the deists thought, for revealed religions or for prayer or spiritual searching into a higher world. this world \u2019 s secrets discovered through science and reason are enough : know then thyself, presume not god to scan ; the proper study of mankind is man. ( alexander pope, essay on man ) enlightenment thinkers, whose god was little involved in human affairs, would dismiss a spiritual awakening like paul danei \u2019 s. human growth took place through human effort, not from heavenly grace. the \u201c enlightenment \u201d at castellazzo yet, paul danei saw himself guided from above, mostly by slow steps and small graces, with occasional strong spiritual experiences. god was close, he believed, but mostly in a dark closeness. the young man regularly prayed and read the scriptures and spiritual books to know god \u2019 s will, but the road to take wasn \u2019 t clear. he faced unanswered questions all his life. who would support his struggling family? should be marry? an uncle, a priest, tried arranging a good marriage for him, but he declined the offer. sometimes his faith seemed to disappear. but then, on a trip for supplies for the family \u2019 s store, he would see a mountain shrine and hear a call to \u201c climb the mountain of the lord. \u201d six years after the sermon in church, another strong experience of god occurred. \u201c in the summer of 1720, at the time of the grain harvest, after communion at the capuchin church in castellazzo on a street corner near my home \u2013 i was raised up in god in the deepest recollection with complete forgetfulness of all else and with great interior peace \u2026 \u201d he saw himself clothed in a black garment with a white cross on his breast on which was written the name of jesus. he told his family and then the bishop of his diocese that he wished to be clothed in the garment of a hermit, a common step for those wishing to serve god in those days. then he settled in a small room belonging to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.511772289965672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.856589"} {"text": "name of jesus. he told his family and then the bishop of his diocese that he wished to be clothed in the garment of a hermit, a common step for those wishing to serve god in those days. then he settled in a small room belonging to the church of st. charles in castellazzo and for 40 days he fasted and prayed to know what further step to take. his diocesan bishop, bishop francesco gattinaro, asked paul to keep a diary of those days, and paul afterwards gave him a written account of moments of great consolation and great emptiness. it was what he would experience for the rest of his life. at the end of the 40 days, like jesus in the desert, he embraced a mission. he believed god was calling him to begin a new community in the church. the 18th century wasn \u2019 t favorable for founding new religious communities, however. governments considered some existing religious communities, like the jesuits, as dangerous political adversaries ; others, as socially useless. henry viii had already shown that lands appropriated from religious communities could bring in healthy sums. facing economic hard times, the church wasn \u2019 t looking for new religious communities either ; there were more than enough, most church leaders thought. so instead of supporting paul \u2019 s desire to found a new community, bishop gattinaro told him to take charge of the little chapel of s. stephano in castellazzo. within months the young hermit had renewed the people of the area spiritually with his words and spiritual advice, and other young men began to associate with him as companions. going to rome by the summer of 1721, paul wrote to the bishop \u201c i feel inspired by god to go to rome. \u201d in late september, he was at the door of quirinal palace, where the pope then resided, and asked to see the holy father. a new pope had just been elected, innocent xiii ( 1721 - 24 ), \u201c a well - meaning but sickly old man \u201d who would be bedridden for much of his papacy. the guards at the palace door told paul to go away. the young man, who thought he would be received with open arms, made his way dejectedly toward the basilica of st. mary major, not far from the quirinal palace, and before the church \u2019 s ancient icon of mary, help of the roman people, asked for help to do god \u2019 s will and placed his cause in her hands. then, he started home. a holy mountain : monte argentario on the boat to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43086195479521205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.857780"} {"text": "before the church \u2019 s ancient icon of mary, help of the roman people, asked for help to do god \u2019 s will and placed his cause in her hands. then, he started home. a holy mountain : monte argentario on the boat to rome, paul \u2019 s eyes were drawn to a majestic mountain that dominated the coast not far from the city, monte argentario. perhaps, he thought after the rejection at the papal palace, this might be the place where god would speak more clearly to him. in the spring of 1722 paul and his brother, john baptist, climbed monte argentario and moved into the abandoned hermitage of the annunciation on the mountain \u2019 s high slope. here, they prayed and studied the scriptures and let earth, sky and sea tell the story of creation to them. on sundays the two went down the mountain to the little fishing villages along the water for mass and afterwards taught catechism to the children. as before, people responded to their words and soon not only children, but adults came to hear the two men. their fame spread until priests and bishops were asking them to come and preach god \u2019 s word in other towns and places. eventually, the two brothers were welcomed to rome where they found patrons in the church \u2019 s highest offices. for a brief period they ministered in one of rome \u2019 s hospitals and were advised to become priests. they were ordained in st. peter \u2019 s basilica on june 7, 1727 by pope benedict xiii. for years paul and his brother, gradually joined by other companions, tirelessly brought a message of hope to the dispirited men and women living in this part of italy. bishops, cardinals and popes began to recognize the spiritual renewal these men brought and gave them support. as others joined him, paul sought new retreats where they could be formed and from which they could go forth to preach. but the church was painfully slow in approving the new community and paul was an impatient prophet who \u201c saw all things in god, but had no experience of how slow history can be \u201d ( g. cingolani ). on may 15, 1741, 20 years after his first visit to rome, his community \u2019 s rule of life was approved by pope benedict xiv who said \u201c this congregation should have been first, but it is the last founded. \u201d on june 11, 1741, shortly after the approbation, the first six passionists professed their vows, placing an emblem with a white heart and cross on the black habit they wore. paul danei started", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3690185414153784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.858904"} {"text": "it is the last founded. \u201d on june 11, 1741, shortly after the approbation, the first six passionists professed their vows, placing an emblem with a white heart and cross on the black habit they wore. paul danei started signing letters and documents \u201c paul of the cross. \u201d the message paul and his followers preached was always the same : a loving god is near in jesus christ, who died for you. keep his passion in mind. in the poorest of places, in the poorest of humanity, god is present and brings his love. papal approval was no guarantee that the community would survive or go unchallenged, however. some older religious communities considered the passionists rivals for the scant support provided in hard times. recruits for the new community came and went, especially in the beginning, but gradually membership grew and new foundations were made. by 1752 paul wrote \u201c we are 110. we have eight houses. they are all full and we cannot accept all those who want to join us. \u201d he died in rome, on october 18, 1775, acknowledged for his holiness and as a founder of a respected community in the church. his legacy : the mystery of the passion of jesus born in critical times, in a poor country and in a weakened church, paul of the cross was among the saints of the 18th century, like st. alphonsus liguori, saint lucy filippini and st. leonard of port maurice, whom god raised up to bless the italian church and eventually the church throughout the world. from small beginnings, paul \u2019 s community \u2013 the passionists \u2013 spread to continents throughout the world, where they \u2019 re found today. besides men, different groups of women, some cloistered, some dedicated to active ministry, became part of the passionist family. increasingly, lay people have been drawn to the passionist charism. paul \u2019 s own life is a lesson in perseverance and courageous patience. he was at home in an imperfect church. with little formal education or resources, he became a spiritual guide to popes and high church officials, as well as countless ordinary men and women who listened to his words and sought his advice. he reminded those bewildered by a changing world of the unchanging presence of god, signified in the passion of jesus christ, god \u2019 s only son. for him the passion was a wise and tender book to keep always in mind. anyone who reads it knows how to think about life, how to live, how to use this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43917862135658514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.859919"} {"text": "signified in the passion of jesus christ, god \u2019 s only son. for him the passion was a wise and tender book to keep always in mind. anyone who reads it knows how to think about life, how to live, how to use this world, what to expect, and what to hope for. above all, one finds courageous patience in the one who promised : \u201c come to me, you who are heavily burdened and i will refresh you. \u201d as paul knew from his own experience, life has its burdens, but god refreshes. remedy for the evils of our age paul saw the mystery of the passion shedding its light beyond calvary. it \u2019 s \u201c a remedy for the evils of our age, \u201d he said. surely he would see it reaching to the crucified of a future age, lifting up men and women, especially the poor, caught in society \u2019 s unjust structures and selfishness. \u201c i saw the name of jesus written on the foreheads of the poor, \u201d paul once said. the mystery of the passion also falls upon the natural world threatened today by human neglect. was it by chance that paul danei chose to live on a mountain close to the sea where the hills, the sky and the sea showed him an infinite goodness behind everything? in his day, some already saw the shadow of the cross falling on the natural world as a new industrial age dawned. did he faintly recognize that cross too? keeping the passion of jesus in mind is not for our personal spiritual growth alone. it \u2019 s not simply an exercise of historical imagination. it helps us see a suffering world and all that \u2019 s in it, and then do what we can to bring it peace and justice. for paul danei \u2019 s followers today, his charism is a grace for the present, not a memory of the past : \u201c we are aware that the passion of christ continues in this world until he comes in glory ; therefore, we share in the joys and sorrows of our contemporaries as we journey through life towards our father. we wish to share in the distress of all, especially the poor and neglected ; we seek to offer them comfort and to relieve the burden of their sorrow. the power of the cross, which is the wisdom of god, gives us strength to discern and remove the causes of human suffering. \u201d a world forgetting the passion of christ the enlightenment changed the face of the western society, but it made slight inroads into italy in paul \u2019 s day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5069287638900667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.860886"} {"text": "of god, gives us strength to discern and remove the causes of human suffering. \u201d a world forgetting the passion of christ the enlightenment changed the face of the western society, but it made slight inroads into italy in paul \u2019 s day. the italy of paul \u2019 s time was described by contemporary witnesses as filled with wayside crosses and newly built \u201c stations of the cross. \u201d devotion to christ \u2019 s passion seemed stronger than ever. yet with a mystic \u2019 s insight, paul saw radical changes on the way : \u201c the world is sliding into a forgetfulness of the most bitter sufferings lovingly endured by jesus christ our true good, \u201d he said. the enlightenment began a \u201c slide \u201d from an age of revealed religion in paul \u2019 s day to the secular age we know today. as charles taylor notes in a secular age, deism, the religion of the enlightenment, was \u201c a half - way house on the road to contemporary atheism, \u201d cutting ties to a higher world as it called its followers to concentrate on science and reason. religion still plays a role in modern life, but increasingly citizens of the western world, embracing an \u201c expressive individualism \u201d, see the heavens closed and look to this life for everything. paul \u2019 s warning about forgetfulness seems to ring true. for this reason, it \u2018 s good to remember this holy man of the 18th century who changed his name to reflect the mystery he loved. he wears a sign with a white heart surmounted by a cross. usually, he \u2019 s depicted carrying an over - sized cross. he tells us to remember a god who is close and never forgets us. biographies on paul of the cross st. paul of the cross, gabriele cingolani, passionist press, union city, nj 1994 as a seal upon your heart, paul francis spencer, cp, kildare, ireland, 1994 listen to his love, the life of st. paul of the cross, bennet kelley, cp, passionist press, 1984 as a seal upon your heart, the life of st. paul of the cross, union city, nj, 2005 ( dvd ) letters of saint paul of the cross, translated by roger mercurio, c. p. & frederick sucher, c. p. edited by laurence finn, c. p. & donald webber, c. p. new city press 2000 spiritual direction according to st. paul of the cross, bennett kelley, cp. passionist press, 2007 living wisdom for everyday, bennett kelley, cp, catholic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46565919008305146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.862022"} {"text": "excerpts from john wolfe barry ' s the tower bridge. a lecture ( 1894 ), composed in 1893. as barry explains in a brief preface, the account was prepared partly for people \" well acquainted with engineering matters, \" but \" more largely \" for those who are simply interested, and who may \" wish to form a general conception of its design and of the various considerations which led up to its inception and determined its mode of execution \" \u2014 excerpts selected, most of the headings added, and photographs ( unless otherwise noted ) by jb. ] the west side of tower bridge. photograph ( 2013 ) by ruth m. landow. [ east side of the bridge by the same photographer. ] \" the work of the foundations was troublesome and tedious, owing to the isolation of the piers, and still more to the great amount of river traffic, rendering the berthing of barges difficult. the substructure thus occupied a considerably longer time than was anticipated \" ( 36 ). the fixed superstructure two photographs showing details of the bridge ' s construction : left : the massive joint that connects two sections of the bridge. right : the laminated steel plates.. photographs by ruth m. landow. ] \" the fixed parts of the superstructure of the tower bridge consist of two shore spans, each of 270 feet, and of a central high level span of 230 feet. the fixed bridge is of the suspension form of construction, and the chains are carried on lofty towers on each pier and on lower towers on each abutment... \" ( 45 ). the north tower with its pier \" the piers of the tower bridge are essentially different from the piers of an ordinary bridge, inasmuch as they have to contain the counterpoise and machinery of the opening span, as well as to support the towers which carry the suspension chains of the fixed spans and the overhead girders above the opening span. they are thus very complex structures... their total depth from the roadway level to the london clay, on which they rest, is 102 feet \" ( 23, 25 ). \" the mode adopted for spanning the landward openings is by suspension chains, which in this case are stiffened. the chains are anchored in the ground at each end of the bridge, and united by horizontal ties across the central opening at a high level.... these ties are carried by two narrow bridges 10 feet in width, which are available as foot bridges when the bascule span is open for the passage of vessels. the foot bridges are 140", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48773219588639105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.873087"} {"text": "ties across the central opening at a high level.... these ties are carried by two narrow bridges 10 feet in width, which are available as foot bridges when the bascule span is open for the passage of vessels. the foot bridges are 140 feet above trinity high water, and, as their supports stand back 1 5 feet from the face of the piers, their clear span is 230 feet. access is given to them by hydraulic lifts and by commodious staircases in the towers \" ( 26 - 27 ). \" [ the landward crossing ] is divided into 36 feet for the vehicular traffic and into two pathways each 1 2 feet wide. i may mention in passing that london bridge is 54 feet wide between the parapets \" ( 53 ). the span for river traffic \" the stipulated dimensions of the opening span [ provide ], when the bridge is open for ships, a clear waterway of 200 feet in width, with a clear height throughout the 200 feet of 135 feet ( which has been increased in construction to 140 feet ) from trinity high water mark. i may mention in passing that i think these dimensions constitute the largest opening span in the world. the next largest opening is, i believe, at the newcastle bridge, where there are two separate spans of 100 feet each \" ( 36 - 37 ). opening the bridge an early - twentieth - century photograph of tower bridge by feist and co., publishers of postcards. [ the postcard version ]. \" i should mention that when the two leaves of the opening span are brought together, there will be long wedge - shaped bolts, actuated by hydraulic machinery, fixed on one leaf and shooting into the other leaf, to complete the union of the two. all the machinery of the opening span will be worked from cabins on the piers, in which there will be levers like those in a railway signal box, so interlocked one with the other that all the proper movements must follow in the arranged order \" ( 44 ). \" the time required for the actual movement of the opening span from a position of rest horizontally to a position of rest vertically is estimated at about 1\u00bd minutes. to this must be added the time necessary for stopping the road traffic and clearing the bridge, and withdrawing the bolts. this may take, perhaps, some 1\u00bd minutes more, and we then have to add the time for the passage of a ship and the lowering of the bridge. the time of i\u00bd minutes for opening or shutting the bridge gives a mean circumfer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47377256749338276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.874139"} {"text": "take, perhaps, some 1\u00bd minutes more, and we then have to add the time for the passage of a ship and the lowering of the bridge. the time of i\u00bd minutes for opening or shutting the bridge gives a mean circumferential speed at the extremity of each leaf of 2 feet per second, which is a moderate speed for an opening bridge \" ( 44 ). left : heraldry on the bridge. right : the iron span. \" signals will be provided by semaphores by day and signal lamps by night, to show ships whether the bridge is open or shut. by night when the bridge is open for ships, four green lights will be shown in both directions, and when it is shut against ships four red lights will be similarly exhibited, and then lights will be interlocked with the machinery, so that wrong signals cannot be shown. by day similar intimation will be afforded by semaphore arms on the same posts as those which carry the signal lamps. during foggy weather, a gong will be used in specified ways \" ( 44 - 45 ). \" one other part of the machinery remains to be mentioned. this is that of the passenger lifts between the roadway level and the high level foot bridge. there are two lifts in each tower, consisting of a cage, 13 feet by 6 feet, and 9 feet high, raised and lowered by an ordinary hydraulic ram with chain gearing, and capable of lifting 20 to 25 passengers in about 1\u00bd minutes, including the delays of opening and shutting the doors. as the lift will have to descend carrying a cargo of passengers before it can take a second load of ascending passengers, we may assume three minutes from one start to the next ; or, as there are two lifts on each tower, 1 ^ minutes. in addition to the lifts, there are ample flights of stairs in the towers \" ( 45 ). the towers ( general appearance and materials ) views of one of the towers \u2014 left : roof, pinnacles, and windows ( photograph by r. m. landow ; view in a different light ). middle : view from the roadway approach. right : gothic window tracery on tower. \" when an opening bridge was first proposed there was some outcry by aesthetical people on the score of its ruining the picturesqueness of the tower of london by hideous girder erections, and it seemed to be the universal wish that this bridge should be in harmony architecturally with the tower.... it was originally intended that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48841111874464116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.875092"} {"text": "on the score of its ruining the picturesqueness of the tower of london by hideous girder erections, and it seemed to be the universal wish that this bridge should be in harmony architecturally with the tower.... it was originally intended that the towers should be of brickwork in a feudal style of architecture, and the bridge somewhat like the drawbridge of a crusader ' s castle..... sir horace jones unfortunately died in 1887, when the foundations had not made much progress.... since the death of my coadjutor i have preserved the general architectural features of the parliamentary sketch designs, but it will be seen that the structure as erected differs largely therefrom, both in treatment and material..... [ i ] t became apparent that it would not be possible to support the weight of the bridge on towers wholly of masonry, as in the first designs, unless they were made of great size and unnecessary weight. it was, consequently, necessary that the main supports should be of iron or steel, which could, however, be surrounded by masonry, so as to retain the architectural character of the whole structure \" ( 48 ). interior of the towers \" the skeleton of each tower consists of four wrought steel pillars, octagonal in plan, built up of rivetted plates. the pillars start from wide spreading bases, and extend upwards to the suspension chains, which they support. they are united by horizontal girders and many diagonal bracings.... the chains are carried on the abutments by similar but lower pillars.... between the pillars are spaces for the public stairs and the passenger lifts, and for the quadrants of the opening span when in their upward position \" ( 48, 50 ). \" the main chains, which are 60 feet 6 inches apart from centre to centre, extend from the rollers on the piers to other rollers on each abutment, and support the platform of the bridge by suspension rods, extending from the bottom of the chains to the cross girders of the platform..... it may be asked why are these structures, which look like girders, called chains? they are, in fact, chains, stiffened to prevent deflection, and the object of the form is to distribute the local loads due to passing traffic, which, in the case of an ordinary suspension chain, distort the chain, continually depressing each part as the load passes, and consequently distorting the platform of the bridge. by making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4854057673627568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.876237"} {"text": "to distribute the local loads due to passing traffic, which, in the case of an ordinary suspension chain, distort the chain, continually depressing each part as the load passes, and consequently distorting the platform of the bridge. by making the chain, as it were, double, and bracing it with iron triangulations, these local deflections of the chain are avoided \" ( 50 - 51 ). \" the total weight of steel and iron in the tower bridge will amount to nearly 12, 000 tons \" ( 53 ). \" the time of construction, some 7 years to the present time, has seemed long, but it may be some comfort to those who are impatient, to remember that old london bridge was 33 years in building, old westminster bridge 11\u00be years, and new london bridge 7\u00bd years, and i think my hearers will have seen that the tower bridge is no ordinary bridge, and in no ordinary position. the structure and its machinery are full of the most elaborate and complicated work of all kinds \" ( 64 ). \" the cost of the bridge, with its approaches and including the cost of the property purchased, will be about a million sterling, and the whole of the expense will be defrayed out of the funds carefully husbanded and administered by the bridge house estates committee. londoners will thus be presented, without the charge of one penny on the rates, with a free bridge. the expense of working the bridge, which will be very considerable from the quantity of machinery comprised within it, will also be paid by the corporation \" ( 63 ). barry ' s tributes to colleagues first and most important of all, my acknowledgments are due to my partner, mr. h. m. brunel, who has supervised the whole of the complicated calculations and details of the structure, and has taken a very active share in the carrying out of the work from first to last. afterwards follow the resident engineer, mr. cruttwell, who has been in control of the works from their commencement ; mr. fyson, who has had the duty of the preparation of most of the detailed working drawings and calculations of engineering matters, and mr. stevenson, who has acted as my architectural assistant. in connection with this subject, i cannot but express my great regret that the work was so soon after its commencement deprived of the architectural knowledge and experience of sir horace jones, and that he has not lived to see the mode in which his conception of a large bascule bridge across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5078475126312092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.877418"} {"text": ", i cannot but express my great regret that the work was so soon after its commencement deprived of the architectural knowledge and experience of sir horace jones, and that he has not lived to see the mode in which his conception of a large bascule bridge across the thames has been realised.... in another branch of duty i have to express my thanks to the various contractors... lastly, and in a very important degree, to the firm of sir w. g. armstrong, mitchell and co., to whom is entrusted the hydraulic machinery, which, i believe, is without rival in size and power \" ( 63 - 64 ). \" the seagoing ships which pass the site of the tower bridge, and for which the central span would have to be opened, number on the average, about 17 daily. they pass by chiefly at or near the time of high water, and it may well be arranged that several may pass one behind the other. the number of seagoing ships proceeding above the site of the bridge does not show any tendency to growth, but, on the contrary, the volume of such traffic will rather, i think, gravitate to the docks down stream as time goes on. i am afraid that some disappointment will occasionally be felt when vehicular traffic is stopped by the opening of the bridge, but it may be hoped that no serious delays will occur either to seagoing ships or to vehicular traffic, as the periods during which the opening span will be raised, though sufficient for the accommodation of the river traffic, will not be of frequent occurrence or of long duration. the tower bridge will, it is thought, fairly meet all the difficulties of the case, but if the road traffic becomes of greater importance, and the sea - going river traffic grows less, i suppose the fate of the bridge will be to become a fixed bridge. how soon this may happen no one can tell. it is able to fulfil its duties either as an opening or as a fixed bridge ( 62 - 63 ) \" in drawing this description of the works to a conclusion, i may be allowed to express a hope that the tower bridge, when finished, will be considered to be not unworthy of the corporation of the greatest city of ancient or modern times \" ( 64 ). barry, john wolfe. tower bridge. a lecture. london : boot, son and carpenter, 1894. internet archive. a copy signed \" from the author \" ( though mistakenly dated 1884 ) and uploaded by the university of california libraries. web. 26", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45093293227582776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.878992"} {"text": "fourteen young women delegates are representing wagggs at the 57th commission on the status of women ( csw ) at the un in new york in march 2 - 13. learn from emna empower the girl - child about shocking attitudes to violence against girls and women in tunisia which were uncovered in a national survey contributed to by the tunisian girl scouts. in her blog the importance of discussing violence with young people claire guides us through an experiment with ' boys ' toys ' and gender stereotypes. wagggs chief executive mary mc phail invites us to imagine a world without violence in her powerful call for the world to end violence against girls and young women : stop the violence : girls on the frontline of prevention. meanwhile, kumbukani shows us the dangers for young girls and women in collecting water in malawi in environmental degradation and gender - based violence : girls are the solution. hasiniaina shows us how poverty affects girls and young women in madagascar in her blog voices against violence : madagascar. finally, in combating violence through education rosy explores how technology can affect gender - based violence. together, these girl and women bloggers show us that another world is possible. we invite you, girl guide and girl scout associations, youth organizations, governments, schools and other groups, to deliver the curriculum and help make a difference to the lives of millions of children and young people and their communities. girls experience violence in all forms in every country, community and culture. girls have the right to have a life free from violence and the fear of violence, but this right is being abused. girls are particularly vulnerable to violence as they face the double discrimination of their gender and age. globally it is estimated that 150 million girls under 18 have experienced sexual violence. in tunisia, one in five women experience physical violence at least once in their lives, and one in six experience sexual violence. recently, i contributed to a national survey ran by the ministry of health, which the tunisian girl scouts participated in. i carried out several interviews with both girls and women. this was a very interesting experience. looking at the results of the survey, i was shocked at the number of girls who thought that violence is normal. in fact they saw it as a sign of \u201c masculinity \u201d. for a man to be a real man, he needed to be violent. some of the girls told me that they wouldn \u2019 t marry a man who didn \u2019 t hit them because \u201c real \u201d men hit women!!! why has this violence been normalised? well, society has created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4785189893728062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.905920"} {"text": ", he needed to be violent. some of the girls told me that they wouldn \u2019 t marry a man who didn \u2019 t hit them because \u201c real \u201d men hit women!!! why has this violence been normalised? well, society has created gender stereotypes and roles that tell girls they should act in a certain way and accept certain behaviour. for example, if a girl lives in a violent home this can be extremely destructive for her. it can cause her to lose her confidence and to perpetuate violence into future generations as they become so familiar with being abused. the girl will grow up thinking that this is a normal behavior, and will therefore accept this behavior from her future husband. this can also happen even when girls indirectly witness violence in the home. this is supported through the roles and images of boys, men, girls and women depicted in the media. our survey showed us that in tunisia 55 per cent of women and girls think that violence is so normal that it doesn \u2019 t even need to be talked about. that ' s 55 per cent! this is a huge problem. how can we stop this violence, when it has become so normalised in society? we need to address the structural causes that allow such normalisation to occur. so what can be done? we need to empower. by building girls \u2019 self - esteem, their confidence and providing them with opportunities, we can teach and change society to value girls. if both girls and boys, women and men, value themselves and one another, if society places value on the girl - child, then girls will no longer be viewed, or view themselves, as worthless. so how can we empower them? as nelson mandela said \u201c education is the most powerful weapon we can use to change the world \u201d, i believe that education, especially non - formal education, is a key preventive tool to address violence. and the change needs to come from the grassroots, from young women leading girls and showing them the way. that is our role! i am part of a movement of 10 million girls and young women worldwide and we can make this change because we believe that girls are the power! we believe that girls are the solution, so we should invest in them to make a difference! i \u2019 ve seen what a difference working with girls can achieve. by teaching girls about their rights through educational activities, their self - esteem blossoms. my sister girl guides and girl scouts have delivered wagggs and un women \u2019 s non - formal education curriculum voices against violence which has taught girls as young", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48176320772070647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.907121"} {"text": "can achieve. by teaching girls about their rights through educational activities, their self - esteem blossoms. my sister girl guides and girl scouts have delivered wagggs and un women \u2019 s non - formal education curriculum voices against violence which has taught girls as young as five about gender inequality, gender - based violence and their human rights. as a girl scout i can say that a great way to start the process of breaking the normalisation of violence is by using the scouts as a vehicle. we need to implement basic education about gender - based violence to all young people in the world, both girls and boys. and we need to do that within each cultural context, explaining it from the cultural perspectives that they will understand. in tunisia, if we can educate the thousands of girl scouts, they will educate the tens and hundreds of their friends, their relatives, even their parents, and one day their children. | we believe that girls are the power | we should educate girls because they have the power to break the chain of violence. i want a new tunisia where every girl knows that her life is and should be free from violence. some say good things come to those who wait. but in this case, we should not wait. we * must * not wait for this to change. we must. act. now. finally i want to say to all the girls in the world that no one has the right to violate you whatever the reason, no one! you should know that if you are walking down the street naked men don \u2019 t have the right to rape you! no one has the right to force you to get married very young! and no one has the right to hit you! girls, we are equal to men and together we can make a powerful amazing change! be proud because you are a girl, don \u2019 t be afraid! i am here, standing up because i want to end violence against women and girls, i hope you will stand with me. new zealand participated as one of the 20 countries that piloted the voices against violence curriculum last year. my pippin unit, comprising girls aged five to seven was one of the units in new zealand selected to pilot the programme. i put our pippin unit forward for the pilot as i was very interested to see how the curriculum and the topic of violence against girls would be presented to girls aged five to seven. some parents of my girls where initially hesitant about us discussing this topic with their girls. but once we explained what we would be doing and that it is an age - appropriate curriculum they where very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081345923367485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.908081"} {"text": "against girls would be presented to girls aged five to seven. some parents of my girls where initially hesitant about us discussing this topic with their girls. but once we explained what we would be doing and that it is an age - appropriate curriculum they where very supportive. with the curriculum, we first began with setting a safe space with the girls to be able to complete the activities and discuss the topics. we created \u2018 pippin rules \u2019 or a code of conduct. one of the activities we focused on was gender inequality and discrimination. for this we gave traditional \u2018 boys toys \u2019 : blocks, trains, marble game and slot cars for them to play with and didn \u2019 t say anything to them. we just let them have fun. at the end we then got the group together and explained to them that some people believe that only boys are allowed to play with these. do you think this right? this session was extremely beneficial for the girls. they were given the opportunity to play with toys of a problem solving type nature which they are not \u201c normally \u201d given at this young age. one girl commented that it does not matter if it is a girl \u2019 s toy or a boy \u2019 s toy, they should be able to play with them all. this session enabled the girls to connect gender - stereotypes in their everyday lives without understanding the adult terminology. | education is key in making a social change. | the curriculum ends with a take action section. this session is aimed at getting young people to deliver projects about violence against girls in their community. the girls in my pippin unit chose to write a letter to our mayor and ask him to help children who are not as lucky as us. the girls also drew pictures for the children at the local women \u2019 s refuge to put on their walls to make feel better. the women \u2019 s refuge were pleased to accept the pictures and the children really enjoyed making them. even at a young age, this programme makes a challenging topic accessible and gives girls an opportunity to make a difference in their community. when the parents witnessed the positive outcome of \u2018 voices against violence \u2019 in their daughters, they were impressed and understood how beneficial it is to educate young people on this topic. one mother especially liked the activity where the girls drew around their hand and wrote who they could trust inside it. it gave the mother an honest reflection of what her daughter views as safe space. by having a structured non - formal education environment issues were discussed and explored with the girls that are otherwise ignored in formal education settings. girl guides across the world provides a safe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5212957959701696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.909342"} {"text": "it gave the mother an honest reflection of what her daughter views as safe space. by having a structured non - formal education environment issues were discussed and explored with the girls that are otherwise ignored in formal education settings. girl guides across the world provides a safe space, a forum where girls have the opportunity to discuss topics that are important to them. after piloting this programme, i understand how important it is to teach this curriculum to girls aged five to seven as it helps build their basic building block for life which will be developed on as they move the curriculum. education is key in making a social change. you need to focus on the girls in your life, whether it is your own daughter, granddaughter, niece - or girls in your neighbourhood. by giving them an avenue for education in their lives, you are empowering them to change our world. a world that is free from violence. girls are our future leaders and will soon be the ones making the decisions to make our world a better place. mary mc phail, chief executive i am delighted to be part of the launch of our voices against violence education programme. working with our partners un women, the world association of girl guides and girl scouts has developed a unique and remarkable curriculum which forms one part of our response to the on - going and unacceptable injustice of violence against girls and women. that six in ten girls and women will experience some form of violence in her lifetime is a horrendous crime, a dreadful abuse of power and a violation of human rights that the global community has not yet been able to eliminate despite decades of declarations, resolutions and actions. we know that this ongoing pandemic, and the absence of an effective global or national responses to stop gender - based violence is crushing individual lives, tearing families and communities apart and destroying the life opportunities and the potential of girls and women all over the world. it is happening, every day, in every community and in every country in the world. we are all touched in some way by violence and the fear of violence and i would suggest quite simply, that it is in the air that hundreds of millions of girls and young women breathe every day. for far too long girls and young women have had to live within this air of intimidation in fear and in silence. imagine for a moment how this intimidation and the ever present threat of violence in our homes, in our schools, on the streets, influences the decisions that we make every day \u2013 both consciously and unconsciously? and now i invite you to imagine a world where all girls and women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47482680543642175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.910401"} {"text": "this intimidation and the ever present threat of violence in our homes, in our schools, on the streets, influences the decisions that we make every day \u2013 both consciously and unconsciously? and now i invite you to imagine a world where all girls and women feel free and safe from intimidation and violence, and where they are fully empowered to fulfil their potential. this is the world that we want for girls and young women \u2013 nothing more and nothing less. in 2009 the world association carried out a consultation with girls and young women around the world and we asked them about what was important to them, what affected them every day and about what issues they really cared enough about to take action. this is when we began to hear the first whispers from girls themselves breaking this silence of intimidation. girls told us that they wanted to take a lead on tackling violence against girls and young women and that they wanted the world association to work alongside them to do this. voices against violence is our first response to that first whisper ; and with this programme we aim to go from a whisper of resistence to a shout of outrage. to stop the violence. in the next seven years, five million children and young people will take part in voices against violence. they will learn to talk about violence, understand its root causes, recognize their rights and develop the skills and confidence to claim those rights for themselves and others. - voices against violence is a non - formal education curriculum and non - formal education is a key tool in preventing violence against girls and women, tackling the underlying causes of violence such as gender inequality, gender stereotypes and discrimination. - voices against violence is a programme that empowers girls and boys, young women and young men to be leaders, to speak out and take action. children and young people are instrumental in changing the landscape of violence. - voices against violence helps create safe spaces, where children as young as five can learn and play and develop healthy and respectful relationships and break down negative stereotypes and gender norms. - voices against violence is a co - educational initiative which engages boys and men, parents and the community in the sometimes challenging conversations about violence. breaking down barriers and working together is the only way we will end violence against girls and young women. - but voices against violence is also about building a movement for change, with children and young people the leaders at its heart. the curriculum is part of the world association \u2019 s broader campaign to \u201c stop the violence \u2013 speak out for girls \u2019 rights, \u201d which will engage 30 million people to add their voice and take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4724635092290612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.911694"} {"text": ", with children and young people the leaders at its heart. the curriculum is part of the world association \u2019 s broader campaign to \u201c stop the violence \u2013 speak out for girls \u2019 rights, \u201d which will engage 30 million people to add their voice and take action to end violence. as well as this education programme, we are also running a global awareness campaign, advocating for girls \u2019 rights, investing in research and evaluation, and supporting local and national campaigns to deliver change at the community level. we want to understand more about what does work and to spread that message around the world. as powerful a force as 10 million girl guides and girl scouts around the world are, we can not do this alone. and that is why i give my warmest thanks to four remarkable organizations that have joined us in our campaign to stop violence and speak out for girls \u2019 rights. the world organization of the scout movement, the ywca, the ymca, and the duke of edinburgh ' s awards have all committed to the world associations \u2019 campaign, stop the violence, speak out for girls \u2019 rights. with a combined membership base of 100 million girls and young women, boys and young men, surely this is the real beginning of the end of the toleration of violence against girls and women. millions of children and young people with strong voices, empowered to take action to eliminate violence against girls and young women, to break gender norms and stereotypes, to develop respectful relationships, to negate discrimination and embrace equality, i cannot wait to hear those voices raised in outrage even louder than they already are with the clear message that violence against girls and women can never be tolerated or excused whoever or wherever the perpetrators are. we invite each of you to join us in raising your voices against violence. the curriculum is not just for girl guides and girl scouts. deliver it to your members, use the activities at your events and training, come along to our trainings and so much more. together we can end this tragedy and i urge you to commit to break the silence. thank you for your on - going commitment to ensuring that all girls and young women have the right to live their lives free from violence and from the threat of violence. gender inequality is the root cause of violence against women and girls. gender roles and stereotypes create power dynamics whereby men have control over women. in most communities, patriarchal societies have created situations where men have control and dominate. this gender inequality will only be exacerbated and worsened by environmental degradation. worryingly, factors that increase girls \u2019 risk to gender -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45076467336731835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.912943"} {"text": "have control over women. in most communities, patriarchal societies have created situations where men have control and dominate. this gender inequality will only be exacerbated and worsened by environmental degradation. worryingly, factors that increase girls \u2019 risk to gender - based violence, such as poverty, are only set to worsen due to climate change. in malawi, just like other developing countries, gender roles means that women and girls have to carry the domestic tasks of gathering fuel and fetching water, both in urban and rural areas. fulfilling these tasks often require girls to walk long distances, often by themselves, through isolated and unsafe areas. this puts them at risk of physical and sexual assault. environmental degradation, such as deforestation and pollution, is making wood for fuel and safe drinking water increasingly scarce. this results in girls walking longer distances and incurring increasing risks. the longer and more time - consuming these tasks become, a vicious cycle ensues as girls will have less time to attend school and study. meaning girls \u2019 access to education is being challenged further. however, i know the solution to this problem. girls are the solution. investment in girls and young women is key in tackling both gender - based violence and environmental degradation. as the custodians of the future, younger generations need to be invested in. they are integral to developing a sustainable society. the key to this investment is to provide education to girls, both formal and non - formal education. in girl guides, we have seen the powerful role that education can play in dealing with such big topics. for example, voices against violence, wagggs and un women \u2019 s non - formal education programme, is helping girls from as young as five learn how to identify violence and reclaim their rights to stop it. in malawi, we have been running a stop the violence campaign on ending early child marriage, by running workshops and awareness campaigns. the non - formal education work we do is impactful as we are able to reach girls that cannot access the formal system. girl guides have also been busy addressing environmental change. in 2012 i led my girl guide unit in a local environmental project to try and deal with the problem of deforestation in my community. fire wood in my community was scarce. people had to walk long distances to access wood. so myself and my girl guides planted 1, 000 fast growing trees in the local school garden. as a result of this project, women and girls now have a local source of fire wood. additionally, inspired by the project, girls and women in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4990275570349619, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.914075"} {"text": ". so myself and my girl guides planted 1, 000 fast growing trees in the local school garden. as a result of this project, women and girls now have a local source of fire wood. additionally, inspired by the project, girls and women in the community started to grow their own trees in their own garden creating a more sustainable fuel, and food, source. by empowering girls and women to tackle climate change and work towards sustainability. by investing in them and using their knowledge. by empowering future leaders we will work towards equality. by creating a world of equality, we create a world where more girls will live lives free from violence and the fear of violence. at csw i want to see decision - makers make a commitment to education on both the environment and gender - based violence, and ensure environmental sustainability and social justice for girls across the world. people need to stand up and make a change. only last year did malawi government implement legislation to tackle environmental change. this is taking too long. the girl child deserves a better future. i want to tell you about the issues in madagascar.. we can see many forms of violence, such as prostitution, forced marriage, early workers and domestic violence. we can find all of these things everywhere in madagascar. 65 per cent of girls and women experience some form of violence during their lifetime. many girls don ' t study because they don ' t have money to attend. they want to find money for school and survival. parents try and find a husband for the girl. this supplies the family with some money. in the rural areas, parents stop educating their children at seven or ten years old, in order for the children to help the family get money. children go to the towns to find jobs where they risk exploitation and violence in order to survive. every year over 1, 000 children disappear in antananarivo. in madagascar, we refused to stay silent. we wanted to act. as such, madagascar became a pilot member organization for the wagggs and un women \u2019 s voices against violence curriculum along with 19 countries from around the world. in my association we had a meeting with a pilot group of 50 girls to discuss the curriculum. we had six days to discuss and plan together. we talked about definitions of violence and the different forms of violence. we learned how to make an action plan and put that into place. in my action plan, i decided i want to discuss violence against girls everywhere, especially in schools with my peers. i also want to make the campaign more public. the other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48543056036380194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.915985"} {"text": ". we learned how to make an action plan and put that into place. in my action plan, i decided i want to discuss violence against girls everywhere, especially in schools with my peers. i also want to make the campaign more public. the other girls in the pilot held meetings and interviews on tv, gave speeches and had discussions with government officials. people started to understand the impact of violence against girls and women. girls and women started to understand and realize their rights. we have a plan to raise awareness among the people of madagascar about the stop the violence : speak out for girls \u2019 rights campaign. we can sensitize and educate the people about the consequences of violence against girls. sometimes inmadagascar, the law does not care about violence. it does not protect the girls. as an organization, we can and do. girl guides is a safe space for girls. girl guides and girl scouts across the world can help with solutions to end violence against girls. and we have begun making a change. all of us can support. make a commitment to supporting voices against violence and making sure that all girls and boys have a safe space to discuss such a horrible issue. rosy burgess ( uk ) i ' m from the uk and i am at csw as a youth delegate with the world association of girl guides and girl scouts ( wagggs ). today i will discuss teen dating violence and the importance of education in empowering girls and young women. a recent report by the nspcc on teen dating violence in the uk found that one third of girls aged between 13 and 16 had experienced some form of sexual partner violence. there is a strong association between adolescent partner violence and domestic violence in adulthood, so this begins a cycle in which violence becomes normal behaviour. it has become normal for teenagers to treat each other abusively and this is often passed off as \u201c just messing around \u201d. where teens would once flirt with each other in the playground, they are now using technology to create a level of flirting that has gone way beyond this. the phenomenon of \u201c sexting \u201d - creating, sharing and forwarding sexually suggestive nude or nearly nude images through mobile phones and the internet - is now common among teenagers as young as 11 and 12 years old. the use of social media means that what was once confined to the school playground can now go viral. these viral images often receive media attention but society as a whole hasn ' t seen this as a form of violence that is happening to their children and young people. the use of technology is exacerba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46610211270883006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.917778"} {"text": "confined to the school playground can now go viral. these viral images often receive media attention but society as a whole hasn ' t seen this as a form of violence that is happening to their children and young people. the use of technology is exacerbated by films and media. films aimed at children are full of images and stories of how women \u201c should be \u201d and what a \u201c normal \u201d relationship should be like. for example, what disney really tells us is that, to be popular and to win the boy, you need to be beautiful, to change yourself, to leave your family. this theme in films follows children as they develop and become teenagers. books and films like fifty shades of grey and twilight have seen massive success over the last 12 months, particularly amongst teenagers. in the uk in 2012, amazon sold more copies of the fifty shades trilogy than the harry potter series. these are stories which popularise abusive, controlling, manipulative relationships, with women submitting and making drastic changes to their lives to please a man. so how do we make this stop? education is critical in ending all forms of violence. non - formal education can be a powerful tool as it empowers girls and young women to understand and assert their rights, and to challenge the root causes of violence \u2013 such as gender stereotypes and inequality. childhood and adolescence is a critical stage of personal and collective development, during which times values, understanding and attitudes around gender equality, norms and roles are instilled. non - formal education provides a unique space for children and young people to discuss these topics in a forum that is rarely provided in the formal education system. through its mission to \u201c enable girls and young women to discover their fullest potential as responsible citizens of the world \u201d, wagggs is already placing the girl child at the centre of the solution. through wagggs ' approach of non - formal education, community action and advocacy, we are empowering the rights and changing the understandings and attitudes of 10 million girls and young women and their communities in 145 countries. as part of the stop the violence : speak out for girls ' rights campaign wagggs is demonstrating the effectiveness of non - formal education in empowering girls and ending the violence. in 2012, i piloted wagggs ' \u201c voices against violence \u201d non - formal education syllabus with a group of 20 brownies, members of girlguiding uk aged between 7 and 10 years old. before we started the pilot, we were worried that parents wouldn ' t want us to introduce this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5122077544875164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.920833"} {"text": "violence \u201d non - formal education syllabus with a group of 20 brownies, members of girlguiding uk aged between 7 and 10 years old. before we started the pilot, we were worried that parents wouldn ' t want us to introduce this syllabus to their daughters as it ' s so different to anything they ' ve learned before. we gave parents the opportunity to speak to us and raise any concerns before we started. the feedback we received was really positive, and it was great to hear at the end of the project that girls had been speaking to their families and friends about what they had learnt during the project. over five hour - long sessions, we tackled a huge range of issues within a safe space. one of the highlights was introducing media and what gender issues are highlighted within their favourite films. all of the activities we carried out were appropriate for the age range and experiences of the girls in the group, and we made it clear that they could step out of any activity if they felt uncomfortable. no - one did. this speaks volumes to the effectiveness and the adaptability of the curriculum. this project has shown me the power of non - formal education in empowering girls of all ages, and it is for this reason that i believe non - formal education should be a key priority for this year ' s csw. together we can change our world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47504971291306325, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.921796"} {"text": "white space, in a communications context, refers to underutilized portions of the radio frequency ( rf ) spectrum. large portions of the spectrum are currently unused, in particular the frequencies allocated for analog television and those used as buffers to prevent interference between channels. - cleaning up database white space ( searchdomino. com ) tv white space spectrum and the enterprise network with newly available tv white space spectrum in... ( searchnetworking. com ) in the united states, frequency allocations in the rf spectrum are made by the federal communications commission ( fcc ). in november 2008, the fcc voted unanimously to make unlicensed portions of the spectrum available for use. at that time, at least three - quarters of the spectrum allocated for analog television was unused. these frequencies will become available once the changeover to digital television is complete in february 2009. white space allocation is expected to stimulate development of wireless technologies and services. according to google co - founder larry page, white space operation will be like \" wi - fi on steroids, \" because the signals in that portion of the spectrum have much longer ranges than those currently used for wi - fi. the increase in range means that fewer base stations will be required to give better coverage ; that increased efficiency, in turn, should yield better service at lower costs. signals in the white space range can also penetrate through solid objects better, which should yield more reliable service. opponents of white space allocation have argued that it could lead to unexpected instances of disruptive and potentially dangerous interference between different services using the same frequencies at the same time. the fcc is testing white space devices designed to operate in the newly available frequencies to ensure that they will not cause interference. according to the fcc, wireless microphones and other low - power auxiliary stations will be able to continue to operate in bands below 700mhz. learn more about it : > for the new york times, matt richtel reports on the fcc ' s decision to make white space spectrum available. > hugh carter donahue provides the background on white space policy. > larry page hails ' a vote for broadband in white spaces. ' > stephen j. vaughn - nickols says the fcc ' s decision opens a new era for broadband. > the association for maximum service television offers arguments against white space allocation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5284802616102968, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.924443"} {"text": "resources and papers on audio, music and speech frequency and music an overview of frequency, harmonic ( fourier ) series, and their relationship to music. this course has been created as an introduction to audio localization, and how beamforming can be applied in a real - time environment. fundamentals of digital signal processing lab the purpose of this lab is to familiarize students with the dsp development workstation in the signal processing lab by examining sampling, analysis, and reconstruction of continuous - time signals. specifically, we will first look at sampling / reconstruction of continuous - time signals. we will then examine time - and frequency - domain displays. finally, we will examine the importance of sampling frequency and its effects on aliasing. intro to digital signal processing the course provides an introduction to the concepts of digital signal processing ( dsp ). some of the main topics covered include dsp systems, image restoration, z - transform, fir filters, adaptive filters, wavelets, and filterbanks. video to phone you can find all kinds of most popular phone in this site, for example : iphone, blackberry, gphone, motorola, nokia, samsung, etc, it also provides video to iphone, video to blackberry, video to 3gp, video to gphone, video to motorola, video to nokia, video to samsung, etc, i believe that you will find what you like! and it gives your life more fun, good luck to you! methods for voice conversion this course explores methods in signal processing to perform voice conversion : producing the words from one speaker in the voice of another. this is the elec 301 project of justin chen, matthew hutchinson, gina upperman, and brian vanosdol. musical instrument recognition to detect the pitch and instrument of a monophonic signal. to decompose polyphonic signals into their component pitches and instruments by analyzing the waveform and spectra of each instrument. elec 301 project fall 2005.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5595878098346329, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.926629"} {"text": "diane norwood, ms, rd, cde pneumonia is an infection in the lungs. aspiration pneumonia is an infection that develops after foreign items are accidentally inhaled into the lungs. this is a potentially serious condition that requires care from your doctor. only air should enter the airways of the lungs. sometimes foods, liquids, or vomited stomach contents may accidentally get into these airways. inhaling can move these substances further into the lungs. this is called aspiration. once the substances are in the lungs, it will cause an irritation and swelling in the lungs. this creates an opportunity for an infection to develop. most people can prevent aspiration by creating a strong cough. however, some people may have impaired coughing ability. this may happen in people who are unconscious, have brain injuries or have trouble swallowing foods or liquids. factors that may increase your chance of getting aspiration pneumonia include : symptoms may include : if you experience any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to aspiration pneumonia. these symptoms may be caused by other conditions. your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. during the exam, your doctor will listen to your heart and lungs with a stethoscope. tests may include the following : your doctor may also need to take pictures of your lungs. this is done with a chest x - ray. you may also be asked to use a during your x - ray. this will help demonstrate swallowing problems. talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. treatment options include the following : antibiotics are used to treat aspiration pneumonia. in some cases, you may need to go to the hospital to receive antibiotics directly into the veins through an iv. in other cases, antibiotics may be taken by mouth. in severe cases, aspiration pneumonia can cause breathing problems. you may be placed on a machine to help with breathing. if you are diagnosed with aspiration pneumonia, follow your doctor ' s to help reduce your chance of getting aspiration pneumonia, take these steps : american lung association american speech - language - hearing association canadian lung association aspiration pneumonia. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed / what. php. updated february 12, 2013. accessed april 2, 2013. marik pe. aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. n engl j med. 2001 ; 344 ( 9 ) : 665 - 671. reza shariatzadeh", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4703671519111121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.930503"} {"text": "by molly m. ginty tuesday, november 29, 2005 recently developed prenatal tests can detect genetic abnormalities and peg gender earlier than ever before. but some health advocates are concerned these tests could increase the number of selective abortions and even lead to \" designer babies. \" ( womensenews ) - - sandy redwanc knew the odds were stacked against her. when she married a man with cystic fibrosis at the age of 24, redwanc took a blood test that revealed she also carried the gene for this incurable disease. if she became pregnant, her baby would have a 50 percent chance of developing cystic fibrosis, which causes breathing and digestion problems so severe they can be fatal. this month, redwanc and her husband are hoping to beat those odds by undergoing pre - implantation genetic diagnosis, a procedure that screens embryos for cystic fibrosis and other diseases before embryos are implanted in the womb through in vitro fertilization. \" this test is our one hope of having a healthy child, \" say redwanc, now 31. \" and for us, that would be nothing short of a miracle. \" pre - implantation genetic diagnosis - - which takes place before a pregnancy even begins - - is among a growing number of cutting - edge screening tests that are changing the face of maternity care, and sparking ethical debate. \" the result of these tests is a better - educated, better - supported patient, \" says dr. randy morris, the redwancs ' chicago - based fertility doctor. \" the result is also a lot of discussion of designer babies, \" says dan brock, a professor of medical ethics at harvard medical school in boston. while some health advocates applaud the new tests, others are concerned they could increase the number of selective abortions among women with less - than - perfect pregnancies. most standard prenatal tests that screen for chromosomal and developmental abnormalities are offered at 15 to 18 weeks, well into the second trimester. but in recent years, researchers have developed newer, much - earlier tests. one is instant risk assessment, or ira, a home blood test that screens for down syndrome, a form of mental retardation affecting 1 in 800 births, and trisomy - 18, an even rarer disorder in which the fetus has a malformed heart, brain and eyes and cannot live outside the womb. available since january, ira is taken at nine weeks, with lab results sent to a woman '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4717375681292353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.939323"} {"text": "spur some women to have first - trimester abortions if their fetuses test positive for major birth defects, which affect 3 percent of pregnancies and are more common in mothers over the age of 35. \" these tests could prompt insurance companies and physicians to pressure parents to have elective abortions that will save medical costs down the line, \" says andy imparato, director of the washington - based american association of people with disabilities. \" and those decisions could be ones that parents come to regret. \" this year, after researchers estimated a record 80 percent of fetuses with down syndrome are being aborted, the american association of people with disabilities stepped up its advocacy for congressional legislation that would require doctors to explain a down syndrome diagnosis to parents more thoroughly than before, perhaps informing parents that life expectancy and medical care have improved dramatically in recent years. just as they are concerned about fetuses being aborted because of chromosomal abnormalities, health advocates also worry about the new tests ' impact on sex selection, a practice that has led to widespread abortion of girl babies in countries such as china, where there are now 83 women for every 100 men, and india, where the city of new delhi, for one, now welcomes just 76 female babies to every 100 male babies. \" studies show most americans don ' t feel strongly enough about the sex of a child to base an abortion on gender, but this could prove to be a problem in some immigrant groups, \" says stanley henshaw, a senior fellow at new york city ' s the alan guttmacher institute. in the wake of the 2003 mapping of the 3 billion - part human genetic code, some health advocates say prenatal tests could even be used for the selection of \" preferred \" traits such as brown eyes, broad shoulders or a higher - than - average iq. \" potentially, these tests could select any trait a parent wants, \" says imparato. in may, the guttmacher institute reported that while the number of abortions is declining overall, the number of first - trimester procedures is rising slightly. though the effect of prenatal testing on abortion rates had not been carefully studied, it is possible that they are contributing to this increase. the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists approves of earlier prenatal screening tests, saying they can help \" relieve anxiety \" in many cases. health advocates say they can only predict how new prenatal screening tests will affect america ' s number of abortions and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4209992869397775, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.942647"} {"text": "mar 15th, 2011 by writethebook this week ' s write the book prompt is inspired by the interview you heard today with donald and lillian stokes. settle yourself in a comfortable spot where you can spot birds. either go outside, if it ' s a lovely day, or sit in a window where you can see birds coming and going. choose a bird and write as full a description of it as you possibly can. here ' s an example from the stokes ' guide. the rock sandpiper is a medium - sized, fairly rotund, short - legged sandpiper with a strongly tapered fine pointed bill that droops slightly at tip. after you record as much detail about the bird ' s shape, coloring and movements as you can, take that description and use it to fill out details about a character in your work. mr. piper was a rotund man of medium height whose short legs made him walk with an amusing little hop. he had a strong nose that drooped at the tip, as if pointing out that he had no chin at all. good luck with this exercise and please listen next week for another. music credits : 1 ) \u201c dreaming 1 \u2033 - john fink ; 2 ) \u201c filter \u201d - dorset greens ( a vermont band featuring several south burlington high school students ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.469933749600691, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.945294"} {"text": "new training video gives school counselors the tools to help homosexual teens according to the producers of a new training video for school counselors, when it comes to gay and lesbian teenagers trying to cope with their emerging sexual identities, counselors can play a vital role in helping them and in some cases, may even prevent suicide. \" the need for this work is striking, because this is the least publicly acceptable area of diversity, compared to ethnicity, gender and religion, \" said garrett mcauliffe, professor of educational leadership and counseling at old dominion university. mcauliffe and a colleague, dr. angela jones of the odu counseling center, worked together with odu students to create \" counseling gay and lesbian youth : a multiethnic demonstration video, \" a dvd produced at the university. it was written by mcauliffe, who also appears with jones in the video to demonstrate effective counseling sessions. mcauliffe said he believes that controversy over gay and lesbian issues in general makes the subject matter taboo among many school counselors. \" the cost is very high to the young people who are struggling with these issues. it is important to do this work in the last area of acceptable public discrimination. the dvd takes the position that homosexuality is \" a natural state of being \" and not to be treated as a mental illness. it also makes clear that attempts by counselors to re - orient? a client ' s sexual preference from gay to straight would be \" unethical. \" \" i suspect we won ' t see local school districts picking it up, and that ' s a shame because these youth are so vulnerable, \" mcauliffe said. \" this is a life - saving operation. particularly among the african american population, where there is some strong anti - gay feeling, it is very important that counselors be trained in dealing with these issues. \" the one hour and 23 - minute - long dvd, which includes a leader guide, is being marketed to licensed professional counselors and school counselors at middle schools and high schools. the video features students from old dominion university who portray themselves at younger ages during a role - playing situation. mcauliffe and jones act the parts of counselors to demonstrate how conversations can be steered and how to pick up on emotional cues given by their young clients. according to mcauliffe, the consequences of silence and discrimination, whether from relatives, friends or counselors, are significant in that lesbian and gay youth \" suffer depression and commit suicide at significantly higher rates than the rest of the population. \" said jones,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4048240399129398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.951063"} {"text": "to mcauliffe, the consequences of silence and discrimination, whether from relatives, friends or counselors, are significant in that lesbian and gay youth \" suffer depression and commit suicide at significantly higher rates than the rest of the population. \" said jones, \" actually, not a lot of videos have been made on this subject. lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues have not been addressed, and have been taboo, particularly in the south. \" while mcauliffe expects to encounter resistance to the video from school boards, he points out that \" 5 to 7 % of students are lesbian or gay and school counselors are just not equipped to help them through it. \" explaining his personal interest in making the dvd, mcauliffe said, \" i am not gay and i would say so if i were, but i am an ally, and that is a role any heterosexual person can play. by using the techniques in our training video, counselors are not promoting any particular sexual behavior, but rather acknowledging what seems to be a largely biological fact and being responsive and proactive with their lesbian and gay students. as a result, they may even play a role in saving lives. \" the video, which retails for $ 149, is available through microtraining and multicultural development associates in framingham, mass., and is available online at www. emicrotraining. com. mcauliffe is currently at work on a book for sage publications, titled \" culturally alert counseling : a comprehensive introduction. \" this article was posted on : october 19, 2005 old dominion university office of university relations room 100 koch hall norfolk, virginia 23529 - 0018 old dominion university is an equal opportunity, affirmative action institution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42302918232841336, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.953846"} {"text": "more statues in the park poet, bohemian and journalist. leino was one of the leading finnish writers of the early 20th century... this long and skinny park is the destination for many lounging relaxing folks who come to soak in som... one of the conclusions one may reach fairly quickly about helsinki is that there are many very beauti... taken in helsinki park in helsinki, finland. panorama taken in front of the center statue between h... the picture is taken in helsinki, the capital of finland, in a park called esplanadi. the weather for... this fire station has a lovely victorian london quality to it. just don ' t stand too close to that gar... history and overview helsinki is the capital of finland and its largest city, weighing in at nearly 600, 000 people. it ' s located on the south coast of finland along the baltic sea, out of which they pull herring to pickle and eat with delightful mustard sauces. it all began in 1155ad when sweden made a crusade to finland and brought it into the swedish raelm. the name \" helsinki \" is adapted from \" helsingford \" which is a swedish word made from the parish \" helsinge \" and \" ford \" for the rapids running through it. the city of helsinki officially dates to 1550ad when it was founded by king gustav i of sweden. its function at that point was to be a trading post in southern finland and a competitor against estonia ' s city of tallinn, across the gulf of finland. growth was slow in the beginning but in time helsinki ' s location came to be of strategic value, especially after peter the great moved the capital of russia from moscow to st. petersburg. russia invaded finland during a period called \" the great wrath \" in the early eighteenth century, and tsar alexander i moved the capital of finland farther east to helsinki - - to make it less susceptible to swedish influence. russia then defeated sweden and occupied helsinki, giving the swedes reason to reinforce the coast with the suomenlinna fortress. when it was built, it was one of the world ' s largest dry - docks and was compared to gibraltar. this fortress, along with finland ' s new semi - autonomous status as a grand duchy, allowed helsinki to develop much more rapidly than it had during the medieval trading period. the city was completely destroyed by fire in the early 19th century and rebuilding followed the style of st. petersburg. helsinki gained architecture worthy of a proper capital, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39822935208060245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.961581"} {"text": "duchy, allowed helsinki to develop much more rapidly than it had during the medieval trading period. the city was completely destroyed by fire in the early 19th century and rebuilding followed the style of st. petersburg. helsinki gained architecture worthy of a proper capital, including a university and railroad connections to its provinces and to foreign cities. with the rise of industrialism helsinki continued growing and its population reached 100, 000 by the start of the 20th century. finland declared independence in 1917 and immediately saw a civil war, where germany came to the aid of finland and soon drove out the russian troops. helsinki was bombed by russia during wwii but did not receive as catastrophic a damage as many other cities in europe. finland is one of very few countries to have a continuous record of democratic rule from before wwi to the present. it was the second country in the world in which women gained the right to vote. finland hosted the olympic games in 1952, joined the united nations in 1955 and became a member of the european union in 1995. helsinki - vantaa airport is forty minutes from the city center and you can reach it by bus or taxi. if that doesn ' t float your boat, take the ferry. you can connect by ferry to russia, sweden, germany, and estonia. up until december of 2008 you could take a helicopter across the gulf of finland, however, service has been suspended at the moment. helsinki is surrounded by several ring roads and throughways for driving, and it ' s the second most sparsely populated city in europe ( after brussels. ) driving is not a bad option ; look for parking in the underground garages. for public transportation there are buses, trams, ferries and a metro. people and culture helsinki is like anchorage alaska in terms of daylight. at summer solstice there ' s nearly perpetual light, with the sun being visible above the horizon for more than nineteen hours. the downside is that in december you get only five hours of sunlight, and the sun barely creeps above horizon level. at winter solstice even daytime is a weird perpetual sunset. the oldest traditional happening in helsinki is the helsinki baltic herring fair. it goes back to 1743 and celebrates a special denomination of herring which are different from the southern oceanic species. the fair happens in autumn as fisherman gather in the market square to sell their herring and fish products - - marinated, pickled, served with dark bread lemon and herbs! let the song be sung : \" rugged red hands and faces traces of a life of toil back again where you barely belong but welcome", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4240995223324122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.962728"} {"text": "tv sets, computers and smartphones are hard to find in sangano, malawi, but farmers here are using an age - old mass communication tool to learn the tricks of their trade : radio. in a country where the vast majority of the population lives off the land, scores of smallholders in rural communities tune in to farm radio malawi to get valuable information and share ideas on how to improve their yields - - from fertilizing techniques and cultivation tips to harvesting practices and weather forecasts. \" most of our farmers... are illiterate, \" says rex chapota, executive director at farm radio malawi. \" they ' re not able to read newspapers or pamphlets or booklets, and even televisions are not out there in the community. so radio is actually the only source of critical information to our farmers and statistics are showing right now that over 60 % of the rural populace at least own a radio. \" farm radio malawi is one of the partner stations of farm radio international, a non - profit organization that ' s been teaming up with african radio broadcasters since the late 1970s. the canada - based group offers its hundreds of partners in sub - saharan africa a wide array of resources, including a weekly electronic news service and an online community that connects broadcasters across the continent. it also researches and writes radio scripts covering issues such as crop production, farm management and community health. the scripts, which are offered for free, are translated in local languages and read in 38 countries, according to the group. in rural parts of malawi, farmers often gather at radio listening clubs to tune in and discuss what they ' ve heard. \" the issue of radio listeners ' clubs is very critical to our model, \" says chapota. \" we do understand that when farmers come together in a group to listen together to a radio program, thereafter they are able to discuss and dialogue on what they ' ve listened to and then they ' re able to use that in their various fields, \" he adds. malawi, a landlocked country in southeastern africa, has one of the largest rural populations in the continent. agriculture accounts for about 80 % of the country ' s labor force, which is which is why local farm programming can make a big difference in people ' s lives. \" right now we are promoting groundnut growing, not only for food, but for income, \" says chapota. \" so we say that if our farmers are able to produce good groundnuts, which can fetch good prices at the market, then that is very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41065160980119103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.972066"} {"text": "watch this video for dermatologists \u2019 tips to check for and treat lice. diagnosing head lice at home if you are concerned that someone has head lice, you can usually diagnose this at home. you will need 2 common items : - bright light. - fine - tooth comb or lice comb. what to do : you can find head lice by following these 3 steps : - wet the hair of the affected child or adult, if possible. some people think it \u2019 s easier to see the lice when the hair is wet. this also prevents the lice from scurrying away. - sit the affected child or adult under a bright light. - separate hair into sections. beginning at the scalp, slowly comb outward through the hair section by section. what to look for : you are looking for adult lice and their eggs ( called nits ). you \u2019 re more likely to see nits than adults because nits are firmly attached to the hair and do not move. as you comb through the hair, look closely at the hair behind the ears and around the nape of the neck. these are likely places to find lice and nits. if the person has adult lice or nits, you will see the following : - adult lice : these look like one or more light - brown objects that resemble sesame seeds, often moving quickly. you can find these on the scalp or the hair. - eggs : these are yellow, brown, or tan objects that look like tiny seeds and appear to be cemented to individual hairs close to the scalp. if an egg has hatched, the seed - like object will be clear. head - lice eggs : before the eggs hatch, you will see color as shown here on the left. after the eggs hatch, you see a clear shell as seen on the right. when looking closely at the scalp and hair, it is important to know that kids \u2014 and adults \u2014 can have all kinds of stuff in their hair. you may see sand, dirt, lint, or dandruff. all of these comb out easily. nits seem cemented to the hair and very difficult to remove. treating head lice at home there are several products that you can buy at your local drug or grocery store to get rid of head lice and their nits. these are available without a prescription. dermatologists offer the following tips for using these products : - carefully read and follow the directions. using a lice shampoo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4108679141862315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.980187"} {"text": "local drug or grocery store to get rid of head lice and their nits. these are available without a prescription. dermatologists offer the following tips for using these products : - carefully read and follow the directions. using a lice shampoo usually involves lathering a shampoo into the hair and leaving the shampoo on for a few minutes before rinsing. - apply the product to the head of a fully dressed person, and rinse the product out with a spray hose or running water from a sink. these products are not meant for use while taking a shower or bath. you want to limit the amount of skin that the product touches. - use only one product. using two products meant to treat head lice can be harmful. if two different products are necessary, your dermatologist can tell you which ones can be combined. - use the amount stated on the product. using more can be harmful. - use the lice comb that comes with the shampoo. the teeth on a lice comb are closer together than the teeth on a regular comb. placing the teeth closer together makes it easier to remove the lice and their nits. - look at the hair 8 to 12 hours after treatment. if the lice seem as active as they were before the treatment, the medicine may not be working. do not treat again. talk with your dermatologist. a different lice medicine may be necessary. the next day if the medicine seems to be working, you \u2019 ll want to : - wait 2 days to wash your hair. this lets the medicated product continue to work. - continue to comb through the hair with the lice comb once a day. doing this for 2 to 3 weeks helps to ensure that you get rid of the lice. dermatologists recommend spending most of your energy combing through the hair with the lice comb. 7 to 9 days after the first treatment - retreat as recommended on the package. retreatment is generally recommended with all products you can buy without a prescription. retreatment is usually done 7 to 9 days after the first treatment. the lice shampoos often are more successful at killing the adult lice than the nits, so retreatment helps to kill any surviving lice that hatched after the first treatment. no approved treatment for head lice can kill all the eggs during the first treatment. - after applying the second treatment, comb through the hair with the lice comb. - wait 2 days to wash the hair. - continue to comb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40220769693297265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.981363"} {"text": "first treatment. no approved treatment for head lice can kill all the eggs during the first treatment. - after applying the second treatment, comb through the hair with the lice comb. - wait 2 days to wash the hair. - continue to comb through the hair with the lice comb once a day. do this for 2 weeks, checking for lice and nits. how to improve at - home treatment for head lice use a lice comb : using a lice comb can improve the effectiveness of treatment. it also is important to use a lice comb when school policy requires that a child be \u201c nit free \u201d before returning to school. if all this seems like too much trouble, another treatment option is to shave the scalp bald. treat family and friends : it is very common for close family and friends to get head lice. dermatologists recommend that you check everyone for head lice. you do not want to treat anyone who does not have head lice ; however, you should check everyone every day for 10 to 15 days. when to see a dermatologist about head lice if the at - home treatment does not work or this seems more than you can handle, you should see a dermatologist for treatment. your dermatologist may recommend a product that you can buy without a prescription or a prescription medicine. medicines that dermatologists prescribe to treat head lice include : malathion ( mal - uh - thigh - on ) lotion : this is the generic name for a medicine that you will apply to the hair and scalp. it is approved to treat people ages 6 years of age and older. malathion works by paralyzing and killing the lice and their eggs. this is very potent medicine, so you must take care to : - keep the medicine away from everyone \u2019 s eyes. if the medicine gets in someone \u2019 s eyes, flush the eyes right away with lots of water for several minutes. - leave cigarettes, cigars, and other things that you can smoke in another room. this medicine is very flammable, and smoking while using it can start a fire. - use the medicine only in a room ( or other space ) free of open flames. sources of open flames include a lighter, fireplace, stove, and camp fire. - keep all electrical appliances that produce heat turned off. using this medicine while a blow dryer, iron, curling iron, or space heater is running nearby can start a fire. when used as directed, malathi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38262610956061743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.982390"} {"text": "stove, and camp fire. - keep all electrical appliances that produce heat turned off. using this medicine while a blow dryer, iron, curling iron, or space heater is running nearby can start a fire. when used as directed, malathion is safe and effective. it can irritate the skin a bit as it works. some people get dry hair or their skin can burn or sting. these side effects are temporary. benzyl alcohol lotion : this medicine is approved to treat head lice in people 6 months of age and older. it kills the lice but not their eggs, so retreatment is essential. the most common side effect is irritated skin. lindane shampoo : this medicine has been approved by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) to treat head lice. this treatment is prescribed when other treatments do not work. it is essential to use lindane shampoo only as directed. it can be toxic when misused. treating your home for head lice whether you treat at home or see a dermatologist, you must also treat your home. to avoid another infestation, you should clean the following items : brushes and combs - soak combs and brushes that a person with head lice used. soak these in hot water, 130 degrees fahrenheit or hotter, for 10 minutes. sheets, pillowcases, clothes, blankets, and towels - place all items that touched the person \u2019 s head during the past 2 days in a washing machine and wash in hot water. - dry all machine - washed items in a hot dryer, using the hottest setting. dry for at least 10 minutes. stuffed animals and pillows - place items that cannot be machine washed in a hot dryer and run the dryer on the hottest setting for 20 to 30 minutes. insecticides can do more harm than good. never use these to treat a home when someone has head lice. other personal items hair accessories, helmets, headphones, and other personal items can become infested with head lice. if a person with head lice has touched any of these items during the past 2 days, you can kill the lice on these objects by : - sealing the objects in plastic bags. - placing the plastic bags in the freezer overnight or keeping the bags sealed for 2 weeks. two weeks is the amount of time needed for adult lice and newly hatched lice to die when hot water, dryer heat, and freezing are impractical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4277337777239554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.983354"} {"text": "plastic bags in the freezer overnight or keeping the bags sealed for 2 weeks. two weeks is the amount of time needed for adult lice and newly hatched lice to die when hot water, dryer heat, and freezing are impractical. furniture, carpets, and floors - vacuum these thoroughly to pick up any hairs the person with head lice has shed. everyone normally loses about 50 to 100 hairs a day. two treatments ( spaced 7 to 9 days apart ) often get rid of head lice. if your child or someone else in your family still has head lice after a few weeks, it means that the treatments did not work or the person got lice again. make an appointment to see a dermatologist for help getting rid of the head lice. with proper treatment, it is possible to get rid of head lice. images of head - lice eggs used with permission of journal of the american academy of dermatology. ( j am acad dermatol 2006 ; 54 ( 5 ) : 909 - 10 ) learn more about head lice di stefani a, hoffman - wellenhof r, zalaudek i, et al. \u201c letters to the editor : dermoscopy for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of pediculosis capitis. \u201d j am acad dermatol 2006 ; 54 ( 5 ) : 909 - 10. frankowski bl, bocchini ja. \u201c head lice. \u201d pediatrics 2010 ; 126 ( 2 ) : 392 - 403. heymann, wr. \u201c head lice treatments : searching for the path of least resistance. \u201d j am acad dermatol 2009 ; 61 ( 2 ) : 323 - 4. jones kn, english jc, \u201c review of common therapeutic options in the united states for the treatment of pediculosis capitis. \u201d cid 2003 ; 36 ( 1 ) : 1355 - 61. ko cj, elston dm. \u201c pediculosis. \u201d j am acad dermatol 2004 ; 50 ( 1 ) : 1 - 12 miteva m, tosti a. \u201c hair and scalp dermatoscopy. \u201d in press, j am acad dermatol 10. 1016 / j. jaad. 2012. 02. 013. u. s. food and drug administration, \u201c treating head lice. \u201d fda consumer health information. july 2009. 1 - 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39264770964454954, "token_count": 498, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.986066"} {"text": "barrier reef threatened marine scientists have found that coral cover in the great barrier reef has halved in 27 years as a result of the combined effects of coral bleaching, damage caused by storms, and crown - of - thorns starfish. transcriptemma alberici, presenter : the great barrier reef has lost half its coral in the past 27 years ; that ' s the finding of a new study from marine scientists. the causes of the coral decline are cyclones, coral bleaching and the crown - of - thorns starfish. john stewart reports. john stewart, reporter : it ' s the world ' s largest coral reef, stretching 3, 000 kilometres along the queensland coast. but according to marine scientists, it ' s in trouble. jamie oliver, aims research scientist : the study has found that over the last 27 years there has been a nearly 50 per cent decline in coral cover, from approximately 28 per cent in 1985 to down to 14 per cent in the present day, 2012. that ' s a very substantial, alarming and unsustainable decline of coral on the great barrier reef. john stewart : the study found three main causes of coral decline. storm damage has been linked to 48 per cent of coral loss. the crown - of - thorns star fish, 42 per cent of coral loss, and coral bleaching, 10 per cent. john stewart : the decline in coral cover varies in different parts of the reef. north of cooktown the reef is far less affected, but further south the impact is more serious. john gunn, institute of marine science : in the south by contrast, they ' ve had the impacts of crown - of - thorns and in particular over the last decade a series of very, very severe storms that have had a devastating effect, and so the decline in the south of the great barrier reef, south of proserpine, has been much, much more profound than in the north. john stewart : the explosion of crown - of - thorns starfish on the reef has been closely linked to fertiliser run - off causing algal bloom, which then feeds the marine pest. environment groups say the federal government needs to step in to help farmers reduce runoff into rivers. nick heath, wwf : we ' re calling on the federal government to inject $ 500 million or more to help farmers cut their rates of fertiliser over the next few years. john stewart : coral bleaching and an increasing trend of tropical cyclones and storms have been linked to global warming. john gunn :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4266671132577382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.990101"} {"text": "inject $ 500 million or more to help farmers cut their rates of fertiliser over the next few years. john stewart : coral bleaching and an increasing trend of tropical cyclones and storms have been linked to global warming. john gunn : we already know from major bleaching events from 1998 and 2002 on the great barrier reef, and many other bleaching events around the world, that corals just cannot tolerate greatly increased temperatures. and so if we see the two degrees that is predicted, we know that we will have a massively increased rate of bleaching on the great barrier reef. john stewart : the great barrier reef brings an estimated $ 5 billion a year to the australian economy. the queensland tourism council says the survival of the reef is crucial for the state. daviel gschwind, qld tourism industry council : we have to continue in vigorously attacking the crown - of - thorns where we find them and through the management programs that are in place, but that ' s only a drop in the ocean. we have to address the bigger issues, the long - term implications, the long - term water quality issues - that ' s where we have to focus our attention. that ' s very costly, but we deserve as a community, we deserve that investment, it ' s in our interest. john stewart : the report warns that at the present rate of decline, the coral cover could halve again within 10 years. but scientists are still optimistic that the reef can be saved. john gunn : what we ' re seeing in the great barrier reef - a very, very well - managed system - is that there are some things we can ' t control that i think we have a government that has very much put its money where its mouth is. the farmers of queensland are doing the same. we think we can save the reef for as long as it takes to try and overcome the impasse around carbon dioxide emissions. do you have a comment or a story idea? get in touch with the lateline team by clicking here. got a news tip? if you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news, contact lateline.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40623415407401353, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.991039"} {"text": "the lost music of the spirit every living human individual is endowed with what the ancients called the \u201c spirit, \u201d or quite literally,. \u201d everyone has a spirit insofar as they move, bleed, feel, think and continuously and automatically, draw breath. they are alive. this seemingly intangible force is a harmony like a melody from a piano. an organism creates a sort of music when it interacts with the outside forces, as would the vibrations of a guitar string upon air around it, or the effect of percussion on the atmosphere. with it the blood flows through the veins, the air moves through the lungs, certain notes are hit, and the piano keeps playing. this harmony and relationship between the individual and the outside world, the air, the temperature, the light, the sensations, vibrations, the feeding and drinking, the interactions, and being in the surroundings among all else that does the same thing \u2014 this great song \u2014 is of course life as the spirit, and the spirit as a song, is an overly simple way of explaining it \u2014 not an original way of explaining it the truth is much more complex ; but i think it \u2019 s fair to admit that when the instrument of the body, the individual, the organism, becomes untuned or broken, the resulting song, and thus the spirit, suffers. luckily for us, spirituality has evolved culture of humanity. in modern times \u2014 perhaps because our lifespans have almost doubled since when we first described it \u2014 no longer do we concern ourselves with the original meaning of the spirit, and the relationship between the individual organism and his surroundings, paradoxically, has become maybe too boring, or at the very least, of less value. we can thank plato plato saw a new song, a new instrument to play with, and conceived of his realm of ideas place outside his cave, away from the rabble of the senses, the body and the suffering of the material world from which he wished to escape. escape further he did, but deeper into his mind, deeper into his ideas where he imagined things were brighter, eternal, and separate from the world, separate from the cave where everything decayed \u2014 somehow outwards, yet back into, his own thoughts. all the time, and luckily for plato, his instrument, his body, himself, kept on playing its song, while the abstraction of plato ( socrates? ) danced free in his eternal world, his playground. here was where plato was happy. it ' s not clear whether plato actually endorsed this view, but his students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5118622568362203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.995238"} {"text": ", himself, kept on playing its song, while the abstraction of plato ( socrates? ) danced free in his eternal world, his playground. here was where plato was happy. it ' s not clear whether plato actually endorsed this view, but his students sure did. his and were adopted by and helped justify the dogmas of religions and future philosophers for 2500 years. platonism had a profound effect on western thought, and many platonic notions were adopted by the christian church which understood platonic forms as god ' s thoughts, whilst neoplatonism became a major influence on christian mysticism, in the west through st augustine, doctor of the catholic church whose christian writings were heavily influenced by plotinus ' enneads, and in turn were foundations for the whole of western christian his teachings are a great foundation from which many schools of thought have grown. this inundation has evolved the original idea of the spirit, the breath of life, into a figment, a memory, something that cannot be found, and something separate from everything else \u2014 an idea. ideas are the part of us that live on after we die. what was once important \u2014 the body, the flesh, the world, the very relationship between an organism and everything around him, it \u2019 s song \u2014 is now old news, original sin, and even despised among those who seek to. forever they yearn and yearn for the eternal world, forgetting about, and even disparaging themselves, in favour of an imaginary world they can only hope to they call their yearning spirituality, and their eternal idea \u2014 a mere abstraction of themselves \u2014 the spirit. but all the while, and luckily for them, their instrument, their body, themselves, keeps playing its song, like the piano of which they \u2019 ve tuned out long ago. in summary for the lazy : what we call spirit today, is the surplus of life, life being that which we used to call the spirit, which is the result of a higher life expectancy and thousands of years platonic thought. in the process we have forgotten the body, the world and the worldly in favour of this great reads for you bookies : - the republic plato - phaedrus plato - the christian tradition : a history of the development of doctrine, vol. 1 : the emergence of the catholic tradition jaroslav pelikan - a history of western philosophy bertrand russell edit on 1 - 2 - 2013 by thesubversiveone because : ( no reason given )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4988391763890016, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:44.996242"} {"text": "additional corn crop failures are likely, due to too little rain and too much heat through the middle of august. spotty downpours will grace northern and eastern areas of the corn belt into august, but not enough rain will fall on a large part of the corn belt, leading to a disaster. for many areas getting the rain, it is too late for the corn. accuweather. com agricultural meteorologists feel that a lack of rain will continue to take its toll on non - irrigated corn in much of nebraska and kansas, as well as huge sections of illinois, missouri, iowa, southeastern south dakota, southwestern michigan and southeastern wisconsin. in these areas, a few tenths of an inch of rain will fall here and there in the weeks ahead with some areas barely getting a drop. according to senior meteorologist jim andrews, \" the region has suffered and will continue to suffer from a lack of frequent thunderstorms. warm - season rainfall is the primary source of soil moisture for the region. \" in this southwestern and central swath of the corn belt, the combination of too much heat and too little rain moving forward into the middle of august will prove to be too much for corn to take. essentially, most of these areas are beyond hope for a significant crop this year. this map shows primary corn for grain - growing areas and the condition of the crop as of july 17, 2012. since most fields on the high plains, west and the mississippi delta are irrigated they are not as directly impacted by the drought. within these states, there are areas that have been holding on due to sporadic rainfall in recent days or weeks. however, areas, such as in parts of ohio, southern minnesota, central illinois and central iowa, still need significant rain for any hopes of a decent harvest come autumn. there are some prime corn areas that are in reasonable shape such as in portions of eastern north dakota, northern and eastern minnesota and central wisconsin. these areas, as well as irrigated tracts on the high plains and midwest, and in other less thought - of farmland in the east will have to carry the load of high expectations of corn production originally set by the united states department of agriculture. the northern and eastern areas will have less intense heat, less long - lasting heat and at least occasional episodes of rainfall, which should be enough to sustain the corn crop in general. rainfall in some corn - growing areas of the east has been sufficient with much of pennsylvania, new york state and new jersey in reasonably good shape. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39290078181465304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.000534"} {"text": "at least occasional episodes of rainfall, which should be enough to sustain the corn crop in general. rainfall in some corn - growing areas of the east has been sufficient with much of pennsylvania, new york state and new jersey in reasonably good shape. however, in pockets of these states and in large areas of the delmarva, fields are being stressed. accuweather. com agricultural meteorologists anticipate that overall production of the 2012 corn crop will be lower than yields forecast by the usda during mid - july and could be near 138 bushels per acre. this forecast is based on expectations of too little rain and too much heat over the central plains to part of the midwest and barely enough rain in northern and eastern areas. the lack of rain in the southwestern and central part of the corn belt, where a significant part of the crop remains, will continue to drive down yields, due to additional failures. the end result will be higher prices for livestock feed such as beef cattle, hogs and chickens. the higher costs will be passed along. consumers, who are already struggling to afford their grocery bill, or the more fortunate, who are spending away on vacations, may find themselves in quite a pinch late this summer and fall due to climbing food prices. accuweather. com enterprise solutions ( aes ) provides agriculture - focused forecasts for growing regions around the world from expert agricultural meteorologists, helping clients to manage risk, highlight opportunity, and increase profitability. contact us at 814 - 235 - 8600 or email. sales @ accuweather. com. so far this year california has seen 1, 569 wildfires, 85 percent more than in an average year. the memorial day weekend will begin cool, windy and rainy in new england and part of the mid - atlantic. goes - east failed again late tuesday. it is one of the main satellites meteorologists use for the eastern part of the united states and the tropical atlantic. the tornado tore through a path 17 miles long on monday and had wind speeds as high as 200 mph. on the two - year anniversary of the ef - 5 tornado that leveled joplin, mo., the town has deployed assistance to moore, okla. severe storms are shifting eastward wednesday evening, delivering strong wind, heavy rain and hail. late may snowstorm blanketed eastern part of state with 4 to 6 inches. more rain in an already wet month. monthly totals topped 11 inches at new york city, 9 inches at bridgeport, ct and 8 inches at baltimore (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4226786723824828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.004811"} {"text": "before we go any further we must clarify the difference between decibels in terms of power and decibels in terms of level. just to hammer the point home : decibels level wise ( e. g. volts ). decibels power wise ( e. g. watts = volts x amps ) when it comes to db the two differ by a factor of two. for level a doubling equates to 6 db, whereas for power doubling equates to 3 db. it ` s the difference between the power ( watts ) applied to the transmission aerial and the signal level ( volts ) resulting across a 75 ohm aerial. in the aerial game we ` re interested in signal level, specifically at the input to the tv tuner. all db figures quoted on this site are for signal level. the decibel ( or db for short ) is a much misunderstood unit, it is simply a ratio. for an amplifier ( or splitter ) it is the ratio between the input signal level and the output signal level. in the case of aerial gain it is ( or should be ) measured in dbd, that is gain as compared to ( i. e. the ratio to ) just a half wave dipole on its own. some aerial manufacturers quote dbi, which is gain relative to a theoretical isotropic source. i ` m not really sure what the latter is, and, to be perfectly frank, i ` m not that bothered either, because aerial gain in the real world should be measured in dbd anyway. i object to manufacturers trying to make their aerials seem higher gain than they really are by quoting dbi, and hoping the customers don ` t know the difference. either way 0dbd or 0dbi does not mean that no signal would be received by the aerial. 0dbd just means that the aerial only picks up the same amount of signal as the dipole would on its own ( i. e. with no reflector or any directors ), 0dbi means it ` s 2. 15db down. the db is a logarithmic scale and this can be very helpful helpful in the aerial game because big differences in signal can be worked with relatively simply. this is achieved by using db\u03bcvs instead of mvs : db\u03bcv = db relative to one microvolt. since 0db means no increase or decrease, then 0db\u03bcv = 1\u03bcv that is to say : 0db x 1\u03bcv other levels are shown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5359082175984595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.010088"} {"text": "instead of mvs : db\u03bcv = db relative to one microvolt. since 0db means no increase or decrease, then 0db\u03bcv = 1\u03bcv that is to say : 0db x 1\u03bcv other levels are shown in the table on the left. by using db\u03bcv simple addition / subtraction can be utilised to calculate signal levels throughout a system, including, crucially, at each tv input. worked examples of system planning these examples assume good signal quality. the preferred range at the tv input is 45 to 60db\u03bcv for digital ( 60 to 80db\u03bcv for analogue ). for fm some sources quote 60 to 75db\u03bcv, and for dab 40 to 70db\u03bcv. however, most fm tuners will work perfectly well ( in stereo ) on signals down to 50db\u03bcv and some down to 40db\u03bcv or even less. arguably one should aim for 55db\u03bcv ( fm ) and 45db\u03bcv ( dab ). for digital tv aiming for 50 to 55db\u03bcv makes sense. as an example, if one has 65db\u03bcv at the aerial ( a strong signal area ) and one loses 3db through the cable, then utilises a 6 way splitter ( loss 10db ) one can easily calculate the output by simple subtraction. thus : 65 - amplified systems work in the same way, e. g. input signal 45db\u03bcv ( weakish signal area ), then gain through the amplifier 20db, then the loss through cable 3db, then through a 4 way splitter ( loss 8db ). thus : 45 + 20 - also see these other examples of system planning using taps and splitters. db as a ratio examples ( shown on the graph below ) could be : a 14db increase will give an output level of 5 from an input level of 1. thus, in the case of an aerial amplifier, a 1mv input will give a 5mv output. minus 6db ( = attenuation ) makes the output level half of the input. so, if using a 6db attenuator, a 1mv input would result in a 0. 5mv ( 500\u03bcv ) output. therefore : 0dbmv = 60db\u03bcv and 0db\u03bcv = - examples : 20dbmv = 80db\u03bcv - we are more than willing to give advice to those actually purchasing from us. could those only seeking information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5304761076175701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.010901"} {"text": "indoor tanning fact sheet more than 1 million people use an indoor tanning salon on an average day in the u. s. ( 1 ) nearly 28 million individuals use a tanning bed in the u. s. annually. of these, 2. 3 million are teens. ( 2 ) ( 3 ) nearly 70 percent of tanning salon customers are caucasian girls and women, primarily between the ages of 16 to 29. ( 4 ) dangers of indoor tanning the united states department of health and human services and the international agency of research on cancer, a division of the world health organization, has declared ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation from the sun and artificial sources, such as tanning beds and sun lamps, as a known human carcinogen. ( 5 ) indoor tanning equipment, which includes all artificial light sources, including beds, lamps, bulbs, booths, etc., emits uva and uvb radiation. the amount of the radiation produced during indoor tanning is similar to the sun, and in some cases, may be stronger. ( 6 ) ( 7 ) those who begin tanning before the age of 35 increase their melanoma risk by 75 percent. ( 8 ) ( 9 ) the use of tanning beds by young people aged 18 to 39 increased their risk of developing melanoma by an average of 41 percent. ( 10 ) those who use a tanning bed before 20 years of age or more than 10 tanning bed sessions during their lifetime double their risk of melanoma. ( 10 ) studies have found that exposure to uv radiation during indoor tanning damages the dna in the skin cells. excessive exposure to uv radiation during indoor tanning can lead to premature skin aging, immune suppression, and eye damage, including cataracts and ocular melanoma. ( 1, 11 - 14 ) those who use an indoor tanning bed are 2. 5 times more likely to develop squamous cell carcinoma and 1. 5 times more likely to develop basel cell carcinoma. ( 15 ) indoor tanning beds / lamps should be avoided and should not be used to obtain vitamin d because uv radiation from indoor tanning is a risk factor for skin cancer. vitamin d can be obtained by eating a healthy diet and by taking oral supplements. in a 2009 study, 58 percent of adolescent tanning bed users had burns due to frequent exposure to indoor tanning beds / lamps. ( 16 ) the fda estimates that there are about 3, 000 hospital emergency room cases a year due to indoor tanning bed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48246709914065194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.018068"} {"text": "2009 study, 58 percent of adolescent tanning bed users had burns due to frequent exposure to indoor tanning beds / lamps. ( 16 ) the fda estimates that there are about 3, 000 hospital emergency room cases a year due to indoor tanning bed and lamp exposure. ( 17 ) 1. whitmore se, morison, wl potten cs, chadwick c. tanning salon exposure and molecular alterations. j am acad dermatol 2001 ; 44 : 775 - 80. 2. kwon ht, mayer ja, walker kk, yu h, lewis ec, belch ge. promotion of frequent tanning sessions by indoor tanning facilities : two studies. j am acad dematol 2002 ; 46 : 700 - 5. 3. dellavalle rp, parker er, ceronsky n, hester ej, hemme b, burkhardt dl, et al. youth access laws : in the dark at the tanning parlor? arch dermatol 2003 ; 139 : 443 - 8. 4. swerdlow aj, weinstock ma. do tanning lamps cause melanoma? an epidemiologic assessment. j am acad dermatol 1998 ; 38 : 89 - 98. 5. u. s. department of health and human services, public health service, national toxicology program. report on carcinogens, 11th ed : exposure to sunlamps or sunbeds. 6. gilchrest ba. sun exposure and vitamin d sufficiency. am j clin nutr 2008 ; 88 : 570 - 75. 7. hornung rl, magee kh, lee wj, hansen la, hsieh yc. tanning facility use : are we exceeding the food and drug administration limits? j am acad dermatol 2003 ; 49 : 655 - 61. 8. lazovich, d, et al. \" indoor tanning and risk of melanoma : a case - control study in a highly exposed population. \" cancer epidemiol biomakers prev. 2010 june ; 19 ( 6 ) : 1557 - 1568. 9. the international agency for research on cancer working group on artificial ultraviolet ( uv ) light and skin cancer \" the association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers : a systematic review. \" international journal of cancer. 2007 march 1 ; 120 : 111 - 1122. 10. cust ae", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45000922981144376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.019056"} {"text": "skin cancer \" the association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers : a systematic review. \" international journal of cancer. 2007 march 1 ; 120 : 111 - 1122. 10. cust ae, armstrong bk, goumas c, jenkins ma, schmid h, hopper jl, kefford, rf et al. sunbed use during adolescence and early adulthood is associated with increased risk of early - onset melanoma. int journal of cancer. 2011 may 1 : 128 ( 10 ) : 2425 - 35. 11. piepkorn m. melanoma genetics : an update with focus on the cdkn2a ( p16 ) / arf tumor suppressors. j. am acad dermatol. 2000 may ; 42 ( 5 pt 1 ) : 705 - 22 ; quiz 723 - 6. 12. vajdic cm, kricker a, giblin m, mckenzie j, aitken jf, giles gg, armstrong bk. artificial ultraviolet radiation and ocular melanoma in australia. int j cancer. 2004 dec 10 ; 112 ( 5 ) : 896 - 900. 13. walters bl, kelly tm. commerical tanning facilities : a new source of eye injury. am j emerg med 1987 ; 120 : 767 - 77. 14. clingen ph, berneburg m. petit = frere c, woollons a, lowe je, arlett cf, green mh. contrasting effects of an ultraviolet b and an ultraviolet a tanning lamp on interleukin - 6, tumour necrosis factor - alpha and intercellurlar adhesion molecule - 1 expression. br j dermatol. 2001 jul ; 145 ( 1 ) : 54 - 62. 15. karagas mr, stannard va, mott la, slattery mj, spencer sk, weinstock ma. use of tanning devices and risk of basel cell squamous cell skin cancers. j natl cancer inst 2002 ; 94 : 224 - 6. 16. cokkinides v, weinstock ma, lazovich d, ward e, thun m. indoor tanning use among adolescents in the us, 1998 - 2004. cancer 2009 : 115 : 190 - 98. 17. the fda - accessed september 2009. http : / / www. fda. gov / radiation - emittingproducts /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45973060416404204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.022107"} {"text": "all modern cars have a computer, in charge of monitoring the various systems. this central computer receives information from a collection of sensors that monitor things like oxygen, air pressure, air temperature, and engine temperature, to name a few. using this information, the computer can control the car ' s parts to get the best performance from the engine while keeping emissions low. how do these sensors work? it depends on whether they are pressure sensitive or light sensitive. a pressure sensitive device can sense changes in pressure and emits an appropriate voltage in response to correct problems. these sorts of sensors are used in braking systems and collision avoidance systems, for example. light - sensitive, or optical, sensors work very much like the wireless mouse technology in desktop computer systems. a small diode bounces light off a surface onto a sensor to form images. the sensor sends the data to a digital signal processor for analysis. this processor can detect patterns in the images and figure out how they have changed since the previous image it received from the sensor. based on the changes in patterns over time, the processor can determine how far the mouse, or car, for example, has moved. it can then send electrical signals to the central computer to trigger the appropriate response. for instance, sensors can scan the precise position of the driver ' s eye level and adjust the seat accordingly. newer prototype cars include infrared light enhancers to improve night vision, as well as rearview mirrors and rear bumper sensors to alert the driver when other vehicles are approaching the car ' s blind spot. adaptive headlamps contain sensors that monitor a car ' s speed and steering wheel movements and adjust lighting accordingly. for example, at high speeds, light beams are given a longer reach. remain - in - lane systems use forward - facing cameras to monitor the car ' s position in relation to the road ' s centerline and side marker lines for 20 meters ahead of the car. if the car begins to veer out of the lane, the sensors detect this and set off a warning sound. the automatic door openers found in most grocery stores use a very simple form of radar. the box above the door sends out bursts of radio waves and waits for the reflected energy to bounce back. when a person moves into the field of wave energy, it changes either the amount of reflected energy or the time it takes for the reflection to arrive, and the box opens the door. infrared security systems work in much the same way, replacing the radio waves with infrared light waves.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5786017972477417, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.024843"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia frequency response is the measure of any system ' s response to frequency, but is usually used in connection with electronic amplifiers and similar systems, particularly in relation to audio signals. because the human ear is generally not sensitive to phase, the frequency response is typically characterized by the magnitude of the system ' s response, measured in db, versus frequency. the frequency response of a system is typically measured by applying an impulse to the system and measuring its response ( see impulse response ), sweeping a pure tone through the bandwidth of interest, or by applying a maximum length sequence. once a frequency response has been measured ( e. g., as an impulse response ), providing the system is linear time invariant, its characteristic can be approximated with arbitrary accuracy by a digital filter. similarly, if a system is demonstrated to have a poor frequency response, a digital filter can be applied to the signals prior to their reproduction to compensate for the problem. frequency responses are often used to indicate the accuracy of amplifiers and speakers for reproducing audio. as an example, a high fidelity amplifier may be said to have a frequency response of 20hz - 20, 000hz \u00b11db, which tells you that the system amplifies equally all frequencies within that range and within the limits quoted. such a measure does not include any other indicators of quality ( e. g., non - linear distortions of the signal, signal - to - noise ratio, etc... ). frequency response therefore does not guarantee a given quality of audio reproduction, but only indicates that a piece of equipment meets the basic requirements needed for it. the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5818406501859774, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.026694"} {"text": "high - impact teaching strategies for the ' xyz ' era of education - by richard howell allen - pub. date : apr 10, 2009 by pearson. - isbn - 10 : 0 - 13 - 714426 - 1 - isbn - 13 : 978 - 0 - 13 - 714426 - 6 list price : $ 38. 99 in today \u2019 s classrooms, the teacher / student divide isn \u2019 t just generational \u2014 it is digital. exposure to digital technology from birth hard - wires the human brain to learn differently. for 21st century learners, traditional \u2018 chalk and talk \u2019 instruction belongs to a bygone era. instead, these students need interactive teaching strategies. this book offers 26 proven, interactive strategies to help teachers improve academic results, student engagement and classroom behavior. importantly, while replicating many features of the digital environment, none of the strategies rely on technology. they require little or no extra budget and reduce wasted effort on the part of the teacher by actively involving students in the learning process. ignite student learning and enhance your instruction! - addresses the need for teachers to adjust their teaching strategies to meet the needs of 21st century learners. - offers 26 ( a - z ) high - impact strategies, explaining why they are important to digital natives ; how they support classroom management ; and specific steps, tips and techniques for implementing them. - features a series of high - impact lessons from real teachers in real classrooms with real students, covering all 26 strategies across the grade levels and content areas. - includes 10 stories that can be used in the classroom as analogies, metaphors, or examples. what educators are saying \u201c every educator needs to read this book. it successfully provides teachers with a recipe that can be used in any classroom, any content, [ and ] any grade - level to teach people. teaching is an art, and the author masterfully unlocks the secrets of a successful teacher. \u201d - cheryl k. dick, elementary school teacher, nixa r - ii school district, nixa, mo \u201c the connection of each strategy [ in high impact teaching strategies ] to the world children live in today enabled me to better understand why we need to change the way we think about the instruction we deliver. these high impact - teaching strategies are both useful and relevant to the challenges educators and students face each day. \u201d - tracy s. hendrix, academic coach, carnesville elementary school, carnesville, ga read the sample chapter : understanding the dynamics of the \u2018 xyz \u2019 era of education. download here. read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4761884564634682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.030374"} {"text": "and students face each day. \u201d - tracy s. hendrix, academic coach, carnesville elementary school, carnesville, ga read the sample chapter : understanding the dynamics of the \u2018 xyz \u2019 era of education. download here. read the introduction. download here. click here to visit richard allen ' s website, green light education table of contents understanding the dynamics of the \u2018 xyz \u2019 era of education high - impact abc strategies a = acknowledgment b = being open c = crest of the wave d = directions e = entertainment f = frames g = getting responses h = high - quality responses i = involve, don \u2019 t tell j = jump up k = keen visuals l = labels m = music n = novelty o = ownership p = pause q = questions r = revolutions s = socialization t = tiers u = uniquely memorable v = vocal italics w = walk away x = x - ray vision y = yesterday lives! z = zones of instruction lesson 1 : the presence of chlorophyll in leaves lesson 2 : natural resources lesson 3 : using question marks appropriately lesson 4 : know your state lesson 5 : sentence types lesson 6 : abcs on the move lesson 7 : photo journal review lesson 8 : native american legends lesson 9 : animals in the ocean lesson 10 : plotting points on the coordinate grid lesson 11 : american history time lines lesson 12 : can you dig it? lesson 13 : review baseball lesson 14 : docent of your own museum \u2013 understanding the visual arts in relation to history and culture lesson 15 : carrying capacity of a landscape a final thought lessons in the language of learning the animal school the white horse the castle wall the two seeds the 1958 world series", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5379089140573666, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.031112"} {"text": "two medical education groups and 130 medical schools signed on to first lady michelle obama \u2019 s initiative to \u201c train the nation \u2019 s physicians to meet the unique healthcare needs of the military and veterans \u2019 communities, \u201d the white house announced recently. the schools pledged to do in - depth research into post - traumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) and traumatic brain injuries ( tbi ) and to teach medical students and physicians to \u201c better diagnose and treat our veterans and military families, \u201d according to the announcement. \u201c by directing some of our brightest minds, our most cutting - edge research, and our finest teaching institutions toward our military families, they \u2019 re ensuring that those who have served our country receive the first - rate care that they have earned, \u201d obama said. speaking at virginia commonwealth university ( vcu ), obama said that the american association of medical colleges and the american association of colleges of osteopathic medicine have pledged to devote research, education and clinical care to address military service members \u2019 crucial healthcare needs. the initiative is part of the joining forces campaign, an effort by the first lady and dr. jill biden that focuses on issues that affect veterans and their families. obama cited some examples already are underway at universities, including vcu, which has undertaken a project to provide resources and training to healthcare providers, volunteers and community members across virginia to help veterans. similarly, university of pittsburgh researchers are developing a new imaging tool that lets physicians see high - definition views of the brain \u2019 s wiring. this can help diagnose a tbi. and the university of south florida is working with the va and the department of defense to create a center for veterans reintegration \u2013 a research, treatment and education center for veterans and their families. \u201c today the nation \u2019 s medical colleges are committing to create a new generation of doctors, medical schools and research facilities to make sure our heroes receive the care worthy of their military service, \u201d obama said. the idea behind joining forces is extremely simple, obama said. \u201c in a time of war, when our troops and their families are sacrificing so much, we all should be doing everything we can to serve them as well as they are serving this country, \u201d she added. \u201c it \u2019 s an obligation that extends to every single american. and, it \u2019 s an obligation that does not end when a war ends and troops return home. in many ways, that \u2019 s when it begins. \u201d mrs. obama said she became aware of this when she and president barack obama welcomed the final", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4016378647421446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.037549"} {"text": "and, it \u2019 s an obligation that does not end when a war ends and troops return home. in many ways, that \u2019 s when it begins. \u201d mrs. obama said she became aware of this when she and president barack obama welcomed the final troops home from iraq last month. \u201c i couldn \u2019 t shake the feeling that even though we were marking the end of the war, this was not an ending for them. for our troops, the end of war marks the beginning of a very long period of transition, \u201d she said. frequently, the transitions from war to home \u201c bring the hardest moments our troops and their families will ever face, \u201d she added. it is estimated that one in six of iraq and afghanistan war veterans come home with post - traumatic stress disorder or depression, and at least 4, 000 have had at least a moderate - grade brain injury, mrs. obama said, noting that many avoid seeking help because of what they perceive as a stigma. \u201c i want to be very clear today : these mental health challenges are not a sign of weakness, \u201d she said. \u201c they should never again be a source of shame. they are a natural reaction to the challenges of war, and it has been that way throughout the ages. \u201d obama thanked the troops and their families for their service, and noted that anyone experiencing mental health difficulties should not be ashamed. \u201c seek help, don \u2019 t bury it, \u201d she said. \u201c asking for help is a sign of strength. \u201d the pentagon estimates that nearly 213, 000 military personnel have suffered traumatic brain injuries in iraq and afghanistan since 2000. a previous report by the rand corp. think tank estimated that 300, 000 veterans of both conflicts suffered ptsd or major depression. less than 50 percent had sought treatment for ptsd over the previous year and approximately 60 percent of those reporting a probable brain injury had not been evaluated by a physician for one. \u201c this is a long - term issue for the nation, \u201d said brad cooper, the executive director of joining forces. \u201c those of us who have never experienced war will never be able to fully understand the true emotional costs, \u201d mrs. obama said. \u201c ptsd, tbi, depression and any other combat - related mental health issue should never again be a source of shame. \u201d although the military has strong support systems and personnel trained in combat - related mental health issues, more than half of veterans seek treatment in their hometowns, outside the military and the department of veterans affairs, mrs. obama said. the new initiative aims at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4073262409690332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.038508"} {"text": "hello kids. my name is terry the tooth, and i wanted to give you a quick tour through your mouth. well, not really through your mouth, because i \u2019 m stuck on this page of discovery magazine, and you are a real kid. what i mean is, i \u2019 m going to tell you all about your teeth. the first thing you should know about your teeth is that they are amazing. they are specially designed by god to do important jobs and to keep you alive. when you were a little baby, your teeth started to \u201c erupt \u201d when you were about six months old. the word \u201c erupt \u201d means that they grew out of your jawbone through your gums. most people have 20 \u201c baby teeth. \u201d these baby teeth fall out ( or get pulled ) and are replaced by another set of permanent teeth. most adults have 32 permanent adult teeth. the fact that you get two sets of teeth means that you are a diphyodont ( die - fie - o - dont ), a fancy word that just means you have \u201c two sets of teeth. \u201d when we look at how teeth are made, we cannot help but praise god for these terrific treasures. the hard, outside part of your teeth is called enamel. it is the hardest substance in your whole body. it \u2019 s a good thing that it is so hard, too, because people use their teeth for all kinds of tough jobs. the most important tooth - job is cutting and chewing food. your adult teeth include eight incisors, which are the first four teeth in the front of your mouth on top and the first four on the bottom. these teeth are designed to cut into food. the next teeth are your canines. you have two on top and two on the bottom. they are designed to puncture things, and to rip and tear tough foods like meat. after canines you have four premolars on top and four on the bottom, and six molars on top and six on the bottom. the premolars and molars are designed to grind food into small parts, much like a grinding wheel. there is no way teeth could have evolved over millions of years of mindless, chance processes. they are too well - designed. the only explanation for your teeth is that a loving god cares about you and designed you with these terrific teeth. also, just as a reminder, take care of the teeth god gave you \u2014 brush regularly, and thank god for them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47253307375352194, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.040977"} {"text": "there appears to be a significant impairment of folic acid absorption in patients with hiv disease. the virus can cause an enteropathy in the absence of opportunistic infection. folinic acid may also not be absorbed as well since it is absorbed by the same gut mechanisms as folic acid. folate absorption is abnormal in early and late hiv disease. some of the neurologic manifestations of children with aids disease are due to folate deficiency. folic acid hypersupplementation and intravenous ( rather than oral ) folinic acid supplementation may be desirable in patients affected with human immunodeficiency virus. folic acid absorption in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, revell, p., et al, journal of internal medicine, 1991 ; 230 : 227 - 231. anencephaly, spina bifida anencephaly, spina bifida one of the most exciting medical findings of the last part of the 20th century is that folic acid, a simple, widely available, water soluble volume, can prevent spina bifida and anencephaly. thus begins an article by doctor godfrey p. oakley. he notes that birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality in the united states. according to the article, the incidence of birth defects have varied by geographic location, and by personal factors such as social class and race. doses showing benefit of folic acid supplementation in the prevention of neural tube defects have been 0. 4 mg, 0. 8 mg and 4 mg. in november, an advisory committee to the food and drug administration recommended developing a policy that would permit appropriate foods to be fortified with folic acid. presently, females can take 0. 4 mgs of folic acid in a vitamin pill, or eat a serving of food such as a breakfast cereal fortified with the usda recommended daily allowance of folic acid per serving. folic acid can also be increased by eating foods rich in folates such as leafy, dark green vegetables. the author states women should, except under a physician ' s direction, keep their consumption of folic acid below 1 mg per day, since this elevated dose may cause difficulties in diagnosing pernicious anemia. the author warns of using foods fortified with vitamin a or supplements which contain vitamin a, because an excess of vitamin a can cause birth defects. by increasing the consumption of folic acid, it is believed that the prevention of spina bifida and an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46909913859214036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.089565"} {"text": "author warns of using foods fortified with vitamin a or supplements which contain vitamin a, because an excess of vitamin a can cause birth defects. by increasing the consumption of folic acid, it is believed that the prevention of spina bifida and anencephaly may result worldwide among thousands of infants annually. with prevention programs, it is possible that reduction rates of these birth defects could occur within a single year. folic acid - preventable spina bifida and anencephaly, jama, march 10, 1993 ; 269 ( 10 ) : 1292 - 1293. the united states public health service recommends 0. 4 mg of folic acid per day, for the purpose of reducing the risk of neural tube defects or spina bifida. one should keep folic acid levels below 1 mg / day, so as not to obscure the diagnosis of vitamin b12 deficiency ( pernicious anemia ). recommendations for the use of folic acid to reduce number of spina bifida cases and other neural tube defects, jama, march 10, 1993 ; 269 ( 10 ) : 1233 - 1238 / morbidity and mortality weekly report, 1992 ; 41 : rr - 14. anemia, alcohol abuse and redcell anemia, alcohol abuse and red cell redistribution width an increase in red cell distribution width ( rdw ) may indicate alcoholism and iron deficiency anemia alcohol abuse may be seen when the red cell distribution width is high combined with the normal mcv. a high mcv and rdw may indicate an immune hemolytic anemia or vitamin b12 or folic acid deficiency. red cell distribution width in alcohol abuse and iron deficiency anemia, seppa, kaija, m. d. and sillanaukee, pekka, m. s. c, jama, february 26, 1992 ; 267 ( 8 ) : 1070. cancer lung, bowel and cervix cancer ( lung, bowel and cervix ) and inflammatory bowel disease there is a belief that folic acid concentration may be higher in some tissues than others, thereby resulting in a localized deficiency in spite of normal blood levels. evidence for localized folic acid deficiency includes : ( 1 ) lower circulating folate levels in smokers compared with nonsmokers, ( 2 ) lower circulating levels in smokers with bronchial metaplasia, ( 3 ) lower folate levels in scrapings of buccal mucosa of smokers than nonsmokers, (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4813507087990482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.090645"} {"text": "identify incomplete adherence to gfd as the reason for nonimprovement of the nutritional status in patients with cd. corazza gr et al., subclinical coeliac disease : an anthropometric assessment. j intern med, 236 : 183 - 7, 1994 aug. celiac disease and epilepsy celiac disease and epilepsy folic acid deficiency with neurologic abnormalities should be considered among atypical clinical presentations of patients with celiac disease. celiac disease, folic acid deficiency and epilepsy with cerebral calcifications, ventura, a., et al, acta pediatrica scandinavica, 1991 ; 80 : 559 - 562. women infected with the human papilloma virus may be able to reduce their increased risk of cervical cancer by increasing daily folic acid intake. encourages an increase in the daily recommended allowance of folic acid back to 400 mcg / d, up from 180 mcg / d, in women, and 200 mcg / d in men. liver, pinto beans, broccoli, spinach and orange juice are rich sources of folic acid. there is no evidence that increasing folic acid intake prevents cancer, but increasing amounts of the vitamin in the diet may prevent the initial cervical epithelial changes that are caused by the human papilloma virus. thirty percent of sexually active women in their 20 ' s have been exposed to hpv. it was noted by a spokesperson from the national cancer institute that other nutrient deficiencies may also play a role. folic acid lack and hpv increase cervical cancer risk, medical tribune, february 13, 1992 ; 11. the prevalence of human papilloma virus type 16 infection was initially 16 % among subjects in the upper tertile of red blood cell folate, versus 37 % of the lower tertile. folate deficiency may be involved as a cocarcinogen during the initiation of cervical dysplasia, but after a viral genome has been incorporated into the host, dna folic acid supplements have little or no effect on the course of the infection. oral folic acid supplementation for cervical dysplasia : a clinical intervention trial, butterworth, c. e., jr., m. d., et al, american journal of obstetrics and gynecology, march 1992 ; 166 ( 3 ) : 803 - 809. cognitive impairmentcolon cancer vitamin b12 contributed significantly to the variance in the mini - mental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4840277354061899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.093002"} {"text": ". d., et al, american journal of obstetrics and gynecology, march 1992 ; 166 ( 3 ) : 803 - 809. cognitive impairmentcolon cancer vitamin b12 contributed significantly to the variance in the mini - mental state examination ( mmse ). there was no correlation between the mmse and serum, red cell folate, or b12 in the other dementias or the cognitively impaired nondementia group, and no significant correlation between mmse and other nutritional indices in any group. folate, vitamin b12 and cognitive impairment in patients with alzheimer ' s disease, levitt, a. j., et al, acta pshychiatr scand, 1992 ; 86 : 301 - 305. high dietary folic acid was inversely related to the risk of colorectal adenoma in women and men. those who consume more than 30 gms of alcohol daily ( 2 drinks ) had an elevated risk of adenoma compared to nondrinkers. methionine intake was inversely related to the risk of adenomas 1 cm or larger. folate, alcohol and methionine might influence methyl group availability. a methyl - deficient diet may be a risk factor for the early stages of colorectal neoplasia. this supports efforts to increase folate in segments of the population having diets with low intakes of this nutrient. folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma, giovannucci, edward, et al, journal of the national cancer institute, june 2, 1993 ; 85 ( 11 ) : 875 - 881. dietary modification in crohn ' s disease can lead to symptom reduction and relief of inflammation. low folic acid levels due to sulphasalazine therapy suggests the need for folate supplementation. nutrition and crohn ' s disease, lennard - jones, j. e., m. d., annals of the royal college of surgeons of england, 1990 ; 72 : 152 - 154. patients with crohn ' s disease have nutritional deficiencies from lack of food intake and / or malabsorption. red blood cell folic acid status was assessed. patients were given 400 ug / d or 800 ug / d for 6 - 16 weeks. it was found that folate levels were low even after tpn with 400 ug / d and in those receiving 800 ug / g folate levels tended to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49840749980353327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.094109"} {"text": "ug / d or 800 ug / d for 6 - 16 weeks. it was found that folate levels were low even after tpn with 400 ug / d and in those receiving 800 ug / g folate levels tended to increase but were not in the normal range. the authors recommend a dosage of 800 ug / d or greater in amafda formulations for crohn ' s disease patients on long - term tpn. folate is important for intestinal mucosa turnover and healing. red cell folate concentrations in patients with crohn ' s disease on parenteral nutrition, tominaga, masaya, et al, postgraduate medical journal, 1989 ; 65 : 818 - 820. the majority of nonsupplemented elderly had adequate folate levels. low red cell folate levels ( less than 140 ng / ml ) were observed in 8 % of free - living women, versus 11 % of institutionalized women ; and low levels were found in 14 % of free - living men, versus 22 % of institutionalized men. sixteen per cent of elderly women and 12 % of elderly men took folate supplements, and none had plasma red blood cell folate levels below 3. 0 ng / ml and 140 ng / ml respectively. observations on the folate status of self - elected group of institutionalized and free - living elderly canadians, hoppner, k., et al, journal of the canadian dietetic association, summer 1991 ; 52 ( 2 ) : 93 - 96. serum folic acid levels in the epileptic mothers were significantly lower than controls. decreased serum folic acid concentrations are related to congenital malformations in the offspring of epileptic mothers. it is known that folic acid plays a major role in the metabolism of the developing fetus since it is crucial in dna synthesis of growing cells. folate supplements should be given to mothers on antiepileptic medications starting before conception and during pregnancy. the reduced form of folic acid, 5formyltetrahydrofolate is recommended ; it has fewer neurotoxic effects than folic acid itself. serum folic acid levels in epileptic mothers and their relationship to congenital malformations, ogawa, yoshihiro, et al, epilepsy research, 1991 ; 8 : 75 - 78. in the fall of l992, the centers for disease control and prevention recommended that all women of child bearing age consume at least. 4 mg of f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45153699479397225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.095215"} {"text": "these women. folate fortification of staple foods such as white bread, could make an important contribution to achieving the experts ' advisory recommendations for folate intake in women of child - bearing age. fortification would have specific importance for those at risk for low levels of intake including smokers, young mothers, those in low socioeconomic status or families with 6 or more members. fortified foods and folate intake in women of child - bearing age, schorah, c. j. and wild, j., the lancet, may 29, 1993 ; 341 : 1417. the food and drug administration has proposed that b - vitamin folic acid be added to flour, breads and other grain products to aid in the prevention of birth defects. the agency also proposed to allow manufacturers of folate supplements to label their products with a health claim. folic acid fortified foods would apply to flours, breads, rolls, grits and macaroni products already enriched with other nutrients. however, increased intakes of folic acid can mask the symptoms of pernicious anemia, a vitamin - b12 deficiency that could result in nerve damage. fda proposes to add folic acid to food supply, nutrition week, october 8, 1993 ; 2. food fortification of staple foods is more likely to succeed than wholesale distribution of vitamin pills. multi - vitamins for the prevention of neural tube defects : how convincing is the evidence?, smithells, r. w., drugs, 1989 ; 38 ( 6 ) : 849 - 854. this trial was to determine whether folic acid supplement or a mixture of 7 other vitamins ( a, d, b1, b2, b6, c and nicotinamide ) around the time of conception prevented neural tube defects. over 1195 females completed their pregnancies, with 27 known to have delivered infants with neural tube defects, 6 in the folic acid group and 21 from 2 other groups. this was a 72 % protective effect. the other vitamins showed no significant protective effect. there was no harm from the folic acid supplementation which was given in a 4 mg capsule. the vitamins contained vitamin a 4000 units, vitamin d 400 i. u., b1 1. 5 mg, b2 1. 5 mg, b6 1. 0 mg, vitamin c 40 mg and nicotinamide 15 mg. in the controlled capsules there was dried ferrous sulfate 120 mgs and di - calcium phosphate 240 mgs. the authors conclude that folic acid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46533972351594427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.097365"} {"text": ", b6 1. 0 mg, vitamin c 40 mg and nicotinamide 15 mg. in the controlled capsules there was dried ferrous sulfate 120 mgs and di - calcium phosphate 240 mgs. the authors conclude that folic acid supplementation that is started before pregnancy can now be definitely recommended for all women who have had an effected pregnancy. public health measures should be taken to provide adequate amounts of folic acid to all pregnant females. some consideration should be given to extending fortification of staple foods with folic acid. prevention of neural tube defects : results of the medical research council vitamin study, the mrc vitamin study research group, the lancet, july 20, 1991 ; 338 : 131 - 137. recommends that women who have had a previously affected fetus should be given folic acid supplements if they intend to have another pregnancy, and therapy should begin before conception. this should take place at prenatal clinics and / or at the birth of infants with malformations. the dosage utilized was 4 mgs per day of folic acid and the question is whether a lesser dose could have as much benefit. another question concerns the length of time that the supplement is needed preceding conception. risk to folic acid supplementation needs to be assessed at the 2 different doses used,. 36 mgs a day which was in the original multivitamin preparation, or 4 mgs per day in this most recent study. green leafy vegetables are a good source of folic aicd but cooking can reduce their folic acid content. folic acid and neural tube defects, the lancet, july 20, 1991 ; 338 : 153 - 154. reviews the recent suggestion by the british medical research council vitamin study group that daily supplementation with folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy substantially reduces the recurrence of neural tube defects ( lancet, 1991 ; 338 : 131 - 7, 153 - 4 ). women in the united states who have had their pregnancy resulting in an infant or a fetus with a neural tube defect have a 2 to 3 % risk for having another pregnancy result in neural tube defects. approximately 4, 000 infants with neural tube defects are born in the united states annually and worldwide the number is approximately 400, 000. because of these findings the cdc has recommended the use of folic acid supplementation of 4 mg / d for women who previously had an infant or fetus with spina bifida, anencephaly or encephalocele. it is noted that in an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4683109457204526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.099517"} {"text": "has recommended the use of folic acid supplementation of 4 mg / d for women who previously had an infant or fetus with spina bifida, anencephaly or encephalocele. it is noted that in an earlier study. 36 mg / d of folic acid was associated with a substantial reduction in neural tube defects. since the 4 mg dosage is a large dose, the food and drug administration regards folic acid at this dose to require an approved new drug application. it is noted that 4 mg / d of folic acid may mask vitamin b12 deficiency while neurologic manifestations progress. if there are no contraindications, 4 mg / d of folic acid should be taken from at least 4 weeks before conception through the first 3 months of pregnancy. one mg folic acid tablets are available as a prescription item. multi - vitamin and mineral preparations which contain folic acid should not be used to get the 4 mg / d dose since there will be harmful levels of vitamins a and d. use of folic acid for the prevention of spina bifida and other neural tube defects - 1983 - 1991, morbidity and mortality weekly report, august 2, 1991 ; 40 ( 30 ) : 513 - 516. epidemiologic studies have identified hyperhomocysteinemia as a possible risk factor for atherosclerosis. we determined the risk of carotid - artery atherosclerosis in relation to both plasma homocysteine concentrations and nutritional determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia. elderly subjects ( 418 men and 623 women ; age range, 67 to 96 years ) from the framingham heart study were examined for the relation between the maximal degree of stenosis of the extracranial carotid arteries ( as assessed by ultrasonography ) and plasma homocysteine concentrations, as well as plasma concentrations and intakes of vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism, including folate, vitamin b12, and vitamin b6. the prevalence of carotid stenosis was 43 percent in the men and 34 percent in the women. high plasma homocysteine concentrations and low concentrations of folate and vitamin b6, through their role in homocysteine metabolism, are associated with an increased risk of extracranial carotid - artery stenosis in the elderly. selhub - j et al., association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial car", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4703417331494781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.101422"} {"text": "homocysteine metabolism, are associated with an increased risk of extracranial carotid - artery stenosis in the elderly. selhub - j et al., association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid - artery stenosis [ see comments ]. n - engl - j - med. 1995 feb 2 ; 332 ( 5 ) : 286 - 91. the addition of vitamin b - 12 to folic acid supplements or enriched foods may enhance the reduction of homocysteine, thereby increasing the effectiveness of these supplements in the prevention of vascular disease and neural tube defects. folic acid, in amounts 1 - 2 times the rda, has been shown to lower plasma homocysteine levels. the study compared the homocysteine - lowering potential of a folic acid supplement with that of 2 supplements containing different doses of vitamin b - 12 in addition to folic acid. significant reductions in plasma homocysteine were observed in all groups receiving vitamin treatment. the effect observed with the combination of folic acid + vitamin b - 12was significantly larger than that with a supplement containing folic acid alone. br? onstrup a ; hages m ; prinz - langenohl r ; pietrzik kp : effects of folic acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin b - 12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy, young women, am j clin nutr, 1998 nov ; 68 ( 5 ) : 1104 - 10 folate adequacy and homocysteine level folate adequacy and homocysteine levels those with coronary artery disease had lower plasma folate levels and higher plasma homocysteine levels than controls. folate was inversely associated with homocysteine levels for both cases and controls. there was a threshold for elevated homocysteine when folate levels were less than the world health organization recommended lower limit of 13. 8 nmol / l. plasma folate levels at the lower range of those considered to be normal in the united states ( greater than 6. 8 mmol / l ) were inadequate to prevent elevations in homocysteine levels. over 50 % of the american population have folate values in the range associated with elevated homocysteine levels. the high prevalence of folate inadequacy addresses the need to reassess what levels of folate are needed to prevent disease and maintain health. plasma folate adequacy as determined by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4893482169143484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.103200"} {"text": "associated with elevated homocysteine levels. the high prevalence of folate inadequacy addresses the need to reassess what levels of folate are needed to prevent disease and maintain health. plasma folate adequacy as determined by homocysteine levels, lewis, charles a., m. d., m. p. h., et al, beyond deficiency : new views on the function and health effects of vitamins, new york academy of sciences, february 9 - 12, 1992 ; 15529. it has been reported that there is increased pentane and carbon disulphide concentrations in the breath of schizophrenic patients. alkanes in the breath may come from sites of cellular injury when oxygen free radicals peroxidate membrane lipids. acute exposure to high concentrations of carbon disulphide can result in psychosis possibly by interfering with dopamine b - hydroxylase. the greatest concentration of carbon disulphide in schizophrenic patients comes from the metabolic activity of the large - bowel flora. schizophrenia and the gut, again, the lancet, november 6, 1993 ; 342 : 1128 - 1129. hungarian researchers have stated that approximately 75 % of all neural tube defects could be eliminated by giving folic acid supplements. the u. s. criteria is to wait for a first time neural tube defect before giving folic acid supplementation. the fact is that 95 % of babies with a defect are born to women who have never had an affected pregnancy. folic acid could cut 75 % of all neural tube defects, mckeown, l. a., medical tribune, june 11, 1992 ; 21. one mg of oral folic acid is routinely given to premature infants receiving enteral feedings. a since there was a lack of evidence for any physiologic effect of very high dose folic acid given to nonerythroblastic infants, it might be wise to limit oral folate supplementation in preterm infants to 50 - 200 ug per day. high folate intakes related to zinc status in preterm infants, fuller, n. j., et al, european journal of pediatrics, 1992 ; 151 : 51 - 53. preterm infants ( # 104 ) were evaluated for the effects of folic acid supplementation. these infants were given 1 mg oral supplement of folic acid in the form of pteroylglutamic acid once they began enter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4864547152915243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.104133"} {"text": "- 53. preterm infants ( # 104 ) were evaluated for the effects of folic acid supplementation. these infants were given 1 mg oral supplement of folic acid in the form of pteroylglutamic acid once they began enteral feeding. with the high folate levels attained by 1 mg per day supplementation along with evidence that high folate intakes may impair zinc absorption, their recommendations of folate supplementation remain at the ranges described previously (. 05 -. 2 mg ). plasma folate levels in preterm infants, with and without a 1 mg daily folate supplement, fuller, n. j., et al, european journal of pediatrics, 1992 ; 151 : 48 - 50. lithium and folic acid lithium and folic acid bipolar patients on lithium therapy do not have a folate deficiency. serum and red cell folate an affective morbidity in lithium prophylaxis, mckeon, p., et al, acta psychiatr. scand., 1991 ; 83 : 199 - 201. folate deficiency is uncommon among chinese psychiatric patients but high folate levels enhance lithium ' s benefits. folate concentration in chinese psychiatric patients on long term lithium treatment, lee, sing, et al, journal of affective disorders, 1992 ; 24 : 265 - 270. heavy alcohol intake leads to inadequate food intake, malabsorption due to folic acid deficiency and / or maldigestion secondary to pancreatic insufficiency. these patients need energy requirements 25 kcal / kg / day, protein intake of 30 - 70g / d and fat calories less than 30 % and the remainder can be carbohydrate. urea production, the main mechanism for ammonia disposal, may be reduced in the alcoholic liver. those with hepatic encephalopathy should increase calories from carbohydrate and decrease protein ingestion and also take 1. 5 oz. of lactulose several times daily which will produce acidy stools decreasing colonic ammonia absorption. folic acid deficiency is common and can lead to intestinal malabsorption. raw, leafy green vegetables, oranges, bananas are good sources. 5 mg folic acid may be taken once or twice weekly. nutrition and liver disease, feinman, l., m. d. and lieber, c. s., m. d., hospital medicine, april 1990 ; 150 - 166. maternal heat exposure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47353829964592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.105086"} {"text": "may be taken once or twice weekly. nutrition and liver disease, feinman, l., m. d. and lieber, c. s., m. d., hospital medicine, april 1990 ; 150 - 166. maternal heat exposure maternal heat exposure a cohort of over 23, 000 women who had serum alphafetoprotein screening and amniocentesis were evaluated for the risk of neural tube defects from heat exposure. heat exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy to hot tub, sauna, or fever resulted in an increased risk of neural tube defect. hot tub exposure appeared to have the strongest effect of any single heat exposure. maternal heat exposure and neural tube defects, milunsky, aubrey, mbbch, et al, jama, august 19, 1992 ; 268 ( 7 ) : 882 - 885. there was a definite increased risk to neural tube defects with elevated body temperature from taking hot baths during the first gestational month, as well as reported illness and the use of medications during pregnancy. there were significant dietary factors, which included the reduction in neural tube defects with a higher intake of vitamin a / beta - carotene rich fruits and vegetables. neural tube defect etiology : new evidence concerning maternal hyperthermia, health and diet, sandford, m. k., et al, developmental medicine and child neurology, 1992 ; 34 : 661 - 665. maternal vitamin intake maternal vitamin intake this study demonstrated no relationship between maternal serum folate, vitamin b12, or retinol levels and the risk of neural tube defects. conclude that folate supplementation in high risk populations is warranted, but vitamin supplements may not be beneficial in general obstetric populations and low risk areas. maternal vitamin levels during pregnancies producing infants with neural tube defects, mills, james l., m. d., ms, et al, journal of pediatrics, june 1992 ; 120 ( 6 ) : 863 - 871. maternal zinc levels maternal zinc levels women ( # 17 ) with neural tube defect offspring were evaluated for midtrimester maternal toenail zinc levels, utilizing neutron activation analysis. there was an overall increased risk for neural tube defect with increasing toenail zinc levels. those with elevated zinc levels had a 3. 1 odds ratio of developing neural tube defects, compared to those with normal toenail zinc levels. maternal zinc and fetal neural tube defects, milunsky, aubrey, et al, teratology, 1992 ; 46 : 341 - 34", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5256207072115691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.106008"} {"text": "a 3. 1 odds ratio of developing neural tube defects, compared to those with normal toenail zinc levels. maternal zinc and fetal neural tube defects, milunsky, aubrey, et al, teratology, 1992 ; 46 : 341 - 348. maternal serum folate and zinc concentrations were evaluated at 18 and 30 weeks gestation in 285 pregnant women. there was a weak linear relationship between maternal serum folate and zinc concentrations at 30 weeks gestation. folic acid supplementation had favorable effects on birth weight and apgar scores of newborns, and reduced prevalence of fetal growth retardation and maternal infections. there was no significant correlation found between serum zinc concentrations and birth weight of infants. the concept that folic acid supplementation has an inverse effect on maternal zinc nutriture and pregnancy outcome is not supported. maternal serum folate and zinc concentrations and their relationship to pregnancy outcome, tamura, tsunenobu, et al, american journal of clinical nutrition, 1992 ; 56 : 365 - 370. folic acid is a cofactor in the synthesis of cellular dna, which is important in the production of tissues in the bone marrow, small intestines, and colon where there is a rapid turnover of cells. nutrients ingested, along with dietary polyglutamate, may have an effect on its obligatory intestinal surface digestion and subsequent assimilation. legumes, tomatoes and oranges appear to inhibit human brush - border folate hydrolase, while cereal grain flours, milk, cabbage, cauliflower, and lettuce are not inhibitory. in miniature pigs which have high amounts of folate hydrolase, similar to those in humans, chronic alcohol ingestion inhibits folate hydrolase by 50 % but it does not depress the monoglutamate transport process. zinc does increase folate hydrolase activity, while paradoxically interfering with the final pteglu transport. polyglutamate hydrolase is a large macromolecule. dietary folate - the digestible vitamin, gray, gary m. : western journal of medicine, december 1991 ; 155 ( 6 ) : 660 - 662. it was found that those who supplemented with folic acid had significantly lower toxicity from methotrexate without sacrificing efficacy. recommend 1 mg of folic acid daily during low dose therapy as a useful adjunct to reduced toxicity without altering efficacy. the effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of lowdose methotrexate in patients with rheuma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001890930496675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.107081"} {"text": ". recommend 1 mg of folic acid daily during low dose therapy as a useful adjunct to reduced toxicity without altering efficacy. the effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of lowdose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, morgan, sarah l., et al, arthritis and rheumatism, january 1990 ; 33 ( 1 ) : 9 - 18. folate depletion may be a cause of some of the undesirable side effects from methotrexate supplementation. this evidence tentatively recommends folate supplementation and / or using fewer toxic antifolate medications in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. rheumatology. koopman, w. j. jama, june 1991 ; 265 ( 23 ) : 3169 - 3170. evaluated patients at a mood disorder clinic for red cell folic acid, vitamin b12 and thyroid hormone levels. the patients were free of antidepressant medications for at least 2 months, and free of lithium for 3 months. they had no history of drug abuse. there was a significant negative correlation between red cell folate, t4 and free thyroxine index persisting. other than that, there were other relationships found. there was another significant negative correlation between thyroid hormones and both b12 and red cell folate levels. the correlation with red cell folate persisted after antidepressant treatment. folate, vitamin b12 and thyroid function in depression, levitt, a. j. and joffe, r. t., biological psychiatry, 1993 ; 33 : 52 - 53. neural tube defects neural tube defects pregnant women should supplement with synthetic folic acid or fortified foods to prevent neural tube defects such as spina bifida or anencephaly, and those women with prior pregnancies may need a larger dose of folate to increase blood folate levels equivalent to the general population. the public health service of the united states recommends that all women capable of childbearing consume 0. 4 mg ( 400 microg ) folic acid per day to decrease the risk neural tube defects. neuhouser ml ; beresford sa ; hickok de ; monsen er : absorption of dietary and supplemental folate in women with prior pregnancies with neural tube defects and controls, j am coll nutr, 1998 dec ; 17 ( 6 ) : 625 - 30 daily periconceptional intake of 0. 4 mg of folic acid ( generally a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44467836748113393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.107997"} {"text": "in women with prior pregnancies with neural tube defects and controls, j am coll nutr, 1998 dec ; 17 ( 6 ) : 625 - 30 daily periconceptional intake of 0. 4 mg of folic acid ( generally a multivitamin ) reduced the risk of neural tube defect by approximately 60 %. the authors note that a high dietary intake of folic acid may also reduce the risk of neural tube defects. periconceptional folic acid exposure and risk of occurrent neural tube defects, werler, m et al., jama, march 10, 1993 ; 269 ( 10 ) : 1257 - 1261. residents of a veterans home were evaluated for fasting serum folic acid levels. 29 % were taking folic acid supplements. six percent were taking phenytoin, a folate antagonist. none of the residents who consumed folic acid at 400 mcgs per day had a low serum folic acid level. of the individuals who did not receive folic acid supplements, 3 % had low folic acid levels less than 2. 5 ng / ml. supplementing with a multivitamin that contains 400 mcgs of folic acid per day is warranted in nursing homes since this level can prevent low serum folate levels. low serum folic acid levels in a nursing home population : a clinical experience. drinka, paul j., m. d., et al, journal of the american college of nutrition, 1993 ; 12 ( 2 ) : 186 - 189. nutrition and environment nutrition and environment of 22, 000 + pregnancies, 49 ended in neural tube defects. the prevalence of neural tube defect was 3. 5 per 1, 000 among women who had never used periconceptual multivitamins or used them only prior to conception. the prevalence of neural tube defects in those females who used multivitamins containing folic acid during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy was 0. 9 / 1, 000, which shows a 73 % protective effect of the combined supplementation. in further analysis, zinc was evaluated in toenail clippings in the second trimester of pregnancy in over 1, 700 women with normal offspring and 13 with neural tube defects. there was an odds ratio of 3. 2 found for elevated toenail zinc in neural tube defects. these individuals were also evaluated for heat exposure and there was found a significant crude relative risk of 2. 9 for hot tub use and neural tube defects. the relative risk for neural tube defects is 1. 9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5200264716985902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.108985"} {"text": "elevated toenail zinc in neural tube defects. these individuals were also evaluated for heat exposure and there was found a significant crude relative risk of 2. 9 for hot tub use and neural tube defects. the relative risk for neural tube defects is 1. 9 with only 1 heat exposure and 6. 2 when exposed to 3 heat sources. nutrition and other environmental factors in the etiology of neural tube defects, milunsky, a : beyond deficiency : new views on functioning and health effects of vitamins, new york academy of sciences, february 9 - 12, 1992 / abstract 12. preconception health care preconception health care a general review for family physicians on appropriate components of preconception health care. with regards to nutrition, obviously starvation increases the risk of congenital anomalies. two factors associated with low birth weight infants are the mother ' s prepregnant weight and her weight gained during pregnancy. maternal nutrition before conception also plays a very important role. it has been shown through the supplemental food program for women, infants and children ( wic ) that supplemental food definitely produces larger infants and mothers with higher hemoglobins and lower risks of obesity. review the use of folic acid or multi - vitamins in the prevention of neural tube defects and conclude that the evidence is still debateable. preconception health care : a critical task for family physicians, gjerdingen, dk & fontaine, p, j of the american board of family physician, 1991 ; 4 : 237 - 50 this is a general review on the role of nutrition prior to pregnancy. it is noted that, in addition to folic acid and zinc, the diets of american women are likely to be low in iron, magnesium, calcium and vitamin b6. improved dietary patterns prior to pregnancy should be encouraged. research in the area of preconceptual nutrition definitely suggests that, in the attempt to prevent infant mortality, we need to pay more attention to the time prior to conception. results of preconceptional nutrition intervention provide additional encouragement to include nutrition assessment and counseling as part of postpartum and gynecologic care. preconceptional nutrition, dimperio, d : the j of pediatric and perinatal nutrition, 1990 ; 2 ( 2 ) : 65 - 78. folic acid is needed for the production of red and white blood cells, central nervous system integrity, gastrointestinal function and growth of fetus. it is important in the synthesis of pyrimidine and purine bases for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5212141622258906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.109954"} {"text": "78. folic acid is needed for the production of red and white blood cells, central nervous system integrity, gastrointestinal function and growth of fetus. it is important in the synthesis of pyrimidine and purine bases for the production of dna and rna. absorption mostly occurs in the proximal third of the small intestine. one percent of dietary folate is excreted in the urine. serum folate levels are valuable markers for folate status. red blood cell folate levels reflect tissue ( hepatic stores ) better than serum folate. vitamin b 12 deficiency creates intracellular folate deficiency. sources of folic acid include the liver, kidney, wheat bran, yeast, spinach, asparagus, black - eyed peas, lentils, lima, navy beans, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, beef, almonds, peanuts, corn, beets, potatoes, turnips, turnip greens and broccoli. the rda is 400 ug / d for adults, 800 ug / d for lactating women, 500 ug / d for pregnant women, 30 - 45 ug / d for infants and 100 - 300 ug / d for children. alcoholics are frequently folate deficient. nitrous oxide inhalation may reduce folate levels. folic acid levels are reduced due to hemodilution and increased need during pregnancy. diseases which may cause deficiency include sideroblastic and hemolytic anemias, chronic myelofibrosis, hyperthyroidism, exfoliative dermatitis and chronic hemodialysis. medications such as dilantin, sulfasalazine, triamterene, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, methotrexate and neomycin affect folate metabolism. folate deficiency signs include headaches, fatigue, megaloblastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, glossitis, hair loss, poor growth, weight loss, oral ulcers, nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, insomnia, irritability, forgetfulness, fever, jaundice, dyspnea, palpitations, pigmentation and vitiligo. commercial products contain tablets from 0. 25 to 1 mg of folic acid generally. folic acid supplementation from i 00 to 1, 000 ug / d in the first six months of pregnancy may reduce neural tube defects, though this is debated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4556188857263529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.110886"} {"text": "commercial products contain tablets from 0. 25 to 1 mg of folic acid generally. folic acid supplementation from i 00 to 1, 000 ug / d in the first six months of pregnancy may reduce neural tube defects, though this is debated. one hundred times the rda of folic acid may cause breakthrough epilepsy in patients on dilantin ( phenytoin ) therapy. in animal models mega doses may preciptate in kidneys. folic acid supplements have been reported at 350 ug / d during pregnancy to reduce zinc absorption. folic acid, 199 1 : an update, with new recommended daily allowances, kones, r, southern medical journal, december 1990 ; 83 ( 12 ) : 1454 - 1458. folic acid status was evaluated in 79 patients with spontaneous abortion of unknown etiology and compared to healthy controls ( # 1 12 ). the serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations of the abortion group were significantly lower than controls. folate status and pregnancy outcome, pietrzik, k et al., beyond deficiency : new views on the function and health effects of vitamins, n y academy of sciences, february 9 - 12, 1992 ; p - 1 8. ideally, folic acid intake should be increased in the general u. s. population by increasing the intake of fresh vegetables, to the quantity that would make supplements unnecessary. it is a fact that marginal intakes appear to be widespread, with biochemical evidence of low folate status seen in 13 to 15 % of women between 20 and 44 years of age, but deficiencies are much less common among users of supplements than nonusers. in some low income adolescent females, low folate status may be almost 50 %. folic acid fortification of flour is an option folic acid may be of benefit in the reduction of homocysteine levels, which is an emerging independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and also to help prevent cervical cancer. even though the reason for the reduction of neural tube defects over the last half of the century in the united states is not certain, it is suspected that the widespread use of multivitamin / mineral supplements, general improvement in the diet, and fortification of breakfast cereals with folic acid have contributed. the author notes that this is a simple, safe, nutritional intervention. folic acid and neural tube defect : can ' t we come to closure? willett, wc : am. j of public health, may 1992 ; 82 ( 5 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.467565684534665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.111848"} {"text": ". the author notes that this is a simple, safe, nutritional intervention. folic acid and neural tube defect : can ' t we come to closure? willett, wc : am. j of public health, may 1992 ; 82 ( 5 ) : 666 - 668. purchasing vitamin supplements purchasing vitamin supplements with the myriad of different products, it can be confusing. it is noted that almost all supplement makers buy most of their raw vitamins and minerals very cheaply from a small group of multinational firms. generally speaking, companies are ftee to put any amount of nutrient into their pills and capsules with few exceptions, such as in california, where vitamin a is limited, and folic acid is restricted to 400 mcgs in order not to mask a b 12 deficiency. vitamins 101 : how to buy them, schardt, d : nutrition action health letter, jan / feb 1993 evaluated rbc and serum folate levels in schizophrenic patients. there were significantly lower concentrations of folate in both the rbc and serum in patients who were treated with neuroleptic medication compared with those not being treated with neuroleptics. there were lower levels of folate found in patients who were on more than 1 drug than those on a single medication. folic acid deficiency did not cause schizophrenia but folate deficiency is related to the severity of the disease, the chronicity of the disease and the medications use. folate supplements should be given to schizophrenic patients along with their other medications. rbc and serum folate concentrations in neuroleptic - treated and neuroleptic - free schizophrenic patients, ramchand, cn et al., j of nutritional medicine, 1992 ; 3 : 303 - 309. twenty - two female patients with anorexia nervosa, restricted type, 14 - 35 years old, were treated with a 4 - month course of combined cognitive - behavioral therapy, nutritional counselling and antidepressant drugs ( nortriptyline for 7, fluoxetine for 15 ). patients were monitored for body mass index ( bmi ), for eating disorder symptoms by the eating disorder inventory ( edi ) and the bulimic investigation test ( bite ) and for depression and anxiety by the hamilton rating scales for depression and for anxiety ( hrs - d and - a ). the scores were determined before and after 1, 2 and 4 months of therapy. bmi, depression, anxiety and edi scores", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4818548995187683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.112799"} {"text": "for depression and anxiety by the hamilton rating scales for depression and for anxiety ( hrs - d and - a ). the scores were determined before and after 1, 2 and 4 months of therapy. bmi, depression, anxiety and edi scores improved significantly and equally in both groups during the 4 months of therapy, while bite scores did not change. brambilla f et al., combined cognitive - behavioral, psychopharmacological and nutritional therapy in eating disorders. 1. anorexia nervosa - - restricted type. neuropsychobiology, 1995, 32 : 2, 59 - 63. research was conducted to obtain a profile of nutrition therapy currently in practice for patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia / bulimia ( mixed diagnosis ) and to identify the areas of dietetics education and research regarding eating disorders that need more attention. nutrition therapy administered varied among dietitians treating inpatients, outpatients, and both. three community groups were identified as most important to reach for prevention of eating disorders : junior high school students, coaches, and parents. crucial areas of research were perceived by 94 dietitians to be comparative effectiveness of techniques of medical nutrition therapy ( n = 55 ) and of techniques of prevention ( n = 26 ) and increased understanding of etiology in relation to identification of high - risk groups and prevention ( n = 21 ). dietitians desired further information on multiple topics related to eating disorders. medical nutrition therapy for eating disorders is a specialization that requires education and training beyond the minimum required for dietetic registration. some of the techniques required are unique to this specialization due, in part, to the psychological nature of the disorders. all dietitians, however, must be able to recognize and refer patients with eating disorders ; these skills must be included in basic undergraduate programs and internships. whisenant sl & smith ba : eating disorders : current nutrition therapy and perceived needs in dietetics education and research. j am diet assoc, 1995 oct, 95 : 10, 1109 - 12. reviews the toxicologic manifestations of ethanol abuse. hepatotoxicity of ethanol results from alcohol dehydrogenase - mediated excessive hepatic generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and acetaldehyde. alcohol also alters the degradation of key nutrients, thereby promoting deficiencies as well as toxic interactions with vitamin a and beta - carotene. conversely, nutritional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4768099167905461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.113797"} {"text": "of folate and cyanocobalamin status in a spanish elderly group, ortega, rm et al., international j of vitamin and nutrition research, 1993 ; 63 : 17 - 2 1. review of the roles of vitamin b 12 and folic acid in neuropsychiatric disorders in geriatric patients. vitamin b 12 and folic acid are important in the synthesis of serotonin, norepinephrine and myelin. normalizing serotonin synthesis helps regulate mood, sleep and appetite. they also are important in acetylcholine metabolism via s - adenosylmethione. poor vitamin b 12 and folic acid status in the geriatric population may be caused by poor absorption, decreased intrinsic factor, achlorhydria or dysfunction of coenzyme utilization. specifically at risk for deficiency are depressed and demented elderly psychiatric patients. vitamin b 12 and folate in acute geropsychiatric in patients, bell, ir : the nutrition report, january 1991 ; 9 ( l ) : i, 8. patients with vitiligo have been noted to have reduced levels of folic acid. b 12 is known to facilitate the reduction of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, a necessary prerequisite for the participation of folic acid enzyme reactions. vitamin b 12 and folic acid require each other ' s presence for biological reactions, and will not proceed without one another. the action of vitamin b 12 in assisting in pigmentation may be due to its ability to enhance myelin synthesis, which would support the neural basis for vitiligo considered by many investigators. ascorbic acid may be of value since it increases the stability of folic acid. in the case of scurvy, folic acid reduction may occur as a secondary alteration. ascorbic acid is important for the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. deficiencies of both folic acid and ascorbic acid induced an abnormality in tyrosine and phenylalanine metabolism. doses of folic acid up to 10 mgs / d. it was also noted that, with the addition of vitamins c and b 1 2, the repigmentation process was enhanced over folic acid alone. folic acid and vitamin b 12 in vitiligo : a nutritional approach, montes, l et al., cutis, july 1992 ; 50 : 39 - 42. zinc supplementation ( 1 ) india determined whether daily zinc supplement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5144416142951067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.118700"} {"text": ". folic acid and vitamin b 12 in vitiligo : a nutritional approach, montes, l et al., cutis, july 1992 ; 50 : 39 - 42. zinc supplementation ( 1 ) india determined whether daily zinc supplementation reduces the incidence and prevalence of acute diarrhea, especially in those with zinc deficiency. children 6 - 35 mo of age were randomly assigned to zinc ( n = 286 ) and control ( n = 293 ) groups and received a supplement daily for 6 mo. zinc gluconate ( 10 mg elemental zn ) was given, with both zinc and control groups also receiving multivitamins. the primary outcome measures determined by home visits every fifth day and physician examinations were the number of acute diarrheal episodes ( incidence ) and total diarrheal days ( prevalence ). zinc supplementation had no effect in children 6 - 11 mo old. in children aged > 11 mo there was significantly less diarrhea in the zinc group. in boys > 11 mo old, supplementation resulted in a 26 % lower diarrheal incidence and a 35 % lower prevalence. in zinc - supplemented girls > 11 mo of age, the incidence was 17 % lower and the prevalence was 19 % lower. overall, zinc supplementation resulted in a 17 % lower diarrheal incidence in children with plasma zinc concentrations < 9. 18 mumol / l at enrollment and a 33 % lower incidence in children with concentrations < 50 mumol / l. zinc supplementation had a significant effect on acute diarrheal morbidity in children > 11 mo old and in children with low plasma zinc concentrations. sazawal s et al., efficacy of zinc supplementation in reducing the incidence and prevalence of acute diarrhea - - a community - based, double - blind, controlled trial. am j clin nutr, 66 : 413 - 8, 1997 aug. zinc supplementation ( 2 ) ( guatemala ) measure the impact of zinc supplementation on young guatemalan children ' s morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections. high rates of diarrhea and respiratory infections were reported. children from the placebo group had a 20 % episodic prevalence of diarrhea, with 8 episodes / 100 d, and a 7 % episodic prevalence of respiratory infections, with 3 episodes / 100 d. the median incidence of diarrhea among children who received zinc supplementation was reduced by 22 % ( wilcoxon rank test ), with larger reductions among boys and among children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5127144183218992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.120695"} {"text": "% episodic prevalence of respiratory infections, with 3 episodes / 100 d. the median incidence of diarrhea among children who received zinc supplementation was reduced by 22 % ( wilcoxon rank test ), with larger reductions among boys and among children with weight - for - length at baseline lower than the median of the sample ( 39 % reductions in both subgroups ). zinc supplementation also produced a 67 % reduction in the percentage of children who had one or more episodes of persistent diarrhea. no significant effects were found on the episodic prevalence of diarrhea, the number of days per episode, or the episodic prevalence or incidence of respiratory infections. the large impact of zinc supplementation on diarrhea incidence suggests that young, rural guatemalan children may be zinc deficient and that zinc supplementation may be an effective intervention to improve their health and growth. ruel mt et al., impact of zinc supplementation on morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections among rural guatemalan children. pediatrics, 99 : 808 - 13, 1997 jun. hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly hyperhomocysteinemia in the elderly elderly people who do not consume enough folic acid due to high alcohol use or lack of supplementation have high homocysteine levels, according to this cross - sectional study conducted on 278 men and women older than 65 years during 1993. subjects with high folate intakes due to supplementation exhibited the lowest homocysteine levels. people who drank 60 alcoholic drinks / month or more had low folate levels and high homocysteine levels. also, homocysteine levels increased as doses of coffee and tea increased. koehler km, et al : association of folate intake and serum homocysteine in elderly persons according to vitamin supplementation and alcohol use, am j clin nutr 2001 mar ; 73 ( 3 ) : 628 - 37 risk of miscarriage risk of miscarriage folic acid supplements taken before and during early pregnancy do not seem to increase a mother ' s risk of miscarriage, according to this population - based study of chinese women. the women asked to participate in this study had taken part in a folic acid campaign before their first pregnancy to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects in their unborn children. the miscarriage rate of women who had taken pills containing 400 mg folic acid before and during early pregnancy was compared to those who had not. the rate of miscarriage among women who had taken f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5018889848471817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.122000"} {"text": "of neural tube defects in their unborn children. the miscarriage rate of women who had taken pills containing 400 mg folic acid before and during early pregnancy was compared to those who had not. the rate of miscarriage among women who had taken folic acid was 9. 0 % compared to 9. 3 % for women who had not taken the supplement. this finding suggests that daily consumption of 400 mg folic acid before pregnancy and during the first trimester does not heighten risk for miscarriage. gindler j : folic acid supplements during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage, lancet 2001 sep 8 ; 358 ( 9284 ) : 796 - 800 breast cancer risk breast cancer risk high dietary intake of folate may be inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer, according to this study on women in urban shanghai. the dietary habits of 1321 women and 1382 controls, all between the ages of 25 and 64, were assessed using food frequency questionnaires administered in person. none of the participants ever drank alcohol regularly or used vitamin supplements. dietary folate intake was highest among those women with the lowest risk of breast cancer according to unconditional logistic regression models used to analyze the questionnaire data. this correlation was most pronounced in women who consumed high levels of folate cofactors, including : methionine, vitamin b12, and vitamin b6. shrubsole mj, jin f, dai q, shu xo, potter jd, hebert jr, gao yt, zheng w : dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk : results from the shanghai breast cancer study, cancer res 2001 oct 1 ; 61 ( 19 ) : 7136 - 41 alzheimer ' s & folic acid folic acid deficiency may impede dna repair in neurons and leave them vulnerable to oxidative damage that leads to alzheimer ' s disease, according to this study. human cells from the hippocampal region of the brain were incubated in folic acid - deficient medium, in the presence of methotrexate, or homocysteine. each of these media induced cell death and rendered neurons vulnerable to mortality induced by amyloid beta - peptide, the major component of the amyloid plaques that characterize alzheimer ' s. amyloid precursor protein mutant transgenic mice given a folic - acid deficient diet also had increased cellular dna damage and hippocampal neurodegeneration, an effect not seen in wild - type mice. the levels of amyloid beta - peptide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4799208102370972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.123286"} {"text": "precursor protein mutant transgenic mice given a folic - acid deficient diet also had increased cellular dna damage and hippocampal neurodegeneration, an effect not seen in wild - type mice. the levels of amyloid beta - peptide in the brains of the folate - deficient mice remained static. kruman ii, et al : folic acid deficiency and homocysteine impair dna repair in hippocampal neurons and senstitize them to amyloid toxicity in experimental models of alzheimer ' s disease, j neurosci 2002 mar 1 ; 22 ( 5 ) : 1752 - 62 coronary artery disease & folic acid coronary artery disease according to this study, folic acid supplementation in the elderly diet may be a good way to reduce homocysteine levels, which are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and venous thrombosis. this randomized, double - blind, placebo - controlled trial tested the effects of 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 600 micrograms folic acid on plasma homocysteine in 368 participants aged 65 to 75. plasma homocysteine levels were measured at three and six weeks during the six - week long trial. homocysteine levels were only significantly lowered by the 400 and 600 microgram supplements. the results indicated that a total daily folic acid intake of 926 micrograms per day, as calculated by multiple linear regression, would be necessary to avoid cardiovascular risk from folate deficiency in 95 % of the elderly population. since this intake amount is relatively high to take in by diet alone, it is suggested that supplementation and fortification of food with folic acid would be beneficial to the elderly. rydlewicz a, simpson ja, taylor rj, bond cm, golden mh : the effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma homocysteine in an elderly population, qjm 2002 jan ; 95 ( 1 ) : 27 - 35 diarrhea & folic acid folic acid may have a use as adjunctive therapy in diarrhea that affects children, according to this study conducted in long - evans rats. a total of ten rats were given a raw red kidney bean - based diet containing lectin to induce diarrhea for ten days - five were given folic acid supplements ( 160 microg / g feed ) during and ten days before the experiment. the effects of folic acid were judged based on evaluations of fecal matter,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108211278147519, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.124330"} {"text": "##in to induce diarrhea for ten days - five were given folic acid supplements ( 160 microg / g feed ) during and ten days before the experiment. the effects of folic acid were judged based on evaluations of fecal matter, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and translocation of enteric bacteria into mesenteric lymph nodes. folic acid supplementation did not prevent weight loss or fecal output associated with diarrhea, but it did reduce the amount of enteric bacteria translocated into the mesenteric lymph nodes. it also showed signs of reducing indigenous bacteria adhering to jejunal mucosa. this mechanism may be of use in the prevention of bacterial infections that result as a complication of diarrhea in malnourished children. shoda r, mahalanabis d, islam kn, wahed ma, albert mj : folic acid supplementation on red kidney bean - induced diarrhoea and enteric bacterial translocation into mesenteric lymph nodes in rats : a pilot study, acta paediatr 2002 ; 91 ( 1 ) : 51 - 4 - product categories - amino acids & muscle health - arthritis care - brain / mood health - daily health - detox & immunity - digestive health - energy & stamina - eye health - fatty acids - heart health - hormonal health - joint & bone health - men ' s testosterone - skin, hair & nails - oahu lou ' s sun - wise - sleep support - vitamins & minerals - weight loss - popular products - cellrenew collagen hyaluronic acid - foundation blue - green algae - dream health system - go heads up - liver cleanse - reference materials - product testimonials - recent health journals - health journal archive - health briefs - health basics - frequent product q & a ' s - excellent question - med - scope ( health database ) - health conditions - natural solutions - alternative therapies - toxicity sources - foods advice - anatomy & fitness... how to naturally boost testosterone with high t. you are worth it... and so is she. like a pebble tossed in a pond, when melanoma touches life, it can ' t help but effect those around it. applied health journal ' honoring independence day ' applied health journal is a registered publication in the library of congress,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44042388640349284, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.125328"} {"text": "so, you ' ve created a few projects with arduino, and now it ' s time to kick it up a notch. where do you go next? with pro arduino, you ' ll learn about new tools, techniques, and frameworks to make even more ground - breaking, eye - popping projects. almost every arduino hacker or maker attempts progressively more complex projects. catering to this curiosity and yen for advancement with practical arduino engineering, harold timmis explains and helps to implement sound engineering principles, making them accessible to those who would prefer to build things rather than attend college. create your own arduino - based designs, gain in - depth knowledge of the architecture of arduino, and learn the user - friendly arduino language. get hands - on experience using a variety of projects and recipes, from home automation to test equipment. whether you are just getting started with personal 3d printing or already have a little experience, practical 3d printers explains everything you need to know to calibrate and customize your printer, and find, design, and create amazing objects from digital 3d models. beginning sensor networks with arduino and raspberry pi will teach you how to build sensor networks with arduino, raspberry pi, and xbee, and will even show you how to turn your raspberry pi into a database server for your sensor data!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4623458332590256, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.126797"} {"text": "stereo - b triangle ufo an odd triangle shaped object captured on video december 27 \u2013 29 by nasa \u2019 s stereo - b spacecraft is the latest video which ufo hunters and conspiracy theorists believe depicts an enormous triangle ufo in outer space heading towards earth. nasa \u2019 s stereo - b spacecraft is one of two probes parked on either side of the sun which together produces a 360 view of the inner solar s system. ufo hunters claim that the video depicts venus, earth and on the opposite side heading towards earth ; a mysterious huge triangle shaped ufo. according to the claims of the ufo conspiracists, in comparison with the planetary objects within view the actual size of the ufo would be immense. this is not the first time that ufo hunters have discovered what they believed to be a gigantic ufo among images captured by these stereo probes. however, this time the team of scientists at nasa who work with the data from the probes decided to address the claim directly. in a nutshell, the scientists at nasa explained the ufo seen on the on the video is actually just a trick of light. the nasa scientists wrote, at the same time as the strange looking feature ( ufo ) starts becoming visible, the very bright planet venus enters the field of view from the lower left. the scientists emphasized that venus and the triangle seen opposite each other across the middle of the field remain in step as they move and this is because the strange triangle shaped object is actually an internal reflection of the planet venus within the telescope optics. in this optical phenomenon, incoming light reflects back and forth both off lenses and mirrors inside the telescope. the shapes of artifacts produced by the scattered light typically are triangles and circles of various sizes depending on the relative orientations of those lenses and mirrors within the telescope. in fact, this effect has been observed many times before, according to scientists and nasa. so what do you think was the ufo real?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5139446412159545, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.128939"} {"text": "pakistan \u2019 s federal government has decided to direct the manufacturers of the genetically modified foods to put labels on all of their products. this step has been taken to save the consumers from the malpractices and market manipulations by the food industry. this will also help the consumers to decide whether they should us gm foods or not. currently, the government is considering different viable options to regulate this sector. a concept paper entitled as \u201c genetically modified organisms and food labelling \u2019 is a centre of all the deliberations. it is hard to decide for the policy makers whether to make labelling mandatory or let it be optional \u2014 the first option will increase the production cost of the gm foods manifold. it is hoped that the government will soon come up with a feasible policy to put the gm foods sector under the ambit of hygiene and health laws. at the international level, the labelling laws for gm food vary greatly. some countries have made it compulsory while some take it as a volunteer act. there are some states which do not even bother about it. according to doctors and nutritionists, labelling must be mandatory as it is directly linked to the health of the consumers. however, the gm food producers are not ready to accept it. the government does not seem to be sparing this sector at any cost as some issues of malpractice have erupted recently. thus, the gm foods labelling is likely to become mandatory within the coming few weeks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4772025778938613, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.130899"} {"text": "science in christian perspective man on a spaceship * william c. pollard oak ridge associated universities oak ridge, tennessee from : jasa 21 ( june 1969 ) : 34 - 39. the key to the twentieth century the earth, in common with the other planets of the solar system and the sun itself, was formed by condensation out of a gravitationally collapsing cloud of gas and dust some 4, 600 million years ago. its history since that time has almost certainly been much richer than that of any of the other planets. it is probable that all of them initially had rather extensive atmospheres of hydrogen, ammonia, and methane, the same as those still retained by the major planets jupiter and saturn. during the first one or two billion years of the earth ' s history, the action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun on this atmosphere, combined with electrical discharges within it, produced free radicals of nitrogen and carbon with hydrogen. reactions of these energy - rich free radicals with methane and ammonia then produced a variety of amino acids and other basic organic components of living systems. these processes must have occurred to some extent on all the planets in their early history. gradually the smaller planets, including the earth, lost their primordial atmospheres through escape of hydrogen from their gravitational fields. through volcanic activity a great deal of water of crystallization was released, and the earth acquired its oceans. as the oceans grew in volume, the organic materials produced out of its shrinking original atmosphere accumulated within them. the combination of these materials with phosphoric acid and dissolved ammonia in the primordial ocean produced in time, by processes not now understood, the elementary components of living systems. the earliest evidence of life that we have at present comes from the gunflint iron formation on the north shore of lake superior near schreiber beach, ontario. a chert in this formation, whose age is 1, 900 million years, contains the fossils of many single celled microorganisms somewhat like modern algae. thus cellular life had developed in the oceans two billion years ago. very slowly through photosynthesis these organisms replaced carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with free oxygen. in time the oxygen built up sufficiently to produce an ozone layer in the upper atmosphere which thereafter has effectively shielded out the intensive ultraviolet radiation from the sun. as a result of this and other changes in the environment, the evolution of life took a new turn some 600 million years ago. geologically the period is known as the cambrian. in it the evolution of a variety of multicellular organisms was initiated and elaborated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5496267316099677, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.155094"} {"text": "a result of this and other changes in the environment, the evolution of life took a new turn some 600 million years ago. geologically the period is known as the cambrian. in it the evolution of a variety of multicellular organisms was initiated and elaborated. the earth began to acquire a biosphere. by 300 million years ago the land was well covered with vegetation and populated by land reptiles and insects. in this period the great coal beds and oil fields of the earth were laid down. man in the form of our biological species homo sapiens is one of the most recent to appear on the planet, arriving a mere thirty - five thousand years ago. during the first thirty thousand years he had very little effect on the balance of nature on the earth, over and above the effect which the introduction of any other new species had on it. the emergence of human civilizations, of cities and empires, literature and science, has all taken place in the last five thousand years. even these developments, however, left vast areas of the earth largely untouched by man. our century, the twentieth, is unique in the whole history of our species on the planet, and indeed in the whole incredibly longer history of the earth itself. there is nothing in these previous histories to which it can be compared. we find ourselves in the midst of revolutionary changes of a magnitude and scope far beyond that of any other cataclysm which the earth has experienced throughout its billions of years. the genesis summary a remarkably applicable key to these questions is found in a summary statement at the end of the first chapter of genesis in the bible. although this chapter is based on the prevailing babylonian cosmology of the fifth century b. c., the summary at the end of it relating to man is, as we shall see, remarkably applicable to our present concern. this summary occurs with considerable repetition in verses 26 through 28. \" so, \" it begins by way of definitive summation, \" so, cod created man in his own image and blessed them and said to them ; ' be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth and subdue it ; and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth. ' \" this remarkable statement about man and his destiny in the earth has waited thirty - five thousand years to reach fulfillment, but is now with breathtaking speed being realized before our eyes. only in the twentieth century has it been at all true of man ' s status on the earth. in it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5237457125307327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.156344"} {"text": "destiny in the earth has waited thirty - five thousand years to reach fulfillment, but is now with breathtaking speed being realized before our eyes. only in the twentieth century has it been at all true of man ' s status on the earth. in it we can find a key to the meaning of the twentieth century. have dominion over the earth all during the intervening twenty - four hundred or so years since this summation was written, it has not been really descriptive of man ' s status in the earth. vast areas, even whole continents, of the earth ' s surface were only sparsely if at all settled by man. man thought consciously of himself as a minority species among many other species. human settlements were for the most part tiny islands in the midst or on the edge of vast forests or jungles in which the wild beasts held sway. he exercised a limited dominion over his own flocks of sheep, herds of cattle, horse, and dog. but always there was danger and uncertainty as everwatchful tigers or wolves lurked in the shadows ready to pounce at the first opportunity. he exercised no dominion over two basic essentials, the world of microorganisms and the fertility of the soil. pestilence, plague, and famine were ever - present threats periodically actualized in terrible scourges before which man stood helpless. since he was bound to the earth ' s surface, the birds of the air remained beyond his reach. for all his cleverness as a fisherman and sailor, the sea remained vast and alien in which creatures large and small disported themselves oblivious of man and his ways. the dominion over the earth exercised by man was token and symbolic at best, and he was very, very far indeed from having subdued the whole earth to his purposes. be fruitful and multiply man had been fruitful through previous centuries, but disease and famine prevented him from multiplying. at the beginning of the christian era there were only about 300 million human beings on the earth. it required seventeen centuries to double this number to 600 million. then in 1820, for the first time, the world population of species homo sapiens passed the one billion mark. by 1930 it had doubled to two billion. just a few years ago, in the early sixties, it passed three billion. by 1977 it will have reached four billion, by 1990 five billion, and by the end of this century, in the year 2000, it will be well beyond six billion, and the world will be just twice as crowded as it is now. clearly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5296664904293162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.157513"} {"text": "by 1977 it will have reached four billion, by 1990 five billion, and by the end of this century, in the year 2000, it will be well beyond six billion, and the world will be just twice as crowded as it is now. clearly our century, the twentieth, is the one in which the biblical injunction to be \" fruitful and multiply and fill the earth \" is at last being fulfilled. it is true of no other time in history. to us and to our generation the lot has fallen to experience the fulfillment of the purpose asserted for man when he began to inhabit this planet thirty - five thousand years ago ; namely, that he should in the fullness of time multiply and fill the whole earth. it is a startling thought. subdue the earth but the same century, the twentieth, marks the fulfillment of the rest of the injunction as well. there are many living today whose childhood was spent in the first decade of this century before the advent of either the automobile or the airplane, electric lights or appliances, radio or tv. in just the span of a single life time they have seen the whole face of the earth transformed by the phenomenon of technology. a jet flight over almost any part of the earth today provides striking evidence of this transformation. everywhere the fields and highways, factories and cities of man stretch endlessly in every direction. the great primeval forests of the earth are rapidly shrinking and by the end of this century will have essentially disappeared. this is true not only of the developed portions of the earthjapan, america, europe, and russia - but of those areas we consider underdeveloped as wellasia, africa, and latin america. even where the people continue economically depressed, technology in the form of steel mills and factories, highways and airports, dams, power plants, and machinery is everywhere in evidence. in this century man has not only filled the whole planet but he has subdued it as well and taken effective dominion over every creature. the end of wilderness in recent years wilderness and wildlife societies have been formed with a sense of panic about them. even in africa, which we still think of as a continent teeming with wild and exotic animals in a natural state, the true situation is one of the rapidly approaching extinction of many species. with the best that these societies, or any of us, can do, by the end of this century the only wild animals left on the earth will be found in zoos or scattered national parks maintained by man for their protection. all the rest of the planet will he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49415021941259063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.158713"} {"text": "these societies, or any of us, can do, by the end of this century the only wild animals left on the earth will be found in zoos or scattered national parks maintained by man for their protection. all the rest of the planet will he devoted directly to man and his needs : to the production of his food and of the water and energy to do his work ; his vast cities and the system of highways, air lanes, and seaways linking them together ; his recreation and pleasures, foibles, fancies, and vanities. occasionally he will visit a zoo or a wildlife preserve and sense the pathos of a vanished world before man took his cod - given dominion over it, and feel a sharp nostalgia for the earth as it was before man filled it and subdued it. over all the rest of the earth every square inch of arable land will be devoted to human agriculture in which all that grows and moves will be specially selected crossbreeds far removed from the wild varieties which covered the earth before man began to exercise his dominion over them. all that lives will be especially suited to the needs of man ; any creature which fails to meet this standard will be bred out of existence. yet this vast change in the status of living things on this planet is the work of but a single century in the whole 4, 600 million - year history of the earth. thirty - three years to go we have just thirty - three years to go in this century. it is a dreadfully short period in which to accommodate ourselves to the things which are so rapidly coming upon us, and to accomplish all that must be accomplished for man to continue his existence on the planet at any reasonable standard of living. in this brief period technological and social changes must somehow be achieved which dwarf in magnitude all others which have occurred in our past history and which have been accomplished over much greater time spans. it has become of the utmost importance for all of us to see as clearly as possible the character, direction, and challenges of the revolution through which the earth is passing. the most effective image i have found for this purpose is based on recognizing that the earth is fast becoming a spaceship carrying mankind on a long journey through space. i am indebted to kenneth boulding for this image, which is partly developed in his important and stimulating book, the meaning of the twentieth century. 1 recently the british economist barbara ward has employed this same image most effectively in a book entitled spaceship earth. 2 now that our astronauts completely encircle the earth in less than two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385883319466294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.159980"} {"text": "in his important and stimulating book, the meaning of the twentieth century. 1 recently the british economist barbara ward has employed this same image most effectively in a book entitled spaceship earth. 2 now that our astronauts completely encircle the earth in less than two hours, and the rest of us can get jet flights to almost any part of the earth in twelve hours, we have all come to see the earth as small enough and compact enough to be thought of as a spaceship. the atmosphere of the earth is an ideal radiation shield, transparent to light, but very effectively shielding us from the fierce ultra - violet, x - rays, and higher energy radiations of outer space. in this the earth fulfills admirably one of the primary requisites of a well - designed spaceship. during its long prehuman history, the earth has been prepared with a wealth of supplies now required by man, when he has filled the earth and subdued it, to carry him on his long journey through space from now on. over long stretches of its geologic history, the processes which have concentrated ores of iron, copper, uranium, and other vital metals have by now well stocked the earth with them for man ' s requirements. later in its history coal beds and oil fields were laid down slowly over 100 million years to provide vast reserves of fossilized fuels for man ' s utilization, primarily in the twentieth century and after. it is as though some hidden designer had been at work for the last billion years or so specifically preparing the earth to become the spaceship for this creature who is now rapidly filling the earth and subduing it to his own uses. there are several fundamental requirements for a satisfactory spaceship. first it must have an adequate source of energy which will last throughout the trip. next it must have an adequate food supply or means of producing food for the crew throughout the journey. the air and water reserves in the ship must be kept pure and adequate for all needs. wastes must be reprocessed or disposed of in ways which will not contaminate the ship. and, finally, the crew must not he allowed to increase in numbers, and it must remain unified throughout the journey. divisions into warring rival subcrews or interpersonal conflicts between crew members would be catastrophic in a spaceship on an extended voyage. energy and water all these elements of a spaceship economy face us in a particularly acute form as we move into the last third of this century. consider first the basic requirements for energy and water. these are interrelated, and the key to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5776592903251558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.161164"} {"text": "voyage. energy and water all these elements of a spaceship economy face us in a particularly acute form as we move into the last third of this century. consider first the basic requirements for energy and water. these are interrelated, and the key to both is nuclear energy. as we consider the vast requirements which face us in the immediate future, it seems remarkably providential that man should have stumbled on nuclear energy and the possibility of its controlled utilization less than thirty years ago. although, spurred by the terrible threat of hitler ' s nazi germany, it was first developed destructively, its discovery has come barely in time to make our continued occupancy of our spaceship possible. until only a dozen years ago, man was exclusively dependent on chemical energy ( with the minor exception of hydroelectric power ) derived from the burning of fossilized fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, with the oxygen of the atmosphere. this form of energy is exceedingly rare, even esoteric, in the universe as a whole. there are very few spots other than the earth in the entire universe where the necessary ingredients for such energy can be found. nuclear energy, on the other hand, is extremely common and universally present throughout all creation. our sun is a natural hydrogen bomb in process of continuous explosion and so are the other so - called \" main sequence \" stars. our galaxy, the milky way, contains some hundred billion such stars, and all the other galaxies are equally thickly populated with them. cod has made more hydrogen bombs than he has anything else. there is nothing more common or more natural and universal in all creation. in the fullness of time it was inevitable that man in the fulfillment of the promise made at his creation would come to exercise dominion over this universal element of nature as well. to us and to our generation the lot has fallen to experience the fulfillment of the purpose asserted for man when he began to inhabit this planet thirtyfive thousand years ago ; namely, that he should in the fullness of time multiply and fill the whole earth. it is a startling thought. most discussions of nuclear energy today seem to miss completely this natural character of it. instead it is discussed as though it were a purely something introduced into the scheme of things by human technical ingenuity but not intended to he contained in the world as god prepared it for moreover, such discussions tend to concentrate almost exclusively on aspects as though its only role in human affairs were that of placing upon man the terrible burden of our arsenals of nuclear weapons. both of these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5996300289704293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.162328"} {"text": "to he contained in the world as god prepared it for moreover, such discussions tend to concentrate almost exclusively on aspects as though its only role in human affairs were that of placing upon man the terrible burden of our arsenals of nuclear weapons. both of these a dangerous distortion of the true situation. hydrogen, lithium, thorium, and uranium are natural, pre - existent fuels just as much, if not more so, as are coal and oil. in the same way gasoline can be burned in a controlled manner to produce useful energy or made into napalm bombs for destructive purposes. else in nature over which man exercises dominion, he can exercise it either for a blessing or for a curse. this is the true status of nuclear energy. the true role of nuclear energy for man becomes abundantly clear when we consider the postrevolutionary status of man on this planet in the twenty - first century. with the earth then supporting a total population in excess of seven billion human beings, we are forced to contemplate a radically different world from the one we knew before the revolution in the midst of which we now find ourselves began. to support such a population in a continuous and stable way will require an immense consumption of energy on a scale far greater than any we have seen so far. it will also require vast quantities of fresh water, mainly for irrigation of great desert areas of the earth not previously required for agriculture. both the requirements for energy and for water can be met only with nuclear energy. we have already reached the danger point with water, and soon it is inevitable that we shall see more and more large nuclear - powered desalinization plants constructed along ocean shores all over the earth. whether we burn the rocks ( by extracting uranium for nuclear fission reactors ) or burn the sea ( by extracting deuterium for thermonuclear power plants ), adequate reserves of nuclear fuels are available in the earth for many millenia. coal and oil will be carefully husbanded and burned as fuel only for small mobile power systems, such as automobiles and airplanes. for electric power, desalted water, and space heating, nuclear power will be universally used. there is no other longterm alternative. thus by the end of this century nuclear power and sea water desalting plants will be commonplace in every country of the world. this is an essential requirement for the maintenance of the population which the earth will then be sustaining. considerations such as these show how essential to human welfare it is that man should now he exercising his god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5471247169628137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.163458"} {"text": "plants will be commonplace in every country of the world. this is an essential requirement for the maintenance of the population which the earth will then be sustaining. considerations such as these show how essential to human welfare it is that man should now he exercising his godgiven dominion over nuclear fuels. in retrospect it is providential that the key discoveries which make it possible for man to use nuclear energy were made just when they were. otherwise we would be facing the gravest problems of human survival on the planet for a period just a few decades away from the present. the blessing which man derives from his exercise of dominion over nuclear fuels is far greater and more crucial than has been generally realized. on the other hand, the corollary wide - spread distribution of nuclear fuels among all countries large and small is charged with terrifying possibilities. by the end of the century nuclear fuels are bound to be as common and universal as coal is now. in such a world any country large or small can fabricate these plentiful fuels into nuclear weapons at any time it wishes to. the problem of proliferation of nuclear weapons which so concerns us now will appear very different then. the specter of vast destruction in a nuclear holocaust can only grow more acute as time goes on. this too is an essential aspect of man ' s exercise of dominion over nature. we cannot have the possibility of blessing without the possibility of curse. since it is man who exercises the dominion, it is man alone who determines whether it will be made a blessing or a curse. hydrogen and uranium are inert. like alcohol, dynamite, or morphine, they can be applied to either end by him who exercises dominion over them. the need for water is closely tied in with the need for food. we are already running dangerously short of food for the world ' s explosively increasing population. the vast surpluses of grain and other staples which have plagued our agricultural system in this country for so many years are now gone. we will never see them again. instead, restrictions on land under cultivation will be rapidly removed in the next few years, and the united states and canada will be shipping greatly increased tonnages of grain and other foods to india, pakistan, and china, and perhaps for several years to russia as well. at the same time extensive increases in world fertilizer production which are already under way will be accelerated and the productivity of land in these countries which is already under cultivation will be greatly increased. all of these steps, however, will be adequate for not much more than another five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5474236600850994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.164622"} {"text": "increases in world fertilizer production which are already under way will be accelerated and the productivity of land in these countries which is already under cultivation will be greatly increased. all of these steps, however, will be adequate for not much more than another five years or so. to prepare ourselves for double the population at the end of this century, we must between now and then add an average of some thirty million acres of new land each year to that already under cultivation. since most of this new land must come from desert areas of the earth ' s surface, we must arrange to supply it with about twenty billion gallons of fresh water per day, and we must add this much new water supply each year. it is as though some hidden designer had been at work for the last billion years or so specifically preparing the earth to become the spaceship for this creature who is now rapidly filling the earth and subduing it to his own uses. this is a staggering requirement, but we at oak ridge are convinced that it is now technologically feasible. the oak ridge national laboratory has developed a prototype nuclear power reactor, the molten salt reactor, which promises to provide abundant energy at very low cost. the laboratory is also the in the united states for research and development of nuclear with very largescale installations, it is technically feasible to billion gallons of fresh water from the sea per day at a cost comparable to that for present irrigation water, with associated large - scale production power at costs well below those of tva today. nothing we do in nuclear desalinization of the sea will compare, however, with the evaporative power of that natural nuclear power plant, the sun. the action of the sun generates a known supply of 14 million billion gallons of fresh water per day which is twentyfive times the requirement of a world population of six billion people. this supply, however, is distributed very unevenly for agricultural purposes. to utilize even a small portion of it will require major engineering projects. one such project diverts three rivers in australia which used to flow to the coast and into the sea through tunnels through the snowy mountains where they will irrigate arid valleys in the interior and generate two and a half million kilowatts of electricity in addition. in this country the diversion of the colorado to the los angeles area, the imperial valley, and mexico is under consideration, together with the huge feather river project in northern california. the most ambitious project of this sort would reverse the flow of rivers in northern canada, which now flow into the arctic ocean, so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5142657371650778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.166724"} {"text": "angeles area, the imperial valley, and mexico is under consideration, together with the huge feather river project in northern california. the most ambitious project of this sort would reverse the flow of rivers in northern canada, which now flow into the arctic ocean, so as to provide 160 billion gallons per day to the western deserts of the united states and mexico. russia may in time reverse the flow of the ob, the lena, and the yenisei rivers to supply tillable but arid regions there. similar major projects are possible in china. given sufficient time, the dominion which man already knows how to exercise over the earth seems adequate, therefore, to provide food for a population of around ten billion people or even more. but the tragedy of the present decade is that we do not have time enough to carry out such projects before largescale famines will set in. by 1970 famine of catastrophic proportions seems inevitable in india, pakistan, and china. it will be a calamity unparalleled in human history, involving death by starvation for numbers running into the hundreds of millions. we have somewhat longer in south america, but, unless major projects can be initiated in the next few years, famine of comparable proportions will occur there by 1980. these are some of the realities of our filling the earth and trying to achieve the means in such a short time to subdue it and convert it into our spaceship. in the long run, say thirty or forty years, we have the technological means to provide enough food. but the immediate needs are so pressing and are increasing so rapidly that there seems no possibility of avoiding short - term catastrophe. another spaceship requirement which is already becoming crucial, particularly in the united states, is the necessity for adequate reprocessing and disposal of all wastes. air pollution, particularly in los angeles and new york, has become a problem already of crisis proportions. the pollution with industrial and human wastes of our rivers and lakes has reached such levels that vigorous national programs of control seem to he imminent. in another ten or twenty years, however, the same problems will plague the whole earth. rapid world - wide industrialization will soon persuade all nations that this is a planetary, not a local, problem. the earth is a single spaceship with a single atmosphere and single water system. with a population over double that presently on the earth, waste reprocessing and pollution control will have become recognized planetary necessities requiring a world - wide system of controls. here again the technological means for achieving adequate control of atmospheric and fresh water purity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5269235226626253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.168735"} {"text": "a population over double that presently on the earth, waste reprocessing and pollution control will have become recognized planetary necessities requiring a world - wide system of controls. here again the technological means for achieving adequate control of atmospheric and fresh water purity are either available now or seem assured in the next ten years. most of the industrial effluents now fouling our rivers and lakes could be processed with equipment already on the market to recover and process chemicals and pay off the initial capital investment in three to ten years. air pollution from industrial and utility plants can be similarly controlled, although at some additional cost. in time fuel cells or improved rechargeable batteries must replace gasoline for automobiles and trucks. the whole problem is now more political and economic than technical. its solution threatens deeply intrenched interests and firmly established patterns, and so will be accompanied by considerable social and political stress and strain. but the ultimate demands of a spaceship economy will in time force a solution. these problems of energy, water, food, and waste handling arise from and are created by the explosive increase in human population which is now going on. as we have seen, in the remaining third of this century man will have fulfilled the biblical injunction to be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. but an inescapable corollary of this injunction faces us now with terrible urgency. because the earth is in fact a spaceship for man ' s journey, it is essential that once the earth has been filled by man, he must stop being fruitful and cease further multiplication. moreover, this must be accomplished within a generation, or certainly within no more than two generations. the children of today ' s college graduates must, as they approach adulthood, already have started the process which their children must complete ; namely that of separating human sexuality from procreation. all over the world this process will involve a profound religious and moral readjustment. yet there is no viable alternative to such a transformation. what god required of man during the long centuries before he filled the earth is quite different from what he will require of man after he has done so. this seems clear enough. once the crew of the spaceship has reached its full complement, there is an absolute requirement that it not be allowed any further increase. yet no other requirement calls for such a deep - seated readjustment in long - established religious, moral, and social patterns, or is more resolutely resisted by mankind. the children of today ' s college graduates must... already have started the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4852049871889246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.170846"} {"text": "requirement calls for such a deep - seated readjustment in long - established religious, moral, and social patterns, or is more resolutely resisted by mankind. the children of today ' s college graduates must... already have started the process which their children must complete ; namely that of separating human sexuality from procreation. all over the world this process will involve a profound religious and moral readjustment. yet there is no viable alternative. this problem of achieving a stable human population on the planet dwarfs all others in both urgency and difficulty. yet one way or another it must and will be achieved. i am fearful that only after famines of awful proportions and their social paroxysms will sufficient pressure have been brought to bear to force men to a solution. but there is no other way out. in the end sometime in century, and hopefully early in the century, a stable planetary population will have been achieved at somewhere between six and ten billion human beings. when this has been done the requirements of that population for energy, fresh water, food, and pure air can and will be met, although most of the and scientific and technological skill of humanity will be absorbed by this task. unity in the crew the last, and certainly the most difficult problem in achieving a satisfactory occupancy of our spaceship, is the requirement of unity in the crew. it is to this aspect of the problem that barbara ward ' s book, spaceship earth, 2 to which we have already referred, is devoted. when we consider the vast social and political problems which presently confront mankind, the ultimate unification of man on the planet which must somehow he achieved seems almost unattainable. there are radical conflicts in ideology dividing the world into two vast armed camps. as we crowd closer together on the earth the way must, and, i feel confident, will be found for holding these ideologies in some kind of creative balance. other tensions arising out of deep historic hurts maintain local conflicts in the middle east, southeast asia, among african tribes, and elsewhere on the earth. america and south africa are powder kegs of racial tension between white and black. doubtless the achievement of what barbara ward calls a \" balance of ideology \" will involve paroxysms along the way of an intensity greater than any we have so far known. but each will, i believe, bring us closer to that unity which our spaceship status requires. each of these adjustments will involve, as miss ward so fully describes, a move toward a \" balance of power \" and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5655300007131088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.172811"} {"text": "any we have so far known. but each will, i believe, bring us closer to that unity which our spaceship status requires. each of these adjustments will involve, as miss ward so fully describes, a move toward a \" balance of power \" and a \" balance of wealth \" in addition to the balance of ideology. all represent drastic changes in the world of warring nation states, of haves and have - nots, which we know now. yet her searching analysis of all these problems does lead to a kind of guarded optimism about the ultimate outcome. 1kenneth e. boulding, the meaning of the twentieth century ( new york : harper & row, 1965 ). 2barbara ward, spaceship earth ( new york : colombia university press, 1966 ). * \" title of a special guest lecture at the annual convention of the asa at calvin college, grand rapids, michigan, august 21, 1968. dr. pollard, ph. u. in physics from rice university, became executive director of the oak ridge institute of nuclear studies in 1947, and president of the oak ridge associated universities in 1966. he was ordained a deacon in the protestant episcopal church in 1952, and a priest in 1954. dr. pollard is the author of physicist and christian, on the fermi theory of the beta roy type of radioactive disintegration, and chance and providence. this article is based on chapters 1 and 2 of his book, man on a spaceship, published in 1967 by the claremont colleges, claremont, california 91711, and reprinted here with permission of author and publisher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5989377326761787, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.173412"} {"text": "the mission of the ashwaubenon physical education department is to promote health, physical fitness and wellness from kindergarten through the high school years using a variety of age - appropriate activities. physical education contributes to the total growth of the child through movement experiences and physical activity. kindergarten physical education your child will have pe for 3, 30 - minute classes per week. during this time they will participate in age - appropriate activities that often integrate what they are learning in the classroom with physical activity. colors, numbers, shapes, patterns will be put into action! activities include : the physical skills they learn this year include locomotor skills ( run, gallop, skip, hop, etc. ), body awareness, cooperative games, ball and striking skills, and low - organized games. physical education class is also a great opportunity to work on the social skills, such as following directions, working with others and taking turns. for your child \u2019 s safety, each student is required to wear gym shoes or tennis shoes for physical education. if your child wears open - toes ( sandals ) or dress shoes to school, please pack a pair of gym shoes on their pe day to change into or keep a spare pair in their locker. feel free to observe or join in a class at any time.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4726730347022168, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.175277"} {"text": "dates : b. 1851 ; 1885 to the us and nyc ; 1904 to rimr ; d. 1920 locations : practicing physician, nyc ( late 1890s ) ; physiologist and member, rockefeller institute for medical research ( 1904 \u2011 1920 ) training : md in germany under helmholtz, du bois \u2011 reymond, and hugo kronecker sab involvement : charter sab member ( present 1900, 1902 meetings ) ; resigned sab 1917 ; founder of ny society for experimental biology and medicine ; founder of society for clinical investigation archives files : nat. cyc. american biog. 15, 1916 ; dsb meltzer was over 50 when appointed to the rimr. he was trained initially as a physiologist, and was appointed the first of that title. he was trained in germany, and left the country because of his being a jew. he was, according to corner the epitome of the effort to combine laboratory work and medical practice. his soc. for clin. invest. was called the young terms. meltzer studied the effect of adrenaline. he also had an odd notion of \" factors of safety \" or the general biological law of adaptation of the organism to environmental stress. at the 1900 meeting of the sab, he presented \" a few experimental data on hypodermic injections, \" which was discussed by sedgwick and park. at the 1908 sab meeting, meltzer discussed the \" mechanical destruction of tetanus toxin. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45324093316657166, "token_count": 301, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.176826"} {"text": "lupus and norma - downloadable article on the fringes of the southern milky way, planetary nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies liven up the modest wolf and carpenter ' s square. march 3, 2009 | this downloadable article is from an astronomy magazine 45 - article series called \" celestial portraits. \" the collection highlights all 88 constellations in the sky and explains how to observe each constellation ' s deep - sky targets. the articles feature star charts, stunning pictures, and constellation mythology. we ' ve put together 11 digital packages. each one contains four celestial portraits articles for you to purchase and download. | \" lupus and norma \" is one of four articles included in celestial portraits package 10. the skies become more and more starry in the hours preceding the celestial arrival of the milky way ' s center. in this region, the narrow stream of the milky way pools into a wide lake whose edges extend some 20\u00b0 away from the plane of the galaxy ' s disk. the stellar activity picks up in the constellation lupus the wolf. a modest - sized constellation spanning 334 square degrees, it contains 10 stars brighter than 4th magnitude among a preponderance of fainter naked - eye stars. many of them share the same distance : six of the seven brightest members of lupus are about 500 light - years away. however, it ' s difficult to form a wolf or any other pattern out of this jumble of bright stars. to read the complete article, purchase and download celestial portraits package 10. | deep - sky targets in lupus and norma | ic 4406, ngc 5643, ngc 5749, eso 274 - 1, ngc 5882, ngc 5925, ngc 5927, menzel 1, ngc 5986, shapley 1, ngc 6067, sl 8, menzel 2, ngc 6087, ngc 6134, ngc 6152, ngc 6167", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4803152421999348, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.178540"} {"text": "ughhhhh, i can ' t ever remember! beginning reader lesson to become successful, independent readers, students must first understand phonemes. vowel sounds are very important when first learning letter sounds. this lesson is designed help students recognize words with the correspondence u = / u /. book : bud the sub dry erase board and markers list of words : sub, bud, tub, mud, tuck, cup, up, pup ( words without u to throw in - mad, bed, dog, sad, lot ) tongue twister : \" the unusual man was under the ugly umbrella. \" 1. introduce the u = / u / correspondence and how to hear it in spoken words. today we are going to learn about the letter u. everyone put your finger on your chin and make a sound like your thinking about something. everyone say \" uhhhhhhh. \" i want someone to tell me what your mouth does when you make that sound. good job! your mouth opens and your tongue stays still. let ' s all say it together. now i am going to say some words and you tell me which ones have the letter u in them. 2. does everyone know what a u looks like? i will draw one on the board. now i am going to write some of the words we listened to earlier that had u in them and some of them that didn ' t, and i want us to find the u ' s as a class. each student should have at least one chance to point out the u or say no u. 3. i will write a tongue twister on the board. \" the unusual man was under the ugly umbrella. \" who has heard of a tongue twister? well, i am going to say one to you all and then we are going to say it together. this will help us practice the u sound. after we have said the tongue twister a few times, i will have them listen to me and clap when they hear a word with u in it. then we will practice the tongue twister a few more times. 4. i will pass out student copies to bud the sub. the students will sit in groups and will be required to each read at least one page of the book until they have read the entire book. 5. after reading the book, the students will have had more opportunities seeing the word, and we will practice writing the letter u. i will write it on the board. i will have drawn a line that looks like their primary paper. i will write on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5183355274045933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.182314"} {"text": "use it or lose it : preventing cognitive decline changes in cognitive function, such as slow speed of information processing, are common in normal aging. however, there is considerable variation among individuals, and cognitive decline is not inevitable. in fact, many older adults appear to avoid cognitive decline into their ninth decade of life, and some even beyond. the best news of all is that some risk factors for cognitive decline are potentially manageable, according to researchers. three types of cognitive decline with aging have been recognized : risk factors for cognitive decline a number of research studies have identified common risk factors for cognitive decline. some of these risk factors include : if you have a medical condition that may be causing your cognitive decline, talk to your doctor. vital activities for a vital mind as you age, changes occur throughout your body, including in your brain. but while it may take older adults longer than younger people to do certain cognitive activities, like complex memory tests, some areas of mental ability may even improve, such as vocabulary. certain activities can assist older adults in increasing their capacity to learn and adapt as they age. stay socially active one study has found that having a limited social network is a risk factor for dementia in older persons. risk factors include living alone or not having any close social ties. therefore, maintaining many social connections and participating in social activities are recommended. researchers suggest that social activities help prevent cognitive decline by stimulating the mind and challenging people to communicate. participating in leisure activities like reading, playing board games, and playing musical instruments are associated with decreased risk of dementia. one study, published in the journal of the american medical association, found that frequent participation in mentally stimulating activities are associated with a reduced risk of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. mental stimulation is not limited to formal education and can include everyday activities such as : however, while these things certainly won ' t hurt, a systematic review of 36 trials found that improvements in memory couldn ' t be attributed specifically to mentally stimulating activities. some studies show improved cognitive functioning in older adults who exercise. it is possible that exercise may contribute to cognitive vitality by improving mood and reducing stress and other risk factors that contribute to cognitive decline. although more research is needed, data suggest that engaging in physical exercise, including enjoyable leisure activities, may help prevent cognitive decline. ask your doctor about herbs and supplements vitamins and other herbal supplements get lots of attention as possible cures or ways to prevent cognitive decline. but are supplements really helpful in people who are not deficient in certain vitamins? researchers have studied whether antioxidants, like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5045563131343468, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.191769"} {"text": "and supplements vitamins and other herbal supplements get lots of attention as possible cures or ways to prevent cognitive decline. but are supplements really helpful in people who are not deficient in certain vitamins? researchers have studied whether antioxidants, like vitamin e, are able to slow the progression of alzheimer ' s disease. the results have not clearly shown that they are of any benefit. ginkgo biloba has also gotten a lot of attention as researchers try to find out if this herb has any effect on age - related mental decline. as with vitamin e, the there has been no proven benefit for gingko in studies. nor has there been any benefit on cognitive performance found in people taking fish oil supplements. if you are considering herbs and supplements, talk to your doctor first. there may be safety issues related to other conditions that you have and other medicines that you are taking. eat a low - fat diet a nutritious, low - fat diet may protect against cognitive decline by providing necessary nutrients and reducing the risk of diseases that contribute to cognitive decline, such as high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and atherosclerosis. get help for sleep disorders sleep disorders and sleep disruption are common in older people. these may adversely affect cognitive function, particularly memory and learning. daytime sleepiness, which may be a symptom of a sleep disorder, has been associated with an increased risk for dementia. older adults may benefit from good sleep strategies, such as going to bed and waking up at the same time each day. seek help for other conditions cognitive decline in older adults is often associated with underlying medical conditions, such as high blood pressure. furthermore, many have more than one of these conditions, which may increase their risk for cognitive impairment. cognitive decline may be slowed when these conditions are treated. talk to your doctor if you are concerned about memory loss or other cognitive impairment, do not try to diagnose or treat yourself. your doctor can provide assessment, counseling, and treatment. national council on aging national institute on aging mental health canada seniors canada on - line alzheimer disease. ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed /. updated july 11, 2012. accessed july 24, 2012. alzheimer ' s disease and non - alzheimer \u2019 s dementia. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / healthlibrar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4789469963820818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.193192"} {"text": ", 2012. accessed july 24, 2012. alzheimer ' s disease and non - alzheimer \u2019 s dementia. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / healthlibrary /. updated august 2011. accessed july 24, 2012. enhancing memory and mental function. ebsco natural and alternative treatments website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / healthlibrary /. updated august 2011. accessed july 24, 2012. foley d, monjan a, masaki k, ross w, havlik r, white l, launer l. daytime sleepiness is associated with 3 - year incident dementia and cognitive decline in older japanese - american men. j am geriatr. soc 2001 dec ; 49 ( 12 ) : 1628. forgetfulness : knowing when to ask for help. national institutes of health national institute on aging website. available at : http : / / www. nia. nih.... updated april 2012. accessed july 24, 2012. fratiglioni l, wang hx, ericsson k, maytan m, winblad b. influence of social network on occurrence of dementia : a community - based longitudinal study. lancet. 2000 apr 15 ; 355 ( 9212 ) : 1315. mild cognitive impairment ( mci ). ebsco dynamed website. available at : http : / / www. ebscohost. com / dynamed /. updated june 7, 2012. accessed august 6, 2012. mild cognitive impairment ( mci ). mayo clinic website. available at : http : / / www. mayocli.... updated april 2010. accessed july 24, 2012. verghese j, lipton rb, katz mj, hall cp, derby ca, kuslansky g, ambrose af, et al. leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. n engl j med. 2003 jun 19 ; 348 ( 25 ) : 2508. wilson rs, mendes de leon cf, barnes ll, schneider ja, bienias jl, evans da, bennett da. participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident alzheimer disease. jama. 2002 feb 13 ; 287 ( 6 ) : 742 - 8. last reviewed july 2012 by brian randall, md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.475982680506672, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.194083"} {"text": "logging in or signing up tsunami leomessifan download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad copy does not support media & animations wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 4637 category : education license : all rights reserved like it ( 4 ) dislike it ( 1 ) added : december 31, 2010 this presentation is public favorites : 1 presentation description for the people who want it for their schools.. u can take some help here.. comments posting comment... by : amarnathamarnath ( 5 month ( s ) ago ) nice saving..... post reply close by : amarnathamarnath ( 5 month ( s ) ago ) rg saving..... edit comment close premium member presentation transcript slide 1 : tsunami name - ravi hasyagar class - 10th \u2018 a ' slide 2 : introduction a tsunami or a tidal wave is a series of water waves ( called tsunami water trains ) caused by displacement of a large volume of a large volume of a body of water usually an ocean. these are caused due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or underwater explosions. in this presentation we will discuss about this natural disaster, its mitigation strategies and also see how the 2004 tsunami destroyed asian countries \u2026 slide 3 : causes of tsunami tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the earth ' s crustal deformation ; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. more specifically, a tsunami can be generated when thrust faults associated with convergent or destructive plate boundaries move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical component of movement involved. movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami. drawing of tectonic plate boundary before earthquake. overriding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift. plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water. the energy released produces tsunami waves slide 4 : characterstics while everyday wind waves have a wavelength (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190009138315944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.216950"} {"text": "before earthquake. overriding plate bulges under strain, causing tectonic uplift. plate slips, causing subsidence and releasing energy into water. the energy released produces tsunami waves slide 4 : characterstics while everyday wind waves have a wavelength ( from crest to crest ) of about 100 meters ( 330 ft ) and a height of roughly 2 meters ( 6. 6 ft ), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200 kilometers ( 120 mi ). such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometers per hour ( 500 mph ), but due to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 meter ( 3. 3 ft ). this makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. ships rarely notice their passage. as the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, wave shoaling compresses the wave and its velocity slows below 80 kilometers per hour ( 50 mph ). its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave. since the wave still has such a long wavelength, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not break ( like a surf break ), but rather appears like a fast moving tidal bore. open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step - like wave with a steep - breaking front. when the tsunami ' s wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed ' run up '. run up is measured in meters above a reference sea level. a large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. the first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up. about 80 % of tsunamis occur in the pacific ocean, but are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. they are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, and bolides. slide 5 : drawback if the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough \u2014 called a drawback \u2014 rather than a wave crest, the water along the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. a drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front. drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5325879257317995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.219173"} {"text": "shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. a drawback occurs because the water propagates outwards with the trough of the wave at its front. drawback begins before the wave arrives at an interval equal to half of the wave ' s period. drawback can exceed hundreds of meters, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed. during the indian ocean tsunami, the sea withdrew and many people went onto the exposed sea bed to investigate. photos show people walking on the normally submerged areas with the advancing wave in the background. few survived. drawback in sri lanka slide 6 : intensity scale intensity scales the first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were the sieberg - ambraseys scale, used in the mediterranean sea and the imamura - iida intensity scale, used in the pacific ocean. the latter scale was modified by soloviev, who calculated the tsunami intensity i according to the formula where hav is the average wave height along the nearest coast. this scale, known as the soloviev - imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by the ngdc / noaa and the novosibirsk tsunami laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. slide 7 : magnetic scale the first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ml scale proposed by murty & loomis based on the potential energy. [ difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. abe introduced the tsunami magnitude scale mt, calculated from, where h is the maximum tsunami - wave amplitude ( in m ) measured by a tide gauge at a distance r from the epicenter, a, b & d are constants used to make the mtscale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale. slide 8 : tsunami 2004 indian ocean the 2004 indian ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred at 00 : 58 : 53 utc on december 26, 2004, with an epicenter off the west coast of sumatra, indonesia. the quake itself is known by the scientific community as the sumatra - andaman earthquake. the resulting tsunami is given various names, including the 2004 indian ocean tsunami, asian tsunami, indonesian tsunami, and boxing day tsunami. the earthquake was caused by subduction and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the indian ocean,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48833868742784603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.221535"} {"text": "given various names, including the 2004 indian ocean tsunami, asian tsunami, indonesian tsunami, and boxing day tsunami. the earthquake was caused by subduction and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the indian ocean, killing over 230, 000 people in fourteen countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 meters ( 100 feet ) high. it was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. indonesia was the hardest hit, followed by sri lanka, india, and thailand. with a magnitude of between 9. 1 and 9. 3, it is the third largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. this earthquake had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between 8. 3 and 10 minutes. it caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 cm ( 0. 4 inches ) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as alaska. its hypocenter was between simeulue and mainland indonesia. slide 9 : countries affected slide 10 : aftershocks and other earthquakes numerous aftershocks were reported off the andaman islands, the nicobar islands and the region of the original epicenter in the hours and days that followed. the largest aftershock, which originated off the coast of the sumatran island of nias, registered a magnitude of 8. 7, prompting debate among seismologists as to whether it should be classified as an aftershock of the december 2004 quake or as a \" triggered earthquake \" ( which typically differs from an aftershock in that it is not located along the same fault line and may be as large or larger than the earthquake which triggered it ). this earthquake was so large that it produced its own aftershocks ( some registering a magnitude of as great as 6. 1 ) and presently ranks as the 7th largest earthquake on record since 1900. other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6. 6 continued to shake the region daily for up to three or four months. as well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. a week after the earthquake, its reverberations could still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the earth ' s interior. the 2004 indian ocean earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8. 1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of new zealand ' s sub - antarctic auckland islands, and north of australia ' s macquarie island. this is unusual, since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more occur only about once per", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46654628977743706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.222703"} {"text": "three days after a magnitude 8. 1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of new zealand ' s sub - antarctic auckland islands, and north of australia ' s macquarie island. this is unusual, since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more occur only about once per year on average. some seismologists have speculated about a connection between these two earthquakes, saying that the former one might have been a catalyst to the indian ocean earthquake, as the two earthquakes happened on opposite sides of the indo - australian plate. however, the u. s. geological survey sees no evidence of a causal relationship in this incident. coincidentally, the earthquake struck almost exactly one year ( to the hour ) after a 6. 6 magnitude earthquake killed an estimated 30, 000 people in the city of bam in iran on december 26, 2003. [ some scientists confirm that the december earthquake had activated leuser mountain, a volcano in aceh province along the same range of peaks as mount talang, while the 2005 sumatran earthquake had sparked activity in lake toba, an ancient crater in sumatra. [ geologists say that the eruption of mount talang in april 2005 is connected to the december earthquake slide 11 : condition of india after 2004 tsunami slide 13 : mitigation things to know about tsunami tsunamis that strike coastal locations in the pacific ocean basin are most always caused by earthquakes. these earthquakes might occur far away or near where you live. some tsunamis can be very large. in coastal areas their height can be as great as 30 feet or more ( 100 feet in extreme cases ), and they can move inland several hundred feet. all low - lying coastal areas can be struck by tsunamis. a tsunami consists of a series of waves. often the first wave may not be the largest. the danger from a tsunami can last for several hours after the arrival of the first wave. tsunamis can move faster than a person can run. sometimes a tsunami causes the water near the shore to recede, exposing the ocean floor. the force of some tsunamis is enormous. large rocks weighing several tons along with boats and other debris can be moved inland hundreds of feet by tsunami wave activity. homes and other buildings are destroyed. all this material and water move with great force and can kill or injure people. tsunamis can occur at any time, day or night. tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the ocean. slide 14 : what to do when you are on land be aware of tsunami facts. this knowledge could save your life! share this knowledge with your relatives and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.458183543135121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.223758"} {"text": ", day or night. tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the ocean. slide 14 : what to do when you are on land be aware of tsunami facts. this knowledge could save your life! share this knowledge with your relatives and friends. it could save their lives! if you are in school and you hear there is a tsunami warning, you should follow the advice of teachers and other school personnel. if you are at home and hear there is a tsunami warning, you should make sure your entire family is aware of the warning. your family should evacuate your house if you live in a tsunami evacuation zone. move in an orderly, calm and safe manner to the evacuation site or to any safe place outside your evacuation zone. follow the advice of local emergency and law enforcement authorities. if you are at the beach or near the ocean and you feel the earth shake, move immediately to higher ground, do not wait for a tsunami warning to be announced. stay away from rivers and streams that lead to the ocean as you would stay away from the beach and ocean if there is a tsunami. a regional tsunami from a local earthquake could strike some areas before a tsunami warning could be announced. tsunamis generated in distant locations will generally give people enough time to move to higher ground. for locally - generated tsunamis, where you might feel the ground shake, you may only have a few minutes to move to higher ground. high, multi - story, reinforced concrete hotels are located in many low - lying coastal areas. the upper floors of these hotels can provide a safe place to find refuge should there be a tsunami warning and you cannot move quickly inland to higher ground. local civil defense procedures may, however, not allow this type of evacuation in your area. homes and small buildings located in low - lying coastal areas are not designed to withstand tsunami impacts. do not stay in these structures should there be a tsunami warning. offshore reefs and shallow areas may help break the force of tsunami waves, but large and dangerous wave can still be a threat to coastal residents in these areas. staying away from all low - lying areas is the safest advice when there is a tsunami warning. slide 15 : what to do when you are on boat since tsunami wave activity is imperceptible in the open ocean, do not return to port if you are at sea and a tsunami warning has been issued for your area. tsunamis can cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents in harbors and ports. if there is time to move your boat or ship from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45696798135434435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.224819"} {"text": "not return to port if you are at sea and a tsunami warning has been issued for your area. tsunamis can cause rapid changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous currents in harbors and ports. if there is time to move your boat or ship from port to deep water ( after a tsunami warning has been issued ), you should weigh the following considerations : most large harbors and ports are under the control of a harbor authority and / or a vessel traffic system. these authorities direct operations during periods of increased readiness ( should a tsunami be expected ), including the forced movement of vessels if deemed necessary. keep in contact with the authorities should a forced movement of vessel be directed. smaller ports may not be under the control of a harbor authority. if you are aware there is a tsunami warning and you have time to move your vessel to deep water, then you may want to do so in an orderly manner, in consideration of other vessels. owners of small boats may find it safest to leave their boat at the pier and physically move to higher ground, particularly in the event of a locally - generated tsunami. concurrent severe weather conditions ( rough seas outside of safe harbor ) could present a greater hazardous situation to small boats, so physically moving yourself to higher ground may be the only option. damaging wave activity and unpredictable currents can effect harbors for a period of time following the initial tsunami impact on the coast. contact the harbor authority before returning to port making sure to verify that conditions in the harbor are safe for navigation and berthing. slide 16 : other ways education public awareness information risk communication training to all concerned ( govt. officials, search and rescue workers, volunteers, women, children, elderly, local community as a whole ) non structural mitigation non - structural mitigation measures coastal regulations zone act \u2013 strict implementation ( no development within 500 m of the high tide line with elevation ofless than 10 m above m. s. l ) land use zoning in accordance with crz natural bioshields ( mangroves ) and shelterbelt plantations ( casuarina ) maintaining natural sand dunes maintaining and promoting beach development slide 17 : conclusion the 26 december 2004 tsunami - one of the most natural disastrous events in human recorded history has caused enormous damage and loss to human societies. apart from unrecoverable losses in human lives, the tsunami would cost us billions of dollars and decades to restore its damage. however, it also provided us a chance to look back at the serious mistakes we have made when promoting development without considering the natural forces that sustain us. from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42471505560229805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.225932"} {"text": "in human lives, the tsunami would cost us billions of dollars and decades to restore its damage. however, it also provided us a chance to look back at the serious mistakes we have made when promoting development without considering the natural forces that sustain us. from the lessons given by the tsunami, we recognised that many vital links which connect human societies together have been broken or missing. without repairing these links, the sustainable future of human beings would be threatened. in this paper we have pointed out and discussed the weaknesses of five links which we consider as the most vital knots that should unify us together in emergency situations. we also stated that all these five broken or missing links are closely related and mutually supported each other. the missing of one links strongly influences the existence of the other. in other words, one of the links cannot be reconnected without repairing the other. the problems caused by tsunami are large in scale and complex in nature. to deal with these problems, we need to establish an international mechanism in which more prosperous countries are obliged to help the poorer ones and the poor countries are obliged to show strong commitments in improving their capacity. human societies are a unity. without unifying efforts, especially in the cases of emergency and great natural disasters, collective strength of mankind will not be maximised and we would become vulnerable to natural threats. slide 18 : acknowledgements i am very thankful to all the contributors who have helped me to complete this project effectively and on time.. wikipedia ( almost all the information ) google images rsta. royalsocietypublishing. org washington state department of natural resources national disaster management authority ( government of india ) www. geophys. washington. edu windows office 2007 slide 19 : thank you you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5246144151834251, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.226838"} {"text": "by cameron chai scientists at the brookhaven national laboratory have discovered the nanostructure of a new carbon form that could explain its behavior as a high - absorbent sponge when it receives electric charge. the material recently developed at the university of texas, austin, could be integrated into \u201c supercapacitor \u201d devices for high capacity energy storage while maintaining other properties including quick recharge time, rapid release of energy, and long lifetime cycles of 10, 000 charge / discharge cycles. dong su and eric stach use a powerful electron microscope to analyze samples of activated graphene at brookhaven \u2019 s center for functional nanomaterials. says stach : \u201c the cfn provides access to scientists around the world to solve cutting - edge problems in nanoscience and nanotechnology. this work is exactly what this facility was established to do. \u201d according to eric stach, brookhaven materials scientist, this makes it suited to store electrical energy needing rapid energy release in electric cars or to regularize power derived from alternate sources like wind and solar power. stach has also co - authored the research paper released recently in science. the supercapacitors resemble batteries due to their capability to store energy. batteries store a lot of energy through chemical reactions and release it over long periods. but supercapacitors store charge in ion form on the electrodes \u2019 surface like static electricity without depending on chemical reactions. charging the electrodes make the ions separate or polarize allowing the charge to get stored at the junction of the electrodes and electrolyte. electrode pores enhance the surface area where the electrolyte can travel and communicate. this enhances the quantity of energy being stored. the limited charge in the capacitors allows them to be applied in mobile electronic systems, which need limited energy and can operate over long periods. the team used potassium hydroxide to remodel chemically adapted graphene platelets by creating a more porous form of carbon that needed to be characterized at the nanoscale. investigations revealed that the material ' s three - dimensional nanostructure comprised a network of curved, nano - thick walls that formed nano pores measuring 1 to 5nm wide. stach said that along with computational studies they are trying to comprehend the formation of this three - dimensional network to customize the pore sizes to be most advantageous for particular applications including capacitive storage, catalysis, and fuel cells. the team carried out its research at the lab ' s center for functional nanomaterials,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.574366005733937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.229841"} {"text": "gestational diabetes ( also known as gestational diabetes mellitus or gdm ), is a condition singular to pregnant women. it is relatively common and can be managed with the help of a physician. according to the nichd ( national institute of child health and human development ), gdm occurs in about five percent of all pregnancies ( roughly 200, 000 cases ) per year in the united states. what happens when you have gdm? normally, your stomach and intestines break down the carbohydrates in the food you eat, turning it into a sugar called glucose ( your body ' s main source of energy ). after digestion, glucose moves into your blood to give your body energy. the trick comes in getting the glucose out of your blood and into the cells of your body. in order to do this, your pancreas makes a hormone called insulin. but, if you have diabetes, your body doesn ' t create enough insulin or your cells don ' t use it the way they should. and instead, glucose collects and builds up in your blood, causing diabetes, or high blood sugar. so, how do you find out if you have gdm? your ob will administer a glucose screening test between weeks 24 and 28 of your pregnancy. you ' ll drink a sweet, soda - like concoction, and then your doctor will test your blood glucose levels. if you test positive, you and your healthcare provider will manage this condition together. to help you better understand gdm, a good place to start is by learning the lingo. here ' s a helpful glossary of common terms your doctor will you with you when discussing your condition. remember, gdm is manageable ; try not to worry. as long as you keep an open line of communication with your doctor, you and baby will weather this pregnancy with grace and ease! a type of food, usually from plants versus animals. carbohydrates include simple carbohydrates ( sugar, fruit ) and complex carbohydrates ( vegetables, starches ). one of three nutrients that supply calories to the body. a disorder that prevents the body from converting digested food into the energy needed for daily activities. one of three nutrients that supply calories to the body. included are vegetable oil, lard, margarine, butter, shortening, mayonnaise, and salad dressing. glucose tolerance test a blood test used to diagnose diabetes, including gestational diabetes. after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4813817289045206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.236359"} {"text": "show and tell tips on monitoring it \u2019 s easy to keep track of 3 -, 4 -, 5 -, or 6 - year - olds. their friends don \u2019 t drive, and they can \u2019 t get far on a tricycle. but there \u2019 s more to monitoring children \u2019 s activities than just knowing where they are. - know your children. the best way to notice any changes in a child \u2019 s behavior is to understand your child \u2019 s world. children \u2019 s behavior may change due to problems at school, with friends, or with family members. help your children share their feelings and their world. - get to know your children \u2019 s friends. this puts you closer to their daily activities. you \u2019 ll be able to recognize trouble spots and guide your children away from risky situations or dangerous behaviors. - get to know other parents. remember, parents can support each other \u2019 s efforts and create a valuable security net for their - know where your children are going, whom they will be with, and what they \u2019 ll be doing. keep a handy list of phone numbers and addresses of friends, teachers, - set up regular check - in times. if old enough, have your child call and check in with you. otherwise, call to make sure the babysitter picked up your child from school or that your children are safe with their friends \u2019 parents. - make sure your child has access to positive and appealing structured activities. start early to encourage your child in constructive, supervised activities. as children get older, participation can be a powerful way to help prevent drug monitoring young children \u2019 s activities has been shown to be important in preventing alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use. start now so that your children become used to telling you about their daily activities, asking permission, and knowing that their friends \u2019 parents know who you are. these habits will stay with them as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42991953130535754, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.242549"} {"text": "hi there, i \u2019 m an english lit. teacher and am using lord anthony in my 9th grade class and would love to hear your thoughts on the song, its meaning and the phrases therein that we may not be ( as americans ) all too familiar with ( i. e. \u201c tuff \u201d & the significance of the lord anthony jacket, if any, for the song ). i love your music and have always wanted to see it live - hope to one day. thanks for writing great lyrics! david jester english faculty woods charter school chapel hill, nc usa as we were rehearsing this song today, your question is in my mind! it \u2019 s a pretty straight forward song, written by an \u2018 ordinary \u2019 pupil, who \u2019 s looking on at someone whom he secretly thinks is marginally fantastic, but is too conventional to ever befriend. bunking off though you \u2019 re a toff i think you mean \u2018 toff \u2019, not \u2018 tuff \u2019. bunking off is playing truant from school, and this is unusual in that tony is a \u2018 toff \u2019, a rich person, middle class, as opposed to the majority of his classmates, who are from blue collar families, and perhaps more likely to duck out of school. when will you realise that it never pays to be smarter than teachers smarter than most boys? in the british system of public education, it \u2019 s quite often a disadvantage to be outwardly clever. one can often pay for it in physical and mental harrassment. and without a notion of a care you \u2019 ll lift two fingers in the air to linger there the two finger salute was more popular in the 70s when i was growing up. the single \u2018 finger \u2019 is from the us, and didn \u2019 t come in until the 80s in the uk! here \u2019 s a famous usage i \u2019 d recommend this for classroom viewing, but some of the language might be difficult for us kids. tony, you \u2019 re a bit of a mess melted toblerone under your dress tony actually cross dressing to avoid beatings is a bit fanciful, but then this is pop music! i let him be fantastic, after all.. they call you lord anthony, but hey \u2013 it could be worse than this lord anthony was a brand of clothing, especially jackets. there was nothing particularly \u2018 posh \u2019 about them ; the name was meant to be faux posh. it would be an obvious nickname, in the 70s, for a boy called tony who appeared to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49372848827030297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.248469"} {"text": "| basic informationmore informationlatest news | swallowing magnets can be fatal for childrenhealth tip : schedule baby ' s first dental visitkids ' reading, math skills tied to future successhealth tip : monitor fat in preschoolers ' dietmost docs don ' t follow adhd treatment guidelines for preschoolers : studyblind cords pose danger to toddlers, doctors warnmany parents give kids cold medicines when they shouldn ' t, survey findshealth tip : make kids safe in the sandboxhealth tip : promote fine motor skills in preschoolershealth tip : encourage your toddler to readhealth tip : helping kids conquer bedwettingfrequent moves take toll on poor kids, study suggeststoo much tv may make kids antisocial, study suggestsaha : most packaged toddler foods are high in sodiumready - to - eat foods for toddlers often too salty : studyswitch to skim milk won ' t prevent toddler ' s obesity : studyhow to prevent, treat diaper rashhealth tip : be careful with kids around water at homepraising kids for efforts, not qualities, may help them succeedearly dental care can help keep kids smiling for years to comeday care may not raise behavior woes in kids after allprevalence of undervaccinated children increasingthigh is safer vaccination site than arm for toddlers, study findsmental health of dads - to - be may influence toddler ' s behaviorhealth tip : don ' t overfeed your toddlerhealth tip : help ease night terrorsearly language skills reduce preschool tantrums, study findshealth tip : keep kids from choking hazardskeep tots ' milk to 2 cups a day : studyiron may curb behavioral issues for lbw infantsmake sure toys you buy are safe for totskids ' generosity may depend on who ' s watching : studyhealth tip : is your child ready for a tricycle? potty - training method won ' t affect tot ' s health : studykids still swallowing magnets despite warning labelstaking terror out of nightmares : tips for parentsdelayed auditory processing found in fetal alcohol syndromehealth tip : kids need to stop sucking their thumbswhat looks like play may really be a science experimenthealth tip : keep baby safe in a strollerhealth tip : coping with separation anxietysuper - shy preschoolers might struggle academicallykids develop sense of humor by age 1, study findshea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48816853171951236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.255737"} {"text": "like play may really be a science experimenthealth tip : keep baby safe in a strollerhealth tip : coping with separation anxietysuper - shy preschoolers might struggle academicallykids develop sense of humor by age 1, study findshealth tip : cleaning a young child ' s teethlaundry detergent packs pose poisoning threat to toddlerstiny batteries pose growing threat to kidsdaily temper tantrums not the norm for preschoolers : studypopular characters can help kids eat healthy foods tooanesthesia before age 3 may raise risk of learning delays : studykids who can resist sweets might be slimmer as adultsquestions and answerslinksbook reviews preschool tv habits linked to 4th - grade waist size, fitness by - - mary elizabeth dallas updated : jul 16th 2012 monday, july 16 ( healthday news ) - - the amount of tv preschoolers watch seems to contribute to what their waist size and athletic abilities will be when they reach fourth grade, researchers report. the study, from researchers at the university of montreal and sainte - justine mother and child university hospital in canada, found that every hour of tv children aged 2\u00bd to 4\u00bd years old watched not only added to their waistline but also affected their ability to perform in sports. \" we already knew that there is an association between preschool television exposure and the body fat of fourth - grade children, but this is the first study to describe more precisely what that association represents, \" study senior author dr. linda pagani, said in a university news release. in conducting the study, the researchers asked the parents of more than 1, 300 children aged 2\u00bd to 4\u00bd years about their preschoolers ' weekly tv habits. they also measured the children ' s waists and had the kids perform a standing long jump to assess their muscular fitness level. the study authors noted that the standing long jump test is useful in assessing athletic ability because many sports, including football, skating and basketball, require similar \" explosive leg strength. \" the investigators found that the children watched an average of nearly nine hours of tv each week when they were 2\u00bd years old. by the time the children were 4\u00bd years old, they were watching an average of nearly 15 hours of tv each week. the findings revealed that each hour of tv 2\u00bd - year - olds watched per week was consistent with a reduction of about one - third of a centimeter ( 0. 13 inches ) in the distance they were able to jump. \" the pursuit of sports by children depends in part on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5301124279815794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.256884"} {"text": "tv 2\u00bd - year - olds watched per week was consistent with a reduction of about one - third of a centimeter ( 0. 13 inches ) in the distance they were able to jump. \" the pursuit of sports by children depends in part on their perceived athletic competence, \" the study ' s lead author, dr. caroline fitzpatrick, said in the news release. \" behavioral dispositions can become entrenched during childhood, as it is a critical period for the development of habits and preferred activities. accordingly, the ability to perform well during childhood may promote participation in sporting activities in adulthood. \" by the time the kids were 4\u00bd, their waist size increased by about half a millimeter ( 0. 019 inches ) for every hour of tv they watched above their weekly tv habit at the age of 2\u00bd. this means that a child who watched 18 hours of tv weekly at the age of 4\u00bd would have an extra 7. 6 millimeters ( 0. 3 inches ) on their waistline by the time they are 10 years old. although more research is needed regarding the effects of tv viewing on children ' s health, the study authors concluded that policymakers should focus on the environmental factors linked to childhood obesity. \" the bottom line is that watching too much television - - beyond the recommended amounts - - is not good, \" pagani said. \" there have been dramatic increases in unhealthy weight for both children and adults in recent decades. our standard of living has also changed in favor of more easily prepared, calorie - dense foods and sedentary practices. watching more television not only displaces other forms of educational and active leisurely pursuits but also places them at risk of learning inaccurate information about proper eating. \" although the study uncovered an association between tv viewing and waist size and fitness levels, it did not prove a cause - and - effect relationship. pagani added, however, that, \" these findings support clinical suspicions that more screen time in general contributes to the rise in excess weight in our population, thus providing essential clues for effective approaches to its eradication. \" the study was published in the july 15 issue of the international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. the american academy of child & adolescent psychiatry has more about kids and tv. this article : copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4640512422777964, "token_count": 473, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.257861"} {"text": "december 2012 update : the university of rhode island and the israel antiquities authority released an additional press release on the discovery of shipwrecks near the coast of akko. read \u201c iaa archaeologists discover shipwrecks, ancient harbor on coast of israel \u201d excavations at akko ( acre ) have exposed archaeological evidence of israel \u2019 s largest hellenistic harbor, according to an israel antiquities authority press release from july 17, 2012. named ptolemais in the hellensitic period, the unesco world heritage site had diverse affiliations in its millennia - long occupation. throughout its history, akko has served as a major emporium for the ancient world. bronze and iron age akko appears prominently in ancient egyptian, ugaritic, assyrian, classical and biblical accounts. known locally as tell napoleon or tell el - fukhar, excavations at this ancient city have uncovered remains of canaanite, \u201c sea peoples, \u201d phoenician, persian, hellenistic, hasmonean, herodian, roman, ottoman and crusader cultures. the discovery of the third - second century b. c. e. hellenistic quay may have major implications for our modern understanding of urbanity and seafaring. akko \u2019 s late - first - millennium b. c. e. history was marked by maccabean and seleucid conflict as well as large scale herodian and roman construction. read about the find in the israel antiquities authority \u2019 s english press release as it appeared in the press office on july 17, 2012 below, or read it on the iaa site. akko \u2019 s magnificent harbor from 2, 300 years ago is exposed on the seabed the harbor is considered the largest and most important in the country in the hellenistic period. among the finds there : large mooring stones that were incorporated in the quay, which were used to secure sailing vessels. this is probably a military harbor. in archaeological excavations the israel antiquities authority is conducting at the foot of akko \u2019 s southern seawall, installations were exposed that belong to a harbor that was operating in the city already in the hellenistic period ( third - second centuries bce ) and was the most important port in israel at that time. the finds were discovered during the course of archaeological excavations being carried out as part of the seawall conservation project undertaken by the old akko development company and underwritten by the israel lands administration. the first evidence indicating the possible existence of this quay was in 2009 when a section of pavement was discovered comprised of large kurkar flagstones dressed in a technique", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4037161291883935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.263647"} {"text": "project undertaken by the old akko development company and underwritten by the israel lands administration. the first evidence indicating the possible existence of this quay was in 2009 when a section of pavement was discovered comprised of large kurkar flagstones dressed in a technique reminiscent of the phoenician style that is characteristic of installations found in a marine environment. this pavement, which was discovered underwater, raised many questions amongst archaeologists. besides the theory that this is a quay, some suggested this was the floor of a large building. according to kobi sharvit, director of the marine archaeology unit of the israel antiquities authority, \u201c among the finds we \u2019 ve discovered now are large mooring stones that were incorporated in the quay and were used to secure sailing vessels that anchored in the harbor c. 2, 300 years ago. this unique and important find finally provides an unequivocal answer to the question of whether we are dealing with port installations or the floor of a building. in addition, we exposed collapse comprised of large dressed stones that apparently belonged to large buildings or installations, which was spread of a distance of dozens of meters. what emerges from these finds is a clear picture of systematic and deliberate destruction of the port facilities that occurred in antiquity \u201d. sharvit adds, \u201c recently a find was uncovered that suggests we are excavating part of the military port of akko. we are talking about an impressive section of stone pavement c. 8 meters long by c. 5 meters wide that was partially exposed. the floor is delimited on both sides by two impressive stone walls that are also built in the phoenician manner. it seems that the floor between the walls slopes slightly toward the south, and there was a small amount of stone collapse in its center. presumably this is a slipway, an installation that was used for lifting boats onto the shore, probably warships in this case \u201d. according to sharvit, \u201c only further archaeological excavations will corroborate or invalidate this theory. \u201d the bottom of the ancient harbor was exposed at the foot of the installations. there the mooring stones were found as well as thousands of fragments of pottery vessels, among which are dozens of intact vessels and metallic objects. the preliminary identification of the pottery vessels indicates that many of them come from islands in the aegean sea, including knidos, rhodes, kos and others, as well as other port cities located along the mediterranean coast. these finds constitute solid archaeological evidence regarding the location of the hellenistic harbor and perhaps the military port", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45807277064483004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.265249"} {"text": "come from islands in the aegean sea, including knidos, rhodes, kos and others, as well as other port cities located along the mediterranean coast. these finds constitute solid archaeological evidence regarding the location of the hellenistic harbor and perhaps the military port. according to sharvit, \u201c it should be understood that until these excavations the location of this important harbor was not clear. remains of it were found at the base of the tower of flies and in the region of the new marina in excavations conducted in the early 1980s by the late dr. elisha linder and the late professor avner raban. but now, for the first time, parts of the harbor are being discovered that are adjacent to the ancient shoreline and the hellenistic city. unfortunately, parts of the quay continue beneath the ottoman city wall \u2013 parts that we will probably not be able to excavate in the future. nevertheless, in those sections of the harbor that extend in the direction of the sea and the modern harbor the excavation will continue in an attempt to learn about the extent of the ancient harbor, and to try and clarify if there is a connection between the destruction in the harbor and the destruction wrought by ptolemy in 312 bce, the destruction that was caused by the hasmonean uprising in 167 bce or by some other event. for further details, kindly contact yoli shwartz, israel antiquities authority spokesperson, 052 - 5991888, email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41821180420736964, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.265847"} {"text": "although there is some evidence that yoga may offer medical benefits, in general, this evidence is not strong. there are several reasons for this ( including funding obstacles ), but one is fundamental : even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of an exercise therapy like yoga. only one form of study can truly prove that a treatment is effective : the double - blind, placebo - controlled trial. however, it isn \u2019 t possible to fit yoga into a study design of this type. while it might be possible to design a placebo form of yoga, it would be quite difficult to keep participants and researchers in the dark regarding who is practicing real yoga and who is practicing fake yoga! some compromise with the highest research standards is, therefore, inevitable. unfortunately, the compromise used in most studies is less than optimal. in these trials, yoga has been compared to no treatment. the problem with such studies is that a treatment \u2014 any treatment \u2014 frequently appears to better than no treatment, due to a host of factors. ( see why does this database rely on double - blind studies? for more information. ) it would be better to compare yoga to generic forms of exercise, such as daily walking, but thus far this method has not seen much use. given these caveats, the following is a summary of what science has found out about the possible medical benefits of yoga. possible benefits of hatha yoga, has been advocated as a means of increasing strength, balance, and physical function in seniors. however, there is as yet little scientific proof that yoga offers such benefits or that it is superior to generic exercises such as walking. there is little doubt that yoga, like any form of stretching, will increase flexibility if it is practiced consistently and over a long period of time. hatha yoga is also said to relieve tension and stress in one study of 65 women with depression and / or anxiety, a 2 - month yoga program specifically designed to address these emotional conditions significantly reduced anxiety ( but not depression ) compared to enrolled woman who were waiting for the program to begin. another study found that participation in a 6 - week yoga program was associated with reduced anxiety, depression, and stress in women having radiotherapy for breast cancer. adding to this evidence, 32 women who had undergone breast cancer surgery were randomized to receive just physical therapy or physical therapy plus a yoga program ( called yoga in daily life ). at the end of the 3 - week trial, the women in the yoga program reported less psychological distress. a trial of 122", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47482617646351666, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.273551"} {"text": "cancer surgery were randomized to receive just physical therapy or physical therapy plus a yoga program ( called yoga in daily life ). at the end of the 3 - week trial, the women in the yoga program reported less psychological distress. a trial of 122 healthy pregnant women demonstrated that daily yoga practice incorporating deep relaxation significantly reduced self - perceived stress scores compared to standard prenatal exercises. and lastly, a large 2012 review of 35 studies involving 1, 794 people found evidence to support the use of yoga to decrease stress and anxiety, although the overall quality of these studies was poor. 35 weak evidence hints that hatha yoga may offer modest benefits for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for example, in one controlled study, 59 people with mild asthma were randomly assigned to practice yoga and attend a general class or simply to attend the general class. the results showed slight improvements in asthma in the treated group compared to the untreated group. however, even these modest benefits did not last ; assessment two months later showed no difference between the groups. furthermore, as noted above, studies in which the participants in the control group do not receive placebo treatment are inherently unreliable. a small 2009 study of 29 adults with copd suggests that a 12 - week yoga program may be associated with slight improvement in timed walking distance and self - reported functional ability in these patients. a special breathing technique called yogic - style buteyko breathing may reduce medication use and subjective symptoms, though it does not appear to actually improve lung function. yoga has been evalulated for its beneficial effects in a variety of chronically painful conditions, such as low back pain, 12 - 13migraine headaches, 15osteoarthritis. 6 in one study, 42 people with carpal tunnel syndrome were randomly assigned to receive either yoga or a wrist splint for a period of 8 weeks. 10 the results indicated that use of yoga was more effective than the wrist splint. however, participants in the control group were simply offered the wrist splint and given the choice of using it or not ; it would have been preferable for them to have received a more believable placebo, like other forms of meditative exercise. in a small trial involving 53 women with fibromyalgia, those that participated in an 8 - week yoga program experienced an improvement in their symptoms, including fatigue, pain, stiffness, and tenderness. in a review of 16 studies, researchers investigated the potential benefits of yoga in improving pain and pain - related disability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4973305732602433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.274840"} {"text": "those that participated in an 8 - week yoga program experienced an improvement in their symptoms, including fatigue, pain, stiffness, and tenderness. in a review of 16 studies, researchers investigated the potential benefits of yoga in improving pain and pain - related disability in a range of conditions, including headache, back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, dialysis, muscle pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and labor pain. 34 all of the studies ( 12 of which were randomized trials ) found positive evidence to support the use of yoga. yoga had positive effect on chronic low back pain in a randomized trial of 80 patients. patients randomized to treatment with a yoga program showed improvement in pain, depression, and anxiety symptoms compared to patients in physical therapy. the program was carried out in a residential setting over seven days and included technique, counseling, and educational lectures. 36 in a randomized, controlled trial, 8 weeks of daily supervised yoga was modestly more effective than a similar amount of supervised physical exercise in relieving ( eg, hot flashes ), decreasing psychological stress, and improving cognitive abilities among 120 perimenopausal women. 21, 22 fatigue is a common side effect of. in one small trial, 31 women who were still experiencing fatigue 6 months after breast cancer treatment were randomized to yoga intervention or health education. on average, those in the yoga group reported feeling less fatigue. at least one study supports yoga ' s usefulness for congestive heart failure a small trial involving 54 adolescents with found that adding 8 weeks of yoga twice weekly to standard therapy was associated with improved eating disorder - related thoughts and behaviors. yoga has also been studied for schizophrenia. in one small trial, patients who supplemented their regular treatment with a yoga program lasting 4 months had improved symptoms, were able to function better, and reported a better quality of life compared to those who did physical therapy. to date, only weak evidence has been reported regarding the possible usefulness of yoga for hatha yoga has also been promoted as a treatment for ( seizure disorder ), but a review of all published scientific trials concluded that there is as yet no meaningful evidence that it is effective. some evidence suggests that hatha yoga is high blood pressure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4978140128192594, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.275764"} {"text": "by yu - chun chen, jau - ching wu, ingo haschler, azeem majeed, tzeng - ji chen, thomas wetter studies that use electronic health databases as research material are getting popular but the influence of a single electronic health database had not been well investigated yet. the united kingdom ' s general practice research database ( gprd ) is one of the few electronic health databases publicly available to academic researchers. this study analyzed studies that used gprd to demonstrate the scientific production and academic impact by a single public health database. methodology and findings a total of 749 studies published between 1995 and 2009 with \u2018 general practice research database \u2019 as their topics, defined as gprd studies, were extracted from web of science. by the end of 2009, the gprd had attracted 1251 authors from 22 countries and been used extensively in 749 studies published in 193 journals across 58 study fields. each gprd study was cited 2. 7 times by successive studies. moreover, the total number of gprd studies increased rapidly, and it is expected to reach 1500 by 2015, twice the number accumulated till the end of 2009. since 17 of the most prolific authors ( 1. 4 % of all authors ) contributed nearly half ( 47. 9 % ) of gprd studies, success in conducting gprd studies may accumulate. the gprd was used mainly in, but not limited to, the three study fields of \u201c pharmacology and pharmacy \u201d, \u201c general and internal medicine \u201d, and \u201c public, environmental and occupational health \u201d. the uk and united states were the two most active regions of gprd studies. one - third of grpd studies were internationally co - authored. conclusions a public electronic health database such as the gprd will promote scientific production in many ways. data owners of electronic health databases at a national level should consider how to reduce access barriers and to make data more available for research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48866803999109515, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.277794"} {"text": "brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus occurs at a few highly disjunct localities in south - central brazil, with a few records from argentina in 2002 ( the first in the country for 10 years despite extensive surveys ) ( benstead 1994, hearn 1994, j. c. chebez in litt. 1999 ) and it was suspected to be extirpated from paraguay, although local reports indicate that a few individuals may still survive ( r. p. clay in litt. 2003 ). it is currently listed as critically endangered under criterion c2a ( i ) because it has an extremely small and severely fragmented population, and the perturbation, damming and pollution of rivers continue to cause declines. however, recent records indicate that this species \u2019 s status is better than previously thought. in 2001 - 2002, surveys around serra da canastra national park, minas gerais, estimated a total of 81 individuals ( lamas 2006 ), but surveys conducted since then have yielded a rough estimate of 65 - 100 territories, roughly equivalent to 130 - 200 individuals ( l. v. lins unpubl. data ). from the field surveys, it is believed that this number could even reach 100 territories ( l. v. lins unpubl. data ) and if confirmed, would represent a significant increase to the size of the largest known subpopulation. during 2008 - 2011, individuals of this species were recorded in the municipality of patrocinio, state of minas gerais ( brazil ) ( i. lamas in litt. 2012 ) ; approximately 110 km further north from the canastra northernmost records, suggesting that the canastra population is more widely distributed ( and consequently bigger ) than previously thought ( l. v. lins in litt. 2012 ). in 2002, a small population was discovered on the rio novo, in jalapao state park, tocantins ( braz et al. 2003 ), and six expeditions in 2007 and 2008 surveying a c. 55 - km stretch of the rio novo located three breeding pairs ( barbosa and almeida 2010 ). although threats to this species have continued, knowledge of its occurrence has increased and with these new findings, the global population is said to be higher than 250 mature individuals, and the largest subpopulation greater than 50 mature individuals ( l. v. lins in litt. 2012 ). if this information is confirmed, this species would no longer qualify as critically endangered and would warrant downlisting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4225138179517247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.282201"} {"text": "250 mature individuals, and the largest subpopulation greater than 50 mature individuals ( l. v. lins in litt. 2012 ). if this information is confirmed, this species would no longer qualify as critically endangered and would warrant downlisting to endangered under criterion c2a ( i ) of the icun red list, on the basis that the global population is < 2, 500 mature individuals and all subpopulations are \u2264250 mature individuals, undergoing a continuing decline. information is requested on this species \u2019 s global population size, distribution, trends and size of the largest subpopulation. additional comments on the proposed downlisting are also welcome. barbosa, m. o. & almeida, m. l. ( 2010 ). novas observacoes e dados reprodutivos do pato - mergulhao mergus octosetaceus na regiao do jalapao, tocantins, brasil. cotinga 32 : 40 - 45. benstead, p. ( 1994 ) brazilian merganser in argentina : going, going. cotinga : 8. braz, v. s., abreu, t. l. s., lopes, l. e., leite, l. o., franca, f. g. r., vasconcellos, m. m. and balbino, s. f. ( 2003 ) brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus discovered in jalapao state park, tocantins, brazil. cotinga 20 : 68 - 71. hearn, r. ( 1994 ) the current status of the brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus in argentina. iwrb threatened waterfowl research group newsletter : 14 - 15. lamas, i. r. ( 2006 ) census of brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus in the region of serra da canastra national park, brazil, with discussion of its threats and conservation. bird conservation international 16 : 145 - 154. - grey - winged cotinga ( tijuca condita ) : uplist to endangered? - royal cinclodes ( cinclodes aricomae ) : downlist to endangered? - green - capped tanager ( tangara meyerdeschauenseei ) : downlist to near threatened? - golden parakeet ( guaruba guarouba ) : downlist to vulnerable? - archived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3989720951792421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.283152"} {"text": "so, do we have a skeletal fluorosis epidemic on our hands? if not, why? telling me that a substance can cause bad effects at chronic high - doses is not telling me anything at all, because poison = dose. i am highly skeptical about the dangers of fluoride, but it ' s also difficult to find non - ada sponsored studies about it. however, while access to fluoridated drinking water has positive effects on dental health, the characteristics of fluoride metabolism mean that fluoride consumption may have implications for the kidney. the calcified tissues in the human body contain 99 % of the body burden of fluoride and most of this is non - exchangeable. absorption of fluoride is rapid and extensive, with about 50 % of the absorbed fluoride becoming associated with calcified tissues within 24 h and the remainder being excreted in the urine. in infants and young children, the amount of fluoride retained in calcified tissues is > 50 % of the ingested daily amount. the renal clearance of fluoride is high, around 30 \u2013 40 ml / min in healthy adults. fluoride is freely filtered by the glomerulus and then undergoes a variable amount of tubular reabsorption. fluoride excretion falls markedly in the presence of an acid urine and is increased with higher rates of urine flow [ 8 \u2013 10 ]. considering the pivotal role of the kidney in the body ' s ability to metabolize fluoride, there have been surprisingly few attempts to synthesize studies relating to the relationship between fluoride consumption and kidney function. the most recent literature reviews on the health effects of fluoride intake have contained limited discussion on the potential impact on the kidneys there is no consistent evidence that the retention of fluoride in people with stage 4 or 5 ckd who consume optimally fluoridated drinking water results in any negative health consequences. animal studies have demonstrated that rats with compromised kidney function that are exposed to the level of fluoride that is commonly encountered by human populations ( 1 ppm in drinking water ) do not develop any clinically adverse extraskeletal physiological, biochemical or genetic outcomes. in addition, in rats with surgically induced renal deficiency, consumption of fluoridated water in concentrations equivalent to 3 and 10 ppm is required to cause osteomalacia and reduced bone strength. changes in the function of normal rat kidneys occur only following administration of extremely high doses of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46903506004781614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.289013"} {"text": "deficiency, consumption of fluoridated water in concentrations equivalent to 3 and 10 ppm is required to cause osteomalacia and reduced bone strength. changes in the function of normal rat kidneys occur only following administration of extremely high doses of fluoride, equivalent to severe fluoride intoxication. studies of people with end - stage kidney disease by cohen - solal et al. and erben et al. also failed to show any relationship between increased levels of fluoride in serum and bone and the presence of bone conditions such as osteomalacia or osteodystrophy. similarly, in a small study of infants receiving peritoneal dialysis, significantly increased serum fluoride levels were not associated with dental fluorosis or abnormal bone mineralization. i don ' t think any amount of paranoia could find anything wrong with this source. it ' s not american, it ' s not associated with any dentists, world health organization ( i assume you think they ' re in on it, too ), or the cdc ( of course in on it, too, i assume ). call me unconvinced. the fluoride in the water is not calcium or sodium fluoride but rather type of fluoride ( name is escaping me,,, i will update it when i have access to my book ) that is considered by the epa as a industrial hazardous waste. i ' m like 85 % certain that the phosphate industry ' s fluoride is considered a by - product, not industrial waste. but i mean, if you want to call the molasses made from sugar manufacturing an \" industrial waste product \", you ' d be walkin ' along the same lines.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47246947286192764, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.289622"} {"text": "how are you going to celebrate national peanut day? over here at dish trip we thought it was only appropriate to celebrate this famous in - flight food... in the air! so for our first ever \u201c food flight, \u201d we staged a creative culinary competition for the unsuspecting passengers on a recent southwest flight to denver, co. four courageous competitors were hand - picked by crew members ( and by southwest airlines ' own brooks thomas ), and challenged to improvise their own in - flight culinary creation using peanuts \u2014 the featured ingredient \u2014 along with other food that would normally be found on a typical domestic flight. we also threw in some other bonus ingredients! check out the video below. happy national peanut day to all of you who are nuts about southwest! and a special thanks to nikki, jeannie, and adam for making this an amazing experience. and to mandy, for being our muse! top - ten peanut facts * - the peanut is not a nut, but a legume related to beans and lentils. - there are enough peanuts in one acre to make 30, 000 peanut butter sandwiches. - two peanut farmers have been elected president of the us : thomas jefferson and jimmy carter. - a peanut made it to the moon! astronaut allen b. sheppard brought one with him in 1971. - peanuts contribute more than $ 4 billion to the us economy each year. - there are four types of peanuts grown in the us : runner, virginia, spanish and valencia. - the peanut plant originated in south america. - a mature peanut plant produces about 40 pods that then grow into peanuts. - peanuts have a higher antioxidant capacity than grapes, green tea, tomatoes, spinach, broccoli, carrots and many other foods. - peanuts contain over 30 essential nutrients and are naturally cholesterol - free. ever wonder where the term \" peanut gallery \" comes from? the term became popular in the late 19th century and referred to the rear or uppermost seats in a theater, which were also the cheapest seats. people seated in such a gallery were able to throw peanuts, a common food at theaters, at those seated below them. it also applied to the first row of seats in a theater, for the occupants of those seats could throw peanuts at the stage, stating their displeasure with the performance. * peanut facts sourced from the national peanut board don \u2019 t forget to follow us on twitter @ dishtrip or friend dish trip on facebook for more dining details in a city near you. thanks for reading \u2014 we \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47119109372842083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.294758"} {"text": "b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith international observed holocaust remembrance day with its annual program \u201c unto every person there is a name, \u201d now in its 24th year. b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith is the official north american sponsor of the program under the auspices of yad vashem, israel \u2019 s official holocaust museum and research center in jerusalem. participants read the names of the victims of the shoah, noting where and when they were born and where and when they were murdered by the nazis. the ceremonies occur on the 27th day of the month of nissan on the jewish calendar. these observances honor more victims each year, as more names are collected in an international database maintained by yad vashem. an international committee convened by yad vashem suggests a theme each year. this year \u2019 s yom hashoah theme was \u201c defiance and rebellion during the holocaust : 70 years since the warsaw ghetto uprising. \u201d alan schneider, director of the b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith world center in jerusalem, serves on the committee on behalf of b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith. \u201c unto every person there is a name \u201d also directly involves israeli president shimon peres. peres penned a letter distributed to participating communities. it the letter, he encourages the jewish people to never forget those who perished and to remember those who bravely rebelled in warsaw as inspiration when facing future obstacles. \u201c we are nevertheless inspired by the power of the human spirit as demonstrated in the warsaw ghetto uprising, an illustration of heroism and struggle against the forces of evil, \u201d peres writes. \u201c in the face of the heinous scheme to annihilate the jewish people, this uprising constituted the tangible expression of the principles that have united the jewish people through the ages. \u201d once the theme is decided upon, program materials are distributed to the communities involved. included in the materials are first hand accounts, interviews and other documents that called jews to action against the nazis or describing the events surrounding the uprising. also with the materials is a copy of the poem \u201c everyone has a name \u201d by the jewish poet zelda, from which the program \u2019 s name is inspired. throughout the month of april, b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith groups and committees held programs across north america that included speakers and readings in synagogues, jewish community centers and public places such as holocaust memorials and community parks. \u201c it \u2019 s incredible to watch how \u2018 unto every person there is a name \u2019 has grown since its inception in 1989, \u201d b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4357601178884196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.302092"} {"text": "that included speakers and readings in synagogues, jewish community centers and public places such as holocaust memorials and community parks. \u201c it \u2019 s incredible to watch how \u2018 unto every person there is a name \u2019 has grown since its inception in 1989, \u201d b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith international president allan j. jacobs said. \u201c it is important that we never forget the atrocities of the holocaust and individually recognize all those who perished. \u201d in maryland, a ceremony was held at congregation har shalom in potomac, md. art and artifact exhibits were displayed, the university of maryland \u2019 s jewish a cappella group performed, original poetry was read by survivors, and remarks were given by keynote speaker walter reich, yitzhak rabin memorial professor of international affairs, ethics, and human behavior at the george washington university. at the jewish community center of northern virginia, those in attendance not only participated in the reading of the names, but also in a seminar titled \u201c holocaust art : then & now \u201d with george mason university art historian marion deshmukh. narratives and poetry were also read by representatives of various religious denominations. the program recognized 19 survivors in the community. a partnership with alpha epsilon pi in addition to community observances, b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith partners with the alpha epsilon pi ( aepi ) fraternity for the \u201c we walk to remember \u201d program, which took place on 110 college campuses throughout the united states, canada, israel and the united kingdom this year. members of aepi participated in both the walk and \u201c unto every person there is a name \u201d programming. speaking from the walk at georgetown university in washington, d. c., b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith international executive vice president daniel s. mariaschin said, \u201c i \u2019 m honored to take part in \u2018 we walk to remember. \u2019 b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith has a great partnership with aepi, and we \u2019 re wholly behind its efforts to make sure the holocaust is never forgotten by today \u2019 s youth. \u201d this is the fifth year b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith and aepi have worked together on holocaust remembrance day programming. the combination of the two powerful programs has created a lasting impact on campuses across the globe. it demonstrates that young people on campus understand the importance of remembering and have taken on the responsibility to tell the story of the victims of the holocaust. b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith provides the materials created by the international committee as well as \u201c never forget \u201d stickers that the walkers wear on black", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43228697309339265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.303486"} {"text": "of remembering and have taken on the responsibility to tell the story of the victims of the holocaust. b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith provides the materials created by the international committee as well as \u201c never forget \u201d stickers that the walkers wear on black t - shirts. \u201c \u2018 we walk to remember \u2019 is a program that quintessentially represents what it means to be in alpha epsilon pi, \u201d said aepi \u2019 s adam maslia, the howard m. lorber director of jewish and philanthropy programming. \u201c stepping up as leaders in the jewish community in partnership with b ' nai b ' rith international, the brothers of aepi have crafted the world ' s largest on - campus holocaust commemoration event that is so simple, yet so impactful and effective in ensuring that the world never forgets the atrocities of the shoah. \" jewish rescuers citations on the morning of april 8, the b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith world center in jerusalem and the keren kayemeth leisrael ( kkl - jnf ) held a unique, joint holocaust commemoration ceremony dedicated to the heroism of jews who rescued fellow jews during the holocaust. taking place at the martyrs \u2019 forest \u201c scroll of fire \u201d plaza with about 900 people in attendance, 29 rescuers citations were awarded to jews or their descendants who assisted other jews in escaping to a safe haven or employed subterfuge, forgery, smuggling, concealment and other methods to ensure the survival of jews from the holocaust in europe. the idea for the program was the brainchild of haim roet, a child holocaust survivor from holland. roet is also responsible for the initial organization of \u201c unto every person \u201d and approached the same jewish organizations involved to kick start his latest initiative. roet was rescued through joint efforts of non - jews and jews, so the project was close to his heart. as \u201c unto every person \u201d began to take off, roet established the committee to recognize the heroism of jewish rescuers ( jrj ) in which the world center is also a major partner. \u201c our principal contribution to the committee, other than popularizing the heroism of jewish rescuers in germany and occupied europe during the shoah, \u201d schneider said. \u201c is an annual ceremony in partnership with keren kayemeth leisrael. \u201d the b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith center for jewish identity coordinates the program on behalf of b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith. the support for this program is made possible by the generous support of kurt and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42738706302062035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.304521"} {"text": "##meth leisrael. \u201d the b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith center for jewish identity coordinates the program on behalf of b \u2019 nai b \u2019 rith. the support for this program is made possible by the generous support of kurt and tessye simon, ( of blessed memory ). the center chair, nancy braun, announced that \u201c unto every person \u201d programming for 2014 will be held on yom hashoah, april 27, 2014. the center for jewish identity encourages communities to continue to promote the important task of collecting names of victims of the holocaust and submitting \u201c pages of testimony \u201d to yad vashem. these pages are intended to serve as a lasting memorial for the victims and are preserved in the hall of names at yad vashem in jerusalem. the names are also added to the central database. time is running out to get first hand information, so it is important to collect as much information as possible from survivors and their families. if you need further information or want to bring the \u201c unto every person there is a name \u201d to your community or your community \u2019 s yom hashoah observance, please contact rhonda love at email @ example. com. see photos and videos from select events across the u. s. and in israel :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44898299158234956, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.305167"} {"text": "in the early history of most countries there comes a pressure of population upon the productive powers of the land. as numbers increase in the hunting stage game becomes scarce and more hunting grounds are needed. tribes migrate from season to season, as did the american indians, and eventually some members of the tribe are likely to go forth to seek new homes. later in the pastoral stage of society, as the wealth of flocks and herds increases, more pasturage is needed and similar results follow. even after agriculture is well established and commerce is well begun, as in ancient greece, colonies have a like origin. in the england of the nineteenth century malthus and his followers taught the tendency of population to outgrow the means of subsistence \u2014 a tendency overcome only by restraints on the growth of population, or by new inventions that enable new sources of supply to be secured or that render the old ones more efficient. emigration and pioneering are thus a normal outgrowth of a progressive growing people in any stage of civilization. what does the statement about abraham \u2019 s wealth in cattle and silver and gold show regarding the country from which he came and the probable cause of god \u2019 s direction for his removal? immigrants and pioneers are usually the self - reliant and courageous, who dare to endure hardships and incur risks to secure for their country and posterity the benefits of new lands and broader opportunity. the trials of new and untried experiences and often of dire peril strengthen the character already strong, so that the pioneers in all lands and ages have been heroes whose exploits recounted in song and story have stirred the hearts and molded the faith of their descendants through many generations. in the light of later history what was the profound religious significance to his race and to the world, of the migration represented by abraham? the biblical narrative does not state the exact way in which jehovah spoke to abraham. is it possible and probable that god spoke to men in that early day as he speaks to them now, through their experiences and inner consciousness? in what sense was abraham a pioneer? was it for abraham \u2019 s material interest to migrate to canaan? the permanent value and influence of the abraham narratives. scholars will probably never absolutely agree regarding many problems connected with abraham. some have gone so far as to question whether he was an historical character or not. is the question of fundamental importance? other writers declare it probable that a tribal sheik by the name of abraham led one of the many nomad tribes that somewhere about the middle of the second millenium b. c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4936902244646048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.307927"} {"text": "| name : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | | period : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | this test consists of 5 multiple choice, 5 short answer, and 0 short essay questions. multiple choice questions directions : circle the correct answer. 1. at his new camp, where is daniel put to work? a ) in the carpentry shop. b ) in the machine shop. c ) as a photography assistant. d ) in the hospital 2. what happens to rosa and her family the summer of 1944? a ) they are separated. b ) they move into friedrich ' s apartment. c ) they are deported. d ) they are killed. 3. why is daniel determined to live? a ) to find rosa. b ) to help his family. c ) to bear witness against the germans. d ) to revenge his grandparents. 4. what happens in june 1944 that daniel and the ghetto celebrate? a ) world war ii ends. b ) a riot. d ) deportations stops. 5. who does... this section contains 1, 242 words | ( approx. 5 pages at 300 words per page )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534347289641448, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.310156"} {"text": "double the pressurescience brain teasers require understanding of the physical or biological world and the laws that govern it. in general, if you have a gas in a container and you double the amount of gas, the new pressure will be double the old pressure. i say \" in general \" because this isn ' t exactly true, but it is close enough for the purposes of this teaser. so my question is this : if you have a tire filled with the standard 32 psi and you double the amount of air molecules in the tire, what pressure will your tire gauge now read? assume that the tire does not expand, and that the first sentence of this teaser is exactly true. the answer is not 64 psi. hintatmospheric pressure is about 15 psi. how does this affect the answer? why? because pressure gauges are set to read \" 0 psi \" when the pressure being read is the same as atmospheric pressure. this is very convenient because you can easily tell from the gauge if the container is under pressure or vacuum. however, this also means that \" 0 psi \" does not really mean that there is no pressure in the container - true zero psi occurs at full vacuum. so to solve this problem, you have to recognize the fact that at 32 psi there are enough air molecules in the tire to increase the pressure from full vacuum ( no molecules ) to 32 psi. since atmospheric pressure is about 15 psi, then the real pressure is 32 + 15 = 47 psi. since this is the real pressure in the tire, you can now double it to get 94 psi. if the real pressure is 94 psi, the gauge will read 94 - 15 = 79 psi. see another brain teaser just like this one... or, just get a random brain teaser if you become a registered user you can vote on this brain teaser, keep track of which ones you have seen, and even make your own. back to top", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5143541108199944, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.313363"} {"text": "hyderabadarticle free pass hyderabad, former princely state of south - central india. it was founded by nizam al - mulk ( asaf jah ), who was intermittently viceroy of the deccan under the mughal emperors from 1713 to 1721 and who resumed the post again under the title asaf jah in 1724, at which time he became virtually independent. he founded the dynasty of the nizams ( rulers ) of hyderabad. the british and the french participated in the wars of succession that followed his death in 1748. after temporarily siding with hyder ali, the ruler of the mysore principality ( now karnataka state ), in 1767, nizam \u02bfali accepted british ascendancy in hyderabad by the treaty of masulipatam ( 1768 ). from 1778 a british resident and subsidiary force were installed in his dominions. in 1795 nizam \u02bfali khan lost some of his own territories, including parts of berar, to the marathas. when he turned to the french, the british increased their subsidiary force stationed in his domain. the nizam \u2019 s territorial gains as an ally of the british against tippu sultan in 1792 and 1799 were ceded to the british to meet the cost of that force. surrounded, except in the west, by territory owned by or dependent upon the british, nizam \u02bfali khan in 1798 was forced to enter into an agreement placing his country under british protection, becoming the first indian prince to do so. his independence in internal matters, however, was confirmed. nizam \u02bfali khan was a british ally in the second and third maratha wars ( 1803 \u2013 05, 1817 \u2013 19 ), and nizam nasir al - dawlah and hyderabad \u2019 s military contingent remained loyal to the british during the indian mutiny ( 1857 \u2013 58 ). in 1918 nizam mir usman \u02bfali was given the title \u201c his exalted highness, \u201d though the british government of india retained the right to intervene in his domain in case of misrule. hyderabad remained a peaceful, but somewhat backward, princely state as the movement for independence gathered strength in india. hyderabad \u2019 s muslim nizams ruled over a population that was predominantly hindu. when the indian subcontinent was partitioned in 1947, the ruling nizam elected to resume independent status rather than join india. on nov. 29, 1947, he signed a standstill agreement with india to last one year, and indian troops were withdrawn. difficulties persisted, however ; the nizam continued his efforts to assert his autonomy, india insisted that hyderabad join", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3946377907688788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.325298"} {"text": "join india. on nov. 29, 1947, he signed a standstill agreement with india to last one year, and indian troops were withdrawn. difficulties persisted, however ; the nizam continued his efforts to assert his autonomy, india insisted that hyderabad join india, and the nizam appealed to king george vi of great britain. on sept. 13, 1948, hyderabad was invaded by india, and within four days hyderabad \u2019 s accession to india was achieved. after a period of military and provisional civil government, a popular ministry and legislature were set up in the state in march 1952. on nov. 1, 1956, the state of hyderabad ceased to exist administratively. it was divided ( along linguistic lines ) among the states of andhra pradesh, which took the telangana districts ; mysore, which took the kannada - speaking districts ; and bombay ( now divided between gujarat and maharashtra states ). berar had already been merged with madhya pradesh. the nizams of hyderabad constituted a muslim dynasty that ruled over a predominantly hindu population, and it is a tribute to the dynasty \u2019 s government that its hindu subjects over the years made no effort to evict the muslim aristocracy by allying themselves with the marathas, with mysore, or with the european powers. what made you want to look up \" hyderabad \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37211864887036394, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.326602"} {"text": "hermann von schlagintweit, adolphe von schlagintweit, and robert von schlagintweit, results of a scientific mission to india and high asia, 4 vol. and atlas ( 1861 \u2013 66 ), is an excellent account of a scientific exploration undertaken in 1854 \u2013 58 in the karakoram range. a superb evaluation of science and research in the karakorams is given in kenneth hewitt, \u201c european science in high asia : geomorphology in the karakoram, himalaya to 1939, \u201d in keith j. tinkler ( ed. ), history of geomorphology : from hutton to hack ( 1989 ), pp. 165 \u2013 203. results of contemporary research in the area are surveyed in edward derbyshire and lewis a. owen ( eds. ), quaternary of the karakoram and himalaya ( 1989 ) ; k. j. miller ( ed. ), the international karakoram project, 2 vol. ( 1984 ) ; m. p. searle, geology and tectonics of the karakoram mountains ( 1991 ) ; john f. shroder, jr. ( ed. ), himalaya to the sea : geology, geomorphology, and the quaternary ( 1993 ) ; and hermann kreutzmann, karakoram in transition : culture, development, and ecology in the hunza valley ( 2006 ). nigel j. r. allan, \u201c kashgar to islamabad : the impact of the karakorum highway on mountain society and habitat, \u201d scottish geographical magazine, 105 ( 3 ) : 130 \u2013 141 ( 1989 ), discusses the transformation of the western karakorams caused by construction of the karakoram highway. also useful is nigel j. r. allan, karakorum himalaya, 2nd ed. ( 1998 ), a bibliography. accounts of climbs in the karakorams include victor sanders, elusive summits : four expeditions in the karakoram ( 1990 ) ; and charles s. houston et al., k2 : the savage mountain ( 1994 ), about the 1953 american expedition to k2. what made you want to look up \" karakoram range \"? please share what surprised you most... you are now in edit mode. you may directly modify any part of this article. once you are finished, click on the submit button to send your modifications to our editors for review. please note : if you submit anonymously", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097111953182989, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.332102"} {"text": "the sumerian culture in iraq, established in the third millennium b. c., was one of the world \u2019 s earliest civilizations. it reached a height of luxury known to us primarily through the elegantly crafted jewelry found in the tombs of its rulers. the ornaments exhibited here include two finger rings and two pairs of earrings in gold, and beads fashioned in gold and semiprecious stones. the beads have been restrung in modern times. originally, they belonged to elaborate necklaces, which were often so large that their strands had to be held apart by separators. a separator on the smallest strand here consists of four attached tubes in gold ( no. 3 ). the large round bead in lapis lazuli, with a gold cap, was the head of an ornamental pin in silver ; traces of silver remain in the hole ( no. 4 ). - culture : sumerian - medium : gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, chalcedony (? ) on modern string - place made : iraq - dates : ca. 2600 - 2500 b. c. e. - period : early dynastic iiia period - dimensions : length 14 3 / 8 in. ( 36. 5 cm ) ( show scale ) - collections : egyptian, classical, ancient near eastern art - museum location : this item is on view in egypt reborn : art for eternity, ancient middle eastern art, the hagop kevorkian gallery, 3rd floor - accession number : 1999. 109. 1 - credit line : purchased with funds given by shelby white - rights statement : creative commons - by - caption : sumerian. necklace elements, ca. 2600 - 2500 b. c. e. gold, lapis lazuli, carnelian, chalcedony (? ) on modern string, length 14 3 / 8 in. ( 36. 5 cm ). brooklyn museum, purchased with funds given by shelby white, 1999. 109. 1. creative commons - by - record completeness : best ( 83 % )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47038705134682546, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.340195"} {"text": "tips and activities addition and subtraction : there are many ways to teach addition and subtraction. all teachers have their own ways of doing it but here are some ideas, tips, and activities that can help the most important thing to remember when introducing or practicing the concepts of addition and subtraction is to use manipulatives. by using manipulatives, students are able to master basic facts. many items can be used as manipulatives, ranging from food to school family homes : fact families can be a difficult concept for students to understand, so here is an activity to help them master the concept. first, i teach students that in a fact family, there are four number sentences which use only the three numbers. for example : make up a fact family which looks something like this : the students learn that the same three numbers are used throughout the fact family and that they just change spots when they go into another number sentence. after this lesson ( which takes between 1 - 2 days, depending on age / grade level ), the students then create homes for the fact families. here is an illustration of what their fact family homes will you can use milk cartons covered with construction paper to create 4 fact family homes ( 1 on each side ). or, students can use large sheets of construction paper to create larger homes that can be assembled to create a bulletin board. click the picture to download a practice worksheet on fact families. addition / subtraction ( no regrouping ) : to introduce this concept, you will need to review place value, particularly the tens and ones columns. here is how i teach them to add / subtract two digit numbers. first, i show them the problem on the board - - then i show the students that the problem has two columns, a ones column and a ten columns. this is where i place my pre - made construction paper columns on the board and write the problem on the illustrate to students to start adding / subtracting the green column ( green = start ) and then add / subtract the red column ( red = stop ). when doing three digit addition / subtraction, the ones column is green, tens column is yellow, and the hundreds column is red. in this way, you are utilizing traffic light signals and colors which they should already be familiar with. once they ' ve become used to seeing the construction paper columns, they are able to name the columns without any problem. addition with regrouping : addition with regrouping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062350173353132, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.354969"} {"text": "are utilizing traffic light signals and colors which they should already be familiar with. once they ' ve become used to seeing the construction paper columns, they are able to name the columns without any problem. addition with regrouping : addition with regrouping requires the students to use manipulatives to demonstrate how they move \" ten \" ones over to the tens column. here is an example of how i begin teaching addition with regrouping. using the construction columns ( see above ), students are asked to show the number 12 using only ones manipulatives and placing a ten manipulative in the tens column. this is when the students are taught that there can be no more than 9 ones in the ones column. through some direct guidance, students realize they need to move ten ones over into the tens column as illustrated below - - we practice this more i show them how this concept is incorporated into two - digit addition problems. i have found this lesson to be the best when it comes to introducing regrouping to the children. i have tried teaching regrouping without using manipulatives or showing the concept of \" shifting ten over to the tens column \" as we call it...... and the majority of the students had a hard time learning this concept. subtraction with regrouping : here is a cute idea to teach kids when to \" borrow \" in a subtraction problem. the name of the rule is the \" bbb rule \". the bbb rules states \" when the big number is on the bottom, then you borrow. \" teachers are against students using their fingers to count. but when students are doing the math section of a standardized test with a time limit, i want them to utilize their time efficiently. although i do enforce mental math with the children, there are times when they will need to quickly add / subtract. these are some tricks that i ' ve taught the students : 1. adding : when adding 6 + 4, students must ask themselves \" open or closed? \" with addition it is they open their hands and raise up four fingers ( the smallest number ). the palm of their hand says \" 6 \" and then they continue counting on the four fingers to get the sum. 2. subtracting : when subtracting 15 - 8, students must ask themselves \" open or closed? \" with subtraction it is closed. the put their hand in a fist and their palms will say the smallest number ( \" 8 \" ). they will count", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5089688180717409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.356256"} {"text": "british prime minister gordon brown has issued a posthumous apology over the treatment of gay scientist and mathematician alan turing, a man who helped the british government unlock the secret of the enigma code and therefore contributed to the wwii allied victory, calling the government \u2019 s treatment of the scientist \u201c awful \u201d and \u201c utterly unfair \u201d. rather than being treated like a war hero, turing was convicted for being a homosexual and was given female hormone injections as a cure. he committed suicide just two years after at the age of 41. as well as his work during the war - effort, turing is widely considered to be the father of modern day computer science, no doubt giving impetus to the international appeal for a formal apology. a paragraph of gordon brown \u2019 s apology acknowledges turing as a man of great recognition, yes, but also goes some way to including all those that, like him, were so horribly persecuted because of their sexuality : thousands of people have come together to demand justice for alan turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. while turing was dealt with under the law of the time, and we can \u2019 t put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair, and i am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry i and we all are for what happened to him. alan and the many thousands of other gay men who were convicted, as he was convicted, under homophobic laws, were treated terribly. over the years, millions more lived in fear of conviction. i am proud that those days are gone and that in the past 12 years this government has done so much to make life fairer and more equal for our lgbt community. this recognition of alan \u2019 s status as one of britain \u2019 s most famous victims of homophobia is another step towards equality, and long overdue. to read the rest of gordon brown \u2019 s statement, please click here. the creator of the first uk based alan turing petition, john graham - cumming, computer programmer and author of the geek atlas, has reacted warmly to gordon brown \u2019 s statement, but recognized that this was not the final point of discussion : \u201c for me, it \u2019 s the end of my campaign. but for others it is not. it \u2019 s vital that bletchley park and the national museum of computing secure funding to keep them alive. \u201d this is in reference to the fact that the historical building in which alan turing and other code - breakers worked during the war has been repeatedly denied funding under britain \u2019 s labour government, first by former pm tony blair", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.49634437037108137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.360900"} {"text": "in recent years, much energy has been put into genetic research both through the individual efforts of interested scientists and through the collaboration of international teams in the human genome project. through this work, we have learned a great deal about how genes function and how they can cause certain problems. we now know how to look for mutations ( changes in the gene ) that can lead to specific disorders. genetic testing is possible for some conditions because we can recognize the difference between a normal gene and a disease gene. genetic testing presents us with both opportunity and concern. there is opportunity for diagnoses and definitive information and, indeed, a hope that cures may ultimately be possible. on the other hand, we have seen that genetic information can have far - reaching effects on individuals being tested and on their families \u2014 emotionally, socially, ethically. what are genes? genes are specific pieces of information that tell our bodies how to grow, function, and develop. it is estimated that each person has between 50, 000 - 100, 000 genes. these genes, which are contained on our 23 pairs of chromosomes, make up our genetic blueprint. each gene codes for a particular set of instructions, and a gene \u2019 s function is determined by its unique dna code. dna consists of four basic building blocks called bases that are linked in a specific order. when a change occurs in the ordering or number of bases, a gene may not function properly. a gene change which can cause a disease is called a mutation. how can genes influence disease? genes come in pairs, with one copy inherited from each parent. a condition is called dominantly inherited when only one copy of a disease gene is needed to lead to symptoms of that disease. one example of dominant inheritance is huntington \u2019 s disease ( hd ). the hd gene can be passed from one generation to the next and a person who has the hd gene has a 50 % chance of passing that gene on to each of his or her children. a person affected by a recessively inherited condition inherits a particular disease gene from each parent. one example is cystic fibrosis in which both parents, by chance, have passed on a cf gene. some diseases do not follow simple patterns of inheritance. many factors influence how a gene works or who will get a disease and when. mutations in several different genes can lead to the same disease, as we see in some forms of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. genes that increase one \u2019 s risk of getting a certain disease are called susceptibility genes. what is genetic testing? genetic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5653680240293653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.390424"} {"text": "mutations in several different genes can lead to the same disease, as we see in some forms of alzheimer \u2019 s disease. genes that increase one \u2019 s risk of getting a certain disease are called susceptibility genes. what is genetic testing? genetic testing involves analyzing a person \u2019 s dna. usually a blood sample is taken, and a molecular genetics lab performs special tests to look for mutations in a gene that lead to disease. genetic testing is available for only a fraction of the many genetic conditions in existence. there is no test that analyzes a person \u2019 s dna and gives him or her a clean bill of health. who might want genetic testing? genetic testing can be done to confirm or rule out a certain diagnosis. testing might interest a person who knows or suspects that he / she is at risk for a genetic disease for which treatment options or preventative measures are available. also, couples considering having children may wish to know the risk of passing on an inherited disorder ( e. g., huntington \u2019 s disease ) to offspring. what testing is available? some of the more common genetic diseases for which genetic tests are available include sickle cell disease, myotonic dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, duchenne \u2019 s muscular dystrophy, and fragile x syndrome. there are also tests available for some inherited adult - onset disorders, including those described below : alzheimer \u2019 s disease persons with alzheimer \u2019 s disease have progressive impairment in multiple cognitive areas. these areas may include memory, language, calculation, orientation, judgment and personality. genetic research has found connections between a number of genes and alzheimer \u2019 s disease in a small percentage of families with alzheimer \u2019 s. three genes on different chromosomes are associated with early onset familial alzheimer \u2019 s. a fourth gene, located on chromosome 19, codes for a protein called apoe. apoe4 is now considered a susceptibility gene for ad and increases the risk for developing ad. not all people who have this gene will get ad and other people may get ad without having the apoe4 gene. there is evidence for additional alzheimer \u2019 s disease genes which have not yet been identified. at this time, routine predictive testing of alzheimer \u2019 s disease genes is not recommended. the apoe4 gene is only a risk factor and it cannot provide definitive information. since there is no cure for alzheimer \u2019 s disease, the benefit of learning about a possible predisposition to the disease is questionable. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) als", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5174061265224181, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.391649"} {"text": "only a risk factor and it cannot provide definitive information. since there is no cure for alzheimer \u2019 s disease, the benefit of learning about a possible predisposition to the disease is questionable. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) als, also known as lou gehrig \u2019 s disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder of motor neurons in the cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. it involves muscle weakness, and as the disease progresses, severe impairment of mobility, speech, swallowing, and respiratory function. one \u2019 s mind is typically unaffected. als is inherited in aproximately 10 % of cases in an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive manner. familial als ( fals ) has been studied closely to determine that in some families, a mutation in a gene called sod1 ( on chromosome 21 ) is likely the cause. the vast majority of als cases are sporadic with no clear cause. the hope now is that the discovery of a gene causing a disease in certain families may give scientists the lead they have been searching for to reach a cure. ataxia ataxia means a lack of coordination and can be associated with a degenerative disorder. testing is currently available for spinocerebellar ataxia ( sca ) types 1, 2 and 3. type 3 is also known as machado - joseph disease. dementia is not typically seen in sca types 1, 2 and 3. they are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that either men or women can be affected and that an affected person has a 50 % chance of passing the gene on to each of his / her children. the genes for sca types 1, 2 and 3, like the hd gene, have repeated sections of dna that are larger than those in the normally functioning gene. cerebrovascular disease ( stroke ) scientists studying cerebrovascular disease have suggested that many risk factors for stroke are under genetic influence, for example, having a family history of stroke may be associated with an increased risk. greater understanding of these factors may lead to early recognition of and intervention in stroke. genetic effects are subject to environmental influences ( e. g., diet, weight ). huntington \u2019 s disease ( hd ) huntington \u2019 s disease is the most common inherited neurological disease. it is characterized by progressive deterioration. motor effects progress to uncontrollable movements ( chorea ) and deterioration of handwriting, speech and swallowing. cognitive symptoms can include memory loss and progress to dementia. emotional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.515089354285057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.393447"} {"text": "is the most common inherited neurological disease. it is characterized by progressive deterioration. motor effects progress to uncontrollable movements ( chorea ) and deterioration of handwriting, speech and swallowing. cognitive symptoms can include memory loss and progress to dementia. emotional problems may include personality change and depression. a person with symptoms of huntington \u2019 s disease may have a genetic test to confirm that he / she has hd. people at risk for hd ( meaning that one of their parents has hd ) may consider presymptomatic testing to learn if they carry the hd gene and therefore will ultimately develop hd symptoms. after many years of intense research, the hd gene was identified in 1993. it was discovered that a three base pair section of the dna of the hd gene is repeated many times in individuals who have hd. the normal functional gene does not have this enlargement. current testing analyzes the hd gene to look for the presence or absence of this enlargement ( or expanded repeat ). at this time, the function of the hd gene and how it causes hd is not known. multiple sclerosis ( ms ) multiple sclerosis is a disease that randomly attacks the central nervous system. familial occurrence ( not necessarily genetic ) in ms is documented, but uncommon. it is thought that the major causes for ms will prove to be immunological and possibly infectious, but certain genes may be required for susceptibility. implications of testing although there are no cures for these adult - onset disorders, genetic testing for actual gene mutations can provide an accurate diagnosis or rule out a specific condition. having a clear diagnosis can allow a person and his / her family to anticipate disease progression and make informed decisions about the future. in some cases, treatment options may be available to slow the progression of symptoms. persons at risk ( e. g., a person with a parent with huntington \u2019 s disease ) might feel uncertain about their own future and that of their children. a negative test ( indicating that a person does not have the gene ) can give a tremendous sense of relief. a positive test result can relieve uncertainty and let the person plan for the future. there are not tests available for every adult - onset disorder. one important limitation for gene testing is that diagnostic information often is not matched by effective treatment strategies or therapies. since most genetic tests involve only a blood sample, there is no significant physical risk. any potential risks have more to do with the way the results of the test might change a person \u2019 s life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.530334050414139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.394604"} {"text": "matched by effective treatment strategies or therapies. since most genetic tests involve only a blood sample, there is no significant physical risk. any potential risks have more to do with the way the results of the test might change a person \u2019 s life. there can be a major psychological impact on people considering and undergoing genetic testing. the knowledge that one does or does not carry a disease gene can provoke many emotions. many people with a family history of certain diseases have already seen relatives become affected by the disorder. the news that they have the disease gene can lead to depression or anger. these emotions can impact the person and reverberate throughout the family. a person who finds he / she does not carry a disease gene may feel guilty. there is also concern about confidentiality. people have expressed concern that testing information could someday be used against them. as knowledge about the genetic basis of common disorders grows, so does the potential for discrimination in obtaining health or life insurance. people also have concerns about discrimination in employment. at the state and federal levels, legislation is being pursued to help ensure that genetic information is not used against people. the americans with disabilities act ( ada ) provides employment anti - discrimination protection for people with disabilities and neurological disorders. in addition, as an example of state law, the state of california prohibits insurers, to varying degrees, from requiring or requesting genetic tests or their results, from denying coverage on the basis of genetic tests, and from using tests to determine rates and benefits. california law has provisions to protect the privacy of genetic information. however, in this time of flux and changing health care systems, it is not clear to what extent consumers are protected. people considering genetic testing need to consider potential risks for discrimination. whom to contact your primary care physician may be able to make a referral to a specialist such as a neurologist and genetic counselor as appropriate. the national society of genetic counselors may also be a helpful source of referrals. a trained professional can help evaluate family history, document diagnosis and discuss whether testing options are available. in addition, in california there is a genetically handicapped persons program ( see resources section of this fact sheet ). how can genetic counseling help? genetic counselors are specially trained health professionals who help families learn about and cope with genetic conditions. if a person is considering testing, a genetic counselor would discuss risks, benefits, and limitations and provide balanced information for the individual to make an informed decision about whether to proceed with testing. there are many issues to consider including psychological impact, family issues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49361917220167556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.395752"} {"text": ". if a person is considering testing, a genetic counselor would discuss risks, benefits, and limitations and provide balanced information for the individual to make an informed decision about whether to proceed with testing. there are many issues to consider including psychological impact, family issues, and privacy. genetic counseling can be helpful in addressing these issues. genetic counselors support families and individuals in making decisions about genetic testing and in adjusting to test results. how do people decide about genetic testing? the decision about whether to have testing is a very personal one. it should also be voluntary ; people should have the test only if they want the information and should not be pressured into testing by relatives or health care providers. because the issues are so complex and the consequences so profound, the decision to have a genetic test deserves careful preparation and thought. as a final note, it is also important to understand that the available information is changing rapidly as genetic research continues. it is likely that more information and genetic tests will be available in the future. please use the resource listings below to help stay informed and up to date. family caregiver alliance 785 market street, suite 750 san francisco, ca 94103 web site : www. caregiver. org e - mail : [ email protected ] family caregiver alliance ( fca ) seeks to improve the quality of life for caregivers through education, services, research and advocacy. through its national center on caregiving, fca offers information on current social, public policy and caregiving issues and provides assistance in the development of public and private programs for caregivers. for residents of the greater san francisco bay area, fca provides direct family support services for caregivers of those with alzheimer ' s disease, stroke, head injury, parkinson ' s and other debilitating disorders that strike adults. huntington \u2019 s disease society of america 140 west 22nd st., 6th flr. new york, ny 10011 - 2420 hdsa maintains a list of genetic testing centers across the u. s. genetically handicapped persons program state of california department of health services 714 p st., rm. 300 sacramento, ca 95814 alliance of genetic support groups 35 wisconsin circle, suite 440 chevy chase, md 20815 national alliance for rare disorders p. o. box 8923 new fairfield, ct 06812 national society of genetic counselors 233 canterbury dr. wallingford, pa 19086 - 6617 human genome management information system oak ridge national lab 1060 commerce park ms 6480 oak ridge, tn 37830", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.452883924279823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.397759"} {"text": "the koninklijke nederlandse politiehond vereniging ( knpv ) is a dog sport originating in holland that uses a number of exercises in an attempt to mimic situations encountered by police k9 units. one such exercise is centered around a search for small articles. the knpv small articles search takes place in a square section of grassy field. three small objects, such as a key, a ring, a bullet casing, or a coin, are placed on the field. the dog then has 10 minutes to search the field and retrieve the objects. the handler is permitted to give basic commands instructing the dog to search, stay or release the retrieved object. a retrieval time of under 3 minutes is required to obtain a perfect score, while the dog is also graded on general obedience, the manner in which it searches the field, and how it handles the objects during the retrieval stage. the intent of this exercise is to train the dog to act in a manner that mimics a police search for evidence. unfortunately, the way this exercise is performed by the knpv presents a number of problems when compared against what would be required of a search conducted by actual police forces. one of the biggest problems is that the dog is trained to mouth the object, pick it up and bring it back to the handler. in a real police search, investigators wear latex gloves to avoid disturbing the evidence any more than absolutely necessary. to have the dog mouth a piece of evidence might completely ruin it. the correct action for the dog to take would be to indicate passively by sitting next to the found article. secondly, because knpv is a sport, the exercises are performed with specific regulations concerning the search area. during a search, an officer can almost never rely on evidence being simply dropped in a perfectly square patch of grassy field. the most important thing to remember is that knpv, like all other dog sports, is just a sport. police dogs, protection dogs and guard dogs alike need to be trained to handle real situations from the very beginning. training for sport just isn \u2019 t good enough for work in the real world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5006523305166322, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.411648"} {"text": "- pdf ( 484 kb ) - full text with thumbnail figures - full text with large figures - cited by in scopus ( 238 ) - request permission - microrna regulation of nac - domain targets is required for proper formation and separation of adjacen... current biology, volume 14, issue 12, 22 june 2004, pages 1035 - 1046 allison c mallory, diana v dugas, david p bartel and bonnie bartel summarybackground : micrornas ( mirnas ) are nucleotide ( nt ) rnas that regulate gene expression in plants and animals. most known plant mirnas target transcription factors that influence cell fate determination, and biological functions of mirna - directed regulation have been reported for four of 15 known microrna gene families : mir172, mir159, mir165, and mir168. here, we identify a developmental role for mir164 - directed regulation of nac - domain genes, which encode a family of transcription factors that includes cup - shaped cotyledon1 ( cuc1 ) and cuc2. results : expression of a mir164 - resistant version of cuc1 mrna from the cuc1 promoter causes alterations in arabidopsis embryonic, vegetative, and floral development, including cotyledon orientation defects, reduction of rosette leaf petioles, dramatically misshapen rosette leaves, one to four extra petals, and one or two missing sepals. reciprocally, constitutive overexpression of mir164 recapitulates cuc1 cuc2 double mutant phenotypes, including cotyledon and floral organ fusions. mir164 overexpression also leads to phenotypes not previously observed in cuc1 cuc2 mutants, including leaf and stem fusions. these likely reflect the misregulation of other nac - domain mrnas, including nac1, at5g07680, and at5g61430, for which mir164 - directed cleavage products were detected. conclusions : these results demonstrate that mir164 - directed regulation of cuc1 is necessary for normal embryonic, vegetative, and floral development. they also show that proper mir164 dosage or localization is required for separation of adjacent embryonic, vegetative, and floral organs, thus implicating mir164 as a common regulatory component of the molecular circuitry that controls the separation of different developing organs and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4828326642872269, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.424103"} {"text": "in a nonredundant manner by regulating the transcript accumulation of the transcription factors cuc1 and cuc2. conclusions : the data presented in this study indicate that closely related mirna family members that are predicted to target the same set of genes can have different functions during development, possibly because of nonoverlapping expression patterns. summary | full text | pdf ( 2463 kb ) - nac proteins : regulation and role in stress tolerance trends in plant science, volume 17, issue 6, 1 june 2012, pages 369 - 381 swati puranik, pranav pankaj sahu, prem s. srivastava and manoj prasad abstractthe plant - specific nac ( nam, ataf1, 2 and cuc2 ) proteins constitute a major transcription factor family renowned for their roles in several developmental programs. despite their highly conserved dna - binding domains, their remarkable diversification across plants reflects their numerous functions. lately, they have received much attention as regulators in various stress signaling pathways which may include interplay of phytohormones. this review summarizes the recent progress in research on nacs highlighting the proteins \u2019 potential for engineering stress tolerance against various abiotic and biotic challenges. we discuss regulatory components and targets of nac proteins in the context of their prospective role for crop improvement strategies via biotechnological intervention. abstract | full text | pdf ( 705 kb ) copyright \u00a9 2004 elsevier ltd all rights reserved. trends in plant science, volume 10, issue 2, 79 - 87, 1 february 2005 transcriptional networks in plants nac transcription factors : structurally distinct, functionally diverse a institute of molecular biology, university of copenhagen, \u00f8ster farimagsgade 2a, dk - 1353 copenhagen k, denmark b department of chemistry, centre for crystallographic studies, university of copenhagen, universitetsparken 5, dk - 2100 copenhagen \u00f8, denmark nac proteins constitute one of the largest families of plant - specific transcription factors, and the family is present in a wide range of land plants. here, we summarize the biological and molecular functions of the nac family, paying particular attention to the intricate regulation of nac protein level and localization, and to the first indications of nac participation in transcription factor networks. the recent determination of the dna and protein binding nac domain structure offers insight into the molecular functions of the protein family. research into nac transcription factors has demonstrated the importance of this protein family in the biology of plants and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5034000643034002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.428173"} {"text": "the pancreas is a gland organ located behind the stomach and is vital to the digestive tract and overall health of the body. the functions of the pancreas include releasing digestive enzymes and producing insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. the pancreas can become diseased due to various things including diet and alcohol consumption. when the pancreas becomes diseased or infected, it can lead to serious conditions which must be treated by a gi doctor or endocrinologist. - pancreatitis : it is the inflammation of the pancreas and is a very common disease of the pancreas. pancreatitis is a condition where the enzymes are actually breaking down the pancreas, instead of food, and the pancreas becomes inflamed. the common types of pancreatitis are chronic and acute pancreatitis. chronic pancreatitis is a long - lasting condition that has to be managed over time. acute pancreatitis comes on quickly and can be treated with antibiotics. a common cause of acute pancreatitis is a gallstone block, also known as gallstone pancreatitis. the symptoms often include nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain. heavy alcohol consumption has been linked with both chronic and acute pancreatitis and it is important to avoid alcohol. - gallstone pancreatitis : gallstone pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas due to gallstones blocking the bile duct. the symptoms are very similar to those of gallstones \u2013 nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. it is very important to see a doctor if you think you might have gallstone pancreatitis. pancreatic diseases are serious medical conditions which must be managed under the care of a physician. if you or someone you know has a history of gallstones or pancreatitis, please contact us to set up an appointment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4153981696657075, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.430327"} {"text": "pelvic clock in different contexts sitting on the chair \u2022 sitting on the chair, feet firmly on the floor, knees separated as you feel supported and if you are supported on ischia. put one hand under your buttocks to feel the shape of the bony protuberance ( ischial tuberosity ). take my hand take a reference on the wall, a point where your eyes naturally tend to rest. \u2022 very slowly move your pelvis and becomes small rounding the back and returns to the center. when you move do not hold your breath, it makes the legs, abdomen, chest, shoulders and neck are relaxed. \u2022 tilt your pelvis and slowly arching the lower back by venting the stomach. exhale, relax the back and legs. feel how the weight moves forward on ischia, the trunk extends to become erect. continue to slowly tilt your pelvis tilting forward and back arching and rounding your back. \u2022 yet sit in the chair. with both feet on stable ground, hands on thighs, the pelvis tilts toward the left knee so that the weight moves to the left buttock and the right bar is raised a bit ' from its support. feel like your right shoulder is progressing slowly moves back and the left and the right side tends to rise, the coast side of this approach, the column is extended and the head moves to the left accompanied by the look. \u2022 now tilt your pelvis toward your right knee feel like eyes are moving, how they organize the head, ribs, hips and knees as you move the weight on the buttocks and feet. leaves the body soft and relaxed so that breathing can take place freely. \u2022 imagine that the chair is painted on the support and draw a clock with the dock 12 - 6 h, then from 3 to 9 h, and finally draws every hour intermediate describing circles in one direction and then in the total involvement in the body movement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4460795916143976, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.432877"} {"text": "- the magazine additive manufacturing ( am ) for ceramics has long been a dream, pursued in research labs and desired by industry. the idea of using a digital file to create a three - dimensional ( 3 - d ) object is now a reality, making the transition from rapid prototyping to part production. am is a fairly new term adopted by the astm international committee to encompass methods that build 3 - d forms layer - by - layer using computer - driven technology. am is a completely different approach than traditional methods of subtracting materials from a larger workpiece ( e. g., cutting, grinding ) or conventional forming methods ( e. g., pressing, casting, injection molding ). 1 terms such as 3 - d printing, rapid prototyping, direct digital manufacturing, rapid manufacturing and solid freeform fabrication are often used to describe am processes. am processes are driven by 3 - d computer data, or stereolithography ( stl ) files, which contain information on the geometry of the object. stl files can be obtained from 3 - d cad software, medical scan data ( e. g., ct, mri ), or from existing objects using point or laser scanners. the stl file, which breaks down the geometrical representation of the object into a simple mesh, can be manipulated into a suitable build orientation, and then digitally sliced into discreet 2 - d layers. the process of layering is then conducted by the am system through the deposition and bonding of 2 - d layers. 2 am found its first market 25 years ago in the rapid prototyping of plastic mockup parts for product design. 3 as the technology developed, opportunities for tooling and direct part production followed, first in plastics, and more recently in metals and ceramics. tooling examples include patterns built using 3 - d printing of sand or wax for metal castings, and silicone rubber for urethane castings. direct part manufacturing of end - use parts is the fastest growing segment of the $ 1. 3 billion market, increasing from 4 % in 2003 to nearly 20 % in 2010. 3 examples include medical parts such as surgical implants, consumer products such as art ceramics and jewelry, and industrial parts such as impeller blades and aircraft ducting. there is tremendous interest worldwide in evaluating the potential for am as a useful and possibly disruptive technology. am is generating excitement in many fields, from computer science and product design to new materials and lean engineering. am has captured the imagination, but it is not always clear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5134972084663252, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.456165"} {"text": "interest worldwide in evaluating the potential for am as a useful and possibly disruptive technology. am is generating excitement in many fields, from computer science and product design to new materials and lean engineering. am has captured the imagination, but it is not always clear how ceramic materials fit into the picture. one key benefit of using am is the ability to easily fabricate complex shapes. complexity adds cost to traditional processes. in general, the more complex the final shape, the more likely that am will be of benefit. am also offers the freedom to redesign parts to decrease weight and more accurately serve their engineering purpose. for example, the shape of cooling channels can be optimized for fluid dynamics rather than restricted by the manufacturing method. 2 another important benefit is the ability to fabricate parts without expensive tooling or long lead times. cost savings are associated with less production labor, material waste and energy consumption, as well as increased on - demand manufacturing. all of these factors provide varying degrees of impact depending on the specific product. as shown in table 1, the seven am categories offer more than 30 variations on the basic themes, each with its advantages and disadvantages. binder jetting and material jetting are both considered 3 - d printing methods using print heads with multiple nozzles. material jetting is also called \u201c direct printing, \u201d as the desired material is dispensed through the print head. this is in contrast to binder jetting, where only the binder is dispensed through the print head onto a flat powder bed of the desired material. the binder jetting method was initially developed in the early 1990s at mit and licensed to a number of companies. 2 it works by depositing a thin layer of powder am organizations and events \u2022 the national additive manufacturing innovation institute ( namii ) recently announced the location of its center in youngstown, ohio. namii was established as a pilot institute under the new national network for manufacturing innovation ( nnmi ) infrastructure to help advance the u. s. manufacturing sector. namii is a public - private partnership with member organizations from industry, academia, government and workforce development resources. visit www. namii. org to learn more. \u2022 the rapid conference, which will be held june 10 - 13, 2013, by the society of manufacturing engineers ( sme ), is an industry - leading forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest development, trends, and techniques specific to additive manufacturing and 3 - d imaging. additional details are available at www. sme. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5150342717713128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.457464"} {"text": "of manufacturing engineers ( sme ), is an industry - leading forum for the presentation and discussion of the latest development, trends, and techniques specific to additive manufacturing and 3 - d imaging. additional details are available at www. sme. org. \u2022 the additive manufacturing consortium ( amc ) is a national group of industry, government, and research organizations engaged in the advancement of manufacturing readiness of additive manufacturing technologies. instituted in 2010 by ewi and originally focused on metals, the consortium has since expanded to include ceramics. it has established a network to provide members with advice, development, performance testing and qualification of additive processes. for more information, visit http : / / ewi. org / additive - manufacturing - consortium. onto a build platform or build box. the multiple array inkjet head, loaded with binder, is moved across the surface in the x - axis and indexed across in the y - axis by a distance corresponding to the width of the print head array. the head is then traversed back in the x - axis, printing the layer in a series of stripes in the familiar manner of inkjet printers. the build platform is then lowered by 0. 1 - 0. 2 mm, and a second layer of powder is deposited. 2 the powder sticks together only where the binder has been printed. the form is built layer by layer ; at the end of the build cycle, the loose powder is removed by vacuum, revealing the part. the part is porous and, if desired, can be infiltrated or fired in a post - process step. this method is used for fine art ceramics, ceramic cores and large industrial sand molds for metal casting. the primary advantages for 3 - d printing, especially binder jetting, are low cost, high speed, scalability, ease of building parts in multiple materials, and versatility for use with ceramic materials. 1 originally evolved from systems that used thermoplastics, the material jetting method has been modified to accept ceramic slurries or ceramic powders in wax or liquid binder carriers. material jetting has significant challenges, including getting materials to flow through nozzles at reasonable speeds without clogging. work is ongoing to improve the rheology of material systems for ceramic materials such as alumina, zirconia and pzt. this method promises good surface finishes and high tolerances for parts that can be printed and then fired to high density. powder bed fusion originated with selective laser sintering ( sls ). sls uses a powder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4887743454456167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.460394"} {"text": "readily produce wax and polymer forms that can be used as molds for ceramics ( e. g., in the dental industry ), but the company doesn \u2019 t have a strong presence in direct fabrication of ceramics. exone has developed the largest volume, fastest systems for handling ceramic materials, driven by the success of 3 - d printing for sand casting molds. a build chamber of 400 x 250 x 250 mm is available, with speeds of 30 seconds per layer. viridis 3d uses modified voxelijet equipment to produce sand molds and cores. both of these companies sell special ceramic blends and other supplies for 3 - d printers. am of ceramic molds and cores has been a game changer for the metal casting industry. binder jetting is best suited due to its low cost and speed. the as - printed product is porous, exactly what is needed for casting. companies such as eos and phenix systems sell equipment based on the selective laser sintering method that can be used for ceramics. materials solutions uses eos equipment to make parts and develop processes for customers. this method is taking off for metals, but information on ceramic products is scarce. the laser method is more costly and slower than binder jetting. current research efforts at several universities and government labs may yet discover the best fit for this method in ceramic applications. am offers significant materials challenges ( especially for ceramics ) that present a large barrier for entry. ceralink has recently become involved in am through client requests, both from the equipment side and from parts manufacturers. ceralink specializes in ceramics, composites, and metals contract r & d, as well as fast manufacturing methods such as microwave heating and radio frequency lamination. ceralink is currently developing methods and procedures for exone to expand the range of printed metal and ceramic parts. two methods that have quietly proved their value in ceramic part fabrication are material extrusion and sheet lamination. developed at sandia national laboratories in the 1990s, robocasting was specifically designed to extrude ceramics such as alumina through a nozzle using a robotic arm. robocasting enterprises licensed the technology and offers fully dense specialty parts in a variety of ceramic materials. cam - lem can also fabricate fully dense ceramics ( e. g., in alumina, aln and silicon nitride ) by laminating tapes, exactly aligned, that have precisions features cut into them. challenges and industry needs though significant progress and technological advancements have been made by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4502242099636868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.463096"} {"text": "e. g., in alumina, aln and silicon nitride ) by laminating tapes, exactly aligned, that have precisions features cut into them. challenges and industry needs though significant progress and technological advancements have been made by the emerging am industry, many challenges still lie ahead related to materials development and adoption beyond niche applications. post processing to achieve high densities is a main challenge for the am methods that produce porous parts. early industrial adopters ( e. g., ceramic molds and cores ) don \u2019 t require further densification. a next step is to produce integrally cored molds for investment casting. am has also been successful in fine art ceramics, where densification is assisted by a liquid phase and tolerances are not as stringent. materials considerations such as rheology, powder flow, powder packing, particle shape and size distribution can impact product quality factors, including surface materials considerations such as rheology, powder flow, powder packing, particle shape and size distribution can impact product quality factors, including surface finish, density, uniformity, and dimensional integrity. finish, density, uniformity, and dimensional integrity. am offers possibilities to make structures that are difficult or even impossible with traditional methods, but strategies must be developed to achieve success. many applications will require hands - on experimentation by ceramic engineers and material scientists. for example, there is a strong interest in making graded structures similar to bone, where a more porous inner region is formed within a dense outer structure. it will be important to identify and better understand the processing - structure - property relationships with the different am methods to ensure predictability of produced parts. 5 standardized mechanical and physical property data, for instance, must be determined on the many material and processing combinations offered by the am industry to allow for comparison to traditionally produced counterparts. editor \u2019 s note : all of the photos included are courtesy of exone. 1. gibson, i., rosen, d. w., and stucker, b., additive manufacturing technologies : rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing, springer, new york, 2010. 2. reeves, p., \u201c rapid manufacturing for the production of ceramic components, \u201d ceram 2008, econolyst. 3. scott, j., et al., additive manufacturing : status and opportunities, science and technology policy institute, 2012, pp. 1 - 29. 4. 4. chaput, c. and lafon, j. b., \u201c 3 - d printing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4680241735520714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.464313"} {"text": "- the magazine ceramics handbuilding : pinch and coil construction is an excellent introduction to pinching and coiling as a process of pottery making. according to the video instructor, mollie favour, the advantage of handbuilding is that it only takes some clay and a few simple tools - many that can be supplied directly from the kitchen. in this lesson, favour instructs viewers in the production of several complete projects. favour teaches the viewer four basic skills needed for building pottery by hand. first, she demonstrates clay preparation by \u201c spiral \u201d wedging. this is a primary skill all new potters must acquire, and favour demonstrates the method clearly. next she shows how to make pottery via the pinch method. then, she shows how to make and use coils. and finally, she demonstrates how to pull a handle. these basic actions equip new artists to tackle the many handmade projects in the video. these projects include : a bowl, a box with lid, an oval vessel, and a coffee mug. basic materials, such as slip and glaze, are explained. favour also shows how she decorates her pots with colored slips and a brush before firing them with a clear glaze. mollie favour \u2019 s simple, yet concise directions are easy enough for the beginning potter to begin creating right away. i was troubled somewhat by the quality of the camerawork ; i found that the artist \u2019 s hands were out of frame much too often for an instructional video. however, i am still recommending this as a teaching aid for beginning potters and those that would like to begin again. title : ceramics handbuilding : pinch and coil construction length : 28 min. for more information, visit www. crystalproductions. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46796441116850235, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.466791"} {"text": "skip to content skip to navigation menu 21 june 2010 teenagers who read gossip magazines are more likely to engage in eating disorder behaviours, according to new research from the school of medicine. conducted by dr james white from the department of primary care & public health, the study took place over six months, and involved 546 eleven to sixteen year old children from south wales. the research was carried out in collaboration with dr emma halliwell from the university of the west of england. adolescents were asked to record changes in their behaviours that are common to eating disorders, such as binge eating, self - induced vomiting and dieting. they were also asked how often they view different types of television programmes ( soaps, music videos, sports, drama series, reality tv ) and magazines ( women \u2019 s fashion, health and fitness, men \u2019 s magazines, gossip magazines ). after six months, the television and magazine viewing habits of teenagers who had increased their use of eating disorder behaviours were compared to those whose eating had remained normal. recognised risk factors for eating disorders such as age, gender, body mass index and perceived pressure from the media to lose weight were taken into account during analysis. the study \u2019 s results indicated that the one of the strongest risk factors for significant increases in eating disorder behaviours was how often teenage boys and girls read gossip magazines. indeed, reading gossip magazines remained a significant risk factor after taking into account teenagers \u2019 awareness of pressure from the media to lose weight. the frequency of viewing other television and magazine genres did not have a significant effect. dr white said, \" this study suggests that there should be a greater awareness of the potential impact that exposure to the kind of images of celebrities and models in gossip magazines can have on adolescents \u2019 eating habits. this is one of the first studies to investigate such a wide and varied group of different television and magazine genres, but it suggests that exposure to gossip magazines increases the risk in adolescent boys and girls of using unhealthy eating behaviours, without their awareness of being influenced. \" dr james white will be presenting his findings at the 4th appearance matters conference on 22 and 23 june, in bristol. school of medicine shaping public policy innovation and impact awards reshaping the bbc \u2019 s news agenda improving community policing linking climate change and human evolution rise in type 2 diabetes amongst young uniting to solve the mystery of mental illness this is an externally hosted beta service offered by google.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42891506269047497, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.473190"} {"text": "many have criticized the body mass index, or bmi, as being a poor indicator of obesity and of obesity - related health risks. critics say bmi is too simple to be accurate, that it doesn ' t take into account a person ' s muscle mass or where the body fat is located. americans, therefore, may be tempted to brush off the easy - to - access statistic - - and the possible need for lifestyle changes - - if they don ' t like their results. alternative methods such as waist - to - height ratios or body composition testing may be more accurate in measuring an individual ' s body fat percentage. but bmi is just as good at providing information about your health risks and can be easily, reliably and cheaply used by clinicians and patients to provide a useful snapshot of how someone ' s weight compares to healthy standards. your bmi can be calculated online with a simple formula : weight in kilograms divided by height in centimeters squared. in pounds and inches this formula becomes weight in pounds divided by height in inches squared, multiplied by 703 to account for the metric conversion. a bmi between 18. 5 and 24. 9 indicates a normal weight ; a bmi between 25 and 29. 9 indicates a person is overweight ; and a bmi of 30 or above indicates obesity. there are always exceptions to any rule, but when it comes to predicting obesity - related health risks, bmi is among the strongest predictors, regardless of what critics say. even when compared with other measures such as waist circumference, waist - to - height - ratio, percent body fat, fat mass index or fat - free mass index, the science shows that bmi is just as good at predicting obesity - related health risks. my research team at the columbia university mailman school of public health examined cross - sectional measurements of height, weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, blood pressure measurements, cholesterol levels and fasting glucose levels for more than 12, 000 adults using information from ehe international ' s database of patients. the numbers showed that bmi is the strongest predictor of blood pressure, and the measurement is comparable to other measurements at predicting cholesterol levels. bmi also performed admirably against other measures in predicting fasting glucose levels, which are an important part of diagnosing diabetes. it ' s tempting to write off bmi as overly simplistic when it delivers news about our weight and health that we don ' t like. but the bottom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45738582728203425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.476533"} {"text": "the most important thing you can do to keep from getting sick is to wash your hands! wash your hands often, especially \u2026 - before you eat - before you touch your mouth or eyes - after you use the bathroom - after touching animals or pets - after you blow your nose, cough or sneeze coughing or sneezing into your sleeve will reduce the spread of germs. lather up with soap and warm water, wash hands front and back and between the fingers. don \u2019 t forget your fingernails! rinse well with warm water. to make sure you wash your hands long enough, try singing \u201c happy birthday \u201d twice! when soap and water are not available, use hand sanitizers to prevent the spread of germs. avoid sanitizers that have too much or too little alcohol content. the alcohol content should be around 60 %. viral infections such as colds, coughs or the flu do not need an antibiotic. taking one will not make them go away faster! antibiotics can successfully treat many bacterial infections, but due to misuse, some bacterial infections no longer respond to some antibiotics. antibiotics are strong medicines that may cause possible side effects including rashes and diarrhea. do not pressure your health care provider to prescribe an antibiotic if you do not have a bacterial infection. take all medications exactly as your health care provider prescribes. take all antibiotics until gone, even if you feel better! do not share or save medications for yourself or others. colds can last longer than 2 weeks \u2013 the average child gets up to 6 colds per year!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43406995195983616, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.479390"} {"text": "woody guthrie ' s god and country woody guthrie ' s god and country \" this land is your land, \" woody guthrie ' s most famous song, has been sung by school children, scouts, church choirs, and war veterans. its message of freedom and hope make it quintessential woody. so does its undercurrent of protest and equality. guthrie wrote the song in 1940 as an angry response to irving berlin ' s popular \" god bless america. \" if god blessed america, why were there so many poor and downtrodden people littered across its land, still reeling from the great depression and dust bowl devastation? his original handwritten lyric closed the song with \" one bright sunny morning in the shadow of the steeple / by the relief office i saw my people / as they stood hungry, i stood there wondering if / god blessed america for me. \" below the lyrics he wrote, \" all you can write is what you see. \" ( read the complete lyrics here. ) woodrow wilson guthrie was simple and earthy, political and spiritual. his music was infused with god and country and the humanity in between, especially the downtrodden and oppressed. those were guthrie ' s people : the hobos and migrants and laborers and union organizers. the weather - worn okie minstrel was one of them. he was their voice for justice and dignity in the 1930s and ' 40s. he was also arguably the most important figure in american folk music. pete seeger? guthrie was a mentor, collaborator and bandmate in the almanacs during the ' 40s. arlo guthrie? woody was his father. bob dylan? guthrie was his hero. it was a pilgrimage to visit the seriously ill guthrie that brought the 19 - year - old dylan to new york city \u2014 and woody ' s circle of musician friends who helped open doors into the performance scene for dylan. trace dylan ' s marriage of folk with rock and roll and, moving forward, you follow the family tree through springsteen and mellencamp to today ' s americana neofolk revival in all of its various combinations. to mark the centennial of guthrie ' s birth, two excellent new releases open the doors to his music and the man behind it. the recently released mermaid avenue : the complete sessions pairs billy bragg and wilco. and new multitudes ( released in february on rounder records ) brings together jay farrar ( son volt, gob iron, uncle tupelo ), yim yames ( aka jim james of my morning jacket, monsters of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4003043955568917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.489676"} {"text": "##co. and new multitudes ( released in february on rounder records ) brings together jay farrar ( son volt, gob iron, uncle tupelo ), yim yames ( aka jim james of my morning jacket, monsters of folk ), will johnson ( centro - matic, south san gabriel ), and anders parker ( varnaline, gob iron ). these albums aren ' t mere tributes. all the lyrics are guthrie ' s ; they came from 3, 000 unrecorded songs he left when he died in 1967. many had been originally scratched on paper scraps stuffed in guthrie ' s pockets as he hopped freight trains and followed the migrant masses down depression era byways. woody ' s daughter nora guthrie invited select musicians to cull from the collection and create the music to give them wings. mermaid avenue is the more comprehensive project, including 47 songs and the 1999 documentary film man in the sand, which offers insight into the recording process and guthrie ' s life. volume i and volume ii released in 1998 and 2000 respectively ; the first was grammy nominated for best contemporary folk album. the 17 newly released songs of volume iii were recorded at the same time. new multitudes is more recent, but both projects sound fresh and relevant. crying in the wilderness it ' s a testimony to their timelessness that guthrie ' s lyrics fit so comfortably into these newer americana rock arrangements. credit that to the raw humanity at their core. woody ' s words narrate the modernization of america through the eyes of its laborers and casualties. he was one of them. but with his music he was also a voice crying in the wilderness for social change, just more walt whitman than john the baptist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38391207499459085, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.491334"} {"text": "spina bifida is a devastating and costly birth defect that causes lifelong paralysis and is one of the most common birth defects worldwide. spina bifida affects physical, educational, social, and psychological development, and most children require many operations throughout life. a recent randomized controlled trial showed for the first time that spina bifida can be improved by surgically repairing the defect before birth. however, improvements in the distal neurological consequences ( such as paralysis and bladder incontinence ) were less strong. this project aims to address these problems by developing a stem cell product from the fetus ' s own tissue and applying these cells during surgery before birth in order to take advantage of the unique immunology of the developing fetus. in this project we will complete the development of this stem cell product and establish its preliminary safety and efficacy in appropriate animal models. successful use of stem cell therapy for spina bifida could potentially cure this devastating disease and would introduce the concept of using a fetus ' s own tissue to treat existing or later disease. statement of benefit to california : spina bifida is one of the most disabling and costly birth defects compatible with life. california \u2019 s 5 - year statewide rate for spina bifida was 6. 8 per 10, 000 live births between 1999 and 2003 \u2014 significantly higher than the healthy people 2010 target of 3 per 10, 000 births. average total lifetime cost to california is approximately $ 532, 000 per child. for many children, the cost may be several millions of dollars, and these figures do not account for indirect medical costs, pain and suffering, and lost time of unpaid caregivers. there is no cure for spina bifida, and interventions that mitigate the negative consequences of the disease ( lower body paralysis, bowel and bladder incontinence ) are urgently needed. hope was recently provided by a clinical trial which demonstrated, for the very first time, that the paralysis associated with spina bifida might be improved by repairing the defect before birth. the great promise of fetal therapy for spina bifida is that by intervening as early as possible \u2014 in the womb \u2014 the potential exists to correct the problem in time to prevent permanent damage. this proposal presents an innovative stem cell - based prenatal therapy that may further improve and possibly cure the neurologic deficits of spina bifida. a cure for spina bifida would relieve families and society of the tremendous cost burden of the disease and would be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.515698084748154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.497191"} {"text": "- based prenatal therapy that may further improve and possibly cure the neurologic deficits of spina bifida. a cure for spina bifida would relieve families and society of the tremendous cost burden of the disease and would be life - changing for future children afflicted with spina bifida. this development candidate ( dc ) proposal will test autologous placental - derived stem cells ( p - sc ) in a delivery vehicle, as a candidate therapy for the prenatal treatment of spina bifida. the principal investigator ( pi ) plans to refine methods to characterize p - sc and use these assays to profile the cells through isolation, expansion and formulation. next, he / she plans to identify a surgical delivery vehicle and develop a reproducible, scalable process to produce therapeutically relevant quantities of p - sc in a clinically relevant time frame. when this has been accomplished, the pi proposes to demonstrate disease - modifying activity in relevant preclinical models of spina bifida as well as perform preliminary safety testing. objective and milestones - reviewers found the milestones poorly focused and often lacking in quantitative success criteria. further, they noted that plans to achieve the milestones were poorly described in the application. - the tpp is scientifically and clinically reasonable rationale and significance - the proposed dc, if successfully developed, could have a major impact upon patients. spina bifida is a major disabling condition for which even prenatal surgery has had only limited success. - the proposal builds upon pioneering clinical work performed by the pi. research project feasibility and design - the panel agreed that the plan lacked so many critical details as to be fatally flawed. for example, the cell biology as presented in the application was weak ; the method of cell isolation, relevant starting cell numbers, cell expansion characteristics and differentiation procedure, if applicable, are all lacking from the application. this hindered the ability to assess feasibility of the proposed program. - reviewers questioned the rationale for using term placenta as a source for many studies, as it may differ substantially from the therapeutically relevant pre - term placenta, the source for the actual dc. further, the donor origin of placental material should be determined. - the applicants have not provided any data to substantiate that the small pre - term placental sample obtained at the developmentally appropriate stage for clinical use could provide adequate cells in the targeted time window for transplantation. - several concerns regarding the relevant pre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5373752267983611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.498362"} {"text": "applicants have not provided any data to substantiate that the small pre - term placental sample obtained at the developmentally appropriate stage for clinical use could provide adequate cells in the targeted time window for transplantation. - several concerns regarding the relevant preclinical model were raised. this proposed preclinical model is immunologically competent to reject the transplanted human cells at the specified developmental stage and the applicant did not properly address this concern. in addition, given the variability of recovery following repair, the proposed animal numbers might be inadequate to detect subtle functional improvements and demonstrate in vivo disease modifying activity. further, it is not clear that the proper controls have been selected. - while the immunostaining in the preliminary data are encouraging, reviewers did not find them convincing evidence that the desired cell population could be derived from placenta. they noted a lack of data demonstrating generation of functional neurons, glia and schwann cells from this cell source. - the timeline to achieve many of the milestones is unrealistic. qualification of the pi ( co - pi and partner pi, if applicable ) and research team - the pi is an accomplished surgeon with laudable expertise in spinal bifida repair and relevant preclinical models, but does not possess a track record in cell therapy. - the application would benefit from more experienced cell therapy and cell biology leadership. the co - investigator providing cell therapy expertise as yet has no independent track record, and input from an accomplished former mentor will be limited to a consultant role. - a formal communication plan was not evident from the application and should be developed to ensure integration of the diverse expertise of the team members. collaborations, assets, resources and environment - collaborators are excellent investigators, but the cell biology expertise is not evident in the application. some, but not all of the proposed collaborations are already established. - reviewers were not clear regarding some of the consultants \u2019 roles and questioned whether some of these individuals would be able to commit the necessary time to the project. - the host institution is strongly committed to translational research. responsiveness to the rfa - the proposal is responsive to the rfa.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49151622060815425, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.499382"} {"text": "- bavarian environment agency, department 10 : geological survey, economic geology, soil protection, unit 106 : applied geology southern bavaria, unit 81 : climate change, impacts of climate ( lfu ) adaptalp is an alpine space programme ( priority 3 : environment and risk prevention ) project, part of the european territorial cooperation 2007 - 2013. with the overall aim of assessing impacts and adaptation to climate change in the alpine space, 16 partners from six different countries are working on : - the consolidation of the cooperation in the alpine space on the prevention of the risk and on the methods of management of the risk ; - the supply of data for the european floods directive and the european inspire directive ; - the supply of data from models and observations in the alpine area in order to produce more accurate forecasts of natural disasters and estimates of impacts ; - the formulation of a transnational cognitive platform in the alpine area about the evaluation of the risks and the mapping of natural disasters in order to elaborate some transnational guide - lines by taking into account the impacts of climate change ; - the support of adaptation actions on a transnational, national, regional and local level, through the opening of coordinated campaigns on the risks management and comunication ; - the implementation of activities connected to the adaptation to climate change in the alpine area. since 02 / 01 / 2009 till the end of the project, the climate impacts and policies. an economic assessment ( cip ) division of the cmcc is scientific - technical consultant of an adaptalp partner : the italian ministry for the environment, land and sea \u2013 department for environmental research and development ( mattm ). expected resultstop in the course of the project, recommendations for policy - makers and local stakeholders will be derived regarding adaptation strategies and disaster risk management. in various pilot regions the experiences and results of the project activities will be brought together in order to find \u2018 best - practice \u2019 examples. activitytop cmcc participates to the technical - scientific activities in wp4 \u201c water regime \u201d, implementing the following activities : - production of climate simulations on a global and regional level and analysis of the results to be used by other wp4 partners. these activities are divided into 2 lines : - line 1 \u2013 preparation and development of global climate scenarios. - line 2 \u2013 preparation and development of regional climate scenarios ( defined in the alpine area ) by using the conditions of the global climate scenarios. - production \u2013 in cooperation with the partners of the project and with the responsibles of the wp \u2013 of elaborations of synthesis of the activities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4837789486145153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.508778"} {"text": "a quadtree is a spatial partitioning strategy used to make queries on relationships between 2d spatial data such as coordinates in a geographic information system ( gis ), or the location of objects in a video game. for instance, you may need to know all of the objects within a region on a map, test whether objects are visible by a camera, or optimize a collision detection algorithm. the quadtree is so named because it recursively partitions regions into four parts, with leaf nodes containing references to the spatial objects. querying the quadtree is a function of traversing the tree nodes that intersect the query area. the octtree is the analogous structure used for 3 dimensional problems. for a masterful collection of demos and variations on the quadtree and other spatial indexing methods, see frantisek brabec and hanan samet ' s site, or use the references at the end of this article. there are many spatial partitioning methods, each with the goal of providing an efficient way of determining the position of an item in a spatial domain. for example, a database query can be considered as a graphical problem. consider a query on a database containing date of birth and income : a query against all people between 35 and 50 years of age and incomes between 30, 000 and 60, 000 per year is the same as a query for all restaurants in the city of vancouver : they are 2 dimensional spatial queries. several spatial indexing methods are more efficient in time and space, and are easily generalizable to higher dimensions. however, the quadtree is specialized to the 2d domain, and it is easy to implement. the general strategy of the quadtree is to build a tree structure that partitions a region recursively into four parts, or quads. each quad can further partition itself as necessary. a pre - requisite is that you must know the bounds of the area to be encompassed ; the basic algorithm does not lend itself to the addition or removal of areas under consideration without rebuilding the index. when an item is inserted into the tree, it is inserted into a quad that encompasses the item ' s position ( or spatial index ). each quad has a maximum capacity. when that capacity is exceeded, the quad splits into four sub - quads that become child nodes of the parent quad, and the items are redistributed into the new leaves of the quadtree. some variations set the maximum capacity to one, and subdivide until each leaf contains at most a single item (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5422164905047253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.517056"} {"text": "become child nodes of the parent quad, and the items are redistributed into the new leaves of the quadtree. some variations set the maximum capacity to one, and subdivide until each leaf contains at most a single item ( adaptive quadtree ). to query a quadtree for items that are inside a particular rectangle, the tree is traversed. each quad is tested for intersection with the query area. - quads that do not intersect are not traversed, allowing large regions of the spatial index to be rejected rapidly. - quads that are wholly contained by the query region have their sub - trees added to the result set without further spatial tests : this allows large regions to be covered without further expensive operations. - quads that intersect are traversed, with each sub - quad tested for intersection recursively. - when a quad is found with no sub - quads, its contents are individually tested for intersection with the query rectangle. other operations on the quadtree could include : - deletion : an object is removed from the quadtree, empty quads are removed - merge : two quadtrees are merged, indexes are rebuilt - nearest neighbour : common to more advanced spatial indexes, a query could ask for the nearest neighbours to a given object. a simple implementation would be to take the object ' s bounding rect and inflate it by an amount based on the neighbor proximity. objects in the result set would be sorted by increasing distance. these operations are not demonstrated in this code. this implementation of the quadtree has the following variations : the quadtree has been changed to index items with rectangular bounds rather than points. this allows it to be used with lines, and polygons. - on insertion, new quads are created until there are no quads able to contain an item ' s rectangle. ie : the item is inserted into the smallest quad that will contain it. - there is no maximum number of items in a quad, there is a minimum quad size ( necessary to avoid massive tree growth if an item happens to have a very small area ). - because the quad an item is stored in is related to the size of the item, both leaf nodes and parent nodes store items. - the quadtree ' s performance will be severely impacted if there are many large items. - the quadtree ' s performance will be best when the size of most items are close to the minimum quad size. after writing this code, i find that this particular variation bears a striking resemblance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5354682985140449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.519054"} {"text": "will be severely impacted if there are many large items. - the quadtree ' s performance will be best when the size of most items are close to the minimum quad size. after writing this code, i find that this particular variation bears a striking resemblance to the \" mx - cif quadtree \". note : there are other operations on quadtrees such as deleting a node, or find the nearest neighbour. these are not supported in this implementation. the following two diagrams show the spatial relationship of the quadtree with the tree structure. the coloured regions represent objects in the spatial domain. those that are entirely within a quad are shown in the tree structure in their smallest enclosing quad. you can see that the green shape, since it intersects two of the highest level quads and does not fit into either is placed in the root quad. the red and purple shapes are placed in child nodes at level one since they are the largest enclosing quads. the blue shape is at level three along with the orange shape. the yellow shape is at level four. this tree is adaptive in that it does not create quads until insertion is requested. using the code quadtree class is a generic class. the generic parameter has a restriction that it must inherit from the ihasrect interface which defines a property rectangle. creating a quadtree requires an area, the demo application uses the main form ' s quadtree < item > m _ quadtree = new quadtree < item > ( this. clientrectangle ) ; inserting items into the quadtree is done on a left mouse click, querying items in a quadtree is done with a right mouse drag : private void mainform _ mouseup ( object sender, mouseeventargs e ) if ( m _ dragging & & e. button = = mousebuttons. right ) m _ selecteditems = m _ quadtree. query ( m _ selectionrect ) ; m _ dragging = false ; random rand = new random ( datetime. now. millisecond ) ; m _ quadtree. add ( new item ( e. location, rand. next ( 25 ) + 4 ) ) ; } invalidate ( ) ; run the demo application, and left click anywhere in the client rectangle : an object is inserted at the click point with a random size. right - click and drag : a selection rectangle is created. release the mouse button : the quadtree is queried with the selection rectangle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5059879247895829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.520603"} {"text": "anywhere in the client rectangle : an object is inserted at the click point with a random size. right - click and drag : a selection rectangle is created. release the mouse button : the quadtree is queried with the selection rectangle. the quadtree renderer draws the quadtree nodes and the objects in the quadtree in random colours. it also draws the selection region and highlights the selected nodes. there are two components of quadtree performance : insertion and query. insertion can be very expensive because it involves several intersection tests per item to be inserted. the number of tests depends on the size of the region ( the root of the quadtree ) and on the minimum quad size configured. these two numbers have to be tuned per application. loading many items into the quadtree ( bulk load, or indexing ) tends to be very cpu intensive. this overhead may not be acceptable ; consider storing the quadtree structure on disk ( not covered in this article ). quadtree is designed to be faster at querying the spatial domain than iteration, but the performance of the index depends on the distribution of objects in the domain. if items are clustered together, the tree tends to have many items in one branch which defeats the strategy of being able to cull large regions, and reduce the number of intersection tests. the worst case performance happens when all objects are in one small cluster that is the same size as the smallest quad ; in this case the performance of the quadtree will be slightly worse than just iterating through all objects. if items are uniformly distributed across the spatial domain, performance is approximately o ( n * log n ). points of interest - generic implementation ; allows you to use it with any class that implements - colour used to draw the node is stored in an hashtable ; allows the colour of the quad on screen to be constant over the life of the - in the quadtreerenderer class, note the anonymous delegate used to draw the quadtreenodes ; allows the quadtree to be tested, and visualized, without adding specific code to the class to do so. - h. samet, the design and analysis of spatial data structures, addison - wesley, reading, ma, 1990. isbn 0 - 201 - 50255 - 0 - h. samet, applications of spatial data structures : computer graphics, image processing, and gis, addison - wesley, reading, ma, 1990. isbn 0 - 201 - 50300 - 0. - mark de berg, marc van kreveld", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5027145850201766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.521604"} {"text": "chang and eng were born 11 may 1811 on a houseboat on the mekong river in siam \u2013 the 5th and 6th of nine children of the chinese fisherman ti - eye and his chinese / malay wife, nok. the twins, connected by a band of abdominal \u201c cartilaginous substance \u201d were considered an ominous sign and upon hearing the news of their birth rama ii, the king of siam, condemned \u201c the monsters \u201d to death. fortunately the king never carried through on his threat and the twins grew up living relatively ordinary lives, becoming known as simply the \u201c chinese twins. \u201d by the time they were teenagers they even found favor with the next king, rama iii, who showered them with gifts and sent them on diplomatic missions. the british merchant robert hunter noticed the twins and convinced them their fortunes lay in the new world. after several years of negotiations hunter and the american sea captain robert coffin took the twins, at age 18, to america. upon their arrival in boston the daily national intelligencer reported that \u201c it was one of the greatest living curiosities that we ever saw... \u201d coffin immediately began exhibiting the twins ; first in the northeast, then a year in england and finally throughout the us and canada. to publicize their appearences coffin had bills printed. the first broadside, left entirely to the local printer advertised the twins as \u201c the monster. \u201d horrified, coffin quickly changed the billing to \u201c the united brothers. \u201d these early american and british broadsides included a woodcut and various display faces and are typical not only of \u201c freak show \u201d advertising, but of victorian advertising in general : of course there were souvenirs available including a biographical pamphlet and this engraving, advertised as \u201c a very superior likeness, executed in lithograph, and suitable for framing. \u201d by all accounts the twins \u2019 schedule was gruelling and they became increasingly unhappy with coffin, feeling that he was swindling them out of the receipts. in jun 1832 \u2013 at age of 21 \u2013 they ended their relationship with coffin and became, as they later wrote \u201c their own men. \u201d over the next seven years they extensively toured on their own, including most of the eastern united states as well as cuba, france, 3 belgium and holland. of course, with these appearences came new pamphlets, books and lithographs ( including the one above ). the twins became naturalized us citizens, adopting the last name bunker and settled down in rural north carolina. comfortable, but unable to retire, they became gentleman farmers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46067875246470624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.526686"} {"text": "- headed nightingale ) became part of the circus and the wood - type broadsides and lithographs became the glorious chromolithographic circus poster : 1. unless otherwise noted the images here are from the university of north carolina wilson library \u2019 s eng & chang bunker : the siamese twins exhibit. 2. for more on the twins \u2019 lives see : daniels, jonathan. \u201c never alone at last. \u201d american heritage. 1962 aug 13 ( 5 ) ( online ), or, chickchester, page. \u201c eng & chang bunker : a hyphenated life. \u201d blue ridge country. 1 dec 1995. ( online ). the best biography is wallace, irving and wallace, amy. the two. new york ; simon and schuster, 1979. ( worldcat ). the wallace \u2019 s will forver have a special place in my heart for co - authoring one of my favorite books as a kid \u2013 the book of lists. 3. the first time the twins attempted to visit france in 1831 they were denied a visa because authorities thought that they \u201c might deprave the minds of children \u201d and \u201c maternal impressions \u201d would cause deformities in pregnant women. it was the noted naturalist etienne geoffroy saint - hilaire who finally convinced the authorities that the twins would not, in fact, cause any of these consequences. ultimately the twins \u2019 stay in paris was less successful then they had hoped but, according to their letters, they quite enjoyed the city. 5. spangenberg, kristin ( ed ). the amazing american circus poster. cincinnati : cincinnati art museum, 2011 ( worldcat ). 21 may 2013 design", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45228105330397783, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.528485"} {"text": "hi, im new to coding im after learnig so that i can build websites for myself and my friends... im after some help in coding ie : php, html etc to build basic websites that involve images and text. thanks i remember when i first started building websites i had trouble understanding what languages were used for what and how to use them. so i ' ll try to clarify that up for you : html - the base language of the web. no matter what language you use on the internet, html will be a part of your website. html is what puts all the different languages together into one page. css - the design language. css will allow you to position elements, change element colors, font styles and many other things can be done with css. i highly suggest mastering css as you can do many many things with it. even animation now with css3. php - the server - side scripting language. php is personally my favorite language just because you can do so much with it. php is what will handle anything like contact forms, form submissions, logins, registrations, database management and everything like that. this is the language you will use if you need to store info in a database. mysql is also very easy to learn, and really, there ' s not a lot that you actually have to learn to get it to do what you want. experience mostly just helps in getting the info faster and more efficiently. of the two, i ' d begin with php. it ' s a little easier to understand. however, it ' s a server - side language, so you ' ll require a host to run the programs. you can set up a local - host on your computer, but it ' s not super simple. ( if you have a little cash, just buy a cheap shared - hosting site and work on there. that ' s what i did ). all that said, my recommendation is to learn python. from all the research i did it ' s by far the easiest to learn and use. you can even use it for server - side programming instead of php. ( although i didn ' t try it, it looks far more complicated to get it running than php. - python 3 that is - ) even if you don ' t end up using python, the lessons you learn from it will allow you to quickly pick up any programming language you choose to learn. programming is a major challenge, python makes it as easy as possible. i ' d recommend going", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4696979348185318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.531232"} {"text": "posted sat jun 23, 2012, 10 : 58am subject : re : computing brew ratio and measuring water brew ratio is determined before the brewing process. it ' s the ratio of dry coffee to brew water, where brew water is the water you are about to use to make your coffee. think of it as a recipe, amount of water, amount of coffee - brew - in the end you get produced coffee. the term itself can refer to either ratio of coffee to water, or water to coffee. usually if it ' s coffee to water, it ' s expressed in percentage, so 62. 5grams per 1000g of brew water is is 62. 5 / 1000 or 0. 0625 or 6. 25 % - all the same thing. the inverse produces a number in the 15 ' s to 17 ' s depending on who recommends what ratio ( water to coffee ). some people also call this brew ratio, or coffee brewing formula, it ' s all the same thing, just the inverse. in the example above, 1000g / 62. 5g is 16. 0 the concept comes from the brewing control charts - an example of which can be found multiple places on the internet. they express the brew ratio in wacky mixed units, but if you pay attention to the european chart, at least it ' s in grams of coffee : liter of brew water ( same chart, different strengths ). the ratio of 57. 5g of coffee to 1 liter ( which if at room temperature or cold - and since nobody uses piping hot water in an auto drip system, which is what the charts were developed for - is sufficiently close to 1000g of brew water ) should produce \" normal \" strength if extracted in the \" proper \" range. the charts were made for convenience of the end user - and people rarely know typical \" absorption \" of a brewing system, so you don ' t even see the term in any of the charts. that ' s another reason brew ratio is the ratio of the ingredients before brewing - like a recipe. it is possible to look at ratio of produced beverage to coffee, but that term is usually referred to as produced brew ratio, yield brew ratio, or espresso brew ratio. some methods it is not possible to know the original brew water, because the barista is controlling the amount of end product ( like an espresso machine, for example, a barista has no idea how much water he / she is using to pull a shot, only the amount that ' s being produced ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5162109311321952, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.538184"} {"text": "the barista is controlling the amount of end product ( like an espresso machine, for example, a barista has no idea how much water he / she is using to pull a shot, only the amount that ' s being produced ). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - le cafe doit etre noir comme le diable, chaud comme l ' enfer, pur comme un ange, et doux comme l ' amour. \" there is no right answer with coffee. there is only the elixir in your cup at the moment you partake. \" \"... i often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about, and express it in numbers, you know something about it ; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind ;... \" - lord kelvin recipes thread = > http : / / www. coffeegeek. com / forums / coffee / machines / 585708 java _ jiver senior member joined : 3 nov 2010 posts : 131 location : baton rouge expertise : i love coffee grinder : capresso infinity drip : technivorm 741 posted mon jun 25, 2012, 11 : 38am subject : re : computing brew ratio and measuring water i ' ve followed a ratio similar to netphilosopher ' s for years \u2014 almost to the point that brewing the morning coffee for my wife and me is a rote, mechanical process. i don ' t always adjust the amount of coffee beans to get right on to 60 grams, if my measure comes out to 61 or 62, that ' s ok. my drip coffee maker has markings on it that can measure out to exactly 1 liter, so i aim for that mark, so we use slightly more than 57. 5 as specified. we get excellent coffee using this process every morning without the hassle of weighing out the water. correct our not, i lean to # 2, especially when doing smaller amounts such as a hario 2 cup ( 10oz yield of brewed coffee starting with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4761318640696057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.539146"} {"text": "get excellent coffee using this process every morning without the hassle of weighing out the water. correct our not, i lean to # 2, especially when doing smaller amounts such as a hario 2 cup ( 10oz yield of brewed coffee starting with 12oz for heated water, 18 grams of just finer than drip grind coffee ) ymmv. of course, regardless of brewing method, remember to thoroughly rinse your filter with a good amount of hot water before depositing the coffee in your paper filter. symbols : = new posts since your last visit = no new posts since last visit = newest post forum rules : no profanity, illegal acts or personal attacks will be tolerated in these discussion boards. no commercial posting of any nature will be tolerated ; only private sales by private individuals, in the \" buy and sell \" forum. no cross posting allowed - do not post your topic to more than one forum, nor repost a topic to the same forum. who can read the forum? anyone can read posts in these discussion boards. who can post new topics? any registered coffeegeek member can post new topics. who can post replies? any registered coffeegeek member can post replies. can photos be posted? anyone can post photos in their new topics or replies. who can change or delete posts? any coffeegeek member can edit their own posts. only moderators can delete posts. probationary period : if you are a new signup for coffeegeek, you cannot promote, endorse, criticise or otherwise post an unsolicited endorsement for any company, product or service in your first five postings.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45536837109529127, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.539754"} {"text": "use the activities putting it all together the following activities engage students in a number of ways that let them discover how landscape artists and park planners relate to the environment around them. activity 1 : plan your own park in preparation for this activity you will want to get not only a current street map of your area but also copies or scans of historical maps ( from a local historical society ), topographical maps, and zoning maps ( from the city / county planning commission or survey office ). 1. ask students to look at the maps, comparing and contrasting the type of information each map contains. 2. direct students to locate existing parks and or park system sites on the maps. 3. divide students into groups of 4 or 5 and have them pretend that they represent a landscape architecture firm. ask them to discuss possible locations and designs for a park, park system, or greenway, taking into account topography, developed areas, and zoning restrictions on their maps. each group should select a final location and list in a written plan details about design elements, recreational features, and descriptive elements. 4. ask each group to present their proposal to the parks commission ( the whole class ) tracing out on the map where they have located their park, presenting its features, and making an argument for why their design should be implemented. when all the presentations are complete, ask the class, acting as the parks commission, to vote on which plan they will adopt. activity 2 : parks brochure 1. divide the class into groups of 4 or 5 students who will form design teams to create a park brochure. 2. each team will be asked to create its own brochure, either of the park designed in activity 1 or of a local park or park system, dividing work so that each student works on one or two parks or focuses on a specific aspect of the park ( such as scenic features, environmental benefits, recreational opportunities ). 3. team members should integrate their work into a final brochure. students may create the brochure with drawings, clippings from existing pamphlets, photographs, or by integrating digital images. the brochure may be handmade or computer generated. 4. display brochures on bulletin board or send to local parks commission. activity 3 : landscape fun 1. invite a local landscape architect to speak to the class and show students some before and after images of projects the students will recognize from their area. 2. ask students to work within a $ 50 budget to beautify the school by the addition of some landscape element.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4432712930344835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.545323"} {"text": "- position : full sun or partial shade - soil : moist, well - drained, moderately fertile, humus - rich soil - rate of growth : average - flowering period : august and september - hardiness : fully hardy masses of mophead flowers start out deep pink in june, maturing to red with a crescendo of burgundy by the end of the year on neutral or slightly acidic soil. on acid soil, the flowers will open blue or mauve. this upright, deciduous hydrangea is a gorgeous specimen plant for a sunny or partially shady border where the purple - flushed foliage will add colour. it looks particularly good planted with other hydrangeas. the flowerheads are also a popular choice for dried flower arrangements. - garden care : hydrangeas do not like to dry out. in dry weather, soak the roots with a hose and the plant will usually recover. remove faded flowerheads in spring after the danger of frosts, cutting back the flowered stems to a strong pair of buds. take out misplaced or diseased shoots. mulch young plants with a well - rotted manure or compost in spring. once established, remove a quarter to a third of the shoots to the base of the plant. hydrangeas give their best blue flowers on acidic soil of ph 5. 5. when grown on neutral soil, with a ph of 7, flowers will predominantly be pink, although blue or mauve blooms can also be produced. to produce blue blooms, make sure your soil is acidic with a ph of at most 6. 5. to make a neutral soil acidic you can treat it annually with aluminium salts. however it ' s much harder to alter the ph of limey soil ( alkaline ), so it ' s easier to grow white or pink hydrangeas. there are currently no articles for this item.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.381682790903587, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.547268"} {"text": "rna molecules participate in and regulate a vast array of cellular processes, and the scientific community is now entering a new era in which some aspect of rna biologyas a tool, a therapeutic, a diagnostic, or part of a fundamental processis becoming increasingly important. but initiating rna research can be intimidating, and without a thorough understanding of the challenges and complexities inherent in handling this fragile nucleic acid, forays into the rna world can be quite frustrating. rna : a laboratory manual provides a broad range of up - to - date techniques so that any investigator can confidently handle rna and carry out meaningful experiments, from the most basic to the most sophisticated. originating in four of the fields most prominent laboratories and written with novices as well as more advanced researchers in mind, this manual provides the necessary background and strategies for approaching any rna investigation in addition to detailed step - by - step protocols and extensive tips and troubleshooting information. rna : a laboratory manual will enable any researcher to approach a wide variety of rna - related problems with confidence and a high expectation of success. about the authors donald c. rio is professor of molecular and cell biology at the university of california, berkeley. his research has focused on nucleic acid biochemistry, nucleic acid \u2013 protein interactions, nucleic acid rearrangements, and genome - wide approaches to the role of rna binding proteins in controlling alternative pre - mrna splicing. dr. rio obtained his ph. d. with robert tjian at the university of california, berkeley and did postdoctoral work with gerald rubin. he was assistant and associate professor at mit and associate member of the whitehead institute for biomedical research, prior to moving to his current position. manuel ares, jr. is professor of molecular, cell & developmental biology at the university of california, santa cruz. he received a ph. d. with stephen h. howell on the cell cycle of chlamydomonas at uc san diego ( 1982 ) and did postdoctoral work with alan m. weiner on snrna transcription in hela cells at yale. he joined the faculty at uc santa cruz in 1987 and has focused on snrna processing, structure, and function in yeast and mammalian cells. he is currently president of the rna society. gregory j. hannon is professor and howard hughes medical institute investigator at cold spring harbor laboratory. he received his ph. d. at case western reserve university working with tim nilsen ( 1992 ) and then moved to cold spring harbor laboratory for postdoctoral studies with david beach. a pioneering investigator in the field of rna interference,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5197475519812035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.594645"} {"text": "cold spring harbor laboratory. he received his ph. d. at case western reserve university working with tim nilsen ( 1992 ) and then moved to cold spring harbor laboratory for postdoctoral studies with david beach. a pioneering investigator in the field of rna interference, his laboratory has characterized many of the major complexes for small interfering rnas and micrornas. his lab also investigates the role of small rnas as oncogenes and tumor suppressors and the use of rnai libraries to identify therapeutic targets for specific disease subtypes. timothy w. nilsen is professor and director of the center for rna molecular biology at case western reserve university school of medicine. he is also professor of biochemistry and of medicine. after receiving a ph. d. from the state university of new york at albany working with corrado baglioni, he joined the faculty at cwru ( 1982 ). his research has focused on rna biology including the mechanism of action of interferon, the mechanism of sl - addition trans - splicing and mechanisms of regulation of alternative splicing. currently, his laboratory is investigating the mechanism ( s ) of microrna mediated gene regulation in animal cells and the structure and function of messenger ribonucleoprotiens. dr. nilsen became editor in chief of the journal rna when it was founded in 1995 and still serves in that capacity. he is on the editorial board of molecular and cellular biology and the board of reviewing editors for science.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49601376451648793, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.596615"} {"text": "( 1902 - 1972 ) became interested in the native people of the eastern sierra as a student at deep springs college. he spent much of his life studying them and recording this information. by talking to older members of the tribal community and observing their lives, steward learned what people ate, where they camped, and how they interacted before europeans arrived. he used this information to reconstruct the traditional lifeway that had disappeared two generations before. steward, indian life in the owens valley of the eastern sierra was different from neighboring places. populations were bigger and denser because there was more to eat in this rich environment. as a result, people lived in permanent villages with as many as 200 people. each of these villages controlled a particular part of the valley and the rights to hunt and gather food there. in fact, some pine nut areas may have been \u201c owned \u201d by individual families, like land is today. some villages also flooded plots of land to increase the growth of seed and nut irrigation and other village managed by a headman, who served a little like a mayor, but inherited the office from his father or other relative. the life that steward described for owens valley is more complex than other parts of the great basin and many hunter - gatherer anthropologists have debated the reason for this since steward wrote it in the 1930s. archaeological work at sites has also provided evidence that some of the things steward reported happened only in historic times, not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42415132076374834, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.599226"} {"text": "people get over most minor sad moods as a matter of course, but clinical depression is another thing entirely. it can come on without warning or as a response to difficult situations and experiences. it can hang around for several weeks and remit spontaneously, or it can linger for years. if it does remit, it can come back to bite again at a later time. it is not an overstatement to say that depression can be utterly disabling in its severe forms. scientists have labored for years to find effective remedies for depression, and some very significant treatment approaches have been developed. the first of these to become available was psychotherapy, which emerged at the turn of the last century. the original format of psychotherapy ( psychoanalysis a la freud ) was limited in its efficacy and availability. it was expensive, involving frequent sessions with the therapist, focused on people ' s past more than their present symptoms, and was only capable of truly helping a minority of patients. but these failings did not take away from the core truth to be found therein : that some forms of mental difficulty, minor depressions among them, were caused by ' inner conflicts ' and that fixing those ' inner conflicts ' through talking could produce symptom relief. the watchword for any treatment is how well it works ; how much it can help fix a problem. psychotherapy went through an evolutionary process throughout the next hundred years, changing in format and focus, and undergoing systematic scientific study. what has emerged are modern forms, some specialized just for depression, and known to work well for many of people who undertake them. cognitive behavioral therapy for depression, for instance is one such result. it is practical, short term in duration and symptom - focused, aimed at helping people to feel better now rather than repair their damaged childhoods. its designers wanted to isolate the active ingredients of effective therapy and concentrating them into an easier to swallow ( and afford ) package, and in this goal they succeeded. therapy is still expensive and still demanding on the attention span, but today it also largely works. a pharmaceutical revolution occurred during this therapy evolutionary process. the ' tricyclics ' \u2013 the first widely available medicines with anti - depressant effects - went on the market at mid - century. these medicines came complete with a range of side effects and were fairly lethal when taken en - mass ( as in an overdose or suicide attempt ) but they did help lift depressed mood in many cases and so were utilized. where previously people had seen depression as a moral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4922553079024191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.607956"} {"text": "came complete with a range of side effects and were fairly lethal when taken en - mass ( as in an overdose or suicide attempt ) but they did help lift depressed mood in many cases and so were utilized. where previously people had seen depression as a moral failing, or weakness, over time it became to be seen as a biological illness. a newer and safer generation of such medicines \u2013 the ssri ' s \u2013 was introduced in the 1980s and became even more widely used. in addition to being safer, the newer generation of medicines were also in some ways more focused on specific brain chemical systems implicated for depression. their name says it all \u2013 \u201c selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors \u201d. they were, in fact, a class of medicines designed specifically to target the neurotransmitter serotonin. still another approach to treating depression was developed during the 1930s and 40s when it was noted that some psychiatric patients seemed to show symptom improvements after experiencing seizures similar to those that occur naturally in epilepsy. at first the seizures were initiated through chemical means ( e. g., by manipulating patient ' s insulin levels ), but very shortly on it was found to be safer and easier to produce the required seizures with electricity. thus was born electro convulsive therapy or ect. ect remains very much in use today, but for the most part it is reserved for the most severe, treatment resistant cases of depression. though safer than ever, it still involves induction of seizures, and this is still less safe than psychotherapy, and anti - depressant medication. useful as they are, anti - depressant medications, psychotherapy, and ect are blunt instruments, in large part having their effect across the entire brain. what is needed for the future are more precisely targeted treatments that can effect specific areas and subsystems of the brain primarily responsible for allowing depression ( and similar illnesses ) to develop and be maintained while sparing others. for example, antidepressant side - effects like erectile dysfunctional and dampening of sexual arousal might be avoided with a more specifically targeted formulation. progress towards more targeted treatments is ongoing. just this past week, a news report suggests that a next step towards that destination may have arrived. a team of scientists in canada have successfully treated several patients with highly treatment resistant depressions by using direct deep brain stimulation. instead of broadly treating patients with talk, chemicals or electricity, these doctors have implanted electrodes into a particular region of several patient ' s brains - the subgen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4996855379640486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.608918"} {"text": "successfully treated several patients with highly treatment resistant depressions by using direct deep brain stimulation. instead of broadly treating patients with talk, chemicals or electricity, these doctors have implanted electrodes into a particular region of several patient ' s brains - the subgenual cingulate ( ba25 ) region \u2013 they believe to be most responsible for sustaining severe depression. wires connect the implanted electrodes to a power source which continually drips small amounts of electrical stimulation directly into that specific part of the brain, forcing it and areas it connects to within the brain to activate differently. though electricity is involved, this is not like ect. no seizures are created. rather, direct application of electricity stimulates the tissues at ba25 to activate in a more normal pattern than before. because the whole brain is connected together, the whole brain changes how it activates for the better as a result of the beneficial changes at ba25. six patients were treated with this electrode approach. according to the report ( appearing this month in the journal ' neuron ' ), four of the patients have benefited considerably. this remarkable finding is all the more remarkable because these same patients were not responsive to more commonly available treatments. the strong suggestion is that faulty activity at ba25 is a cause of the more general brain dysfunction involved in severe depression, but knowing this for sure will require a lot more research and replication. this direct stimulation of ba25 technique is a research protocol for the time being. it is not available at your local doctor ' s office. much research needs to be done to understand the risks and the benefits of such a treatment. in all likelihood, direct ba25 stimulation will never be a widely available treatment. for one thing, brain surgery is involved ; not something you ' d want to go through if there were alternatives. for another, the area that seems to be dysfunctional in severe treatment resistant depression may not be dysfunctional in more run of the mill depressions. to the extent that this becomes an available treatment it will likely be reserved for those patients who aren ' t helped by other means, just as gastric stapling surgery is reserved for those obese people who cannot lose weight through other means. more likely to be available in the near future are similar brain stimulation techniques including electrical vagus nerve stimulation and ' transcranial ' magnetic stimulation. like the ba25 technique, these other experimental techniques apparently produce antidepressant effects by stimulating focal areas of the brain with current ( magnetic fields ). although they are not quite so targeted as described in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5393802505291049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.610039"} {"text": "there are some simple habits you can adopt that, if performed consistently, may dramatically reduce the chances that the information on your computer will be lost or corrupted. how can you minimize the access other people have to your information? you may be able to easily identify people who could, legitimately or not, gain physical access to your computer \u2014 family members, roommates, co - workers, members of a cleaning crew, and maybe others. identifying the people who could gainremote access to your computer becomes much more difficult. as long as you have a computer and connect it to a network, you are vulnerable to someone or something else accessing or corrupting your information ; however, you can develop habits that make it more difficult. - lock your computer when you are away from it. even if you only step away from your computer for a few minutes, it ' s enough time for someone else to destroy or corrupt your information. locking your computer prevents another person from being able to simply sit down at your computer and access all of your information. - disconnect your computer from the internet when you aren ' t using it. the development of technologies such as dsl and cable modems have made it possible for users to be online all the time, but this convenience comes with risks. the likelihood that attackers or viruses scanning the network for available computers will target your computer becomes much higher if your computer is always connected. depending on what method you use to connect to the internet, disconnecting may mean disabling a wireless connection, turning off your computer or modem, or disconnecting cables. when you are connected, make sure that you have a firewall enabled ( see understanding firewalls for more information ). - evaluate your security settings. most software, including browsers and email programs, offers a variety of features that you can tailor to meet your needs and requirements. enabling certain features to increase convenience or functionality may leave you more vulnerable to being attacked. it is important to examine the settings, particularly the security settings, and select options that meet your needs without putting you at increased risk. if you install a patch or a new version of the software, or if you hear of something that might affect your settings, reevaluate your settings to make sure they are still appropriate ( see understanding patches, safeguarding your data, and evaluating your web browser ' s security settings for more information ). what other steps can you take? sometimes the threats to your information aren ' t from other people but from natural or technological causes. although", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5482978012315138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.613955"} {"text": "see understanding patches, safeguarding your data, and evaluating your web browser ' s security settings for more information ). what other steps can you take? sometimes the threats to your information aren ' t from other people but from natural or technological causes. although there is no way to control or prevent these problems, you can prepare for them and try to minimize the damage. - protect your computer against power surges and brief outages. aside from providing outlets to plug in your computer and all of its peripherals, some power strips protect your computer against power surges. many power strips now advertise compensation if they do not effectively protect your computer. power strips alone will not protect you from power outages, but there are products that do offer an uninterruptible power supply when there are power surges or outages. during a lightning storm or construction work that increases the odds of power surges, consider shutting your computer down and unplugging it from all power sources. - back up all of your data. whether or not you take steps to protect yourself, there will always be a possibility that something will happen to destroy your data. you have probably already experienced this at least once \u2014 losing one or more files due to an accident, a virus or worm, a natural event, or a problem with your equipment. regularly backing up your data on a cd or network reduces the stress and other negative consequences that result from losing important information ( see real - world warnings keep you safe online for more information ). determining how often to back up your data is a personal decision. if you are constantly adding or changing data, you may find weekly backups to be the best alternative ; if your content rarely changes, you may decide that your backups do not need to be as frequent. you don ' t need to back up software that you own on cd - rom or dvd - rom \u2014 you can reinstall the software from the original media if necessary. both the national cyber security alliance and us - cert have identified this topic as one of the top tips for home users. authors : mindi mcdowell, allen householder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4798286583441421, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.614965"} {"text": "did nasa have a dirty little secret about the apollo 12 mission? a team of researchers have located and reviewed nasa ' s archived apollo - era 16 millimeter film - - and have come up with a definitive answer to the persistent claim in both the press and on the web that a microbe survived 2. 5 years on the moon. apollo 12 was launched at 11 : 22 : 00 a. m. est on november 14, 1969. the mission plan called for a landing in the oceanus procellarum - ocean of storms - area. this site was near the surveyor iii and other earlier unmanned missions to the moon. it landed there almost five days after their launch. they collected rock samples, mostly basalt and igneous rocks. the surveyor iii camera - team thought they had detected a microbe that had lived on the moon for all those years, \" but they only detected their own contamination, \" rummel added. rummel, along with colleagues judith allton of nasa \u2019 s johnson space center and don morrison, a former space agency lunar receiving laboratory scientist, recently presented their co - authored paper : \" a microbe on the moon? surveyor iii and lessons learned for future sample return missions. \" elsewhere, while the apollo moon \" microbes \" were being debunked, research by a team of scientists at the university of london reinforced a theory that evidence of life on the early earth might be found in rocks on the moon that were ejected during the late heavy bombard period - - about four billion years ago when the earth was subjected to a rain of asteroids and comets. given that material from early mars has been found in meteorites on earth, it certainly seems reasonable that tens of thousands of tons of terrestrial meteorites may have arrived there during the late heavy bombardment. research by a team under ian crawford and emily baldwin of the birkbeck college school of earth sciences at the university of london in 2008 used sophisticated technology to simulate the pressures any such terrestrial meteorites might have experienced during their arrival on the lunar surface. in many cases, the pressures could be low enough to permit the survival of biological markers, making the lunar surface a productive place to look for evidence of early terrestrial life. any such markers are unlikely to remain on earth, where they would have been erased long ago by more than three billion years of volcanic activity, later meteor impacts, or simple erosion by wind and rain. however, meteorites arriving on earth are decelerated by passing through our atmosphere. as a result, while the surface of the meteorite may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4498320425505561, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.623267"} {"text": "more than three billion years of volcanic activity, later meteor impacts, or simple erosion by wind and rain. however, meteorites arriving on earth are decelerated by passing through our atmosphere. as a result, while the surface of the meteorite may melt, the interior is often preserved intact. could a meteorite from earth survive a high - velocity impact on the lunar surface? crawford and baldwin used finite element analysis to simulate the behavior of two different types of meteors impacting the lunar surface. crawford and baldwin ' s group simulated their meteors as cubes, and calculated pressures at 500 points on the surface of the cube as it impacted the lunar surface at a wide range of impact angles and velocities. in the most extreme case they tested ( vertical impact at a speed of some 11, 180 mph, or 5 kilometers per second ), crawford reports that \" some portions \" of the simulated meteorite would have melted, but \" the bulk of the projectile, and especially the trailing half, was subjected to much lower pressures. \" at impact velocities of 2. 5 kilometers per second or less, \" no part of the projectile even approached a peak pressure at which melting would be expected. \" crawford concluded that biomarkers ranging from the presence of organic carbon to \" actual microfossils \" could have survived the relatively low pressures experienced by the trailing edge of a large meteorite impacting the moon. crawford suggests that the key to finding terrestrial material is to look for water locked inside, these hydrates, can be detected using infrared ( ir ) spectroscopy. many minerals on earth are formed in processes involving water, volcanic activity, or both. by contrast, the moon lacks both water and volcanoes. crawford and his co - authors believe that a high - resolution ir sensor in lunar orbit could be used to detect any large ( over one meter ) hydrate meteorites on the lunar surface, while a lunar rover with such a sensor \" could search for smaller meteorites exposed at the surface. \" crawford suggests that it might be necessary to dig below the surface to find terrestrial meteorites. he adds that collecting samples, observing them on the lunar surface, and picking those that warrant a return to earth for detailed analysis \" would be greatly facilitated by a human presence on the moon. \" the last u. s. astronaut to set foot on the moon, dr. harrison schmitt, was a geologist. with nasa ' s plans for a return to the moon later in this century shelved, it looks like it will be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4918910926989599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.624606"} {"text": "basic facts about giraffes giraffes ( giraffa camelopardalis ) are the world ' s tallest mammals. they are well known for their long necks, long legs, and spotted patterns. \u00a9 giraud patrick / wikimedia commons their long necks help giraffes eat leaves from tall trees, typically acacia trees. if they need to, giraffes can go for several days without water. instead of drinking, giraffes stay hydrated by the moisture from leaves. giraffes are non - territorial, social animals. they travel in large herds that are not organized in any way. herds may consist of any combination of sexes or ages. giraffes have small \" horns \" or knobs on top of their heads that grow to be about five inches long. these knobs are used to protect the head in fights. female giraffes typically give birth to one calf after a fifteen - month gestation period. during the first week of its life, the mother carefully guards her calf. young giraffes are very vulnerable and cannot defend themselves. while mothers feed, the young are kept in small nursery groups. giraffes are hunted for their meat, coat and tails. the tail is prized for good luck bracelets, fly whisks and string for sewing beads. the coat is used for shield coverings. habitat destruction and fragmentation are also threats to giraffe populations. height : male giraffes can be up to 19 feet tall ; females around 16 feet. weight : males weigh between 2, 400 and 3, 000 pounds ; females between 1, 600 and 2, 600 pounds. lifespan : healthy giraffes live about 25 years in the wild.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41519707469570877, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.628967"} {"text": "professor robert edwards awarded the 2010 nobel prize for medicine. cambridge physiologist prof edwards, now 85, and the late patrick steptoe, a gynaecologic surgeon, developed ivf technology in which egg cells are fertilised outside the body and implanted in the womb. dr steptoe died in 1988. the groundbreaking work led to the birth of the world \u2019 s first test tube baby, louise brown, in 1978. mike macnamee, chief executive of bourn hall, near cambridge, the ivf clinic which prof edwards founded, said : \u201d bob edwards is one of our greatest scientists. his inspirational work in the early \u2019 60s led to a breakthrough that has enhanced the lives of millions of people worldwide. \u201d bob edwards is held in great affection by everyone that has worked with him and was treated by him. i am really pleased that my great mentor, colleague and friend has been recognised in this way. \u201d prof edwards has previously said : \u201d the most important thing in life is having a child. nothing is more special than a child. \u201d one of his proudest moments was discovering that 1, 000 ivf babies had been born at bourn hall since louise brown. he recalled the thrill of relaying this to a seriously ill dr steptoe, shortly before dr steptoe \u2019 s death. \u201d i \u2019 ll never forget the look of joy in his eyes, \u201d prof edwards said. article courtesy of telegraph. co. ok", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4618400265060051, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.631534"} {"text": "there hasn \u2019 t been a ton of news coming our of the phoenix mars mission, which landed in late may and is still struggling with soil delivery to on - board labs. scientists worked with engineers last weekend, examining how the icy soil on mars interacts with the scoop on the lander \u2019 s robotic arm. they are experimenting with various techniques to deliver a sample to one of the instruments. \u201c it has really been a science experiment just learning how to interact with the icy soil on mars \u2014 how it reacts with the scoop, its stickiness, whether it \u2019 s better to have it in the shade or the sunlight, \u201d said phoenix principal investigator peter smith of the university of arizona. a month ago, it was announced that initial chemistry experiments had yielded useful information. \u201c we are awash in chemistry data, \u201d said michael hecht of nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory, lead scientist for the microscopy, electrochemistry and conductivity analyzer, or meca, instrument on phoenix. \u201c we \u2019 re trying to understand what is the chemistry of wet soil on mars, what \u2019 s dissolved in it, how acidic or alkaline it is. \u201d three more wet - chemistry cells are still available for use later in the mission. the martian soil appears to be an analog to soils found in the upper dry valleys in antarctica. the soil just below the surface on the landing site is described as very basic, with a ph of between eight and nine. compounds of salts found there include magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride. another analytical instrument, the thermal and evolved - gas analyzer ( tega ), has baked its first soil sample to 1, 000 degrees celsius ( 1, 800 degrees fahrenheit ). tega scientists have begun analyzing the gases released at a range of temperatures to identify the chemical make - up of soil and ice. analysis is a weeks - long process. would the conditions present support life? well, nothing has been discovered yet that would rule that out.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46499845232497006, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.643643"} {"text": "american university researchers are considering how a common medicine can assist women to lose weight and keep diabetes at bay. women \u2019 s health professor susan davis is leading a study into how metformin affects women ' s health. it is a long - established drug which could have a new purpose in enabling overweight women to reset their metabolism. being overweight can alter your metabolism, which can make losing weight even harder, with those who are obese being more susceptible to becoming diabetic. it is possible to help those who are considerably overweight, yet have not developed high blood sugar, to turn round their metabolism and enabled them to lose weight. metformin has been used for treatment of hormonal problems and diabetics, so there would appear to be no safety issues. the researchers consider that this medication enhances healthy metabolism. prof davis needs 120 non - diabetic women 35 to 65 with a body mass index 30 to 40, or a waist measurement of 88cm plus. metabolism is a key issue for diabetes tue, 23 aug 2011 recommended linksdiabetic travel insurance quote for a single person diabetic travel insurance quote for a couple diabetic travel insurance quote for a family diabetic travel insurance quote for a single parent blood sugar level ranges low carb diet using insulin abroad travelling long haul holiday travel insurance hot dog intake related to very high risk of developing diabetes how to mangage pre diabetes more effectively new zealand is a hotbed for diabetes diabetes can cause the brain to shrink research study relates diabetes to coeliac disease middle age spread increases your risk of diabetes increasing muscle mass can reduce risk of diabetes the menopause does not affect diabetes vitamin d reduces likelihood of diabetes low body fat might not keep you protected from diabetes high statin doses raises likelihood of developing diabetes diabetes research indicates that life takes a tumble at 41 diabetes linked to heart problems just twenty per cent of diabetics are in control of their diabetes drug for diabetes could fight dementia bmi indicates diabetes later in life slight changes in diet can reduce risk of diabetes diabetes could increase risk of cancer diabetes during pregnancy can cause autism pre emptive pills to be given pregnant mums to keep diabetes at bay", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4546990662776894, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.653340"} {"text": "australian kyle cummings had found a small collection of eggs in his garden, which later hatched into a mass of deadly snakes. reptile carer trish prendergast said that cummings could have been killed if he had handled the eastern brown snakes - the world ' s most venomous species on land after australia ' s inland taipan. she went on to say : \" he had no idea what kind of eggs they were. \" he put the eggs into a plastic takeout food container and stashed them in his bedroom cupboard, where his horrified mother, donna sim, found them. \" seven had hatched, but the snakes remained trapped under the container ' s lid. the remaining two eggs were probably infertile and were rotten. \" eastern brown snakes, which may grow to more than six and a half feet long, usually stay with their eggs but sometimes leave for short periods in order to feed. prendergast said : \" he ' s very lucky he didn ' t encounter the mother while he was taking her eggs. that also could have been fatal. \" the boy ' s mother told the townsville bulletin newspaper : \" i was pretty shocked, particularly because i don ' t like snakes. \" > schoolboy rescues terrapin from ice > snake discovered on plane in glasgow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3970397068829782, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.656033"} {"text": "| part of a series on the | | history of ireland | | peoples and polities | northern ireland is today one of the four countries of the united kingdom, ( although it is also described by official sources as a province or a region ) situated in the northeast of the island of ireland, having been created as a separate legal entity on 3 may 1921, under the government of ireland act 1920. the new autonomous northern ireland was formed from six of the nine counties of ulster : four counties with unionist majorities, and fermanagh and tyrone, two of the five ulster counties which had nationalist majorities. in large part unionists, at least in the northeast, supported its creation while nationalists were opposed. subsequently, on 6 december 1922, the whole island of ireland became an independent dominion known as the irish free state but northern ireland immediately exercised its right to opt out of the new dominion. resistance to home rule once the bedrock of irish resistance to the advance of the english state in ireland, the plantation of ulster by scottish and english colonists resulted in northern ireland following a different economic, religious and cultural trajectory to the rest of the island. from the late 19th century, the majority of people living on the island of ireland wanted the british government to grant some form of self - rule to ireland. the irish nationalist party sometimes held the balance of power in the house of commons in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a position from which it sought to gain home rule, which would have given ireland autonomy in internal affairs, without breaking up the united kingdom. two bills granting home rule to ireland were passed by the house of commons in 1886 and 1893, but rejected by the house of lords. with the passing of the parliament act 1911 by the liberal party government ( which reduced the powers of the lords from striking down parliamentary bills to delaying their implementation for two years ) it was apparent that home rule would probably come into force in the next five years. the home rule party had been campaigning for this for almost fifty years. however, a significant minority was vehemently opposed to the idea and wished to retain the union in its existing form. irish unionists had been agitating successfully against home rule since the 1880s, and on 28 september 1912, the leader of the northern unionists, edward carson, introduced the ulster covenant in belfast, pledging to exclude ulster from home rule. the ulster covenant was signed by 450, 000 men, some in their own blood. whilst precipitating a split with the unionist community in the south and west ( including a particularly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39085279171710374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.686813"} {"text": "covenant in belfast, pledging to exclude ulster from home rule. the ulster covenant was signed by 450, 000 men, some in their own blood. whilst precipitating a split with the unionist community in the south and west ( including a particularly sizeable community in dublin ), it gave the northern unionists a feasible goal to aim for. by the early 20th century, belfast ( the largest city in ulster ) had become the largest city in ireland. its industrial economy, with strong engineering and shipbuilding sectors, was closely integrated with that of great britain. belfast was a substantially protestant town with a catholic minority of less than 30 %, concentrated in the west of the city. a third home rule bill was introduced by the liberal minority government in 1912. however, the conservative party was sympathetic to the unionist case, and the political voice of unionism was strong in parliament. after heavy amendment by the house of lords, the commons agreed in 1914 to allow four counties of ulster to vote themselves out of its provisions and then only for six years. throughout 1913 and 1914, paramilitary \" volunteer armies \" were recruited and armed, firstly the unionist ulster volunteer force, and in response, the nationalist irish volunteers. but events in europe were to take precedence : in what was to be the opening shot of world war i, gavrilo princip assassinated archduke franz ferdinand of austria in sarajevo. home rule was delayed for the duration of what was expected to be a short war and unionist and nationalist leaders agreed to encourage their volunteers to join the british army. the 36th ( ulster ) division, which was to suffer so severely at the somme in 1916, was formed predominantly from the uvf. nationalists joined in great numbers as well, with \" old \" irish regiments from munster and leinster being greatly strengthened by these recruits. 1916 rising and aftermath during world war i, tensions continued to mount in ireland. hardline irish separatists ( known at the time as irish irelanders and later as republicans ) rejected home rule entirely because it involved maintaining the connection with britain. they retained control of one faction of the irish volunteers, and in easter, 1916 led by thomas clarke and james connolly and others attempted a rebellion in dublin. after summary trials, the british government had the leaders executed for treason. the government blamed the small sinn fein party, which had had little to do with it. the execution of the leaders of the rebellion turned out to be a propaganda coup for militant republicanism, and sinn fein ' s previously negligible popular support grew. the surviving leaders of the irish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41672986664604506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.688030"} {"text": "party, which had had little to do with it. the execution of the leaders of the rebellion turned out to be a propaganda coup for militant republicanism, and sinn fein ' s previously negligible popular support grew. the surviving leaders of the irish volunteers infiltrated the party and assumed leadership in 1917. ( the irish volunteers themselves would later become the irish republican army in 1919. ) republicans gained further support when the british government attempted to introduce conscription to ireland in 1918. sinn fein was at the forefront of organising the campaign against conscription. when the veterans of world war i, on both sides of the political divide, returned from the front in 1918 and 1919, they came back as battle - hardened soldiers rather than the rag - tag yeomanry they had emerged from at the start of the war. in the general election of 1918, the irish parliamentary party lost almost all of its seats to sinn fein. unionists won 23 of 30 seats in the future northern ireland, and five of the six ipp members returned in ireland were elected in ulster as a result of local voting pacts with sinn fein. guerrilla warfare raged across ireland in the aftermath of the election, leading to the anglo - irish war. although lower in intensity in the north than in the south, the conflict was complicated by involving not only the irish republican army ( ira ) and the british army and royal irish constabulary but the ulster volunteer force ( uvf ) as well. the fourth and final home rule bill ( the government of ireland act 1920 ) partitioned the island into northern ireland ( six northeastern counties ) and southern ireland ( the rest of the island ). some unionists such as sir edward carson opposed partition, seeing it as a betrayal of unionism as a pan - irish political entity. most nationalists also opposed partition. for three days from 6 december 1922 northern ireland stopped being part of the united kingdom and became part of the newly created irish free state. this remarkable constitutional episode arose because of the anglo - irish treaty and the legislation introduced to give that treaty legal effect. the treaty was given effect in the united kingdom through the irish free state constitution act 1922. that act established a new dominion for the whole island of ireland but also allowed northern ireland to opt out. under article 12 of the treaty, northern ireland could exercise its opt out by presenting an address to the king requesting not to be part of the irish free state. once the treaty was ratified, the parliament of northern ireland had one month to exercise this opt out during which month the irish free state government could not legislate for northern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4433870647204669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.689227"} {"text": "an address to the king requesting not to be part of the irish free state. once the treaty was ratified, the parliament of northern ireland had one month to exercise this opt out during which month the irish free state government could not legislate for northern ireland, holding the free state \u2019 s effective jurisdiction in abeyance for a month. on 7 december 1922 ( the day after the establishment of the irish free state ) the parliament of northern ireland demonstrated its lack of hesitation by resolving to make the following address to the king so as to opt out of the irish free state : \" most gracious sovereign, we, your majesty ' s most dutiful and loyal subjects, the senators and commons of northern ireland in parliament assembled, having learnt of the passing of the irish free state constitution act, 1922, being the act of parliament for the ratification of the articles of agreement for a treaty between great britain and ireland, do, by this humble address, pray your majesty that the powers of the parliament and government of the irish free state shall no longer extend to northern ireland. \" on 13 december 1922 prime minister craig addressed the parliament of northern ireland informing them that the king had responded to the parliament \u2019 s address as follows : \" i have received the address presented to me by both houses of the parliament of northern ireland in pursuance of article 12 of the articles of agreement set forth in the schedule to the irish free state ( agreement ) act, 1922, and of section 5 of the irish free state constitution act, 1922, and i have caused my ministers and the irish free state government to be so informed. \" early years of home rule northern ireland having received self - government within the united kingdom, under the government of ireland act was in some respects left to its own devices. the first years of the new autonomous region were marked by bitter violence, particularly in belfast. the ira was determined to oppose the partition of ireland and the authorities created the ( mainly ex - uvf ) ulster special constabulary to aid the royal irish constabulary ( ric ) and introduced emergency powers to put down the ira. many died in political violence from 1920, which petered out after the signing of the anglo - irish treaty in 1922 and through 1923. the continuing violence created a climate of fear in the new region, and there was migration across the new border. as well as movement of protestants from the free state into northern ireland, some catholics fled south, leaving some of those who remained feeling isolated. despite the mixed religious affiliation of the old royal irish constabulary and the transfer of many catholic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41688187444562275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.690334"} {"text": "across the new border. as well as movement of protestants from the free state into northern ireland, some catholics fled south, leaving some of those who remained feeling isolated. despite the mixed religious affiliation of the old royal irish constabulary and the transfer of many catholic ric police officers to the newly formed royal ulster constabulary ( 1922 ), northern catholics did not join the new force in great numbers. many nationalists then came to view the new police force as sectarian, adding to their sense of alienation from the state. 1925 to 1965 under successive unionist prime ministers from sir james craig ( later lord craigavon ) onwards, the unionist establishment practised what is generally considered a policy of discrimination against the nationalist / catholic minority. this pattern was firmly established in the case of local government, where gerrymandered ward boundaries rigged local government elections to ensure unionist control of some local councils with nationalist majorities. in a number of cases, most prominently those of the corporation of londonderry, omagh urban district, and fermanagh county council, ward boundaries were drawn to place as many catholics as possible into wards with overwhelming nationalist majorities while other wards were created where unionists had small but secure majorities, maximising unionist representation. voting arrangements which gave commercial companies multiple votes according to size, and which restricted the personal franchise to property owners, primary tenants and their spouses ( which were ended in england in the 1940s ) continued in northern ireland until 1969, became increasingly resented. disputes over local government gerrymandering were at the heart of the civil rights movement in the 1960s. in addition, there was widespread discrimination in employment, particularly at senior levels of the public sector and in certain sectors of the economy, such as shipbuilding and heavy engineering. emigration to seek employment was significantly more prevalent among the catholic population. as a result, northern ireland ' s demography shifted further in favour of protestants leaving their ascendancy seemingly impregnable by the late 1950s. the abolition of proportional representation in 1929 meant that the structure of party politics gave the ulster unionist party a continual sizable majority in the parliament of northern ireland, leading to fifty years of one - party rule. while nationalist parties continued to retain the same number of seats that they had under proportional representation, the northern ireland labour party and various smaller leftist unionist groups were smothered, meaning that it proved impossible for any group to sustain a challenge to the ulster unionist party from within the unionist section of the population. in 1935, the worst violence since partition convulsed belfast. after an orange order parade decided to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46490404067010427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.691467"} {"text": "the troubles the troubles ( irish : na triobloidi ) was a period of ethno - political conflict in northern ireland which spilled over at various times into england, the republic of ireland, and mainland europe. the duration of the troubles is conventionally dated from the late 1960s and considered by many to have ended with the belfast \" good friday \" agreement of 1998. violence nonetheless continues on a sporadic basis. in the 1960s, moderate unionist prime minister terence o ' neill ( later lord o ' neill of the maine ) tried to reform the system, but encountered strong opposition from both fundamentalist protestant leaders like ian paisley and within his own party. the increasing pressures from nationalists for reform and opposition by loyalists to compromise led to the appearance of the civil rights movement, under figures such as austin currie and joint - winner of the nobel peace prize, john hume. it had some moderate protestant support and membership, and a considerable dose of student radicalism after northern ireland was swept up in the worldwide student revolts of 1968. clashes between marchers and the royal ulster constabulary led to increased communal strife, with elements both among the police and student radicals actively seeking to up the temperature, culminating in an attack by a unionist mob ( which included police reservists ) on a march, at burntollet, outside derry on 4 january 1969. wholescale violence erupted after an apprentice boys march was forced through the nationalist bogside area of derry on 12 august 1969 by the ruc, which led to large scale disorder known as the battle of the bogside. rioting continued until the 14 august, and in that time 1, 091 canisters, each containing 12. 5g of cs gas and 14 canisters containing 50g of cs gas, were released by the ruc. even more severe rioting broke out in belfast and elsewhere in response to events in derry ( see northern ireland riots of august 1969 ). the following thirty years of civil strife came to be known as \" the troubles \". at the request of the unionist government, the british army was deployed by the uk home secretary james callaghan two days later on 14 august 1969. two weeks later, control of security in northern ireland was passed from the stormont government to lieutenant - general ian freeland ( goc ). at first the soldiers received a warm welcome from nationalists, who hoped they would protect them from loyalist attack ( which the ira, at that point a marxist organisation, had for ideological reasons declined to do ). however, tensions rose throughout the following years,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48656131965697014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.693797"} {"text": "at first the soldiers received a warm welcome from nationalists, who hoped they would protect them from loyalist attack ( which the ira, at that point a marxist organisation, had for ideological reasons declined to do ). however, tensions rose throughout the following years, with an important milestone in the worsening relationship between the army and nationalists being the falls curfew of 3 july 1970 when 3, 000 british troops imposed a three day curfew on the lower falls area. after the introduction of internment without trial for suspected ira men on 9 august 1971, even the most moderate nationalists reacted by completely withdrawing their co - operation with the state. the sdlp members of the parliament of northern ireland withdrew from that body on 15 august and a widespread campaign of civil disobedience began. tensions were ratcheted to a higher level after the killing of fourteen unarmed civilians in derry by the parachute regiment on 30 january 1972, an event dubbed bloody sunday. throughout this period, the modern constellation of paramilitary organisations began to form. after bloody sunday, their full fury was unleashed, and 1972 was the most violent year of the conflict. the appearance in 1970 of the provisional ira, a breakaway from the increasingly marxist official ira, and a campaign of violence by loyalist paramilitary groups like the ulster defence association and others brought northern ireland to the brink of civil war. on 30 march 1972, the british government, unwilling to grant the unionist northern ireland government more authoritarian special powers, and now convinced of its inability to restore order, pushed through emergency legislation that prorogued the northern ireland parliament and introduced direct rule from london. in 1973 the british government dissolved the parliament of northern ireland and its government under the northern ireland constitution act 1973. the british government held talks with various parties, including the provisional ira, during 1972 and 1973. ( the official ira declared a ceasefire in 1972, and eventually ended violence altogether, although a breakaway group, the irish national liberation army, continued with a campaign of violence. the provisional ira, however, remained the largest and most effective nationalist paramilitary group. ) on 9 december 1973, after talks in sunningdale, berkshire, the ulster unionist party, sdlp and alliance party of northern ireland reached the sunningdale agreement on a cross - community government for northern ireland, which took office on 1 january 1974. the provisional ira was unimpressed, increasing the tempo of its violence, while many unionists were outraged at the participation of nationalists in the government of northern ireland and at the cross - border council of ireland. although the pro - sunningdale parties", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41565202606806617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.694972"} {"text": "the provisional ira was unimpressed, increasing the tempo of its violence, while many unionists were outraged at the participation of nationalists in the government of northern ireland and at the cross - border council of ireland. although the pro - sunningdale parties had a clear majority in the new northern ireland assembly, the failure of the pro - agreement parties to co - ordinate their efforts in the general election of 28 february, combined with an ira - sponsored boycott by hardline republicans, allowed anti - sunningdale unionists to take 51. 1 % of the vote and 11 of northern ireland ' s 12 seats in the uk house of commons. emboldened by this, a coalition of anti - agreement unionist politicians and paramilitaries encouraged a general strike on 15 may. the strikers brought northern ireland to a standstill by shutting down power stations, and after prime minister harold wilson refused to send in troops to take over from the strikers, the power - sharing executive collapsed on 28 may 1974. some british politicians, notably former british labour minister tony benn, advocated british withdrawal from ireland, but many opposed this policy, and called their prediction of the possible results of british withdrawal the doomsday scenario, anticipating widespread communal strife. the worst fear envisaged a civil war which would engulf not just northern ireland, but also the republic of ireland and scotland, both of which had major links with either or both communities. later, the feared possible impact of british withdrawal was the balkanisation of northern ireland. the level of violence declined from its early 1970s peak from 1972 onwards, stabilising at 50 to 100 deaths a year. the provisional ira, using weapons and explosives obtained from the united states and libya, bombed england and various british army bases in europe, as well as conducting ongoing attacks within northern ireland. these attacks were not only on \" military \" targets but also on protestant - frequented businesses, unaffiliated civilian commercial properties, and various city centres. arguably the signature attack would involve cars packed with high explosives being driven directly to key areas for maximum effect. at the same time, loyalist paramilitaries largely ( but not exclusively ) focused their campaign within northern ireland, ignoring the uninvolved military of the republic of ireland, and instead claiming a ( very ) few republican paramilitary casualties. they also targeted catholics working in protestant areas, and ( in a parallel to the ira tactic of car - bombing ) attacked catholic - frequented pubs using automatic fire weapons. such attacks were euphemistically known as \" spray jobs \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4096717440992371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.696067"} {"text": "paramilitary casualties. they also targeted catholics working in protestant areas, and ( in a parallel to the ira tactic of car - bombing ) attacked catholic - frequented pubs using automatic fire weapons. such attacks were euphemistically known as \" spray jobs \". both groups would also carry out extensive \" punishment \" attacks against members of their own communities for a variety of perceived, alleged, or suspected \" crimes \", regardless of the reality of the situation. various fitful political talks took place from then until the early 1990s, backed by schemes such as rolling devolution, and 1975 saw a brief provisional ira ceasefire. the two events of real significance during this period, however, were the hunger strikes ( 1981 ) and the anglo - irish agreement ( 1985 ). despite the failure of the hunger strike, the republican movement gained its first taste of electoral politics with modest electoral success on both sides of the border, including the election of bobby sands to the house of commons. this convinced republicans to adopt the armalite and ballot box strategy and gradually take a more political approach. while the anglo - irish agreement failed to bring an end to political violence in northern ireland, it did improve co - operation between the british and irish governments, which was key to the creation of the belfast agreement a decade later. at a strategic level the agreement demonstrated that the british recognised as legitimate the wishes of the republic to have a direct interest in the affairs of northern ireland. it also demonstrated to paramilitaries their ultimate political impotence vis a vis sovereign states. unlike the sunningdale agreement the anglo - irish agreement withstood a much more concerted campaign of violence and intimidation, as well as political hostility, from the loyalists. republicans were left in the position of rejecting the only significant all - ireland structures created since partition. by the 1990s, the perceived stalemate between the ira and british security forces, along with the increasing political successes of sinn fein convinced a majority inside the republican movement that greater progress towards republican objectives might be achieved through negotiation rather than violence at this stage. this change from paramilitary to political means was part of a broader northern ireland peace process, which followed the appearance of new leaders in london ( john major ) and dublin ( albert reynolds ). the good friday agreement and beyond increased government focus on the problems of northern ireland led, in 1993, to the two prime ministers signing the downing street declaration. at the same time gerry adams, leader of sinn fein, and john hume, leader of the social democratic and labour party, engaged in talks. a new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4469351249495933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.697187"} {"text": "of northern ireland led, in 1993, to the two prime ministers signing the downing street declaration. at the same time gerry adams, leader of sinn fein, and john hume, leader of the social democratic and labour party, engaged in talks. a new leader of the ulster unionist party, david trimble, initially perceived as a hardliner, brought his party into all - party negotiations that in 1998 produced the belfast agreement ( \" good friday agreement \" ), signed by eight parties on 10 april 1998, although not involving ian paisley ' s democratic unionist party or the uk unionist party. a majority of both communities in northern ireland approved this agreement, as did the people of the republic of ireland, both by referendum on 22 may 1998. the republic amended its constitution, to replace a claim it made to the territory of northern ireland with an affirmation of the right of all the people of ireland to be part of the irish nation and a declaration of an aspiration towards a united ireland ( see the nineteenth amendment of the constitution of ireland ). under the good friday agreement, properly known as the belfast agreement, voters elected a new northern ireland assembly to form a parliament. every party that reaches a specific level of support gains the right to name members of its party to government and claim one or more ministries. ulster unionist party leader david trimble became first minister of northern ireland. the deputy leader of the sdlp, seamus mallon, became deputy first minister of northern ireland, though his party ' s new leader, mark durkan, subsequently replaced him. the ulster unionists, social democratic and labour party, sinn fein and the democratic unionist party each had ministers by right in the power - sharing assembly. the assembly and its executive operated on a stop - start basis, with repeated disagreements about whether the ira was fulfilling its commitments to disarm, and also allegations from the police service of northern ireland ' s special branch that there was an ira spy - ring operating in the heart of the civil service. it has since emerged that the spy - ring was run by mi5 ( see denis donaldson ). northern ireland was then, once more, run by the direct rule secretary of state for northern ireland, peter hain, and a british ministerial team answerable to him. hain was answerable only to the cabinet. the changing british position to northern ireland was represented by the visit of queen elizabeth ii to stormont, where she met nationalist ministers from the sdlp as well as unionist ministers and spoke of the right of people who perceive themselves as irish to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4817380164979372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.698774"} {"text": "the cabinet. the changing british position to northern ireland was represented by the visit of queen elizabeth ii to stormont, where she met nationalist ministers from the sdlp as well as unionist ministers and spoke of the right of people who perceive themselves as irish to be treated as equal citizens along with those who regard themselves as british. similarly, on visits to northern ireland, the president of ireland, mary mcaleese, met with unionist ministers and with the lord lieutenant of each county \u2014 the official representatives of the queen. however, the assembly elections of 30 november 2003 saw sinn fein and the democratic unionist party ( dup ) emerge as the largest parties in each community, which was perceived as making a restoration of the devolved institutions more difficult to achieve. however, serious talks between the political parties and the british and irish governments saw steady, if stuttering, progress throughout 2004, with the dup in particular surprising many observers with its newly discovered pragmatism. however, an arms - for - government deal between sinn fein and the dup broke down in december 2004 due to a row over whether photographic evidence of ira decommissioning was necessary, and the ira refusal to countenance the provision of such evidence. the 2005 british general election saw further polarisation, with the dup making sweeping gains, although sinn fein did not make the breakthrough many had predicted. in particular, the failure of sinn fein to gain the sdlp leader mark durkan ' s foyle seat marked a significant rebuff for the republican party. the uup only took one seat, with the leader david trimble losing his and subsequently resigning as leader. on july 28, 2005, the ira made a public statement ordering an end to the armed campaign and instructing its members to dump arms and to pursue purely political programmes. while the british and irish governments warmly welcomed the statement, political reaction in northern ireland itself demonstrated a tendency to suspicion engendered by years of political and social conflict. in august the british government announced that due to the security situation improving and in accordance with the good friday agreement provisions, operation banner would end by 1 august 2007. on october 13, 2006 an agreement was proposed after three days of multiparty talks at st. andrews in scotland, which all parties including the dup, supported. under the agreement, sinn fein would fully endorse the police in northern ireland, and the dup would share power with sinn fein. all the main parties in northern ireland, including the dup and sinn fein, subsequently formally endorsed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4641778299935528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.700842"} {"text": ", supported. under the agreement, sinn fein would fully endorse the police in northern ireland, and the dup would share power with sinn fein. all the main parties in northern ireland, including the dup and sinn fein, subsequently formally endorsed the agreement. on 8 may 2007, devolution of powers returned to northern ireland. dup leader ian paisley and sinn fein ' s martin mcguinness took office as first minister and deputy first minister, respectively. ( bbc ). \" you raise me up \", the 2005 track by westlife, was played at their inauguration. see also - flag of northern ireland - history of ireland - history of the united kingdom - northern irish murals - history of the british isles - \" the countries of the uk \". 11 november 2005. archived from the original on 11 november 2009. retrieved 11 november 2009. \" the top - level division of administrative geography in the uk is the 4 countries \u2014 england, scotland, wales and northern ireland. \" - \" countries within a country \". 10 downing street. 10 january 2003. archived from the original on 9 september 2008. retrieved 10 october 2012. \" the united kingdom is made up of four countries : england, scotland, wales and northern ireland. \" - \" ' normalisation ' plans for northern ireland unveiled \". 10 downing street. 1 august 2005. archived from the original on 8 august 2005. retrieved 10 october 2012. \" plans to reduce troops and abolish watchtowers in northern ireland to ' normalise ' the province, have been outlined by the government. \" - \" the european sustainable competitiveness programme for northern ireland 2007 \u2013 2013 \" ( pdf ). northern ireland executive. 4 october 2007. p. 16. retrieved 28 march 2010. \" ni ( ni ) is a region of the united kingdom ( uk ) that operates in an island economy sharing a land border with ireland. \" - statutory rules & orders published by authority, 1921 ( no. 533 ) ; additional source for 3 may 1921 date : alvin jackson ( 2004 ). home rule \u2014 an irish history. oxford university press. p. 198. - \" the irish election of 1918 \". ark. ac. uk. northern ireland social and political archive. - nicholas whyte ( march 25, 2006 ). \" the irish election of 1918 \". ark. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25. - \" ulster in the free state, voting - out today, memorial to the king \". the times. 6 december 1922. - \" the boundary question \u2013 debate resumed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43669499149320135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.703279"} {"text": "the irish election of 1918 \". ark. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25. - \" ulster in the free state, voting - out today, memorial to the king \". the times. 6 december 1922. - \" the boundary question \u2013 debate resumed \". dail eireann - volume 7. 20 june, 1924. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25. - \" northern ireland parliamentary report \". ahds. ac. uk ( stormont papers ). 7 december 1922. pp. 1147 and 1150. - \" northern ireland parliamentary report \". ahds. ac. uk 2 ( stormont papers ). 13 december 1922. pp. 1191 \u2013 1192. - fionnuala mckenna ( 14 january 2012 ). \" ' how much discrimination was there under the unionist regime, 1921 - 1968? ' by john whyte \". ark. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25. - \" cain chronology \". entry under 25 november 1969. \" the electoral law act ( northern ireland ) became law. the main provision of the act was to make the franchise in local government elections in northern ireland the same as that in britain. \" - walker, graham. a history of the ulster unionist party : protest, pragmatism and pessimism ( manchester studies in modern history ). p. 162. isbn 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6109 - 7. - curley, helen. local ireland almanac and yearbook of facts 2000 ( local ireland almanac & yearbook of facts ). p. 17. isbn 978 - 0 - 9536537 - 0 - 6. - trimble, david ( december 10, 1998 ) ). \" the nobel lecture given by the nobel peace prize laureate 1998 \". oslo. - marc mulholland ( 2000 ). \" assimilation versus segregation : unionist strategy in the 1960s \". twentieth century brit hist. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25. - kennedy - pipe, caroline ( 1997 - 01 ). the origins of the present troubles in northern ireland. longman. isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 10073 - 2. - mcgarry, john ; brendan o ' leary ( 1995 - 06 - 15 ). explaining northern ireland. wiley - blackwell. p. 18. isbn 978 - 0 - 631 - 18349 - 5. - dermot keogh, ed. ( 2294 - 01 - 28 ). northern ireland and the politics of reconciliation. cambridge university press. pp. 55 \u2013 59. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 459", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4286061125371152, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.704274"} {"text": "18349 - 5. - dermot keogh, ed. ( 2294 - 01 - 28 ). northern ireland and the politics of reconciliation. cambridge university press. pp. 55 \u2013 59. isbn 978 - 0 - 521 - 45933 - 4. - weitzer, ronald ( 1995 - 01 ). policing under fire : ethnic conflict and police - community relations in northern ireland. state university press. isbn 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2248 - 9. - coakley, john. \" ethnic conflict and the two - state solution : the irish experience of partition \". retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15. - aughey, arthur. the politics of northern ireland : beyond the belfast agreement. p. 7. isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 32788 - 6. - holland, jack ( 1999 ). hope against history : the course of conflict in northern ireland. henry holt & company. p. 221. isbn 0 - 8050 - 6087 - 1. \" the troubles were over, but the killing continued. some of the heirs to ireland ' s violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance. \" - gillespie, gordon. historical dictionary of the northern ireland conflict. p. 250. isbn 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5583 - 0. - elliot, marianne ( 2007 ). the long road to peace in northern ireland : peace lectures from the institute of irish studies at liverpool university. university of liverpool institute of irish studies, liverpool university press. p. 2. isbn 1 - 84631 - 065 - 2. - goodspeed, michael ( 2002 ). when reason fails : portraits of armies at war : america, britain, israel, and the future. greenwood publishing group. pp. 44 and 61. isbn 0 - 275 - 97378 - 6. - \" draft list of deaths related to the conflict. 2002 - \". retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31. - ( elliot 2007, p. 188 ) - northern ireland ( temporary provisions ) act 1972 ( c. 22 ) - \" background information on northern ireland society - security and defence \". ark. 17 january 2012. retrieved 2012 - 10 - 25. - taylor, peter ( 1999 ). \" 21 : stalemate \". behind the mask : the ira and sinn fein. pp. 246 \u2013 261. isbn 1 - 57500 - 077 - 6. - lavery, brian ; cowell, alan ( 29 july 2005 ). \" i. r. a. renounces use of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4731853299938471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.705212"} {"text": "timothy c. hain, this document reviews the literature concerning feedback control of pitch, and also is meant to be a place where one can look at several mathematical models of central auditory feedback control in one place. fairbanks ( 1954 ) reviewed historical ideas in a concept paper concerning auditory feedback, going as far back as 1931. his servomechanism incorporated a desired signal, a storage unit, a multi - input comparator, a summing junction where the desired signal and error are added, and a plant. fairbanks recognized that there might be multisensory inputs, and implemented auditory, tactile and proproceptive inputs. this is a modern idea, reminiscent of \" internal estimator \" theory, although fairbanks did not discuss the problem of dealing with multiple inputs in a quantitative way. although his \" model \" had a memory circuit, it was used to extrapolate future performance where error was driven to zero instead of matching delays of input to output. ringel and steer ( 1963 ) examined the effect of anesthetizing the entire oral region ( using the services of an oral surgeon to administer a series of intra - oral hypodermic injections ) on the vocalizations of 13 subjects majoring in speech pathology and audiology. unsurprisingly, speech accuracy suffered. fundamental frequency also rose, suggesting that tactile feedback assists in stabilizing f0. eliott and niemoeller ( 1970 ) argued that f0 ( voice fundamental frequency ) is accomplished in part through use of auditory feedback. they used evidence based on monitoring of voice f0 made to both current and remembered auditory targets, with noise masking of 95 - 105 spl. they pointed out that the voice is most stable in a quiet environment when the target is present. it is less accurate when the target is remembered, and is least accurate when the target is remembered and noise is present. elman ( 1981 ) investigated the effect of frequency shifted feedback using a lexicon varispeech ii speech time compressor / expandor. speech f0 was shifted by 10 %. this produced a compensatory f0 which was shifted downward. kawahara ( 1993 - 1994 ) reported adaptive responses to changes in f0 using a paradigm he called \" transformed auditory feedback \". he investigated f0 using a pseudorandom binary series of perturbations. | simple model of f0 control, larson et al ( 2000 ). | larson and associates ( burnett et al, 1997 ; hain et al, 1999", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5575246626044522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.711736"} {"text": ". he investigated f0 using a pseudorandom binary series of perturbations. | simple model of f0 control, larson et al ( 2000 ). | larson and associates ( burnett et al, 1997 ; hain et al, 1999 ; larson et al, 2000 ) studied f0 in greater detail using pitch shifting with sophisticated electronics. a harmonizer device, capable of shifting f0 similarly to the device used by elman ( 1981 ) was used to shift f0 by roughly 100 cents ( one semitone ) for steps, ramps and with daf. a clear feedback response was demonstrated, which could be either negative to compensate for the perturbation, or positive to track an external perturbation. the response was shown to have two components, one with a latency of about 150 msec, and a second with a latency of about 450 msec. the later response is under more voluntary control. a simple negative feedback model incorporating comparison of auditory input with expected auditory input, low - pass filtering and limiting, was shown to reproduce most aspects of the response. this model depends upon comparison of intended or expected f0 with perceived f0, or in other words, a connection between motor output and auditory input. miller - preuss ( 1980 ) pointed out the usefulness of such a comparison in attention to self - produced or externally produced acoustic inputs and suggest that such a direct connection might exist between cingulate vocalization areas and auditory association cortex ( superior temporal gyrus ). houde and jorden ( 1998 ) examined feedback control of f1 and f2 using a customized apparatus that allowed them to shift subjects speech in real - time. they showed that subjects could be trained over two hours to shift vowel formats significantly with retention of the shift. they defined \" adaptation \" as the amount of shift that was retained af the end of the experiment when auditory feedback was \" blocked \" by noise. guenther and associates ( 2006 ) have written a body of literature concerning a neural network model of vocal motor control. it contains the same general toplogy as the model of hain et al, 2000. while of great general interest, because it is implemented as a neural network, it has limited usefulness in experimental contexts because neural networks are sufficient to simulate nearly any output. with a delay of about 200 msec, daf causes subjects to speak more slowly, to prolong syllables or to stutter ( hanley and tiffany, 1954 : davidson, 1959 : yates, 1963 ). | model of delayed auditory feedback (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5613631755267048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.712798"} {"text": "with a delay of about 200 msec, daf causes subjects to speak more slowly, to prolong syllables or to stutter ( hanley and tiffany, 1954 : davidson, 1959 : yates, 1963 ). | model of delayed auditory feedback ( from hain et al, 2001 ) | this was modeled successfully using a simple mismatch between perceived and intended f0 as shown in the model above. siegel and pick ( 1974 ) demonstrated that speakers decrease their volume when they hear their voices amplified. lane and tranel ( 1971 ) demonstrated that speakers increase their volume when their voices are attenuated. volume is also increased in the presence of noise ( lombard, 1911 ; ringel and steer, 1963 ). while the neurological localization of this reflex would seem to belong logically in the cortex, where assessments of intelligibility could be made, work in animals has suggested that neuronal mechanisms for evoking the reflex in decerebrate cats must be present in the brainstem ( nonaka et al, 1997 ). this work does not exclude the possibility of both low and higher level substrates. | model of loudness feedback ( from bauer et al, 2006 ) | bauer et al ( 2006 ) obtained additional experimental data and modeled loudness feedback control using similar mechanisms ( see above ). vocalization can be elicited from numerous areas in the brain. jurgens and ploog ( 1970 ) pointed out the \" exceptional position \" of the mesenphalic periaqueductal gray. in the squirrel monkey, stimulation of the pag produces the shortest latencies and the highest number of vocalizations. there are also reports of mutism after pag lesions. miller - preuss, newman and jurgens ( 1980 ) state that the anterior limbic cortex is involved in the initiation of voluntarily controlled vocalizations ( in squirrel monkey ). | \u00a9 copyright april 6, 2012, timothy c. hain, m. d. all rights reserved. last saved on april 6, 2012 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5078410535231015, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.713659"} {"text": "about gastroesophageal reflux disease information from the nonprofit iffgd about characteristics and treatment of gerd. information about heartburn, hiatus hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease. ask the experts : acid - related disorders discusses several topics related to dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, barrett ' s esophagus, gerd - related cough, and their diagnosis and treatment. from medscape. requires free registration. a detailed look at gerd or acid reflux website discussing the treatments and medication available for gastroesophageal reflux disease or acid reflux. view webcasts and read articles. emedicine - gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ) dr. marco patti offers a medical review of gerd and its symptoms such as heartburn, cough, and laryngitis. families united through nissen difficulties org. parents of children who have had a difficult time since their children have had the nissen fundoplication. in some cases the reflux was not as bad as the fundo. information and discussion about causes, diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease and heart burn. advice on heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease. place for the many gastro esophageal reflux disease sufferers out there to become educated about this disorder. gerd resource center pharmaceutical company sponsored site with information for suffers of chronic indigestion, or gastroesophageal reflux disease. the great debates : bridging the gap between expectations and results in acid - suppression therapy review articles for medical professionals discuss issues in the diagnosis and treatment of gerd, other acid - peptic disorders, and h. pylori infections. [ flash video or text - plus - slides formats. requires free registration. ] consumer health resource center providing an overview of causes, symptoms and treatment. information for heartburn, gastro esophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernia and other digestive diseases. helpheartburn. com is a complete resource for anyone who has ever suffered from heartburn, gerd ( gastroesophageal reflux disease ), acid reflux, or indigestion. laproscopic surgery for treatment of chronic indigestion this site discusses surgical treatment options for gastroesophageal reflux disease", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42038698074993974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.719800"} {"text": "##troesophageal reflux disease ), acid reflux, or indigestion. laproscopic surgery for treatment of chronic indigestion this site discusses surgical treatment options for gastroesophageal reflux disease, also known as chronic indigestion. manage your health : heartburn information about symptoms and treatments of gerd and related conditions, written and reviewed by webmd doctors. mayo clinic : heartburn / gerd the sensation of acid reflux described as well as its symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention. reflux disease may cause sinusitis and damage teeth a new synthesis of research on esophageal reflux disease indicates that acid reflux is also related to sinus infection and to erosion of tooth enamel. reflux treatment centers of america, llc a national network of medical centers and physicians specializing in the treatment of heartburn and indigestion, medically known as gastroesophageal reflux disease or gerd. a free informational monograph on heartburn ( gerd ) for patient counseling. student health resources : rutgers university an overview of heartburn and related issues and conditions, written for the college - age audience. syracuse gastroenterological associates, p. c. solutions for acid reflux, heartburn, gastroesophageal reflux, stomach pains and hernias, and ulcers. stomach disorder doctors in the syracuse, ny area. this way up advice about living with gastroesophageal reflux disease : gerd. dedicated to help patients who suffer from heartburn and gerd. it also contains useful information for physicians who take care of them. all the web - google usenet -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44108268427527264, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.720731"} {"text": "what do you understand about paralegals? paralegals are not only considered as secretaries who tend to perform tasks administratively. they act as legal assistants responsible in carrying out duties, like assisting judges and attorneys. they also conduct research which can assist employers in doing their legal tasks. it means to say that they are able to play a vital role for the success of attorneys. since they have this role, earning a good education is crucial on their part. in becoming a paralegal, an associate \u2019 s degree or bachelor \u2019 s degree in any of the study is required. it may not be an absolute requirement, but still a diploma, certificate or a paralegal diploma gives the most advantage for one who is looking for a job position as a paralegal. additionally, there are different types of programs for paralegals being offered in the united states. you may choose from the programs, such as associate \u2019 s degree, certificate program, advanced paralegal program or 4 - year education program which will give you a much higher opportunity. however, you need to remember that when getting a paralegal diploma, choosing the right institution that has been approved by the \u201c american bar association \u201d is a must. as for the online school, it should operate for two years and should meet the requirements and guidelines set by the aba. feel free to visit the website of the aba, from where you can look for the list of paralegal programs approved by the aba. now, the question left is how can a paralegal education help you to be a certified lawyer? first, it helps develop your competencies in areas ; communication skills, computer skills, critical thinking skills, organizational skills and understanding of ethics. in the paralegal world, paralegal education can help you to land on a reputable job. you could understand legal processes, and have legal experiences in the law practice as well. with your work experience of being a paralegal, you can succeed once you continue a paralegal education in any of the reputable law schools.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3991903125660245, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.723153"} {"text": "by john coluccy, ph. d. those of us who are parents have mixed memories of changing diapers and being awakened in the middle of the night by a screaming baby. but imagine yourself trying to look after four, eight or even a dozen babies all at once, and in a predator - filled environment. this is exactly the situation adult waterfowl face every year. as you can imagine, brood care among waterfowl is a daunting yet critical task. adult waterfowl provide their young with many types of care, and the investment in this care varies by species and even individuals. when they hatch, for example, most waterfowl are unable to thermoregulate ( keep warm by automatically regulating their body temperature ) for several days and periodically require a parent ( the hen, in most duck species ; both parents in the case of geese and swans ) to cover them with their body and wings to help maintain normal body temperature. this behavior, known as brooding, also protects young waterfowl from extreme precipitation ( including rain, hail and snow ), sunlight, wind and from predators. another critical form of care is protection from predators. most waterfowl utter alarm calls at the first sign of approaching danger. alarm calls will either cause young birds to scatter, move closer to their parent ( s ), or freeze in place. females of many duck species will also feign injury by acting like their wing is broken to draw predators away from their broods. adult geese may actually attack intruders ( including humans ) who come too close to their offspring. another important role parent birds play is ensuring undisturbed access to feeding and loafing areas. after the young birds hatch, the parent ( s ) assist their young in finding suitable habitat with adequate food supplies. sometimes, several broods will use the same wetland, however, and although females tend to avoid one another, contact among broods frequently occurs. in these instances, parents will aggressively defend the area immediately around their brood and attack individuals that come too close. continue reading > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47047296901033686, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.725808"} {"text": "programs & news | contact us | for readers | fiction | kids & teens | reference & nonfiction | movies, music, audiobooks library blogs | hours & locations | friends | foundation | gift shop | a to z index \" nelle \" harper lee was born on april 28, 1926, the youngest of four children of amasa coleman lee and frances cunningham finch lee. she grew up in monroeville, a small town in southwest alabama. her father was a lawyer who also served in the state legislature from 1926 - 1938. as a child, lee was a tomboy and a precocious reader. after finishing public school in monroeville, she attended huntington college, a private school for women in montgomery, for a year and then transferred to the university of alabama to study law but withdrew six months before graduation. she moved to new york in 1949 and worked as a reservations clerk for eastern air lines and british overseas airways. while in new york, she wrote several essays and short stories but none were published. her agent encouraged her to develop one short story into a novel. in order to complete it, lee quit working and was supported by friends who believed in her work. in 1957, she submitted the manuscript to j. b. lippincott company. although editors found the work too episodic, they saw promise in the book and encouraged lee to rewrite it. in 1960, with the help of lippincott editor tay hohoff, to kill a mockingbird was published. to kill a mockingbird became an instant popular success. a year after the novel was published, 500, 000 copies had been sold and it had been translated into ten languages. critical reviews of the novel were mixed ; it was only after the success of the film adaptation that many critics reconsidered to kill a mockingbird. to kill a mockingbird was honored with many awards, including the pulitzer prize for fiction in 1961, and was made into a film in 1962 starring gregory peck. lee worked as a consultant on the screenplay adaptation of the novel. the film was nominated for eight academy awards, including best picture. gregory peck won the best actor award, horton foote won the best adapted screenplay oscar and a design team was awarded an oscar for best art direction / set decoration b / w. author truman capote was lee ' s next - door neighbor from 1928 to 1933. in 1959 lee and capote traveled to garden city, kansas, to research the clutter family murders for his work, in cold blood ( 1965 ). capote dedicated in cold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4070188248591484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.732920"} {"text": "##ote was lee ' s next - door neighbor from 1928 to 1933. in 1959 lee and capote traveled to garden city, kansas, to research the clutter family murders for his work, in cold blood ( 1965 ). capote dedicated in cold blood to lee and to his partner, jack dunphy. lee was the inspiration for the character idabel in capote ' s other voices, other rooms ( 1948 ). capote in turn clearly influenced the development of the character dill in to kill a mockingbird. harper lee divides her time between new york and her hometown of monroeville, alabama, where her sister alice lee practices law. though she has published no other work of fiction, this novel continues to have a strong impact on successive generations of readers. harper lee had many childhood experiences that are similar to those of scout finch, her young narrator in to kill a mockingbird. | she grew up in the 1930s in a rural southern alabama town. | | she grew up in the 1930s in a rural southern alabama town. | | her father, amasa lee, was an attorney who served in the state legislature in alabama. | | her father, atticus finch, is an attorney who serves in the state legislature in alabama. | | her older brother and young neighbor ( truman capote ) were playmates. | | her older brother ( jem ) and young neighbor ( dill ) are playmates. | | harper lee was an avid reader as a child. | | scout reads before she enters school and reads the mobile register newspaper in the first grade. | | she was six years old when the scottsboro trials were widely covered in national, state and local newspapers. | | she is six years old when the trial of tom robinson takes place. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43364682641606433, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.733839"} {"text": "a public meeting friday in pagosa springs concerns the proposal to make the chimney rock archaeological area a national monument. the meeting will be held from 1 to 3 : 30 p. m. at the archuleta fairgrounds. chimney rock is perhaps the most important cultural site managed by the forest service. it is an important part of the extensive chacoan cultural build - up of puebloan people that began in the a. d. 800s and lasted more than 300 years. it is still of great importance to the living puebloan cultures of the region. with more than 200 dwellings, and several ceremonial sites, the chimney rock area is not only an impressive natural feature, but amazing historically and culturally. designated an archaeological area and national historic site in 1970, for the last decade it has been the focus of concerted effort by many people to see it designated as a national monument. lately, this effort has gained significant steam. bills proposing national monument status have been introduced by u. s. sens. michael bennet and mark udall, as well as a separate bill by u. s. rep. scott tipton, r - cortez. these bills have received overwhelming support locally. monument status would increase the visibility of the site, encouraging more visitors and help to support the regionis economy. it would also give support to efforts to properly steward the site, preserving this national treasure for future generations. archuleta county deserves the support of all of us in its efforts toward designation of the site as a national monument. the trail of the ancients covers the cultural sites in southeastern utah, northeast arizona and montezuma county in colorado. chimney rock would be a valuable addition, bringing attention to the eastern part of the area. because of the difficulties in getting any legislation through the current congress, the push for national monument status has now shifted to asking president barack obama to designate the site through the antiquities act. passed in 1906 during theodore rooseveltis presidency, the bill has been used to protect such sites as the grand tetons, chaco canyon, hovenweep and, more recently, canyons of the ancients. chimney rock, with its important historical and cultural significance, is a perfect example of what the act was intended to protect. please support national monument designation by attending the meeting friday, letting bennet, udall and tipton know your support, and urging obama to take action. chimney rock is a unique and important asset that we should all work to preserve and support, and by doing so, we will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3911988169002366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.740331"} {"text": "overijssel is a province in the east of the netherlands. it borders on germany in the east, drenthe and friesland in the north, gelderland to the south and flevoland and gelderland to the west. the capital city of overijssel is zwolle. the largest towns are : in the late 18th century, overijssel became famous for it ' s textiles. english industrialists came to overijssel and brought new technologies with them. the eastern part of the province, twente, became an important production center for textiles. this continued well into the 20th century when enschede and the neighboring german region were attracting many new laborers. genealogy in overijssel for genealogical purposes, overijssel is split into two parts. the eastern part, twente, used the system of farm names before the introduction of the civil registration. the western part, consisting of salland and vollenhove, used patronymics mostly although a clear line cannot be drawn between the regions. most of the records for overijssel are kept by the overijssel historical center. unfortunately, their website is in dutch only. the marriage records from the civil registration and some of the death records can be found in genlias. emigration from overijssel people from overijssel have always migrated across the border into germany. in the middle of the nineteenth century, many members of the seceder church followed albertus van raalte and anthony brummelkamp ' s advise to emigrate to the united states. most of them ended up in michigan. another emigration wave followed at the end of the nineteenth century. the overijssel historical center has compiled a database of overijssel emigrants. there are several online sources for images about overijssel : - overijssel in kaart. website with historical maps of overijssel. select ' zoeken ', fill in the name of the town or cartographer you ' re looking for and click ' zoeken '. - overijssel provincial atlas 1865 - 1870. this atlas contains both a map of the entire province as well as maps for all of the municipalities. map of overijssel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39757415346679126, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.745297"} {"text": "| | a - b - c - d | e - f - g - h | i - j - k - l | m - n - o - p | q - r - s - t | u - v - w - x - y - z | an objective measure of sharpness which takes into account the sensitivity of the human visual system to specific spatial frequencies and the viewing distance of an image. edge acutance refers to the ability of a photographic system to show a sharp edge between contiguous areas of low and high illuminance. texture acutance refers to the ability of a photographic system to show details without noticeable degradations. artifact created by the presence of frequencies in the image that are too high compared to the sampling frequency of the sensor. staircasing - effects or moire patterns are two different forms of aliasing. ratio of effective focal length and entrance pupil diameter of a lens. same as f - number or f # or f / d. the smaller the aperture, the \u201c faster \u201d ( brighter ) the lens. image sensor approximately the size of an aps ( advanced photo system ) negative ( roughly 25. 1x16. 7 mm. ) conspicuous elements in the image that do not exist in the real scene. they may be caused by any part of the image acquisition system ( optics, sensors or processing ). illumination of a subject from the back. usually the subject is dark on a bright background. the most used pattern of photosites for color cameras, named after its creator, a researcher at kodak in 1976. photosites are grouped by four, with two sensitive to green wavelengths, one to blue wavelenghts, and one to red wavelengths. change of a standard behavior. usually exposure bias or white balance bias. set of phenomena following which a point - wise light source is not imaged on the sensor on a single pixel. it is due primarily to optical causes and sensor integration. if the light source moves during the integration time, the phenomenon is known as motion blur. estimation of the specific parameters of a device ; for example, the main calibration parameters of a sensor are sensitivity, spectral responsitivity, and noise ; the main parameters of a lens are distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberration and mtf. charge - coupled device : one family of electronic image sensors that output an analog signal. in a digital camera, this analog signal is converted to digital by a separate component. complementary metal \u2013 oxide \u2013 semiconductor : one family of electronic image sensors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5856356993942456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.757849"} {"text": "mtf. charge - coupled device : one family of electronic image sensors that output an analog signal. in a digital camera, this analog signal is converted to digital by a separate component. complementary metal \u2013 oxide \u2013 semiconductor : one family of electronic image sensors that output a digital signal light source or beam whose rays are parallel. a point - wise light source positioned at a lens focal distance provides a collimated beam. a very far point - wise light source, such as a star other than the sun, can also be considered as a collimated beam. the number of colors that can be coded as digital values. a color channel coded on 8 bits can represent 256 different values. a two - dimensional array of colored filters placed on top of a sensor that allow the color of the input light to be recorded. each photosite outputs a value that depicts the light in a subset of the visible spectrum. the most - used color filter array is the bayer array. characteristic of a reflection or transmission material that does not change the spectrum ( though the color ) of the illuminant. process that transforms the color values of the captured scene into digital rgb values displayed on an output device ( screen, printer ). by extension, also designates the process that transforms raw sensor values into displayed rgb values. numerical values defined by dxo labs researchers that represent the numbers of colors that a sensor can distinguish, up to noise. read more non - uniformity of color rendering in the field : an object may not have the same color all across the image field ( see vignetting ). coordinate system representing the visible colors, under a given illuminant. the l * coordinate represents the luminance, while a * and b * represent color ( respectively the green - magenta axis and the blue - yellow axis ). the lab color space was designed to be perceptually uniform, meaning that a same distance between two colors should be perceived as the same difference whatever those colors are. numerical value characterizing the radiation spectrum of a perfect black body. high color temperature leads to a bluish light, low color temperature leads to a reddish light. csf is a functional description of the human visual system threshold sensitivity to the contrast ( i. e. peak - to - peak luminance difference ) of sine wave patterns of a range of spatial frequencies. the contrast sensitivity function ( csf ) is dependent on the viewing conditions, i. e. viewing distance, size of the displayed image and luminance viewing conditions. statistical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6268449663584146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.759621"} {"text": "more information on food addiction change the way you think about food 8 tips for winning the food fight foods to eat if you overeat how to conquer your food cravings a nation addicted to food quiz : are you addicted to food? no one would become a food - devouring robot, however, if they lived in a desert or on the moon or in the year 1850, according to david kessler, m. d., former fda commissioner and author of the end of overeating ( rodale, 2009 ). we eat, he says, because we have constant, crippling access to rich, delicious foods packed with fat and sugars, both of which activate our dopamine systems. and those conditioned cues are everywhere \u2014 commercials, fast - food restaurants that we pass on our commutes, grocery stores. kessler postulates that fat and sugar, plus salt, have triggered mass overconsumption in the united states. \u201c we took fat, sugar and salt and put it on every corner, made it available 24 / 7, made it socially acceptable to eat anytime. we \u2019 re living in a food carnival, \u201d he says. volkow \u2019 s bethesda offices are a perfect microcosm of this american food environment : within one - third of a mile, a visitor can find a frozen yogurt place, a greasy - spoon diner, a mexican restaurant and at least 10 other eateries. on the first floor of the nida offices is a cafeteria with a hot buffet and snacks. vending machines, like the one volkow has a hard time resisting, live on the office floors themselves. bowls of candy lurk on desktops and in drawers. the scent of microwave popcorn pervades the office air. the continual need to say \u201c no! \u201d to these tempting foods requires the strongest will, and some people \u2019 s wiring seems to be working against them. in a 2008 study, volkow found that having fewer dopamine receptors ( as obese people do ) was associated with less activity in parts of the brain responsible for self - control. in other words, these people not only have to eat more to achieve the same \u201c reward, \u201d they also have a harder time stopping themselves from eating once they start. drug addicts similarly have fewer dopamine receptors, also associated with less activity in the self - control parts of the brain. in the brain of a compulsive, \u201c addicted \u201d eater, inhibition is like a picket fence trying to hold back an avalanche", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.438929810757993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.773963"} {"text": "similarly have fewer dopamine receptors, also associated with less activity in the self - control parts of the brain. in the brain of a compulsive, \u201c addicted \u201d eater, inhibition is like a picket fence trying to hold back an avalanche of reward and conditioning. \u201c joanne, \u201d 39, from san francisco, a member of food addicts in recovery anonymous, agrees, and says that sugar and flour are her drugs. since she was a teenager, joanne would compulsively eat for hours at a time ; in high school she learned how to make herself sick, which \u201c led to 15 years of insanity, \u201d she says. \u201c there was something in my brain that would light up, and it would turn into this massive craving that i could not control. \u201d joanne \u2019 s food addiction manifested as bulimia, but others in the group became obese. when she wasn \u2019 t purging, she was \u201c white - knuckling it \u201d through the day. \u201c if there was food somewhere in the vicinity, the constant conversation in my head was, \u2018 should i eat that? no, don \u2019 t eat that. \u2019 back and forth, over and over, while trying to maintain a conversation, which was almost fruitless because i wasn \u2019 t really listening, i was focused on the food. \u201d studies have estimated that about 10 percent of the population is addicted to food like this, and many more of us probably fall elsewhere on the food - addiction spectrum. \u201c everyone understands how critical taste is [ to overeating ], but what nora has shown is the role not just of taste, but of the brain and brain circuits, \u201d says kessler. \u201c we now know that the learning, memory, habit and motivational circuits of the brain are what drive eating, and nora deserves a lot of credit for pulling back the curtain and showing us what \u2019 s really at the core of this [ obesity ] epidemic. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4686347892917717, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.774914"} {"text": "articles for use in professional development alignment of standards and assessments as an accountability criterion la marca, p. m., ( 2001 ). alignment of standards and assessments as an accountability criterion. practical assessment, research & evaluation, 7 ( 21 ). retrieved november 1, 2007 from http : / / pareonline. net / getvn. asp? v = 7 & n = 21 the article provides an overview of the concept of alignment and the role it plays in assessment and accountability systems. the concept of statistical significant testing thompson, b., ( 1994 ). the concept of statistical significance testing. practical assessment, research & evaluation, 4 ( 5 ). retrieved november 1, 2007 from http : / / pareonline. net / getvn. asp? v = 4 & n = 5 the short article can help provide a better understanding of the concept of significance testing. the meaning of probabilities, the concept of statistical significance, arguments against significance testing, misinterpretation, and alternatives are discussed. designing scoring rubrics for your classroom mertler, c. a., ( 2001 ). designing scoring rubrics for your classroom. practical assessment, research & evaluation, 7 ( 25 ). retrieved november 1, 2007 from http : / / pareonline. net / getvn. asp? v = 7 & n = 25 the article describes different types of scoring guides and includes seven steps to designing a scoring guide evaluating classroom communication : in support of emergent and authentic frameworks in second language assessment mantero, m., ( 2002 ). evaluating classroom communication : in support of emergent and authentic frameworks in second language assessment. practical assessment, research & evaluation, 8 ( 8 ). retrieved november 1, 2007 from http : / / pareonline. net / getvn. asp? v = 8 & n = 8 the article focuses on verbal communication or production rather than written communication and reading because verbal communication requires speakers to negotiate meaning with each other consistent with sociocultural theory. questions to ask when evaluating tests rudner, l. m., ( 1994 ). questions to ask when evaluating tests. practical assessment, research & evaluation, 4 ( 2 ). retrieved november 1, 2007 from http : / / pareonline. net / getvn. asp? v = 4 & n = 2 the article provides insight in test coverage and use, appropriate sample size, reliability, criterion validity, construct validity, content validity, test administration, test reporting, and test", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5343766903342659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.780640"} {"text": "questions as \" what subjects are assessed? \" additionally, the naep provides sample questions and sample booklets for use in the classroom. the sample questions are released items from previous years. the portal for naep questions is found here. collegeboard provides online courses in test preparation for the sat, as well as other tests. they also have a free website for test preparation and test taking tips that are appropriate for the sat. to satisfy the requirements for reporting annual progress toward state and federal indicators, school districts and non - public schools in iowa complete an annual progress report ( apr ) due to the iowa department of education by september 15 each year. aprs include information regarding academic proficiency, academic goals, dropouts, graduation rates, attendance rates, and post - secondary data. annual yearly progress ( ayp ) basic education data survey ( beds ) beds collects staffing, student and policy data from all k - 12 public schools in iowa plus accredited nonpublic k - 12 schools. staffing data is also collected from the state ' s area education agencies ( aeas ). data collection occurs twice a year in the fall and spring. data from the beds is used to meet state and federal reporting requirements. in addition data is used to respond to legislative requests for information and support education research. comprehensive school improvement plan ( csip ) iowa schools or school districts use student achievement data to develop school improvement plans. the schools or school districts submit a revised five - year csip by september 15 of the school year following the comprehensive site visit specified in iowa code 256. 11 which incorporates, when appropriate, areas of improvement noted by the school improvement visitation team. school districts and non - public schools are required to revise and re - certify their csips by the september 15th date of the next school year. school districts and non - public schools are encouraged to annually update their csips as ongoing planning documents. presents the data collected by the department of education in various formats. while most of the data are presented in excel spreadsheets that users can download for their own analysis, maps and written reports, including the annual condition of education report, are also included. the ipdm provides districts and buildings with a structure for developing professional development that if focused, collaborative, research - based, data - driven, and directly supports the comprehensive school improvement process goals for student achievement. student reporting in iowa ( formerly easier ) is the iowa department of education ' s initiative involving the transfer of individual student records. the mission of the project is to reduce data burden,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46142430835354475, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.782758"} {"text": "withitness in the classroom what is withitness? a good teacher is usually great at multitasking. their mind is able to process multiple sensory inputs at once \u2014 the random sounds in the classroom, the voices of her students, people walking by her classroom door \u2014 all while conducting a lesson and focusing on the educational content that needs to be presented. this is a characteristic that educators refer to as withitness. when a teacher has withitness, she seems to have x - ray vision. it \u2019 s almost as if the teacher knows what \u2019 s going to happen before it actually does. withitness encompasses multitasking, classroom awareness, alertness, intuition, and confidence \u2014 all in a way that projects a powerful image to every student in the classroom. the teacher is in control. she knows, and because she knows, the students know that there is no need to act out. because she knows, she can stop misconduct with a look. her body language and proximity enable her to maintain control effortlessly. in an article entitled \u201c are you with it?, \u201d deb wuest presents an excellent summary of withitness and related characteristics that all lead to effective classroom management. do your students think you have \u201c eyes behind your head \u201d? can you deal effectively with the demands of several students at the same time? are you effective at maintaining lesson momentum, changing activities when interest is waning or modifying activities to keep students busy? if so, you are using many of the techniques incorporated by kounin into his discipline model. kounin \u2019 s model focuses on preventive discipline \u2014 techniques and strategies designed to prevent the occurrence of discipline problems in the first place. according to kounin, good classroom management depends on effective lesson management. kounin \u2019 s key ideas include the \u201c ripple effect, \u201d \u201c withitness, \u201d \u201c overlapping, \u201d effective transitions, class management, and satiation. wuest proceeds to describe two of jacob kounin \u2019 s ( kounin, j. s. discipline and group management in classrooms. holt, reinhardt and winston, 1970. wikied suggests an updated treatment by charles wolfgang. solving discipline and classroom management problems : methods and models for today \u2019 s teachers. john wiley and sons, 2001 ). key ideas : ripple effect. the \u201c ripple effect \u201d occurs when the teacher corrects a misbehavior in one student, and this positively influences the behavior of other nearby students. the ripple effect is influenced by the clarity and firmness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5368279727411038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.790901"} {"text": ". key ideas : ripple effect. the \u201c ripple effect \u201d occurs when the teacher corrects a misbehavior in one student, and this positively influences the behavior of other nearby students. the ripple effect is influenced by the clarity and firmness of the correction. the effect is greater when the teacher clearly names the unacceptable behavior and gives the reasons for the desist. firmness, that is, conveying an \u201c i mean it \u201d attitude, enhances the ripple effect. the ripple effect is greatest at the beginning of the year and diminishes as the year progresses. at the high school level, kounin found that respect for the teacher along with high motivation to learn lead to the greatest student involvement and minimum misbehavior by students. withitness. \u201c withitness \u201d is a term created by kounin to describe the teacher \u2019 s awareness of what is going on in all parts of the classroom at all times. we commonly refer to this as \u201c having eyes in the back of the head. \u201d to be effective, the students must perceive that the teacher really knows what is going on in the gymnasium. if students are off task and fooling around, the teacher needs to send a clear message that communicates to the students that the teacher sees that they are not working and they need to get started. withitness can be improved with practice, such as learning how to effectively use systematic techniques to scan the class. keeping your \u201c back to the wall \u201d as you move throughout the class helps you see the broader picture and be more aware of what is going on. the effectiveness of withitness is increased when the teacher can correctly identify the student who is the instigator of the incident. teachers who target the wrong student for a desist or a reprimand are perceived by the students as not knowing what is really going on ( i. e., not \u201c withit \u201d ). when several incidences of misbehavior occur at the same time, it is important that teachers deal with the most serious incidence first. timing is another aspect of withitness. teachers should intervene early and quickly in dealing with misbehavior. failure to do so allows the misbehavior to spread. both the ripple effect and withitness are important ideas. when taken together, they can help you to project an aura that leads students to believe you have x - ray vision. add your own comment today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.570932934281078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.791999"} {"text": "the coriolis effect the coriolis force comes from the rotation of earth. earth spins on its axis at a rate of one rotation per 24 hours. at the equator, this is equivalent to approximately 1, 600 km per hour \u2014 this is the speed a person standing at the equator experiences. but at the north and south poles, the speed is zero. this differential in speed causes eddies ( swirling patterns ) in the atmosphere. these in turn affect weather patterns. put a few drops of food coloring on a tennis ball, gently lower it into a tub of water, and give it a spin with your fingers. note the patterns of motion that the food coloring makes in the water. hurricanes spin counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere because of the coriolis force. we don ' t notice the spinning of earth directly, because we move at constant velocity ( speed and direction ). a popular myth holds that the water in toilets and sinks demonstrates the coriolis effect ( the observed effect of the coriolis force ) by draining counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. however, this actually has to do with the design of the toilet or sink rather than where it is located on earth. nasa scientists must take coriolis effects into consideration when they launch rockets. in fact, space launching facilities, including the johnson space center in houston and cape canaveral in florida, are located in the south to take advantage of the greater speed of earth ' s surface at those latitudes ( distances north or south of the equator, measured by imaginary lines running east to west parallel to the equator ). this activity shows you several ways to demonstrate the coriolis force and its effects. - 2 - l soda bottle - food coloring - metric ruler - merry - go - round or a swivel chair and weights - safety goggles - steel washer, nut, or other small weight - i - m nylon fishing string or line these effects were first described by gaspardgustave de coriolis ( 1792 \u2013 1843 ), a french engineer and mathematician. - fill a 2 - l soda bottle with water. turn it upside down and let the bottle begin to pour out. swirl the bottle clockwise until a miniature cyclone starts. study the cyclone as the water pours out. notice that the swirl will remain powered by gravity even if you hold the bottle still. for a more dramatic effect, first release a drop of food coloring from a height of 10 cm and allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5385201624512084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.796222"} {"text": "starts. study the cyclone as the water pours out. notice that the swirl will remain powered by gravity even if you hold the bottle still. for a more dramatic effect, first release a drop of food coloring from a height of 10 cm and allow it to settle into the water. as an extension, you can vary bottle sizes and mouth openings to find out what conditions work best to support this motion. - get on a small merry - go - round and give it a good spin. move toward the center. notice what happens to the rate of rotation. you spin faster because of a principle called the conservation of angular momentum. - put on your safety goggles, and swing a small weight in a circular orbit at the end of a i - m string. let the string wind around your finger as shown. the result is always the same \u2014 as the length of the string decreases, the speed of the weight increases. the string may be compared to a nearly massless merry - go - round and the weight to a heavy person. angular momentum is a quantity that is based upon an object ' s mass and rate of rotation. move back to the edge and the spinning slows down. you can demonstrate the same effect in a swivel chair by holding weights in your arms, spinning, and then moving your arms toward and away from your body, or by observing figure skaters as they change their rate of rotation using their arms. in physics terms, the weight has a radial velocity ( speed of rotation in respect to angle ) toward your finger because of the shortening of the string. the radial velocity interacts with the rotational velocity ( the speed and direction the weight turns ) to produce an acceleration that is tangential ( touching but not intersecting ) to the path of the weight and acts to speed up the weight. i as artificial satellites fall toward earth out of their orbit, the radius of their orbit ( the distance to earth ' s center ) decreases and their speed increases, until friction becomes so great that they burn up in the atmosphere. rocket science : 50 flying, floating, flipping, spinning gadgets kids create themselves by jim wiese ( new york : john wiley & sons, 1995 ). the spinning blackboard and other dynamic experiments on force and motion ( exploratorium science snackbook series ) by paul doherty ( new york : john wiley & sons, 1996 ). warning is hereby given that not all project ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. implementation of any science project idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5334529683670195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.797257"} {"text": "skip to content find us on facebook follow us on twitter pregnancy by week your baby ' s 1st 18 months baby is now about the size of a small lime, about 1. 5 inches ( 35mm ). it is almost fully formed. at 11 weeks pregnant the head and body are actually about equal in size and the skin is so transparent that blood vessels can be seen through it. your baby is kicking, stretching and clenching its fists but you will be unaware of any of this for quite some time yet. the diaphragm is forming and the baby will hiccup regularly while this is happening. the webbing between fingers and toes has disappeared and tiny tooth buds are forming. the senses are rapidly developing and your baby can now feel. bones are beginning to become harder and the sex organs are developing. the intestines are now able to make constricting movements in preparation for later. this is the beginning of quite an active phase for your baby who will be somersaulting in the copious amounts of amniotic fluid. hopefully by 11 weeks pregnant the nausea of the last few weeks is subsiding and you are feeling a little more energetic. the changes occurring in your hormone levels may mean that you experience some constipation and possibly heartburn. these symptoms are perfectly normal so don \u2019 t worry. weight gain is minimal in the first trimester but try to only eat healthy vitamin \u2013 rich food that will nourish both of you. you will soon be entering the second trimester of pregnancy and should take time to concentrate on interacting with your baby. listen to relaxing music and think happy thoughts because your baby can now sense your mood and will react to it. eating in pregnancy share this with your friends, press on one of the links below to email, facebook and even print! the information on the website is for general information and it is not intended as, nor should it be considered as a substitute for seeing your own gp, midwife or health care professional. you are advised to seek professional medical advice if you have any concerns or suspect you have a medical problem. \u00a9 copyright 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41140936118945726, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.800113"} {"text": "when a ton of trash is delivered to a waste - to - energy plant, several things happen : the energy content of the waste is retrieved, metals are recovered and recycled, and electricity is generated. an epa - sponsored lifecycle analysis evaluated a variety of waste management options and their associated environmental and energy impacts, and found that waste - to - energy does the most to reduce greenhouse gas releases into the atmosphere. the epa \u2019 s municipal solid waste decision support tool has demonstrated that a modern waste - to - energy plant provides for the avoidance of greenhouse gases through three different operations : for every megawatt of electricity generated through the combustion of solid waste, a megawatt of electricity from conventional, e. g., coal or oil - fired, power plants is avoided, creating a net savings of emissions of greenhouse gases, i. e., carbon dioxide. a modern municipal waste - to - energy facility separates ferrous and / or nonferrous metals for recycling. this is more energy efficient than mining virgin materials for the production of new metals such as steel. as a result, there is a significant energy savings and additional avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions. - when a ton of solid waste is delivered to a waste - to - energy facility, the methane that would have been generated if it were sent to a landfill is avoided. while some of this methane could be collected and used to generate electricity, some would not be captured and would be emitted to the atmosphere. methane is a potent greenhouse gas twenty - three times more potent than carbon dioxide. in addition to the analysis using epa \u2019 s decision support tool, a detailed, project analysis of a facility \u2019 s contribution to solving the threat of global warming has been completed for a 1500 - ton - per - day waste - to - energy facility in the saugus, massachusetts. researchers used information regarding alternative landfill disposal, plant emissions, trash composition and other plant - specific data and analyzed the information using the epa decision support tool. the study determined that about 270, 000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are avoided annually because of this one plant \u2019 s operations. when the greenhouse gas footprint of a waste - to - energy plant is compared to the greenhouse gas releases avoided, you discover that nearly one ton of carbon dioxide equivalents are avoided for every ton of trash handled by a waste - to - energy plant. as you can see, waste - to - energy plants are tremendously valuable contributors in the fight against global warming. the ability of waste - to - energy to prevent greenhouse gas emissions on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5110742017071368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.809805"} {"text": "of trash handled by a waste - to - energy plant. as you can see, waste - to - energy plants are tremendously valuable contributors in the fight against global warming. the ability of waste - to - energy to prevent greenhouse gas emissions on a lifecycle basis and mitigate climate change has been recognized in the actions taken by foreign nations trying to comply with kyoto targets. the european union ( council directive 1999 / 31 / ec dated april 26, 1999 ) established a legally binding requirement to reduce landfilling of biodegradable waste. recognizing the methane release from landfills, the european union established this directive to prevent or reduce negative effects on the environment \u201c including the greenhouse effect \u201d from landfilling of waste, during the whole life - cycle of the landfill. the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) has also recognized the greenhouse gas mitigation aspect of waste - to - energy. the ipcc acknowledges that \u201c incineration reduces the mass of waste and can offset fossil - fuel use ; in addition greenhouse gas emissions are avoided, except for the small contribution from fossil carbon. \u201d this acknowledgement by the ipcc is particularly relevant due to the ipcc being an independent panel of scientific and technical experts that shared the nobel peace prize with al gore. the german ministry of the environment published a report in 2005 entitled \u201c waste sector \u2019 s contribution to climate protection, \u201d which states that \u201c the disposal paths of waste incineration plants and co - incineration display the greatest potential for reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. \u201d the german report concluded that the use of waste combustion with energy recovery coupled with the reduction in landfilling of biodegradable waste will assist the european union - 15 to meet its obligations under the kyoto protocol. under the kyoto protocol, the clean development mechanism ( cdm ) is a method of emissions trading that allows the generation of tradable credits ( certified emission reductions [ cers ] ) for greenhouse gas emissions reductions achieved in developing countries, which are then purchased by developed countries and applied toward their reduction targets. cers are also accepted as a compliance tool in the european union emissions trading scheme. waste - to - energy projects can be accorded offset status under the cdm protocol ( am0025 v7 ) by displacing fossil fuel - fired electricity generation and eliminating methane production from landfills. an associated cdm memorandum that set out methodology for including waste - to - energy, among others, in cdm projects. the memorandum, entitled \u201c avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5083865758837098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.810848"} {"text": "- fired electricity generation and eliminating methane production from landfills. an associated cdm memorandum that set out methodology for including waste - to - energy, among others, in cdm projects. the memorandum, entitled \u201c avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes, \u201d stated in part that cdm status could be accorded projects where \u201c the project activity involves \u2026 incineration of fresh waste for energy generation, electricity and / or heat \u201d where the waste \u201c would have otherwise been disposed of in a landfill. \u201d the contribution of waste - to - energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has been embraced by the u. s. conference of mayors through the u. s. mayors climate protection agreement. signed by more than 1, 050 mayors, the agreement supports a 7 percent reduction in greenhouse gases from 1990 levels by 2012 and recognizes waste - to - energy technology as a means to achieve that goal. in addition, the newly formed global roundtable on climate change ( grocc ) unveiled a joint statement on february 20, 2007 identifying waste - to - energy as a means to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the electric generating sector and methane emissions from landfills. this important recognition from the grocc, which brought together high - level, critical stakeholders from all regions of the world, lends further support that waste - to - energy plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. the breadth of support for the grocc position is evidenced by those that have signed the joint statement, including dr. james hansen of the nasa goddard institute for space studies and david hawkins of the natural resources defense council \u2019 s climate center, as well as entities as diverse as general electric, florida power and light, covanta energy corporation and environmental defense. better management of municipal solid waste will reduce greenhouse gas emissions ( european environment agency ) waste sector \u2019 s contribution to climate protection ( german bde [ environment department ] ) using a carbon balance to estimate ghg emissions and mitigation from municipal solid waste ( bahor, weitz, szurgot ) is it better to burn or bury waste for clean electricity generation ( kaplan, decarolis, thorneloe )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4477036091507691, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.811923"} {"text": "the speed of a moth which is faster? a small moth or a songbird? the answer does surprise. a study published in march 2011 in proceedings of the royal society b by researchers at rothamsted research, and the universities of lund ( sweden ), greenwich and york, reports the surprising finding that night - flying moths are able to match their songbird counterparts for travel speed and direction during their annual migrations but they use quite different strategies to do so - information that adds to our understanding of the lifestyle of such insects, which are important for maintaining biodiversity and food security. this new international study of moth migration over the uk, and songbird migration over sweden, funded by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council ( bbsrc ) and the swedish research council, shows that songbirds ( mainly willow warblers ) and moths ( silver y moths ) have very similar migration speeds \u2014 between 30 kilometers and 65 kilometers per hour \u2014 and both travel approximately northwards in the spring and southwards in the autumn. a moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly, both being of the order lepidoptera. moths form the majority of this order. most species of moth are nocturnal a songbird is a bird belonging to the suborder passeri of the perching birds. this group contains some 4000 species, in which the vocal organ typically is developed in such a way as to produce a diverse and elaborate bird song. dr jason chapman, rothamsted research, one of the lead authors on the paper said \" songbirds such as warblers and thrushes are able to fly unassisted about four times faster than migratory moths, which might appear to be largely at the mercy of the winds. so we had assumed that songbirds would travel much faster over the same distance. it was a great surprise when we found out the degree of overlap between the travel speeds - the mean values are almost identical, which is really remarkable. \" the discovery gives fresh insight into exactly how moths are able to travel in their billions from summer breeding grounds in the uk and elsewhere in northern europe to their winter quarters in the mediterranean region and sub - saharan africa, thousands of miles away. this is important information in the context of declining moth populations and a critical need for pollinating insects to ensure maximum yields of food crops in the face of a potential food crisis \u2014 the more we understand about the life cycle and lifestyle of these insects, the better we can understand and mitigate the challenges they face for survival. the team used specially - designed radars to track the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4757665280971764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.815648"} {"text": "crops in the face of a potential food crisis \u2014 the more we understand about the life cycle and lifestyle of these insects, the better we can understand and mitigate the challenges they face for survival. the team used specially - designed radars to track the travel speeds and directions of many thousands of individual silver y moths and songbirds on their night - time spring and autumn migrations. the similarity in speed results from differing strategies : moths fly only when tailwinds are favorable, so gaining the maximum degree of wind assistance ; whereas birds fly on winds from a variety of directions, and consequently receive less assistance. moths are therefore more efficient in their flight as opposed to the birds who fly when they want to. the findings therefore demonstrate that moths and songbirds have evolved very different behavioral solutions to the challenge of moving great distances in a seasonally - beneficial direction in a short period of time. moths, and particularly their caterpillars, are a major agricultural pest in many parts of the world. examples include corn borers and bollworms. the caterpillar of the gypsy moth causes severe damage to forests in the northeast united states, where it is an invasive species. in temperate climates, the codling moth causes extensive damage, especially to fruit farms. some moths are farmed. the most notable of these is the silkworm, the larva of the domesticated moth bombyx mori. it is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. knowing how the moth moves about will lead to a better understanding of their world wide ecological role. for further information : http : / / www. eurekalert. org / pub _ releases / 2011 - 03 / babs - mma030811. php", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4836386658252676, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.816306"} {"text": "ursi ' s eso garden your competent esoteric guide thursday, 07. january 2010 the real el dorado? satellite technology detects giant mounds over 155 miles, pointing to sophisticated pre - columbian culture. it is the legend that drew legions of explorers and adventurers to their deaths : an ancient empire of citadels and treasure hidden deep in the amazon jungle. spanish conquistadores ventured into the rainforest seeking fortune, followed over the centuries by others convinced they would find a lost civilisation to rival the aztecs and incas. some seekers called it el dorado, others the city of z. but the jungle swallowed them and nothing was found, prompting the rest of the world to call it a myth. the amazon was too inhospitable, said 20th century scholars, to permit large human settlements. now, however, the doomed dreamers have been proved right : there was a great civilisation. new satellite imagery and fly - overs have revealed more than 200 huge geometric earthworks carved in the upper amazon basin near brazil ' s border with bolivia. an aerial picture of traces of earthworks built by a lost amazonian civilisation dating to 200ad. photograph : national geographic spanning 155 miles, the circles, squares and other geometric shapes form a network of avenues, ditches and enclosures built long before christopher columbus set foot in the new world. some date to as early as 200 ad, others to 1283. scientists who have mapped the earthworks believe there may be another 2, 000 structures beneath the jungle canopy, vestiges of vanished societies. the structures, many of which have been revealed by the clearance of forest for agriculture, point to a \" sophisticated pre - columbian monument - building society \", says the journal antiquity, which has published the research. ( direct link to the pdf. it has photos of different sites, and a number of maps and diagrams. ) the article adds : \" this hitherto unknown people constructed earthworks of precise geometric plan connected by straight orthogonal roads. the ' geoglyph culture ' stretches over a region more than 250km across, and exploits both the floodplains and the uplands \u2026 we have so far seen no more than a tenth of it. \" the structures were created by a network of trenches about 36ft ( nearly 11 metres ) wide and several feet deep, lined by banks up to 3ft high. some were ringed by low mounds containing ceramics, charcoal and stone tools. it is thought they were used for fortifications, homes and ceremonies, and could have maintained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48439209599702504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.828822"} {"text": "11 metres ) wide and several feet deep, lined by banks up to 3ft high. some were ringed by low mounds containing ceramics, charcoal and stone tools. it is thought they were used for fortifications, homes and ceremonies, and could have maintained a population of 60, 000 \u2013 more people than in many medieval european cities. the discoveries have demolished ideas that soils in the upper amazon were too poor to support extensive agriculture, says denise schaan, a co - author of the study and anthropologist at the federal university of para, in belem, brazil. she told national geographic : \" we found this picture is wrong. and there is a lot more to discover in these places, it ' s never - ending. every week we find new structures. \" many of the mounds were symmetrical and slanted to the north, prompting theories that they had astronomical significance. aerial photograph and plan of the fazenda colorada site. photograph by sanna saunaluoma. researchers were especially surprised that earthworks in floodplains and uplands were of a similar style, suggesting they were all built by the same culture. \" in amazonian archaeology you always have this idea that you find different peoples in different ecosystems, \" said schaan. \" so it was odd to have a culture that would take advantage of different ecosystems and expand over such a large region. \" the first geometric shapes were spotted in 1999 but it is only now, as satellite imagery and felling reveal sites, that the scale of the settlements is becoming clear. some anthropologists say the feat, requiring sophisticated engineering, canals and roads, rivals egypt ' s pyramids. the findings follow separate discoveries further south, in the xingu region, of interconnected villages known as \" garden cities \". dating between 800 and 1600, they included houses, moats and palisades. \" these revelations are exploding our perceptions of what the americas really looked liked before the arrival of christopher columbus, \" said david grann, author of the lost city of z, a book about an attempt in the 1920s to find signs of amazonian civilizations. \" the discoveries are challenging long - held assumptions about the amazon as a hobbesian place where only small primitive tribes could ever have existed, and about the limits the environment placed on the rise of early civilisations. \" they are also vindicating, said grann, percy fawcett, the explorer who partly inspired conan doyle ' s book the lost world. fawcett led an expedition to find the city of z", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45013531000406803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.841875"} {"text": "rise of early civilisations. \" they are also vindicating, said grann, percy fawcett, the explorer who partly inspired conan doyle ' s book the lost world. fawcett led an expedition to find the city of z but the party vanished, bequeathing a mystery. many scientists saw the jungle as too harsh to sustain anything but small nomadic tribes. now it seems the conquistadores who spoke of \" cities that glistened in white \" were telling the truth. they, however, probably also introduced the diseases that wiped out the native people, leaving the jungle to claim \u2013 and hide \u2013 all trace of their civilisation. \u2022 this article was amended on wednesday 6 january 2010. percy fawcett ' s experiences in the amazon were said to have partly inspired arthur conan doyle ' s book the lost world, but fawcett ' s disappearance did not, contrary to a suggestion in the original article - he vanished after the book was published. this has been corrected. source : amazon explorers uncover signs of a real el dorado by the guardian the scene depicted in this ancient artwork, on display at the gold museum in bogota, colombia, shows the origin of the el dorado myth. legend tells of a muisca king who would cover himself in gold dust during festivals, then dive from a raft into lake guatavita. tales of el dorado, or the \" golden man, \" reached spanish conquistadors around 1530. as attempts to locate him came up short, the legend blossomed into myths of an entire city made of gold. photograph by mauricio duenas / afp / getty images precolumbian golden boat - famous golden figure based on el dorado rite ( housed in the gold museum at bogota, colombia ) el dorado legend snared sir walter raleigh by national geographic the legend of ' el dorado ' by tairona heritage trust comments temporarily disabled sorry folks - too much spam, the comments are deactivated. stand by and please excuse the inconvenience.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4208644765202057, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.860351"} {"text": "mounted image 181 : iconic, conical licancabur watches over chajnantor this impressive panoramic image depicts the chajnantor plateau \u2014 home of the atacama large millimeter / submillimeter array ( alma ) \u2014 with the majestic licancabur volcano in the background. watched over by licancabur, a icy forest of penitentes ( spanish for \u201c penitents \u201d ) cluster in the foreground. the penitentes are a curious natural phenomenon found in high - altitude regions. they are thin spikes of hardened snow or ice, with sharp edges pointing towards the sun, reaching heights from a few centimetres up to several metres. you can read more about penitentes in a previous picture of the week ( potw1221 ). the licancabur volcano, with an altitude of 5920 metres, is the most iconic volcano in the area of san pedro de atacama, chile. its conical shape makes it easily recognisable even from very far away. it is located on the southernmost part of the border between chile and bolivia. the volcano contains one of the world \u2019 s highest lakes in its summit crater. this lake has attracted the attention of biologists, who are interested on studying how microscopic organisms can survive in it, despite the very harsh environment of intense ultraviolet radiation, the thin atmosphere, and cold temperatures. the survival strategies of microscopic life in licancabur lake may even give us insights into the possibility of life on ancient mars. alma, an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of europe, north america and east asia in cooperation with the republic of chile. alma construction and operations are led on behalf of europe by eso, on behalf of north america by the national radio astronomy observatory ( nrao ), and on behalf of east asia by the national astronomical observatory of japan ( naoj ). the joint alma observatory ( jao ) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of alma. eso / b. tafreshi ( twanight. org )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5026355374004429, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.871622"} {"text": "fear of falling is likely to lead to future falls among older people, irrespective of their actual fall risk, finds a study published on bmj. com today. this indicates that measures of both actual and perceived fall risk should be included in fall risk assessments to help tailor interventions for preventing falls in older people, say the authors. fear of falling is common in older people and is associated with poor balance, anxiety, depression and falls. but the problem of irrational fear has been neglected in the scientific literature. so a team of researchers from australia and belgium set out to improve their understanding of fear of falling and its impact on the risk of falls. five hundred people, aged 70 to 90 years, living in sydney took part in the study and underwent an extensive medical and neuropsychological assessment. actual and perceived fall risks were then estimated using recognised scoring scales and participants were followed up monthly over a one - year period. the researchers found that both actual fall risk and perceived fall risk independently contribute to a person ' s future fall risk. further analysis was then used to split the sample into four groups based on the disparity between actual and perceived risk. most people had an accurate perception of their fall risk. those in the \" vigorous \" group ( low actual and low perceived fall risk ) were considered at low risk of future significant falls, while those in the \" aware \" group ( high actual and high perceived fall risk ) were considered at high risk of future significant falls. however, about one third of elderly people either underestimated or overestimated their risk of falls. for example, the \" anxious \" group had a low actual but high perceived fall risk, which was related to depressive symptoms, neurotic personality traits and poor physical functioning. in contrast, the \" stoic \" group had a high actual but low perceived fall risk, which was protective for falling, and related to a positive outlook on life, physical activity, and community participation. overall, it seems that high levels of perceived fall risk are likely to result in future falls, irrespective of the actual risk, and the disparity between actual and perceived fall risk contributes to risk mainly through psychological pathways, say the authors. the findings also suggest that reducing fear of falling is not likely to increase the risk of falls by making older people overly confident, they add. and they conclude that measures of both actual and perceived fall risk should be included in fall risk assessments so as to tailor interventions for preventing falls in older people. aaas and eurekaler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4930294023211302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.878319"} {"text": "the antidiabetic drug metformin is not prescribed for patients with reduced kidney function because the risk of adverse effects has been regarded as unacceptably high. a study at sahlgrenska academy, university of gothenburg, sweden, has found that the risks have been substantially overrated. as a result, many more patients with diabetes may be able to enjoy the benefits of the medication. type 2 diabetes, a very common condition, is increasingly prevalent around the world. keeping diabetes under control and preventing complications requires not only lifestyle changes, but drug therapy to reduce blood glucose levels. among the most effective and frequently prescribed antidiabetics is metformin, which has been shown in a number of studies to lower the risk of death from cardiovascular disease. because the drug has been considered causing an increased risk of developing a rare but life - threatening adverse effect known as lactic acidosis, it is not prescribed for patients with reduced kidney function. researchers at sahlgrenska academy, university of gothenburg and uppsala university have conducted a study involving 51, 700 patients with type 2 diabetes from the swedish national diabetes register and found that the risks are exaggerated. the gothenburg study shows that metformin is more effective than other glucose lowering drugs when it comes to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, serious infection and death in patients with normal kidney function, but also in patients with mild kidney impairment. \" furthermore, patients with mild to moderate kidney impairment do not run an elevated risk of adverse effects from metformin, \" says nils ekstrom, a researcher at sahlgrenska academy. \" thus, the drug can be prescribed for many more patients with diabetes than is currently the case. \" according to nils ekstrom, a number of other countries already recommend metformin for patients with mild kidney impairment. \" it is important to keep in mind that the results are for patients with mild to moderate kidney impairment, \" he says. \" metformin still cannot be recommended for patients with severe kidney impairment and should be prescribed with great caution for those patients. during periods of acute illness with dehydration, metformin should never be used \" bmj open published the article, \" effectiveness and safety of metformin in 51, 675 patients with type 2 diabetes and different levels of renal function : a cohort study from the swedish national diabetes register \" in july. nils ekstrom, medical doctor, department of medicine, sahlgrenska university hospital phone + 46 70 289 01 21 soffia gudbjornsdottir", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39285541318733214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.883608"} {"text": "scientist n. person. - one who contributes to a body of knowledge called science. scientists contribute to science by using the scientific method, a system of collecting and interpreting data, of which a fundamental aspect is extreme skepticism. ' scientist ' is the word used to describe anyone who contributes to science, professional or merely an amateur. their data is scrutinized by the scientific community, which is composed of other such scientists, to ensure the veracity of the scientist ' s data, the validity of the scientist ' s interpretation, as well as his or her faithfulness to the scientific method. scientists can be either professional or amateur, but amateur scientists are more commonly called nerds and less commonly geeks ( \" geek \" is more often used to describe someone who is highly proficient with computers ). the word can be used to describe an occupation : \" my father was a scientist before the war. \" it can also be used as an ideal : \" a scientist does not use such a poor technique. \" scientists are considered to have dry personalities, because their skepticism is part of their basic nature. most people find such skepticism and extreme rationalism irritating. examples of scientists include : richard p. feynman, albert einstein, niels bohr, archimedes, leonardo da vinci, galileo galilee, charles darwin, francis crick, and his partner james watson.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6455959942907217, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.887878"} {"text": "the president and congress worked overtime to avoid the \u201c fiscal cliff \u201d back at the beginning of the year. the problem is that there still is no budget in place and really no solution in sight. to try to force a budget deal, congress has come up with a proposed five percent reduction to all programs so that lawmakers will work together to keep their pet programs from being affected by the cut. what happens if sequestration becomes a reality and why should we care? from a strictly educational standpoint, the effects could be disastrous ; so bad, in fact, that some school districts have already started to issue pink slips in preparation for sequestration. that is correct. sequestration would have such a huge impact that some teachers are already losing their jobs. public schools nationwide could see an immediate impact on around 10, 000 positions as sequestration would remove around $ 1. 3 billion in funding for disabled and title 1 ( low income ) students. there is also the possibility that some schools would have to shorten the school day or school year to make ends meet. according to a white house report, total education spending cuts would equal around $ 2. 3 billion. sequestration is not solely an education problem but it is a huge concern for the education system. in addition to the cuts to education spending, there are cuts to other programs that will have an impact on the education system as well. programs for women and children, such as wic, will take large hits as well. a negative impact on nutrition programs could lead to a negative impact on academics. the head start program, which provides early education for low income families, will also take a big hit ( around $ 600 million ) and will have to lower enrollment by around 70, 000 children in preschools nationwide. sequestration is not a budget cut to education in the traditional sense but it is still another example of education being used as nothing but a political ploy. education has not been given the importance that it merits in the past and this is just another example that little has change in spite of the lip service given to the contrary. education is the future of our country and our children, not a game piece in a partisan power struggle. unfortunately, washington has grown accustomed to stealing education from our children, like taking candy from a baby, and is ready to do it again. the country avoided the \u201c fiscal cliff \u201d but looks prepare to go over the academic cliff and into the era of \u201c more childs left behind \u201d ( misspelling intentional ) on march first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42843488736716495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.897516"} {"text": "offa ( of\u02c8\u0259 ) [ key ], d. 796, king of mercia ( 757 \u2013 96 ). he succeeded \u00e6thelbald to the throne, but it was some years before he attained the power of his predecessor. gradually he asserted his overlordship in kent and then sussex, and by 774 his charters styled him rex anglorum [ king of the english ]. he restricted cynewulf, king of wessex, to the area s of the thames and in 794 had ethelbert, king of the east angles, beheaded and thereafter ruled his kingdom. in time the rulers of wessex and northumbria became his sons - in - law. in 786 the pope sent two legates to him, and by 788 offa had set up an independent archbishopric of litchfield, thus wresting control of the churches in mercia from the hostile archbishop of canterbury. he introduced a new coinage in the form of the silver penny, which for centuries was to be the basis of the english currency. offa had sufficient standing in europe to negotiate with charlemagne as an equal ; and, although they quarreled over a proposed marriage of their children, they signed ( 796 ) a commercial treaty, the first recorded in english history. at some time between 784 and 796 the earthwork known as offa ' s dyke was built between wales and mercia. offa ' s laws, now lost, were used by king alfred in his codification. the offa referred to in beowulf and other anglo - saxon heroic poetry was not the king of mercia, but a king of the angles on the continent, probably at the end of the 4th cent. see f. m. stenton, anglo - saxon england ( 3d ed. 1971 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on offa from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : british and irish history : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41432396917042624, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.899654"} {"text": "zebulon baird vance vance, zebulon baird, 1830 \u2013 94, american political leader, confederate governor of north carolina ( 1862 \u2013 65 ) in the civil war, b. buncombe co., n. c. a lawyer and a whig, he served in the state legislature ( 1854 ) and in congress ( 1858 \u2013 61 ). opposed to secession until president lincoln ' s call for troops, he promptly urged support of the confederacy. he distinguished himself in the seven days battles ( june \u2013 july, 1862 ) before assuming the governorship. vance was loyal to the southern cause, but for him the interests of north carolina superseded those of the confederate government of richmond. after the war he was arrested but soon released. elected to the u. s. senate in 1870, he was denied his seat. in 1876 he was again elected governor, but resigned in 1878 to enter the senate, where he was an important figure and a popular orator until his death. see biographies by f. r. shirley ( 1963 ) and g. tucker ( 1966 ). the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on zebulon baird vance from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : u. s. history : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3724304388618326, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.906419"} {"text": "heart disease, any of several abnormalities of the heart and its function in maintaining blood circulation. heart disease is the cause of approximately half the deaths in the united states each year. among the most common causes of heart disease are degenerative changes in the coronary blood vessels, infectious diseases, and congenital heart disease. congenital defects result from abnormal development of the fetal heart, commonly in the valves or septa. such defects can be precipitated by environmental conditions in the uterus, such as the presence of the rubella virus, or they can be inherited. infectious diseases acquired after birth, such as rheumatic fever, syphilis, and endocarditis, can also damage the valves of the heart. in addition, the heart muscle itself can be affected : hypertensive heart disease ( see hypertension ) can cause it to enlarge, and it can become inflamed by rheumatic fever. arteriosclerotic depositions in the coronary arteries result in the narrowing of these vessels, causing insufficient blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle, a condition known as coronary artery disease. the characteristic radiating chest pain, angina pectoris, is the most prominent symptom of this condition. coronary arteries already narrowed by arteriosclerosis are made susceptible to blockage by a clot ( coronary thrombosis ), causing the death of the heart muscle supplied by the affected artery, a life - threatening event called a myocardial infarction, or heart attack. hypertensive, coronary, congenital, and other forms of cardiovascular disease, either singly or in combination, can lead to a state in which the heart is unable to expel sufficient blood for the metabolic demands of the body, ultimately resulting in congestive heart failure. disturbances in the normal heartbeat, called arrhythmias, can occur by themselves or in conjunction with other heart problems, for example infarction affecting the area of the heart that controls the heartbeat. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on heart disease from fact monster : see more encyclopedia articles on : pathology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5869688569860547, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.914011"} {"text": "january 24, 2013 brain - based online learning design abreena tompkins, instruction specialist at surry community college, has developed a brain - based online course design model based on a meta - analysis of more than 300 articles. in this study, she distilled the following elements of brain - based course design : - low - risk, nonthreatening learning environment - challenging, real - life, authentic assessments - rhythms, patterns, and cycles - appropriate chunking or grouping - learning as orchestration rather than lecture or facilitation - appropriate level of novelty - appropriately timed breaks and learning periods - purposeful assessments - learning that addresses visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learners - active processing with mental models - the use of universal examples, analogies, and parallel processing tompkins offers the following succinct definition of brain - based : \u201c instructional strategies designed for compatibility with the brain \u2019 s propensities for seeking, processing, and organizing information. \u201d tompkins \u2019 model uses the acronym ignite. intervals : tompkins recommends using an interval of intense focus for approximately 15 to 20 minutes followed by a two - to three - minute break. \u201c physiologically, your neurons are keen and alert for no more than 20 consecutive minutes. at the end of those 20 minutes, your neurons have gone from full - fledged alert to total collapse, and it takes two to three minutes for those neurons to be completely recovered and back to the total alert state. if you break longer than three minutes, you \u2019 ve redirected your attention, \u201d tompkins says. shifting from intense focus need not be a radical change. it can be as simple as posting to a discussion board. get articles like this one delivered right to your inbox. sign - up for our free enewsletter and join our growing community \u2014 80, 000 + members strong! start your subscription now \u00bb grouping : present information in groups of three or five. \u201c the brain can process no more than nine items in a sequence, and it actually does this much more efficiently with three or five. odd numbers work better than even numbers. if you \u2019 re going to give students a list of six things to do, make it one, two, three, whitespace, four, five, six. the brain responds to whitespace because the brain processes things in groups. students will be better able to focus as they look at this group of information. you \u2019 re providing the same amount of content. it just makes it more learner - friendly, \u201d tom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5331765334398559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.953680"} {"text": "responds to whitespace because the brain processes things in groups. students will be better able to focus as they look at this group of information. you \u2019 re providing the same amount of content. it just makes it more learner - friendly, \u201d tompkins says. novelty : when students are bored they tend to not pay attention to information that is present. tompkins recommends injecting novelty to prevent boredom. \u201c if there \u2019 s no announcement to make, post a good joke for the day. if you \u2019 ve got a header picture, change it once a week. insert pictures with each unit. do something to get their attention. you want students to go in and say, \u2018 what \u2019 s new today? \u2019 \u201d interconnectedness : learning needs to be connected to students \u2019 reason for taking the course. tompkins recommends making these connections by providing experiences and demonstrations and revisiting those experiences. constant review is essential because people learn through two mechanisms : repetition and connecting to prior knowledge, tompkins says. technology and time : select the appropriate technology to suit the needs of your students. for example, podcasts may be effective for master \u2019 s - level students, but they are not a good choice for teaching developmental - level students. it \u2019 s important to provide enough time for students to process what they \u2019 ve learned. \u201c don \u2019 t put so much work in there that there \u2019 s no time to process what you \u2019 re asking them to learn. i think sometimes instructors fill their courses with all kinds of things that there \u2019 s no way students will have time to do everything, \u201d tompkins says. environment : keep the affective aspects of the online learning environment in mind. welcome student emails. understand your learners \u2019 needs. this model does not require sophisticated high - tech solutions. \u201c it can all be done with a very simple course design, \u201d tompkins says. \u201c i recommend using visuals all you can because over 90 percent of us are visual learners. \u201d excerpted from brain - based online learning design, online classroom, ( november 2011 ) : 1, 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.540437762678699, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.958042"} {"text": "micro - air vehicles ( mavs ) a new family of micro - air vehicles ( mavs ) that are at least an order of magnitude smaller than current flying systems ( less than 15 cm in any dimension ) will be developed and demonstrated. the capability to accomplish unique military missions as diverse as covert imaging in constrained areas, biological - chemical agent detection and characterization, remote precision mines, and urban battlefield communications enhancement, will be stressed through an examination of a variety of vehicle concepts. the resulting capability should be especially beneficial in the emerging urban warfighting environment, characterized by its complex topologies, confined spaces and areas ( often internal to buildings ), and high civilian concentrations. the mav program will focus on the technologies and components required to enable flight at these small scales, including flight control, propulsion and lightweight power, navigation and communications. these will build upon and exploit numerous darpa technology development efforts, including advanced communications and information systems, high performance computer technology, microelectro - mechanical systems ( mems ), advanced sensors, lightweight, efficient high density power sources, and advanced electronic packaging technologies. fy 2000 activities include development of flight enabling technologies for micro air vehicles, flight demonstration of the hovering micro air vehicle ( mav ) system, and complete fabrication and flight test of the fixed wing mav system. fy 2001 activities include completing advanced micro air vehicle ( mav ) development including system fabrication and flight - testing ; complete military concept of operation evaluation and complete transition of mav systems to services. sources and methods created by john pike maintained by steven aftergood updated saturday, november 27, 1999 1 : 39 : 56 pm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5023014415669182, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.962031"} {"text": "roots to revival there are approximately thirteen million hungarians in central europe \u2014 some ten million of them living in hungary, a thousand - year - old country that is slightly smaller than indiana. calling themselves magyars, these people speak a unique language and maintain highly distinctive traditions in music, dance, costume, crafts, gastronomy, and more. the hungarian heritage : roots to revival program at the 2013 smithsonian folklife festival will highlight the vitality of hungary \u2019 s cultural heritage in these areas. it will bring to the national mall in washington highly skilled masters and apprentices from rural central europe who maintain the traditional knowledge acquired in their native environments. the festival program will also bring musicians, dancers, and artisans from more urban settings who have revived many of these older traditions to make them part of their daily lives. for instance, the dance - hall ( or tanchaz ) movement, which has emerged since the early 1970s, has helped to reinvent the institution of the village dance - hall in urban areas and to disseminate the practice of authentic folk dancing with live musical accompaniment not only in hungary and neighboring countries ( such as romania, serbia, and slovakia ), but also in the united states and canada where large numbers of hungarians reside. similarly, the preservation of traditional handicrafts has helped boost a flourishing crafts movement. the hungarian heritage program will provide a one - of - a - kind opportunity to experience the rich and authentic traditions of magyars, to better understand the significance of the hungarian folk revival movement, and to serve as a meeting place for folk aficionados from around the world. the hungarian heritage program is produced by the smithsonian center for folklife and cultural heritage in partnership with the balassi institute, budapest. watch this video about the ornamental painting and embroidery of kalocsa, which are emblematic symbols of hungarian folk art. produced by the european folklore institute, budapest, hungary, 2004. click to enlarge and view captions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4595427914605242, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:45.964193"} {"text": "actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) > clupeiformes ( herrings ) > clupeidae ( herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens ) etymology : dorosoma : greek, doris = lance + greek, soma = body ( ref. 45335 ) ; cepedianum : named after the french ichthyologist, lacepede ( ref. 10294 ). environment / climate / range marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; anadromous ( ref. 51243 ) ; depth range? - 33 m ( ref. 39020 ). subtropical ;? - 32\u00b0c ( ref. 12741 ) ; 49\u00b0n - 21\u00b0n, 100\u00b0w - 70\u00b0w ( ref. 188 ) length at first maturity / size / weight / age maturity : lm 36. 1 range? -? cm max length : 57. 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref. 40637 ) ; common length : 35. 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref. 7251 ) ; max. published weight : 2. 0 kg ( ref. 40637 ) ; max. reported age : 10 years ( ref. 72462 ) soft rays : 25 - 36 ; vertebrae : 47 - 51. body moderately deep ; belly with 17 to 20 - 10 to 14 scutes. mouth small ; lower jaw short. last dorsal fin ray long, about equal to distance from snout tip to mid - pectoral fin or beyond ; anal fin long. scales small, somewhat irregular. a dark spot behind gill opening. gill rakers fine and numerous ( ref. 188 ). branchiostegal rays 6 ( ref. 4639 ). silvery to brassy, with a bluish back. stomach thick - walled, gizzard - like ( ref. 7251 ). northwest atlantic : north america and gulf of mexico drainage ( southeast south dakota and central minnesota, great lakes drainage, i. e. in lake erie, southern parts of lakes huron and michigan, lake ontario basin ; not lake superior ; southernmost new york southward to the mississippi system and to gulf southward to rio panuco, mexico. occur mainly in freshwater in large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, swamps, temporary floodwater pools, etc., but adults also found in brackish or saline water of estuaries or bays, preferring quieter open waters. juveniles are found in great abundance well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4097061947928103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.076917"} {"text": "mainly in freshwater in large rivers, reservoirs, lakes, swamps, temporary floodwater pools, etc., but adults also found in brackish or saline water of estuaries or bays, preferring quieter open waters. juveniles are found in great abundance well upstream from brackish water ( ref. 39041 ). very young individuals apparently never enter brackish water ( ref. 38947 ). larvae are most abundant in surface waters both day and night ( ref. 4639 ). a herbivorous filter - feeder almost entirely. breed near the surface in freshwater from late winter ( mid - march ) through most of the summer ( at least to about mid - august ). the adhesive eggs sink. used to some extent as fertilizer and cattle food ( ref. 188 ). whitehead, p. j. p., 1985. fao species catalogue. vol. 7. clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeioidei ). an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf - herrings. fao fish. synop. 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303. rome : fao. iucn red list status ( ref. 90363 ) threat to humans fisheries : minor commercial ; gamefish : yes ; bait : usually estimates of some properties based on empirical models phylogenetic diversity index ( ref. 82805 = 0. 5312 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ]. bayesian length - weight : a = 0. 00813 ( - 0. 02050 - 0. 03675 ), b = 3. 07 ( 3. 05 - 3. 09 ), based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref. 93245 trophic level ( ref. 69278 ) : 2. 4 \u00b10. 21 se ; based on food items. resilience ( ref. 69278 ) : medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years ( tm = 2 ; tmax = 6 ). vulnerability ( ref. 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.416946141803882, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.079919"} {"text": "three cheers for chocolate the health benefits of chocolate it turns out there ' s even more to love about one of the most decadent, satisfying foods on the planet. we ' re talking about chocolate : heavenly sweet treat, coveted comfort food, and former diet disaster. but now? new studies are proving that chocolate does, in fact, have a place in the health - conscious kitchen. research shows that cocoa and dark chocolate with a high cocoa content contain flavonoids, a naturally occurring phytonutrient found in plant foods like cocoa, tea, wine, nuts, and certain fruits and vegetables. the main flavonoids found in cocoa - - flavan - 3 - ols and procyanidins - - offer a host of cardiovascular benefits, including antioxidant protection and improved blood vessel function. \" the flavonoids in chocolate are generally touted for heart health - - they make blood less sticky, keep blood vessels flexible, and there ' s less plaque formation to prevent heart disease, \" says dawn jackson blatner, a chicago - based registered dietitian and spokesperson for the american dietetic association. in fact, a 2007 study from the university of nottingham medical school in the united kingdom suggested that this improved blood flow may also benefit the brain in terms of memory and learning ability. flavonoids also help prevent the oxidation of ldl ( bad ) cholesterol and raise hdl ( good ) cholesterol levels in the blood, according to a 2006 study in the journal of the american dietetic association. there is also some evidence that these flavonoids may prevent certain cancers, such as skin cancer. a 2006 study also linked ingestion of flavonoids to increased uv protection, but that doesn ' t make you invincible. slathering on the sunscreen and snacking on a mini - snickers will offer you the best protection. what do you think of this story? leave a comment. save even more! say \" yes \" to fitness\u00ae magazine today and get a second year for half price \u2013 2 full years ( 20 issues ) for just $ 15. you also get our new fitness band and total body express band workout absolutely free! ( u. s. orders only )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4269021117826943, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.096156"} {"text": "prevalence, age, gender & genetics : late onset lactase deficiency is the most common type of lactoe intolerance ( li ). it is estimated to affect around 75 % of the world population. lactose intolerance varies from human group to another one. moreover, onset of lactose intolerance varies from children of a group to another. prevalence of lactose intolerance the prevalence of primary lactose deficiency varies according to race. in a review by gudmand - hoyer e in published on the american journal of clinical nutrition ( 1994 ), it is lowest in scandinavia and northwest europe ( 3 - 8 % ) and close to 100 % in most of southeast asia. in europe the frequency increases in the southern and eastern directions, reaching 70 % in southern italy and turkey. there is also a high prevalence of lactose maldigestion in the people of africa with the exception of cattle - raising nomads. moreover, studies conducted by scrimshaw and murray and sahi review the prevalence of lactose maldigestion globally. the prevalence is above 50 % in south america, africa, and asia, reaching almost 100 % in some asian countries. in the united states, the prevalence is 15 % among whites, 53 % among mexican - americans and 80 % in the black population. in europe it varies from around 2 % in scandinavia to about 70 % in sicily ( see map below ). australia and new zealand have prevalence of 6 % and 9 % respectively. in general, it can be stated that about two thirds of the world adult population is lactase non - persistent. click on map to enlarge image. explanation of map : prevalence of adult - type hypolactasia in different european countries and populations ( small number = prevalence of a population, large number = average prevalence of the country ) and hypothetical isograms for the frequencies of the lactase non - persistence gene. reprinted with permission from sahi. data from niddh the national institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases ( niddk ) of the nih ( usa ) estimates that between 30 and 50 million americans are lactose intolerant. this includes an estimate of lactose intolerance affecting 75 % of african - americans and 90 % of asian and native americans. by the way, the us census estimates the us population at 261, 638, 000 as of january 1, 1996 and is made up of 72 % white ; 13 % african - american ; 11 % hispanic ; 4 % asian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43047775675184713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.108010"} {"text": "and native americans. by the way, the us census estimates the us population at 261, 638, 000 as of january 1, 1996 and is made up of 72 % white ; 13 % african - american ; 11 % hispanic ; 4 % asian and pacific island ; and 1 % native american, eskimo, and aleutian | human group | | individuals examined | | percent intolerant | | allele frequency | | europeans in australia | | 160 | | 4 % | | 0. 20 | | data obtained ( in part ) from \" lactose and lactase \", scientific american, october, 1972, by norman kretchmer | the age at which lactase deficiency presents varies from one race to another. in blacks and asians, hypolactasia usually manifests itself in early childhood ( 1 - 2 years in thai ), whereas in whites, it seems to occur later in childhood or in adolescence ( 10 - 20 in finns ). lactose intolerance is not common in young white children. however, rotavirus infections may be an important cause of secondary lactose maldigestion in children, and, as the infection is cured, lactose maldigestion disappears as well. there might be differences in hydrogen production after ingestion of lactose according to age, but the findings are not entirely consistent. the amount of breath hydrogen was shown to increase with age up to the age of 64 to 70 years and after lactulose challenge in a group of elderly subjects whose mean age was 76 years compared with a group of younger adults with a mean age of 32 years. however, in the study of rao et al., hydrogen excretion was lower in the age group over 70 years than in the group between 60 and 69 years. it is not known whether these variations are due to differences in lactose digestion or in the colonic microflora. hardly any studies have compared lactose tolerance between the genders. according to some studies in a randomly selected population, gender did not have any effect on the prevalence of hypolactasia. in a study by jussila it was reported that, among 504 hospital patients, women experienced gastrointestinal symptoms and nausea after milk ingestion more often than men. in a study by krause et al., women marked higher symptom scores than men despite lower hydrogen excretion. their results respecting differences in hydrogen excretion are not consistent with those of an other study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4525665488384253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.111236"} {"text": "more often than men. in a study by krause et al., women marked higher symptom scores than men despite lower hydrogen excretion. their results respecting differences in hydrogen excretion are not consistent with those of an other study by saltzberg et al., who found no difference in hydrogen excretion between men and women after lactulose ingestion. based on the results of the above studies, women seem to experience stronger gastrointestinal complaints than men, but it is not possible to draw any conclusion on the possible differences in hydrogen production between the genders. selective adult - type hypolactasia is inherited through a single autosomal recessive gene. both pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms seem to be involved in the expression of the low enzyme activity. a finnish group has recently reported assignment of the cld gene. their analyses indicate that one major mutation in a novel gene causes cld in the finnish population. a culture - historical hypothesis has been proposed for lactase persistence : after the beginning of dairy farming, when there were periods of dietary stress, there would have been an advantage for those individuals who had high levels of intestinal lactase. as a result of increased survival, high intestinal lactase activity would have become typical of such a group. lactase persistence is, indeed, more common in the areas with long traditions of dairy farming. however, production of the enzyme does not seem to be induced by lactose consumption. this information is adapted from lactose intolerance, journal of the american college of nutrition, vol. 19, no. 90002, 165s - 175s ( 2000 ) by tuula et al. and from other medical journals.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47022810763820294, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.113781"} {"text": "burma ' s ethnics : score one for the good, er, no - so - bad guys revolutionary movements have lost their luster. their leaders will never be romanticized again as the likes of trotsky and che guevara once were. since the onset of the information age, it ' s impossible to tune out the tendency of revolutionaries to resort to violent excesses that sometimes equal or exceed the forces against which they rebel. near burma ' s eastern border of thailand, the karen ethnic group has long resisted what it calls the three a ' s - - annihilation, absorption, and assimilation - - by burma ' s junta. in fact, over 60 years in duration, it ' s the world ' s longest - running war for independence - - or its most extended exercise in futility. some background from a piece i wrote a couple of years ago : the karens, as well as other ethnic groups, actually arrived in burma before the majority group known as the burmans ( as opposed to the burmese, all the citizens of burma ). but, in the sixteenth century, the burmans conquered most of burma and proceeded to impose their will on the ethnics. but the modern \" origins of the ethnic hatred... can be traced back to the anglo - burmese wars, \" writes benedict rogers in his 2004 book world without evil : stopping the genocide of burma ' s karen people. the karens assisted the british in their efforts to conquer the burmans. the british, in turn, allowed them a measure of autonomy ( in part, also, because they were too far - flung to rule ). the ethnics ' first taste of freedom was an ironic byproduct of british colonialism. during world war ii, burmese forces joined the invading japanese in mercilessly attacking the karens, who feared they were destined for genocide. but the allies turned the tide on the japanese and the karens helped drive them out. the karens hoped that they would be rewarded with statehood, but during the war mountbatten of burma had authorized a secret deal with the burmans that left the karens out in the cold. once burma was granted its independence, the karens sought to co - exist with the government. but, in 1949, general ne win, later the leader of the coup that installed junta rule, led militias on a rampage of karen territory. in response, the karen national union ( knu ) emerged to fight for the rights of the karens and the establishment of kawthoolei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43030306212800334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.132923"} {"text": "later the leader of the coup that installed junta rule, led militias on a rampage of karen territory. in response, the karen national union ( knu ) emerged to fight for the rights of the karens and the establishment of kawthoolei, the state around which their dreams revolve. in recent years the disintegration of ceasefire talks has been a pretext for junta offensives against the karens. others include a perceived need on the part of the junta to engage in wholesale destruction of karen villages to make room for large dam - building projects, as well as relocation of the capital from yangon ( rangoon ).... as of today, hundreds of thousands of ethnic minorities have been forcibly relocated by the burmese army, their villages burned to the ground. tens of thousands have fled across the border to thailand. meanwhile, the army not only tortures and executes those villagers suspected of working with the insurgent groups, but forces others to labor as porters. adding insult to injury, the army uses children as soldiers, seeds the karen territory with land mines, and then forces karen people to act as mine - sweepers by traversing the terrain ahead of the army. as in cambodia, citizens missing a leg, or parts of one, are common in the karen regions. but neither is the knla ( the karen national liberation army, the armed wing of the knu ) blameless. it too has been known to lay mines and use child soldiers. also, according to phil thornton in his 2006 book, restless souls : rebels, refugees, medics and misfits on the thai - burma border, one of its officers told him that because it can ' t afford to feed them, the knla often kills prisoners on the spot. that said, it ' s still hard not to root for them, especially since as burmese exile publication mizzima reports thursday, they ' re \" strongly supported by local people. \" in fact, recently the knla had \" in advance received information of junta troop movements in the paikyone area \" from their people. as a result... karen rebels in a 15 - member squad equipped with only automatic rifles and the rain [ like that touch? - - rw ] ambushed a government battalion with more than 100 troops on tuesday, killing nine junta soldiers including the force ' s deputy commander and wounding 14 others.... \" there was heavy rain and creeks were flooded with torrents of water, \" [ a spokesperson said ]. \" we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4055167621752993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.134086"} {"text": "more than 100 troops on tuesday, killing nine junta soldiers including the force ' s deputy commander and wounding 14 others.... \" there was heavy rain and creeks were flooded with torrents of water, \" [ a spokesperson said ]. \" we took position and posted lookouts, then ambushed them. \"... the ambush resulted in the second heaviest loss this year for junta forces in their battle against the knu.... in a clash on a highway [ on may 10 ] the junta lost 13 soldiers and 20 were wounded. what keeps the vastly outnumbered knla fighting? would you believe... sylvester stallone? from my piece again : moviegoers were exposed to the plight of the karens last year if they saw the fourth installment of rambo, which was set in burma ( though filmed, in part, in thailand ). sylvester stallone demonstrated just how universal contempt for the junta had become, especially after it obstructed aid to [ cyclone ] nargis survivors. when john rambo killed off 236 of its soldiers, objections were raised to one of the highest body counts of any action movie ever, but not to who was killed. understandably, the film was reported to have boosted the morale of karen freedom fighters who viewed it. whatever the effect of sylvester stallone on the karen insurgency, the point is that the knla and its supporters draw inspiration from not only hollywood attention and coverage by the media but also by new media. in june mizzima reported : footage of clashes between karen rebels and the burmese army posted on you tube has become a hit with the burmese online community. the video was recorded during running battles between government troops... and the karen national liberation army ' s ( knla ) 3rd brigade.... while you tube was banned in burma and internet speeds were still at dial - up - level quality, some people have still managed to download the footage using proxy servers.... thai - burmese border town mae sot based blogger dr. lun swe examined the impact that web 2. 0 and other new media was having on the burmese opposition community and those living in exile. \" the role of new media is a playing crucial role in our pro - democracy movement, \" he said. \" the quickest way to post burma - related news on the internet is on blogs at home and abroad. \" use of the new media has increased since the 2007 \" saffron revolution \", when monks led nationwide demonstrations, as the web was one of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4177882489356384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.136965"} {"text": "quickest way to post burma - related news on the internet is on blogs at home and abroad. \" use of the new media has increased since the 2007 \" saffron revolution \", when monks led nationwide demonstrations, as the web was one of the only sources of unregulated news and information. here ' s the video : for more, insert \" myanamar 8888 \" into youtube ' s search box. 8888 is an allusion to the day, august 8, 1988, that students protests erupted in burma only to be brutally suppressed by the junta, with thousands killed. myanmar 8888 ' s videos are of a piece with the citizens armed with small video - cameras who filmed the 2007 saffron revolution. their footage was smuggled out of the country and broadcast back into burma via satellite, as seen in the 2009 documentary burma vj ( highly recommended ). we ' re also familiar with this phenomenon from iran ' s green revolution. in 1992 a junta official told benedict rogers, \" in 10 years all karens will be dead. if you want to see a karen, you will have to go to a museum in rangoon. \" eighteen years later the karen are still fighting to prevent the three \" a \" s of annihilation, absorption, and assimilation. but absent international pressure on the junta to cease and desist its systematic destruction of the karen and other burma ethnics, they might not be around in 28 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4614358421429113, "token_count": 297, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.137584"} {"text": "imagine there was a tool where we could input our ideas, combine them with other ideas, see some connections and visualize them in real - time. i \u2019 m not talking about music, but actual ideas like the ones that we have when we \u2019 re thinking out loud or brainstorming with a group. in the video above you see an application called ableton live, used by many dj \u2019 s in concerts to create music in real - time. i repeat, not pre - programmed but in real - time! why is this important? it \u2019 s important because dj \u2019 s can experiment with different sounds and music in real - time. they \u2019 ve always had this ability but with this tool, dj \u2019 s can input the sounds where they want, listen and make the adjustments all in a matter of seconds. again imagine if we could have a tool where we could input our ideas, combine them and see a result in real - time before we release it into the world. what would such a tool look like? we have one \u2026 our brain. yes, our brain is the most powerful machine ever invented and although it would be great to have a tool, such as ableton, at our disposal that could enable us to create more in less time ; our brain will ultimately connect the insight that gives us that breakthrough idea. only our brain gives us the ability to imagine how things could be before we ever see them out in the world. i \u2019 m sure there are people already thinking about a technology that can enable us to make connections faster but in the meantime we can start by flexing our brain muscles and learn to think better. p. s. i \u2019 m not promoting ableton live, i just saw that video and thought about such a tool for the purpose of innovation. readers what do you think, is such a tool possible? how would it work? how can we start creating one right now?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.553314626469944, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.139909"} {"text": "posted on july 26, 2004 00 : 00 snow quality may affect the canadian lynx \u2019 s ability to kill its prey, according to new research suggesting climate may be impacting one of the most fascinating ecological systems to intrigue biologists for decades. the university of alberta \u2019 s dr. stan boutin is part of a research team to study the relationship between the lynx and the snowshoe hare \u2014 an interaction that has grave implications on the dynamics of the whole boreal forest. boutin teamed up with other researchers from canada, the united states and norway \u2014 including evolutionary ecologist nils stenseth \u2014 to study the lynx - hare cycle, and how it related to the overall boreal forest community. stenseth has previously argued that the 10 - year cycle, which means a rise and fall of the hare population followed by a similar pattern of the lynx, differed according to regions of the country and those differences were tied to large - scale climatic patterns. \u201c the genetics of the lynx are quite different among these canadian regions and we questioned whether there was some sort of barrier that might stop gene flow, \u201d said boutin, a biologist with the faculty of science. \u201c we knew there was nothing physical between eastern and central regions, so we started to speculate that there may be something climate - related that would influence the lynx \u2019 s ability to prey on snow hares and their propensity to move between regions. \u201d in a paper published today in the proceedings of the national academy of science, part of a series of papers already published, the team demonstrated that different snow conditions may, in fact, affect the dynamics of the canadian lynx. in particular, surface hardness, as determined by the frequency of warm winter spells control how deep the lynx sinks in the snow. for example, when there are few warm spells, the researchers write, the snow remains fluffy and the lynx sinks deep, whereas its main prey, the snowshoe hare does not sink in the snow and will easily escape under such conditions. but with increasing warm spells, the hares are not able to escape as well. boutin has collected rare data on the lynx \u2019 s ability to kill under different snow conditions for more than 10 years. his team was able to track the type of snow and whether the animal was successful in the kill or not. \u201c this lynx - hare cycle is an amazing phenomenon and it has proven to be a very robust relationship, \u201d said boutin. \u201c if we start to get climate warming and a crusting of the snow without long, deep cold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4655420849042846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.142740"} {"text": "diabetic nephropathy is one of the main determinants of morbidity and mortality in diabetes mellitus. indeed end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) in europe and the usa is mainly caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus. this epidemiology is changing world wide as historically esrd was relatively uncommon while most patients died of cardiovascular events or other, mostly infectious, complications. the main interventions to minimize diabetic nephropathy are control of the diabetes ( glycemic control controversy noted as best control for microvascular complications is not the same as best control to optimise mortality ), treat associated hypertension and manipulation of the renin - angiotensin system to slow down the progression of renal disease and therefore provide a renal - protective effect. this is with angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. there is evidence in type 1 diabetes mellitus that tight glucose control reduces its incidence and progression. albuminuria has been known since the 19th century to be associated with diabetes mellitus. more recently it has been shown that it may not only be the consequence of diabetes but may also predict future diabetes. albuminuria is strongly associated with the risks of cardiovascular events, loss of renal function and mortality. in early type 2 diabetes albuminuria is related to both hba1c and systolic blood pressure - type 2 diabetes mellitus renal damage - asian race - type 1 diabetes mellitus renal damage : - kimmestiel - wilson ' s disease ( classic diabetic nephropathy ) - ischaemic nephropathy - shrunken kidneys - little or no proteinuria - primary nephropathy with diabetes as aggravating factor defined by ukpds annual rates of progression - from normo - to - microalbuminuria - 2 % - from micro - to - macroalbuminuria - 3 % - from macroalbuminuria to elevation of serum creatinine - 2 %. - diabetic annual death rate was : - normoalbuminuria - 0. 7 % - microalbuminuria ( < 30 mg / day ) - 2. 0 % - macroalbuminuria - 3. 5 % - eevated serum creatinine - 12. 1 % - \u2191 de galan be, perkovic v, ninomiya t, pillai a, patel a, cass a, neal b", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46945320455025086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.148177"} {"text": ", rice mm, steffes m, domanski m, hsia j, gersh bj, arnold jm, rouleau j, braunwald e, pfeffer ma. influence of albuminuria on cardiovascular risk in patients with stable coronary artery disease. circulation. 2007 dec 4 ; 116 ( 23 ) : 2687 - 93. ( link to article \u2013 subscription may be required. ) - \u2191 ninomiya t, perkovic v, de galan be, zoungas s, pillai a, jardine m, patel a, cass a, neal b, poulter n, mogensen ce, cooper m, marre m, williams b, hamet p, mancia g, woodward m, macmahon s, chalmers j. albuminuria and kidney function independently predict cardiovascular and renal outcomes in diabetes. journal of the american society of nephrology : jasn. 2009 aug ; 20 ( 8 ) : 1813 - 21. ( link to article \u2013 subscription may be required. ) - \u2191 ritz e, zeng x. diabetic nephropathy - epidemiology in asia and the current state of treatment. indian journal of nephrology. 2011 apr ; 21 ( 2 ) : 75 - 84. ( link to article \u2013 subscription may be required. ) - \u2191 vieira sm, monteiro mb, marques t, luna am, fortes ma, nery m, queiroz m, dib sa, vendramini mf, azevedo mj, canani lh, parisi mc, pavin ej, giannella - neto d, correa - giannella ml. association of genetic variants in the promoter region of genes encoding p22phox ( cyba ) and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit ( gclc ) and renal disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. bmc medical genetics. 2011 ; 12 : 129. ( epub ) ( link to article \u2013 subscription may be required. ) - \u2191 wessman m, forsblom c, kaunisto ma, soderlund j, ilonen j, sallinen r, hiekkalinna t, parkkonen m, maxwell ap, tarnow l, parving hh, hadjadj s, marre m, peltonen l, groop ph. novel susceptibility locus at 22q11 for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48819291993782415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.150311"} {"text": "western mountains and high plains invite overwintering birds to your yard attract our feathered friends to your yard by locating bird feeders throughout the landscape. a constant supply of food and water will bring birds all year round. place feeders near trees and shrubs to offer birds protection from predators. check indoor plants keep your houseplants healthy and happy by periodically checking them for troublesome insect pests. warm, dry air indoors provides perfect conditions for pests to thrive. inspect the undersides of leaves, plant stems, and leaf axils. early pest detection and control can save your plants from severe damage. apply tree wrap reduce the incidence of sunscald injury to tree trunks by applying a reflective tree wrap. this is especially important for newly planted fruit trees and thin - barked trees, including lindens, locusts, and mountain ash. wraps prevent the bark from damage caused by heating up during the day, then suddenly turning cold at night when temperatures plummet. force bulbs indoors bring an early spring indoors by forcing spring - flowering bulbs. paper white narcissus are among the easiest to start as they don ' t need precooling. just plant the bulbs, and they ' ll be in full bloom in four to six weeks. if you plant tulips, daffodils, and other outdoor types, you ' ll need to provide about ten weeks of chilling treatment in an unheated garage or crawl space so they ' ll root properly. clean garden tools if you haven ' t cleaned your garden equipment and tools, take some time now. remove dirt and rust. dip tools in a bucket of oily sand or use a rag saturated with some motor oil. this will easily remove rust and soil deposits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43549193120047447, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.153096"} {"text": "gardening articles : care : : soil, water, & fertilizer fertilize with epsom salts by charlie nardozzi spray a solution of epsom salts to quickly boost magnesium levels in leaves after working with home gardeners for more than 10 years, i know that they love to use home remedies on their plants. from setting out beer traps for slugs to hanging bars of soap to repel deer, if the household product seems to work, gardeners try it. that ' s why i was intrigued by the often - mentioned idea of using epsom salts as a fertilizer. gardeners apply it to tomatoes, peppers, and roses, hoping to produce more flowers, greener plants, and higher yields. you can use it to improve magnesium content if you know you have a soil that ' s deficient in that element, but home gardeners are most likely to apply epsom salts to peppers, tomatoes, and roses. i wanted to find out if it really works and learn the best ways to apply it for best growth, so last summer i asked some of our test gardeners ( home gardeners who tested seeds and products for national gardening ) to test epsom salts ' effects on plant growth and vigor by applying it to pepper plants and roses. then i talked to researchers about using the salts as fertilizer. here ' s what i found out. the history and science of epsom salts this natural mineral, discovered in the well water of epsom, england, has been used for hundreds of years, not only to fertilize plants but to treat a range of human and animal ailments. who hasn ' t soaked sore feet in it at least once? chemically, epsom salts is hydrated magnesium sulfate ( about 10 percent magnesium and 13 percent sulfur ). magnesium is critical for seed germination and the production of chlorophyll, fruit, and nuts. magnesium helps strengthen cell walls and improves plants ' uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. sulfur, a key element in plant growth, is critical to production of vitamins, amino acids ( therefore protein ), and enzymes. it ' s also the compound that gives vegetables such as broccoli and onions their flavors. sulfur is seldom deficient in garden soils in north america because acid rain and commonly used animal manures contain sulfur, as do chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate. the causes and effects of magnesium deficiencies vary. vegetables such as beans, peas, lettuce", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4323445898473272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.157972"} {"text": "garden soils in north america because acid rain and commonly used animal manures contain sulfur, as do chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate. the causes and effects of magnesium deficiencies vary. vegetables such as beans, peas, lettuce, and spinach can grow and produce good yields in soils with low magnesium levels, but plants such as tomatoes, peppers, and roses need high levels of magnesium for optimal growth. however, plants may not show the effects of magnesium deficiency until it ' s severe. some common deficiency symptoms are yellowing of the leaves between the veins, leaf curling, stunted growth, and lack of sweetness in the fruit. magnesium tends to be lacking in old, weathered soils with low ph, notably in the southeast and pacific northwest. soils with a ph above 7 and soils high in calcium and potassium also generally have low magnesium levels. calcium and potassium compete with magnesium for uptake by plant roots, and magnesium often loses. sometimes, a soil test will show adequate magnesium levels in soil, but a plant grown in that soil may still be deficient because of that competition. gardeners add magnesium when they apply dolomitic lime to raise the soil ' s ph. however, this product ( 46 percent calcium carbonate, 38 percent magnesium carbonate ) breaks down slowly, and the calcium can interfere with magnesium uptake. for soils with a ph above 7, many gardeners use sul - po - mag ( 22 percent sulfur, 22 percent potassium, 11 percent magnesium ) to increase magnesium. although dolomitic lime and sul - po - mag are inexpensive ways to add magnesium, epsom salts ' advantage over them is its high solubility. when diluted with water, and especially when applied as a foliar spray, epsom salts can be taken up quickly by plants. epsom salts ' magnesium content, high solubility, and ease of application as a foliar spray are the main reasons for the positive results many gardeners see in their plants.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4514997612202386, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.159541"} {"text": "a typical molecular imaging probe, such as a fluorescently labeled antibody, is introduced into a subject ( animal, patient ) and washed out over time. contrast is achieved by maximizing the amount of signal at the target while minimizing that remaining associated with nonspecific tissue. a host of factors, from uptake, metabolism, and clearance of the probe to interference by endogenous factors ( e. g., autofluorescence ) to sensitivity and selectivity of the probe to timing of the imaging, can impact the achievable signal to noise ratio ( called tumor to background ratio or tbr in oncology ). most currently available probes are \u201c always on \u201d \u2014 that is, they continuously emit signal ( or in the case of fluorescently labeled probes, they always fluoresce in response to excitation ). the targeting moiety should direct most of it to the organ, cell, or receptor of interest, yet tbr often remains an issue. what if a probe only emitted a signal when associated with its target? asked hisataka kobayashi, m. d., ph. d., chief scientist in the national cancer institute ' s molecular imaging program. dr. kobayashi has been working on \u201c activatable \u201d probes that respond to biological processes. in one example, quenched fluorophores are conjugated to tumor - specific antibodies. once bound, the probe is internalized where it can be activated by the acidic environment of the endolysosome. although fluorescent imaging is typically limited to very shallow depths, it can be used to guide open surgery \u2014 for example, in the brain \u2014 and most parts of the body ( except the heart and brain ) can be reached by using endoscopy as well. \u201c we can go almost anywhere through the gi or urinary tract, or peritoneal or plural spaces, \u201d dr. kobayashi pointed out. he also uses different wavelength fluorophores and other different energy probes, to simultaneously query several discrete entities. in addition, mri, nuclear, pet / ct, and optical can also be multiplexed to generate more information from the body, the radiologist added, \u201c to detect things much better than the single modality. \u201d dr. gelovani, who also leads the development of molecular imaging agents at the center for advanced biomedical imaging research at the university of texas ' md anderson cancer center, wants to see molecular imaging used more as a means of early detection of cancers, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5598031302634567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.164535"} {"text": ". gelovani, who also leads the development of molecular imaging agents at the center for advanced biomedical imaging research at the university of texas ' md anderson cancer center, wants to see molecular imaging used more as a means of early detection of cancers, as well as a way to stratify patients based on unique mutations or genomic or phenotypic abnormalities. take, for example, small - cell lung carcinoma patients whose tumor is dependent on a mutation that locks the tyrosine kinase part of the epidermal growth factor receptor ( egfr ) into a particular dominant active configuration. such patients respond positively to therapy with egfr inhibitors. \u201c we have explored the chemical space of that configuration and developed a particular molecular imaging agent that would have selectivity for that particular activating mutation and irreversibly bind to that dominant active egfr kinase, \u201d said dr. gelovani. \u201c therefore, we can now enable imaging of patients noninvasively using pet / ct to predict the responsiveness or resistance of primary and metastatic tumor lesions in individual patients. we are really getting closer to that notion of individualized therapy. \u201d molecular imaging can seek out its target wherever it lies, is quantitative, and ( because it ' s noninvasive ) can serially query the same target. a biopsy, on the other hand, only reveals a mutation where it is sought, which because of the tumor heterogeneity often does not represent the rest of the tumor and metastatic tumor lesions. in contrast, molecular imaging can aid the characterization of tumors in the whole body at once. do it my way yet, not all scans \u2014 not even all pet scans \u2014 are created equal, and this has implications for the interpretation of clinical trials. \u201c the problem is not so much that the drug is different, but that each center does the scan in its own particular way. their equipment is calibrated in their own way, and radiologists interpret the study in his or her own way, \u201d observed peter conti, m. d., ph. d., co - chair of the society of nuclear medicine ' s clinical trials network ( ctn ). at the same time, drug companies may be pretty naive as to how to structure the protocols, the university of southern california professor continued. \u201c so there ' s a tug of war between the right way to do it as per the radiologists and the right way to do it as per the drug company, \u201d leaving the fda with the problem of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5239257148459285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.165616"} {"text": "potential dengue fever treating antibody - proved effective for japanese encephalitis viral infections clec5a is a c - type lectin expressed on the cell surface known to be a receptor which is used by the dengue virus ( dv ) to attach themselves to of the host cells during infection. it also induces massive proinflammatory cytokines subsequently in an infected host. the blocking of the clec5a interaction with dv has been one of the research interests in dr. shie - liang hsieh \u2019 s group. in the continuing study of clec5a, the team ( see fig. 1 ) has also revealed clec5a \u2019 s role in japanese encephalitis ( je ), which is a viral infection caused by mosquitoes bites. severe je viral infection ( jev ) usually is marked by quick onset, headache, high fever, neck stiffness, and all sorts of damaged neural cells related symptoms. and, there is no specific therapy for it currently. therefore, the study which has been published online in the plos pathogens journal at april 19th, has paved a way for a possible strategy to control neuroinflammation during viral encephalitis. je happens more often in asia, with up to 35, 000 cases and 10, 000 deaths reported each year. according to dr. szu - ting chen, first author of this paper, their observation has led to two major findings. first of all, they have demonstrated that jev activates macrophages and microglia via clec5a, and the blockade of clec5a can reduce bystander neuronal damage and jev - induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion from macrophages and microglia. secondly, an antibody administered in - vivo to mice shows that it not only inhibits jev - induced bbb ( blood brain barrier ) permeability change, but also reduces the numbers of activated microglia and immune cells infiltration into the central neural system. bbb is a natural insulation to the brain so that outside infections usually are barred. once bbb is broken, it is like open house invitations, so jev and all kinds of immune system cells can all slip in and create chaos ( see fig. 2 ). the research has shown significant differences between jev infected mice with and without treatment at day 7. ( see fig. 3 ) it is likely that the antibody has the effect of protecting brain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49763581121070843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.173327"} {"text": "transatlantic climate bridge addresses common challenge for decades, americans and europeans have joined forces successfully to address key challenges. today, an opportunity exists to tackle the common challenge of climate change and energy security - together. a stable climate and sustainable, reliable, and affordable sources of energy are crucial to the world \u2019 s economies. a joint commitment to invest in newer, cleaner sources of energy can create new jobs and world - class industries, clean up the environment and protect the climate, improve standards of living and enhance global security. germans and americans are already promoting a variety of innovative approaches to tackling climate change and enhancing energy security. a variety of regional initiatives are being implemented in the united states, and the us government is making efforts to increase renewable energy and energy efficiency development. germany has its own ambitious targets for reducing green house gas emissions, and its renewable energy sector already employs about 340, 000 people. working together, germans and americans can be a powerful motor for transatlantic and broader global cooperation on climate and energy policies. so to build on the existing transatlantic relations between germany and the united states, the german foreign office and the german environment ministry successfully launched a \u2018 new era in transatlantic climate and energy politics \u2019 at an international conference in berlin in september 2008. the transatlantic climate bridge initiative works to connect all those who seek to make a difference \u2014 at the local, the state and the federal level. the aim is to support platforms and partnerships that help americans and germans exchange their know - how and to pave the way for joint solutions. successful energy and climate policy enlarge image wind turbines are visible in both german and american landscapes. ( \u00a9 colourbox ) germany has an important story to tell about how taking action on climate change can produce economic benefits. germany ' s integrated energy and climate policy is successfully addressing its energy, climate and economic goals. it has put the country on a path of less energy dependence, it is creating a low carbon society, and it has also created a new industrial sector and new jobs. german stakeholders are interested in exchanging their experiences and best practices with their american counterparts, and the hope is that the transatlantic climate bridge will facilitate this exchange throughout the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48803945695205897, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.176777"} {"text": "the view - master is a toy which people of all ages remember vividly from their childhood. it ' s one of those rare high - tech inventions that has maintained massive appeal across multiple generations and this month it is celebrating its 65th anniversary. despite numerous new media devices entering its domain since it first hit the market in 1939, its appeal remains strong and the view - master has now sold more than a billion units. with just a glimpse through a view - master viewer, people have been able to see 3 - d images of some of the world ' s most popular people, places and events, both real and imaginary, past and present. \" view - master has secured itself as a classic toy that continues to fuel the imaginations of children around the world, \" says chuck scothon, senior vice president of marketing, fisher - price. \" it is truly a phenomenon that has transcended the toy box to achieve pop culture status. \" it all began in 1938 when william gruber, a piano tuner by trade and a stereo photographer by hobby, invented the view - master. soon after the idea took shape, gruber created the first view - master viewer and introduced it in portland, oregon in 1939. however, it wasn ' t until the following year at the 1940 new york world ' s fair that the world began to pay attention. no one could have predicted the tremendous public response, given the stereograph had been around in various forms for 80 years prior. though gruber did not invent the stereographic viewer, the view - master found a form factor which significantly improved on the traditional stereograph and also took advantage of another breakthrough technology - the high resolution and rich colour of kodak ' s then new kodachrome film process. throughout its history, view - master viewers have played a variety of roles. during world war ii, viewers were used in training for the u. s. military. after the war, public demand for view - master viewers and reels skyrocketed. during the 1950s, the company mainly produced reels of various national parks and scenic attractions across the country, intended as souvenirs for adults. in 1951, due to the acquisition of its only competitor, view - master obtained the license to use disney characters and quickly gained momentum in the children ' s market. ever since, view - master reels have featured some of the most popular cartoons, superheroes and fairytales that have become the mainstays of any view - master reel collection. the design and development of view", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4629498310041448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.180194"} {"text": "the children ' s market. ever since, view - master reels have featured some of the most popular cartoons, superheroes and fairytales that have become the mainstays of any view - master reel collection. the design and development of view - master products was handled by several different corporations during the 1970s and 1980s. in april 1997, tyco toys, which had purchased view - master in 1989, merged with mattel. as a result of the merger, the view - master line was assigned to fisher - price, where this american classic continues to thrive. to celebrate view - master ' s 65th anniversary, fisher - price is releasing a limited edition view - master boxed set that includes a specially - decorated classic viewer and eight reels, one for each decade of the view - master ' s existence, featuring scenes from the apollo moon landing and the first american full - length animated movie, snow white, to indiana jones and spongebob. additionally, fisher - price will release the view - master time capsule assortment, which allows parents to take their kids back in time with nostalgic view - master viewers and reels featuring favorite cartoon characters of the past. the view - master has not been available on the australian market for several years but will be relaunched in q1 2005. just enter your friends and your email address into the form below for multiple addresses, separate each with a comma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4428217793644508, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.180991"} {"text": "american counseling association the american counseling association, a professional and educational organization that represents professional counselors in various journal of psychology find many articles related to the field of psychology at the american journal of psychology web site. psychological societies and associations discover a comprehensive collection of psychology web resources. psychological association the american psychological association ( apa ), in washington, dc, is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the united states and is the world ' s largest association of psychologists. internet crossroads in the social sciences explore this site with over 650 annotated links to data - related resources on the internet. mental help net look for numerous resources on the mental health net site. resources include mental health topics, professional resources, and a reading room. administration on aging find out about the administration of aging ' s programs for our nation ' s older americans. clearinghouse for drug and alcohol information use this site for additional alcohol and drug information. online dictionary of mental health there are no definitions here, but there are links to many sites offering different viewpoints on issues in mental health, which are organized by using the a - z links, or a subject index. use this comprehensive resource index for psychology, support, and mental health issues. this web site contains a wealth of psychology - related information for students and teachers of psychology. resources include careers in psychology, information about sports psychology and lists of different journals. tutorials and demonstrations learn as you navigate through hypertext tutorials in psychology. this psychology resource is for students, teachers and professionals for up - to - date information on the interactive world of psychology via the internet. narrow your search by using this psychology - specific search engine. psychology on the web the web site of the department of psychology at the state university of new york at albany for psychology - related information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49994273339044315, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.183686"} {"text": "a directory is a kind of file that contains other files entered under various names. directories are a feature of the file system. emacs can list the names of the files in a directory as a lisp list, or display the names in a buffer using the ls shell command. in the latter case, it can optionally display information about each file, depending on the options passed to the this function returns a list of the names of the files in the directory directory. by default, the list is in alphabetical order. if full - name is non - nil, the function returns the files ' absolute file names. otherwise, it returns the names relative to the specified directory. if match - regexp is non - nil, this function returns only those file names that contain a match for that regular expression \u2014 the other file names are excluded from the list. on case - insensitive filesystems, the regular expression matching is case - insensitive. if nosort is non - directory - filesdoes not sort the list, so you get the file names in no particular order. use this if you want the utmost possible speed and don ' t care what order the files are processed in. if the order of processing is visible to the user, then the user will probably be happier if you do sort the names. ( directory - files \" ~ lewis \" ) \u21d2 ( \" # foo # \" \" # foo. el # \" \". \" \".. \" \" dired - mods. el \" \" files. texi \" \" files. texi. ~ 1 ~ \" ) an error is signaled if directory is not the name of a directory that can be read. this is similar to directory - filesin deciding which files to report on and how to report their names. however, instead of returning a list of file names, it returns for each file a list ), where attributes is what file - attributeswould return for that file. the optional argument id - format has the same meaning as the corresponding argument to file - attributes ( see definition of file - attributes ). this function expands the wildcard pattern pattern, returning a list of file names that match it. if pattern is written as an absolute file name, the values are absolute also. if pattern is written as a relative file name, it is interpreted relative to the current default directory. the file names returned are normally also relative to the current default directory. however, if full is non - nil, they are absolute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.513949281585633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.188759"} {"text": "absolute also. if pattern is written as a relative file name, it is interpreted relative to the current default directory. the file names returned are normally also relative to the current default directory. however, if full is non - nil, they are absolute. this function inserts ( in the current buffer ) a directory listing for directory file, formatted with lsaccording to switches. it leaves point after the inserted text. switches may be a string of options, or a list of strings representing individual options. the argument file may be either a directory name or a file specification including wildcard characters. if wildcard is non - nil, that means treat file as a file specification with wildcards. if full - directory - p is non - nil, that means the directory listing is expected to show the full contents of a directory. you should specify twhen file is a directory and switches do not contain \u2018 - d \u2019. ( the \u2018 - d \u2019 option to lssays to describe a directory itself as a file, rather than showing its contents. ) on most systems, this function works by running a directory listing program whose name is in the variable insert - directory - program. if wildcard is non - nil, it also runs the shell specified by shell - file - name, to expand the wildcards. ms - dos and ms - windows systems usually lack the standard unix program ls, so this function emulates the standard unix program lswith lisp code. as a technical detail, when switches contains the long \u2018 - - dired \u2019 option, insert - directorytreats it specially, for the sake of dired. however, the normally equivalent short \u2018 - d \u2019 option is just passed on to insert - directory - program, as any other option.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47805312972671926, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.189445"} {"text": "emacs lisp uses two kinds of storage for user - created lisp objects : normal storage and pure storage. normal storage is where all the new data created during an emacs session are kept ( see garbage collection ). pure storage is used for certain data in the preloaded standard lisp files \u2014 data that should never change during actual use of emacs. pure storage is allocated only while temacs is loading the standard preloaded lisp libraries. in the file emacs, it is marked as read - only ( on operating systems that permit this ), so that the memory space can be shared by all the emacs jobs running on the machine at once. pure storage is not expandable ; a fixed amount is allocated when emacs is compiled, and if that is not sufficient for the preloaded libraries, temacs allocates dynamic memory for the part that didn ' t fit. the resulting image will work, but garbage collection ( see garbage collection ) is disabled in this situation, causing a memory leak. such an overflow normally won ' t happen unless you try to preload additional libraries or add features to the standard ones. emacs will display a warning about the overflow when it starts. if this happens, you should increase the compilation system _ puresize _ extra in the file src / puresize. h and rebuild emacs. this function makes a copy in pure storage of object, and returns it. it copies a string by simply making a new string with the same characters, but without text properties, in pure storage. it recursively copies the contents of vectors and cons cells. it does not make copies of other objects such as symbols, but just returns them unchanged. it signals an error if asked to copy markers. this function is a no - op except while emacs is being built and dumped ; it is usually called only in preloaded lisp files. the value of this variable is the number of bytes of pure storage allocated so far. typically, in a dumped emacs, this number is very close to the total amount of pure storage available \u2014 if it were not, we would preallocate less. this variable determines whether defunshould make a copy of the function definition in pure storage. if it is non - nil, then the function definition is copied into pure storage. this flag is twhile loading all of the basic functions for building emacs initially ( allowing those functions to be shareable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.485726350388109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.191984"} {"text": "5 tech tips for post - production plant quality an essay from syngenta flowers ' jamie gibson. december 9, 2011 1 choose the right varieties properly selected varieties grown in similar greenhouse environments limit the need to adjust cultural conditions and will reduce the risk of leggy plants, disease, insect pressure and irregular flowering. 2 grow in the right conditions reducing light levels to 250 to 700 foot - candles can lower air temperature and water usage. reducing temperatures by 5 to 8\u00b0f slows growth and flowering, enhances tissue color and brightens petals. additionally, proper ventilation and space prevent disease and air - pollutants. 3 listen to experts adhere to production guidelines from breeders, trial managers and technical service experts for each variety. it ' s also important to apply plant growth retardants during production for stronger, greener and more compact plants, and reduced post - production water demand. 4 manage water closely reduced watering prevents internode elongation, undesirable stretch and root rots. another good reminder is to select a rooting substrate with sufficient water - holding capacity and proper drying time for optimal growth. 5 value your growing media a properly constructed growing medium can optimize the air - water relationship, supply the proper ph and enhance post - harvest performance. growing media containing a controlled - release fertilizer or supplying the required amount of nutrition through soluble salts monitoring will improve sell - through at retail.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4421946543313903, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.194748"} {"text": "guide dogs nsw / act continually surveys people who use our services, and has identified road crossings as the greatest concern to clients. comments one client : \" crossing the road is a matter of life or death for me. it ' s bad enough having bad eye sight, without having broken bones... \" poorly designed or constructed road crossings are the single most hazardous aspect in the built environment for people who have impaired vision. to ensure that everyone in the community is able to cross a road safely, the following factors should be considered during road construction : when crossing a road, people who have impaired vision often use the kerb ramp to align themselves and then walk in a straight line to the other side. if the ramp does not align squarely with the kerb, it can lead people on an angle into the roadway, rather than directly across the street. it is important, therefore, that : - kerb ramps align squarely with the direction of road traffic ; - kerb ramps on either side of the road are directly aligned with each other ; - kerb ramps align with pedestrian refuge islands. a blended kerb is one in which there is no significant drop from the footpath to street level ; the path simply flows onto the road. this is an issue for people who are blind or have impaired vision. they rely on traditional kerbs and kerb ramps to indicate where the footpath ends and the road begins. with a blended kerb, they can find themselves in the middle of the road without knowing that they have left the footpath. while blended kerbs provide easy transition for sighted people with mobility difficulties, they create great problems and are very dangerous to people who have impaired vision. one way to improve safety in this scenario is to install tactile ground surface indicators ( tgsi ) between where the footpath ends and the road begins. this will alert people who have impaired vision that they are about to step onto a road. pedestrian refuge islands a pedestrian refuge island is a small concrete or paved island in the middle of a road that allows people to cross in stages. however, if the island is the same level and surface as the road, people who have impaired vision may be unable to identify where the refuge ends and the road starts. the nsw roads and traffic authority has developed specifications for the construction of refuge islands in nsw. tactile ground surface indicators ( tgsi ) provide information that enables people who have impaired vision to locate a refuge island either tactually or using their residual vision. audio tactile", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4808551016158963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.198616"} {"text": "developed specifications for the construction of refuge islands in nsw. tactile ground surface indicators ( tgsi ) provide information that enables people who have impaired vision to locate a refuge island either tactually or using their residual vision. audio tactile systems audio - tactile push - button signals ( ats ) are located at pedestrian crossings and are used to indicate when traffic lights have changed to a walk phase. these signals are particularly useful for people who are blind or have impaired vision. the tactile signal is detected through the plate immediately above the push button. when the pedestrian walk signal is red or in the \" don ' t walk \" phase, it emits slow beeps and the tactile plate pulses slowly. when the pedestrian walk signal is green or in the \" walk \" phase, the control emits faster beeps and the tactile plate pulses rapidly. the tactile information is useful when ambient noise levels are high, or when the person using the signal does not have good hearing. when installing the push button control on a pole, the pole should be placed within easy reach of the kerb ramp or crossing point wherever possible. the directional arrow on the push plate provides information to the person who is unable to see the direction of the crossing and therefore should be positioned within easy reach. if the push button is located away from the crossing, the audio signal may not be able to be heard. share this page with a friend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5011791716109212, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.199953"} {"text": "reviewed by brian dirck ( assistant professor of history, anderson univerity ) published on h - indiana ( may, 2000 ) most mediocre of all don carlos buell does not seem to have left much of a mark on the civil war ' s outcome, despite having performed adequately in some important tasks. as commander of the union army of the ohio from the beginning of the war through october, 1862, buell oversaw the capture of nashville. he is perhaps best known for having come to the rescue of a beleaguered ulysses s. grant at shiloh, and for stopping - - or at least getting in the way of - - braxton bragg during his invasion of kentucky. but when buell left the army under a cloud in late 1862 for his failure to pursue bragg after the battle of perryville, few seemed to care or even notice. he lacked the colorful eccentricities of william t. sherman or stonewall jackson, the solid record of success in critical moments like george s. thomas or james longstreet, or even the spectacular failures of ambrose burnside. buell seemed like the civil war equivalent of tapioca pudding, a man who \" had only participated in, not contributed to, the military conquest of the confederacy \" ( p. 350 ). this relative obscurity is one reason why, until now, buell did not have a biography. another reason is the relative paucity of sources. he left behind no diary, and his personal correspondence is of such a dry, official nature that it reveals little about the man himself. despite these handicaps, stephen d. engle has taken on the difficult task of trying to write a biography of this colorless and in many ways inaccessible man. on paper buell had all of the necessary qualifications to be a good general. raised in a strict presbyterian household in southern indiana, he learned personal discipline and attention to duty at an early age. these values helped make him a decent, if not outstanding, west point cadet and regular army officer. he distinguished himself for bravery under fire during the mexican war, receiving a serious chest wound which nearly killed him. unlike so many of his contemporaries who left the army as soon as the excitement ended, buell stayed on after the war, apparently unperturbed by the tedium and low pay of the peacetime army. \" the army defined his life, \" engle points out, \" indeed, it became his family \" ( p. 64 - 65 ). when the civil war broke out, bu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41087312944998716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.209404"} {"text": "by the tedium and low pay of the peacetime army. \" the army defined his life, \" engle points out, \" indeed, it became his family \" ( p. 64 - 65 ). when the civil war broke out, buell ' s west point pedigree and solid military resume landed him a division in the army of the potomac, and eventually command of the entire department of the ohio, encompassing large portions of kentucky and tennessee. he held one of the most important posts in the union army, and was in a perfect position to distinguish himself. however, he failed to seize the initiative in the western theater. buell was a good organizer and a firm disciplinarian, but he was unwilling to move against the enemy with anything less than perfect preparation. he subsequently resisted attempts by the lincoln administration to get him to invade eastern tennessee and relieve its unionist populace on logistical grounds, to the point that he alienated the president and many of his supporters. he also routinely returned runaway slaves to their white southern owners, much to the chagrin of many of his own officers and men. \" buell continued to believe that his army was an extension of good government and offered the olive branch whenever and wherever he could, \" engle writes. \" in this he remained true to his belief in limited war for limited goals, even when it became evident that many of his soldiers opposed it. \" ( p. 285 ). one byproduct of this limited war philosophy was a warmaking pace which engle rather charitably describes as \" horrendously tedious. \" ( p. 270 ). how slow was buell? he is surely the only man during the civil war to earn the dubious distinction of being criticized by both george b. mcclellan and henry w. halleck - - two truly outstanding slowpokes - - for his glacial movements. buell ' s leisurely pace drove abraham lincoln to distraction, called into question his competence by colleagues and newspapermen, and in the end severely damaged his army ' s morale. \" he is the slowest person i ever had the misfortune to be associated with, and [ he ] tries my patience in the severest manner almost daily, \" wrote one angry subordinate ( p. 246 ). his slowness was equaled only by his almost uncanny ability to alienate enlisted men, officers, reporters and politicians alike with what seemed a brusque indifference to their welfare or opinions. it should not have turned out this way ; buell had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43162112770595007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.210389"} {"text": "his slowness was equaled only by his almost uncanny ability to alienate enlisted men, officers, reporters and politicians alike with what seemed a brusque indifference to their welfare or opinions. it should not have turned out this way ; buell had all the tools for success at his disposal, if only he had known how to use them. a native midwesterner commanding mostly midwestern troops ( many from his home state of indiana ), possessed of a strong military bearing and appearance, and renowned for his personal bravery, he should have made an outstanding leader of men. but the subtle skills of inspiring volunteer soldiers were lost on him. he seemed singularly uninterested in the impression he made on his soldiers or on the politicians who could decide his professional fate. buell was a born bureaucrat rather than a leader, who was \" better at managing than waging war and was at his best when it came to bureaucratic red tape \" ( p. 191 ). engle argues that, in the end, the civil war simply passed buell by, turning into a political and social revolution which bewildered and dismayed him. he \" refused to accept the effective war the union needed to wage \" ( p. 320 ). buell ' s extremely lenient policy of reconciliation towards white southerners seemed out of step with the times, and his unwillingness to embrace the more radical war measures of property confiscation and emancipation left him open to charges of sympathy with the enemy. even his one significant contribution to the union victory at shiloh was eclipsed by grant ' s and sherman ' s exploits on that battlefield, a fact which bothered him greatly in the years after the war. he engaged in public and bitter arguments with his former friend sherman and others over his role at shiloh, none of which seemed to matter. \" tragically, he died without recognizing that his story had been written in the collective memory of americans who came to believe he was a failure, \" engle writes, and \" consequently, buell ' s life ended the way it began, in obscurity \" ( p. 363 ). engle is remarkably evenhanded in his treatment of these issues, resisting the temptation to write either an apologia for buell or a harsh condemnation of his actions. he also negotiates the blanks and empty spaces in buell ' s life with admirable skill, offering plausible speculation on matters such as buell ' s racial views where there is insufficient evidence for definitive conclusions. engle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4034164895250012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.211523"} {"text": "of his actions. he also negotiates the blanks and empty spaces in buell ' s life with admirable skill, offering plausible speculation on matters such as buell ' s racial views where there is insufficient evidence for definitive conclusions. engle is a careful, judicious biographer, and while he sometimes presses his speculations just a bit too far - - in his suggestions concerning the influence of french military philosopher antoine henri jomini on buell ' s military philosophy, for example - - such occasions are rare and quite forgivable. on the whole, professor engle has given don carlos buell a solid and fitting biography. copyright ( c ) 2000 by h - net, all rights reserved. this work may be copied for non - profit educational use if proper credit is given to the author and the list. for other permission, please contact h - net @ h - net. msu. edu. if there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at : http : / / h - net. msu. edu / cgi - bin / logbrowse. pl. brian dirck. review of engle, stephen d., don carlos buell : most promising of all. h - indiana, h - net reviews. copyright \u00a9 2000 by h - net, all rights reserved. h - net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and h - net : humanities & social sciences online. for any other proposed use, contact the reviews editorial staff at email @ example. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.463458163867213, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.212283"} {"text": "vitamin d can suppress inflammation and help against various diseases blog : clinician on net date : 2 / 24 / 2012 3 : 08 : 00 pm there has been considerable interest in vitamin d in preventing and suppressing some disease processes. it is said that apart from bone health it helps the patients of asthma, diabetes, prostate cancer, breast cancer and heart disease. researchers at national jewish health have discovered specific molecular and signaling events by which vitamin d inhibits inflammation. in their experiments, they showed that low levels of vitamin d, comparable to levels found in millions of people, failed to inhibit the inflammatory cascade, while levels considered adequate did inhibit inflammatory signaling. they reported their results in the march 1, 2012, issue of the journal of immunology. patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, arthritis and prostate cancer, who are vitamin d deficient, may benefit from vitamin d supplementation to get their serum vitamin d levels above 30 nanograms / milliliter. through a complex series of experiments, the researchers identified a new location where the vitamin - d receptor appears to bind directly to dna and activate a gene known as mkp - 1. mkp - 1 interferes with the inflammatory processes mediated by lipopolysaccharide ( lps ), a molecule associated with bacterial cell walls.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4518698070613506, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.213940"} {"text": "the affection of grebe birds for their offspring what might be expected from an animal that has no consciousness is its leaving its offspring after giving birth. however, on the contrary, animals take all the responsibilities for their offspring to such an extent that they don ' t neglect measures that could protect their broods from dangers they might face in the future. one of the best examples of this is the grebe, a species of water bird. grebes carry their offspring on their backs and, for this reason, the parents become a kind of floating nest for their offspring. the newly hatched youngsters climb onto the back of the father or mother. the mother slowly raises her wings so that her offspring will not fall off and feeds them with morsels she holds in her beak, reaching her head out to one side. however what grebes give to their offspring first is not actual food. grebes first make their offspring eat feathers that they either collect from the surface of the water or pluck from their breasts. each chick swallows a large number of feathers. well, what might be the reason for this interesting diet? the feathers the chicks eat are not fully digested but rather gathered in their stomachs. some of them form a felted plug at the point where the stomach leads to the intestine. fish bones and indigestible parts of other foods accumulate here. thus, sharp fish bones or hard parts of insects are prevented from passing through the stomach and doing harm to the delicate walls of the intestines. this experience of eating feathers will continue throughout the bird ' s life. however, the first feathers it is fed are an important precautionary measure for its very health. 35 it is possible to see in all creatures behavior like that of the grebes, actions aimed at meeting the needs of the offspring and protecting them in every way. every creature on earth assumes every kind of responsibility for their offspring until they reach sufficient maturity to meet their own needs. this kind of behavior seen among creatures in nature nullifies the evolutionists ' claims that \" nature is an arena for battle and the survival of the fittest. \" it is obvious that the origin of this kind of behavior in creatures cannot be in their intelligence and that a bird, tiger or any other animal cannot act according to the needs of other animals, taking delicate details into consideration. these creatures behave by the inspiration of allah. allah inspires every creature in its behavior and they conform to this perfectly. every one of them obeys allah who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4634088025692251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.225656"} {"text": "other animal cannot act according to the needs of other animals, taking delicate details into consideration. these creatures behave by the inspiration of allah. allah inspires every creature in its behavior and they conform to this perfectly. every one of them obeys allah who has created them. this fact is stated in the qur ' an as follows : everyone in the heavens and earth belongs to him. all are submissive to him. ( surat ar - rum : 26 ) flight engines : dragonflies the dragonfly has a flawless flying capacity, so much so that it can stop suddenly and begin to fly in the opposite direction at whatever speed or in whatever direction it chooses. moreover, it can hang in the air in a suitable position to attack its prey. in addition, it can head towards its prey, making agile turns to do so. these are only some of the maneuvering skills of the dragonfly that have provided inspiration for helicopters, the products of today ' s advanced technology. the body of the dragonfly has a helical structure wrapped with a metal covering. the dragonfly, which can have various colors, from ice blue to maroon, has two pairs of wings on its back, one pair in front and the other pair to the rear. the wings work in a coordinated way. in other words, as the two front wings rise, the two wings at the rear descend. the movement of the wings is accomplished by the movements of two opposite groups of muscles. one end of the muscles is attached to extensions in the body in the shape of a lever. while one group of muscles contracts and causes a pair of wings to rise, the other group of muscles loosens to the same degree and causes the second pair of wings to fall. in fact, helicopters that are produced using dragonflies as their model descend and ascend using the same principle. the perfect flight of dragonflies is realized by these four large independent wings carrying its body ' s weight. this feature enables the insect to make sudden maneuvers, increase its speed and fly at a speed that reaches 10 meters ( 33 feet ) per second. 36 the sight capacity of the dragonfly, which can make sudden maneuvers at very high speeds, is also perfect. the eye of the dragonfly is considered, in scientific circles, as the finest insect eye in the world. each of its eyes contains 30, 000 individual lenses. the eyes look like two hemispheres covering half of its head, and they provide a very broad field of vision for the insect. with these extraordinary eyes, the dragonfly can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.509109132673008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.226750"} {"text": "in the world. each of its eyes contains 30, 000 individual lenses. the eyes look like two hemispheres covering half of its head, and they provide a very broad field of vision for the insect. with these extraordinary eyes, the dragonfly can almost see what ' s happening behind its back. 37 as shown above, the dragonfly has a perfectly structured individual system. the slightest deficiency in any one part of these systems will cause the other systems to become useless. however, all the systems have been created perfectly and the creature survives by means of this. the unique design in the dragonfly belongs to allah. he has the knowledge of all creation. life in the desert extreme heat in the daytime, freezing cold at night, droughts lasting for weeks or even months on end, scarcity of food \u2026 all this is part of the environment of deserts. it is very difficult to survive under such harsh conditions. however, in spite of all these hardships, there are many creatures that survive and even thrive in the deserts. when we look at these creatures, we see that all their movements and body structures have been created with the characteristics that are appropriate for living there. allah protects these creatures from heat with unique features he created. when we take a close look at some characteristic examples, we clearly see that the attributes of these creatures couldn ' t have come into existence by chance, but instead were created by a creator who has a superior power. sand vipers ( cerastes vipera ) live under the sand. the viper dives into the sand with a sideways wiggle. it moves its tail from left to right very quickly and then this movement covers the whole body, consisting of three twists, until has the snake buried itself completely, save perhaps one or both of its eyes. this way, the viper lies in wait and so hunts for its prey. but such a strategy runs the risk of the snake ' s eyes suffering harm, since they are kept outside in a place where sandstorms may suddenly whip up. however, because of the design of the viper ' s eyes, this risk is completely eliminated. the eye of the viper is protected against the irritating effects of the sand with an outer \" spectacle \" made up of a transparent scale. 38 the cream - colored fennec fox, the smallest of the foxes, another desert denizen, has very large ears. these foxes live in the sandy deserts of africa and arabia. its wide ears not only help to determine the location of its prey but also serve to prevent excessive heating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5242713648842949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.227973"} {"text": ", the smallest of the foxes, another desert denizen, has very large ears. these foxes live in the sandy deserts of africa and arabia. its wide ears not only help to determine the location of its prey but also serve to prevent excessive heating and enable the animal to stay cool. 39 the shovel - snouted lizard, which lives in the desert, moves as if dancing on the sand in order to cool its tail and legs. then, taking support from its tail, it transversely lifts one front and one back foot. after a couple of seconds, the feet switch positions. the lizard almost swims on sand hills by means of its aerodynamically shaped nose and body, and its large feet enable it to run on the sand very rapidly. 40 the desert frog, which lives in australia, is like a water tank. when it rains, the frog fills the pouches in its body with water. then it buries itself under the sand and begins to wait for the coming rains. when they become thirsty, other desert animals find these animals and drink water from them, taking them out of the sand. 41 variety in animal eyes the structure of the eyes of fish enables them to see clearly underwater, while the eyes of birds make it possible for them to see through the air as they fly. the structures of the eyes of other creatures are likewise designed according to their needs. it is obvious that an organ like an eye which has a complex structure cannot acquire its features on it own, features that are different in every creature. any person who examines the examples of this with wisdom and conscience will immediately see the fact that all creatures have been created by allah. the examples given below constitute a way to reflect upon this fact. birds have a sharper sense of sight than humans, and they can scan a broader area in detail. a bird can see a number of images that a man only perceives by seeing in parts, but for a bird they are as a whole at a single glance. for birds, this is a great advantage for hunting. when compared to humans, some birds can see a distance six times farther than our sight. for man, the momentary loss of sight that occurs during the split - second blinking of an eye is not very important. however, this could very well cause a problem for a bird flying very fast at an altitude of hundreds of meters. for this reason, when birds blink their eyes, there are no interruptions whatsoever in their seeing for birds have a third eyelid called a nictitating membrane. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.529444618347149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.229363"} {"text": "problem for a bird flying very fast at an altitude of hundreds of meters. for this reason, when birds blink their eyes, there are no interruptions whatsoever in their seeing for birds have a third eyelid called a nictitating membrane. this membrane is transparent and it moves from one side of the eye to the other. thus, birds can wink their eyes without completely closing them. in addition, birds that dive into water use this membrane as diving glasses and so protect their eyes from harm. bas another example, the eyes of the camel also have features that provide protection exactly as needed. the hard bones around the eyes protect them from sunlight and against blows. even the strongest sandstorms do not hurt the eyes of a camel because its eyelashes have an interlocked structure and the eyes close automatically at the moment of danger. thus, even a small bit of dust cannot enter the animal ' s eyes. fishes ' eyes look at the world from behind a transparent screen. this curtain resembles divers ' \" goggles. \" their firm, spherical eye lenses are adjusted to see nearby objects. another reason for a fish ' s lenses being spherical is that light refracts when passing through water. since their eyes are filled with a fluid that is almost at the same density as water, when the images formed outside are reflected in the eye, refraction does not occur. as a result of this, the lens focuses the image of the outside object on the retina perfectly and, unlike humans, the fish can see very clearly under water. the special cooling systems in gazelles ' bodies people have recently invented mechanical cooling systems and, with technological advancements, can bring them up to today ' s modern conditions. yet, we were not the first to discover cooling systems. every warm - blooded creature on earth already has the necessary mechanisms in its body for heat control and was created in possession of this design. we can give the speedy gazelles of africa as an example of this. the gazelle has to run away from its enemies in order to survive, because it has no another defense method. this burst of speed causes a sharp increase in the body temperature of the gazelle. however, in order to survive, the gazelle needs to keep its brain cooler than its body. the gazelle has a unique cooling system in its brain. gazelles and similar animals have hundreds of small arteries that divide and pass through a large pool of blood lying next to their breathing passages. the air they inhale cools this nasal pool, so the blood passing through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5439688264096302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.230656"} {"text": "unique cooling system in its brain. gazelles and similar animals have hundreds of small arteries that divide and pass through a large pool of blood lying next to their breathing passages. the air they inhale cools this nasal pool, so the blood passing through the tiny arteries in it is cooled, too. then the tiny arteries come together in a single blood vessel that carries blood to the brain. 42 the interesting point here is that this flawless system cannot come into being by itself, since the non - existence of such a necessary cooling system would spell the end of the gazelle when it makes its very first run. as is seen in the example of the gazelles ' cooling systems, the design of creatures has such complexity that it cannot be explained by the \" gradual development \" claim of evolutionists. in other words, it is impossible for a creature ' s bodily structures and organs to come into being, over time, through small changes. the bodies of living things are full of structures, similar to that of the gazelles ' cooling system, which will be of no use whatsoever if even a single part is missing. this proves that creatures have not come into being over time, through chance but, on the contrary, have been created perfectly by allah. this is an obvious fact for people of intelligence as also stated in the qur ' an : he said, \" the lord of the east and the west and everything between them if you used your intellect. \" ( surat ash - shu ' ara : 28 ) 35 - cdavid attenborough, the life of birds, princeton university press, new jersey, 1998, p. 256. 36 - dscience et vie, no. 931, p. 5 38 - evolution encyclopedia, vol. 2, http : / / evolution - facts. org / 2evlch20. htm 39 - michael scott, the young oxford book of ecology, oxford university press, oxford, 1994, p. 49. 40 - international wildlife, november - december 1997, no. 6, p. 53. 41 - maurice and robert burton, encyclopedia of reptiles, amphibians and other cold blooded animals, octopus books limited, 1975, p. 48 42 - lawrence o. richards, it couldn ' t just happen, word publishing, dallas, 1987, p. 108.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5301014091071418, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.231862"} {"text": "the foetus is fully formed at the end of the sixth month. the womb then enters the incubation period. all the baby ' s bodily organs and systems develop fully during that time, and the womb accelerates this growth by providing nourishment for the foetus. this period continues until the baby emerges from the mother ' s womb. the birth canal is normally very narrow and it is difficult for the foetus to pass through it. during birth, however, a number of physiological changes take place in the mother ' s body. these changes allow the foetus to move easily through the birth canal. some of these changes include : the expansion of the joints in the pelvic bones in order to widen the birth canal, the relaxation of the muscles to further widen the canal and the lubrication of the canal with amniotic fluid. 92 these pre - birth changes are described in one scientific source in these terms : as birth approaches, the amniotic fluid embarks on those activities that will be necessary to facilitate that birth. this fluid comprises sacs, which will enlarge the mouth of the womb, thus allowing the womb to assume the dimensions to allow the baby to pass. these sacs also prevent the foetus from being crushed in the womb during birth. furthermore, when the sacs burst and release their fluid at the commencement of birth, the path to be taken by the foetus is both lubricated and sterilised. in this way, birth takes place easier and in a manner naturally free of germs. 93 this series of occurrences is openly indicated in the verse of the qur ' an, \" then he eases the way for him. \" ( qur ' an, 80 : 20 ) however, it has been possible today to determine these physiological changes - which allah informed us of 1, 400 years ago - only with the use of a number of technological devices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49169412936787843, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.234827"} {"text": "coyote killing continues on jan. 11, the colorado wildlife commission approved a nine - year, $ 2. 6 million coyote - killing experiment in western colorado. some deer hunters, outfitters and sheep ranchers in the state have lobbied long and hard for coyote control, blaming the predators for a plummeting deer population. deer have declined in colorado for 40 years, and biologists say the population is 15 percent smaller than it should be. the experiment was recommended by a legislature - appointed advisory council, which reviewed state predator - management policies last year. the state wildlife agency plans to compare fawn survival in a coyote - killing area with a non - killing area. coyotes are to be shot from the ground, since poison and leg - hold traps were banned by a voter - approved state amendment in 1996 ; the commissioners hope to defuse opposition by banning aerial gunning. wildlife activists doubt the experiment will prove anything. \" this is bad science, bad economics and bad politics, \" said mike smith, chairman of the wildlife committee for the colorado sierra club chapter. no study has ever found that predator control substantially bolsters deer herds. biologists say that busy highways and new housing, along with competition from burgeoning elk herds, are more likely causes for deer decline. another problem is fire suppression, which has led to loss of sagebrush habitat. hunters and ranchers agree that deer habitat is in trouble, but some say that predation is easier to remedy. the experiment has secured state funding for its first year, and the plan is to be in place before march 1.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3922824547070627, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.237329"} {"text": "a study of four european regions found that the incidence and prevalence of basal cell carcinoma is underreported compared with that of malignant skin cancer. the incidence of basal cell carcinoma ( bcc ), the most common cancer among the white population, continues to rise worldwide. researchers analyzed the cancer registry database practices of finland, malta, southeast netherlands, and scotland. they examined the records of first and multiple bcc registrations. data from 2009 were examined for finland, malta, and southeast netherlands ; 2006 data were analyzed in the scottish database. for greater accuracy, investigators also checked hospital and pathology databases for possible omissions from the cancer registries. investigators acknowledged the difficulty of logging all bccs, given that many are undocumented because they are not histologically verified, and they are excised without biopsy. compounding this, researchers wrote, is that registry clerks have difficulty discerning between bcc rebiopsies, re - excisions, recurrences, and new tumors that grow in the same location. study results indicated that first primary bcc occurrence was underreported. researchers found 30 % more patients presented with a bcc, and there were 40 % to 100 % more bcc tumors diagnosed than were routinely registered. \u201c currently, routinely reported first bcc incidence rates [ for the four regions studied ] should be multiplied by a factor of 1. 3 for [ a more accurate ] estimate of the total number of patients diagnosed as having a bcc in a given year, \u201d researchers concluded. disclosure : the researchers report no relevant financial disclosures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4814064861389713, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.240701"} {"text": "this blog post has been contributed by rails - to - trails conservancy to health professionals, planners and transportation experts, active transportation ( i. e. walking and biking as an alternative to car travel ) is a no - brainer. communities that facilitate non - motorized modes as safe and convenient options for getting from a to b simply function better. they have less pollution, their population is healthier, downtown business areas are more vibrant, and real estate values are stronger as their neighborhoods reflect what more americans are demanding of their environments these days - diversity of transportation choices. not only that, but these facilities make economic sense too. a mile of paved trail can cost the same as just a few yards of urban four - lane road, not to mention the associated savings of non - motorized transportation stemming from reduced oil consumption and spending on reactive health care. this is why building environments that encourage walking and bicycling is a key part of the national physical activity plan, and a major component of its strategies. unfortunately, despite the overwhelming support of the public health community, local planners and officials, businesspeople and residents, there are still some political and financial barriers to building these kinds of environments. for example, the transportation enhancements ( te ) program was recently an agenda item during government budget planning. te is the nation ' s largest funding source for trails, walking and bicycling. working with numerous partners, rails - to - trails conservancy ( rtc ) led an effort to ensure our elected leaders knew how important walking and biking options were to their constituents. in the end, vital active transportation programs like te were preserved intact. rtc knows it is important to secure adequate funding for active transportation into the future. so, what we know to be a public health issue - the effort to increase physical activity in our everyday lives - is also an effort of political will. in an era of fiscal constraint, presenting economic benefits could have the most weight when discussing the issue with policymakers. with walking and biking, it is an easy argument to make. biking and walking infrastructure account for less than two percent of the entire federal surface transportation budget, yet account for 12 percent of all trips taken in america. and trail construction projects have been shown to create more jobs, and more local jobs, for every $ 1 spent, than road construction. this is both smart financial investment and good health policy. the voice of the health community, which understands so clearly that investing in walking and biking could translate into a significant reduction in our health care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45585627972737774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.244498"} {"text": "rheumatic fever is a serious illness, which in new zealand most often affects school - aged children and young adults. this section provides information about what the ministry and the health sector are doing to address rheumatic fever, and provides links to information for health professionals. 14 aug : better public services the government has committed to delivering a set of ten better public services results. one of these is to increase infant immunisation rates and reduce the incidence of rheumatic fever. find out what the ministry is doing to achieve this result. 25 may : rheumatic fever programme expanded the ministry of health \u2019 s rheumatic fever prevention programme is funding new health services, including school - based sore throat swabbing services, to help with the early detection of throat infections that can lead to this serious disease. about rheumatic fever the usual symptoms of rheumatic fever are : - a warm, swollen painful joint ( or joints ) - stomach pain - sometimes a skin rash or lumps under the skin that aren \u2019 t itchy or painful - sometimes jerky uncoordinated movements of hands, feet, tongue and face. rheumatic fever occurs when the body produces a strong immune response to a throat infection caused by a particular type of bacteria \u2013 group a streptococcus ( \u2018 strep throat \u2019 or \u2018 gas \u2019 infection ). most \u2018 strep throat \u2019 infections get better without developing into rheumatic fever. however, in a small proportion of people, an untreated sore throat can cause the body \u2019 s defence mechanism ( the immune system ) to react very strongly, causing the heart, joints, brain and skin to become inflamed and swollen. if this inflammation causes scarring on the heart valves the affected person can develop a condition known as rheumatic heart disease. rheumatic heart disease can require heart valve replacement surgery, or even cause premature death. preventing rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease rheumatic fever can largely be prevented by antibiotic treatment of a streptococcal sore throat, to clear up the infection before it can develop into rheumatic fever. presence of streptococcal bacteria can be confirmed by a throat swab ( which a laboratory uses to test for the bacteria ). people who have had rheumatic fever need extra medical care for many years afterwards to prevent further damage to the heart. this includes 10 years of monthly penicillin injections and additional cardiology and dental care for those with rhe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46627332256358534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.249849"} {"text": "bacteria ). people who have had rheumatic fever need extra medical care for many years afterwards to prevent further damage to the heart. this includes 10 years of monthly penicillin injections and additional cardiology and dental care for those with rheumatic heart disease. rheumatic fever : an overview key facts relating to rheumatic fever in new zealand include the following information. - approximately 160 cases of acute rheumatic fever, or 4. 5 cases per 100, 000 people, are diagnosed in new zealand every year. - school - aged maori and pacific children experience the highest rate of acute rheumatic fever. - rheumatic fever is most common in the north island. - there are significant clusters of rheumatic fever among school - aged children across northland, south auckland, waikato, bay of plenty, lakes, tairawhiti, hawke \u2019 s bay, and east porirua. what is happening to address rheumatic fever? the ministry of health is working to cut new zealand \u2019 s incidence of rheumatic fever. the ministry \u2019 s aim is that no ethnic groups or geographical communities should be disadvantaged with higher rates of rheumatic fever. key areas of work key areas of work that the ministry and health sector are focusing on include : - strengthening of frontline primary health care services, - including community - based sore throat services to very high - risk populations ( eg, school - based services ) - raising community awareness and improving health care worker training - improving our surveillance, monitoring and research for rheumatic fever - working with other sectors on factors that can contribute to throat infections and other infectious diseases ( eg, housing ). what is being done in the priority regions? the ministry is implementing a $ 24 million five - year campaign to reduce rheumatic fever. the rheumatic fever prevention programme has focused on establishing school - based sore throat swabbing services in communities where rheumatic fever rates are high, including parts of porirua, northland, hawke \u2019 s bay, bay of plenty, lakes district, tairawhiti and south auckland. under the programme children are assessed by health professionals for possible throat infection and where necessary followed - up with a course of antibiotics to stop bacteria developing. when fully implemented, more than 100 schools - with more than 35, 000 children enrolled - will be involved in the swabbing programme, part of a $ 24 million five - year campaign to reduce rheumatic fever. other initiatives being implemented to support the sore throat sw", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44651889984233645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.252155"} {"text": "eyestrain is the discomfort that is caused by fatigue when the eyes become tired and the result is often a headache, particularly if you \u2019 re prone to migraine. the headache is often accompanied by a dull ache around the eyes and problems with your vision. the eyes themselves are dry and painful. some of the most common factors that result in eyestrain are : - keeping your gaze fixed on an object for a length of time. the eyes are designed to move between near and distant objects and a prolonged period of time spent in a fixed stare at an object like a computer monitor causes strain. this training is worst in the case of objects that are viewed in close - up. - inadequate lighting at your workplace poor lighting forces your eyes to work harder to focus and this could result in strain. - glare at the workplace glare can be direct as in the case of overhead lighting that is too bright or working with the sun in your eyes. indirect glare occurs when light is reflected from surfaces such as a computer monitor. - contrast. contrast is the difference in brightness between what you are looking at and the immediate surroundings. for instance, looking at a computer monitor against a background of a window could cause eyestrain. measures to reduce eyestrain include : \u2013 taking a break at work every hour or so to relax the eye muscles. try closing your eyes, blinking vigorously or rolling your eyeballs around. - check out the lighting at your workplace and eliminate all sources of glare. - avoid working at a computer in darkness. you should also avoid watching tv or playing 3 - d games in the dark. - get your vision tested regularly particularly if you wear spectacles or contact lenses - make sure that the contrast setting on your computer screen or your television is not set too high.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.51703634438937, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.254582"} {"text": "thoracic surgery is the repair of organs located in the thorax, or chest. the thoracic cavity lies between the thoracic surgery repairs diseased or injured organs and tissues in the thoracic cavity. general thoracic surgery deals specifically with disorders of the lungs and esophagus. cardiothoracic surgery also encompasses disorders of the heart and pericardium. blunt chest trauma, reflux esophagitis, esophageal cancer, lung transplantation, lung cancer, and emphysema are just a few of the many clinical indications for thoracic surgery. patients who have blood - clotting problems ( coagulopathies ), and who have had previous standard thoracic surgery may not be good candidates for video - assisted thoracic surgery ( vats ). because vats requires the collapse of one lung, potential patients should have adequate respiratory function to maintain oxygenation during the procedure. thoracic surgery is usually performed by a surgeon who specializes in either general thoracic surgery or cardiothoracic surgery. the patient is placed under general anesthesia and endotracheally intubated for the procedure. the procedure followed varies according to the purpose of the surgery. an incision that opens the chest ( thoracotomy ) is frequently performed to give the surgeon access to the thoracic cavity. commonly, the incision is made beginning on the back under the shoulder blade and extends in a curved arc under the arm to the front of the chest. the muscles are cut, and the ribs are spread with a retractor. the surgeon may also choose to open the chest through an incision down the breastbone, or sternum ( sternotomy ). once the repair, replacement, or removal of the organ being operated on is complete, a chest tube is inserted between the ribs to drain the wound and re - expand the lung. video - assisted thoracic surgery ( vats ) is a minimally invasive surgical technique that uses a thoracic endoscope ( thoracoscope ) to allow the surgeon to view the chest cavity. a lung is collapsed and 3 - 4 small incisions, or access ports, are made to facilitate insertion of the thoracoscope and the surgical instruments. during the procedure, the surgeon views the inside of the pleural space on a video monitor. the thoracoscope may be extracted and inserted through a different incision site as needed. when the surgical procedure is complete,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4555598828732924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.259621"} {"text": "and the surgical instruments. during the procedure, the surgeon views the inside of the pleural space on a video monitor. the thoracoscope may be extracted and inserted through a different incision site as needed. when the surgical procedure is complete, the surgeon expands the lung and inserts a chest tube in one of the incision sites. the remaining incisions are sealed with adhesive. the thoracic surgeon may also use a mediastinoscope or a bronchoscope to explore the thoracic cavity. mediastinoscopy allows visualization of the mediastinum, the cavity located between the lungs. the bronchoscope enables the surgeon to view the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. these instruments may be used in a separate diagnostic procedure prior to thoracic surgery, or during the surgery itself. except in the case of emergency procedures, candidates for general thoracic surgery should undergo a complete medical history and thorough physical examination prior to surgery. particular attention is given to the respiratory system. the patient ' s smoking history will be questioned. if the patient is an active smoker, encouragement is always given for the patient to quit smoking prior to the surgery to facilitate recovery and reduce chances of complications. diagnostic tests used to evaluate the patient preoperatively may include, but are not limited to, x - rays, mri, ct scans, blood gas analysis, pulmonary function tests, electrocardiography, endoscopy, pulmonary angiography, and sputum culture. candidates for thoracic surgery should be fully educated by their physician or surgeon on what their surgery will involve, the possible risks and complications, and requirements for postoperative care. patients are instructed not to eat 10 to 12 hours prior to a thoracic surgery procedure. a sedative may be provided to relax the patient prior to surgery. an intravenous line ( iv ) is inserted into the patient ' s arm or neck to administer fluids and / or medication. after surgery, the patient is taken to the recovery room, where vital signs are monitored ; depending on the hospital stay for thoracic surgery depends on the specific procedure performed. patients who undergo a thoracotomy may be hospitalized a week or longer, while patients undergoing vats typically have a shorter hospital stay of 2 - 3 days. during the recovery period, respiratory therapists and nurses work with the patient on deep breathing and coughing exercises to improve lung function. respiratory failure, hemorrhage, nerve injury, heart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43862718183080934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.260570"} {"text": "publication date : april 2012 review date : april 2014 heart valve disease or valvular heart disease is the name given to problems with one or more of the heart \u2019 s four valves. in a heart which is working normally, valves keep blood flowing in the right direction and entering or leaving the heart \u2019 s chambers only at the right time. heart valve disease can develop before birth, in which case it is called \u2018 congenital \u2019. it can also be caused by the effects of certain infections, such as rheumatic fever, or by age - related \u201c wear and tear \u201d. symptoms of heart valve disease vary from person to person, and are usually not obvious until the disease is quite advanced and needs medical or surgical treatment. this means we do not know how many people are living with heart valve disease without realising they have it, or what happens to them in the longer term. we interviewed 18 people who were taking part in a new research study which is screening people aged over 65 to find out how common heart valve disease is. 7 of these people were interviewed a second time after they had been for a follow up appointment. at present, screening for heart valve disease is not available to everyone throughout the uk. in this healthtalkonline section people discuss what it was like to be involved, the reasons they took part, the information they needed, and how they felt about their screening results. there are accounts from people who had normal results, as well as people who were told they mild heart valve disease, who were invited for follow up. browse through the \u2018 full list of topics \u2019 on the left side of the screen or select from the key topics below.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.487027036971175, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.263587"} {"text": "this publication, the latest in a series designed to provide students and others with a front - row seat at the frontiers of biomedical research, coincides with one of the most important advances in the history of science. early in 2001, two teams of researchers published the complete genetic readout of humans. they listed all of the chemical letters that spell out the instruction manual for our species. observers immediately hailed the publication of the human genome for both its value to scientists and its potential to speed new medical applications. yet the impact of the human genome project on humanity cannot be described in practical terms alone. as this publication, the genes we share, makes clear, one of the most wondrous revelations of this new field of genomics is that we humans have a genetic plan that is remarkably similar to that of other species. we are much less unique than we once believed. such a revelation reaches beyond science to our concept of who we are. our sense of identity may soon be changed in the same way that the renaissance discovery about the earth revolving around the sun transformed mankind ' s view of its place in the universe. gradually, we humans came to understand that, instead of being at the very center of existence, we live on a planet much like other planets, derived from the same burst of creation. so it is with these new genetic discoveries. we are just beginning to realize that many of the genes that guide our lives are largely the same as those in other creatures, even such simple organisms as worms or yeast. our biological software is more complex, but constructed from a common genetic kit. like our planet, we are part of a larger whole, ensemble players working from a shared evolutionary script. researchers are now routinely logging onto the internet to check whether a genetic sequence has been discovered in other organisms and, if so, what is known about it. beyond the research laboratory, physicians are using genetic tests to determine whether patients are at greater risk for getting certain cancers or other diseases. new \" biochips \" will improve both diagnosis and treatment for patients whose illnesses appear identical but differ at the molecular level. many other innovations are under development, or will be soon. often, these advances are accompanied by difficult social and ethical questions. should parents test to see whether their unborn child has a genetic defect, and how should they respond if it does? should an insurance company, an employer, or anyone besides a physician and patient be allowed to see the person ' s genetic profile? the new genetic information that is changing our world results directly from our society ' s patient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5524495679909742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.271962"} {"text": "should they respond if it does? should an insurance company, an employer, or anyone besides a physician and patient be allowed to see the person ' s genetic profile? the new genetic information that is changing our world results directly from our society ' s patient investment in basic science. researchers have devoted lifetimes to studying the genes of yeast and flies. their work may have seemed pointless or obscure to nonscientists, but now everyone can see the payoff. the genetic knowledge that scientists developed so painstakingly about small organisms turns out to be directly applicable to humans. basic biomedical science has taken off like a rocket over the past half - century and now, as it converges with equally remarkable advances in computer science, it is providing us with both profound insights about life and the promise of improved medical care. our capacity to see the world with scientific eyesto ask questions and evaluate evidence, to make hypotheses and test conclusionssets us apart from the yeast, worms, flies, and mice whose genes we share. we have the wisdom to understand that the discoveries described in this publication are not a challenge to our humanity but, instead, an opportunity to celebrate our place on earth with a deeper appreciation of who we really are. thomas r. cech, ph. d. howard hughes medical institute top of page thomas r. cech photo : kay chernush", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4623395103093648, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.272530"} {"text": "november 13, 2008 microrna \" safety switch \" prevents spread of cancer researchers have found a tiny snippet of rna that acts as a molecular \u201c safety switch, \u201d to prevent the spread of many cancers. without the rna switch keeping it in check, a cancer - promoting enzyme is freed to trigger the spread of prostate cancer. researchers suspect the rna may have similar effects on breast, brain, ovarian, lung, and colon cancers. diagnostic tests for levels of this safety switch, called microrna - 101 ( mir - 101 ), in tumors might predict the likelihood that cancer will spread. it might even be possible to revert tumors to a less aggressive state by reintroducing mir - 101 into cells, the researchers said. \u201c for treatment purposes, our studies suggest that replacing mir - 101 in solid tumors that have lost it could reduce their metastatic properties. \u201d arul m. chinnaiyan led by howard hughes medical institute investigator arul chinnaiyan, the researchers published their findings november 13, 2008 in science express, the early online version of the journal science. chinnaiyan is at the university of michigan medical school, and other co - authors were from the michigan center for translational pathology, the national cancer centre in singapore, and the genome institute of singapore. the discovery of the microrna switch sprang from the researchers ' interest in an enzyme called ezh2. the chinnaiyan laboratory and others had previously established that ezh2 levels are elevated in aggressive metastatic prostate cancers and other types of cancer. the enzyme triggers a genetic program that promotes the survival and spread of tumor cells. the enzyme does this by repressing the activity of certain genes by attaching methyl groups to the packaging proteins known as histones, which control access to dna. the attachment of methyl group can activate or silence the expression of genes. \u201c because of the importance of ezh2 in cancer progression, we began looking for a control mechanism that might explain how or why it is disregulated in cancer, \u201d said chinnaiyan. \u201c we looked at obvious mechanisms, like amplification of the gene, but we couldn ' t find anything suggesting that ezh2 itself was aberrant in cancer. so, since micrornas have been implicated in the regulation of many genes, including some cancer genes, we began to look for evidence of that mechanism of control, \u201d he said. micrornas are tiny segments of rna far shorter than the messenger rna ( mrna ) molecules that serve as blueprints for proteins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941255619393983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.276841"} {"text": "many genes, including some cancer genes, we began to look for evidence of that mechanism of control, \u201d he said. micrornas are tiny segments of rna far shorter than the messenger rna ( mrna ) molecules that serve as blueprints for proteins in the cell. micrornas control gene activity by attaching themselves to target mrnas, suppressing or activating their function. to pinpoint a potential microrna controller of ezh2, chinnaiyan and his colleagues used computer programs to identify micrornas that are likely to target a given gene. these programs yielded two candidates. one of them, mir - 101, had been associated with prostate cancer progression in studies by other researchers, who found that low levels of mir - 101correlated with more aggressive cancers. when they tested mir - 101 in the lab, chinnaiyan and his colleagues found that it attaches directly to the regulatory segment of the ezh2 gene. they also found that adding extra mir - 101 to breast and prostate cancer cells reduced the level of ezh2, as well as the proliferation and invasiveness of those cells. both of those characteristics help researchers categorize the aggressiveness of the cancer. reducing mir - 101 had the opposite effects. they also found that enhancing mir - 101 suppressed ezh2 ' s ability to repress genes by attaching methyl groups to histones. when chinnaiyan ' s team compared how enhancing mir - 101 or suppressing ezh2 influenced broad patterns of gene activity, they found very similar effects. this demonstrated that mir - 101 and ezh2 were operating as part of the same gene control program, chinnaiyan explained. the researchers also explored the role of mir - 101 in human tumors. \u201c interestingly, we found a significant association in prostate cancers between the loss of mir - 101 and prostate cancer progression, \u201d said chinnaiyan. \u201c we saw that as we went from benign prostate tissue to clinically localized disease to metastatic cancers, mir - 101 expression tended to be lost and ezh2 elevated. \u201d by analyzing published genetic data, the group found evidence that the gene for mir - 101 is frequently compromised in prostate, breast, ovarian, and colon cancers, as well as specific forms of brain and lung cancers and leukemia. the findings could have important implications for diagnosing and treating cancers, said chinnaiyan. \u201c for prognostic purposes, if you could measure the level of mir - 101 in solid tumors, you might be able to distinguish those likely to aggressively", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5257954601426242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.277800"} {"text": "vat savitri vrat, or vat savithri poornima, is a fast observed by married hindu women in vat savitri vrat fasting is for three days and it begins on the trayodashi day and ends on amavasi or purnima. some sections of hindu society observe the vrat during amavasi ( new moon ) and others during purnima ( full moon ) in the hindu month of jyeshtha ( june \u2013 july ). the fast is observed for three nights and is broken on the fourth day. the number of days the fast is observed depends on the person who is observing it. nowadays, many women only observe the fasting on the important day of purnima. there are no rigid rules regarding any hindu fast. pregnant women, those women having any ailments or diseases and those who have just delivered a baby usually skip this fasting and they just concentrate on prayers. working women also avoid the fasting. on the trayodashi day, after morning activities, women apply paste of amala ( indian gooseberry ) and gingli ( sesamum ) and take bath. women then worship the banyan tree ( vat vriksha ). after praying to the banyan tree, a red or yellow colored thread is tied around the tree. then water, rice and flowers are offered as part of the puja. women then go round the tree and chant prayers. vat vraksha or banyan tree symbolically represents the trimurtis \u2013 brahma, vishnu and shiva. the root is brahma, the stem is vishnu and the upper portion is shiva. the whole tree is also symbolically taken as savitri. at home, a painting of banyan tree is made on a plate or wood using sandalwood paste or turmeric. pujas are done to the painting of banyan tree for three days. special dishes are also prepared during the occasion. the routine is followed on the trayodashi, chatrudashi and amavasi or purnima. the fast is broken on the fourth day after offering water to moon and prayers to savitri. apart from this all fasting women take the blessings of elders and other married women. special dishes are prepared on the day and distributed among friends and relatives after the pujas. many people also distribute food, clothes and money to the poor during vat savitri. finally, never torture one \u2019 s body in the name of customs and traditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4701459801703344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.280871"} {"text": "on this day in 1998, the brand - new daimlerchrysler began trading its shares on the new york stock exchange. the company had formed five days earlier, when the american chrysler corporation merged with the german conglomerate daimler - benz ag. as a result of the merger, daimlerchrysler became the world ' s fifth - largest automaker ( behind general motors, ford, toyota and volkswagen ). in january 1886, a german inventor named karl benz patented the first true motor car : the benz patent motorwagen, a three - wheeled machine with a four - stroke gasoline engine. in 1888, benz ' s company, a manufacturer of industrial machines called benz & company rheinische gasmotoren - fabrik ( benz & cie. for short ), began to sell the motorwagen to the public. the next year, german engineers gottlieb daimler and wilhelm maybach began to sell the world ' s first four - wheeled automobile powered by a gasoline engine. they formed the company daimler - motoren - gesellschaft in 1890. ( in 1900, d - m - g sold the first mercedes car to austrian racer emil jellinek. ) in 1926, benz & cie. and d - m - g officially merged, forming a new company called daimler - benz ag. in 1925, american machinist walter p. chrysler bought detroit ' s 20 - year - old maxwell motor corporation and renamed it the chrysler corporation. in 1928, chrysler expanded its holdings by buying the dodge brand and creating the new desoto and plymouth marques. by 1936, chrysler was the second - largest car company in the united states. in 1979, after a half - century of ups and downs, chrysler had to petition congress for a $ 1. 5 billion bailout to avoid bankruptcy, but by 1983 \u2014 thanks mostly to its invention of the minivan and the fuel - efficient k - car \u2014 it had repaid that loan in full. the daimler - chrysler merger, for which daimler - benz ag paid $ 36 billion, was supposed to create a single powerhouse car company that could compete in all markets, all over the world. ( daimler - benz was known for its high - quality luxury cars and sturdy trucks, while chrysler ' s minivans and jeeps had a big chunk of the growing sport - utility vehicle market ; meanwhile, the american company seemed to have mastered the art of high - volume, low - cost manufacturing. ) however, things did not quite work out that way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43117636979691754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.283555"} {"text": "35 - the philosopher ' s toolkit : aristotle ' s logical works peter discusses aristotle \u2019 s pioneering work in logic, and looks at related issues like the ten categories and the famous \u201c sea battle \u201d argument for determinism. you are missing some flash content that should appear here! perhaps your browser cannot display it, or maybe it did not initialize correctly. \u2022 j. hintikka, time and necessity. studies in aristotle ' s theory of modality ( oxford : 1973 ). \u2022 w. leszl, \u201c aristotle ' s logical works and his conception of logic, \u201d topoi 23 ( 2004 ), 71 \u2013 100. \u2022 r. smith, \" logic, \" in j. barnes ( ed. ), the cambridge companion to aristotle ( cambridge : 1995 ), 27 - 65. \u2022 s. waterlow, passage and possibility ( oxford : 1982 ). on the \" sea battle \" problem : \u2022 g. e. m. anscombe, \u201c aristotle and the sea battle, \u201d in j. m. e. moravcsik ( ed. ), aristotle : a collection of critical essays, ( 1967 ), reprinted from mind 65 ( 1956 ). \u2022 d. frede, \u201c the sea - battle reconsidered : a defence of the traditional interpretation, \u201d oxford studies in ancient philosophy 3 ( 1985 ). \u2022 j. hintikka, \u201c the once and future sea fight : aristotle \u2019 s discussion of future contingents in de interpretatione 9, \u201d in his time and necessity ( see above ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.561725137795078, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.286394"} {"text": "spring has officially sprung, gardens are bright with early flowers and enthusiasm for the new growing season is running high. to help nurture that eagerness to get growing, here are two new books for your consideration. grow your own for kids, by chris collins and lia leendertz ( mitchell beazley, 112 pages, hard cover, $ 16. 99 ). this just - published book is a charmer. every page is filled with colour photos showing children doing fun stuff like sowing seeds for leafy greens along lines forming a child ' s initials in a pot of soil. the greens are shown sprouting, then being cut for use. the last photo is of the greens regrown and ready for another cutting. with each photo are simple directions or a commentary. a pizza herb garden shows children planting and tending a circular bed divided by white stones into wedges, one for each herb. \" gorgeous garden waste \" shows kids how to make \" health food for your garden \" by composting. in this book, young readers will see other children sowing seeds indoors and out, watering and fertilizing, digging potatoes and carrots, eating peas out of the pod, creating a herb - filled window box and a strawberry pyramid, and growing tomatoes in hanging baskets. they feed birds and house bees, save seeds, grow new plants from cuttings, and learn how to deal in environmentally benign ways with common pests like aphids, slugs and snails. ideal for children age five to 11, grow your own for kids guides and inspires in its 30 green gardening projects with their easy, step - by - step instructions. the complete idiot ' s guide to small - space gardening, by chris mclaughlin ( alpha books, 345 pages, soft cover, $ 21 ). features that make this an excellent quick - reference guide are a finely detailed index and an eight - page table of contents that outlines each section of every chapter. whether you ' re interested in creating a \" compost sandwich \" raised bed atop a piece of lawn, arranging vining flowers, fruits and vegetables against walls and fences, finding suitable plants for really hot spots, or gardening on balconies, fire escapes and rooftops - it ' s all here. chapter 9, small - space vegetables, explores useful strategies like inter - planting, succession planting, incorporating edibles into the ornamental garden, and growing in hanging baskets and bags of soil. there are instructions for using vertical structures ( tepees, a - frames and more ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41200519698910143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.291080"} {"text": "vegetables, explores useful strategies like inter - planting, succession planting, incorporating edibles into the ornamental garden, and growing in hanging baskets and bags of soil. there are instructions for using vertical structures ( tepees, a - frames and more ) and a guide to miniature vegetables. chapter 11, flower gardens and borders, includes tips for growing roses in small spaces and containers, with a list of roses suited for containers. the final three chapters profile annuals and perennials ; climbers, ground covers and grasses ; trees and shrubs for small spaces. a section titled good gardening practices has a simple guide to assessing soil quality and extols the many virtues of compost. fertilizer terminology is explained, with organic fertilizers receiving the author ' s nod of approval. recommended also is the art of luring beneficial insects, both predators and pollinators, into garden spaces. organic controls for insect pests and weeds are highlighted. although it is framed as an \" idiot ' s \" guide, this is one smart, thorough book. virags meeting. the victoria rock and alpine society will meet on tuesday at 7 : 30 p. m. at the gordon head united church, 4201 tyndall ave. doors open at 7. david sellars, well known plantsman specializing in alpines, will speak and share his photographs on the topic chaos in the rock garden : putting theory into practice. visitors are welcome. orchid meeting. the victoria orchid society will meet on tuesday at 7 : 30 p. m. at the garth homer centre, 813 darwin ave. calvin wong, owner of tropical gardens orchids, will speak about neofinetia falcata, known as the wind orchid or samurai orchid, whose compact size, long history, mystique, fragrance and variety of leaf forms and flower colours have created a craze among orchid growers around the world. view royal meeting. the view royal garden club will meet on wednesday at 7 : 30 p. m. in the shoreline community school, 2750 shoreline dr. mark hedger of scent - sational plants will present a show and tell on maximizing enjoyment of the \" off - season \" garden. he will bring plants to sell. there will be a juried minishow and a sales table. visitors are welcome. information at 250 - 220 - 5212.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41820983381359245, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.292868"} {"text": "with oil prices rising, the u. s. government has decided to tap into its strategic petroleum reserve to help make sure that people who use oil to heat their homes will have plenty and that the price will not be too high. president clinton authorized the department of energy, which manages the reserve, to release up to 30 million barrels of oil in a swap with oil companies. the companies will take the oil in fall 2000 but will have to return the oil by fall 2001. the government hopes that the companies will use the oil to keep supplies adequate this winter. the strategic petroleum reserve is the united states ' emergency oil stockpile, and it is the largest emergency petroleum supply in the world. the reserve stores about 570 million barrels of crude oil in underground salt caverns at four sites along the gulf of mexico. a barrel contains 42 gallons or 159 liters of oil. to create the caverns, workers drill into a salt dome and then put water into the hole to dissolve the salt. each cavern is about 2, 000 feet deep and holds about 10 million barrels of oil. the government uses salt caverns because it costs less than storing oil in aboveground tanks and because the pressure from the earth will seal up any leaks that might develop. the energy department also says that the temperature difference in the caverns, which are 2, 000 feet below the surface of the earth, keeps the oil circulating so that the petroleum maintains its quality. the government chose to put the oil near the gulf of mexico because there are many oil refineries nearby and because shipping is readily available. the sites are bryan mound near freeport, texas ; big hill near winnie, texas ; west hackberry near lake charles, la. ; and bayou choctaw near baton rouge, la. the reserve could store up to 700 million barrels. most of the oil in the reserve comes from mexico and the north sea. it costs the federal government $ 21 million a year to maintain the oil reserve, and about 1, 150 people work for the oil reserve. about 125 are government employees, and the rest are contracted workers. in the coming budget year, the energy department will get about $ 157 million to buy oil for the reserve. the united states started the petroleum reserve in 1975 after oil supplies were cut off during the 1973 - 74 oil embargo. the embargo was a shock to the u. s. economy, and the government decided that the country should never be caught short again. the united states uses almost 19 million barrels of petroleum every day, and more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49805424268169496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.296624"} {"text": "refineries built in the 1950s to 1970s used all welded piping for both process and utility services. the specifications used during that time are often applied to retrofits, expansions and turnaround projects. but this reliance on the traditional specifications does have a downside. scheduling, safety and constructability are three major factors in turnarounds. they are also the impacting factors that affect welding activities. however, alternatives, such as grooved mechanical piping, have been slow to gain acceptance due to the perception that the joining method wont work and a reluctance to use a gasketed joint. this article will compare the primary pipe - joining methodswelding, flanging, threading and groovedand discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method as used in the hydrocarbon processing industry ( hpi ). the misconceptions over grooved piping will be explained and corrected, and how this method can speed project completion, and improve constructability and safety, making it an ideal pipe - joining method for plant utility services. history of hpi pipe joining during the wave of refinery construction in the 1950s to 1970s, over 99 % of the hpi facilities elected to weld all piping. everything was based on process piping. even utility piping systems were designed to the same material class as process piping. many engineers didnt differentiate between piping classes. nonprocess piping was over - engineered and over - constructed for perceived safety reasons. at present, during retrofits, expansions and turnarounds, the specifications of the mid - 20th century are still used. there is a mindset of if it aint broke, dont fix it. welding is certainly not broken. but when it comes to utility piping, it may not be the best choice, given this methods shortcomings as it relates to construction, maintenance and safety. reliability and maintainability needs several factors that are important during construction projects typical of existing refineries and chemical plants include : - constructability, reliability and maintainability of equipment and systems. whereas welding is typically very reliable when performed by an experienced and highly skilled welder, the method does not promote quick project completion. it lacks in the constructability and maintainability of piping systems, and is inherently unsafe, particularly in the presence of volatile, toxic and explosive chemicals. its also simply unnecessary for low - risk, nonprocess oriented utility services such as domestic water, plant water, plant air and compressed air. other major pipe - joining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5282973143727401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.316606"} {"text": "inherently unsafe, particularly in the presence of volatile, toxic and explosive chemicals. its also simply unnecessary for low - risk, nonprocess oriented utility services such as domestic water, plant water, plant air and compressed air. other major pipe - joining methods also have their challenges. other methods equally have their pros and cons in plant piping systems : this pipe - joining method produces a high - strength, permanent joint, which is usually very reliable. with the ability to use the joining method on just about any piping service, welding has become the standard by which all other methods are compared. the strength and reliability of welded joints are essential for critical high - temperature, high - pressure process piping. however, for utility services, weldings disadvantages outweigh the advantages. safety. first, safety concerns are considerable during welding activities. welding by its very nature is dangerous. it is one of the most dangerous industrial activities. when welding is done in a potentially volatile environment, the risks become even greater. welding produces flames, sparks and fumes ; all introduce the risk of fire or explosion. welding requires a fire watch during and following the work, which can slow the construction schedule. furthermore, welding exposes workers to noxious fumes and particulate matter, as well as potential burns and eye damage. time - consuming activity. second, welding is a time - consuming process. welders must cut, bevel and prepare the pipe lengths ; align and clamp the joint ; and then undertake two, three or more passes using the selected welding method at each joint. a single 4 - in. carbon steel pipe joint can take up to 2. 25 hours to weld ; a 12 - in. joint can take 4 hours or longer, based on values found in the mechanical contractors association of americas labor estimating manual ( rev. 2 / 98 ). once the weld is complete, an x - ray may be required for quality inspection. in the case of a failed x - ray inspection, the re - work increases facility downtime. the challenges, time and risk associated with welding galvanized pipe are even greater. complex method. third, the maintenance of a welded system is difficult. welded systems convert individual pipe sections into a single unit, making it much harder to access a specific point within the system. if not accessing a welded system at a flange, the pipe would have to be cut in place to provide access. skill shortage. finally, the quality of welding is declining. many of the highly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48828451579243015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.319014"} {"text": "to access a specific point within the system. if not accessing a welded system at a flange, the pipe would have to be cut in place to provide access. skill shortage. finally, the quality of welding is declining. many of the highly skilled welders with years of experience are reaching retirement age. the need for welding is unlikely to drop as quickly as the number of skilled welders available to do the work. result : a shortage of skilled labor is quite possible, which could affect the quality of work. allocating skilled labor to critical process systems and using alternative joining methods for noncritical utility systems are strategies to mitigate this challenge. this pipe - joining method is a mechanical method that uses a series of bolts and nuts to compress a gasket between two flat - faced, flanged pipe ends. flanging also produces a strong and reliable joint. unlike welding, it provides a means for system access, but requires more maintenance to support joint integrity. union maintenance. the bolts and nuts of a flanged union and gasket absorb and compensate for system forces. over time, the bolts and nuts can relax due to surges, system working pressure, vibration and expansion and contraction. when the bolts lose tension, the gasket can slip, which can result in a leak. flange gaskets can take on compression over time, also resulting in leakage. to prevent or stop leaks, routine bolt and nut tightening is required. galvanization. joint integrity may also be affected by the galvanization process. under normal process conditions, galvanization may result in a zinc buildup on the flange, thus producing a flange face that is no longer flush. such conditions can cause the flange to be more prone to leaks. although flanges provide system access, performing maintenance can be a time - consuming process because each of the bolts needs to be loosened and removed. in some cases, the gasket needs to be scraped off the flange and then replaced. the same bolt - tightening sequence required upon initial installation is also required upon reconnection of the flanges. welding issues. finally, because flanges are typically welded onto the pipe ends, this method carries the same issues associated with welding, including safety risks and lengthy installation time. in threading, a process that is typically used to join small - diameter pipe involves cutting conical spiraling male or female channels into the inside or outside of pipe or mating components. the joint is quick and simple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5058475595197832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.320360"} {"text": "including safety risks and lengthy installation time. in threading, a process that is typically used to join small - diameter pipe involves cutting conical spiraling male or female channels into the inside or outside of pipe or mating components. the joint is quick and simple to assemble. however, it is the least reliable compared to the other pipe - joining methods. threaded joints are notorious for leaks, which can result from improper initial installation and ongoing plant operations that weaken the threaded seal. system vibration can compromise the thread tape or sealant, resulting in a leak. poor thread cuts can also cause leaks. in a threaded system, the leak is usually fixed by tightening the joint. the problem with this solution is that tightening one end of the threaded joint ultimately loosens an adjacent joint, so fixing one leak may lead to a new one. threading joints can present alignment issues with branches and elbows. in addition, the joints are difficult to repair. over time, the joint may become fused, making system access more challenging. many refineries have experienced problems with threaded small - diameter galvanized piping. they are replacing these systems with stainless steel ( ss ) systems. the final method is the grooved mechanical piping. it is widely known and highly regarded in the upstream oil and gas industry. however, grooved mechanical piping is relatively unknown and, in some cases, misunderstood on the downstream side. anatomy of a grooved joint a grooved mechanical joint is formed with grooved - end pipes, fittings or valves, and a coupling, as shown in fig. 1. the coupling comprises three elements : gasket, housings, and nuts and bolts. fig. 1. a grooved mechanical joint is formed with grooved - end pipes, fittings or valves and a grooved mechanical piping does not require special pipe. standard, off - the - shelf pipe is fabricated by cold - forming or machining a groove into the pipe ends. there are two types of grooving : roll and cut grooving. roll grooving is far more common, and is the preferred method for most utility services. to form a roll groove, the pipe end is placed between the roll set of a grooving machine. as the roll set closes, the pipe is compressed and rotated, which radially displaces a small portion of the pipe wall to form a groove around the outer diameter of the pipe that is recessed on the outside and indented on the inner pipe wall, as shown in fig. 2. unlike", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4717810268196433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.321659"} {"text": ", which radially displaces a small portion of the pipe wall to form a groove around the outer diameter of the pipe that is recessed on the outside and indented on the inner pipe wall, as shown in fig. 2. unlike threading, roll grooving does not remove any material from the pipe. a fast and clean technique, roll grooving is used on a variety of pipe sizes and wall thicknesses, from schedule 5 through ansi standard wall thickness carbon steel ( cs ) and ss, copper and aluminum pipe. roll - grooved systems range in diameter from \u00be in. up to 60 in. fig. 2. a small portion of the pipe wall is displaced to form the groove around the outer diameter of the pipe. to seal the joint, a resilient, pressure - responsive elastomer gasket seals around two abutted grooved pipe ends. the nitrile gasket, which is common in most water with oil vapor applications, is injection - molded to precise tolerances and is resistant to aging, heat and oxidation. housings, bolts and nuts the coupling housings fully enclose the gasket, and the key sections of the housings engage the grooves. the housings are typically constructed from ductile iron ( painted or with engineered coatings ), ss or aluminum. while the housings are exposed to the external environment, they are insulated from the system media by the coupling gasket that contains the fluid within the interior of the pipe. the bolts and nuts, which hold the housings together, are tightened with a socket wrench or an impact wrench. in the installed state, the coupling housings encase the gasket and engage the groove around the circumference of the pipe to create a leak - tight seal in a self - restrained pipe joint. with the availability of rigid and flexible couplings, a grooved joint can be completely rigid, like a welded joint, or offer flexibility to accommodate thermal expansion and contraction, deflection, seismic movement and vibration. the housings of a rigid coupling positively clamp the pipe to create a rigid joint, resulting in system behavior characteristics similar to other rigid systems. the piping remains strictly aligned and is not subject to axial movement or angular deflection during operation. for this reason, systems installed with rigid couplings utilize support techniques identical to those of welded systems when designed and installed according to the hanger spacing requirements as noted in the asme b31. 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4865643995808305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.322747"} {"text": "movement or angular deflection during operation. for this reason, systems installed with rigid couplings utilize support techniques identical to those of welded systems when designed and installed according to the hanger spacing requirements as noted in the asme b31. 1 power piping code, asme b31. 3 process piping code, asme b31. 9 building services piping code and nfpa 13 sprinkler systems code. flexible couplings provide controlled linear and angular movement that may be used to accommodate linear movement due to thermal changes. it may be used at system changes in direction to provide stress - free offsets, or it may be used on traditional expansion loops, resulting in loops one - half to one - third the size of a loop of welded construction. couplings localize vibration within the pipeline, dampening the vibration of the system. grooved piping systems do not require rubber bellows or a braided flexible hose, which can wear out and require replacement. misconceptions of grooved piping unlike other industries that have readily accepted grooved piping, hpi facilities have been hampered by a perception that the joining method wont work and reluctance to use a gasketed joint. fears exist that the coupling will leak or even fail, and that the grooving process weakens the pipe. these ideas have arisen due to limited exposure to grooved piping systems. the concerns can be easily rectified by reviewing strength and pressure performance capabilities. with regard to pipe end preparation, roll grooving does not compromise the integrity of the pipe joint. the inward radial displacement that occurs at the groove during the roll - grooving process causes pipe material property changes comparable to similar cold - forming manufacturing operations. any potential increase in pipe hardness, reduction in tensile strength, or reduction in elongation due to the roll - grooving process has no effect on the pressure capability of the joint. the pressure rating of a grooved systemestablished after extensive performance barometers including ultimate pressure, bending moment and cyclic loading testsis based on the components of the joints. grooved pipe has no rating without the corresponding coupling, and coupling pressure ratings vary based on the pipe material and wall thickness. the published maximum rated pressures for couplings are based on test data and field experience. any effect that roll grooving has on the pipe material has been accounted for in coupling pressure ratings. component performance requirements for many piping applications are dictated by standard codes relevant to the service. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.510184304180335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.323844"} {"text": "of the pipe by the bolt - hole index, as would be required with flanging, is unnecessary. unlike other pipe - joining methods, visual inspection can confirm correct installation of most grooved systems. metal - to - metal bolt - pad contact confirms that the assembled joint is properly and securely installed, and no re - work is necessary. couplings decrease maintenance time because, unlike flanges, they do not require regular retightening. a coupling holds the gasket in precise compression from the outside of the pipe joint. while the bolts and nuts of the coupling hold the housings together, the coupling itself is what holds the pipe together. over the service life of the system, the nuts and bolts do not require regular maintenance and will not relax. should access to the piping system be required for maintenance, expansion, alteration or equipment / component replacement, the coupling can be removed quickly, and with no special tools. following completion of the work, the coupling can be reassembled just as quickly on the joint. maintenance of grooved systems is far simpler than maintenance of welded, threaded and flanged systems. the ease of access allows piping systems to quickly adapt to changes in plant operations. grooved is also beneficial for specialty applications such as lined pipe and galvanized pipe. typical specifications do not allow torch cutting or welding lined pipe because it can compromise the integrity of the internal linings. as grooved systems are cold - formed, they meet the requirements of most piping specifications. grooving the pipe does not have an effect on the internal coating. furthermore, gaskets with a central leg that acts as a pipe stop protect the pipe ends from installation damage that can cause a holiday in the coating. as a result, grooved piping maintains the integrity of internal pipe coatings. in fact, grooved is the only pipe - joining method that can ensure a holiday - free system. grooved piping eliminates the disadvantages associated with welding and flanging galvanized pipe. because welding is not required, no toxic fumes are created. furthermore, there is no increased risk of leaks, as there would be with flanged due to leak paths created by zinc buildup. the fabrication and assembly of a grooved galvanized system are much quicker than other joining methods. another key factor during plant expansions, retrofits and turnarounds is the schedule. it is quite obvious that the shorter the downtime, the sooner the plant is online and producing revenue - generating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4804157359811235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.325932"} {"text": "system are much quicker than other joining methods. another key factor during plant expansions, retrofits and turnarounds is the schedule. it is quite obvious that the shorter the downtime, the sooner the plant is online and producing revenue - generating products. installation of grooved piping is up to 10 times faster than welding and up to 6 times faster than flanging. although installation time will vary by installer, conservative estimates require approximately 15 minutes to assemble a 4 - in. grooved joint and 45 minutes to assemble a 12 - in. joint, a vast difference compared to the 2. 25 hours and 4 hours required to weld joints of the same size. as shown in fig. 3, the ease and speed of installation can reduce onsite manhours by up to 45 % compared to welding. fig. 3. grooved - joint piping can provide benefits in construction and turnaround projects. in the volatile environment of a refinery, any procedure that can reduce risk is worth exploring. in terms of pipe joining and maintenance, grooved is among the safest methods due to the elimination of hot work. most injuries on job sites occur via material handling, but the most significant risks are caused by fire and fume hazards. because the assembly of a grooved pipe joint does not require welding, flame or heat of any kind, it can be installed by almost anyone. it does not require time - consuming x - rays of joints, purge gases, fire watches, hot - work permits, cutting / grinding of weld bevels, tacking, slag cleaning or dealing with weld fumes, weld splatter and sparks, and welding cable trip hazards. no - flame grooved systems pose no fire or respiratory risk, do not necessitate increased ventilation, and often reduce or eliminate system cleaning and flushing. the primary obstacles in the use of grooved piping are lack of knowledge and fear. as demonstrated, concerns regarding the strength of the system are unfounded, and awareness of the grooved systems array of benefits can undoubtedly outweigh the reliance on traditional, inefficient joining methods. grooved mechanical piping can offer improved constructability, speedy expansion, retrofit and turnaround completion, and also reduce safety risks. it is a quality pipe - joining method for utility services in any hpi facility. hp grady wilkerson is vice president of oil, gas and chemical sales with victaulic, a producer of mechanical pipe joining systems. he began his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46285941346084986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.326942"} {"text": "energy demand dropping in australia in australia, energy peak demand may be disappearing. for the past several years, the country has experienced periods in which the cost of energy would be pushed beyond $ 5, 000 per megawatt - hour due to high demand. these \u201c super peaks \u201d generally lasted between 36 and 100 hours, but still cause a significant financial impact on the country when they occur. the super peaks are often caused due to the energy demands of citizens during the hottest seasons of the year or the energy needs of various projects occurring throughout the nation. as the country continues to focus on the adoption of alternative energy, it may no longer see these costly super peaks. exact financial information concerning the trend not yet released the australian energy regulator ( aer ), the country \u2019 s regulatory authority of wholesale electricity, has released a new report documenting the disappearance of super peaks. the report shows that the country has experienced a significantly lower number of super peaks in 2011 and that this trend has persisted into 2012. though the aer has not released precise information concerning the disappearance of the super peaks, it is expected that the trend will put some degree of financial pressure on energy companies in the coming months as they experience lower revenues. savings generated by this trend are not being experienced by consumers at this time. super peaks offset by the adoption of alternative energy and efficiency standards milder weather and increased focus on efficiency and alternative energy are contributors to the disappearance of super peaks. energy costs are beginning to be taken more seriously by consumers and businesses alike, leading to new consumption patterns that have all but obliterated the occurrence of super peaks. australia \u2019 s insistence on the use of alternative energy and the adoption of ambitious efficiency standards have driven down the demand for power significantly. time will tell whether super peaks are gone for good whether the trend will continue is uncertain. australia may still experience high temperatures in the coming months which could lead to higher energy consumption. aer does not expect super peaks to make an appearance for the remainder of the year. if they do, their financial impact is expected to be offset by their absence through much of 2011 and 2012. related article ( s ) and resources :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4470075232254873, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.329328"} {"text": "page 3 of 3 now we come to a sideline in the language paradigm story. there is a lot of talk about dynamic languages at the moment. this is partly because until quite recently the dominant languages java, c + + and c # were static languages - so it ' s quite a lot about a reaction to the old guard. the static / dynamic distinction is a very difficult one to pin down precisely. in the old days it could be summed up as the split into compiled and interpreted languages but today it is more about a split in the approach to how object oriented programming should be done. the current meaning of dynamic when applied to languages usually refers to typing. when you create an object oriented language you have to decide if it is going to be strongly or weakly typed. every object defines a type and in a strongly typed language you specify exactly what type can be used in any given place. if a function needs parameters that of type apple you can ' t call it used parameters that are oranges. the alternative approach is to allow objects of any type to be used anywhere and just let the language try to do the best job it can with what it is presented - this is weak typing. now in a strongly typed language you can choose to enforce the typing when the language is compiled or at run time. this is the main distinction between static and dynamic typing. in a static typed language you can look at a variable and see that it is being assigned to an apple just by reading the code. in a dynamically typed language you can ' t tell what is being assigned to a variable until the assignment is done at run time. clearly there is an interaction between strong and weak typing and static and dynamic. a weakly typed language really doesn ' t have much choice but to use what looks like dynamic typing. weak typing or dynamic typing has the ability to make programmer easier to write but the loss of the discipline of controlling type makes it more likely that a runtime error will occur and arguably makes it harder to find bugs. dynamic languages my have something to offer the future but there is a sense in which we are simply returning to the wild primitive expression of programming that existed in a time before we learned better. perhaps every so many generations programmers need to experience programming in the raw. the final paradigm is the graphic language - if they can be called languages. this is a strange mix of the object - oriented approach and the declarative with a little procedural thrown in. however to classify the approach in this way is to miss the bigger picture - no just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5769326431695215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.336279"} {"text": "graphic language - if they can be called languages. this is a strange mix of the object - oriented approach and the declarative with a little procedural thrown in. however to classify the approach in this way is to miss the bigger picture - no just to miss the picture. the idea is that if code objects are to mimic real world objects let ' s give them a physical appearance. in the world of the user interface we are very well accustomed to this approach - a button that you drag and drop onto a page is a physical representation of the button code object. you get to work with the button as if it was a real button - you can click it, drag it, size it, change its color and so on. graphical objects in the ui lead to the component revolution which we are still developing - from activex to wpf, widgets and so on. now consider using the same approach to building programs in general. you could have a loop component, a conditional component, a module component and so on. this could be assembled just like a user interface by a drag - and - drop designer and \" writing the code \" would be a matter or connecting them together in a flow of control graph. some components would need you to write a few lines of procedural code to specify their actions more precisely but mostly components fit together naturally without extra code, just specify a few properties. this approach to building programs has to date mostly been used in languages such as scratch and the lego mindstorms robots to get children interested in programming. however, what is easy for children should be very easy for us and the method could well translate to more ambitious projects. only recently google announced a graphical programming environment for the android - but it ' s still in the early stages of testing. of all the techniques described so far it is graphical programming that i ' d bet was the way of the future - but how far in the future is another matter. there are a large number of other approaches to programming that we haven ' t considered but they are mostly side issues and special environments. for example, there is the whole issue of synchronous v asynchronous or event driven programming. then there is the big question of sequential v parallel programming and so on. there is also the convergence of ai and programming. for example, using genetic algorithms you can evolve a program rather than writing it. if you have a favourite approach that has been left out, or want to request an article about an approach or any aspect of programming theory, then email the editor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5409571185437945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.337797"} {"text": "community dates from second half of the 19th century. 1930 jewish population was 754 persons. arthur zanker, 1890 - 1957, poet, lived here. jewish unlandmarked cemetery originated in 1898 with last known conservative jewish burial in 1950s. the urban flat land, separate but near other cemeteries, has czech sign mentioning jews and the jewish community. reached by turning directly off a public road, access is open via a continuous masonry wall and a continuous fence with a locking gate. size of cemetery before wwii was about 80x60 meters. present size of cemetery is about 80x30 meters. compared to 1939, cemetery boundaries are smaller because of new roads or highways and commercial or industrial development. 20 - 100 gravestones in original location with 25 % - 50 % toppled or broken date from 1898 - 20th century. the marble and granite flat shaped stones, finely smoothed and inscribed stones monuments, or obelisks, have hebrew, german, and czech inscriptions. some have iron decorations or lettering. the cemetery contains no known mass graves. ostrova jewish community owns property used for jewish cemetery only. properties adjacent are commercial or industrial. occasionally, private visitors stop. vandalism occurred between 1945 and ten years ago. jewish groups within country cleared vegetation and fixed wall in the 1970s. care now is occasional clearing or cleaning by individuals. within the limits of the cemetery is a pre - burial house with wall inscriptions. weather erosion, pollution, vegetation, vandalism, and incompatible nearby development are slight threats. vegetation overgrowth a constant problem that is disturbing graves. eng. architect jaroslav klenovsky, zebetinska 13, 623 00 brno ; tel. 0 completed survey on 3 january 1992 using jan herman : jewish cemeteries in bohemia and moravia ( 1980 ) as documentation. klenovsky, who conducted no interviews, visited site in 1990. vandals desecrated a jewish cemeteryin 2007 by knocking over and destroying 25 gravestones. the cemetery had been renovated and reopened to the public only two weeks prior to the desecration. the municipality of bohumin plans to increase security and has offered assistance to help repair the damage. [ february 2009 ] | last updated on monday, 23 february 2009 12 : 20 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4125512271605072, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.342903"} {"text": "credit peter greste words christopher turner the community cooker was the winner of the inaugural world design impact prize for socially responsible projects, awarded at the launch of helsinki world design capital in february. developed by kenyan architect jim archer, who was looking for an answer to nairobi \u2019 s rubbish problem, the community cooker turns waste to energy. the unemployed, who can \u2019 t afford kerosene or other fossil fuels, bring rubbish to be incinerated in exchange for time on the cooker, where they can boil water and prepare food on hobs or in one of two ovens large enough to roast a goat. the cooker might later be used for water distillation and electricity generation. archer estimates that the burning of rubbish will save 2, 400 mature trees a year being destroyed to make charcoal. the prototype was built in kibera, the largest slum in africa, and it is hoped that the project will be rolled out soon to other areas and developing countries. the cooker needs to reach high temperatures in order to consume toxins rather than release them into the air. it can achieve this heat thanks to a local metalworker, who offered some chance advice. firebox francis, as he was known, suggested that the architects include a combustion system that drip - fed small amounts of used engine oil on to a hot plate. this boosted temperatures from 270 to 880\u00b0c, well above who guidelines. the $ 10, 000 device can be connected to an ablution block, enabling people to use hot water in bath stalls, and a restaurant annexe where food can be served. the 10 sq m cooker is large enough for ten people to work around it and there is a wall to separate the drying racks and shoot system, through which the device is fed ( five people are employed for this purpose ), ensuring that the conditions of food preparation are hygienic. it is the best kind of social project : \u201c one man \u2019 s trash, \u201d says archer, \u201c is another man \u2019 s treasure. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5124912707509834, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.345509"} {"text": "did the ' god particle ' create matter? by larry vardiman, ph. d. * the book of genesis is probably the most important book ever written. in reality, it \u2019 s the foundation of all true history and true science. above all else, it \u2019 s the foundation of god \u2019 s revelation, as given in the bible. if genesis were somehow removed, the rest of the bible would be incomprehensible. it would be like building a house without a ground floor or a bridge with no support. 1 chapter 1 is the foundational chapter of genesis, since it summarizes the creation of the earth and everything in it. and genesis 1 : 1 is the foundational verse of the foundational chapter, speaking of the primeval creation of the universe itself : \u201c in the beginning god created the heaven and the earth \u201d ( genesis 1 : 1 ). it \u2019 s been pointed out that if a person really believes this passage, he \u2019 ll not find it difficult to believe anything else recorded in the bible. if god really created all things, then he controls all things and can do all things. dr. henry morris, icr \u2019 s founder, carefully studied this verse and paraphrased it as follows : \u201c the transcendent, omnipotent godhead called into existence the space - mass - time universe. \u201d 2 another way to say this is : the all - powerful triune god created mass, space, and time out of nothing. god exists separate from his creation. the modern scientific method was developed in the 16th and 17th centuries. many christians contributed to the procedures for doing science. the use of careful observation, experimentation, the development of laws, hypotheses, and theory, and the use of mathematics were all important parts of its development. scientists like isaac newton, francis bacon, johann kepler, blaise pascal, and many others who were christians believed genesis and honored god in their science. 3 yet as science progressed and more was discovered about how our world functions, many scientists became arrogant and began to reject him. as the bible says, \u201c when they knew god, they glorified him not as god, neither were thankful ; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened \u201d ( romans 1 : 21 ). today many scientists reject scripture as a legitimate source of truth and attempt to find entirely \u201c natural \u201d explanations for the origin of the universe. they go so far as to say you can \u2019 t be a scientist if your explanations of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5470561219620229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.354558"} {"text": "1 : 21 ). today many scientists reject scripture as a legitimate source of truth and attempt to find entirely \u201c natural \u201d explanations for the origin of the universe. they go so far as to say you can \u2019 t be a scientist if your explanations of our origins depend upon actions of a supernatural being. biologists who are under the sway of evolutionary theory and physicists who believe in billions of years since the origin of the universe generally avoid references to a creator. when they or the media mention god, it \u2019 s often only as ridicule. for example, the use of the term \u201c god particle \u201d when referring to the search for the higgs boson in elementary particle physics is a thinly - veiled attempt to mock the belief in a supernatural creator. interestingly, most scientists dislike the term \u201c god particle \u201d because they don \u2019 t want their research tainted by such an association. the higgs boson, or the \u201c god particle \u201d one of the most active large research projects today is the search for an extremely small but energetic particle that is thought to be the key to understanding how mass appeared shortly after the big bang. the higgs boson is a hypothetical elementary particle that has not been observed but, if found, would dramatically advance the 70 - year development of a model of elementary particle interaction. its existence was predicted along with other particles by the so - called standard model. the standard model describes how leptons, quarks, gauge bosons, and the higgs particle fit together and explains how the higgs mechanism takes place, which in turn explains why elementary particles exhibit mass. the discovery of the higgs boson would finally validate the standard model, since it \u2019 s the only elementary particle predicted by it that hasn \u2019 t yet been observed. 4 experiments to find the higgs boson are currently being performed using the large hadron collider ( lhc ) at the european organization for nuclear research ( cern ) in switzerland, shown in figure 1. the lhc is expected to be able to answer the question of whether or not the higgs boson actually exists. one possible signature from a simulated proton - proton collision that would demonstrate the higgs boson \u2019 s existence is shown in figure 2. the higgs boson is believed to decay almost immediately after such a collision into two jets of hadrons ( composite particles made of subatomic elementary particles held together by strong nuclear forces ) and two electrons, visible in figure 2 as lines. in december 2011, two experiments at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6324402804807617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.355678"} {"text": "to decay almost immediately after such a collision into two jets of hadrons ( composite particles made of subatomic elementary particles held together by strong nuclear forces ) and two electrons, visible in figure 2 as lines. in december 2011, two experiments at the lhc independently reported that their data hint that the higgs particle probably exists with a mass of about 133 proton masses. the range of mass for the higgs particle is now thought to have been narrowed considerably to between approximately 122 and 138 protons. it is expected that the lhc will have a definite answer by the end of 2012. 5 why scientists dislike the term \u201c god particle \u201d the higgs boson doesn \u2019 t have any specific religious connotations, but it may help unlock processes that occurred at the time of creation. \u201c calling it the \u2018 god particle \u2019 is completely inappropriate, \u201d said oliver buchmueller, from the german research team of \u201c higgs hunters \u201d at cern. \u201c it \u2019 s not doing justice to the higgs [ boson ] and what we think its role in the universe is. it has nothing to do with god. \u201d 6 scientists hope to discover the invisible higgs field because the theory of its existence is foundational to the proponents of the big bang, the most typically accepted explanation for the origin of mass and space. those who embrace the idea that the universe came into existence through rapid expansion during conditions of extreme density and heat, that planets and life resulted from the big bang, and that matter obtained mass because of a cosmological collision anticipate the discovery of this \u201c god particle. \u201d in the 1960s, british scientist peter higgs first proposed the existence of the new physics field, now known as the higgs field, as an explanation for differences between strong and weak fields in physics. the proposal developed into the idea that in the higgs field, interaction between the electromagnetic field and the weak field resulted in matter taking on mass. the nickname \u201c god particle \u201d describes the agent that supposedly gave mass to the most basic building block of the universe. \u201c without it, or something like it, particles would just have remained whizzing around the universe at the speed of light. \u2026 hearing it called the \u2018 god particle \u2019 makes me angry. it confuses people about what we are trying to do here at cern \u201d said pippa wells, a researcher with cern \u2019 s atlas team. 7 a spokesman for cern, james gillies, agrees with wells : \u201c of course it has nothing to do with god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6072658087616776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.356684"} {"text": "we are trying to do here at cern \u201d said pippa wells, a researcher with cern \u2019 s atlas team. 7 a spokesman for cern, james gillies, agrees with wells : \u201c of course it has nothing to do with god whatsoever \u2026. but i can understand why people go that way because the higgs [ boson ] is so important to our understanding of nature. \u201d 8 according to people who have investigated the subject, the term \u201c god particle \u201d originated with a 1993 book by u. s. nobel prize winner leon lederman about the history of particle physics, the god particle : if the universe is the answer, what is the question? 9 yet others who recognize how significant the current research on the higgs boson is continue to use religious themes for it. lisa randall, a theoretical particle physicist and cosmologist at harvard university, recently entitled her latest book knocking on heaven \u2019 s door. 10 she wasn \u2019 t thinking about the god of the bible, however, but about natural laws that cause particles to be organized and exhibit mass. she believes, for example, that the higgs field associated with higgs particles causes space to function like a fluid causing particles which move through it to exhibit mass. and, yet, neither randall nor any other scientist can explain where such natural laws originated. her physics is based upon a pantheistic view of the universe, at best. it \u2019 s legitimate to try and understand how mass, space, and time originated, but not if the processes we use to explain their origin don \u2019 t involve the creator. the search for the \u201c god particle \u201d is an attempt to understand the big bang theory more fully. the big bang says that the universe began as an infinitesimal point and expanded outward, creating space and mass billions of years ago. although this idea may seem consistent with the description of creation in genesis 1 : 1, it is thought to have happened billions of years ago, while the bible says it happened in one 24 - hour day only a few thousand years ago. the theory is also presented as a natural event that didn \u2019 t require god \u2019 s involvement. several years ago, carl sagan declared to me through correspondence his full confidence in the big bang theory and its billions of years, but he admitted to one major problem. he couldn \u2019 t understand where the laws of nature came from. he realized that his view of origins depended upon the laws of nature being present first. yet he had no explanation for their origin because he didn \u2019 t believe in god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6086990466899682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.357732"} {"text": "one major problem. he couldn \u2019 t understand where the laws of nature came from. he realized that his view of origins depended upon the laws of nature being present first. yet he had no explanation for their origin because he didn \u2019 t believe in god. scripture provides the reason why he had this problem : \u201c but without faith it is impossible to please him : for he that cometh to god must believe that he is, and that he is a rewarder of them that diligently seek him \u201d ( hebrews 11 : 6 ). sadly, scientists who have the best seat in the house to observe god \u2019 s handiwork through a microscope or a telescope often seem to be the first to deny that he is the creator. because they deny he is creator, they fail to grasp the ultimate explanation for the world around us. scripture says it best : \u201c for the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and godhead ; so that they are without excuse \u201d ( romans 1 : 20 ). - morris, h. m. 1976. the genesis record. grand rapids, mi : baker book house, 17 - 36. - ibid, 41. - morris, h. m. 1982. men of science, men of god. san diego, ca : master books. - griffiths, d. 2008. introduction to elementary particles, 2nd ed. new york : wiley - vch. - reich, e. s. detectors home in on higgs boson. nature news. posted on nature. com december 13, 2011. - evans, r. the higgs boson : why scientists hate that you call it the \u2018 god particle. \u2019 reuters, december 14, 2011. - lederman, l. and d. teresi. 2006. the god particle : if the universe is the answer, what is the question? new york : dell publishing. - randall, l. 2011. knocking on heaven \u2019 s door. new york : harper collins publishers. * dr. vardiman is senior research scientist, astro / geophysics at the institute for creation research. cite this article : vardiman, l. 2012. did the \u201c god particle \u201d create matter? acts & facts. 41 ( 3 ) : 12 - 14.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5309246148098727, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.358605"} {"text": "william r. hewlett died : january 12, 2001 the last name of william r. hewlett is best known as the first half of hewlett - packard, the innovative company that set a model for the entire silicon valley. the order of names in the original partnership was determined by a coin toss, and the outcome might be seen as ironic : hewlett, a quiet, self - effacing man, rarely put himself forward. david packard, the other half of the partnership, was much more outgoing. in their complementary relationship, packard concentrated on the nuts and bolts of production, while hewlett was more proficient in technical innovation, starting with the company \u2019 s first product, an audio oscillator. hewlett \u2019 s contribution, ultimately as president and ceo in the 1970s, was key. william r. hewlett was born in ann arbor, michigan. at that time his father, dr. a. w. hewlett, was a professor of medicine at the university of michigan. three years later he accepted a similar post at stanford university, and moved the family to california, where his family had deep roots. william benefited from his father \u2019 s academic position, which exposed him to the lively cultural, literary and scientific life of san francisco. he would eventually attend his father \u2019 s alma mater, lowell high school. tragically, this was after his father \u2019 s sudden and premature death when william was twelve. william was not, however, a uniformally strong student. suffering from what later would be more readily recognized as dyslexia, he had problems reading or taking notes. he made a strength out of this weakness, learning to memorize lectures by logically ordering them in his mind. he also concentrated on his stronger subjects, math and science, where he was exceptional. in addition to conducting chemistry experiments ( occasionally involving explosives ), he built a tesla coil, made an electric arc from carbon rods, and built crystal radio sets for himself and his sister. he only earned a recommendation to stanford from lowell \u2019 s principal, however, when the principal realized that he was the son of one of his best former pupils, albion walter. stanford was a providential choice. there he attended the radio - engineering classes taught by fred terman, who also inspired david packard to enter the field of electrical engineering. after graduation in 1934, while packard left california to work for ge in schenectady, hewlett pursued a master \u2019 s degree at the massuchusetts institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45558495618850586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.365164"} {"text": ", who also inspired david packard to enter the field of electrical engineering. after graduation in 1934, while packard left california to work for ge in schenectady, hewlett pursued a master \u2019 s degree at the massuchusetts institute of technology, rewarded in 1936, and further graduate work at stanford, from which he received the degree of engineer in 1939. during his grad school days, hewlett developed the imaginative design for a resistance - capacity audio oscillator that would become hewlett - packard \u2019 s first product. when william hewlett and david packard \" formalized \" their partnership with the famous coinflip in 1939, fred terman encouraged them to commercially produce hewlett ' s resistance - capacity audio oscillator. they did, designating it \u201c model 200a \u201d to give the impression that it was the latest ( rather than the very first ) offering of an established company. disney company purchased eight modified versions ( now \" 200b \" ) for its production of fantasia, a sale that helped to propel the firm forward. at the time, the bachelor hewlett was living in a room in back of the married packard \u2019 s house on addison avenue, in palo alto ; the garage, now an officially designated national historic landmark, served as their workshop. their initial capital was $ 538, though by the end of 1939 they had made sales of over $ 5, 000, with profits of over $ 1, 500. as would become their standard practice, they plowed the profits back into the business. that same year marked the beginning of another longstanding partnership for hewlett. he married flora lamson, a university of california graduate, with whom he would have three sons and two daughters. in 1966, they would also together found the william and flora hewlett foundation, now one of the nation \u2019 s largest, to embody one of his favorite phrases, \u201c never stifle a generous impulse. flora died in 1977. world war ii was a period of growth for hewlett - packard as it fulfilled government contracts for electronic equipment. hewlett, a reservist called for active duty in the army, spent the time away from california. he was on the staff of the army ' s chief signal officer and then headed up the electronics section of the new development division of the war department special staff. during this latter tour of duty he was on a special u. s. team which inspected japanese industry immediately after the war. in 1947", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5031519246022846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.366101"} {"text": "s chief signal officer and then headed up the electronics section of the new development division of the war department special staff. during this latter tour of duty he was on a special u. s. team which inspected japanese industry immediately after the war. in 1947, shortly after he returned to palo alto, hewlett - packard was incorporated and mr. hewlett was named vice president. he was elected executive vice president in 1957, president in 1964 and became chief executive officer in 1969. hewlett was involved actively in management of the company until 1987. in managing the company, he helped create with david packard what would become known as the \u201c hp way, \u201d a unique business culture that emphasized rewarding employee initiative. they instituted profit sharing, employee stock ownership, flexible work hours, and other benefits widely copied throughout corporate america. hewlett - packard also kept on the cutting edge of innovation, growing from its focus on electronic measurement devices to a leading manufacturer of consumer electronics, printers and scanners in particluar. over the years mr. hewlett contributed greatly to the advancement of various organizations within the electronics industry. from 1950 to 1957 he was on the board of directors of the institute of radio engineers ( now the ieee ), and served as president of the institute in 1954. he was the second individual from west of the mississippi to head the institute, the first being his stanford engineering professor, dr. frederick e. terman. he also played an important role in the development of the western electronics manufacturers association. mr. hewlett held several patents in the fields of electronics and scientific measurement, and has been active in a number of professional societies. he is a fellow of the institute of electrical and electronics engineers, a member of the national academy of engineering, a fellow in the american academy of arts and sciences, an honorary lifetime member of the instrument society of america, a member of the institute of medicine of the national academy of sciences, and a past member of the president ' s science advisory committee. indicative of his keen interest in education and medicine \u2014 he was the son of a doctor \u2014 he was a trustee of stanford university, a director of the kaiser foundation hospital and health plan board, and a director of the drug abuse council in washington, d. c. he also served as a trustee of mills college and as board president of the palo alto - stanford hospital center. in addition, he held an honorary doctor of laws degree from the university of california in berkeley. hewlett \u2019 s philanthropic interests extended around the world :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4412998104165481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.367073"} {"text": "as a trustee of mills college and as board president of the palo alto - stanford hospital center. in addition, he held an honorary doctor of laws degree from the university of california in berkeley. hewlett \u2019 s philanthropic interests extended around the world : to population issues and the status of women, their education, and economic opportunities in africa, southeast asia, and latin america ; to conflict resolution, particularly in eastern and southern europe, the former republics of the soviet union, and the middle east ; to u. s. - latin american relationships ; to the needs of the nation ' s liberal arts colleges and research universities ; to the environment in the western united states ; and to the improvement of k - 12 education, the performing arts, and the many communities and neighborhoods of the san francisco bay area. he also had a vital interest in his adopted california, and in 1994 founded the public policy institute of california, to be guided by the longtime president of his foundation, roger heyns, chancellor emeritus of the berkeley campus of the university of california. hewlett had a wide range of outside interests and hobbies, most of them based on his love for the out - of - doors. like many californians, he and his family were avid skiers. he was a part - time botanist and an accomplished mountain climber and fisherman. he also engaged in various ranching and cattle - raising operations with his long - time friend and associate, david packard. hewlett was co - recipient, along with packard of the 1973 ieee founders medal \u201c for leadership in the development of electronic instruments, for creative management of an industrial activity, and for their unselfish public service. \u201d sources and further reading david packard, the hp way : how bill hewlett and i built our company ( new york : harpercollins, 1995 ). also : the official biographies on the web sites for hp ( http : / / www. hp. com / hpinfo / execteam / bios / hewlett. html ) and the hewlett foundation ( http : / / www. hewlett. org / aboutus / wmhewlettbio. htm )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.454003512890432, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.368824"} {"text": "the ihs division of oral health is an ada cerp recognized provider this course is not subject to the lottery. it is offered as an in - service only. this two - hour presentation is intended to provide the very latest information on the prevention and management of dental caries and periodontal diseases. both clinical and community - based interventions will be presented and the learning group will discuss the implementation of these interventions in their local communities. furthermore, the presentation will review dental program gpra objectives, ecc, the effects of pop on children \u2019 s health, and effective health education strategies. it is the policy of the indian health service [ ihs ], division of oral health [ doh ], that faculty / presenters disclose any significant financial or other relationships with commercial companies whose products may be discussed in the activity. the ihs, doh also requires faculty disclose any unlabeled or investigational use [ not yet approved for any purpose ] of pharmaceutical products and medical devices. this course has been planned and implemented in accordance with the ada cerp recognition standards and procedures. none of the faculty / presenters for this activity has a conflict of interest, and there is no use of unlabeled or investigational pharmaceutical products or medical devices. the educational objectives, content and selection of educational methods and instructors are conducted independent of any commercial entity. concerns or complaints about this course may be directed to firstname. lastname @ example. org or to ada cerp at http : / / www. ada. org / goto / cerp. upon completion of this course, participants will be able to : 1. list at least three modes of delivering fluoride. 2. describe at least one strategy to recruit school - age children to the dental clinic for sealants. 3. describe at least one strategy to recruit more infants and toddlers to the dental program for screening and fluoride. 4. list at least two strategies to improve the effectiveness of health education. it is the policy of the indian health service, division of oral health, that faculty / planners disclose any financial or other relationships with commercial companies whose products may be discussed in the educational activity. the indian health service, division of oral health, also requires that faculty disclose any unlabeled or investigative use of pharmaceutical products and medical devices. images that have been falsified or manipulated to misrepresent treatment outcomes are prohibited. none of the faculty / planners for this activity has a conflict of interest, and there is no use of unlabeled or investigative", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47833595466118156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.371696"} {"text": "the lunar new year ( or asian new year ) is the most celebrated holiday of the year across many asian countries. on the first day of the first new moon after the winter solstice in the lunar calendar ( january 23, 2012 ), countries like korea, taiwan, china, vietnam and asian communities in many western countries will celebrate the new year. the new year flushes out the old and welcomes in the new, making space for happiness, wealth, luck and longevity. it \u2019 s a time to spend with friends and relatives and stresses the importance of family ties. in the days before the new year, people begin \u201c spring \u201d cleaning. the old is swept away to clear room for the coming year \u2019 s good fortune. in vietnam, people decorate their homes with flowers like chrysanthemum and marigolds, as well as a new year tree, called cay neu, which is a bamboo stick five to six meters long. the top end is usually decorated with many objects, such as good luck charms, origami fish, cactus branches and others. preparations for the new year can begin up to weeks before as people begin to anticipate the holiday. new year \u2019 s eve is a time for feasting with family and friends and many traditional foods are eaten such as yuanxiao ( sweet, stuffed rice balls ) in china, banh chung ( steamed sticky rice with pork ) in vietnam and tteokguk ( soup with sliced rice cakes ) in korea. after dinner, people await the fireworks at midnight to scare away evil spirits and bad luck. lights are supposed to be kept on all night. the next morning, or sometimes the evening before, children receive money in red envelopes as a present. on new year \u2019 s day, everyone wears new clothes, usually red in china or red and yellow in vietnam, symbolizing a fresh start. in korea, people dress in traditional clothing, called hanbok. it is believed that whatever happens on the first day of the new year will foretell what the year will be like, so children are not allowed to cry, parents are not allowed to scold their children or else they will do so all year. in china, the celebration last for two weeks, during which time people visit one another and exchange gifts. it is a great time for reconciliation. old grudges are forgiven. the atmosphere is warm and friendly. the entire celebration culminates on the 15th day in the lantern festival, where people parade different lanterns in animal shapes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48761929898350515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.375037"} {"text": "another and exchange gifts. it is a great time for reconciliation. old grudges are forgiven. the atmosphere is warm and friendly. the entire celebration culminates on the 15th day in the lantern festival, where people parade different lanterns in animal shapes or with poems written on them into the streets. this year, 2012, is the year of the dragon, which is a very special one. in chinese astrology, years correspond to different animal signs, which repeat in 12 - year cycles. in former times, the animal signs helped people keep track of their age and figure out who was older or younger. the year of the dragon is anticipated to be exciting, unpredictable, exhilarating and intense. people born in the year of the dragon are said to be passionate, charismatic and self - assured, and tend to be natural leaders. for a more detailed account of the holiday, from which some of this description was taken with permission, please visit frances kai - hwa wang \u2019 s article at imdiversity. com : http : / / www. imdiversity. com / villages / asian / family _ lifestyle _ traditions / lunar _ new _ year / wang _ new _ year _ kids. asp \u00a9 2012, the editors. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4476483860849244, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.375571"} {"text": "ovary freezing to beat the biological clock beating the clock? frozen ovaries make headlines more women are waiting to start their families, delaying pregnancy until their mid - to late - 30s, 40s and beyond. while pregnancy in a woman ' s later years can carry some complications, \" the biggest risk of delaying pregnancy is not being able to get pregnant at all, \" said dr. jill powell, assistant professor of medicine in the department of obstetrics, gynecology and women ' s health at saint louis university school of medicine. \" we see all these celebrities having babies - even twins - in their 40s, and we take it for granted that we will be able to do it too. \" powell cautions that women will experience a big drop in fertility beginning around age 38. it then falls more precipitously 40... st. louis ' dr. silber makes women ' s health history one bright spot has surfaced in the field of fertility and it started here in st. louis. the ability to freeze and transplant ovaries is a new option for women facing cancer therapy or for those women who want to delay pregnancy until later years. dr. sherman silber, director of the infertility center at st. luke ' s hospital, made international headlines with research presented this month at the annual meeting of the american society of reproductive medicine ( asrm ) held in san francisco. \" we can transplant ovaries without any loss of ovarian tissue or eggs, and it functions perfectly normally whether it ' s fresh or frozen, \" silber said. he and his team performed a ground - breaking trial in which they transplanted an identical twin ' s ovary to her twin sister. a year later, the transplant recipient successfully conceived a child. the twin receiving the transplant had previously been unable to conceive due to premature ovarian failure... while the details of this case are intriguing - - one twin helping another to achieve motherhood - - the real breakthrough, according to silber, is the science. \" we can freeze the ovaries of young women who are going to lose their fertility over time and transplant them back later, and they ( the ovaries ) won ' t have aged, \" he said. providing hope for young women with cancer the breakthrough offers hope for women undergoing reproductively - destructive therapies, such as women with cancer facing chemotherapy or radiation. \" if we take the ovary out, freeze it, save it and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.442308033612569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.379135"} {"text": "he said. providing hope for young women with cancer the breakthrough offers hope for women undergoing reproductively - destructive therapies, such as women with cancer facing chemotherapy or radiation. \" if we take the ovary out, freeze it, save it and transplant it back later, they will be fertile again, \" silber noted. this new application builds on current science that allows women to have their eggs frozen. \" but freezing the ovary and putting it back is much more sure for the patient than egg freezing, \" asserted silber. \" if you put all those eggs in one basket, and she goes through in - vitro fertilization, she can ' t have any better chance of pregnancy than 50 percent. if she is not pregnant from that, then she ' s finished. \" other research presented at this month ' s asrm conference included a case study of one woman who had her ovary removed, frozen and then restored by silber ' s team, a procedure they have performed nine times... if you have any questions, you may call us at ( 314 ) 576 - 1400. - oocyte vitrification \u2014 women \u2019 s emancipation set in stone - fertility and sterility - egg, ovarian tissue, embryo, and sperm freezing - in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) - egg donation - freezing the biological clock [ video ] - ovarian tissue freezing [ technical video ] - news coverage of ovary transplantation - vitrification [ video ] - complex surgery involved in first successful whole ovary transplant - giving an ovary to my twin was a ' magical ' opportunity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4866103569800727, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.379746"} {"text": "camellia sinensis is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. it is of the genus camellia, a genus of flowering plants in the family theaceae. white tea, green tea, oolong, pu - erh tea and black tea are all harvested from this species, but are processed differently to attain different levels of oxidation. kukicha ( twig tea ) is also harvested from camellia sinensis, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves. common names include tea plant, tea tree, and tea shrub. there are two major varieties that characterize this species ( 1 ) camellia sinensis var. sinensis ( l. ) kuntz and ( 2 ) camellia sinensis var. assamica ( masters ) kitam. | title : | | camellia sinensis | | publisher : | | alphascript publishing | | author : | | frederic p miller, agnes f vandome, john mc brewster | | no. of pages : | | 236 | * the book summary and image may be of a different edition or binding of the same title. * book reviews are added by registered customers. they need not necessarily buy book. * these books are not available for reading online or for free download in pdf or ebook format. * price can change due to reprinting, price change by publisher or sourcing cost change for imported books. www. infibeam. com / books is the biggest online bookstore in india for sale of books at best price - fiction, literature, audiobooks, study guides, novels, story books, rare books, textbooks and books by popular authors. these are available in various editions and bindings e. g. paperback and at best discount. safe & secure shopping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4610475496693507, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.381389"} {"text": "anne of austria anne of austria, 1601 \u2013 66, queen of france, daughter of king philip iii of spain. married to the french king louis xiii ( 1615 ), she was neglected by her husband and sought the society of the court intriguer, mme de chevreuse. anne ' s indiscretion, especially her flirtation with the duke of buckingham, injured her reputation. her loyalty to spain and her strong roman catholic background made her suspect after france ' s alliance ( 1635 ) with the protestant nations in the thirty years war ; she was accused by the french minister of state, cardinal richelieu, of treasonable correspondence with spain but was pardoned ( 1637 ). contrary to the express wish of her husband before his death she was granted ( 1643 ) by parlement full powers as regent for her son louis xiv. she entrusted the government to cardinal mazarin, whom she supported during the wars of the fronde in france. after mazarin ' s death ( 1661 ), her son excluded her from participation in affairs of state. anne of austria is a central figure of alexandre dumas ' s three musketeers. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. all rights reserved. more on anne of austria from infoplease : see more encyclopedia articles on : french history : biographies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3931593353526065, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.382754"} {"text": "when larry rosenstock and ted sizer were contemplating the blueprint for the first high tech high school ten years ago, they debated the measure by which they would want to be judged. they asked themselves : why does it seem impossible for all children in a mixed community to go to university? they decided university admission would be the test by which they would judge their new school. high tech high went on to pass with flying colours : since the first school opened, 99. 5 % of students have gone to university. examined in detail, the figures are even more remarkable : 55 % of students are the first generation in their family to attend university. 88 % of their poorer students on free or reduced school dinners complete a university degree. these numbers are hard to ignore. larry rosenstock is now chief executive of high tech high, a group of nine charter schools in san diego ( one elementary, three middle and five high schools ), each containing no more than 400 students. rosenstock spoke at the guardian / innovation unit \u2018 innovation in education \u2019 conference on 9 november, and the learning futures national event the following day. i saw him both times - i \u2019 ve also been to san diego to see high tech high in action, and it is quite possibly the most impressive and the most innovative school i have ever seen. so what makes it so different? an innovative curriculum the high tech high curriculum supports personalised, project - based learning with pervasive connections to the community. visit the schools, and you see every available surface covered with the students \u2019 projects \u2013 which are regularly showcased to the wider community in popular open - house events, as well as other public spaces. everything starts with student engagement. students are given the satisfaction of thinking, making and doing. the learning is personalised and integrates the rigour of academic content with the application of vocational pedagogy \u2013 hence their name high tech high. learners as producers \u201c kids do production not consumption \u201d at high tech high. as rosenstock says, \u201c high quality work means high quality teaching \u2013 we let practice speak through demonstrations of student work. \u201d several student projects have been published, and are available in bookshops ( and on amazon ) \u2013 for example, perspectives of san diego bay ( a biology field guide to the bay ) and calculicious ( a collection of artwork by students that explores calculus ). they do not focus on standardized tests, which \u201c suck oxygen out of the system \u201d. learning is about enquiry, collaboration, kids doing and making and shaping things.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4937660981092118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.392787"} {"text": "\u2019 t want to isolate school from the community kids are going out into. you want the walls to be as permeable as possible, with adults coming in and learning going out. \u201d - public and private \u2013 because san diego business leaders are stakeholders in the schools \u2019 success. - secondary and post - secondary education, assuming that all students have the potential to progress to college if they choose. ( rosenstock cites his grandmother : \u201c there are two kinds of people, those who think that there are two kinds of people and those who don \u2019 t. \u201d ) - head and hand ( following john dewey \u2019 s belief that understanding derives from activity ; from making and doing ) - learning with assessment. this set out to be a provocation piece, but the provocation lies not so much in the argument as in the evidence of an alternative approach to secondary schooling that produces extraordinary results. high tech high has turned away from much of what is outdated and self - defeating about traditional schooling \u2013 classroom design, divisions between subjects, isolation from the community, limiting belief systems about student potential, assessments that only one teacher ever sees, a model of school that fails to inspire and develop staff. having found such a model, are we in the uk able to learn from and seek to emulate the ambition and the passion and the practices of high tech high? it is not the only successful alternative model for secondary schools, but it is one that is within our grasp. if you are a school leader in the uk, and you want to apply this learning, where would you start? larry \u2019 s advice is clear : he would divide the school internally into small schools of 400 students. he would identify outstanding teacher leaders to lead those small schools, together with a small design team. he would agree with them some defining values and some key principles, and then he would liberate them to design and define their curriculum and pedagogy. he would support this with resources \u2013 time to collaborate and to recognise their leadership roles. he would set a workshop date when they would all present their school designs ( in a collaborative learning setting ) and he would know that they would be very different \u2013 and after the group had modified each other \u2019 s designs he would accept them all and liberate their creativity to implement them, so creating an internally diverse set of designs, bound by common principles, from which they could learn. read more about larry rosenstock and high tech high here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49870873517984327, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.396264"} {"text": "this week 150 years ago in the civil war saw union and confederate gunboats vying for control of the lower mississippi river and its tributaries. the winter of 1863 brings a formidable, new player to the fray : a powerful ironclad riverboat called the uss indianola. the fortified city of vicksburg, miss., atop bluffs lining the mississippi river, remained in confederate hands at this stage of the war. but union forces have eventual hopes of wresting vicksburg and other points downriver from the confederacy to control the entire river. if the entire waterway could be seized by the union, it would effectively split the confederacy in two. to that end, the union in mid - february 1863 sent the cincinnati - built indianola down the mississippi. on feb. 13, the indianola rushed passed confederate guns firing from vicksburg. none of the rebel shots struck the indianola. but confederate gunboats and rebel rams still plied the river nearby and posed a danger that would doom the indianola within days. elsewhere, winter has prevented major fighting. both sides await better weather and passable roads. soldiers trade letters with loved ones back home, where many worry about those missing or lost to combat or disease. one commanding officer wrote in a note from tennessee \u2014 published feb. 23, 1863, in the daily illinois state journal in springfield, ill. \u2014 that loved ones this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, feb. 24 : ramming, surrender of union ironclad indianola. the uss indianola, an ironclad that joined the union ' s mississippi river squadron in early 1863, had run the gauntlet of confederate artillery at vicksburg, miss., on feb. 13, 1863. but the recently built gunboat with armored plating and 11 - inch dahlgren guns would soon meet an early demise. while patrolling the mississippi near the mouth of the red river, the indianola came under attack feb. 24, 1863, by two enemy rams. pursued and rammed several times, the union ironclad lost power and ran aground. its crew had no choice but to surrender. the loss of the indianola struck a major blow to the union navy in its struggle to gain supremacy over the lower mississippi. days afterward, the mobile advertiser & register in alabama reported on the indianola ' s surrender in a dispatch from port gibson, miss. the report quoted confederate lt. col. fred b. brand as saying vessels under his control pursued the u. s. ironcl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38831439911596854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.406318"} {"text": "advertiser & register in alabama reported on the indianola ' s surrender in a dispatch from port gibson, miss. the report quoted confederate lt. col. fred b. brand as saying vessels under his control pursued the u. s. ironclad and \" engaged her for an hour. \" some of the fighting was at close quarters before it was quickly over. \" we went alongside, when commander lieut. brown, u. s. n., surrendered to me. as all credit is due to ( confederate ) major brent, i have turned over to him, in a sinking condition, the prize which we hope to save. only five were hurt. \" confederate forces, hoping to claim the partially sunk river gunboat as their own, did try to salvage the indianola but detonated the ship ' s magazine when another union vessel approached. badly damaged by the blast, the indianola would never be restored to service even after the union took vicksburg in july 1863. elsewhere this week 150 years ago in the war, confederate fighters seized and destroyed union supplies being carried by mule train through tennessee. this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, march 3 : lincoln signs enrollment act to draft new troops. when the civil war erupted in april 1861, many on both sides of the conflict had expected it to be a short - lived war. but nearly two years later, after several big battles and horrific numbers of casualties, president abraham lincoln was compelled to sign the first enrollment act \u2014 instituting the first wartime draft in american history on march 3, 1863. the move 150 years ago during the civil war was a controversial step. but the conflict was dragging on far longer than any had expected and the union wasn ' t raising enough troops for combat by other means. thus, lincoln needed more manpower for the fight, much as the confederacy did in resorting to a draft months earlier. the act required enrollment of every male citizen ages 20 - 45, with certain exemptions, and male immigrants of that age who had signed intent of becoming u. s. citizens. nonetheless, exemptions from the draft could be bought for $ 300 each draft period, or by finding a substitute draftee. those exemptions would lead to violent riots for days in july 1863 in new york city, when the first inductees were called. fueling the draft riots was widespread outrage that such exemptions could only be afforded by the wealthy, making the conflict a \" poor man ' s fight. \" months later, the $ 300 \" commutation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37476395601194457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.407411"} {"text": "the first inductees were called. fueling the draft riots was widespread outrage that such exemptions could only be afforded by the wealthy, making the conflict a \" poor man ' s fight. \" months later, the $ 300 \" commutation fee \" would be repealed by congress. the associated press reports more fighting, near franklin, tenn., as 2, 000 rebels are repelled by union forces and compelled to retreat. ap reporters 70 prisoners have been seized by union forces in tennessee and some were being kept under heavy guard in shackles on suspicion of \" murder \" in the death of union soldiers elsewhere. this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, march 10 : sinking of uss mississippi. this week 150 years ago in the civil war, the union lost the uss mississippi when the warship ran aground on the mississippi river. built in 1839, the side - wheel steamer had taken part in expeditions during the war against mexico and also in the mediterranean and pacific waters before the civil war. the ship had been part of a union squadron led by the famed future admiral, david farragut, who captured new orleans in 1862. however, the mississippi remained most of its time at new orleans after the conquest because it was designed as deep draft ocean - going vessel. on march 14, 1863, the ship ran aground attempting to pass confederate batteries near fort hudson as part of a battle group seeking to run upriver on the key inland waterway. feverish attempts were made under enemy fire to free the mississippi, but the efforts proved fruitless and union officers had to blow up the ship. set ablaze, the ship drifted downriver before its magazine loaded with gunpowder exploded and it sank. in a march 19, 1863, dispatch about the sinking, the richmond whig newspaper reported the mississippi had been burned and farragut ' s attack fleet driven back. it said confederate forces opened fire when the mississippi and other vessels tried to pass southern batteries at night and only one or two ships could get beyond that gauntlet. \" the firing was terrific. one gunboat passed in a damaged condition and the u. s. sloop - of - war mississippi was burnt to the water ' s edge in front of one of our batteries. \" added the richmond whig : \" our victory was complete. no casualties on our part. thirty - six men and one midshipman of the mississippi were brought in by our cavalry, several of them severely wounded. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37303334413431943, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.408866"} {"text": "what is it? esophageal cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in the esophagus. the esophagus is the tube that carries food and liquid to your stomach. there are two types of esophageal cancer : - squamous cell carcinoma starts in the cells that line the esophagus. these cells are called squamous cells. this type of cancer can occur anywhere in the esophagus. - adenocarcinoma starts in the lower portion of the esophagus, near the opening to the stomach. it begins when squamous cells are replaced by glandular cells that then begin growing abnormally. no one knows for sure what causes esophageal cancer. however, the most significant risk factors include the following : - tobacco use. the longer you smoke and the more you smoke each day, the greater your risk. patients who develop esophageal cancer may also be at riskfor developing other cancers of the head and neck. - alcohol consumption. chronic or excessive consumption of alcohol, especially when combined with tobacco use, increases the risk. consumption of hard liquor, rather than beer and wine, may increase risk even more. however, the amount consumed is the biggest factor, not the type of alcohol. - gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ). the lining of the stomach contains glandular cells that release acids and enzymes to digest food. sometimes, these chemicals escape from the stomach and move into the esophagus. this is called reflux or gerd. one symptom of gerd is chronic heartburn. - barrett ' s esophagus. gerd is believed to irritate squamous cells near the stomach causing them to become glandular cells. this condition is called barrett ' s esophagus. glandular cells are more likely to become cancerous than squamous cells. barrett ' s esophagus is the strongest risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. ( squamous cell carcinoma was once the most common type of esophageal cancer. it has been surpassed by adenocarcinomas because of the growing number of cases of barrett ' s esophagus. ) other risk factors include the following : - age. most people who develop esophageal cancer are over 50. - sex. esophageal cancer occurs three times more often in men than women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4562018724579929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.422676"} {"text": "' s esophagus. ) other risk factors include the following : - age. most people who develop esophageal cancer are over 50. - sex. esophageal cancer occurs three times more often in men than women. - race. squamous cell esophageal cancer is more common among african americans than whites. however, whites have a higher incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. - diet. a diet low in fruits and vegetables, as well as certain minerals and vitamins, may raise the risk of esophageal cancer. - chemical irritation. damage to the esophagus ( from swallowing toxic chemicals or prior radiation therapy, for example ) increases esophageal cancer risk. at first, esophageal cancer may not cause any symptoms. but as it progresses, it may cause : - trouble swallowing - feeling like food is \" stuck \" in the chest - pain in the chest or between the shoulder blades - frequent heartburn or gerd - severe weight loss - hoarseness or chronic cough other conditions can cause these symptoms. but if you have any of them, see your doctor. your doctor will examine you and review your medical history. he or she probably will order chest x - rays and other diagnostic tests, too. these may include the following : - routine laboratory studies. basic blood tests can help determine if you have been losing blood and whether your organs are functioning normally. these tests can help your doctor determine what other tests are needed. - barium swallow. this test is an x - ray of the esophagus. you drink a liquid containing barium, which coats the interior of your esophagus. it makes it easier for your doctor to see blockages or changes in the esophagus on x - rays. - endoscopy. the doctor inserts a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope into your esophagus. a small video camera sits at the end of the tube. with this tool, the doctor can look for problems in your esophagus. he or she can also collect tissue samples from suspicious areas for examination. you will be given a sedative or pain medicine to minimize discomfort. - computed tomography ( ct ) scan. x - ray pictures taken from different angles provide a three - dimensional view of your internal organs. doctors can then see if you have any masses or blockages. ct scans are especially helpful in determining the extent of cancer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44379799662505237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.423653"} {"text": "tomography ( ct ) scan. x - ray pictures taken from different angles provide a three - dimensional view of your internal organs. doctors can then see if you have any masses or blockages. ct scans are especially helpful in determining the extent of cancer. this information can guide treatment decisions. - endoscopic ultrasound. a tiny ultrasound machine sits at the end of a tube inserted into the esophagus. it creates pictures with sound waves. this test may be better than ct at determining how far cancer has grown into the esophagus, surrounding tissue, and lymph nodes. this information is especially important in choosing a treatment and planning surgery. as with endoscopy, doctors can remove bits of suspicious - looking tissue. the tissue will then be examined in a lab. - pet scanning. a positron emission tomography, or pet, scan is an imaging technique that uses positively charged particles ( radioactive positrons ) to detect subtle changes in the body ' s metabolism and chemical activities. a pet scan provides a color - coded image of the body ' s function, rather than its structure. because the metabolic activity of cancer cells differs from normal cells, pet can detect cancer that has spread to other areas of the body. this information can affect your choice of treatment. people with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma have a higher risk of mouth, throat, lung, and stomach cancer. that ' s why you may also have tests with endoscopes inside the throat and lungs, as well as chest x - rays and ct scans. esophageal cancer will continue to grow until it is treated. it can spread to almost any part of the body. the chance of survival increases greatly if the disease is detected early. while some risk factors for esophageal cancer can ' t be avoided, you can lower your risk of the disease : - don ' t use tobacco in any form. if you smoke or use smokeless tobacco, get the help you need to stop. - never eat or drink anything that may damage your digestive tract. - if you drink alcohol, drink in moderation. most experts recommend that women have no more than one drink a day, men no more than two. - if you get frequent heartburn, ask your doctor how to avoid or treat it. if you suffer from chronic heartburn, your doctor may suggest an endoscopy to look for barrett ' s esophagus. if you have this condition, some doctors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5069277788568449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.424565"} {"text": "frequent heartburn, ask your doctor how to avoid or treat it. if you suffer from chronic heartburn, your doctor may suggest an endoscopy to look for barrett ' s esophagus. if you have this condition, some doctors recommend periodic exams to check for abnormalities before they develop into cancer. after the cancer has been diagnosed, your doctor will determine how far it has advanced and assign it a \" stage. \" the stages run from 0 to iv. the higher the stage, the further the cancer has spread. for example, in stage 0, the cancer is confined to the lining of the esophagus. in stage i, the cancer has not invaded the outer muscle layer of the esophagus. treatment for esophageal cancer depends on the size and location of the tumor, its stage, your symptoms, and your general health. many different treatments and combinations of treatments may be used. the most common ones are surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. surgically removing the tumor and surrounding tissue offers the best chance of a cure. usually, the surgeon opens the chest or abdomen. he or she then removes, through one or two incisions, all or part of the esophagus and the nearby lymph nodes. this helps keep the cancer from spreading. sometimes, the upper part of the stomach is removed, too. the surgeon then uses the rest of the stomach or part of the intestine to reconnect the digestive tract, so that you can swallow. this is very intensive surgery ; some patients can ' t tolerate it. the surgeon may be able to modify the procedure and use minimally invasive techniques in certain patients, such as those with other serious medical conditions. instead of one or two larger incisions, the surgeon may make several smaller ones. this may decrease the risk of some complications. but a surgeon doing this procedure must be highly skilled. a second possible treatment is chemotherapy. this involves the use of anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. the drugs are usually injected into a vein. chemotherapy may be combined with radiation therapy. radiation therapy uses high - energy x - rays to kill cancer cells. the radiation may come from a machine outside the body ( external radiation ) or from radioactive material placed in or near the tumor ( internal radiation ). your doctor may suggest radiation therapy : - as the only treatment if the cancer is too large or the risk of surgery is too high - after surgery if the cancer cannot be completely removed - before surgery to shrink the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4519393595150606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.425503"} {"text": "near the tumor ( internal radiation ). your doctor may suggest radiation therapy : - as the only treatment if the cancer is too large or the risk of surgery is too high - after surgery if the cancer cannot be completely removed - before surgery to shrink the tumor and make it easier for the surgeon to remove it before recommending a treatment, your doctors will weigh the benefits of surgery against its risks. ( it can cause numerous complications. ) for many people, radiation therapy alone or combined with chemotherapy may offer the same chance of survival as surgery. your doctor may recommend other treatments to ease symptoms. for example, he or she may put a stent ( a small, wire - mesh tube ) in your esophagus so the cancer doesn ' t block it. this will allow you to eat normally. a laser can prevent blockages and improve swallowing by reducing the size of a tumor. if swallowing is so difficult that adequate nutrition cannot be taken by mouth, your doctor may suggest a feeding tube inserted into the stomach or intestine. when to call a professional see your doctor if you have any of these symptoms : - persistent trouble swallowing - significant weight loss - a feeling that food is stuck in your chest - recurrent or persistent vomiting most often these symptoms will not be caused by esophageal cancer, but they always require medical attention. if you have been diagnosed with gerd, consult a gastroenterologist. he or she can determine whether you have any precancerous conditions in the lower esophagus - - and treat them. more and more specialists ablate barrett ' s esophagus with an endoscope before it becomes cancerous. the earlier the cancer is detected, the higher the survival rate. about three - quarters of patients diagnosed with stage 0 esophageal cancer live at least five years. for those with stage i disease, almost half survive five years. but most cases of esophageal cancer are diagnosed at more advanced stages. with or without surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy can help improve quality of life. they can also prolong survival, even when the disease is advanced. national cancer institute ( nci ) nci office of communications and education public inquiries office 6116 executive blvd. bethesda, md 20892 - 8322 american cancer society ( acs ) cancer research institute one exchange plaza new york, ny 10006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4604928898930078, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.426493"} {"text": "cartilage is a tissue that lines the ends of our bones. it helps joints move smoothly. if cartilage is damaged or worn away, the joint may wear away, and cause pain and limited motion. this condition is called osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease. cartilage is one of the few tissues in the body that does not quickly heal after injury. thats why researchers have been trying for decades to perfect techniques to repair or replace damaged cartilage. unfortunately, the going has been slow. but there is a procedure that can help certain patients. during chondrocyte grafting the cells that make cartilage are harvested from a patient and grown outside the body for a period of time. then they are applied directly on the area of missing cartilage. this procedure is usually successful in younger people with a small area of injured cartilage. nearly all of these procedures are done on an injured knee. thats because it is a large joint that can be easily accessed with an arthroscope ( an instrument used to look inside knees and to perform minor surgery ). this treatment is not usually offered when there is larger area of damage ( as in most cases of degenerative joint disease or when a joint other than the knee is involved, such as the ankle ). its less likely to be successful. during your debridement surgery, the irregular surface of the cartilage is smoothed over and debris is removed. since your injuries or arthritis required debridement, its likely that you have more than just a small area of cartilage damage. that and the fact that its your ankle, means cartilage replacement with chondrocyte grafting is probably not a good option. still, cartilage replacement procedures will probably improve in the near future. doctors are experimenting with joint stem cell injections and other innovative treatments to stabilize or even reverse degenerative joint disease. there is good news. you may get relief from the arthritis in your ankle from other treatments, including surgery or injectable medicines ( such as cortisone ). go over all of your options with your doctors, including consultation with an orthopedist or podiatrist with expertise in ankle disease or a rheumatologist ( arthritis specialist ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4384916940652357, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.428739"} {"text": "thumbs and pacifiers sucking is a necessary reflex that gets a baby food, but it ' s also an inborn need. for example, fetuses often suck their thumbs in the womb, where getting food is not an issue. in general, thumb - and finger - sucking in an infant is not something to worry about. you have little control over it, anyway, since those fingers and thumbs are attached. it ' s not a sign of emotional problems, and it does help some babies sleep. thumb - sucking won ' t delay your child ' s language development, and it won ' t cause any harm to her mouth or teeth if it is stopped by age 4 or 5. most children give it up on their own well before reaching school age. if your infant sucks her thumb, first make sure she is getting enough to eat. if she wants to nurse a little longer or wants a little more formula, let her eat. once you ' ve established that the sucking isn ' t about food, allow her the comfort of her fingers or thumb. thumb - sucking that lasts beyond age 4 or 5 may become problematic for you or your child. you may be embarrassed by it, or your child might be when she discovers that other children her age don ' t suck their thumbs. she could develop dental problems if the habit persists, and there also is the danger of thumb infection from the constant moisture of the mouth. at this age, your child will probably be very motivated to give up the habit. whether to use a pacifier is something many parents struggle with. unlike thumb - or finger - sucking, which is generally your baby ' s choice, introducing a pacifier is your choice. pacifiers do have some advantages : they satisfy the sucking need, offer comfort and may help some babies sleep. on the other hand, pacifiers can become a crutch for parents, who might find it easier to pop one into the baby ' s mouth rather than take the time to find out what the baby wants or try other forms of comfort. in addition, introducing a pacifier means at some point you ' ll have to take it away. and if you put your baby to bed with one, she might wake up repeatedly when she loses it during the night. if you decide to use a pacifier, make sure it is all one piece so it cannot break apart and become a choking hazard. some experts prefer orthodontic pacifiers, which may limit any mouth distortion ( changes in shape ) that could occur. have several pacifiers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43280305783548956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.432143"} {"text": "pacifier, make sure it is all one piece so it cannot break apart and become a choking hazard. some experts prefer orthodontic pacifiers, which may limit any mouth distortion ( changes in shape ) that could occur. have several pacifiers on hand so there is always a clean one available, and wash them frequently. never attach a pacifier to your baby ' s clothing, crib, playpen or stroller. this might seem like a good way to keep the pacifier clean, but babies can be strangled by the cord. before you put the pacifier into your baby ' s mouth, ask yourself if it is really sucking your baby wants. the pacifier should not be a substitute for feedings, but it might be useful if your baby is full and just isn ' t finished sucking. you might want to try comforting your baby in other ways before turning to the pacifier. a breastfed baby should not be given a pacifier until nursing is well established to avoid nipple confusion. a pacifier may be most useful in infants 2 to 4 months old, when the need to suck seems to be strongest. your baby might lose interest after this time frame unless the pacifier has become a sleeping aid. like thumb - sucking, a pacifier should not harm your baby ' s mouth or teeth if it is discontinued before age 4 or 5. once your child is old enough to understand, the pacifier can be given up willingly in exchange for money, as baby teeth are, or perhaps relinquished in a \" graduation ceremony, \" where the pacifier is exchanged for something more grown - up. last updated may 29, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4005527194803498, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.432776"} {"text": "what is it? end - stage renal disease is a condition in which the kidneys no longer function normally. \" renal \" describes anything having to do with the kidneys. in end - stage renal disease, the kidneys function at a fraction of their normal capacity. when this occurs, dialysis or a kidney transplant is usually needed. dialysis is a mechanical process that does the kidneys ' work. diabetes is the leading cause of end - stage renal disease. kidney disease can result from type 1 or type 2 diabetes. with either type, poor control of blood sugar increases the risk of end - stage renal disease. other common causes of end - stage renal disease are : high blood pressure rheumatic or autoimmune diseases genetic disorders, such as polycystic kidney disease exposure to toxic drugs, including : symptoms of end - stage renal disease include : nausea or vomiting easy bruising or bleeding symptoms may remain mild or absent until kidney function drops to less than 20 % of normal. dialysis is urgent when one or more of the following occurs : inflammation of the covering of the heart fluid overload or congestive heart failure ( chf ) that cannot be managed with medications. in chf, fluid backs up into the lungs. dangerous elevations of potassium, sodium or acids in the blood. these substances can affect how other organs function. confusion, decreased alertness or seizures bleeding related to kidney failure that cannot be improved through other means severe, unrelenting nausea and vomiting dialysis may also be necessary if symptoms affect quality of life or nutritional status. this is especially true if they are accompanied by severely abnormal blood tests. kidney disease is diagnosed through urine and blood tests. these tests measure levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen in the urine and blood. additional tests may be necessary to determine why the kidneys have stopped working. end - stage renal disease is a lifelong condition unless a kidney transplant is done. even with a successful transplant, a person must take medicine for the rest of his or her life. you can take steps to reduce your risk of developing end - stage renal disease. if you have diabetes, control your blood sugar. closely monitor and aggressively treat high blood pressure. high blood pressure further damages the kidneys in people with kidney disease. if you have kidney disease, avoid over the counter arthritis medicines. non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) can cause kidney damage. a low - protein diet may slow the progression of existing kidney disease. quitting smoking and lowering cholesterol levels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49403544662362986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.437903"} {"text": "disease, avoid over the counter arthritis medicines. non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) can cause kidney damage. a low - protein diet may slow the progression of existing kidney disease. quitting smoking and lowering cholesterol levels may also help. the two treatments for end - stage renal disease are dialysis and kidney transplant. there are two types of dialysis : hemodialysis. during hemodialysis, blood is removed from a vein. it is run through filters to remove waste products. the blood is then returned to the body. hemodialysis usually is done at a dialysis center. the treatments are done three times a week, in three - to four - hour sessions. peritoneal dialysis. during peritoneal dialysis, sterile fluid is infused into the abdomen. waste products gradually accumulate in the fluid, which is drained several hours later. peritoneal dialysis is done at home. it takes longer than hemodialysis and must be done four to five times a day. it can be automated to occur during sleep. kidney transplants allow people with severe kidney disease to avoid or discontinue dialysis. however, even a successful kidney transplant is not a cure. anyone who receives a kidney transplant must take immunosuppressive drugs for life. these are drugs that prevent the body from rejecting the donated organ. in addition, a good genetic match is needed for a successful transplant. most transplant candidates wait one to three years before they are matched to a kidney from an unrelated donor. when to call a professional you should have regular checkups if you have : high blood pressure other diseases that put you at risk of end - stage renal disease these checkups should include urine and blood tests to measure your kidney function. when blood tests indicate kidney disease, your doctor should refer you to a kidney specialist. this specialist is called a nephrologist. call your doctor if you notice any decrease in urination or other symptoms of end - stage renal disease. be particularly vigilant if you have kidney disease or its risk factors. when kidney failure occurs, treatments offer hope for good recovery. many people on dialysis or who have received transplants lead near normal lives. national institute of diabetes & digestive & kidney disorders office of communications and public liaison building 31, room 9a04 31 center drive, msc 2560 bethesda, md 20892 - 2560 national kidney foundation 30 east 33rd st. new york, ny 10016", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4532756056450177, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.439019"} {"text": "this article was published originally on 8 / 25 / 2010 alert readers across iowa and in neighboring states are asking, \" why are there are so many dragonflies this summer? \" i ' m not sure what explains this larger - than - normal number of dragonflies but callers are reporting anywhere from \" dozens \" to \" hundreds \" of dragonflies flying in swarms during late afternoon to early evening. excessive rainfall in this year does not explain the abundance. dragonflies develop as nymphs in rivers, streams and lakes. most take at least one year to develop from the egg to the adult stage, and some take 2 or 3 years. so the swarmers you see now are at least one year old and probably two. these are the offspring of last year \u2019 s adults ( if not the adults that were flying back in 2008 or 2009 ). to me, that means this year \u2019 s abundance is related to what happened 1 to 3 years ago, and not what happened 1 to 3 months ago. in fact, i predict that dragonfly numbers will be down in the next 1 to 3 years as flooding of 2010 may have been detrimental to nymphs in flooded streams. more water in the stream, and especially flooding, would seem to work against the dragonflies, not for them. what we do know is that dragonflies are more numerous in high - quality water, so abundance is an indicator of healthy aquatic ecosystems, and that ' s a good thing. dragonflies are often observed long distances from the nearest water. it appears they travel long distances and then congregate ( \u201c swarm \u201d ) in areas where there is a plentiful flying food source such as emerging winged ants, mosquitoes, etc. yes, dragonflies eat mosquitoes, but it \u2019 s apparent they are not keeping up with this year \u2019 s bumper crop. more information about dragonflies dragonfly photographed near hungry jack lake mn. by richard minnick.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41832614962813985, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.441039"} {"text": "| scientific name : | | pronolagus rupestris | | species authority : | | ( a. smith, 1834 ) | | taxonomic notes : | | according to hoffmann and smith ( 2005 ), there are four recognized subspecies : pronolagus rupestris curryi, p. r. nyikae, p. r. saundersiae, and p. r. vallicola. p. saundersiae has recently been distinguished as a good species. there has been some contention as to the number of possible subspecies of p. rupestris ; however, until the biological and exact taxonomic status of these clades is more clear, the treatment of meester et al. ( 1986 ) is provisionally upheld. although the species occurs in both southern africa and east africa, it is unlikely that there is any gene flow between the two populations. | | red list category & criteria : | | least concern ver 3. 1 | | assessor / s : | | smith, a. t. & boyer, a. f. | | reviewer / s : | | johnston, c. h. and smith, a. t. ( lagomorph red list authority ) | pronolagus rupestris is a widespread species. population size in south africa is greater than 10, 000 mature individuals and this species is common within portions of its distribution in south africa ( matthee et al. 2004 ). pronolagus rupestris occurs in south africa ( free state, north - west, and northern cape provinces ), and lesotho, and in a separate population in south - western kenya, central tanzania, eastern zambia, and malawi ( duthie and robinson 1990 ; boitani et al. 1999 ; matthee et al. 2004 ). it is no longer thought to occur in namibia as indicated by other treatments ( bronner et al. 2003 ). the extent of occurrence is greater than 20, 000 km\u00b2, and the area of occupancy is greater than 2, 000 km\u00b2 ( matthee et al. 2004 ). native : kenya ; malawi ; south africa ( free state, northern cape province, north - west province ) ; tanzania, united republic of ; zambia | range map : | | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | this species is characterized as abundant in the springbok and kuruman areas of its distribution ( matthee et al. 2004 ). it has a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43079005673391146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.444945"} {"text": "| | click here to open the map viewer and explore range. | | population : | | this species is characterized as abundant in the springbok and kuruman areas of its distribution ( matthee et al. 2004 ). it has a population size of greater than 10, 000 in south africa ( matthee et al. 2004 ). in south africa, population decline of greater than 10 % is predicted to occur by the year 2022 ( matthee et al. 2004 ). there is no data regarding the status of the east african distribution. | | habitat and ecology : | | pronolagus rupestris occurs on rocky slopes and the tops of rocky outcrops of mountains and hills, where grass or scrub vegetation occurs ( duthie and robinson 1990 ; matthee et al. 2004 ). areas of unsuitable habitat cause some natural habitat fragmentation ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). the diet of p. rupestris consists of sprouting grasses ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). litter size is 1 - 2 young ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). | major threat ( s ) : | | hunting of pronolagus rupestris poses a threat to the species ( matthee et al. 2004 ). habitat loss due to building houses on rocky outcrops also occurs, but this is not currently considered a serious threat ( matthee et al. 2004 ). there has been a greater than 20 % loss of habitat since the 1900 ' s and future loss is predicted to continue at the same rate until the year 2022 ( matthee et al. 2004 ). | | conservation actions : | | in south africa, pronolagus rupestris occurs in national and provincial parks and wildlife refuges, and is seasonally protected by provincial nature conservation agencies as a game species ( duthie and robinson 1990 ). sustainable utilization is recommended, as well as research in the areas of status surveys and life history ( matthee et al. 2004 ). few data exist for the east african distribution and research should be conducted in the areas of threats, population and habitat status. taxonomic revision is also suggested for this species. | | citation : | | smith, a. t. & boyer, a. f. 2008. pronolagus rupestris. in : iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 23 may 2013. | | feedback :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4062439549945462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.445997"} {"text": "click on the links for more details about each musician : orpheus ( mythological ) \"... was a sober and gentle musician \" pythagoras ( c. 580 - c. 500 bce ) \" discovered that musical notes could be translated into mathematical equations \" lord ( george gordon ) byron ( 1788 - 1824 ) - his poems and his life set to music arthur schopenhauer ( 1788 - 1860 ) - german philosopher whose buddhist related writings on music and animal rights had a significant influence on many below. percy bysshe shelley ( 1792 - 1822 ) - wrote poems about music richard wagner, ( 1813 - 83 ) german music - drama composer. leo tolstoy ( 1828 - 1910 ) russian novelist, also an amateur musician and composer. anti - wagnerian karl klindworth ( 1830 - 1916 ) german music professor, conductor of berlin philharmonic, friend of wagner. friedrich wilhelm nietzsche ( 1844 - 1900 ) - german philosopher, also a minor composer. lilli lehmann ( 1848 - 1929 ) german opera singer, especially of wagner. george bernard shaw ( 1856 - 1950 ) - music critic for several london journals in the 1880s & 90s. cecile chaminade ( 1857 - 1944 ) french composer and pianist. cecil sharp ( 1859 - 1924 ) english folk song collector, several composers below used his collection. wagnerian. hugo wolf ( mar. 1860 - 1903 ) austrian composer. wagnerian. gustav mahler ( jul. 1860 - 1911 ) bohemian - austrian composer and conductor. wagnerian. maurice maeterlinck ( 1862 - 1949 ) belgian writer, many works set to music. romain rolland ( 1866 - 1944 ) - french writer, also professor of history of music at the sorbonne. leonard borwick ( 1868 - 1925 ) english concert pianist. praised by critic gbs in london, 1890. alexander scriabin ( jan. 1872 - 1915 ) russian composer, wagnerian, theosophist, indian - ist. carl friedberg ( sep. 1872 - 1955 ) german born, usa from 1914, concert pianist and teacher. performed with mahler, taught elly ney below. later at the juilliard school nyc. arnold schoenberg ( sep. 13, 1874 - 1951 ) austrian / american composer. disciple of mahler, teacher of cage. gustav holst ( sep. 21, 1874 - 1934 ) british composer ( swedish parents ). wagnerian. indian influenced. arranged settings of english folk songs from sharp ' s collection. albert schweitzer ( 1875 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4557364296576897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.457167"} {"text": "teacher of cage. gustav holst ( sep. 21, 1874 - 1934 ) british composer ( swedish parents ). wagnerian. indian influenced. arranged settings of english folk songs from sharp ' s collection. albert schweitzer ( 1875 - 1965 ) german / french. a significant musician, as well as being better known for other work. wagnerian. isadora duncan ( 1878 - 1927 ) american dancer who made her name in europe. cyril scott ( 1879 - 1970 ) british composer, friend of percy grainger. theosophist albert einstein ( 1879 - 1955 ) surprisingly well known as an amatuer violinist. anti - wagnerian. john foulds ( 1880 - 1939 ) british composer. married maud mccarthy. herman sandby ( 1881 - 1965 ) danish composer, one of the hoch conservatory, frankfurt, group. maud mccarthy ( jul. 4, 1882 - 1967 ) irish violinist and indian music expert. percy grainger ( jul. 8, 1882 - 1961 ) australian born composer. lived in england for some time, where he collected folk songs and set some of sharp ' s collection. his early experiments in ' chance ' music pre - dated john cage by many years. elly ney ( sep. 1882 - 1968 ) german concert pianist. frank merrick ( apr. 1886 - 1981 ) british pianist and composer, taught thomas pitfield below. vaslav nijinsky ( 1889 - 1950 ) russian ballet dancer, influenced by tolstoy. phiroz mehta ( 1902 - 1994 ) indian pianist thomas pitfield ( 1903 - 99 ) british composer, taught partly by frank merrick above. john cage ( 1912 - 92 ) american avant - garde composer. yehudi menuhin ( 1916 - 99 ), american born violin virtuoso, performed / conducted and / or recorded music by wagner and holst above. worked with ravi shankar below. georg tintner ( 1917 - 99 ) viennese born conductor, worked mainly australia & canada ravi shankar ( 1920 - ) indian sitar virtuoso, worked with yehudi menuhin and philip glass. vladimir ruzdak ( 1922 - ) yugoslav born opera singer, based in germany gisela litz ( dec. 1922 - ) german opera singer glenn gould ( 1932 - 82 ) canadian pianist ingrid fuzjko hemming ( 1932 - ) japanese / german pianist montserrat caballe ( 1933 - ) spanish opera singer kurt schwertsik ( 1935 - ) austrian composer philip glass ( jan. 1937 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4614176305430865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.458043"} {"text": "82 ) canadian pianist ingrid fuzjko hemming ( 1932 - ) japanese / german pianist montserrat caballe ( 1933 - ) spanish opera singer kurt schwertsik ( 1935 - ) austrian composer philip glass ( jan. 1937 - ) american composer, worked with ravi shankar hildegard behrens ( feb. 1937 - ) german opera singer. marisa robles ( apr 1937 ) harpist ( spain / uk ) peter jonas ( 1946 - ) opera director viktoria mullova ( 1959 - ) violinist juan diego florez ( born january 13, 1973 in lima, peru ) operatic tenor. 1854 - richard wagner first read schopenhauer, later describing this as the most important event of his life. 1855 - karl klindworth met wagner in england, transcribed some of his music for piano and they remained friends for life. 1859 - wagner planned to visit america, taking klindworth with him as 2nd conductor, but the plans never materialised. 1869 - wagner and the then vegetarian nietzsche met over coffee. wagner was then anti, but did something rub off? their friendship had broken down by 1876 and both subsequently reversed their views of vegetarianism. 1874 - gb shaw first ' converted ' to wagner ' s music whilst still in dublin. 1875 - wagner supervised productions of tanhauser and lohengrin in vienna. gustav mahler and hugo wolf, very young conservatory students, were in the gallery. - lilli lehmann to dinner with wagner during rehearsals for the first bayreuth festival - she records them discussing vegetarianism. 1876 - the first bayreuth festival with wagner directing. lilli lehmann played a rhine maiden. karl klindworth was also present. 1877 - gb shaw ' s first, brief and anonymous, job in journalism, as music critic for the hornet in london. in june he attended a concert at the albert hall with wagner conducting his own music, reporting that he received ' tempestuous applause '. 1879 - wagner was actively advocating anti - vivisection by this time. 1880 ( october ) - wagner published ' religion und kunst ( religion and art ) ', in the bayreuther blatter - which included his promotion of vegetarianism. - mahler became vegetarian the same month. 1881 ( january ) - gb shaw became vegetarian, apparently after reading shelley at the british museum, but was he also aware of the wagner article? - a group of young wagnerian vegetarians were meeting in the cafe griensteidl, vienna, among them gustav ma", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4330375451285934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.459104"} {"text": "gb shaw became vegetarian, apparently after reading shelley at the british museum, but was he also aware of the wagner article? - a group of young wagnerian vegetarians were meeting in the cafe griensteidl, vienna, among them gustav mahler and hugo wolf. 1882 - 2nd bayreuth festival, included the first performance of parsifal with its anti - hunting scene. hugo wolf was present. 1883 - death of wagner in february. cosima wagner became the director at bayreuth. gustav mahler attended that summer and saw parsifal. - cecil sharp in australia ( 1882 - 92 ) working with a music society founded by percy grainger ' s father. 1884 - gb shaw ' s first proper work as a music critic for a london newspaper. an early draft of his first play was called ' rhinegold '. 1885 - gb shaw started playing wagner on the piano, probably from klindworth ' s transcriptions which are still available. 1886 - mahler conducted his first wagner operas in prague - romain rolland, still astudent, write tolstoy and received a lenghty reply. mid 1880s - carl friedberg and leonard borwick both students at the hoch conservatory in frankfurt. 1888 - mahler was in bayreuth for parsifal and die meistersinger - ( october ) gb shaw diary records reading schopenhauer. 1889 - ( january ) mahler conducted wagner at the budapest opera. - ( august ) gb shaw ' s first visit to the bayreuth festival, resulting in four articles on wagner for the world. - ( november ) mahler conducted the first performance of his 1st symphony, in budapest, including the anti - hunting funeral march. - romain rolland influenced by malwida von meysenburg, a friend of wagner and neitzsche in rome. 1890 - albert schweitzer, in his early teens, learned about schopenhauer from a schoolmaster. 1891 - mahler moved to the hamburg opera, again starting with wagner. - gb shaw reading schopenhauer ( continued the following year ) - schweitzer went to his first wagner opera, tanhauser in stassbourg, which \" overpowered me \", and then went to all the others, except parsifal which was only performed at bayreuth. - romain rolland at bayreuth with malwida von meysenburg 1892 ( june 12 ) gb shaw mentioned meeting cecil sharp in his diary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4015269149872197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.460011"} {"text": "to all the others, except parsifal which was only performed at bayreuth. - romain rolland at bayreuth with malwida von meysenburg 1892 ( june 12 ) gb shaw mentioned meeting cecil sharp in his diary and that he knew sharp quite well before he went to australia. - ( july 13 ) gustav holst first heard wagner at a concert in london conducted by mahler. gb shaw wrote a review. 1893 - gustav holst moved to london and joined the hammersmith socialist society where gb shaw was a speaker, and became vegetarian. 1894 - percy grainger, 12, reported to have visited his first vegetarian restaurant in australia ( unconfirmed ). - karl klindworth moved into the eden vegetarian colony near berlin and remained there for the last 20 years of his life. - ( june ) holst attended his second wagner performance in london, again reviewed by gb shaw. - ( july ) gb shaw at bayreuth. his reports on this marked the end of his paid employment as a music critic, but his passion for wagner continued. - mahler and scriabin both reported to be reading schopenhauer. - lilli lehmann became vegetarian following influence from klindworth. 1896 - albert schweitzer and gb shaw both at the bayreuth festival, but unlikely to have known each. lilli lehmann played brunhilde. - hugo wolf set byron poem to music late 1890s - carl friedberg teaching at the hoch conservatory in frankfurt ; cyril scott, percy grainger and herman sandby all students there, leonard borwick had been ten years earlier. 1898 - gb shaw wrote the perfect wagnerite as a commentary on the ring cycle. - carl friedberg performed with the vienna philharmonic, conducted by mahler. 1899 - alexander scriabin ' became absorbed ' by wagner ' s music in moscow. 1900 - schweitzer lecturing on schopenhauer in paris. 1902 - schoenberg symphonic poem inspired by maeterlinck 1903 - cyril scott vegetarian. - schoenberg became a mahler enthusiast, following personal meetings. - isadora duncan vegetarian 1904 - isadora duncan danced in tanhauser at bayreuth. also reading schopenhauer. 1905 - schweitzer became a friend of cosima wagner while in strasbourg. - romain rolland wrote a biography of hugo wolf. - schweitzer and rolland met in paris, initally as musicians but became long - term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4052925903327669, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.460923"} {"text": "schweitzer became a friend of cosima wagner while in strasbourg. - romain rolland wrote a biography of hugo wolf. - schweitzer and rolland met in paris, initally as musicians but became long - term friends. - scriabin traveled in western europe and discovered theosophy ( mostly vegetarian ) and eastern religions. - maud mccarthy went to india as a companion to annie besant ( theosophist president ). 1906 - schweitzer at bayreuth again, writing his book on bach whilst there. 1907 - cecil sharp persuaded gustav holst to compose ' somerset rhapsody ' using his collected folk tunes. - lilli lehmann publicly supported mahler on his departure from the vienna opera. 1908 - gb shaw at bayreuth again. - romain rolland ' s musicians of today included sections on wagner, wolf and schweitzer. 1909 - cyril scott ' s handelian rhapsody, dedicated to and edited by percy grainger. 1913 - scriabin attended a vegetarian congress in moscow. - cyril scott visited vienna at the invitation of mahler ' s widow. 1915 - albert schweitzer developed his ethic ' reverence for life ', influenced by schopenhauer. - wagner ' s son married karl klindworth ' s adopted daughter after they met at bayreuth. she had grown up in the eden vegetarian colony. - john foulds married maud mccarthy. 1916 - cecil sharp ' s diary made a specific reference to being vegetarian, but probably was a lot earlier. 1917 - cyril scott became friends with gb shaw 1918 - schweitzer helped cosima wagner with food supplies after the war. - phiroz mehta running the colombo branch of the theosophical society. 1923 - albert schweitzer published ' civilization and ethics ' including his arguments for ' reverence for life '. 1924 - percy grainger fully vegetarian, but had been heading towards it for many years. - schoenberg reported to be a theosophist ( mostly vegetarians ) 1925 - john foulds wrote the music for gb shaw ' s saint joan 1927 - isadora duncan ' s autobiography refers to schopenhauer, wagner, gb shaw, romain rolland, and is praised by percy grainger. 1934 / 5 - john cage studying with schoenberg in california 1935 - john & maud foulds and moved to india 1939 - maud foulds ( nee mccarthy ) became swami omananda puri in india. 1940", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4499855287795016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.461856"} {"text": "is praised by percy grainger. 1934 / 5 - john cage studying with schoenberg in california 1935 - john & maud foulds and moved to india 1939 - maud foulds ( nee mccarthy ) became swami omananda puri in india. 1940 - carl friedberg reported vegetarian at the juilliard music school, new york. 1942 - schoenberg set byron poem to music 1946 - percy grainger, age 64, wrote article on ' how i became a meat - shunner \u2019 ( his preferred term for vegetarian ). 1949 - john cage into all things eastern and zen buddhism in particular. 1952 - yehudi menuhin ' s first visit to india where he met ravi shankar and encouraged him to perform in the west. yehudi was vegetarian by this time. 1954 - georg tintner became vegan 1956 - ravi shankar moved to the west to perform and record classical indian music. 1958 - yehudi menuhin and ravi shankar joint concert in london, but not playing together, just alternate pieces.. 1960 - elly ney, piano, vladimir ruzdac, baritone, and gisela litz, soprano. performed at the ivu congress in hamburg. 1965 - philip glass met ravi shankar for the first time in paris, they were working on film music which was originally intended for jazz musician ornette coleman. glass then went on to india and became vegetarian. - yehudi menuhin recorded with glenn gould. ravi and yehudi performed specially composed piece together at the bath ( england ) festival and release ' east meets west ' album. 1983 - ingrid fuzjko hemming vegetarian 1991 - ravi shankar and philip glass record passages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4706400295021744, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.462482"} {"text": "chelmno was established december 1941. the first commandant was herbert lange. the camp consisted of two parts : administration section, barracks and storage for plundered goods ; burial and cremation site. it operated three gas vans using carbon monoxide. the camp began operations on december 7th, 1941 and ended operations on march 1943. it resumed operations june 23, 1944 and finally ceased operations january 17, 1945. the estimated number of deaths is 150 - 300, 000, mainly jews. chelmno : one of the three gas vans chelmno, also known as kulmhof, was a small town roughly 50 miles from the city of lodz. it was here that the first mass killings of jews by gas took place as part of the ' final solution '. the murder process was set up by a ' sonderkommando ', under the command of herbert lange. he was transferred to chelmno directly from duties in the t4 euthanasia program, murdering psychiatric patients in posen. lange and his unit had developed much experience in the use of gas vans. these early models were equipped to pipe carbon monoxide from cylinders in the driver ' s cab into the van in which the ' patients were locked. lange ' s unit comprised 15 - 20 men of the sipo and about 80 - 100 men of the ' schutzpolizei '. they took over a run - down castle in chelmno and converted it into their base camp with barracks and a reception area for deportees. each afternoon, jews were brought under guard by train from lodz via kolo junction ( where they transferred to open rail cars running on a narrow - gauge track ), or from nearer locations by lorry, to the castle or schloss. they were gathered in the castle courtyard, subdivided into groups of 50 and told to undress. they were forced to hand over all valuables. they were then told they were about to be transferred to a work camp, but first they had be disinfected and showered. they were taken down into the castle cellar to a ' washroom ' which actually led via a ramp into a waiting van. vicious beatings ensured that none hesitated or declined to go inside. after 50 - 70 persons were jammed into the van ' s freight compartment, the exhaust pipe was connected to an opening in the compartment and the engine switched on. after about ten minutes those inside were dead. the driver, usually a member of the ' schutzpolizei '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.429494629690174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.471255"} {"text": "into the van ' s freight compartment, the exhaust pipe was connected to an opening in the compartment and the engine switched on. after about ten minutes those inside were dead. the driver, usually a member of the ' schutzpolizei ', then drove the van 2. 5 miles into the nearby rzuchow forest, to the second camp the ' waldlager '. here the ss had prepared mass graves, dug by jewish slave labor, and later cremation pyres. a team of 40 - 50 jews, wearing leg - irons to prevent their escape, hauled the bodies out of the van and dumped them in the graves. another team of jews sorted the clothes and objects of those killed so that they could be made available to germans in the reich. no less than 370 wagon loads of clothing were supplied by these means. the technology was quite simple. the ' sonderkommando ' had three vans at its disposal. the only technical innovation was the specially constructed sealed compartments mounted on a renault chassis. these compartments were lined with tin and had airtight, double doors. the floor of the compartment had a wooden lattice to facilitate the cleaning out of detritus. beneath it was an aperture with a nozzle to which the pipe from the exhaust was connected. by the time lange ' s unit came to use these vans, they had been tried and tested in the ' euthanasia program '. a convoy arrives in chelmno by these means, about 145, 000 people were murdered at chelmno in the first phase of its operations. gassings started on december 7th, 1941. the first deportees were jews from surrounding communities and about 5, 000 gypsies who had been incarcerated in the lodz ghetto. from january 16th to january 29th, 1942, 10, 000 jews were deported from lodz to chelmno and murdered. they were followed by 34, 000 between march 22nd and april 2nd, 1942, 11, 700 between may 4th and 15th, 1942, 16, 000 between september 5th and 12th, 1942. in addition, 15, 200 jewish slave laborers from the lodz region were gassed at chelmno. amongst the deportees were jews from germany, austria and czechoslovakia who had been transported to the lodz ghetto. after the assassination of reinhard heydrich and the annihilation of the czech town of lidice, 88 children from there were sent to chelmno and murdered. the church of chelmno where the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45632157675585716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.472385"} {"text": "transported to the lodz ghetto. after the assassination of reinhard heydrich and the annihilation of the czech town of lidice, 88 children from there were sent to chelmno and murdered. the church of chelmno where the victims had to wait before being sent to the gas chamber... by march 1943, most of the jews of the warthegau had been murdered. only the 70, 000 jews in the lodz ghetto remained. chelmno camp was wound up and the schloss actually demolished. it was briefly reactivated on the same lines in april to july 1944 to assist with the liquidation of the lodz ' ghetto '. in this period, a further 25. 000 lodz jews were murdered at chelmno. afterwards, a unit of ' sonderkommando 1005 labored to clean up the traces of mass murder. on january 17th, 1945 the work group, numbering 48 men, was to be shot, but the jews revolted and in the ensuing melee a handful escaped. chelmno : photo of jews taken just before their being sent to the gas chamber. there were few survivors of the most intense phase of murder at chelmno. in mid - january 1942, yaakov grojanowski escaped and made his way to warsaw where he informed the ghetto leadership of what he had witnessed. as a result, fairly accurate information about the mass killings at chelmno was transmitted via the polish underground and reached london in june.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3708852043105053, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.473016"} {"text": "you can help : all these towns need town leaders to learn more about becoming a town leader please read this pdf. -, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, v, w, y, z reference : when these letters appear the town has town leader, kehilalinks, projects, documents < < previous - next > > a town can be named in different ways ( in yiddish, in russian, in polish, in ukrainian... ), many town names have changed over time and many can be spelled differently depending on the transliteration rules applied. ukraine sig has chosen as the main town name the official one around 1900. town names in this time period are the ones that are most widely known among jewish genealogy researchers. the 1900s - era town names are consistent with the clickable maps of 1910 that we feature on our website. in addition, we use alexander beider ' s system for transliterating town names ( except for some special very know cases where a different english name is widely know like moscow or kiev ). this town list shows only 1900 town names, not modern names. however, the ukraine sig database stores most of the alternate names and you can search for them ( using d - m soundex ) through the town search box on the top - right of each website page. the town page will show all alternate names as well as the different names by period ( 1900, 1930, 1950, modern ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4009539498930029, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.474725"} {"text": "israel briefing book fact sheet : jewish settlements in the west bank jewish settlements in the west bank have drawn serious ire from the international community for their supposed illegality and, even worse, their purported impedent to advancing the peace negotiations between israel and the palestinians. while israeli ' s debate vociferously the logic behind establishing communities in territory that may one day be ceded for the creation of a palestinian state, the settlements merit is unquestionable - the right of jews to live in the west bank is clear and legal. jews have actually been living in judea and samaria, the area commonly referred to as the west bank, for hundreds of years - far longer than any palestinian has lived in the area. in fact, the only time in recent history that jews did not live in the area was between 1948 to 1967, when the occupying jordanian government prohibited jews from remaining in the west bank. after conquering the west bank following the 1967 six - day war, israel sought peace with its arab neighbors for two decades before the first jewish community was even established in the west bank. no arab leader, though, was willing to negotiate at the time and israel decided to allow the building of cities in the region. israel did not begin to build large numbers of settlements until after 1977. that is also when egypt negotiated peace. israel froze settlement building afterward in the hope that other arab states would follow egypt ' s example. none did. israel built then allowed the building of more settlements in the 1980 ' s and 1990 ' s ; king hussein of jordan, meanwhile, made peace with israel, and settlements were not an issue. likewise, during the oslo agreements in the early 1990 ' s, israel did not agree to dismantle any settlements or freeze construction and the palestinians agreed. in 2005, after several years of bloodshed, terror and stalled peace talks with the palestinians, prime minister ariel sharon implemented his disengagement plan and completely withdrew every israeli soldier and settler from the gaza strip. israel safely evacuated more than 8, 500 israeli settlers and destroyed more than 10 settlements. jews should have a right to live anywhere. to say they are not allowed to live there is the definition of anti - semitism, discrimination and bigotry. neither the declaration of principles of september 13, 1993, nor the interim agreement contain any provisions prohibiting or restricting the establishment or expansion of jewish communities in the west bank or gaza strip. additionally, settlements do not violate the fourth geneva convention, which prohibits the forcible transfer of people of one state to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.427974794879185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.481433"} {"text": "nor the interim agreement contain any provisions prohibiting or restricting the establishment or expansion of jewish communities in the west bank or gaza strip. additionally, settlements do not violate the fourth geneva convention, which prohibits the forcible transfer of people of one state to the territory of another state that it has occupied as a result of a war. the intention of this protocol was to insure that local populations who came under occupation would not be forced to move. jews are not being forced to go to the west bank ( nor are palestinians being forced to stay or go ) ; on the contrary, they are voluntarily moving back to places where they, or their ancestors, once lived before being expelled by others. moreover, to say that israel illegaly annexed the territory from its prior \" owners \" holds no water. the west bank never legally belonged to jordan and certainly not to the palestinians, who were never the sovereign authority in any part of the land. the british, who controlled the land during the mandate period, withdrew any legal claims they had to the territory ; the ottoman empire who held the area before the british no longer exists. the question of the future status of settlements - whether they will be destroyed entirely, fall under palestinian authority or be annexed to israel - is the subject of final status negotiations with the palestinians. the fact that israel continues to agree to discuss the matter illustrates a willingness to compromise on this issue. an estimated 80 percent of the settlers live in what are in effect suburbs of major israeli cities such as jerusalem and tel aviv. virtually the entire jewish population believes israel must retain these areas to ensure its security, and that they could be brought within israel ' s borders with minor modifications of the 1949 armistice lines. president obama has reiterated his belief that israel should hold on to these major population centers with the caveat that the palestinians would receive equal land in return. of the 122 officially recognized west bank settlements, with an estimated population of 303, 900 in 2010, more than 60 percent of the jews live in just five settlement blocs ( ma \u2019 ale adumim, modiin ilit, ariel, gush etzion, givat ze \u2019 ev ) near the 1949 armistice lines. the arab city of nablus alone is larger than those six jewish cities put together. it is inconceivable that israel would evacuate large cities such as ma \u2019 ale adumim, with a population of more than 35, 000, even after a peace agreement with the palestinians. even yasser arafat grudgingly accepted at camp david the idea that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44015715083691925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.482699"} {"text": "##ble that israel would evacuate large cities such as ma \u2019 ale adumim, with a population of more than 35, 000, even after a peace agreement with the palestinians. even yasser arafat grudgingly accepted at camp david the idea that the large settelement blocs would be part of israel. as the table shows, these are large communities with thousands of residents. evacuating them would be the equivalent of dismantling major american cities the size of maryland \u2019 s capital, annapolis, juneau, alaska, or augusta, georgia. on a proportional basis, compared to the total population of the country, these blocs would be the equivalent of u. s. municipalities with populations ranging from a half million ( e. g., boston, denver, seattle, washington, d. c. ) to 1. 7 million ( e. g., philadelphia and houston ). would the incorporation of settlement blocs prevent the creation of a contiguous palestinian state? a look at a map shows that it would not. the total area of these communities is only about 1. 5 % of the west bank. a kidney - shaped state linked to the gaza strip by a secure passage would be contiguous. some argue that the e1 project linking ma \u2019 ale adumim to jerusalem would cutoff east jerusalem, but even that is not necessarily true as israel has proposed constructing a four - lane underpass to guarantee free passage between the west bank and the arab sections of jerusalem. ultimately, israel may decide to unilaterally disengage from the west bank and determine which settlements it will incorporate within the borders it delineates. israel would prefer, however, to negotiate a peace treaty with the palestinians that would specify which jewish communities will remain intact within the mutually agreed border of israel, and which will need to be evacuated. israel will undoubtedly insist that some or all of the \u201c consensus \u201d blocs become part of israel. share this article :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43928500792525366, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.483561"} {"text": "as the planet becomes increasingly covered with concrete, tarun naik says at least some of it could be used to help the environment rather than hurt it. some of the negative consequences are worrisome. the production of one ton of cement, the paste used to make concrete, creates almost an equal amount of greenhouse gases. that ' s more than 1. 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year, says naik, a university of wisconsin - milwaukee engineering professor. concrete roads and buildings have been linked to \" hot city syndrome, \" a condition in which temperatures keep rising in urban areas. there ' s a direct link between concrete and global warming, according to naik, who has spent decades studying greener alternatives to conventional cement and concrete. what ' s more, entire geographical regions of the world are running out of limestone to make cement, naik says. \" as limestone becomes a limited resource, employment and construction associated with the concrete industry will decline, \" he wrote in a recent study about the sustainability of the cement and concrete industries. naik and his colleagues are seeking ways to make the use of concrete more sustainable and environmentally friendly. it ' s a huge task since concrete is second only to water when it comes to the consumption of materials worldwide. \" it ' s a global issue. china alone plans to double or triple its cement capacity in the near future, \" said rudolph kraus, assistant director of the uwm center for by - products utilization, which is doing research on cement and concrete. researchers are studying things such as porous pavement that allows the earth to breathe and take in water. stone and soil underneath porous pavement acts as a reservoir and cleans runoff water like the filter on a fish tank. \" it ' s a sore point with me that we spend millions of dollars a year flushing storm water into lake michigan, \" naik said. porous concrete study highway barriers made from porous concrete could absorb sound and act as sponges that soak up greenhouse gases, according to naik. currently, he and other uwm researchers are trying to quantify how well porous concrete absorbs carbon dioxide. they ' re exposing crushed concrete to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, triggering a chemical reaction that sequesters the gas and keeps it from leaching out. through the reaction, which converts calcium hydroxide to limestone, porous concrete gets stronger. but eventually the material becomes saturated with carbon dioxide and stops absorbing it. researchers don ' t know how long it takes to reach the saturation point,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4772987134777934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.533273"} {"text": "out. through the reaction, which converts calcium hydroxide to limestone, porous concrete gets stronger. but eventually the material becomes saturated with carbon dioxide and stops absorbing it. researchers don ' t know how long it takes to reach the saturation point, though it might be years. when a porous highway barrier stopped absorbing gas, it could be torn down and recycled to make new concrete. \" even if it only sequestered a small amount of carbon dioxide, it would be a step in the right direction, \" naik said. buildings made from porous concrete could help cleanse indoor air. ordinary concrete walls absorb some carbon dioxide, but not much of it because the surface isn ' t very porous. porous concrete could help filter storm water in parking lots. studies have shown that most pollutants would be trapped in the material rather than passed through to the aquifer. crushed concrete could be used to cleanse waste gases from power plants. and fly ash, a waste product from coal - burning power plants, has been used as a substitute for cement in making concrete. \" by using fly ash in place of cement, we cut the corresponding amount of co2 emissions, \" naik said. \" it has been a holy grail to use 100 percent fly ash. we have had successes with this idea in lab - produced concrete. however, it has not yet been implemented in real - world practice. \" the building materials industry recognizes it has environmental issues, but not everyone agrees that porous concrete provides many solutions. the material isn ' t necessarily compatible with climates that have frequent freeze - and - thaw cycles, said david schulz, an engineering professor at northwestern university and former milwaukee county executive. \" road builders spend a lot of time and money trying to keep water out of concrete, \" schulz said. \" in the winter it freezes and expands with incredible pressure. that ' s what causes the breakup of a lot of concrete. \" but in tests done in wisconsin, porous concrete has held up well to freezing and thawing, naik said. one of the tests, in port washington, involved the use of porous concrete on a road. after 10 years of exposure to year - round weather, the road was undamaged. another test, in green bay, is under way to evaluate porous concrete in a parking lot and truck loading area. so far, after four years, there ' s not been any damage from freeze and thaw cycles, naik said. the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45222274389688877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.546301"} {"text": "the iihs offers a state - by - state break down of child restraint laws. but arbogast and chop offers the following suggestions : - children should remain in a rear - facing seat until at least 1 year old and at least 20 pounds - a forward - facing seat with a harness comes next and should be used until children weigh more than 40 pounds or until their ears reach the top of the seat - use a booster seat when your child has outgrown the forward - facing seat until he or she is 8 years old or 4 feet, 9 - inches tall as autotrader. com notes, guidance is also available from local fire and police departments and hospitals, which often run child safety seat clinics designed to show parents how to correctly install the seats. keep kids in back making sure children take a back seat is also another important step in keeping children safe, reducing the risk of fatal injuries in crashes by about one - third among kids 12 and younger. while the american academy of pediatrics, which provides an online guide to child safety seats, recommends that children younger than 13 ride in the back seats of vehicles, the chop study showed that about 30 percent of all 8 - to 12 - year - olds ride in the front. \" these findings are an alarm bell that parents still haven \u2019 t heard the critical safety message ( that ) old air bag, new air bag, no air bag, kids are safer in a rear seat properly restrained, \" said chuck hurley, executive director of the air bag & seat belt safety campaign of the national safety council. \" it is particularly important that this message get out to lower - income families of all races whose self - reported behavior places their babies at much greater risk. \" latch to the rescue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38168235319827726, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.557452"} {"text": "yahoo. com - nasa ' s mars rover curiosity has photographed a shiny, metallic - looking object that bears a passing resemblance to a door handle or a hood the curiosity rover has not stumbled onto evidence of an ancient civilization that took the family van to olympus mons for vacation, however. the object is simply a rock that the wind has sculpted into an interesting shape, scientists \" the shiny surface suggests that this rock has a fine grain and is relatively hard, \" curiosity scientists wrote monday ( feb. 11 ) in an explainer blurb accompanying the image, which was taken on jan. 30. \" hard, fine - grained rocks can be polished by the wind to form very similar \" ventifacted \" ( wind - eroded ) rocks can be found here on earth, notably on the dry, gusty plains of antarctica, they added. the newfound rock is not the first shiny object curiosity has photographed on the red planet. in october, the car - size rover paused its first soil - scooping activities to investigate a bright sliver lying on the ground nearby. scientists think the scrap is a piece of plastic debris that shook loose during the robot ' s dramatic sky - crane landing on the night of aug. 5. later in october, curiosity spotted bright flecks in one of the holes it dug out while scooping. that material appears to be some sort of native martian mineral, as does the so - called \" mars flower, \" which garnered a lot of attention after curiosity photographed it in december. while such finds may be interesting to laypeople and researchers alike, curiosity has bigger fish to fry. the rover ' s main task is to determine whether its landing site \u2014 a huge crater called gale \u2014 could ever have supported microbial life. curiosity carries 10 different scientific instruments and 17 cameras to aid in this quest, along with other tools such as a rock - boring drill. curiosity used this drill to collect samples for the first time over the weekend, boring 2. 5 inches ( 6. 4 centimeters ) into a red planet rock in a move that had never been done before on another planet. wednesday, may 22 2013 12 : 27 am edt2013 - 05 - 22 04 : 27 : 35 gmt sprague lake, wash. - the lincoln county sheriff ' s office has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating accident on sprague lake. > > sprague lake, wash. - the lincoln county sheriff ' s office has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5068313654977405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.579178"} {"text": "has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating accident on sprague lake. > > sprague lake, wash. - the lincoln county sheriff ' s office has confirmed with khq that one person died following a boating accident on sprague lake. the sheriff ' s office says that about 3 : 00pm tuesday afternoon they responded to a report of two people who had washed ashore at sprague lake. once they arrived they found a man and a woman on the shore. > > wednesday, may 22 2013 4 : 43 pm edt2013 - 05 - 22 20 : 43 : 52 gmt air force officials announced wednesday that fairchild air force base and grand forks afb, n. d. were selected as the reasonable alternative main operating bases ( mob 1 ) for the kc - 46a air refueling tanker. > > fairchild air force base, wash. \u2013 air force officials announced wednesday that fairchild air force base and grand forks afb, n. d. were selected as the reasonable alternative main operating bases ( mob 1 ) for the kc - 46a air refueling tanker. read complete details inside of the story > > > > > wednesday, may 22 2013 2 : 57 pm edt2013 - 05 - 22 18 : 57 : 24 gmt khq. com - army brigadier general bryan t. roberts is being investigated for adultery and for being involved in a physical altercation. > > khq. com - army brigadier general bryan t. roberts, the commanding general of the u. s. army training center and fort jackson, located in fort jackson, s. c., is being investigated for adultery and for being involved in a physical altercation > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4294854108791666, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.583479"} {"text": "puget sound clean air agency ( external link ) look up air quality forecasts and air quality burn bans, learn about air quality priorities, regulations, and permits, get the news on air quality and peruse the library. king county climate change detailed information related to addressing greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollution through clean mobility, waste to resource, waste to energy, and energy and resource efficiency efforts. 2008 greenhouse gas emissions in king county rollup report of emissions from the entire king county community including government, residents and business. published december, 2011. air quality indicators - kingstat explore environmental data about air quality and trends for king county, washington. fire safety burn bans and air quality burn bans burn ban announcements and burn permit options. indoor air quality how to determine the quality of indoor air and identify sources of poor indoor quality, and tips on how to improve it. may 10, 2013 external article, new york times carbon dioxide level passes long - feared milestone mar. 9, 2012 settlement spurs investment in clean - water equipment upgrades, environmental grants king county reaches agreement on west point emissions permit issues sept. 19, 2011 external news release, western university western professor ' s research shows neighborhood disparities in seattle ' s pollution distribution and exposure risks please offer suggestions and report errors in the king county air quality portal to fred bentler, webmaster.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43260895410694106, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.593810"} {"text": "macgregor : a 2, 600 - year - old icon of freedom the cyrus cylinder is a small unprepossessing barrel - shaped clay cylinder inscribed in enigmatic - looking cuneiform, and yet is one of the most iconic objects in the unparalleled world collection housed at the british museum. it is an object with many meanings and provides a link to a past that we all share and to a key moment in history that has shaped the world around us. as such it is an object of international significance and is about to start a tour of five major u. s. museums, debuting at the smithsonian ' s arthur m. sackler gallery in washington in march 2013. the tour is supported by the iran heritage foundation. the cylinder was buried under the walls of babylon around 539 b. c. after the persian king cyrus had captured the city. it describes how cyrus was able to defeat the babylonian king nabonidus with the aid of the babylonian god marduk, who had run out of patience with nabonidus and his shortcomings. once he had entered the city, cyrus did not burn it to the ground ( as usually happened with conquered cities at this period ) but he freed the population from forced labor obligations, sent back to various shrines statues of gods, and allowed the people who had been brought to babylon by the babylonian kings to return to their homes. by this act, he was effectively allowing people to pursue unmolested their own religious practices. after it had been buried, the cylinder lay undisturbed for more than 2, 400 years until it was dug up in 1879 by a british museum excavation led by hormuzd rassam. when the babylonian cuneiform was translated, it was immediately realized that the cylinder had a very special significance. here was corroboration of one of the best - known stories in the hebrew bible, the liberation by cyrus of the jews deported to babylon by nebuchadnezzar and their return to jerusalem to build the second temple. although the jews are not mentioned by name in the cylinder, they clearly must have been among the people allowed to return home at this time, with their temple goods. the cylinder also confirmed existing impressions of cyrus. in the hebrew bible he is variously described as the lord ' s shepherd and the messiah, no doubt largely because of his favorable treatment of the jews. not only did he allow them to return to jerusalem, but he also restituted the temple treasures seized by nebuchadnezzar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47075596231857525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.630139"} {"text": "as the lord ' s shepherd and the messiah, no doubt largely because of his favorable treatment of the jews. not only did he allow them to return to jerusalem, but he also restituted the temple treasures seized by nebuchadnezzar and provided royal funds to pay for the rebuilding of the temple. in consequence, cyrus has been favorably viewed by many jewish writers, not least in the context of the foundation of the state of israel. but it is not only in the bible that cyrus was revered. the greek author xenophon made him the subject of a political romance that seeks to establish the principles of good government, and his book \" cyropaedia \" ( the education of cyrus ) is even said to have been consulted by alexander the great. in the 18th century \" cyropaedia \" became required reading for all aspiring politicians, along with works such as \" the prince \" by machiavelli, and it certainly influenced the founding fathers of the united states. thomas jefferson is said to have owned two copies, one of which will be on view in the washington exhibition. amidst so many of democracy ' s icons and treasures, even before the discovery of the cylinder, therefore, cyrus was a role model for many aspiring to govern. as julian raby, tte dame jillian sackler director of the arthur m. sackler gallery and the freer gallery of art, comments \" cyrus was the very image of a virtuous ruler, so it is apt that the first time it will be seen in the u. s. is in washington, d. c. \" just as cyrus has long been a role model, the cylinder itself has now acquired iconic status for people around the world. it has even been described as the first declaration of human rights, and while this was never the intention of the document - - the modern concept of human rights scarcely existed in the ancient world - - it has come to embody the hopes and aspirations of many. it has continued to feature in political debate, being the symbol of the celebration of 2, 500 years of iranian monarchy in 1971, and also celebrated by the islamic republic of iran, as evidenced by its popularity during the recent exhibition in tehran. the cylinder may still have a role to play on the international stage today. it advocates - - or can be argued to advocate - - religious tolerance and acceptance of diversity, in terms that derive exclusively from middle eastern traditions. as such the principles it embodies should be central to debates about the future of the middle east and other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4943964729288613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.637943"} {"text": "i would giggle thinking that was a funny saying, the moon could be white or orange or even yellow, but i had never seen a blue moon, or had i? after looking up the definition, i decided that i had seen many blue moons, but had just never realized it. according to earthsky. org, a blue moon is, according to modern folklore, the second full moon of a calendar month. wikipedia tells me that the farmers \u2019 almanac defines blue moon as the third full moon in a season of four full moons. a blue moon is said to occur every 2 1 / 2 to 3 years. that would also give me reason to believe that the saying \u201c once in a blue moon, \u201d would simply mean seldom. so if i asked how often do you... ( whatever it might be ) and you reply \u201c oh, once in a blue moon, \u201d i would know that it is not very often. my entire life i never knew the origin of blue moon, or just how long it was. but since i \u2019 ve seen some news reports saying that there is a blue moon tonight, i wanted to find out just what that is. would i actually see a moon, full and bright in the sky, and blue? i now know that even though it is rare, seeing a blue colored moon is possible if the unusual sky conditions and certain sized particles of dust or smoke are just right. spaceweather. com says that sometimes the moon really does turn blue, usually after volcanic eruptions or major forest fires. it says that volcanoes and wildfires fill the air with ash and dust. if the airborne particles are just the right size, they act like a color filter and give the moon a blue tinge. it says that clouds of water droplets, ice crystals or fine - grained sand can also do the same thing. even though the color blue is not predictable, it is still referred to as \u201c blue. \u201d or, an easier way to see a blue moon, would be to hold a blue colored plastic between your eyes and the full, bright moon, then it will of course look as though it is blue. according to the blue moon between 2009 and 2016 on wikipedia, the next seasonal blue moon is said to be aug. 21, 2013 and the next calendar blue moon, besides tonight, is said to be july 31, 2015. so if you want to know when i am going to do something and i say \u201c once in a blue moon, \u201d know that it will most likely be within the next 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.532768147025638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.685617"} {"text": "blue moon, besides tonight, is said to be july 31, 2015. so if you want to know when i am going to do something and i say \u201c once in a blue moon, \u201d know that it will most likely be within the next 2 1 / 2 or 3 years. it was actually a mistake by an amateur astronomer in sky & telescope magazine in 1946 that led to our current definition of \u201c blue moon \u201d as the unusual second full moon in a month. the term \u201c blue moon \u201d goes back hundreds of years, but it had a different meaning then of \u201c impossible \u201d or \u201c absurd. \u201d the term later morphed into a reference for something uncommon or that rarely occurred. there are normally three full moons in each of the four seasons, for a total of 12 per year. in the early 1930s, the maine farmers \u2019 almanac ( unrelated to the old farmer \u2019 s ) named the third full moon in a season that had an extra fourth full moon a blue moon. it \u2019 s unclear where the \u201c blue \u201d part came from, but it \u2019 s possible it refers to that earlier meaning \u2013 an event that rarely happens. then, in the march 1946 issue of sky & telescope magazine, american amateur astronomer james hugh pruett wrote an article titled \u201c once in a blue moon. \u201d he either misread the maine almanac \u2019 s definition or interpreted the meaning of \u201c blue moon \u201d differently, calling it the second full moon in a month. sky and telescope later adopted pruett \u2019 s definition. the following blue moons occur between 2009 and 2016. these dates use utc as the timezone ; exact dates vary with different timezones. using the farmers \u2019 almanac definition of blue moon ( meaning the third full moon in a season of four full moons ), blue moons occur \u2022 nov. 21, 2010 \u2022 aug. 21, 2013 \u2022 may 21, 2016 it seems that the farmers almanac, even though it describes the sky & telescope \u2018 invention \u2019 of the new definition, is now using the new definition of blue moon on its calendar, therefore indicating that the blue moon is aug. 31, 2012 instead of august 21, 2013. unlike the astronomical seasonal definition, these dates are dependent on the gregorian calendar and time zones. two full moons in one month : \u2022 2009 : dec. 2, dec. 31 ( partial lunar eclipse visible in some parts of the world ), only in time zones west of utc + 05. \u2022 2010 : jan. 1 ( partial lunar eclipse ), jan. 30, only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5253399851302949, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.689048"} {"text": "federal departments and independent agency explanations and links multiple federal departments and independent agencies play various roles in implementing federal regulatory requirements for coastal areas. below is a list ( with brief explanations ) of most of these federal agencies, and direct links to those agency homepages. - bureau of land management ( blm ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) this department controls and cares for many of the nation ' s public lands. there is no blm office in south carolina since much of the land the blm is responsible for is located out west. however, in south carolina mineral rights in sumter national forest and wild horse adoptions are overseen by blm. - council on environmental quality ( ceq ) the council is an office within the white house. it was created by the national environmental policy act which it helps ensure is properly implemented. ceq also coordinates environmental efforts between federal agencies. in addition to this coordinating role, ceq also ensures agencies ' environmental responsibilities are being met and can be called upon to mediate between federal agencies if an environmental issue is involved. - u. s. environmental protection agency ( epa ) created in 1970 to protect human health and the environment, epa has the responsibility to set standards for numerous federal environmental programs. epa is not a cabinet - level agency. epa leads the nation in environmental science, research, education and assessment through the development and enforcement of regulations and offers financial assistance through programs such as the clean water state revolving fund, research grants and graduate fellowships. epa has offices nationwide to oversee the numerous federal environmental laws under its authority. south carolina is in region 4, which is headquartered in atlanta. - minerals management service ( mms ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) mms is responsible for managing the nation ' s natural gas, oil and other mineral resources. among other duties, mms leases government lands, including the outer continental shelf, to the private sector for mining. south carolina has a partnership with mms for beach nourishment and coastal protection projects that may require the mining of sand deposits. - national park service ( nps ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) the national park service operates eight parks or historical sites in south carolina. in addition to operating these sites the nps also works to preserve those ecosystems through its action plan for preserving natural resources. - u. s. army corps of engineers ( corps ) the corps consists of both military and civilian engineers and scientists. engineering services focus on disaster relief among other responsibilities. flood control and environmental protection are provided by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45744967256858277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.708887"} {"text": "action plan for preserving natural resources. - u. s. army corps of engineers ( corps ) the corps consists of both military and civilian engineers and scientists. engineering services focus on disaster relief among other responsibilities. flood control and environmental protection are provided by the corps civil works division. the corps regulatory program is charged with protecting the u. s. ' s aquatic resources while allowing reasonable development for virtually all construction activities occurring in the nation ' s waters and any work in the nation ' s navigable waters. the corps district office in charleston ensures south carolina complies with the rivers and harbors act and the clean water act. permit applicants are encouraged to contact the charleston district project manager of the day for a consultation to help decide if a permit is necessary for a particular undertaking. - project manager of the day u. s. army corps of engineers, charleston district attention : cesac - rd, p. o. box 919, charleston, sc 29402 - u. s. fish and wildlife service ( fws ) of the department of the interior ( doi ) the fish and wildlife service conserves, protects and enhances the nation ' s fish, wildlife and plant resources, including habitat preservation. there are several fws field offices in south carolina. eight national wildlife refuges are located in south carolina, including the ace basin national wildlife refuge. the national wildlife refuge system is also administered by fws. last updated october 29, 2010 about this pathfinder this project was supported through a generous grant from the south carolina sea grant consortium. the principal investigator is professor kim diana connolly at the university of south carolina school of law. two law students, keith bartlett and valerie cochran, provided invaluable work toward project completion. technical assistance with web design was provided by usc school of law webmaster tobias brasier. broken links should be reported to email @ example. com. this website is not intended as legal advice, and particularized analysis by professionals should be sought wherever appropriate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.457725705713316, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.711137"} {"text": "the first historical records of yoga appear around 7th century bce india. sages transmitted teachings orally so no one knows really when yoga began. suffice it to say several millennia ago, people ( mainly men ) with few distractions like television and nuclear families, lots of time on their hands and a deep connection to nature started opening their doors of perception. yogis explore consciousness, through practices that affect powerful metabolic and perceptual changes, to experience a more expanded, unified reality. yoga uses many different means \u2013 action, devotion, knowledge, meditation - to access and honour this reality. at the core of all yoga approaches lies a belief in one supreme consciousness, a deep yearning for a personal experience of this consciousness, and liberation from everyday suffering. yoga has always manifested in two streams : main and marginal. like any social trend, the marginal informed the main ; the main civilised the marginal. the marginal sought transformation through extreme efforts, like standing naked on one leg under a tree. later, the bhagavad gita democratized yoga ; patanjali catalogued it ; vedanta rationalized it ; tantra materialised it. all forms say the same thing : your essential self and supreme consciousness are cut from the same cosmic cloth ; look deep inside and find out for yourself. the bhagavad gita the bhagavad gita ranks as one of the most definitive texts in yoga philosophy. it belongs to an epic work, the mahabharata, about a war between cousins. the gita presents a conversation between krishna and arjuna, a warrior who comes to terms with a moral dilemma : his duty to fight his family in battle. understandably, arjuna isn \u2019 t keen on the idea. he accepts his duty by trusting krishna, who, being a god, sees the bigger picture : that the wheels of war are already in motion, that bodies must die but spirit lives on, that by offering all his actions to krishna, arjuna sanctifies them. the gita additionally explains how to use devotion ( bhakti ) and knowledge ( jnana ) to know god : start at the top and trust ; offer your action, devotion or study to god and know that god will take it from there for the highest good of all. before the gita ( around 300 - 200 bce ), only rulers, warriors and priests could practice yoga. householders had to defect to the forests to find god. the gita guided anyone to improve their life ( and rebirth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48664872942236975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.730692"} {"text": "good of all. before the gita ( around 300 - 200 bce ), only rulers, warriors and priests could practice yoga. householders had to defect to the forests to find god. the gita guided anyone to improve their life ( and rebirths ) through yoga regardless of class, occupation, inclination or gender. the gita showed how to work, pray, or think your way to a better life and peace of mind, in the comfort of your own home. patanjali lived in a binary spiritual world where supreme consciousness was sought at the expense of any other experience. around 200ce, he developed a detailed guide to enlightenment ( samadhi ). samadhi literally means \u2018 placing together \u2019. with respect to consciousness, samadhi gathers all one \u2019 s energies together in a deep calmness as we rest in our unchanging self. the everyday flakiness of our thoughts stops driving us crazy. because samadhi is our underlying reality, we experience it through stopping the mental and emotional gymnastics we normally put ourselves through. patanjali steers us toward our true nature in different ways depending on how steady our minds are. a select few people experience samadhi inherently ; others need a little coaching in meditation ; but most of us don \u2019 t know how special we are and so need a multi - pronged approach to get the point. the 8 - limbs ( ashtanga ) system lays this out. two limbs explain how to behave, two strengthen the body and mind, three progress to meditation and the last one concerns samadhi itself. yoga postures ( asana ) get a measly two lines because patanjali is really into sitting in meditation. he also advocates austere practices ( tapas ) that restore one \u2019 s focus away from the trifles of life whatever changes, obscures truth. don \u2019 t worry, be happy! vedanta expands upon the ancient teachings of the upanishads. the upanishads teach that supreme consciousness ( brahman ) and our consciousness ( jiva ) are identical, just as a bottle dropped in the ocean fills with the same ocean. the upanishads are a pretty unruly body of information, full of stories, advice, conflicting perspectives and apparently random verses. it took a lot of critical thinking to make sense of them. around 800 shankaracharya, a superior mind and the major defender of vedanta, did just that. he organized the teachings of the upanishads into a map", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5385124361208204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.733688"} {"text": ". it took a lot of critical thinking to make sense of them. around 800 shankaracharya, a superior mind and the major defender of vedanta, did just that. he organized the teachings of the upanishads into a map of consciousness that was more user - friendly and established vedanta as a major player in yoga philosophy. basically, we / jiva are brahman, but we \u2019 ve forgotten because a veil of illusion ( maya ) deludes us. we identify with this illusion until we either strip it away or see life from a higher perspective and remember. vedanta goes to hollywood with the wizard of oz. dorothy rejected life in kansas. through her ignorance, just to get back to where she started, her adventures almost kill her. from a higher perspective \u2013 over the rainbow - she realizes where she started is where she belongs. she had the power to return home - her red shoes - all along ; nobody could take it from her. once home again she wakes up from the dream. 800ce. kashmir : breath - takingly beautiful, like california without hollywood. food is plentiful, life is good. in a place where nature shakes her booty so fabulously it \u2019 s easy to believe that god lives in everything. this setting fosters kashmir shaivism, a main branch of tantra that synthesizes several yoga traditions into an inclusive and graceful world view. you know god by embracing life. tantra worships the goddess ( shakti ) and regards her energy as the dynamic force that creates life out of unmanifested existence ( shiva ). in this way tantric practices \u2013 some of which push the boundaries of social norms - integrate male / female, good / bad as two essential sides of the same coin. in tantra, everything \u2013 even ignorance and illusion \u2013 belongs to supreme consciousness, therefore everything is sacred and can lead to enlightenment. by expanding our own consciousness we discover this. the teacher initiates the student into the practices. ritual, sound, movement, the body can all contribute to the experience of one - ness. hatha yoga, a system of postures and breathing exercises to purify and transform the body ( and by extension, our consciousness ), evolved under the influence of tantra. tantra is the last main school of yoga ; after the 14th century islam began to impose its perspective on indian thought.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4999858946405815, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.738476"} {"text": "memory lame : why you keep forgetting things get your brain back \" there ' s no viagra for memory, \" says dr. mcdaniel. but you can make simple lifestyle changes to sharpen your memory and boost overall brain health. \" exercise is miracle - gro for the brain, \" says dr. medina. \" some studies suggest that you cut your lifetime risk for dementia in half if you engage in some form of regular aerobic activity. \" aerobic exercise boosts the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain, which helps you concentrate and screen out distractions. it also triggers the formation of new neurons and the release of brain chemicals that ramp up your ability to learn and remember. you don ' t have to train for a triathlon to get that benefit, either. aim for 30 minutes of aerobic training, such as walking, biking, or swimming, three times a week. just doing crossword puzzles won ' t cut it, dr. medina points out. \" what you really need is cross - training for your brain by doing many different activities, \" he says. \" think of it this way : using free weights to pump your biceps tones your arms, but it doesn ' t do a thing for your abs. \" some studies suggest you can preserve memory by doing intellectual activities that are not only demanding but meaningful to you. if you play piano, memorize a bach concerto. turn your girls ' night out into a book club that inspires lively debate, plan a family sudoku tournament - - whatever makes you work hard and feel a connection. what ' s good for the body is good for the brain, so aim for a balanced diet. research shows a correlation between brain health and foods containing omega - 3 fatty acids ( such as salmon, halibut, soybeans, flaxseed ), antioxidants ( berries, spinach, broccoli ) and adequate levels of folate ( orange juice, green leafy vegetables ). yoga, meditation, exercise, listening to music, daydreaming, spending time with friends and family : whatever gives your brain a rest will also sharpen your memory. so will maintaining a positive attitude. \" if you think, ' i ' m getting older, my memory is going to deteriorate, so why should i bother doing anything differently? ' memory loss can become a self - fulfilling prophesy, \" says dr. mcdaniel. when to call the doctor we all forget names or misplace wallets. but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4442107906936697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.743097"} {"text": "third culture kids \" a third culture kid is a person who has spent a significant part of his or her developmental years outside their parents \u2019 culture. the tck frequently builds relationships to all the cultures, while not having full ownership in any. although elements from each culture may be assimilated into the tck \u2019 s life experience, the sense of belonging is in relationship to others of similar background. \" - pollock & van reken if you are a third culture kid ( tck ) or know one, you \u2019 re on the right page! feel free to browse libby ' s latest blog posts below. they were written with your ' tribe ' in mind and based on the questions you ask on the red \u2018 ask libby \u2019 button \u2013 so if you have a question, ask away! you can also check out some great tck resources right here. that list will be updated as libby comes across relevant material. a lot of libby ' s trainings are geared toward tcks. here are some of the talks she has given on the third culture : - the third culture kid. the world citizen - living as a tck in a mono - cultural world - good grief or bad grief? there is no such thing as no grief - relationships, the key to belonging - where in the world are the \u201c who are you from \u201d from? - understanding your temperament \u2026 it \u2019 s not always a tck issue - using the media or being trapped by it - \u201c placeless \u201d does not mean \u201c homeless \u201d - see listing of training topics here! libby is also available for private or semi - private tck training sessions. if you are interested, please contact her.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5135086981467138, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.746966"} {"text": "[ posted 06 / 13 / 2011 ] issue : fda notified healthcare professionals and the public of medication error reports in which patients were given risperidone ( risperdal ) instead of ropinirole ( requip ) and vice versa. in some cases, patients who took the wrong medication needed to be hospitalized. the fda determined that the factors contributing to the confusion between the two products include : background : risperidone ( risperdal ) is an antipsychotic medication used to treat mental illnesses including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder. ropinirole ( requip ) is a dopamine agonist used in the treatment of parkinson \u2019 s disease and restless legs syndrome. recommendation : healthcare professionals are reminded to clearly print or spell out the medication name on prescriptions and make certain their patients know the name of their prescribed medication and their reason for taking it. for more information visit the fda website at : web siteand web site. studies have shown that older adults with dementia ( a brain disorder that affects the ability to remember, think clearly, communicate, and perform daily activities and that may cause changes in mood and personality ) who take antipsychotics ( medications for mental illness ) such as risperidone have an increased risk of death during treatment. older adults with dementia may also have a greater chance of having a stroke or mini - stroke during treatment. tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are taking furosemide ( lasix ). risperidone is not approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) for the treatment of behavior problems in older adults with dementia. talk to the doctor who prescribed this medication if you, a family member, or someone you care for has dementia and is taking risperidone. for more information visit the fda website : web site risperidone is used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia ( a mental illness that causes disturbed or unusual thinking, loss of interest in life, and strong or inappropriate emotions ) in adults and teenagers 13 years of age and older. it is also used to treat episodes of mania ( frenzied, abnormally excited, or irritated mood ) or mixed episodes ( symptoms of mania and depression that happen together ) in adults and in teenagers and children 10 years of age and older with bipolar disorder ( manic depressive disorder ; a disease that causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods ). risperidone is also used to treat behavior problems such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48119183055509585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.763249"} {"text": "in teenagers and children 10 years of age and older with bipolar disorder ( manic depressive disorder ; a disease that causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods ). risperidone is also used to treat behavior problems such as aggression, self - injury, and sudden mood changes in teenagers and children 5 - 16 years of age who have autism ( a condition that causes repetitive behavior, difficulty interacting with others, and problems with communication ). risperidone is in a class of medications called atypical antipsychotics. it works by changing the activity of certain natural substances in the brain. risperidone comes as a tablet, a solution ( liquid ), and an orally disintegrating tablet ( tablet that dissolves quickly in the mouth ) to take by mouth. it is usually taken once or twice a day with or without food. take risperidone at around the same time ( s ) every day. follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. take risperidone exactly as directed. do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor. use the dropper provided to measure your dose of risperidone oral solution. you can take the oral solution with water, orange juice, coffee, or low - fat milk. do not take the solution with tea or cola. do not try to push the orally disintegrating tablet through the foil. instead, use dry hands to peel back the foil packaging. immediately take out the tablet and place it on your tongue. the tablet will quickly dissolve and can be swallowed with or without liquid. do not chew or crush the tablet. your doctor will probably start you on a low dose of risperidone and gradually increase your dose to allow your body to adjust to the medication. risperidone may help control your symptoms but will not cure your condition. it may take several weeks or longer before you feel the full benefit of risperidone. continue to take risperidone even if you feel well. do not stop taking risperidone without talking to your doctor. if you suddenly stop taking risperidone, your symptoms may return and your illness may become harder to treat. this medication may be prescribed for other uses ; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. before taking risperidone, unless your doctor tells you otherwise, continue your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4568302718411885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.765336"} {"text": "your symptoms may return and your illness may become harder to treat. this medication may be prescribed for other uses ; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information. before taking risperidone, unless your doctor tells you otherwise, continue your normal diet. take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. however, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. risperidone may cause side effects. tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away : some side effects can be serious. if you experience any of the following symptoms or those listed in the important warning section or the special precautions section, call your doctor immediately : risperidone may cause children to gain more weight than expected and for boys and male adolescents to have an increase in the size of their breasts. talk to your doctor about the risks of giving this medication to your child. risperidone may cause other side effects. call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while taking this medication. if you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the food and drug administration ' s ( fda ) medwatch adverse event reporting program online [ at web site ] or by phone [ 1 - 800 - 332 - 1088 ]. keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture ( not in the bathroom ). always store the orally disintegrating tablets in their sealed package, and use them immediately after opening the package. throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication. in case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1 - 800 - 222 - 1222. if the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911. symptoms of overdose may include : keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. your doctor may order certain lab tests to check your body ' s response to risperidone. do not let anyone else take your medication. ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. it is important for you to keep a written list of all of the prescription and nonprescription ( over - the - counter ) medicines you are taking, as well as any products such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4348876286412578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.766453"} {"text": "historic caribbean earthquake was felt in nyc caribbean seismic hazard map, illustrating the region ' s complex geologic setting. credit : u. s. geological survey san francisco \u2014 more than 150 years ago, a fault ringing the caribbean shook half the atlantic, including new york city, with a mega - earthquake. the quake rivaled those that have struck indonesia in recent years, geologists reported last week at the annual meeting of the american geophysical union. the caribbean ' s beautiful tropical islands and coral reefs rise above a complex junction of four major tectonic plates. many of the islands sit above a subduction zone, where two plates meet and one slides haltingly under the other, down into the earth ' s mantle. the dec. 26, 2004, sumatra, indonesia, earthquake, a subduction zone earthquake that generated deadly tsunamis, has galvanized scientific interest in potential quake hazards from the caribbean ' s similar earthquake - producing faults. the feb. 8, 1843, lesser antilles earthquake was in many ways remarkably similar to the magnitude - 8. 7 earthquake that struck sumatra just one year later, in 2005, researchers reported at the meeting. [ the 10 biggest earthquakes in history ] historical sleuthing by francois beauducel and nathalie feuillet of the paris institute of earth physics upwardly revised the temblor ' s estimate of magnitude to 8. 5 ( from a previous estimate of 7. 8 ). maps from the french national marine service revealed that many palm - covered islets in the bay at pointe - a - pitre, the biggest city on the island of guadeloupe, disappeared between 1820 and 1869, feuillet told ouramazingplanet. the islets likely subsided, or dropped below sea level. the stress of the two plates stuck together makes the earth ' s crust flex and warp. after the earthquake, the deformed crust rebounds in some areas and drops down in others. portions of antigua subsided up to 10 feet ( 3 meters ), feuillet said. wharfs at the shore of pointe - a - pitre sunk one foot ( 33 centimeters ), she found. cliffs along the island collapsed, and historic accounts describe 5 - foot - high ( 1. 5 m ) mud fountains. combining the 19th - century records of such effects with modern earthquake models helped beauducel and feuillet pin down both the quake ' s magnitude and the location of the fault rupture, the spot where the subduction zone tore apart. \" the only way to explain the sub", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42552571918857207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.771326"} {"text": "such effects with modern earthquake models helped beauducel and feuillet pin down both the quake ' s magnitude and the location of the fault rupture, the spot where the subduction zone tore apart. \" the only way to explain the subsidence of the islands is to have a rupture \u2026 in the very deep part of the subduction zone, between 40 and 60 km ( 25 to 40 miles ) depth, \" feuillet said. such as depth is comparable to that of the 2005 sumatra quake, the researchers said. the quake was felt up and down the east coast, including in new york city, washington, d. c., raleigh, n. c., and charleston, s. c., said susan hough of the u. s. geological survey. hough also unearthed reports of shaking at three locations in south america, she said. but, just as with the 2005 sumatra quake, there was no giant wave on feb. 8, 1843. reports describe a 4 - foot ( 1. 2 m ) wave in antigua, but no significant tsunami arose, feuillet said. even so, several thousand people died in pointe - a - pitre from fires and damage caused by the severe shaking. more from livescience. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44640540758119285, "token_count": 259, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.772405"} {"text": "april showers bring midwest floods credit : jesse allen / nasa with rivers in the midwestern united states already full from thawing winter snow cover, severe rainfall in late april added to the troubles for the region. the national weather service predicted in february that the region was primed for flooding, and so far it has lived up to the advanced billing, according to a nasa statement. on the afternoon of april 26, 2011, the advanced hydrological prediction service ( ahps ) was reporting major flooding at 48 river gauges and moderate flooding at 86 gauges along central u. s. rivers. this map depicts rainfall for the midwestern u. s. from april 19 to 25, 2011. the estimates were made from the multi - satellite precipitation analysis, based on data from the tropical rainfall measuring mission ( trmm ). shown in shades of green and blue, rainfall estimates range from 150 millimeters ( 5. 9 inches ) to greater than 525 millimeters ( 20. 7 inches ). ground monitors for the ahps reported 13. 70 inches ( 348 mm ) of rainfall in the southeastern missouri town of poplar bluff between april 22 - 26. the nearby black river was pouring over its levee in at least 30 places, and people were evacuated from more than 1, 000 homes. westville, oklahoma, received 14. 96 inches ( 380 mm ) of rain. in arkansas, the town of springdale was deluged with 19. 70 inches ( 500 mm ), while nearby fayetteville collected 13. 85 inches ( 352 mm ). the governor of arkansas declared a state of emergency. in carbondale, illinois, and paducah, kentuckyboth near the confluence of the mississippi and ohio riversroughly 9 inches ( 230 mm ) fell, leading the governor of kentucky to declare a state of emergency in advance of a significant flood when the two swollen rivers converge. the u. s. army corps of engineers was planning on april 26 to take the extraordinary step of intentionally breaching the birds point levee in southeast missouri, just downriver of the confluence, in a bid to reduce the amount of water moving down the mississippi, the associated press reported. breaching the levee was expected to flood up to 130, 000 acres of farmland. noaa ' s hydrometeorological prediction center was predicting more heavy rain and severe weather through mid - week in the mississippi and ohio river valleys ; flood warnings and watches were posted for both basins, as well as the tennessee valley. on april 25, the rains were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3841265563410379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.778721"} {"text": "so what are liposomes, exactly? | representation of a phospholipid molecule showing phosphate head ( orange ), the glycerol sholders ( blue ) and the fatty acid tails ( silver ) | the bilayer structure of liposomes is nearly identical to the bilayer construction of the cell membranes that surround each of the cells in the human body. this occurs because of the unique composition of phospholipids. the phosphate ( source of \" phospho \" in phospholipid ) head of phospholipids is hydrophilic \u2014 it loves water \u2014 whereas the fatty - acid tails ( lipids ) are hydrophobic \u2014 they hate water. | liposome containing vitamin c. currently liposome - encapsulation is the best oral way to deliver vitamin c known to man. | | this diagram of a liposome cutaway shows how the tails of phospholipids turn inward to form a bilayer membrane, and in so doing encapsulate a therapeutic agent. | quite possibly both processes occur. in any case, the therapeutic value and greatly increased delivery of liposome - encapsulated drugs and nutrients has been scientifically confirmed countless times. at present, liposomes are the most effective oral way to deliver nutrients. livon product fast facts... \u2022 lypo - spheric\u2122 vitamin c \u2022 lypo - spheric\u2122 age blocker\u2122 ( b - complex and minerals ) \u2022 lypo - spheric\u2122 gsh ( glutathione ) these amazing molecules have unique properties that enable them to provide a host of structural, protective, and antioxidant capabilities. without them, your body would be a puddle of messy goo... a failure to understand how nutrients are delivered into the bloodstream ( bioavailability ) often results in taking too much or too little of a supplement. most often, this wastes money and results in a failure to enjoy expected benefits... lypo - spheric\u2122 vitamin c reap the benefits of the most bioavailable and powerful oral vitamin c you can buy \u2013 anywhere! block the formation of advanced glycation end - products ( age ) with the world ' s most nutritionally complete age blocker\u2122 until now intravenous injection was the only way to get gsh into the bloodstream. liposomal encapsulation now allows you to take it by mouth!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5165333331561287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.783483"} {"text": "a meteor weighing about 10 tons struck west of the chelyabinsk region of russia, near the town of chebarkul. the strike point is about 1000 miles ( 1700 km ) to the east of moscow and about 640 miles ( 1000 km ) northwest of astana, kazakhstan ( the capital ). chebarkul lies within the chelyabinsk oblast of russia, in the ural mountains. industries around chebarkul include : gold, iron and steel forging, forestry, sawmill, clothing, food processing, and small health resorts. the chelyabinsk oblast experiences humid continental climate with short summers. it ' s a major industrial and mining region, with textiles, and agricultural centers. closed to foreigners until 1992 because nuclear weapons and military testing were conducted in the vicinity. the area suffers from radioactive contamination due to nuclear waste and accidents since world war ii. chelyabinsk is one of 46 provinces ( oblasts ) inside the russian federation, along with 21 republics, four autonomous regions ; nine krays ; two federal cities ; and one autonomous oblast. russia is the largest country in the world ( 17, 098, 242 sq km ) - approximately 1. 8 times larger than the united states. it borders 14 countries and has a coastline of 37, 653 km. russia ' s climate ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of european russia, subarctic in siberia to tundra climate in the polar north ; its winters vary from cool along black sea coast to frigid in siberia ; its summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along arctic coast. the terrain varies from a broad plain with low hills west of urals to a vast coniferous forest and tundra in siberia to uplands and mountains along southern border regions. founded in the 12th century, the principality of muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of mongol domination and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. in the early 17th century, a new romanov dynasty continued this policy of expansion across siberia to the pacific. under peter i ( ruled 1682 - 1725 ), hegemony was extended to the baltic sea and the country was renamed the russian empire. during the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in europe and asia. defeat in the russo - japanese war of 1904 - 05 contributed to the revolution of 1905, which resulted in the formation of a parliament and other reforms. overthrow of the imperial household occurred after widespread rioting and repeated defeats during world war i. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4598265664345329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.787740"} {"text": "amending compacted soil living in the bay area, most gardeners have to learn about heavy, clay soil. this type of soil becomes easily compacted and needs to be opened up. compacted soil is bad news for plants because it doesn \u2019 t \" breathe \". it needs to be opened up and amended in order for the life in the soil - and by extension your plants - to thrive. there are some easy steps to treat compacted soil. 1 ) open up the soil. there are several ways to do this, you can disc, rip, or rototill the soil. or if you have some time you can sheet mulch and let the life in the soil do the work for you. 2 ) work in a 2 \" layer of compost and wood amendment. one part diestel compost or verma green compost mixed with one part fine redwood amendment or 1 / 4 \" minus fir will add life to the soil, feed the soil and keep the clay soil open 3 ) finally, cover with a 2 \" layer of mulch to protect the soil and provide additional food to the soil. this application will also protect the soil from the compacting effects of rainfall or simply being walked on. for best results, you \u2019 ll want to renew the mulch in fall and perhaps again in spring or summer. feeding your soil, naturally to grow healthy plants, you need to feed the biology in the soil. these organisms break down organic matter into a form of food the plant roots can take up. it is a complex system of relationships between soil organisms and plants. a living soil helps plants \u2019 roots grow deeper, access more water and need less frequent irrigation and a living soil provides a diversity of nutirents to the plant when the plant needs it. using organic fertilizers is a gentle and effective way to maintain a healthy soil. ultimately it is the organisms in the soil that feed your plants. the organisms are most prolific in the root zone of plants. organic fertilizers feed the life in the soil, the life in the soil transforms the organic fertilizers into foods that the plant can use. there is no waste, all food is either held in an organisms body or taken up by the plant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39528887861542017, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.792945"} {"text": "articlesmultiple births delivery interactive toolsmultiple births quiz diseases and conditionscare and management of multiple pregnancy complications of multiple pregnancy the following are the most common symptoms of multiple pregnancy. however, each woman may experience symptoms differently. symptoms of multiple pregnancy may include : uterus is larger than expected for the dates in pregnancy increased morning sickness excessive weight gain, especially in early pregnancy fetal movements felt in different parts of abdomen at same time many women suspect they are pregnant with more than one baby, especially if they have been pregnant before. diagnosis of multiple fetuses may be made early in pregnancy, especially if reproductive technologies have been used. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnosis may be made by : pregnancy blood testing levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin ( hcg ) may be quite high with multiple pregnancy. levels of a protein released by the fetal liver and found in the mother ' s blood may be high when more than one fetus is making the protein. a diagnostic imaging technique which uses high - frequency sound waves and a computer to create images of blood vessels, tissues, and organs. ultrasounds are used to view internal organs as they function, and to assess blood flow through various vessels - with a vaginal transducer, especially in early pregnancy, or with an abdominal transducer in later pregnancy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44805698362178775, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.796004"} {"text": "find the appropriate multimedia software for every situation multimedia software was developed to create new multimedia content and enhance the visual and auditory features of already existing material. as its name implies, multimedia software always involves several types of media that are interlinked with each other. the term media is understood to include music, videos and animated images that have been created and optimized using multimedia software. multimedia software is often used in multimedia presentations, which integrate and connect all of the above - mentioned elements. this helps to liven up what has been said and makes it easier to present ideas more effectively. animated images \u2013 multimedia software for slideshows and videos adding background music is recommended as a first step, as it doesn \u2019 t take much time, yet can have a remarkable effect on any presentation. it \u2019 s important to find a music software package that lets you make music that fits the purpose. magix music maker is an ideal choice because, depending on your needs, it allows you to optimize already existing mp3s or create new tracks on your pc. multimedia software is also relevant for animated images. a distinction is made here between videos and animated sequences of images, so - called slideshows. creating slideshows usually involves photo editing ; raw images are edited digitally and enriched by adding different filters and effects. subsequently applying the appropriate multimedia software, such as magix photostory on dvd, can make your photos come alive. the result is a digital slideshow that presents the images in the desired sequence, adds artistic fades and, if desired, music. this procedure is reminiscent of digital video editing that uses the same approach. after the video editing by using e. g. magix movie edit pro the edited raw footage is enriched by adding different elements and effects, allowing you to wrap up your video with style.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.481489338306938, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.800259"} {"text": "of the manner of pronouncing a sentence which is final and definitive. in proceeding to treat of those cases in which the secular judge by himself can arrive at a judgement and pronounce a sentence without the co - operation of the diocesan and ordinaries, we necessarily presuppose that not only is it consistent with the protection of the faith and of justice that we inquisitors should be relieved of the duty of passing sentence in these cases, but in the same sincerity of spirit we endeavour to relieve the diocesans also from that duty ; not in any desire to detract from their authority and jurisdiction, for if they should elect to exercise their authority in such matters, it would follow that we inquisitors must also concur in it. it must be remembered, also, that this crime of witches is not purely ecclesiastic ; therefore the temporal potentates and lords are not debarred from trying and judging it. at the same time was shall show that in some cases they must not arrive at a definitive judgement without the authorisation of the diocesans. but first we must consider the sentence itself : secondly, the nature of its pronouncement ; and thirdly, in how many ways it is to be pronounced. with regard to the first of these questions, s. augustine says that we must not pronounce sentence against any person unless he has been proved guilty, or has confessed. now there are three kinds of sentence \u2013 interlocutory, definitive, and preceptive. these are explained as follows by s. raymond. an interlocutory sentence is one which is given not on the main issue of the case, but on some other side issues which emerge during the hearing of a case ; such as a decision whether or not a witness is to be disallowed, or whether some digression is to be admitted, and such matters as that. or it may perhaps be called interlocutory because it is delivered simply by word of mouth without the formality of putting it into writing. a definitive sentence is one which pronounces a final decision as to the main issue of the case. a preceptive sentence is one which is pronounced by a lower authority on the instruction of a higher. but we shall be concerned with the first two of these, and especially with the definitive sentence. now it is laid down by law that a definitive sentence which has been arrived at without a due observance of the proper legal procedure in trying a case is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.50091430443526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.809549"} {"text": "we shall be concerned with the first two of these, and especially with the definitive sentence. now it is laid down by law that a definitive sentence which has been arrived at without a due observance of the proper legal procedure in trying a case is null and void in law ; and the legal conduct of a case consists in two things. one concerns the basis of the judgement ; for there must be a due provision for the hearing of arguments both for the prosecution and the defence, and a sentence arrived at without such a hearing cannot stand. the other is not concerned with the basis of the judgement, but provides that the sentence must not be conditional ; for example, a claim for possession should not be decided conditionally upon some subsequent claim of property ; but where there is no question of such an objection the sentence shall stand. but in the case we are considering, which is a process on behalf of the faith against a charge of heresy ( though the charge is a mixed one ), the procedure is straighforward and summary. that is to say, the judge need not require a writ, or demand that the case should be contested. but he must allow opportunity for the necessary proofs, and issue his citation, and exact the protestation of the oath concerning calumny, etc. therefore there has lately been a new law made as to the method of procedure in such cases. to proceed to our second consideration, namely, of the nature of the pronouncement of the sentence, it must be noted that it should be pronounced by the judge and no one else, otherwise it is not valid. also the judge must be sitting in a public and honourable place ; and he must pronounce it in the day - time and not in the darkness ; and there are other conditions to be observed ; for example, the sentence must not be promulgated upon a holy day, nor yet merely delivered in writing. yet it is to be noted that since, as we have said, this case is conducted in a simple and summary manner, it may lawfully be conducted on holy days for the sake of the convenience of the public, and the judge may cut short any digressions. therefore the judge may, if he pleases, act in such a manner, and even pass sentence without putting it in writing. for we are authoritatively informed that there are cases in which a sentence is valid without its being put into writing, as, for example, when such is the custom of any particular locality or court. also there is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.510858558467294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.811673"} {"text": "did you know the origin of megan ' s law? in july of 1994, jesse timmendequas, a convicted sex offender, raped, beat and strangled megan nicole kanka. this sex offender lived across the street from the kanka family, however the family was never aware of this. since megan ' s death, the kanka family has fought to get laws approved that requires each state make public information about sex offenders. most states do this through an online sex offender registry website. in addition, each sex offender, by law, must be compliant to re - register each time they move or annually. the kanka family created a foundation in behalf of their daughter and received some 430, 000 signatures to create these new proposed laws called ' megan ' s law. ' in 1996 president bill clinton signed legislation requiring states to notify communities when a sex offender moves into the area. in signing the law clinton noted the rights of former offenders, but said \" there is no greater right than a parent ' s right to raise a child in safety and love. \" since this time, each state in the nation has developed and maintained an online registry of all the registered sex offenders. in addition, laws have been cracking down on such things that lead to sex crimes, such as child pornography, sexual assaults on children under the age of 16, and sexually lewd acts. megan ' s law allows the states discretion to establish criteria for disclosure, but compels them to make private and personal information on registered sex offenders available to the public. community notification : 1. assists law enforcement in investigations ; 2. establishes legal grounds to hold known sex offenders ; 3. deters sex offenders from committing new sex offenses ; 4. offers citizens information they can use to protect children from registered sex offenders, child molesters and victimization. nicole kanka foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4361247066189098, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.814435"} {"text": "| 2014 grammy awards | the grammy awards are named from the trophy : a small, gilded reproduction of a gramophone. | awarded for | | outstanding achievements in the music industry | | presented by | | national academy of recording arts and sciences | a grammy award ( originally called gramophone award ) \u2013 or grammy \u2013 is an accolade by the national academy of recording arts and sciences of the united states to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. the annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and some of the awards of more popular interest are presented in a widely viewed televised ceremony. it is the music equivalent to the emmy awards for television, the tony awards for stage performances, and the academy awards for motion pictures. the first grammy awards ceremony was held on may 4, 1959, and it was set up to honor musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. following the 2011 ceremony, naras overhauled many grammy award categories for 2012. the 55th grammy awards were held on february 10, 2013, at the staples center in los angeles, california. the grammy awards had their origin in the hollywood walk of fame project in the 1950s. as the recording executives chosen for the walk of fame ( tabinda walk ) committee worked at compiling a list of important recording industry people who might qualify for a walk of fame star, they realized there were many more people who were leaders in their business who would never earn a star on hollywood boulevard. the music executives decided to rectify this by creating an award given by their industry similar to the oscars and the emmys. this was the beginning of the national academy of recording arts and sciences. after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it ; one working title was the eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, thomas edison. they finally settled on using the name of the invention of emile berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, which were first given for the year 1958. the gold - plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by billings artworks in ridgway, colorado. in 1990 the original grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, made of slumped and reformed pre - war gibson flat head banjo tone rings, making the trophy bigger and grander. the trophies with the recipient ' s name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements, so \" stunt \" trophies are re - used each year for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49805104387778426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.828450"} {"text": "- war gibson flat head banjo tone rings, making the trophy bigger and grander. the trophies with the recipient ' s name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements, so \" stunt \" trophies are re - used each year for the broadcast. as of february 2009, 7, 578 grammy trophies had been awarded. the \" general field \" are four awards which are not restricted by genre. other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other contributions such as artwork and video. special awards are given for longer - lasting contributions to the music industry. because of the large number of award categories ( 78 in 2012 ), and the desire to feature several performances by various artists, only the ones with the most popular interest - typically about 10 to 12, including the four general field categories and one or two categories in the most popular music genres ( i. e. pop, rock, country, rap ) - are presented directly at the televised award ceremony. other awards are presented in a pre - telecast ceremony earlier in the afternoon of the grammy awards ceremony. on april 6, 2011, the recording academy announced a drastic overhaul of many grammy award categories for 2012. the number of categories were diminished from 109 to 78. the most important change is the elimination of the distinction between male and female soloists and between collaborations and duo / groups in various genre fields ( pop, rock, r & b, country, and rap ). also, several categories for instrumental soloists were discontinued. recordings in these categories now fall under the general categories for best solo performances. the most eliminations occurred in the roots category. up to and including 2011, there were separate categories for various regional american music forms, such as hawaiian music, native american music and zydeco / cajun music. due to the consistently low number of entries for these categories, the recording academy decided to combine all these music variations into the new best regional roots music album, including polka, which lost its own separate category in 2009. in the same genre field, the traditional and contemporary blues categories and the traditional and contemporary folk categories each were consolidated into one per genre, due to the number of entries and given the challenges in distinguishing between contemporary folk and americana, and contemporary and traditional blues. in the world music genre field, the traditional and contemporary categories have also been merged. in the classical genre field, its main category best classical album has been discontinued because most recipients in this category had also won in one of the other classical categories for the same album. classical recordings are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43206011384819365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.829590"} {"text": ", the traditional and contemporary categories have also been merged. in the classical genre field, its main category best classical album has been discontinued because most recipients in this category had also won in one of the other classical categories for the same album. classical recordings are now eligible for the main album of the year category. there are also a few minor name changes to better reflect the nature of the separate categories. it was determined by the recording academy that the word \" gospel \" in the gospel genre field tends to conjure up the images and sounds of traditional soul gospel and leaves out the current contemporary christian music ( ccm ). therefore the genre field and some categories have been renamed as gospel / contemporary christian music. record companies and individuals may submit recordings to be nominated. nominations are made online and a physical copy of the work is sent to the national academy of recording arts and sciences. once a work is entered, reviewing sessions are held, by more than 150 experts from the recording industry, to determine whether the work is eligible and entered in the correct category for official nomination. the resulting list is circulated to all naras members, each of whom may vote to nominate in the general field ( record of the year, album of the year, song of the year, and best new artist ) and in no more than nine out of 30 other fields on their ballots. the five recordings that earn the most votes in each category become the nominees. there may be more than five nominees if there is a tie in the nomination process. whereas members of the academy of motion picture arts and sciences are generally invited to screenings or are sent dvds of movies nominated for oscars, naras members do not receive nominated recordings. after nominees have been determined, final voting ballots are sent to recording academy members, who may then vote in the general fields and in no more than eight of the 30 fields. naras members are encouraged, but not required, to vote only in their fields of expertise. ballots are tabulated secretly by the major independent accounting firm deloitte touche tohmatsu. following the tabulation of votes the winners are announced at the grammy awards. the recording with the most votes in a category wins and it is possible to have a tie. winners are presented with the grammy award and those who do not win are given a medal for their nomination. in both voting rounds, academy members are required to vote based upon quality alone, and not to be influenced by sales, chart performance, personal friendships, regional preferences or company loyalty. the acceptance of gifts is prohibited. members are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4710493606415243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.830661"} {"text": "medal for their nomination. in both voting rounds, academy members are required to vote based upon quality alone, and not to be influenced by sales, chart performance, personal friendships, regional preferences or company loyalty. the acceptance of gifts is prohibited. members are urged to vote in a manner that preserves the integrity of the academy. the eligibility period for the 2013 grammy awards was october 1, 2011 to september 30, 2012. prior to 1971, the grammy award ceremonies were held in different locations on the same day. originally new york city and los angeles were the host cities. chicago joined being a host city in 1962, and then nashville became the fourth location in 1965. the 1971 ceremony, held at the hollywood palladium in los angeles, was the first to take place in one location. the ceremony was then moved to madison square garden ' s felt forum in new york city, and then nashville ' s tennessee theatre in the following two years. then from 1974 to 2003, the grammys were held in various venues in new york city and los angeles. notable locations included new york city ' s madison square garden and radio city music hall ; and los angeles ' shrine auditorium, the staples center and the hollywood palladium. in 2004, the staples center became the permanent home of the award ceremonies. the grammy museum was built across the street from staples center in la live to preserve the history of the grammy awards. embedded on the sidewalks at the museum streets are bronze disks, similar to the hollywood walk of fame, honoring each year ' s top winners, record of the year, best new artist, album of the year, and song of the year. with 31 grammy awards, sir georg solti is the artist with the most grammy wins. alison krauss is the biggest winner among female artists with 27 awards. u2, with 22 grammy awards, holds the record for most awards won by a group. the grammy awards has received criticism from various recording artists and music journalists. when his band pearl jam won a grammy in the category best hard rock performance in 1996, singer eddie vedder commented on stage : \" i don ' t know what this means. i don ' t think it means anything. \" glen hansard, leader of the irish rock group the frames, stated in 2008 that the grammys represent something outside of the real world of music \" that ' s fully industry based. \" he said he wasn ' t that interested in attending that year ' s ceremony, even though he had been nominated for two different awards. maynard james keenan, lead singer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41288719926723916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.831701"} {"text": "something outside of the real world of music \" that ' s fully industry based. \" he said he wasn ' t that interested in attending that year ' s ceremony, even though he had been nominated for two different awards. maynard james keenan, lead singer of metal band tool, did not attend the grammy awards ceremony to receive one of their awards. he explained his reasons : i think the grammys are nothing more than some gigantic promotional machine for the music industry. they cater to a low intellect and they feed the masses. they don ' t honor the arts or the artist for what he created. it ' s the music business celebrating itself. that ' s basically what it ' s all about. it has also been criticized for generally awarding or nominating more commercially successful albums rather than critically successful albums. in a 2011 article, los angeles times writer randall roberts was critical of the nominations for the 54th grammy awards, particularly for the album of the year category, noting the exclusion of kanye west ' s my beautiful dark twisted fantasy, \" the most critically acclaimed album of the year, a career - defining record \", as a snub in favor of nominating less substantial albums. roberts went on to criticize the grammy awards for being \" mired in the past \" and out of touch with \" new media \" and trends amongs music listeners such as music sharing, stating : the major nominations for the 54th annual awards clearly show that the recording academy has been working overtime to be all - inclusive, but more significantly, they also reveal a deep chasm between its goals and the listening habits of the general population. [... ] and if one were to measure the vitality of american music through the filter of the grammy nominations for song of the year and record of the year, one might think the economy wasn ' t the only thing that was sluggish. [... ] [ t ] he focus is still on the old music industry model of cash - cow hits, major label investments and commercial radio. [... ] falling behind the times is nothing new for the grammys, but once they ' ve lost sight of the artistry that makes music soar, they ' ll not just be irrelevant, they ' ll be out of business. \u2014 randall roberts in an article for time, journalist toure also responded to the snub and expressed his general displeasure with the awards, stating \" i don \u2019 t pretend to understand the grammys. i have never been able to discern a consistent logic around who gets nominated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42656831519180755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.832685"} {"text": "for time, journalist toure also responded to the snub and expressed his general displeasure with the awards, stating \" i don \u2019 t pretend to understand the grammys. i have never been able to discern a consistent logic around who gets nominated or who gets statues. i comprehend the particular logic of the oscars, but not the big awards for music. my normal state of confusion around what drives grammy decisions was exponentialized this week when, to the shock of many, kanye \u2019 s masterpiece my beautiful dark twisted fantasy was not nominated for a grammy for album of the year. \" he went on to compare understanding the grammy awards to kremlinology and commented on the recording academy ' s exclusion of more \" mature \" hip hop albums as album of the year nominees, noting that it occasionally opts to nominate \" pop - friendly \" hip hop albums instead. in a 2011 profile for the new york times following the 53rd grammy awards, frontman justin vernon of indie band bon iver was asked his opinion of the grammys and how he would react to a nomination for his group, to which he responded, you know i was thinking about that a couple of months ago, someone asked me that, and i was like \" i would go and i would \" \u2013 and i don \u2019 t think the bon iver record is the kind of record that would get nominated for a grammy \u2013 \" i would get up there and be like, ' this is for my parents, because they supported me, ' because i know they would think it would be stupid of me not to go up there. but i kinda felt like going up there and being like : \" everyone should go home, this is ridiculous. you should not be doing this. we should not be gathering in a big room and looking at each other and pretending that this is important. \" that ' s what i would say. he reaffirmed this sentiment and felt the grammys are held in too, saying : [ ninety - eight ] percent of the people in that room, their art is compromised by the fact that they \u2019 re thinking that, and that they \u2019 re hoping to get that award. and who is that award given by? it \u2019 s like they think it \u2019 s literally handed down by the musical - history gods. and i don \u2019 t know who the voters are. like, i have a friend who \u2019 s a voter who was like, \u201c i had to be a voter because i don \u2019 t trust the other voters. \u201d and i was like, \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4373336870628458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.833625"} {"text": "and i don \u2019 t know who the voters are. like, i have a friend who \u2019 s a voter who was like, \u201c i had to be a voter because i don \u2019 t trust the other voters. \u201d and i was like, \u201c me either! \u201d and it \u2019 s just not important and people spend too much time thinking about it. \u2014 justin vernon bon iver subsequently received four nominations in november for the 54th grammy awards. after winning the award, vernon said in his acceptance, \" it ' s really hard to accept this award. there ' s so much talent out here [... ] and there ' s a lot of talent that ' s not here tonight. it ' s also hard to accept because you know, when i started to make songs i did it for the inherent reward of making songs, so i ' m a little bit uncomfortable up here. \" in his article \" everything is praised again \", jon caramanica of the new york times criticized grammy voters for being \" conservative \" and disregarding more \" forward - looking \" music, and wrote in response to the 54th grammy awards, \" for the umpteenth time, the grammys went with familiarity over risk, bestowing album of the year honors ( and several more ) on an album that reinforced the values of an older generation suspicious of change. \" he cited the grammy successes of lauryn hill ' s the miseducation ( 1999 ), norah jones ' come away with me ( 2003 ), and adele ' s 21 ( 2011 ) as examples of \" the grammys dropp [ ing ] a boatload of awards on a young female singer - songwriter and her breakthrough album. \" of kanye west ' s absence from the ceremony, caramanica stated, \" he didn \u2019 t even bother to show up for the broadcast, which was well enough, because hip - hop was almost completely marginalized \". in an article for the huffington post, music executive and author steve stoute criticized the recording academy and the grammy awards for having \" lost touch with contemporary popular culture \" and noted \" two key sources \" for it : \" ( 1 ) over - zealousness to produce a popular show that is at odds with its own system of voting and ( 2 ) fundamental disrespect of cultural shifts as being viable and artistic. \" stoute accused them of snubbing artists with more cultural impact, citing respective losses by the critical and commercial successes in eminem ' s the marshall mathers lp ( 2000 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3836936152163254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.835479"} {"text": "##srespect of cultural shifts as being viable and artistic. \" stoute accused them of snubbing artists with more cultural impact, citing respective losses by the critical and commercial successes in eminem ' s the marshall mathers lp ( 2000 ) and kanye west ' s graduation ( 2007 ) in the album of the year category, and stated : as an institution that celebrates artistic works of musicians, singers, songwriters, producers and technical specialists, we have come to expect that the grammys upholds all of the values that reflect the very best in music that is born from our culture. unfortunately, the awards show has become a series of hypocrisies and contradictions, leaving me to question why any contemporary popular artist would even participate. [... ] while there is no doubt in my mind of the artistic talents of steely dan or herbie hancock, we must acknowledge the massive cultural impact of eminem and kanye west and how their music is shaping, influencing and defining the voice of a generation. it is this same cultural impact that acknowledged the commercial and critical success of michael jackson ' s thriller in 1984. \u2014 steve stoute prior to the first live grammys telecast in 1971 on american broadcasting company ( abc ), a series of taped annual specials in the 1960s called the best on record were broadcast on national broadcasting company ( nbc ). the first grammy award telecast took place on the night of november 29, 1959, as an episode of the nbc anthology series sunday showcase, which was normally devoted to plays, original tv dramas, and variety shows. until 1971, awards ceremonies were held in both new york and los angeles, with winners accepting at one of the two. pierre cossette bought the rights to broadcast the ceremony from the national academy of recording arts and sciences and organized the first live telecast. cbs broadcasting bought the rights in 1973 after moving the ceremony to nashville, tennessee ; the american music awards were created for abc ( by dick clark ) as a result. the recording academy announced on june 21, 2011 that it had reached a new deal with cbs to keep the awards show on the network for another 10 years. cbs also broadcasted the annual nominations concert special on november 30, 2011 from los angeles. the grammys aired on february 12, 2012. the 2011 grammy award show had 26. 6 million viewers. | look up grammy in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4200374579433962, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.836966"} {"text": "a major focus in tissue engineering is to create materials that improve and direct cellular interaction. this interaction can be probed by measuring the relative number of cells adhered to a surface, which is thought to be an important step in the cascade of cellular fate processes such as stem cell renewal or differentiation into a specialized cell type. now, in new work, a group of australian researchers have utilized the industrially - relevant plasma polymerization technique to chemically modify the surface of a biologically inert substrate for the purpose of enhancing cell adhesion. specifically, they examined the effect of two plasma polymerization parameters, discharge power and deposition time, on properties such as film thickness, chemical composition, and cellular attachment. in all cases, the plasma polymers deposited onto the substrates as thin, 8 to 40 nm, films. the chemical composition of the films was found to be more dependent on discharge power than deposition time. they showed that this outcome could be related to way in which the precursor ( monomer ) fragments and the plasma polymer film forms ( e. g. by crosslinking ). of the two plasma polymers examined, i. e. those formed from either an amine or aldehyde precursor, it was found that the stem cells adhered best to plasma polymers that closely resembled the aldehyde monomer, i. e. plasma polymers formed under lower power and shorter times. these results have practical implications for the fast, efficient, and inexpensive surface functionalization of materials for tissue engineering.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4999669772858517, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.838515"} {"text": "this paper is an update of a paper prepared for the june 2002 ipma conference in berlin. it contains content from various training materials developed for the world bank. the current paper is copyright to robert youker, \u00a9 2007. module 1 : understanding the project and project management - review the existing project documentation, such as the project analysis report, to understand the project ' s history. - identify end - of - project objectives and deliverables. - review or establish a hierarchy of objectives and identify higher - level project objectives. - analyze the project to assess if it is likely to meet its higher - level objectives. - identify the assumptions underlying the project. - identify changes or errors in these assumptions, including technological, financial, economic, institutional, social, and environmental issues. - determine if these changes or problems justify recommending to management a reappraisal of the project. module 2 : structuring the project organization - review the project analysis report and the initial project charter ( obtained from superiors ) that define the responsibility, authority, and relationships of the project manager, project staff, and functional department heads. - specify staff responsibilities. - assess the level of authority of the project manager and project staff. - evaluate the probability of successful implementation under the current charter and determine if there is a need to renegotiate the charter. - determine how to strengthen the project manager ' s authority if necessary. - create a proposal for a revised project charter. - have the revised charter approved and distributed. module 3 : building the team - select appropriate staffing for a project office if not assigned. - identify team members and other stakeholders. - agree on procedures. - prepare a team building strategy. - form the team and hold a project start - up workshop for the core team. - provide leadership to the team. - manage core team meetings. - build the team ' s commitment to the objectives of the project. - make sure that team members know their roles and responsibilities. - use forms of power that are appropriate to the situation, including gaining influence without formal authority. - keep the team motivated. - be aware of interpersonal relations among team members. - identify sources of conflict and apply conflict resolution strategies. - analyze communications and perceptions within the team. - use information on personality styles and types to improve collaboration. - plan and convene project launch workshop ( s ) for stakeholders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5051131445232728, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.841000"} {"text": "definition of team a team is defined as a group of people working together to achieve common objectives or goals. teamwork is the cumulative actions of the team during which each member of the team subordinates his individual interests and opinions to fulfill the objectives or goals of the group. the objective or goal is a need to accomplish something, such as solve a problem and improve a process. members of a team will need to focus on how they relate to each other, listen to the suggestions of others, build on previous information and use conflict creatively. they will need to set standards, maintain discipline, build team spirit and motivate each other. each member of the team has their own history of experience to help achieve the objectives. they should have a need to see the task completed, but also the need of companionship, fulfillment of personal growth and self - respect. why teams work? teams work because many heads are more knowledgeable than one. each member of the team has special abilities that can be use to solve problems. many processes are so complex that one person cannot be knowledgeable concerning the entire process. second, the whole is greater than the sum of its members. the interaction within the team produces results that exceed the contribution of each member. third, team members develop a rapport with each other than allows them to do better job. finally, team provides the vehicle for improved communication, thereby increasing the likelihood of a successful solution. types of teams the early history suggests that work simplification efforts by management and labour were most likely the first production \u2013 oriented teams. the current type of teams can be divided into four main groups. they may be called by different names and slightly different characteristics to accommodate a particular organization. 1. process improvement teams the members of the process improvement team represent each operation of the process or sub - process. usually, the scope of the team \u2019 s activity is limited to the work unit. a team of labour six to ten members will come from the work unit and depending on the, marketing accounting location of the sub - process, an external or internal customer would be included on the team. during the course of the team \u2019 s life, additional expertise from other work areas may be added on a permanent or temporary - it is disbanded when the objective has been obtained. when the targeted process includes many work units or the entire organization, a cross functional team may be more appropriate with work unit teams as sub teams. 2. cross functional teams a team about six to ten members will represent a number of different functional areas, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5917888582109094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.844978"} {"text": "targeted process includes many work units or the entire organization, a cross functional team may be more appropriate with work unit teams as sub teams. 2. cross functional teams a team about six to ten members will represent a number of different functional areas, such as engineering, marketing, accounting, production, quality and human resources. it may also include the customer and supplier. a design review team is a good example of cross functional team. this type of team is usually temporary. an exception would be a product support team, which would be permanent and have as an objective to serve a particular product line, service activity, or a particular customer. this type of team breaks down functional area boundaries. 3. natural work teams this type of team is now voluntary \u2013 it is composed of all the members of the work unit. it differs from quality control circles because a manager is a part of the team and the projects to be improved are selected by management. some employees may not to work in teams for various reasons and managers should anticipate this action and be prepared to help employees become comfortable in the team environment or alternatively find work in another unit that still performs work as individuals. even through, \u201c team work \u201d is technically feasible ; there may be such resistance that its introduction should be delayed until there has been substantial turnover. 4. self directed / self management teams they are an extension of natural work teams without the supervisor. thus, they are the epitome of the empowered organization \u2013 they not only do the work but also manage it. there is wide direction to organize their work subject to organizational work flow requirements. there is a team coordinator to liaison with senior management that may rotate among members. the team meets daily to plan their activities, and decisions are usually by consensus. additional responsibilities may include ; hiring, dismissal, performance evaluation, customer relations, supplier relations, recognition / reward and training. the team must have access to business information in order to plan, control and improve their processes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48295294739333305, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.845805"} {"text": "posted on tue, may. 01, 2012 last updated : may 01, 2012 06 : 45 : 04 am like the prow of a ship, the granite mountains rise sharply from the creamy - white playa of the black rock desert in nevada. here, in rugged terrain owned by the american public, a little - known federal agency called wildlife services has waged an eight - year war against predators to try to help an iconic western big - game species : mule deer. with rifles, snares and aerial gunning, employees have killed 967 coyotes and 45 mountain lions at a cost of about $ 550, 000. but like a mirage, the dream of protecting deer by killing predators has not materialized. \" it didn ' t make a difference, \" said kelley stewart, a large - mammal ecologist at the university of nevada, reno. for decades, wildlife services, part of the u. s. department of agriculture, has specialized in trapping, poisoning and shooting predators in large numbers, largely to protect livestock and, more recently, big game. now such killing is coming under fire from scientists, former employees and others who say it often doesn ' t work and can set off a chain reaction of unintended, often negative consequences. in biological shorthand : kill too many coyotes and you open a pandora ' s box of disease - carrying rodents, meadow - munching rabbits, bird - eating feral cats, and, over time, smarter, more abundant coyotes. you also can sentence the deer you are trying to help to slow death by starvation. \" there is a widespread perception that predators are the root of all evil and i ' m tired of it, \" said stewart. \" more often than not, if you have predation on a mule deer population, you ' re going to have a healthier population. \" agency officials say controlling predators is a must, especially in the west where livestock graze large tracts of unfenced land. \" the intent is not to prevent predation, \" said william clay, deputy administrator of wildlife services. \" all we ' re trying to do is remove the problem animals. \" killing predators is part of wildlife services ' dna, a mission it pursues along with a wide range of other animal control work largely outside public view. some details, though, can be gleaned from the agency ' s web page, where it posts a sea of data showing species by species the millions of birds and mammals its employees kill each year. sift through the numbers and you find that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4336019934034393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.860873"} {"text": "some details, though, can be gleaned from the agency ' s web page, where it posts a sea of data showing species by species the millions of birds and mammals its employees kill each year. sift through the numbers and you find that about 560, 000 predators were killed across america from 2006 to 2011, an average of 256 a day. the body count includes more than 25, 000 red and gray foxes, 10, 700 bobcats, 2, 800 black bears, 2, 300 timber wolves and 2, 100 mountain lions. but the vast majority about 512, 500 were coyotes. \" when they see a coyote, all they got is one thing in mind : killing it, \" said gary strader, a former wildlife services hunter in nevada. \" they don ' t know if it was a coyote that killed a sheep. it ' s just a coyote, and it ' s got to be killed. \" while fewer bobcats are killed today, the numbers of three other major predators shot, trapped and snared by the agency have risen. in 1970, agency employees killed 73, 100 coyotes, 400 black bears, 120 mountain lions. by 2011, the tally had climbed to 83, 200 coyotes ( up 14 percent ), 565 black bears ( up 41 percent ) and 400 mountain lions ( up 230 percent ). \" if you look at their mandate, we could not have written it better for them, \" said suzanne stone, northern rockies representative for defenders of wildlife, who has worked with wildlife services employees to promote nonlethal control. \" it ' s all about supporting wildlife conservation and promoting humane tools. \" that ' s not what is happening on the ground, \" stone said. \" unfortunately, in parts of the western united states it just seems like they are still in the dark ages. they go at this as a kill mission. they are at war with wildlife. \" most surprising may be the fate of the agency ' s longtime adversary, the coyote, an animal that mark twain once called \" a living, breathing allegory of want. \" after several decades of intense federal hunting, there are more coyotes in more places than ever. \" i call it the boomerang effect, \" said wendy keefover, a carnivore specialist with wildearth guardians. \" the more you kill, the more you get. \" in california, researchers have found that having coyotes in the neighborhood can be good for quail, towhees and other birds. the reason? they eat skunk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36458343021891493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.861859"} {"text": "with wildearth guardians. \" the more you kill, the more you get. \" in california, researchers have found that having coyotes in the neighborhood can be good for quail, towhees and other birds. the reason? they eat skunks, house cats and raccoons that feast on birds. \" the indirect effects ( of predators ) are often more important than the direct effects, \" said reg barrett, professor of wildlife ecology and management at the university of california, berkeley. \" we just don ' t know enough about what ' s going on. \" the most dramatic example of how predators shape the land is playing out in yellowstone national park where wolves, after a 70 - year absence, were returned in 1995 and began preying on one of the densest populations of elk in north america. before long, aspen, willows and cottonwoods that had been overgrazed by elk began to thrive again, attracting beavers, migratory songbirds and other wildlife. ravens, magpies, eagles and grizzly bears benefited, too, from a smorgasbord of elk carcasses. but tracking the ecological effects of predators is a fine art not widely practiced. \" we could sure use more research, \" said barrett. last year, something curious caught stewart ' s attention in nevada : an email informing her that a mule deer had tested positive for the plague a disease sparked by rodent outbreaks and potentially deadly to humans in an area where wildlife services was killing predators. \" it makes you wonder, \" said stewart. \" in this area where we ' ve been doing rampant predator control, we ' re seeing a disease show up. frankly, i ' d rather see a deer get eaten by a coyote than show up symptomatic for a disease like plague. \" a few years back, nevada rancher marti hoots noticed that jack rabbits were out of control. then, while rounding up cattle on horseback, she spotted a wildlife services plane over her pasture. a man leaned out and began shooting coyotes. \" i was irate, \" said hoots. \" it was the dead of winter, and i found no reason for them to be shooting because the coyotes weren ' t bothering anything. \" the jack rabbits were everywhere, \" hoots said. \" so the coyotes were doing some good, and they were shooting them. \" aerial gunning is the agency ' s most popular predator - killing tool. since 2001, more than 340, 000 coyotes have been gunned down from planes and helicopters across 16", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4053201563781106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.862987"} {"text": "so the coyotes were doing some good, and they were shooting them. \" aerial gunning is the agency ' s most popular predator - killing tool. since 2001, more than 340, 000 coyotes have been gunned down from planes and helicopters across 16 western states, including california an average of 600 a week, agency records show. \" when they take that plane up, they kill every single coyote they can, \" said strader, the former wildlife services hunter who worked with aerial gunning crews in nevada. \" if they come back and say, ' we only killed three coyotes, ' they are not very happy. if they come back and say, ' oh, we killed a hundred coyotes, ' they ' re very happy. \" some of the gunners are real good and kill coyotes every time. and other ones wound more than they kill, \" strader said. \" who wants to see an animal get crippled and run around with its leg blown off? i saw that a lot. \" the agency does not disclose the specific locations where aerial gunning takes place, but records show coyotes are killed on public land in nevada, including the humboldt - toiyabe national forest. in california, coyotes are hunted from the air in calaveras, glenn, kern, lassen, madera, merced, modoc, san joaquin, san luis obispo, shasta, siskyou and stanislaus counties. clay, the agency ' s deputy administrator, defended the practice, calling it is a valuable preventive strategy to clear swaths of land of predators in the winter before livestock arrive to graze in the spring. \" if you can remove the predators, you can reduce the losses, \" clay said. but carter niemeyer, a former wildlife services district manager who scheduled coyote - killing flights in montana, said the cost exceeds the value of livestock protected. \" it absolutely calls for a cost - benefit study, \" said niemeyer. \" aerial gunning is very, very expensive. you are talking $ 700 to $ 1, 000 an hour to be hunting these coyotes. \" if private landowners want every coyote on their property shot, you got no bone to pick with me. but go hire your own helicopter at 700 bucks an hour and do it yourself. \" the practice remains popular, he said, because it keeps hunters busy during the slow winter months. \" these guys don ' t have a heck of a lot to do in the winter, so to stay employed, they need to go fly around in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3509301951051226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.863967"} {"text": "\" the practice remains popular, he said, because it keeps hunters busy during the slow winter months. \" these guys don ' t have a heck of a lot to do in the winter, so to stay employed, they need to go fly around in a helicopter and shoot coyotes that might kill a sheep next spring, \" niemeyer said. \" there is not enough money on earth to kill all the coyotes that might kill a sheep out there. \" there is something else about the effort that made niemeyer skeptical : the coyote itself. no matter how many were killed, there were always more of them. coyotes are known for their cunning. but their response to hunting takes craftiness to a new level : they are expanding their numbers and colonizing new territories. \" the more you shoot, the more you need to shoot, \" said steve searles, wildlife management officer in mammoth lakes. \" we go easy on the gun because if you start shooting up the population, you ' re not part of the cure. you ' re part of the problem. \" in nevada, scientists found that when wildlife services began killing coyotes to protect deer south of ely in 2004, the average coyote litter size jumped from one pup to 3. 5. in 2007, one coyote killed by a wildlife services hunter in nevada had 13 fetuses in its uterus. just how coyotes prosper amid persecution remains a mystery. but many believe they benefit from better dining opportunities that emerge over time as coyotes are killed and rabbits and mice begin to multiply. \" a lot of it comes down to nutrition and competition. when you have fewer animals ( coyotes ) on the landscape, you have more food available per individual. there is a ton of food on the landscape. why not have a bigger litter? \" said stewart, the nevada ecologist. many also believe killing coyotes en masse only makes them smarter, through natural selection. \" i ' m sure of it, \" said barrett, the uc berkeley professor. \" how can an animal like that be so successful if there wasn ' t strong selection for individuals that take care of themselves under intense pressure? you ' ve got to hand it to them. it ' s pretty amazing. \" \" we ' ve raised a super race of coyotes, \" said bill jensen, a sheep rancher in marin county. \" there is nothing more cunning than these things now. \" wildlife services spends about $ 30 million a year to protect livestock from predators mostly coyotes. on its web page, it says losses to predators top more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38621477880961785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.864961"} {"text": ", a sheep rancher in marin county. \" there is nothing more cunning than these things now. \" wildlife services spends about $ 30 million a year to protect livestock from predators mostly coyotes. on its web page, it says losses to predators top more than $ 127 million a year. but niemeyer said those losses, which are based on unverified reports from ranchers, are exaggerated. \" to paint this picture that the whole livestock industry is under siege by predators is grossly misrepresented, \" he said. \" there are individuals who sustain losses, but not everyone. \" sheep and lambs are most at risk. \" they are easy to kill, and lots of animals key on them, \" niemeyer said. but cattle are less in danger. \" calves, when they ' re small, are vulnerable, \" said niemeyer. \" but it doesn ' t take very many weeks before they outgrow coyotes. in my 33 - year tenure, i have less than 20 calves that i would attribute to being killed by coyotes. \" like a crime scene investigator, niemeyer journeyed into the field to inspect sheep and cattle that ranchers said had been killed by predators. often, his verdict was not guilty. \" you start looking and you realize nothing killed this, \" said niemeyer. \" they died from a multitude of things : birthing problems, old age, bad hooves, cut by barbed wire. there were an awful lot of things attributed to predation that really were not. \" niemeyer is not the only former wildlife services employee to raise questions about agency practices. in california, biologist mike jaeger did, too, with studies in mendocino county that showed most coyotes don ' t prey on sheep at all and those that do are the hardest to kill with nonselective traps and poison. \" the research showed quite clearly that nonselective control doesn ' t work, \" said jaeger, who has since retired. \" you can remove a lot of coyotes and have no effect at all. absolutely none. \" but his calls for more selective control often went unheeded, he said, because of a disconnect between the agency ' s scientific and field personnel and its close ties to the livestock industry, which helps fund predator control. \" i think there is a lot of political pressure, \" jaeger said. \" they have to make the landowners happy. and many of them perceive the solution of the problem as population reduction. \" federal officials decline", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3594101026914749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.865950"} {"text": ", which helps fund predator control. \" i think there is a lot of political pressure, \" jaeger said. \" they have to make the landowners happy. and many of them perceive the solution of the problem as population reduction. \" federal officials decline to disclose the ranches on which wildlife services employees work. such information \" would cause a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, \" wrote tonya woods, director of the freedom of information & privacy act office for the usda ' s animal and plant health inspection service. \" also, disclosing this information will not shed any light on ( federal ) duties and responsibilities. \" but a document obtained by the bee provides a look at one wildlife services job in nevada where predators were targeted indiscriminately, and innocent animals died. the email by a nevada department of wildlife biologist details work on the 3, 200 - acre rafter 7 ranch on the east walker river in nevada. \" with no evidence of any kind that any predation had occurred wildlife services set snares around the area to kill any predators that may wander through, \" the biologist, russell woolstenhulme, wrote. officials concluded the snares killed at random, taking the lives of four bears and four mountain lions that had not harmed sheep. the state is now demanding that wildlife services target predators more selectively. \" we realize some of this stuff is not publicly acceptable, \" said rob buonamici, chief game warden for the nevada department of wildlife. but wildlife services continues to kill nonselectively in many places, including the granite mountains north of reno where the goal is protecting a big - game species mule deer and is funded by a predator control fee assessed on hunters. stark, majestic and isolated, the granites loom like an island over the desert terrain. but that beauty is deceiving because the range is a place of rough justice for predators, internal wildlife services records show. after slicing open a mountain lion killed in a federal neck snare in 2008, one agency hunter filled out a handwritten report : \" stomach contained deer hair and bone fragments, \" he noted. eleven days later, he cut open another lion with different results : \" he had nothing in his stomach. \" in some cases, animals had rotted away by the time the agency hunter found them. \" only the skull was saved due to decay. pelt not saved due to decay / slippage. decomposition did not allow for accurate weight estimate, \" he wrote in a series of reports about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4171208976085986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.866924"} {"text": "can solar panels replace nuclear energy? a traditional view is that solar power is cool and hip but doesn \u2019 t have nearly the production muscle that nuclear has. solar panels are certainly safer than nuclear energy, but will they ever be able to replace nuclear power plants? one blogger, dan hahn, seems to think that solar can replace nuclear. dan hahn writes that in 2010, enough solar panels were shipped and installed to produce the equivalent energy of seventeen nuclear power plants. each nuclear power plant can produce one gigawatt of energy annually. in 2010 alone, new solar panel systems generated seventeen gigawatts, the same amount of energy as seventeen nuclear power plants. not only is solar power safer than nuclear power, but nuclear plants can take years, even decades, to build. solar panel installation helps get people the power they need without having to wait decades. the relative ease of solar panel installation is another reason solar panels might one day replace nuclear power plants. another argument for solar versus nuclear is that residential solar panels have been decreasing in cost. in the past, solar panel installation has been too expensive for most homeowners to be able to afford. however, this might be already starting to change. dan hahn writes that the price of a residential solar panel system is decreasing. he writes that in many areas of the country, baltimore for example, residential solar panels can pay for themselves \u201c in just six years \u201d so cites one href = \" http : / / www. solargaines. com / residential. html \" > baltimore residential solar installer. solar panels are not just good for the environment, but they are also good for consumers ' wallets as well. the decreasing costs of residential solar panel systems and ever - growing environmental awareness bodes well for the future of solar power - especially to the tune of 17 gigawatts of power generated last year! there is hope that this green technology will one day be able to power many of our homes and businesses, safely and affordably. a solar - powered future is a bright, safe future. last week ' s ideas sata raid storage system advanced storage systems with the constant, rapid advance in technology,... readmetal suppliers a full line metal distributor metal is one of the earthly elements that... click heremetal supplier the right steel supply for you the economy of today has made us all dig... read more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47578887891599836, "token_count": 483, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.871302"} {"text": "the charter of the \u2018 memorial \u2019 memorial is a movement which arose in the years of perestroika. its main task was the awakening and preservation of the societal memory of the severe political persecution in the recent past of the soviet union. memorial is a community of dozens of organizations in different regions of russia, ukraine, kazakhstan, latvia, and georgia. memorial is a group of specialized research, human rights, and education centers in moscow, st. petersburg, and several other cities. memorial is a museum, a repository of documents, and a number of specialized libraries. memorial is the solovetskii stone on lubianka square in moscow, placed across from the kgb headquarters on 30 october 1990. on that date in 1974 prisoners in the mordvinian and perm ' political camps voted to declare a day of political prisoners in the ussr. in 1991, on the initiative of memorial, the supreme soviet of the rsfsr officially recognized this date as a day of remembrance of the victims of political repression. memorial is a great number of different memorials reaching to the far corners of the former ussr \u2013 from the gigantic monument of ernst neizvestnii close to magadan to the modest memorial signs at mass burial sites of the victims of terror near moscow. it is the search for and preservation of the graves of our fathers and grandfathers, killed anonymously by bullets in the cellars of the cheka and by forced labor in hundreds of camps throughout the former soviet union. it is a unique museum, established on the ground of the last soviet political camp close to the town chusovii in perm ' province. memorial is dozens of books, newspaper and magazine articles, radio programs, and exhibits dedicated to the tragedies of the past decades and to the current attempts to limit the freedoms and dignity of citizens of russia and the commonwealth of independent states. memorial is the law on rehabilitation of victims of political repression. it was passed in 1991 and reinstated civil rights to tens of thousands of living russian citizens and to tens of thousands of those who had already passed away. memorial is a series of corrections and additions to the law on rehabilitation, which improved the original text. memorial is a consistent and sometimes successful attempt to compel the government fulfil all statutes of the law which pertain to compensation. memorial is a number of regional associations of former prisoners of political prison camps and members of their families. this encompasses tens of thousands of direct and indirect victims of political repression. it is adequate assistance \u2013 legal, and sometimes also material \u2013 needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4643678072739329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.875658"} {"text": "to compensation. memorial is a number of regional associations of former prisoners of political prison camps and members of their families. this encompasses tens of thousands of direct and indirect victims of political repression. it is adequate assistance \u2013 legal, and sometimes also material \u2013 needed by the elderly who emerged from the hell of soviet prisons and political prison camps. memorial is wide - ranging and simultaneous scrupulous historical research of topics that were until recently inaccessible to russian scholars : the gulag, the history of the security organizations vchk ( the cheka ) - ogpu - nkvd - mgb - kgb, statistics on political repression in the soviet union, and dissidents ' resistance during the khrushchev - brezhnev era. memorial is a number of international research projects, in which internationally recognized research centers in the humanities acts as partners. it is a support program for young researchers throughout russia. it is the struggle for free access to historical information, to the past, which was hidden from us for so long. memorial is information about the violation of human rights on the territory of the former soviet union. this information is valued highly not only by international human rights organizations, but also by international organizations, such as the united nations, the organization for security and cooperation in europe, and the parliamentary assembly of the council of europe. memorial is the undertaking of risky observation missions to \" hot spots \" on the territory of the cis. memorial is mountains of factual material, collected in regions of armed conflict. it is painstaking verification and analysis of the collected material, and the preparation and publication of reports on the conditions in nagorno - karabakh, tajikistan, transdnistria, in the zone of ossetian - ingushetian conflict, and, finally, in chechnya. memorial is the initiator for the formation of an anti - war front, memorably uniting more than 100 social and political organizations in january 1995. memorial is an organization for social and legal counseling for refugees and displaced persons in many regions of russia. it is the collection of information about current political prisoners on the territory of the former soviet union. it is an ongoing struggle against ethnic discrimination. memorial is protests, meetings, and miscellaneous publications that seek to protect freedoms and peace. and, finally, memorial is many very different people. what unites us? first, we are friends. second, we respect one another. we are very different : old and quite young ; historians and legal advocates ; liberals and not so liberals ; atheists, agnostic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5169631756594779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.881436"} {"text": "stay awake behind the wheel would you ride in a car with a driver who \u2019 s been drinking alcohol? no way. how about riding with someone who just pulled an all - nighter? if you \u2019 re not sure, consider this : every year, sleepy drivers cause about 100, 000 automobile accidents in the united states. according to a recent poll conducted by the national sleep foundation, 60 percent of americans have driven while drowsy in the past year. you may believe that you can stop yourself from falling asleep, but you can \u2019 t. you may not even know you \u2019 ve dozed off. this is more likely to happen if you \u2019 re sleep - deprived, driving long distances without rest breaks, traveling at night, driving alone, riding long rural highways, taking medication that causes sleepiness, or drinking alcohol. how to stay alert try these tips from the national highway traffic safety administration : never drink and drive. alcohol impairs your driving ability and worsens fatigue. it ' s also illegal to drive under the influence of alcohol. if possible, don \u2019 t drive long distances alone. if you have a companion on your drive, you \u2019 ll have someone to talk with, and you can take turns driving. get enough shut - eye. you \u2019 re more likely to nod off at the wheel if you have slept for less than eight hours the night before. don \u2019 t begin a trip so late that you \u2019 re driving when you usually sleep. start when you \u2019 re fresh and alert. watch your posture. hold your head up and don \u2019 t slouch. take a break at least every two hours. stop in a place that is safe and well - populated to walk around and stretch. have two cups of a caffeinated drink, such as coffee, if you can have caffeine. signs of sleepiness you may be about to doze off if you : can \u2019 t remember the last few miles you drove. experience wandering or disconnected thoughts. have difficulty focusing or keeping your eyes open. have trouble keeping your head up. drift from your lane or hit a rumble strip. in these cases, it \u2019 s imperative to pull over to a safe place. turn off your car, lock your doors and nap for 15 to 20 minutes in a busy, well - lit rest area or truck stop. you \u2019 ll wake up refreshed and ready to reach your destination safely.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3899726054566718, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.884239"} {"text": "- mercy nurse - symptom navigator - levitt medical library - health information - body guide - multimedia encyclopedia - in - depth health reports - complementary & alternative medicine - drug information center - drug interactions - wellness tools - today ' s medical news - pregnancy health center - recursos espaa\u00b1oles de la salud - enciclopedia multimedia - centro de information sobre el embarazo the lungs are comprised of lobes. the right lung has an upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobe. the left lung has an upper and a lower lobe. if a cancer or lesion is within a lobe of the lung, removal of the involved lobe may be indicated. under general anesthesia with the patient deep asleep and pain free, an incision is made between the ribs to expose the lung. the chest cavity is examined and diseased lung tissue is removed. a drainage tube ( chest tube ) is inserted to drain air, fluid, and blood out of the chest cavity, and the ribs and skin are closed. the remaining lung tissue expands to fill the chest. hospital stay is usually 7 - 10 days. deep breathing is important to help prevent pneumonia and infection, and to re - expand the lung. the chest tube remains in place until the lung has fully re - expanded. pain is managed with medications. the patient recovers fully in 1 - 3 months after the operation. reviewed by : harvey simon, md, editor - in - chief ; associate professor of medicine, harvard medical school ; physician, massachusetts general hospital.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4023735188269703, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.886998"} {"text": "va benefits for mesothelioma between world war ii and 1970, the use of asbestos was widespread in the u. s. military. this means that many veterans and civilian employees of the u. s. military were subjected to exposure to the dangerous substance that has been linked to mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses many years later. often called \u201c asbestos cancer, \u201d mesothelioma is highly aggressive and is resistant to many standard cancer treatments, with most cases diagnosed 30 years or more after exposure. the latency period can sometimes be as long as 50 years. personnel who may have been exposed to asbestos includes occupants of base housing constructed prior to 1970 and all assignments, both military and civilian, on or near military shipping installations, including navy or merchant marine shipyards. for military personnel between the 1940s and 1970s, the nature of their work put them at the greatest risk for developing mesothelioma or asbestosis. some jobs required military workers to cut asbestos - laden materials, releasing deadly fibers into the air. other workers were in enclosed spaces, such as ship interiors, where loose asbestos fibers circulated freely. for this reason, nearly 30 percent of all mesothelioma cases are veterans. important : many of the cases involving military personnel have only recently come to light because of the potentially long latency period ( 10 - 50 years ) between first exposure and development of the disease. veterans exposed to asbestos during active duty who are diagnosed with an asbestos - related disease are eligible for service connection benefits. applications for these benefits are handled through the u. s. department of veteran affairs ( va ). when deciding a claim for service connection for mesothelioma, the va administrator must determine whether records demonstrate the veteran was exposed to asbestos during service. if the veteran was exposed to asbestos before or after service, the claim is much less likely to be successful. some specific groups of veterans receive service connection benefits without having to provide evidence of exposure. this is termed a \u201c presumptive service connection, \u201d which means the military automatically accepts that your illness is a direct result of your military service. for veterans who served in vietnam in the years from 1962 to 1975 and have been diagnosed with mesothelioma, the va presumes that the circumstances of his or her service caused the condition, and disability compensation can be awarded. while va medical claims may sound straightforward since the asbestos cancer has been approved as connected to service, the actual process of filing and pursuing a claim with the va", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4624835100932376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.889765"} {"text": "espanol | francais | deutsch | italiano | portugues milan and the surrounding countryside, early 18th century. bertarido, king of lombardy and milan, has been attacked and deposed by grimoaldo, an ally of his estranged brother, gundeberto. gundeberto was killed in the battle and bertarido vanished, leaving his queen, rodelinda, and a young son, flavio, in the power of the victorious ally, grimoaldo. as a reward for defeating bertarido, grimoaldo was promised the hand of bertarido \u2019 s sister, eduige \u2014 which would grant him a legitimate claim to the throne at milan. eduige and grimoaldo fell in love, but she would not marry him while mourning two brothers \u2014 one dead, one presumed so. from abroad bertarido has sent word of his own death, intending to return to milan in disguise, rescue his wife and son, and escape to an anonymous life far from the vagaries of politics and the burden of government. the news of his death has devastated both rodelinda and eduige. grimoaldo, intent on gaining the throne, weighs his options, counseled by two advisers \u2014 garibaldo, his closest aide, and unulfo, a member of bertarido \u2019 s cabinet who maintains intimate ties with the royal family and is the only person who knows that bertarido still lives. rodelinda and her son are being held in a sparsely furnished room in the palace in milan. grimoaldo enters with eduige and his advisers and announces his wish to marry rodelinda, thereby gaining the throne. the outraged rodelinda refuses him and storms away. eduige is appalled at grimoaldo \u2019 s overture to rodelinda, but despite the rules of mourning offers him her hand, heart, and throne. grimoaldo, however, is still stung by her previous postponements and, though still in love with her, fiercely declines eduige \u2019 s offer. now garibaldo makes overtures to eduige, hoping to gain the throne for himself. eduige, furious with grimoaldo, does not discourage him. when he is left alone garibaldo reveals his ambition for the throne. bertarido arrives at the stables, where unulfo has left a soldier \u2019 s uniform for his disguise. he finds in the cemetery a memorial built", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4422416258735416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.895004"} {"text": "discourage him. when he is left alone garibaldo reveals his ambition for the throne. bertarido arrives at the stables, where unulfo has left a soldier \u2019 s uniform for his disguise. he finds in the cemetery a memorial built for him by grimoaldo to appease those loyal to him. bertarido yearns to see rodelinda but knows he cannot yet reveal himself. his reunion with unulfo is interrupted when rodelinda brings her son to plant flowers at the memorial. unulfo succeeds in restraining bertarido, who wants desperately to reach out to his family. garibaldo appears with an ultimatum from grimoaldo, to which bertarido must also be silent witness : either rodelinda agrees to wed grimoaldo, or garibaldo kills the boy. rodelinda is forced to agree. she takes back her child, lashes out at garibaldo, and rushes away. bertarido cannot see past rodelinda \u2019 s surrender to grimoaldo \u2019 s demand. unulfo promises to find some resolution to the dilemma. alone and disconsolate, bertarido grieves over rodelinda \u2019 s seeming loss of faith. in the palace library garibaldo again offers his services to eduige in exchange for her hand \u2014 he will kill grimoaldo if necessary. but he sees from her response that eduige loves grimoaldo still. rodelinda appears with her child and reassures eduige that her son \u2019 s future is her greatest concern. eduige shares with rodelinda her confused anger over grimoaldo \u2019 s rejection of her. grimoaldo enters with garibaldo and unulfo, and rodelinda presents him with an ultimatum of her own : she will marry him on one condition, that he personally kill her son before her eyes. her gambit works \u2014 grimoaldo backs down ; but he is very taken with rodelinda \u2019 s courage and constancy and feels that he might actually come to love her, though he cannot forget his feelings for eduige. garibaldo and unulfo are left alone to debate grimoaldo \u2019 s options. garibaldo believes power should be seized and ensured at any cost. unulfo, musing alone, decides to take rodelinda to bertarido and finds a breath of hope. walking near the stables, edui", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45174604942788055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.896020"} {"text": "s options. garibaldo believes power should be seized and ensured at any cost. unulfo, musing alone, decides to take rodelinda to bertarido and finds a breath of hope. walking near the stables, eduige happens upon and recognizes bertarido. she is overjoyed to find him alive. she assuages his fears about rodelinda \u2019 s constancy, and they move away deep in conversation as unulfo brings rodelinda to the stables. unulfo goes off to look for bertarido, who soon returns with eduige to be reunited at last with his wife. when they are discovered together by grimoaldo, he orders bertarido taken into custody and, enraged, bids them take their final farewells. bertarido will soon die. eduige sends a servant to the dungeon with a concealed weapon that is to be given to bertarido. she and unulfo plan for bertarido \u2019 s escape : unulfo, who has access to the prison, will lead bertarido through a hidden tunnel from the cell to the palace garden, where eduige will wait with rodelinda and the child. from there they will escape. grimoaldo enters with garibaldo, who advises him to kill the prisoner or lose the kingdom, but grimoaldo \u2019 s conscience prevents him from taking this action : he is caught in a web of conflicting feelings \u2014 fear, suspicion, love, and remorse. bertarido is reassured when a weapon is dropped through the bars of his prison cell. in the darkness he strikes out at what he believes to be an assassin \u2014 but it is unulfo, come to help him. even though he is wounded, unulfo manages to get bertarido to change out of the clothes he has been seen in. as the two men escape into the tunnel, rodelinda and eduige arrive \u2014 rodelinda has insisted on rescuing bertarido herself but finds only his clothes covered with unulfo \u2019 s blood. she imagines the worst. at the foot of bertarido \u2019 s memorial grimoaldo \u2019 s internal struggle continues. he ultimately acknowledges his cruelty and guilt. exhausted, he falls asleep. garibaldo attempts to assassinate grimoaldo, but is stopped and killed by bertarido, who gives himself up to grimoaldo. following grimoaldo into the library, bertarido dare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4800404045268055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.896903"} {"text": "protozoa have been found in almost every kind of soil environment from peat bogs to arid desert sands. they teem in the deep sea as well as near the surface of waters, and can be found even in frigid arctic and antarctic waters. some species of protozoa are part of the normal microbial flora of animals, and live in the guts of insects and mammals, helping to break down complex food particles into simpler molecules. a very small number of species cause disease in people, including plasmodium vivax, which causes malaria. the four main subgroups of protozoa are the ciliates, the flagellates, the sarcodina, and the apicomplexans. the word protozoa means \" little animal. \" they are so named because many species behave like tiny animals \u2014 specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food. protozoa mainly feed on bacteria, but they also eat other protozoa, bits of stuff that has come off of other living things \u2014 what ' s generally called organic matter \u2014 and sometimes fungi. some protozoa absorb food through their cell membranes. others, like the amoebas < ah - me - buhs >, surround food and engulf it. others have openings called mouth pores into which they sweep food. all protozoa digest their food in stomach - like compartments called vacuoles < vac - you - ohls >. as they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use. protozoa range in size from 1 / 5, 000 to 1 / 50 of an inch ( 5 to 500 \u00b5m ) in diameter. they can be classified into three general groups based on their shape. one group is the ciliates < silly - ates >, which are generally the largest protozoa. they have hair - like projections called cilia < silly - uh > and they eat the other two types of protozoa as well as bacteria. you can just see the thin cilia poking out around the edges of the protozoan in the image to the right. the second group is the amoebae < ah - me - bee >, which can be subdivided into the testate amoebae, which have a shell - like covering, and the naked amoebae, which don ' t have this covering. finally, the third group is the flagellates < flah - geh - lets >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5160625381152851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.901719"} {"text": "testate amoebae, which have a shell - like covering, and the naked amoebae, which don ' t have this covering. finally, the third group is the flagellates < flah - geh - lets >, which are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip - like projections called flagella poking out of their cells. to hunt, protozoa have to be able to move about. amoebas ooze about by extending parts of their cells as pseudopods < sue - doh - pods > or \" false feet. \" amoebae have fluid cell membranes or coverings that they can stretch out, bend and curve. as the membrane moves outward, the fluid and other parts inside the cell follow, flowing into the new bulge created by the moving membrane. many ciliates swim along by beating their cilia in a rhythmic pattern, like so many tiny oars. flagellates swim by waving their flagella, using them much like a fish uses its tail push itself through water. some protozoa prefer to latch themselves in one place. for example, a ciliate called vorticella < vor - tih - sell - uh > attaches to a spot on a long, springy stalk. it creates a mini whirlpool around its mouth pore by beating the cilia ringing its bulbous top end so that food particles get sucked in. whenever anything too big to be eaten hits a vorticella, it springs back out of the way by by rapidly coiling up its stalk. ( to see video clips of vorticella doing their thing, visit this web page. ) the vast majority of protozoa do us no harm. but, yes, there are a few that cause disease. one type of amoeba can live in human intestines. it feeds on red blood cells and causes a disease known as dysentery < dis - in - tear - ee >. the parasitic protozoan cryptosporidium parvum < cryp - toe - spore - id - ee - um par - vum > sickened around 400, 000 people in milwaukee in 1993 when it got into the tap water. perhaps the best - known protozoal menace is plasmodium < plaz - mo - dee - um >, the parasite that causes malaria. this terrible disease leads to about 800, 000 deaths each year worldwide.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5027559573800371, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.902690"} {"text": "war projects act ( or wpa ) a scheme of the federal arts project, a program which helped artists from 1935 to 1943 by commissioning works of art across america. example : diego rivera ' s man at the crossroads was completed for the federal arts project in rockefeller center, 1933 a collective term for pottery and ceramic objects. colors often associated with fire and sun, which suggest warmth. these are colors which contain red and yellow and appear on one side of the color wheel opposite the cool colors. in weaving, the vertical threads attached to the top and bottom of a loom, through which the weft is woven. a thin, translucent layer of pigment, usually watercolor or india ink. often it is the background of a picture, prepared using watery paint applied quickly using large, sweeping brush strokes. example : helen frankenthaler ' s bay side, 1967 a flat metal or rubber disk placed beneath a bolt head or nut which helps to secure the bolt and distribute its pressure, lessen friction, or prevent leakage. this term is used in two contradictory ways. in its most common use : a piece mold made from a model ( usually of clay or wax ) when the model must be broken apart ( wasted ) in removing it from the mold. the other use : a mold from which only one cast can be taken, because the mold must be broken apart and discarded in order to release the cast. this is how lost - wax casting is accomplished, for instance. the use of this term is highly problematic then, unless the user immediately explains the meaning intended. the application of gold leaf to a surface of gesso ( or whiting ) which may have been coated with bole, and this covered with a water and glue. the gold is then burnished. this is a better technique than oil ( mordant ) gilding, when the surface is a gessoed one, although it is more difficult. any paint that uses water as a medium. paintings done with this medium are known as watercolors. when made opaque with white, watercolor is generally called gouache or bodycolor. tempera is another exception. in the making of paper, a translucent design impressed on it when still moist by a metal pattern, and visible when the paper is held before light. in digital imaging, bits altered within an image to create a pattern which indicates proof of ownership ; so that unauthorized use of a watermarked image can then be traced. soluble in water ; capable of being dissolved in water, especially if a wetting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6050744828802435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.908068"} {"text": "in digital imaging, bits altered within an image to create a pattern which indicates proof of ownership ; so that unauthorized use of a watermarked image can then be traced. soluble in water ; capable of being dissolved in water, especially if a wetting agent is added, like detergents and soaps. any of various natural, oily or greasy heat - sensitive substances, the most common being beeswax. these consist of hydrocarbons or esters of fatty acids that are insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. may also refer to a solid, plastic or liquid substance, such as ozocerite or paraffin, a petroleum by product, used in coating papers, in crayons, and other products. both natural and synthetic waxes are used in painting as a binder, and as an important ingredient in candles and polishes. they are also important materials used for casting and modeling, generally over an armature. lost wax casting, modeling in wax. or a figure made of wax, especially a life - size wax effigy of a famous person. also, the plural form, used with either a singular or plural verb, refers to an exhibition of wax figures in a museum. the interlacing of yarn or thread to make cloth. in printing, a rotary press that prints on a long roll of paper. in sculpture, the retention of a supporting membrane of material between fingers or other thin extremities, especially in stone sculpture. a piece of material, such as wood or metal, tapered at one edge and thick at the opposite end, used for tightening, securing, levering, or splitting, as when driven into wood along its grain, or when driven into the interlocking corners of wooden stretchers to produce tension on canvas support. these last are also called keys. a technique in which clay is thoroughly kneaded and cut before use in modeling or pottery, to make it plastic and remove air pockets. the threads or strands of yarn that are woven over and under the warp threads to make a weaving. a less commonly used equivalent term is woof. the process of joining metals by fusing them together under direct, intense heat. a commonly used source of heat for welding is an oxyacetylene torch. a metal rod may be applied to the joint which melts into any gaps and strengthens the bond. paper with a coating of silicon carbide, used as an abrasive ; a type of sandpaper. its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6251999236495727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.909090"} {"text": "##cetylene torch. a metal rod may be applied to the joint which melts into any gaps and strengthens the bond. paper with a coating of silicon carbide, used as an abrasive ; a type of sandpaper. its common name derives from the fact that it can be used wet or dry, as suitable with the materials abraded and the surface finish required. a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, causing the liquid to spread across or penetrate more easily the surface of a solid, making anything that is water - soluble more quickly solved. detergents and soaps generally accomplish this with water. ground and dried chalk used in plate cleaning and in the preparation of gesso. a usually pliable metallic strand made in many lengths and diameters ( gauges ), sometimes clad or coated with insulation, as are electrical wires. a group of wire strands twisted or braided together as a functional unit is called cable. a print similar to a woodcut, in that it is made by cutting a design into a block of wood. however unlike a woodcut, the artist cuts the design on the end grain of hardwood rather than the side grain of soft wood. the print ' s design can therefore be more intricate than the typical woodcut. a print made by cutting a design in side - grain of a block of wood. the ink is transferred from the raised surfaces to paper. example : katsushika kokusai ' s thirty - six view of mount fuji, c. 1823 - 1829 the threads or strands of yarn that are woven over and under the warp threads to make a weaving. the more common contemporary term is weft. the description for a point of view set in the bottom of the picture place, as if a worm were looking at a scene. example : andrea mantegna, st. james led to martyrdom, c. 1455 an iron which is forged - - formed by heating in a furnace and hammering, bending, etc. and welded - - joining two pieces of metal by applying heat, sometimes with pressure, and sometimes with an additional melted metal. it contains less than. 3 % carbon and 1 - 2 % slag. cast iron, on the other hand, is a more brittle, nonmalleable alloy of iron and carbon, which is shaped by from pouring it molten into a mold.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5793493171412077, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.910013"} {"text": "big sunspot unleashes intense solar flare a sunspot known as ar1654 produced the m1 - class flare, according to officials with nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory. fri, jan 11 2013 at 6 : 40 pm this view of the flare on jan. 11, 2013, was recorded by nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory. ( photo : nasa ) the surface of the sun erupted in a solar flare early today ( jan. 11 ), unleashing a blast of super - heated plasma into space. a huge sunspot known as ar1654 produced the m1 - class flare at 4 : 11 a. m. est ( 0911 gmt ), officials with nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory said in a description of the event. the sdo spacecraft is one of several sun - watching space telescopes keeping tabs on solar flares and other sun weather events. according to spaceweather. com, sunspot ar1654 is growing more active and is now \" crackling with m - class solar flares \" like the one that erupted today. \" ar1654 is getting bigger as it turns toward earth, \" the website reported. \" not only is the chance of flares increasing, but also the chance of an earth - directed eruption. this could be the sunspot that breaks the recent lengthy spell of calm space weather around our planet. \" the sun is in an active phase of its current 11 - year weather cycle, which scientists call solar cycle 24. the sun ' s activity cycle is expected to reach its peak ( or \" solar maximum \" ) in 2013, astronomers have said. the most powerful solar flares, x - class flares, have the most significant effect on earth. they can cause long - lasting radiation storms in our planet ' s upper atmosphere and trigger radio blackouts. medium - size m - class flares can cause brief radio blackouts in the polar regions and occasional minor radiation storms. c - class flares, the weakest in scientists ' three - tiered classification system, have few noticeable consequences. related on space. com and mnn :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44593619099795223, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.912223"} {"text": "blair walk project featured in wusa ' s \" cool schools \" segment! to see the video, click here. to see more about the blair walk project ' s spring 2012 pedestrian safety education campaign, click here. if you are a blair high school student and would like to volunteer with this project, please contact joana conklin : firstname. lastname @ example. org. you will receive ssl hours for your participation! there is no winner in a contest between a vehicle and a pedestrian. on average, about 100 pedestrians are killed each year in maryland. it \u2019 s hard to fathom that the cost to cross the street could be one \u2019 s life, but in 2011, 11 pedestrians were killed in montgomery county. the four corners area, where blair high school is located, is one of the areas in the county with the highest incidence of pedestrian crashes, and more than a third of those involve pedestrians under the age of 20. - pedestrian fatalities comprise about 20 percent of all traffic deaths in maryland. - nearly 3, 000 pedestrians are injured annually in maryland. on average, 400 are struck by vehicles in montgomery county. - pedestrians 5 - 15 years of age are at the greatest risk for pedestrian injuries \u2013 over 30 percent of injured pedestrians are under the age of 15. - a pedestrian hit by a car traveling at 40 mph has an 85 % chance of dying. would you want to take that chance? a pedestrian hit by a car traveling at 20 mph has a 95 % chance of surviving. want to see what we mean? click here. what can you do to stay safe? walk with and avoid getting a $ 50 ticket ( fail! ) * ee them see you : make eye contact with drivers so you know they see you. * * ait for the walk : never begin crossing the street on solid or flashing \u201c don \u2019 t walk \u201d signals. * * lways cross at crosswalks and intersections : don \u2019 t cross mid - block. * * o reflective, so drivers can see you! ( especially at night and in bad weather ) * here are a few other tips to remember when you ' re walking : - stop and look left, right, left and over your shoulder for turning vehicles before crossing the street. remember, you have the right - of - way in a crosswalk, but still look out for cars as you cross! - use sidewalks. if there are none, walk facing traffic so you see vehicles and drivers see you. driving is a privilege - so once you have your license,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44145161575172676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.916383"} {"text": "- way in a crosswalk, but still look out for cars as you cross! - use sidewalks. if there are none, walk facing traffic so you see vehicles and drivers see you. driving is a privilege - so once you have your license, remember these key tips for keeping pedestrians safe : - stop for pedestrians at crosswalks and intersections \u2013 it \u2019 s the law! a pedestrian is in the crosswalk when their foot is placed on the painted roadway. if you don \u2019 t stop, you could get a $ 500 ticket! epic fail! - if a car driving in front of you stops for a pedestrian in a crosswalk, you need to stop as well. - crosswalks exist at all intersections, even if the crosswalk is unmarked. - slow down, pay attention and obey the posted speed limit. - always look out for pedestrians and cyclists, especially before turning at a green light or making a \u201c right on red \u201d or \u201c left on green. \u201d - stay alert and slow down, particularly in residential areas, school zones and commercial areas. young children are more vulnerable because they have not yet developed the ability to judge speed and distance, as shown in this video. for any mcdot service request or complaint, call 311 when dialing outside of the county, call 240 - 777 - 0311 or submit via their website. for website comments or to report website problems or broken links, please email us. this email address does not handle service requests or complaints. director ' s office \u00b7 montgomery county department of transportation 101 monroe street, 10th floor \u00b7 rockville, maryland 20850 \u00b7 email @ example. com \u00b7 telephone : 240 - 777 - 7170 \u00b7 fax : 240 - 777 - 7178 \u00b7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4048574453747687, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.917106"} {"text": "posted on : apr 1st 2011 the great destructive power of the first atomic bomb persuaded many leaders of the need to constrain that power. thus was born the goal of nonproliferation and the search for a nonproliferation regime : a set of norms, rules, institutions, and practices to prevent both the spread of nuclear weapons and the material and know - how necessary to acquire them. the nuclear non - proliferation treaty ( npt ) of 1968 established such a regime, but today \u2019 s challenges threaten its stability and effectiveness. only measures to reinforce the relationship between verifiable disarmament by the existing nuclear powers and nonproliferation by non - nuclear states can strengthen cooperation and make us all more secure. the united states alone could not stop the spread of nuclear weapons. once the soviet union acquired the bomb in 1949 and others prepared to follow, nonproliferation became feasible only through cooperation. this was not simple. not only would geopolitical adversaries have to agree, but states that possessed nuclear weapons would need to find common ground with the vast majority of nations that did not. the former group could not be forced to give up their weapons just as the latter could not be forced to give up the right to build their own. only a regime of mutually agreed - upon nonproliferation rules could do that. these rules had to satisfy the core interests of the \u201c have - not \u201d states while tolerating, at least temporarily, the possession of nuclear weapons by the states that already had them. after a series of false starts, the united states and the soviet union joined the multilateral negotiation that produced a draft of what became the npt. the two superpowers shared an interest in preventing others from acquiring nuclear weapons. each also served as protective patron for many non - nuclear nations. these states could eschew building their own nuclear weapons if they were certain \u201c their \u201d superpower would protect them from a threat by the other. the npt entered into force march 5, 1970. it comprises a set of bargains. the nuclear weapon states agree to work in good faith toward nuclear disarmament, to transfer neither nuclear weapons nor the wherewithal to make them to non - nuclear weapon states, and to recognize the \u201c inalienable right \u201d of non - nuclear weapon states to access nuclear energy for peaceful uses. in return, non - nuclear weapon states promise not to acquire nuclear weapons. under the npt, disarmament and nonproliferation should be mutually reinforcing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5814780680094258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.927070"} {"text": "right \u201d of non - nuclear weapon states to access nuclear energy for peaceful uses. in return, non - nuclear weapon states promise not to acquire nuclear weapons. under the npt, disarmament and nonproliferation should be mutually reinforcing. as more states adhere to the npt, each nation should gain confidence that its neighbor or adversary is not developing nuclear weapons and so be more secure in its decision not to proliferate. existing nuclear states similarly should feel able gradually to reduce their stockpiles with an eye toward full nuclear disarmament. this nonproliferation regime has been remarkably successful, if imperfect. the npt is among the most universal of treaties : all nations except india, israel, and pakistan have joined. north korea joined but subsequently withdrew and has tested a nuclear device, becoming the only state to develop nuclear weapons despite its npt obligation not to do so. many states have abandoned or reversed clandestine efforts to acquire nuclear weapons. iraq was pursuing such a program at the time of the 1990 - 1991 gulf war. fearing isolation and outside coercion, libya ended its effort in 2003 and instead sought international cooperation. taiwan and south korea stopped nuclear weapons work under secret pressure from the united states and after extracting reaffirmation of u. s. guarantees of their security. belarus, kazakhstan, and ukraine agreed to join the npt in the early 1990s as the united states and russia reduced their nuclear arsenals and cultivated a climate hospitable for nuclear disarmament. argentina and brazil shut down their nascent nuclear weapons programs, and south africa relinquished a secret nuclear weapons stockpile \u2014 largely for domestic reasons \u2014 but no doubt post - cold war nuclear arms reductions created norms that pulled them in that direction. since 2001, the nonproliferation regime has adapted to address the previously unimaginable threat of nuclear terrorism. initiatives to keep nuclear fuel and technology away from terrorists include : \u2022 bilateral cooperation between the united states and russia ; \u2022 multilateral commitments from the group of eight major industrialized countries ; \u2022 a nuclear terrorism convention ; \u2022 the proliferation security initiative ; \u2022 the global initiative to combat nuclear terrorism ; \u2022 u. n. security council resolution 1540, requiring all u. n. members to take and enforce measures against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery, and related materials. despite these successes, real risks remain. one is that the mutually reinforcing relationship between disarmament and nonproliferation may be weakening. if iran ignores a u. n. security", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5324929025373377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.928124"} {"text": "destruction, their means of delivery, and related materials. despite these successes, real risks remain. one is that the mutually reinforcing relationship between disarmament and nonproliferation may be weakening. if iran ignores a u. n. security council prohibition against acquiring nuclear weapons capabilities, and if north korea maintains its nuclear weapons, further proliferation among their neighbors becomes more likely as confidence in the nonproliferation regime weakens. skeptics in nuclear - armed nations, including the united states, argue that neither nuclear arms reductions nor measures like the global ban on all nuclear tests \u2014 the comprehensive test ban treaty ( ctbt ) \u2014 will discourage rule - violators like iran from seeking nuclear weapons. nor, these critics argue, will they persuade leading non - nuclear weapon states such as brazil and south africa to cooperate in enforcing nonproliferation rules. history suggests this view is too cynical. means exist to buttress confidence. if all states will agree to accept what is called the additional protocol to the npt, the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) would have the means to undertake more effective inspections to ensure that nuclear materials and facilities are not being diverted from peaceful purposes. this would be especially important in iran. through the iaea, states also could negotiate new rules to prevent the further spread of those uranium enrichment and plutonium - reprocessing capabilities that heighten proliferation risks. but key non - nuclear weapon states such as brazil, south africa, and egypt now block efforts to make the additional protocol universal and to shift from national to international mechanisms for supplying nuclear fuel, in part because they do not believe the established nuclear powers are doing enough to make the nuclear order more equitable. past successes demonstrate how to meet these challenges. great power cooperation lies behind those successes. if today \u2019 s major global powers disagree on how to address changing technology and new threats, proliferation becomes more likely. the iranian crisis shows most vividly that cooperation among the united states, russia, and china is required to mobilize the u. n. security council \u2019 s legitimate enforcement authority. the russians and chinese are more reluctant than the americans to pursue sanctions and other coercive tactics against noncompliant states. among their reasons is a sense that the united states seeks military superiority over them. by addressing these concerns, the u. s. - russian nuclear arms reduction process and strategic dialogue can augment cooperation and build consensus for a stronger stand against suspected proliferators. the united states and china are beginning a similar process that could lead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5661682780940649, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.929157"} {"text": "by addressing these concerns, the u. s. - russian nuclear arms reduction process and strategic dialogue can augment cooperation and build consensus for a stronger stand against suspected proliferators. the united states and china are beginning a similar process that could lead to cooperation in preventing nuclear competition and instability in asia. similarly, cooperation among the united states, russia, and china will be necessary to bring the ctbt into force and to negotiate a ban on further production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons. the relationship between disarmament and nonproliferation remains crucial. if existing nuclear weapon states do not reduce their arsenals, key non - nuclear weapon states will likely resist stronger nonproliferation rules. if these weapons remain the currency of great power, emerging powers such as brazil, egypt, south africa, and iran might oppose further limits on acquiring them. even if the security advantages of nuclear proliferation are debatable ( is a nuclear power more secure if its neighbors feel threatened and themselves build nuclear arsenals? ), considerations of perceived justice and national pride may prove politically more compelling. multilateral nuclear arsenal reductions may require first ending both nuclear tests and all production of fissile material for weapons. treaties achieving these objectives may be the most feasible ways to bring india, pakistan, and israel into the disarmament process, and therefore closer to the nonproliferation regime. tension over the trade - offs among nonproliferation, disarmament, and of a third factor \u2014 nuclear energy trade \u2014 impedes progress on the specific steps that would advance each objective, leaving the world less secure and prosperous than it could otherwise be. no longer can one or two superpowers impose rules. the number of states that must now cooperate \u2014 a number that only begins with the united states, russia, and china \u2014 means that a satisfactory outcome cannot be grounded in double standards. as long as a small number of states have advantages that they would deny others, the others will resist. president obama has recognized this problem and concluded that the most effective way to deter nuclear weapons use is to stop proliferation and that the only sustainable way to prevent proliferation is to motivate all states to live without nuclear weapons, however long it takes to achieve this ultimate goal. as the president put it in his april 2009 speech in prague : \u201c some argue that the spread of these weapons cannot be stopped, cannot be checked \u2014 that we are destined to live in a world where more nations and more people possess the ultimate tools of destruction. such fatalism is a deadly adversary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5389544899324237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.930240"} {"text": "the temporomandibular joints, called tmj, are the joints and jaw muscles that make it possible to open and close your mouth. located on each side of the head, your tmj work together when you chew, speak or swallow and include muscles and ligaments as well as the jaw bone. they also control the lower jaw ( mandible ) as it moves forward, backward and side to side. each tmj has a disc between the ball and socket. the disc cushions the load while enabling the jaw to open widely and rotate or glide. any problem that prevents this complex system of muscles, ligaments, discs and bones from working properly may result in a painful tmj disorder. possible causes of tmj disorders include : - tooth and jaw alignment - stress and teeth grinding diagnosis is an important step before treatment. part of the dental examination includes checking the joints and muscles for tenderness, clicking, popping or difficulty moving. depending on the diagnosis, the dentist may refer you to a physician or another dentist. there are several treatments for tmj disorders. this step - by - step plan from the national institute of dental and craniofacial research allows you to try simple treatment before moving on to more involved treatment. the nidcr also recommends a \u201c less is often best \u201d approach in treating tmj disorders, which includes : - eating softer foods - avoiding chewing gum and biting your nails - modifying the pain with heat packs - practicing relaxation techniques to control jaw tension, such as meditation or biofeedback. if necessary for your symptoms, the following treatments may be advised : - exercises to strengthen your jaw muscles - medications prescribed by your dentist ; for example, muscle relaxants, analgesics, anti - anxiety drugs or anti - inflammatory medications - a night guard or bite plate to decrease clenching or grinding of teeth. in some cases, your dentist may recommend fixing an uneven bite by adjusting or reshaping some teeth. orthodontic treatment may also be recommended. your dentist can suggest the most appropriate therapy based on the suspected cause.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46443073919966466, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.932417"} {"text": "the history of bingo the history of bingo goes all the way back to italy, when lo giuoco del lotto d ' italia, the first lotto - type game, was born in 1530. it slowly gained popularity among the italian citizenry, and eventually spread to france in the late eighteenth century. the catholic church opposed the lottery game in both italy and france, but that was only more reason for the people to play it. centuries later, the church would reconsider their position and accept bingo as a fun pasttime to entertain nuns and followers and make them spend more time in church. as the lotto became more and more popular in italy and france, by the early nineteenth century, it began spreading throughout europe. the classic lotto game was played with a card, similar to a modern bingo card, with 3 lines ( horizontal ) and 9 columns ( vertical ). each horizontal line or row had 5 numbered squares and 4 blank squares. the first vertical line or column had the number range 1 through 10, the second column had the range 11 - 20, the third column 21 - 30, and so on up to the last column ( 81 - 90 ). the numbers were randomly arranged throughout the card following this pattern. by the early 1920 ' s, the lotto game, well - known in europe, reached the united states with the new name of beano, due to players using beans to mark their cards ( this was before the modern ballpoint pen was invented and people wrote with dip pens and fountain pens ). how did beano become bingo? the story goes that a new york salesman named edwin lowe overheard a beano player mistakenly exclaiming \" bingo! \" instead of \" beano \" upon winning. lowe saw that term as better sounding and better for marketing purposes, and began marketing the game throughout new york, and later the u. s. the renamed game saw some opposition from the anti - gambling sentiment that was growing along with the ( gangster - dominated ) casino industry, but most people thought it to be harmless entertainment. lowe perfected the game with the help of a mathematics professor, carl leffler, who found out that by making more random bingo cards, only one player could win per round. they eventually made over 6, 000 unique card, up from the original 24 card. it is said that leffler went mad after a while. it was thanks to these two men that bingo has the popularity it has today. bingo is played today by millions all around the world, and in recent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44328911372860735, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.937159"} {"text": "patellar tendonitis ( jumper ' s knee ) click image to enlarge jumper ' s knee, also known as patellar tendonitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to shin bone ( tibia ). the condition may be caused by overuse of the knee joint, such as frequent jumping on hard surfaces. the following are the most common symptoms of jumper ' s knee. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : - pain and tenderness around the patellar tendon - pain with jumping, running, or walking - pain with bending or straightening the leg - tenderness behind the lower portion of the kneecap the symptoms of jumper ' s knee may resemble other conditions or medical problems. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for jumper ' s knee may include a radiograph of the knee. this would involve a negative image of the knee, taken with photographic film, using exposure to x - rays or gamma rays passing through matter or tissue in the body. specific treatment for jumper ' s knee will be determined by your doctor based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the condition - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the condition - your opinion or preference the best course of treatment for jumper ' s knee is to discontinue any activity that is causing the condition, until the injury is healed. other treatment may include : - nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medications - ice pack application ( to reduce swelling ) - stretching and strengthening exercises click here to view the online resources of men ' s health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4377666520514134, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.938895"} {"text": "al hanisim : concerning the miracles a prayer acknowledging the significance of hanukkah most commonly associated with hanukkah, a variation of this prayer is also recited on purim, and some communities recite a new version on israel ' s independence day. all of these are post - biblical observances. the words recited in al hanisim serve to define god \u2019 s role in these historical events. as detailed in this article, al hanisim is actually an insertion into a one of the standard amidah prayers - - the prayer of thanksgiving. while the article focuses on the technicalities of this prayer, one additional point should be made. by treating the al hanisim as an insertion into a standard prayer, the status of the holiday is maintained ( as being less then a festival ) while still religiously acknowledging the importance of god \u2019 s role in post - biblical events. this article is excerpted with permission from the encyclopedia of jewish prayer ( jason aronson ). a prayer that relates briefly to the story of hanukkah and purim, [ al hanisim is ] inserted into the 18th benediction of the amidah ( \" modim \" ) and into the second benediction of birkat hamazon [ the grace after meals ] ( \" nodeh l ' kha \" ). the introductory sentence reads as follows : al hanisim - - \" we thank thee for the miracles, the redemption, and the triumphant victories, and liberation which thou hast wrought for our fathers in days of old at this season. \" following that is a description of the basic events of hanukkah ( \" bimay mattityahu - - in the days of mattathias ] and purim ( \" bimay mordehcai - - in the days of mordecai \" ]. since al hanisim serves as an expression of thanksgiving, it is most fitting that it is placed into the benediction called hoda ' ah ( \" thanksgiving \" ). a short version of al hanisimis found in soferim ( 20 : 8 ), and the current text is taken from the siddur [ prayer book ] of rav amram gaon ( seder hanukkah ) and siddur r. sa ' adyah gaon ( 256 ). reciting al hanisimis also mentioned in she ' iltot ( va - yishlah ) of gaon aha. variation in text exists between the ashkenazic and sep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.446183082334266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.942342"} {"text": "families need to think about fire safetypublished 12 : 28am monday, october 8, 2012 if you woke up to a fire in your home, how much time do you think you would have to get to safety? according to the nonprofit national fire protection association, one - third of american households that made an estimate thought they would have at least six minutes before a fire in their home would become life - threatening. unfortunately, the time available is often less. that \u2019 s why the natchez fire department is teaming up with nfpa during fire prevention week, this week, to urge residents to \u201c have two ways out! \u201d this year \u2019 s team focuses on the importance of fire escape planning and practice. in 2010, u. s. fire departments responded to 369, 500 home structure fires. these fires caused 13, 350 civilian injuries, 2, 640 civilian deaths and $ 6. 9 billion in direct damage. one home structure was reported every 85 seconds in 2010. fire is unpredictable and moves faster than most people realize. having a tried and true escape plan with two ways is essential to ensuring your family \u2019 s safety should fire break out in your home. the fire department recommends the following tips for planning your family \u2019 s escape : - 4make a map of your house. - 4mark a door and a window that can be used to get out of every room. - 4choose a meeting place outside in front of your home. this is where everyone can meet once they \u2019 ve escaped. draw a picture of your outside meeting place on your escape plan. - 4write the emergency telephone number for the fire department on your escape plan. have a grown - up sound the smoke alarm and practice your escape plan with everyone living in your home. - 4keep your escape plan on the refrigerator and remind grown - ups to have your family practice the plan twice a year or whenever anyone in your house celebrates a birthday. to find out more about fire prevention week please contact the fire department at 601 - 442 - 3684. aaron wesley is the fire marshal at the natchez fire department.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4510832086588673, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.944435"} {"text": "what is menstrual cycle? menstruation is the part of the menstrual cycle, the process that helps a woman \u2019 s body get ready for the possibility of pregnancy each month. the average cycle is 28 days long and starts on the first day of a period. the menstrual cycle can range from 21 days to 35 days. the brain pituitary gland, uterus cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes and vagina all work together to make the menstrual cycle happen. the ovaries produce two important hormones, progesterone and estrogen. the pituitary gland also produces hormones, follicle - stimulating hormone ( fsh ) and luteinizing hormone ( lh ). girls usually start menstruating around the age of 13, sometimes even younger and will continue having monthly periods until the age of 50 when the process of menopause begins. menstrual cycles vary from one woman to the next \u2013 some may be short while others may experience longer cycles. a typical menstrual cycle is 28 days and the length is calculated by counting the first day of menstruation as day one. teens often experience long cycles of up to 45 days but it becomes more regular in your 20 \u2019 s and 30 \u2019 s lasting between 21 and 35 days. as you get older, particularly in your 40 \u2019 s, the menstrual cycle becomes more regular until you reach menopause. there are various phases of the menstrual cycle \u2013 menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase. menstruation is known as the first part of your cycle and day 1 is the first full day of menstrual bleeding. the thickened lining of the uterus begins to shed to get ready for the new cycle. bleeding occurs because the egg was not fertilized in the previous cycle. a menstrual period can last between 3 and 5 days, sometimes more or less. during the first three days you may experience most of your blood loss as well as symptoms such as pain in the abdominal area and your back. during the follicular phase, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone which helps to stimulate the growth of about 5 to 20 follicles. each follicle consists of an egg but only one of these follicles will mature into an egg while the other stimulated follicles die. the f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4693519909836448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.952766"} {"text": "##icle stimulating hormone which helps to stimulate the growth of about 5 to 20 follicles. each follicle consists of an egg but only one of these follicles will mature into an egg while the other stimulated follicles die. the follicle stimulating hormone causes the lining of the uterus ( endometrium ) to grow in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy this usually occurs around day 10 of a 28 day cycle. the ovulation phase occurs during the middle of the cycle, around day 14 of a normal 28 day cycle when the egg leaves the ovary. during the follicular phase, an increase in the level of the sex hormone estrogen occurs as a result of the ripening follicle. when enough estrogen is produced, it sends a signal to the pituitary gland that the egg is ready to be released. the pituitary gland produces luteinising hormone ( lh ) and as a result ovulation is triggered. the egg is transported into the fallopian tube until it meets with the sperm for fertilization. the end of the ovulation phase is marked by the start of the luteal phase. it lasts between 10 to 16 days. when fertilization of the egg takes place, the follicle called the corpus luteum releases the egg. this follicle produces the hormone, progesterone which helps to facilitate and maintain the thickened uterine lining. the corpeus luteum dies ( around day 22 of a normal 28 day cycle ) if pregnancy does not occur. as a result, the menstrual cycle is repeated.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46754386842499424, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.957028"} {"text": "distant starlight has given astronomers the best look yet at a distant icy sibling of pluto, a dwarf planet called makemake that appears to be missing its atmosphere, researchers say. although this icy world currently lacks an atmosphere, there is still a chance it could form one like a comet when it approaches the point in its orbit that is closest to the sun, scientists added. in the past decade, astronomers have discovered a slew of \" dwarf planets \" that dwell with pluto beyond the orbit of neptune. makemake was a world nicknamed \" easterbunny \" by its discoverers before officially getting named after the polynesian creator of humanity and the god of fertility. the dwarf planet ' s red - tinged surface is apparently covered by a layer of frozen methane, and is bright enough to be seen by a high - end amateur telescope, despite its current distance of nearly 53 times the distance between the earth and the sun. [ makemake ' s missing atmosphere ( video ) ] makemake : a plutoid revealed makemake is a type of icy dwarf planet known as a plutoid, as are pluto and the newfound trans - neptunian worlds erisand haumea. whereas pluto has a tenuous atmosphere surrounding it, its near - twin eris does not, most likely due to eris ' greater distance from the sun and colder surface temperature. makemake orbits at an intermediate distance from the sun between pluto and eris, raising the question of whether it might possess an atmosphere. in 2011, makemake passed directly in front of the distant star nomad 1181 - 0235723. this eclipse or occultation helped backlight the icy world, and researchers now reveal data from seven telescopes of this eclipse has helped them pin down makemake ' s size, shape and surface properties better than ever. [ dwarf planets of the solar system ( infographic ) ] \" for me it is extremely remarkable that we can get an accurate knowledge of important properties of these mysterious dwarf planets even though they are so far away from the earth, \" said lead study author jose ortiz, a planetary scientist at the institute of astrophysics of andalucia in granada, spain. \" only three years ago we had never observed a single occultation by a trans - neptunian object, and now we have managed to observe 12 such events, nine of them by our international team. \" such occultations are extremely difficult to predict and observe. for comparison, these worlds are so distant they appear about the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48618291248848033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.967192"} {"text": "neptunian object, and now we have managed to observe 12 such events, nine of them by our international team. \" such occultations are extremely difficult to predict and observe. for comparison, these worlds are so distant they appear about the same size \" as that of a coin seen at a distance of 30 miles ( 50 kilometers ) or smaller, \" ortiz told space. com. \" but thanks to our hard work and to an important international collaboration, we were able to beat all the difficulties. \" makemake is about 890 miles ( 1, 430 km ) wide, making it about two - thirds the diameter of pluto. light from this distant star appeared and disappeared quickly as makemake passed in front of it. this suggests there was no significant atmosphere around it to smear out the star ' s light. at most, makemake ' s atmosphere is 80 million to 250 million times thinner than earth ' s at sea level, the researchers calculate. still, there might be patches of atmosphere overlying warmer regions on its surface, such as dark patches that absorb more sunlight. \" we suspect that these dark patches might be concentrated near the latitude of the subsolar point of the planet \u2014 the subsolar point is the point of the planet where the solar rays reach the surface perpendicularly, and therefore cause the maximum heating possible, \" ortiz said. \" these dark patches might form sort of a dark band in the planet. \" wispy atmosphere still possible other bodies with patchy atmospheres include jupiter ' s moon io and saturn ' s moon enceladus, which arise \" mostly from gas released by volcanoes or the so - called cryovolcanoes, ' volcanoes ' which instead of releasing magma release liquid water or a liquid mix, \" ortiz said. \" even mars has areas with a locally denser atmosphere, which in this case arises from sublimation of carbon dioxide ice. \" space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media science editor alan boyle ' s blog : \" astronaut abby \" is at the controls of a social - media machine that is launching the 15 - year - old from minnesota to kazakhstan this month for the liftoff of the international space station ' s next crew. - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media makemake might very well behave like a comet and grow an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4939671860133489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.970867"} {"text": "' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media makemake might very well behave like a comet and grow an atmosphere during the parts of its year when it approaches the sun. \" we suspect that this is the case, \" ortiz said. \" but comets are usually so small and have so little mass that their gravity does not allow them to retain the atmospheres, which escape to space giving rise to the comets ' tails. in the case of makemake, its gravity is much higher and therefore the escape of the gases is not as dramatic as that of the comets. \" future research can focus on looking for other stellar occultations by large trans - neptunian objects. \" we can now investigate trans - neptunian objects with far more in depth than we could a few years ago, thanks to the stellar occultation technique, \" ortiz said. \" this will not only shed light on atmospheric phenomena, but also on important physics of these bodies. we would also like to explain and understand the similarities and differences in composition of the trans - neptunian objects in general, which requires theoretical developments, models of different physical phenomena and plenty of work in many fields. \" the scientists are to detail their findings thursday in the journal nature. - dwarf planet makemake : icy wonder ( gallery ) - meet the solar system ' s dwarf planets - poll : should pluto be a dwarf planet or full - fledged world? \u00a9 2013 space. com. all rights reserved. more from space. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47469319619928707, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.971807"} {"text": "international african vaccinology conference, cape town, south africa - results from a pivotal, large - scale phase iii trial, published online today in the new england journal of medicine, show that the rts, s malaria vaccine candidate can help protect african infants against malaria. when compared to immunization with a control vaccine, infants ( aged 6 - 12 weeks at first vaccination ) vaccinated with rts, s had one - third fewer episodes of both clinical and severe malaria and had similar reactions to the injection. in this trial, rts, s demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. eleven african research centres in seven african countries are conducting this trial, together with glaxosmithkline ( gsk ) and the path malaria vaccine initiative ( mvi ), with grant funding from the bill & melinda gates foundation to mvi. dr. salim abdulla, a principal investigator for the trial from the ifakara health institute, tanzania, said : \" we ' ve made significant progress in recent years in our battle against malaria, but the disease still kills 655, 000 people a year - mainly children under five in sub - saharan africa. an effective malaria vaccine would be a welcome addition to our tool kit, and we ' ve been working toward this goal with this rts, s trial. this study indicates that rts, s can help to protect young babies against malaria. importantly, we observed that it provided this protection in addition to the widespread use of bed nets by the trial participants. \" when administered along with standard childhood vaccines, the efficacy of rts, s in infants aged 6 to 12 weeks ( at first vaccination ) against clinical and severe malaria was 31 % and 37 %, respectively, over 12 months of follow - up after the third vaccine dose. insecticide - treated bed nets were used by 86 % of the trial participants, which demonstrated that rts, s provided protection beyond existing malaria control interventions. the efficacy observed with rts, s last year in children aged 5 - 17 months of age against clinical and severe malaria was 56 % and 47 %, respectively. follow - up in this phase iii trial will continue and is expected to provide more data for analyses to better understand the different findings between the age categories. dr. abdulla added : \" the efficacy is lower than what we saw last year with the older 5 - 17 month age category, which surprised some of us scientists at the african trial sites. it makes us even more eager to gather and analyze more data from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4521926040557718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.976138"} {"text": "abdulla added : \" the efficacy is lower than what we saw last year with the older 5 - 17 month age category, which surprised some of us scientists at the african trial sites. it makes us even more eager to gather and analyze more data from the trial to determine what factors might influence efficacy against malaria and to better understand the potential of rts, s in our battle against this devastating disease. we were also glad to see that the study indicated that rts, s could be administered to young infants along with standard childhood vaccines and that side effects were similar to what we would see with those vaccines. \" there was no increase in overall reporting of serious adverse events ( saes ) between the infants vaccinated with the rts, s malaria vaccine candidate and infants in the control group, which received a comparator vaccine. side effects primarily included local injection site reactions, which were less frequent following rts, s vaccinations compared to the dtp - hepb / hib vaccine. fever was reported more frequently following rts, s vaccinations than the control vaccine group ( 30. 6 % versus 21. 1 % of vaccine doses, respectively ). two new cases of meningitis were reported in the 6 - 12 week - old infant age category in addition to the 9 reported last year ; one in the rts, s group and one in the control vaccine group. further analysis revealed a bacterial cause of the meningitis in 7 of the 11 cases. sir andrew witty, ceo, gsk said : \" while the efficacy seen is lower than last year, we believe these results confirm that rts, s can help provide african babies and young children with meaningful protection against malaria. they take us another important step forward on the journey towards having a new intervention available against this disease, which is a huge burden on the health and economic growth of africa. we remain convinced that rts, s has a role to play in tackling malaria and we will continue to work with our partners and other stakeholders to better understand the data and to define how the vaccine could best be used to provide public health benefit to children in malaria endemic areas in africa. \" david kaslow, director of the path malaria vaccine initiative, said : \" determining the role of rts, s in africa will depend on analyses of additional data. we are now an important step closer to that day. success in developing malaria vaccines depends on many factors : at the top of the list are partnerships and robust evidence, coupled with an understanding that different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42596366464026414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.977096"} {"text": "when the largest blackout the world has ever seen struck last week, it didn ' t come as a surprise to many people in india. smaller, scheduled blackouts are a common way for the country to cope with its explosive growth in demand for electricity. as a result, many of the 600 million indians affected were already prepared with their own systems - solar panels or diesel generators. still, many millions were left in the dark and infrastructure such as train networks ground to a halt. nature is partly to blame, in the form of a poor monsoon season. the indian meteorological department says that rainfall across the country was only 81 per cent of its average during june and july. that forced india ' s hydroelectric plants to run below full capacity, while farmers had to use extra electricity to pump water for crop irrigation - a sharp one - two punch to an already strained power grid. to stay online, any large - scale grid must be able to react quickly to power fluctuations - on the order of a few tens of milliseconds. this was probably a key aspect of the failure in india. the sentinels of most modern grids are devices called phasor measurement units ( pmus ). situated mainly at power plants and high - voltage substations, they match the frequency of the alternating electric current to other locations across the grid, ensuring that the network is in sync using gps timing. drops or outages in power across any part of the grid cause the frequency to dip locally, and pmus make it possible to isolate the problem. the indian central electricity authority ( cea ) only produced its draft plan to install pmus across the grid in april and, as of 31 may, there were just 14 operating in the country. by contrast, the us, which has a similar patchwork infrastructure to india ' s, has thousands, many of which were installed following a blackout in 2003 that affected millions in the country ' s north - east. china has built thousands of pmus to ensure its grid is similarly protected. such monitoring is important in an overtaxed grid like india ' s, where it would help prevent surprise blackouts. scheduled blackouts would still be necessary, though. the ideal, says arshad mansoor of the electric power research institute in washington dc, is to centrally control small reductions in load across the board - turning down the air conditioning across the country for example, or dimming public lighting by a small amount for a short period of time. this is the long - awaited \" smart grid \" that, despite much hype", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4667625815385136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.981290"} {"text": "reductions in load across the board - turning down the air conditioning across the country for example, or dimming public lighting by a small amount for a short period of time. this is the long - awaited \" smart grid \" that, despite much hype, has so far eluded widespread implementation, even in rich nations. but progress is being made. centerpoint energy, a regional utility company based in texas, is in the final stages of constructing a network of smart meters across the city and suburbs of houston. by 2013, 2 million smart meters will track energy use in texans ' homes, and even enable centerpoint to turn off air conditioning units during times of high demand - although centerpoint admits it will need customer consent for this. if smart meters are still a way off in the us and other rich countries, they will be even more difficult to deploy en masse in india, particularly in the short term while the government remains focused on generating more power and better managing what it has. for now, the motto in the footer of every cea monthly report rings true : \" energy saved is energy produced. \" - new scientist - not just a website! - subscribe to new scientist and get : - new scientist magazine delivered every week - unlimited online access to articles from over 500 back issues - subscribe now and save if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article fri aug 10 07 : 38 : 11 bst 2012 by eric kvaalen to solve the problem of excessive demand, they should raise the price of electricity. they could distribute some of the revenue equally to all indians. that would be fair, but would still result in less electricity use. whether it ' s practical in the indian bureaucracy is a different question. fri aug 10 17 : 19 : 58 bst 2012 by hal has this ever been attempted? fri aug 10 19 : 27 : 33 bst 2012 by eric kvaalen raising prices yes, but i don ' t think any country has tried redistributing the proceeds. tue aug 14 08 : 06 : 04 bst 2012 by richard s eric assumes that ' electricity users are the same set as ' general population. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5527318563617123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.982251"} {"text": "hubble space telescope we need three wheels in service to give us the pointing precision that ' s necessary for us to find planets... that ' s what makes this mission work, the fact that we can point with extreme precision, as well as the hubble space telescope, in fact. so without three wheels, it ' s unclear whether we can do anything of that order. as a former astronaut who has flown four missions on the space shuttle, including the 1990 flight that deployed the hubble space telescope, i \u2019 ve learned that scientific discovery and human exploration go hand in hand... nasa \u2019 s vision is to reach new heights and explore the unknown so that what we do and learn will benefit all humankind. i believe that unraveling the planetary puzzle about life and climate on mars is the essential next step in realizing that vision. more quotes \u00bb around the web detailed hubble image of the cat \u2019 s eye nebula in half, where each skin layer is discernible. this composite of data from nasa \u2019 s chandra x - ray observatory and the hubble space telescope is another look for ngc 6543, better known as the cat \u2019 s eye nebula. the bull \u2019 s - eye patterns seen around planetary nebulae 5 / 22 / 13 from scitech daily read more \u00bb cosmic graveyard : looking for life in an unlikely place dwarf yet, a team of astronomers has taken a big step by finding some telltale rocks \u2014 or their remnants, anyway. using the hubble space telescope, the scientists report in monthly notices of the royal astronomical society that they \u2019 ve teased out evidence from time magazine read more \u00bb ison is shown in this nasa handout image photographed by the hubble telescope on april 10, 2013. the voice of america, which first went on the air in 1942, is an international multimedia broadcasting service funded by the u. s. government through the broadcasting from hawaii reporter read more \u00bb the week : kepler telescope \u2019 s troubles, a maya pyramid in ruins and more kepler space telescope is 40 million miles from earth, which makes sending a repairman difficult. unlike the hubble telescope, which was designed to be serviced by astronauts, kepler was meant to live far from earth, well beyond a wrench \u2019 s reach. and its from the new york times read more \u00bb want a one - way trip to mars? looms large in a hubble space telescope photo - and in the imaginations of those who have signed up for a one - way trip to the red planet. \" it ' s not that i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5070561636298094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.986305"} {"text": "source newsroom : virginia tech ( virginia polytechnic institute and state university ) newswise \u2014 when you ask a supercomputer to tell a story, you might not expect a creative outcome \" or any. but a group of virginia tech researchers are using system x, the university ' s supercomputer, to test a new search program that can tell the stories of life \" the connections between gene sets, for instance, or the connections between discoveries reported in biomedical articles on the u. s. national library of medicine pubmed database. we are all familiar with search engines that provide a list of hits on the terms we enter. researchers in computer science and biochemistry at virginia tech have created a search capability that they call storytelling that will discover connections between information that appears dissimilar. it discovers a sequence of events or relationships to create a chain of concepts between specified start and end points. imagine, for instance, asking for a connection from the concept \" traveling in london, \" to the concept \" places popes are interred. \" the storyteller might postulate \" the history of codes \" as an intermediary and find the da vinci code \" if it existed. \" the stories are pieced together by analyzing large volumes of text or other data \" said naren ramakrishnan, associate professor of computer science at virginia tech who works with life scientists to create software for data mining and information analysis tasks arising in biology. the aim is to help scientists make connections in the complex, burgeoning world of scientific discovery. \" everyday, there are new research results reported in the literature and there are discoveries waiting to be made by exploring connections, \" said ramakrishnan. \" our minds cannot correlate all available datasets efficiently and with any high degree of confidence without the aid of computational biology, \" said richard helm, associate professor of biochemistry. \" attempting to find significant correlations within the ocean of online datasets is daunting. however, there may be experiments that have been published in the literature that look at particular subsets of a biological process. the storytelling algorithm links ' distant ' objects by finding these closer connections and drawing them together in a storyline. evaluation of these stories can provide hypotheses that can be tested at the bench, potentially resulting in new insights into the role of a particular molecular event in the process you are interested in. \" the design of the storytelling algorithm is modeled after large scale search engines such as google. each \" node \" in system x, an 1100 apple xserve g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5658773665197924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.991771"} {"text": "insights into the role of a particular molecular event in the process you are interested in. \" the design of the storytelling algorithm is modeled after large scale search engines such as google. each \" node \" in system x, an 1100 apple xserve g5 cluster supercomputer, is responsible for indexing a portion of the biological literature and the nodes exchange information among each other to help define links and make connections. \" some of our larger storytelling runs process hundreds of thousands of papers and work with up to 200 nodes simultaneously, \" said ramakrishnan. helm and his colleague malcolm potts, professor of biochemistry, are studying the processes and strategies used by organisms to enter into and exit from a state of reduced metabolic activity, such as dormancy or suspended animation. application of such processes to mammalian cells could lead to the development of robust cell - based biosensors, long - term storage of cell components, and vaccines that do not require refrigeration. so they decided to use storytelling to study such processes on the budding yeast ( saccharomyces cerevisiae ) by exploring connections between yeast papers. they used storytelling to explore article abstracts - - not agreed upon code or nomenclature, but sentences and paragraphs that present thoughts from different people using different phrases and jargon and not thinking about the same problems. the researchers used storytelling to discover the relationship between two pubmed ( pm ) articles \" \" early expression of yeast genes affected by chemical stress \" ( pmid : 15713640 ) and \" heat stress transcription factors from tomato can functionally replace hsf1 in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae \" ( pmid : 9268023 ). they asked for connections using abstracts of 140, 000 publications about yeast. keywords were developed from 3, 756 abstracts containing the keywords \" yeast \" and \" stress. \" \" the [ discovered ] story begins with a high throughput experiment that links chemical stress to gene expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae, and ends with heat stress transcription factors in tomato, \" they reported at an international meeting. \" the ' story line ' was initiated through comparisons between oxidative and heavy metal stresses. this led to a paper identifying a gene from candida sp. that was expressed when the cells are exposed to cadmium but not copper, mercury, lead, or manganese. \" it turned out to be a novel protein. \" the link between tomato heat stress transcription factors and a cadmium - specific gene with no known match", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5779496208923984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.992817"} {"text": "when the cells are exposed to cadmium but not copper, mercury, lead, or manganese. \" it turned out to be a novel protein. \" the link between tomato heat stress transcription factors and a cadmium - specific gene with no known match in the current databases was through work with a different species of yeast ( the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe ) where a study looked specifically at heat and cadmium stress responses. this story identifies key players in the systems biology of related chemical stresses, \" helm said. \" the holy grail of applying computing to biology is to understand a particular organism or process at a higher level than we are used to considering, \" said helm. the study aging in humans is an example of such \" systems biology \" \" the study of integrated systems. and it is an example of an area where the storytelling approach can make a difference. \" there are a lot of molecular components to the aging process, yielding physical and emotional \" phenotypes. \" all these interactions generate an aged human, the results of which are slightly different for everybody, \" said helm. \" can we make connections between seemingly dissimilar molecular events to piece together the complex aging process? that is a tall question, but there may be experiments performed and published in the literature that look at smaller subsets of the problem. \" the article, \" algorithms for storytelling, \" by graduate student deept kumar, ramakrishnan, helm, and potts, was published in the proceedings of the twelfth acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining ( kdd ' 2006 ), in august 2006 http : / / people. cs. vt. edu / % 7eramakris / papers / kdd06 - storytelling. pdf. \" in future work, we aim to investigate other ways to construct stories that mimic or complement how biologists make connections between concepts, \" said ramakrishnan. \" our eventual goal is a product that is an important tool for reasoning with data and domain theories. \" system x is an 1100 apple xserve g5 cluster supercomputer. learn more about system x at http : / / www. tcf. vt. edu / system x. html. learn more about dr. ramakrishnan ' s work at http : / / people. cs. vt. edu / ~ ramakris /.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5728639869898087, "token_count": 490, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.993879"} {"text": "free nexus articlesclick here to view a selection of nexus articles. each issue we add an article or two free of charge. if you have an online subscription, click here for the subscription area with unlimited access. sleep apnoea : a cause of heart disease and cancer by dr steven rochlitz. sleep apnoea may affect one in four adults. if left untreated, it can play a role in causing heart attack, chronic fatigue, pain syndromes, stroke and cancer. it may be the result of underlying problems such as hiatal hernia and multiple chemical or emf sensitivity. why stomach acid is essential for our health by elaine hollingsworth. a lack of stomach acid can cause indigestion, malabsorption, bloating and ultimately degenerative diseases, acute and chronic infections and even cancer. fortunately, this deficiency can be overcome with a simple hydrochloric acid treatment. the borax conspiracy by walter last. borax, a naturally occurring mineral and a source of the essential element boron, is an inexpensive and effective antiseptic, antifungal and insecticidal treatment, but it ' s now being outlawed by big pharma and health authorities worldwide. the health risks from corn and agave sweeteners by sally fallon morell & ramiel nagel. recent studies show that refined sweeteners like high - fructose corn syrup and agave \" nectar \" are neither safe nor natural and are more damaging to our health than is ordinary sugar. miracle mineral supplement : an integrated therapy by walter last. acidified sodium chlorite is a powerful antimicrobial that can reverse cases of malaria, blood poisoning and even cancer, but is best used in conjunction with other natural therapies that strike the right balance between oxidant and antioxidant actions. the cordyceps sinensis medicinal mushroom by richard alan miller. modern scientific studies have confirmed and expanded upon the findings of traditional chinese medicine, that the cordyceps sinensis fungus has myriad health benefits. nanotechnology : the new threat to food by georgia miller and scott kinnear. hundreds of foods on the supermarket shelves now contain unlabelled nanotech - modified ingredients that have not been safety - tested for human consumption. lobby your food authorities and choose organics! combatting the codex alimentarius by gregory damato, phd. billions will suffer from degenerative diseases because of poor nutrition and limited access to health supplements if the global corporations \" harmon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5202719160892466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.998608"} {"text": "consumption. lobby your food authorities and choose organics! combatting the codex alimentarius by gregory damato, phd. billions will suffer from degenerative diseases because of poor nutrition and limited access to health supplements if the global corporations \" harmonise \" the world. harry oldfield ' s amazing imaging technologies by evy king. the revolutionary imaging systems developed by biologist dr harry oldfield offer practitioners a means of seeing the condition of a patient ' s bio - energetic field prior to diagnosis and treatment. death by doctoring, part 1 of 2 by steven ransom. orthodox anticancer treatments like chemotherapy have dismal success records, yet medical practitioners still inflict them on their patients and ignore the proven alternatives. death by doctoring, part 2 of 2 by steven ransom. vitamins c and b17 ( also known as laetrile ) have a history of success in cancer prevention and treatment, and a history of suppression by the medical orthodoxy. a miracle treatment for malaria by jim v. humble. a formula has been developed that can overcome malaria symptoms in just hours and has healing properties that can help against aids and various immunosuppressive diseases. the extraordinary story of healer alfons ven, part 2 of 2 interview with alfons ven by willem de ridder. belgian engineer turned homoeopath and alchemist alfons ven has developed simple remedies that can restore the body ' s master control system, based on the idea that the invisible controls the visible. vaccine dangers and vested interests by jon rappoport. a retired vaccine researcher goes public on what the pharmaceutical industry and the health authorities don ' t want us to know : that vaccines are unsafe, untested and one of the greatest frauds of our time. seawater \u2013 a safe blood plasma substitute? by dianne jacobs thompson. diluted seawater contains almost the same concentration of minerals and trace elements as blood plasma, and its sodium content matches that of blood. it has been used successfully in animal tests as a blood transfusion substitute, but human trials are long overdue. aches to quakes : sensitives who predict earthquakes suffer pain and ridicule by larry a. park. mysterious earth signals that are precursors to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be detected by \" sensitives \" whose physical symptoms can provide accurate warnings. meanwhile, new technologies are being developed that can tune into these subtle energies. the placebo effect : the triumph of mind over body by peter arguriou. a growing body of research reveals not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5300515944071975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:46.999775"} {"text": "##s \" whose physical symptoms can provide accurate warnings. meanwhile, new technologies are being developed that can tune into these subtle energies. the placebo effect : the triumph of mind over body by peter arguriou. a growing body of research reveals not just psychological and perceptual components to the placebo effect but also a biochemical substrate to the mechanism. junk pet food by dr tom lonsdale. dogs, cats and ferrets fed a regular diet of processed food suffer from a range of cruel and debilitating diseases. pet owners can improve their pets ' health by feeding them a natural, chewy diet primarily of whole raw carcasses or at least raw meaty bones. is the cause of cancer a common fungus? by dr tullio simoncini. according to this hypothesis based on years of scientific and clinical research, the cause of cancer is infection by a common fungus, candida albicans. the good news is that it can be treated with a powerful antifungal agent that can ' t be patented. the extraordinary story of healer alfons ven, part 1 of 2 interview by willem de ridder. alfons ven, a belgian engineer turned homoeopath / alchemist, has endured persecution by the church, health authorities and the media over his ven - cures. your cart is currently empty.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5386230792656106, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.000298"} {"text": "scientists are a step closer to harnessing a technique that \u201c literally mends broken hearts \u201d, according to the daily express. the newspaper says that the simple procedure \u201c uses patients \u2019 own cells to regrow muscle damaged by a heart attack \u201d. this story is based on an early - stage trial that examined the safety of using stem cells to heal the scars and cardiac tissue damage experienced after a heart attack. in the study researchers recruited patients who had recently had a heart attack and took a sample of healthy tissue from their hearts. they then used the tissue to grow stem cells that could turn into any type of heart cell and injected them directly into the hearts of 17 patients. next they assessed the safety of the treatment over 12 months and compared the results from these patients with those from eight patients who received standard care. the researchers determined that the approach was safe. they speculated that there may be some interesting clinical results, such as a reduction in scar tissue and an increase in new heart tissue. however, as this was a trial of the technique \u2019 s safety, the effectiveness of the process will need to be examined in further studies. this small, early - stage study identified a potential application of stem cells for the treatment of heart attacks, but a great deal of additional research is required to see whether or not this therapy will literally mend broken hearts. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from cedars - sinai heart institute, the emmes corporation and the johns hopkins university in the us. it was funded by the us national heart, lung and blood institute, and the cedars - sinai board of governors heart stem cell center. the study was published in the peer - reviewed medical journal the lancet. despite some contradictory reporting on the degree of scarring reduction, the research was covered appropriately by the media, with the daily telegraph, bbc, daily mail and daily express all reporting that this was an early - stage study designed to investigate the safety of the procedure. the daily telegraph also mentioned the need for further research to determine the long - term implications of the study. what kind of research was this? this was a small phase i clinical trial designed to assess the safety of using stem cells found within the heart as a treatment for repairing the damage experienced following a heart attack. such small, early - stage studies are required to ensure that a procedure is safe and feasible before larger studies to assess the effectiveness of the treatment are started. although stem cells can be obtained from a variety of sources, the stem cells used to treat this study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4839668680167399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.010665"} {"text": "small, early - stage studies are required to ensure that a procedure is safe and feasible before larger studies to assess the effectiveness of the treatment are started. although stem cells can be obtained from a variety of sources, the stem cells used to treat this study \u2019 s participants were derived from their own bodies rather than embryos or foetal tissue. treating a person using their own stem cells may provide an effective therapy as the cells are not at risk of being rejected. this study used a type of stem cell called a cardiac - derived cell ( cdc ), which is found in a layer on the surface of the heart. these particular stem cells can grow, or differentiate, into any type of cell found within the heart tissue. what did the research involve? researchers recruited 31 patients who had had a heart attack within the previous 30 days, 25 of whom were included in the study \u2019 s final set of analyses. these patients were randomly allocated to receive either cardiac - derived cells ( cdc ) or standard care. all of the patients had shown a reduction in a measure called the \u2018 left ventricular ejection fraction \u2019 ( lvef ). the left ventricle is one of four chambers of the heart, and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. lvef is a measure of the amount of blood the left ventricle is able to pump in one heart contraction. the researchers took a sample of healthy heart tissue from the patients in the group allocated to receive cdc treatment. they used this tissue to grow cdcs, which were later injected directly back into the particular artery that had been involved in their heart attacks. this injection occurred between 1. 5 and 3 months after the heart attack. participants in both the cdc and the standard care group had been given a scan using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) at the start of the study, which provided an image of heart damage following their heart attack but before treatment. researchers followed up the progress of the participants two weeks after the start of the study, then again at one, two, three, six and twelve months. the researchers assessed several safety measures at these follow - up points, including any instances of death immediately following the cdc injection, sudden or unexpected death, and a range of heart - related safety outcomes such as another heart attack, the development of new tumours of the heart and being admitted to hospital for heart failure. although this was primarily a trial assessing safety, the researchers also collected data on a range of relevant clinical factors in order to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49196251873271307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.011810"} {"text": "outcomes such as another heart attack, the development of new tumours of the heart and being admitted to hospital for heart failure. although this was primarily a trial assessing safety, the researchers also collected data on a range of relevant clinical factors in order to form a preliminary idea of whether the treatment might prove effective or feasible. this included conducting additional mris at six and twelve months to determine the extent of heart damage, scarring and the amount of healthy heart tissue in the left ventricle. the researchers then compared the proportion of patients in each group who experienced any of the study \u2019 s predefined negative outcomes. they also compared the degree of heart scarring and the amount of healthy heart tissue between the two groups. what were the basic results? the researchers found that no patients in the cdc group experienced complications during the cell injection procedure or in the day after. the researchers further determined that : - at six and twelve months, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of patients who experienced a serious adverse event ( cdc group : 24 %, standard care group : 13 %, p = 1. 00 ). - there were no deaths in either group, and no patients were admitted to hospital for heart failure or for another heart attack. no patients were found to have developed heart tumours. when assessing preliminary effectiveness data, the researchers found that : - at baseline ( the start of the study ) the average scar size ( proportion of the left ventricle that was scarred ) was 24 % in both groups. - the proportion of the left ventricle that was scarred did not significantly change in the standard care group between the start of the study and six months ( difference in size : 0. 3 %, p = 0. 894 ), but significantly decreased in the group given cdc treatment ( difference in size : - 7. 7 %, p < 0. 0001 ). - at twelve months, patients treated with standard care still did not experience a significant difference in scar size from the start of the study ( difference in size - 2. 2 %, p = 0. 452 ), while the cdc - treated group had a decrease in scar size of 12. 3 % ( p = 0. 001 ). - similarly, at six months, the standard care group showed no significant difference in the amount of healthy left ventricle tissue ( mass difference 0. 9g, p = 0. 703 ), but this significantly increased in the cdc group ( mass difference 13. 0g,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.502796841588089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.013101"} {"text": "the standard care group showed no significant difference in the amount of healthy left ventricle tissue ( mass difference 0. 9g, p = 0. 703 ), but this significantly increased in the cdc group ( mass difference 13. 0g, p = 0. 001 ). this pattern held at 12 months. - no patients in either group demonstrated significant changes in lvef at six months. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers conclude that the results of this safety trial offer a preliminary indication that it may be possible to regenerate heart tissue that has been damaged during a heart attack. they say that the apparent ability of cdcs to reduce both the amount of scarring and to generate new heart tissue is promising, but requires further research. this was a small, early - stage clinical trial that was designed to assess the safety and feasibility of using adult cardiac - derived stem cells to treat patients who have suffered a heart attack. while it has helped support the safety of the technique, it is too early to tell whether this will be a viable and effective treatment. the study should be seen as leading the way to larger trials of the technique, rather than directly supporting its use in an everyday medical setting. the study \u2019 s analysis looked at data from just those participants who successfully completed the trial according to the original criteria laid down by the researchers ( 25 of the 31 patients randomised ). while this approach is commonly used to assess the safety of a treatment, it is not the best approach for assessing effectiveness. further trials designed to determine the effectiveness of the technique will need to be larger and in their data analysis they will need to include all participants who started the trial, not just those who adhered to particular rules or procedures. analysing all participants is of paramount importance during trials of effectiveness ( which are typically larger than safety trials ), as it allows researchers to assess factors such as whether patients will realistically be able to complete a treatment if it is given in a clinical setting. based on this initial study, it is unclear how the cdcs might regenerate a heart damaged by a heart attack. additionally, it is still not known whether such a \u2018 repaired \u2019 heart will affect cardiac functioning in a significant manner. the researchers say that although there were reductions in scar size after cdc treatment, there was not significant improvement in cardiac function, as measured by lvef. the reasons for this are unclear. while this study was a randomised controlled trial, its primary aim was to assess the safety of the procedure and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4881950341412515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.014464"} {"text": "research guide of the legal system of kingdom of nepal by md. ershadul karim and sirjana sharma pokhrel sirjana sharma pokhrel works at the law office of sirjana sharma in nepal. she has been practicing law since 1996. she holds a ll. m. degree from nepal law campus, tribhuvan university specializing in commercial law and international and comparative ll. m. from dedman school of law, southern methodist university, usa. published october 2012 table of contents the kingdom of nepal, also referred to as the gorkha kingdom, is the world \u2019 s only hindu monarchy and a landlocked country situated between india and china \u2019 s tibetan autonomous region. as an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive and a fully democratic state ( art. 4 ( 1 ), the interim constitution ), the country is a federal democratic republic since may 2008. the country, with a unique landscape, and a fabulous biodiversity, is multi - cultural, multi - religious and multi - lingual, where more than 100 ethnic people live in nepal and around 70 languages are spoken. geographically the country is divided into three main geographical regions the himalayas, the hills and the terai ( plain land ). the country held elections to the constituent assembly in april 2008. the 601 - member constituent assembly is the most representative legislative body nepal has ever had, with wider representation from various ethnic groups, geographic regions, social classes, dalits, madhesi and women. read more about the history of kingdom of nepal, here. read more about the geography of nepal, here. historically, the nepalese legal system is based on hindu philosophy and its growth and development is largely influenced by hindu religious texts. after the successful revolution of 2007 b. s., new political system based on the democratic norms and values was recognized in nepal. since then modernization process of the nepalese legal system has been taking place at various levels and fields. nepalese legal system has started to introduce new concept through different sub systems and the influence of hindu legal system was minimized and it became hybrid legal system for last fifty years. after the change of 2007 b. s. the concept of rule of law, fundamental right of people, independent judiciary etc. were introduced in the legal system. these concepts were the voluntary reception of foreign laws by the nepalese natives. in 2017 b. s., the government cases act introduced some new concept in the process of criminal justice. likewise muluki ain 2020 b. s. brought changes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4509280863550936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.049760"} {"text": ". these concepts were the voluntary reception of foreign laws by the nepalese natives. in 2017 b. s., the government cases act introduced some new concept in the process of criminal justice. likewise muluki ain 2020 b. s. brought changes in the penal system and introduced the concept of equality before he law in practice which was adopted by previous constitution but it was not fully enforced in practice. in 2047 b. s., the new constitution was promulgated as per the aspiration of people \u2019 s popular movement. this constitution has adopted all the concepts, which were necessary for a democratic country. such as rule of law, fundamental human right, independent judiciary etc have become the basic principles of nepalese legal system. the legal and political history of nepalese legal system can broadly be divided into the following parts : post unification era dissemination of the muluki ain after the period of 1951 after the period of 1990 modern trend ( nepalese legal system in a transition phase ) i. early history nepalese legal system has over two thousand years of history. the discussion about the legal history of nepal starts from kirants. dynasty of kirants ( early - b. s. 307 ) is commonly known as the first ruling dynasty in nepal. they formed crude form of government and judicature there under. the lichhavis conquered the kirants kingdom of kathmandu in b. s. 307 and introduced state system based on religious myth and realities. they paid sufficient attention towards the development of well - managed justice system in the country. however, the rulers could not be free from religious prejudice. as a result, the king becomes source of all state powers. in b. s. 1197, mallas started to rule over the country. they also accepted the religious influence. however, some of the malla kings did a lot for the reformation of judicial system. they composed each one central court for civil ; appeals known as kotlinga and itachapali. besides, mallas issued legislative incorporations, known as thitis ( a kind of obligatory legal rule in society ). basically, administration of justice was governed under the thitis. rana shah, the king of gorkha, was probably the most illustrations judicial reformist in the history of nepal. he issued thitis and followed the rule of \u201c justice according to thitis ( law ) \u201d. he was interested to deliver the judgments also. before the unification of nepal in the 18th century by king prithivi narayan shah, the country was divided into numerous independence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5160022659593793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.051021"} {"text": "and important cases, before the king for the final decision. the chief dharmadhikari sat in the king court at the center. king prithivi narayan, not only unified the country but also made legal and judicial reforms in the country. he abolished almost all earlier courts. he established many courts in most of the district. besides, he established new courts at the capital. though, kotlinga and itachapli courts were continued. his system was more or less followed until the ranas. the laws and institutions left by king prithivi narayan shah were by and large maintained by his royal decedents with necessary amendments and modifications till jung bahadur seized power and became prime minister after a bloody massacre in 1846 during the reign of king surendrea bikram shah. the kind had to delegate all his powers to the prime minister jung bahadur who became supreme in all spheres, i. e. executive legislative judicial and so like. he brought significant changes in the court organization in nepal. he composed many court of more or less quasi - judicial nature. normally military officials were deputed as chief of the courts. besides, he formed kausala ( law commission ) and later on, it was converted into a central court. similarly, he made a unified code on civil and criminal procedure. the court came into effect from 22 december 1854. iii. dissemination of the muluki ain in 1883, the muluki ain ( country code ) was promulgated which amended and codified all laws of nepal - civil and criminal including religious and customary. it also abolished the much - abused method of trial by ordeal which was in vogue in those days and about which brain h. hodgson has given a graphic account in his works. the muluki ain was originally accompanied by three special enactments one relating to the throne known as the gadiko ain, another relating to the affairs of the state known as the rajako ain ( the law of the king ) and the third one relating to the affairs of the armed forced known as the jangi ain. the preamble to the muluki ain throws light on the conditions of those times particularly in respect of the administration of criminal justice and thereby shows the necessity of the legislation. there was no uniformity in the disposal of cases similar cases being decided differently at different times. therefore, it became expedient to promulgate a code so that all persons of whatever rank could be punished uniformly according to their crime and none should be awarded a lesser or a higher penalty than that ordained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4573759541843914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.054841"} {"text": "cases being decided differently at different times. therefore, it became expedient to promulgate a code so that all persons of whatever rank could be punished uniformly according to their crime and none should be awarded a lesser or a higher penalty than that ordained by law. brahmins, and women were, however, exempted under the muluki ain, from capital punishment in lieu of which they had to undergo damal i. e., life imprisonment with confiscation and some other legal consequences when convicted of capital crimes. so far as criminal law is concerned, india also in 1860, seven years after the promulgation of muluki ain. in nepal a penal code under the british government which did not attempt to codify the then existing criminal law of the land but on the other hand defined crimes and prescribed punishments for all sections of the people irrespective of race, caste, sex or creed. in the absence of authentic documents it is difficult to say what prompted or inspired prime minister jung bahadur to produce voluminous muluki ain so swiftly and within seven years of his coming to power whether, on his return journey from england, his tour of france where he might have been appraised of the napoleon code or his close association with the british government which was actively considering enactment of a penal code for british india, or his absolute authority under a legal framework. perhaps, it would be nearer truth to summaries that the third factor, i. e. his self - interest dictated prime minister jung bahadur to take this course. it may be worthwhile to note that the king while affixing his lalmohar ( red seal of assent ) on his epoch - making muluki ain commands his subjects and commits himself too follow the muluki ain. iv. later developments : the muluki ain, 2020 is main pillar of the nepalese legal system during the rana regime more than a century. this is based on the supremacy of the prime minister \u2019 s powers and principles of punishment are according to caste. though, necessary amendments and modifications were happen during the rana regime. some of the improvements brought about by the succeeding rana prime minister got the bulky and detailed muluki ain redrafted in a hand and abridged from for promulgation in 1886. during prime minister chandra shamsher \u2019 s rule the practice of \u201c sati \u201d ( burring alive the wife on pyre with the dead husband ) and the practice of slavery were made in the muluki ain was initiated on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49808260199153737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.056009"} {"text": "muluki ain based on the principle of equality before law and doing away with cast and other religious consideration. there was spate of legislation including the acts relating to the supreme court and the subordinate courts. king mahendra publicly declared that there must be complete rule of law in nepal. the legal profession, which had begun to develop in nepal in only 1951, received its first statute i. e. the legal practitioners act, in 1968. simultaneously, various law - marking bodies and law administering agencies were created at different levels with necessary powers under the constitution and the laws. the list includes the then rastriya panchayat as the central legislature, the mantri parishad as the central executive and sarbocha adlat as the supreme court. all this has helped the nepalese legal system to expand further and adopt more modern legal concepts to meet the needs of the changing nepalese society without losing its identity. it would be no exaggeration to say that this has been possible mainly because of the muluki ain, which has served not only as a common criminal code but also as a common civil code equally applicable to hindus, mohammedans and others in personal law matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, succession, etc. this has brought homogeneity in the legal system. but certain trends in legislation are disquieting from the juristic point of view. recent amendment in the muluki ain to introduce capital punishment for certain crimes may be cited as an example. what was accomplished fifty - years ago even in an autocratic regime was thrown away with one stroke of pen in the present democratic set - up without seeking public opinion on the bill of such a far reaching consequence and without placing before the public in general convincing statistic of growing crime rate. on the other hand, latest trend in countries with capital punishment is to abolish it from their legal system as far as possible. vi. after the period of 1990 after 1990, the multi - party democracy in nepal was restored and some major changes were introduced in the arena of nepalese legal system. the mode of legal system started to change through the constitutional reforms. the basic structure as designed by the 1990 constitution is as follows : - rule of law protection of human rights independent and competent judiciary in order to achieve the above objectives, all the nepalese laws, made under the constitution, also started to mend in accordance with the tune of the constitutional norms. many discriminatory laws were amended as per the declaratory order of the supreme court. in this respect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.478165815107767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.058808"} {"text": "objectives, all the nepalese laws, made under the constitution, also started to mend in accordance with the tune of the constitutional norms. many discriminatory laws were amended as per the declaratory order of the supreme court. in this respect, many discriminatory provisions remaining in different chapters of the muluki ain, 2020 were also amended with equal legal provisions to men and women. for example, before the amendments, women would be provided only a less right in comparison to that of men in women \u2019 s property right provisions, discriminatory punishment provisions, etc. many other changes are brought scene in recent time. nepalese parliament has just declared nepal to be a secular state. most of the constitutional powers of the king are also suspended and curtailed by the declarations of the parliament. the demands of constitutional assembly and republican type of government system have become the current hot issue of debate in these days. in nepal, the present constitution is \u201c the interim constitution of nepal \u201d, which came into force on january 15, 2007. it is an \u201c interim \u201d constitution as it is intended to exist only until a new constitution has been made by the people of nepal through the constituent. read the interim constitution of nepal, 2007, here. read the old constitutions of nepal, here. nepal is a multi - party republic. the president ( as the head of state ) performs his / her duties in accordance with part ( 4a ) article 36 ( a ) through 36 ( k ) of the constitution and laws in force. the position of prime minister ( head of government ) is held by dr. baburam bhattarai. the day to day functioning of the government is done by the prime minister appointed by the parliament. according to article 37 of the interim constitution the executive power of nepal shall, pursuant to this constitution and other laws, be vested in the council of ministers. the council of ministers also performs the responsibility of issuing general directives, controlling and regulating the administration of nepal subject to the constitution and other laws. there is a unicameral parliament in nepal, which consists of 330 members. the parliament performs its responsibilities through three main committees - ( a ) thematic committee, ( b ) procedural committee and ( c ) constitutional committee. the thematic committees are preserve national interest committee, form of legislative body committee, cultural social commitments committee, natural reso. fina. right & pub rev. committee, struct constitutional bodies committee, judicial system committee, restruct state & dist. state power, protection fund.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42985955955204014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.061363"} {"text": "form of legislative body committee, cultural social commitments committee, natural reso. fina. right & pub rev. committee, struct constitutional bodies committee, judicial system committee, restruct state & dist. state power, protection fund. rights minority marginalized communities, fundamental rights & directive principles, etc. there are committees like committee on citizens, public opinion collection & coordination committee, capacity building & source management in the procedural committee. read details on the parliament, here. authority to introduce a bill a bill may be introduced in the house by any member of the legislature - parliament. any finance bill and any bill concerning the security agencies, including the nepal army, the armed police force or the nepal police, shall be introduced only as a government bill. ( part 8, articles 84 - 88 ) procedure for passage of bills any member who wants to introduce a bill in the house shall give at least seven day \u2019 s notice to the secretary general or secretary of the legislature - parliament about the bill. withdrawal of the bill the member who introduces a bill may withdraw the bill with the approval of the house. certification of the bill a bill passed by the house shall become an act after it is certified by the president. provided that, until the president holds office after the president \u2019 s election, the speaker shall certify the bill. in nepal, the delegated legislation are made by - ( a ) ministry of council and ministers, ( b ) public bodies or corporations, ( c ) local bodies, ( d ) judges, ( f ) government departments, ( g ) legislature. the delegated legislation is controlled procedurally by : consultation, recommendation or approval and publication. the delegated legislation is discussed in the concerned committee in the parliament formed as per the legislature - parliament regulation, 2063. while doing this, the committee checks whether the legislation is made in accordance with the aim of the constitution or any other acts. then, the concerned committee makes the detailed reports mentioning the provisions to be amended if they are unconstitutional or any new things to be added and submitted to the house for discussion. then after, the house discusses the report in detail in a comprehensive manner. after the satisfaction and discussion of each detail through question and answer, the provisions are added or amended as per the regulation. thus, the subordinate legislation is made. the constitution provides three tiers of court, which include the supreme court, the court of appeal and the district courts. there is no distinction between criminal and civil court other than some basic procedures. district court is the court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45800210275973063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.062973"} {"text": "the subordinate legislation is made. the constitution provides three tiers of court, which include the supreme court, the court of appeal and the district courts. there is no distinction between criminal and civil court other than some basic procedures. district court is the court of first instance against the judgment of which court of appeal hears appeal. besides, the constitution provides for establishing special types of courts or tribunals under the judicial control of the supreme court to deal special types of cases, which include - four revenue tribunals, one administrative court, one labor court and one special court. power and functions of supreme court the supreme court has both judicial and extra judicial powers. the judicial powers include the power of hearing the writ petitions, appeal, the power of reviewing its own judgments, the power to revise the judgments delivered by the court of appeal and the power to try certain cases article 107 of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007. power of hearing writ petitions under article 107 ( 2 ) of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007, the supreme court as the guardian of the constitution is responsible for the protection of human rights of the people. legal and judicial remedies against the violation of the fundamental rights are provided under the original writ jurisdiction of the supreme court, which is commonly known as extraordinary jurisdiction of the court. the supreme court has jurisdiction to issues writs ( applicable to the respective issues ) such as the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, quo - warrant and prohibition. ( article 107 ( 2 ) of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007 ) the writs are issued particularly in the following conditions : \u00b7 if any illegal restriction is made against the fundamental rights of the people, \u00b7 if any legal remedy is not available under any law or the remedy available under the law is inadequate or ineffective, and \u00b7 if any issue relating to public rights or interest requires constitutional or legal resolution. power of hearing appeal under article 107 ( 3 ) of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007, the supreme court has the power to hear appeals ( as specified by the law ) against the final decisions of the court of appeal. the following cases fall under the appellate jurisdiction of the supreme court : \u00b7 cases decided by the court of appeal under their original jurisdiction, \u00b7 if the court of appeal overrules the decision of the district court with a substantially different effect, \u00b7 cases in which more than 10 years of imprisonment was imposed by a subordinate court, and \u00b7 cases referred to the supreme court by the court of appeal ( i. e. in cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46548124203641883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.064088"} {"text": ". jurisdictions of the these benches are as follows ; the special bench hears petitions concerning the constitutionality of the law, provides advisory opinion to his majesty the king of nepal and any other case referred to it by the chief justice of nepal. the full bench, composed of three or more judges, renders the final decision upon the cases are not unanimity in the decision of the division bench or the cases referred to the full bench concerning serious issue of interpretation of law or legal principles by division bench or by the chief justice. the chief justice in his discretion may refer any cases to the full bench. the division bench, composed of two judges hears the appeal preferred against the decision of the court of appeal, hears the writ petition, makes review of its own judgments and makes revision of the decision of the court of appeal as specified by the law. single bench, formed of a single judge, hears the writ petition, petition filed against the interim and interlocutory order of the subordinate court, petition against the order of the registrar concerning procedure of the cases and any other application, which does not fall under the jurisdiction of the special, full, or division bench. the court of appeal is empowered to hear appeals against the judgments delivered by the district courts and various quasi - judicial bodies, issue the writs of habeas corpus and mandamus in the cases of violation of civil rights of individual and try certain cases under their respective jurisdiction. similarly, the court may issue an order of injunction for this purpose. the court of appeal has the power to try certain cases as specified by law and to try cases transferred by the supreme court ( from among the cases filed in the district courts ) taking into consideration the complexity of the issue, or to provide speedier justice in prolonged disputes. read more about the court of appeal here. the district courts are the court of first instance. the district courts are responsible for trying all the civil and criminal cases. section 7 of the administration of justice act of 1991 has empowered the district courts to try all the cases under their respective jurisdiction. read more about the district courts here. supreme court judges the president of nepal appoints the chief justice of the supreme court on the recommendation of the constitutional council, and the chief justice appoints other judges of the supreme court on the recommendation of the judicial council. the responsibility of chief justice shall have the ultimate responsibility to make the administration of justice effective, and for this purpose he / she may, subject to this constitution and other laws, give necessary instructions to the supreme court and other subordinate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.461284515060315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.066396"} {"text": "of the judicial council. the responsibility of chief justice shall have the ultimate responsibility to make the administration of justice effective, and for this purpose he / she may, subject to this constitution and other laws, give necessary instructions to the supreme court and other subordinate courts. to be appointed as a judge of the supreme court a person should fulfill the following criteria - \u00b7 working as a judge of the supreme court for at least three years will eligible him for appointment as chief justice. \u00b7 working as a judge of an appellate court or in any equivalent post in the judicial service for at least seven years, or working as a gazette officer first class or above of the judicial service for at least twelve years, or practicing law for at least fifteen years as a law graduate advocate or senior advocate, or a distinguished jurist working for at least fifteen years in the judicial or legal field will eligible him for appointment as a judge of the supreme court. the tenure of office of the chief justice shall be six years from the date of appointment, subject to sub - clause ( b ) of clause ( 1 ) of article 105. the chief justice and other judges of the supreme court shall hold office until they attain the age of sixty - five years. if the office of the chief justice becomes vacant, or the chief justice is unable to carry out the duties of his / her office due to illness or any other reason, or he / she cannot be present in office due to a leave of absence or his / her being outside of nepal, the senior most judge of the supreme court shall be the acting chief justice. the chief justice or other judges of the supreme court shall be deemed to have ceased to hold office in the following situations ; \u00b7 if the chief justice submits his / her, resignation to the president or a judge submits his / her resignation to the chief justice. \u00b7 if he / she attains the age of sixty - five years. \u00b7 if the parliament passes a resolution of impeachment on the ground of inability to perform duties due to incompetence, misbehavior, failure to discharge the duties of their office in good faith, physical or mental condition etc. \u00b7 if he / she dies. appellate courts judges the chief justice shall, on the recommendation of the judicial council, appoint the chief judge and judges of the appellate courts and judges of the districts courts. while doing so, the judicial council shall consider, inter alia, the qualifications, capacity, experience, dedication and contribution to justice, reputation earned in public life and high moral character of a person", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4490617993481621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.067854"} {"text": "of the appellate courts and judges of the districts courts. while doing so, the judicial council shall consider, inter alia, the qualifications, capacity, experience, dedication and contribution to justice, reputation earned in public life and high moral character of a person and make recommendations accordingly. any nepali citizen who has a bachelor \u2019 s degree in law and has worked as a district judge or worked in any post of gazette first class officer of the judicial service for a period of at least seven years ; or has a bachelors degree in law and has practiced as a senior advocate or advocate for at least ten years ; or, for at least 10 years, has either taught law or conducted research thereon or worked in any other field of law or justice shall be considered eligible for appointment as chief judge or other judge of an appellate court. district court judge any nepali citizen who has a bachelor \u2019 s degree in law and has worked for at least three years as a gazette second class officer in the judicial service, or has practiced law for at least eight years as an advocate after having obtained a bachelor \u2019 s degree in law, is eligible for appointment as a district judge. a person who is an advocate with a bachelor \u2019 s degree in law and has passed the written and oral examination conducted by the judicial council may be appointed to the post of the district judge. judges of the district courts are appointed by the chief justice under the recommendation of the judicial council. the district judges are appointed from among the individuals who have a minimum of three years experience as a class ii officer of the nepalese judicial service or advocate with minimum practicing experience of eight years. junior level officials of the court are appointed by the respective courts under the recommendation of the public service commission of nepal. the district judges hold their office till the age of sixty - three. they may resign from their office by tendering resignation to the chief justice or chief justice under the recommendation of the judicial council may dismiss them on the ground of incompetence or bad moral conduct or dishonesty. editor \u2019 s note : if someone comes to nepal and has a case pending in the court then he / she needs to do a thorough research about that case. first, he / she has to visit the law libraries of different courts, law schools and also contact private law firms. there is in nepal a law books management committee from the government sector who publishes all laws in the book form. the supreme court is the main resources for the case law. the court publishes a monthly law journal of all landmark cases. the title of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.44028935518049467, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.069886"} {"text": "there is in nepal a law books management committee from the government sector who publishes all laws in the book form. the supreme court is the main resources for the case law. the court publishes a monthly law journal of all landmark cases. the title of the supreme court ' s monthly journal is \" nepal kanoon ( law ) patrika ( journal ) \" ; the e - copy can be found at for all other issues, the nepal bar council and the nepal bar association offer reviews of laws and articles on legal issues. national judicial academy national judicial academy was established in 2004 to serve trainings and research needs for the judges, government attorneys, government legal officers, judicial officers, private law practitioners, and others who are directly involved in the administration of justice in nepal. it is a member of international organization of judicial training. it runs under national judicial academy act and works under the broad policy guidelines of sixteen members \u2019 governing council headed by chief justice of nepal. it conduct trainings, conferences, workshop, seminar, symposium, interaction programmes, undertake training in the field of law and justice and to make available legal literature of scholarly and practical significance to judges, judicial officers and others who are involved in judicial administration. it promotes a competitive, professional competent, service oriented and effective private bar. it publishes annual report, nja law journal, research paper and other publications. read more about the national judicial academy here. nepal bar association, the federal organization of nepalese practicing lawyers, is a statutory organization, which issues license and also regulates conduct of lawyers and grants license to candidates to practice who succeed in the bar council ' s licensing examination. the bar association sets the requirement to become a lawyer, conduct bar exam and regulate the conduct of nepali lawyers. usually to be eligible to participate in the licensing examination the applicant should have at least graduate degree of law ( b. l / ll. b. ). all licensed lawyers have to update their license in the nepal bar council in every five years. the bar association is led by the supreme executive body, the central executive committee ( cec ), which is popularly known as neba. direct voting of all members elects central executive committee. in addition to cec, neba has 83 units, spread all over the country. composition of such units is based upon structure of courts. the cec has 17 officials containing president - 1, vice - president - 5 ( from 5 regions ), secretary - general - 1, treasurer - 1 and members - 9. read more about the nepal bar association here. constitutional bodies of nepal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4290722987008873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.070923"} {"text": ". the cec has 17 officials containing president - 1, vice - president - 5 ( from 5 regions ), secretary - general - 1, treasurer - 1 and members - 9. read more about the nepal bar association here. constitutional bodies of nepal the interim constitution of nepal provides for the following constitutional bodies - 1. election commission 2. national human rights commission 3. public service commission 4. commission for the investigation of abuse of authority 5. office of attorney general 6. office of auditor general the election commission is consists of one chief election commissioner and up to four other commissioners. if, apart from the chief election commissioner, other election commissioners are appointed, the chief election commissioner shall act as the chairperson of the election commission. the president, on the recommendation of the constitutional council, appoints the chief election commissioner and the election commissioners for six years from the date of appointment. however, the tenure will expiry if the chief election commissioner and the election commissioner attains the age of sixty - five and they may be removed from the office on the same grounds and in the same manner as has been set out for the removal of a judge of the supreme court. read details about election commission of nepal here. the national human rights commission ( nhrc ) is an independent body established in 2000 as a statutory body under the human rights commission act 1997 and later recognized as a constitutional body under the interim constitution of nepal 2007. the commission is consists of a chairperson appointed from among the retired chief justices or judges of the supreme court of nepal and four members having outstanding contribution to the protection and promotion of human rights. the interim constitution vests primary responsibility in nhrc to protect and promote the human rights of nepalese people. nhrc is headed by full - time commissioners who are appointed by the prime minister upon the recommendation of the constitutional council. nhrc has been frequently receiving complaints on killing, abduction, physical and mental torture, extortion and disappearance that cause violation and abuse of human rights. thus, nhrc has been focusing on protecting human rights including the criminal and forensic field. the chairperson and the members of the national human rights commission are appointed for six years from the date of appointment and may be removed on the same ground and in the same manner as has been set out for removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the national human rights commission of nepal here. the independent constitutional body, the public service commission ( psc ) as established on 15 june 1951 a. d. is involved in selecting meritorious candidates required by the government in various", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41953906182126544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.072886"} {"text": "supreme court. read more about the national human rights commission of nepal here. the independent constitutional body, the public service commission ( psc ) as established on 15 june 1951 a. d. is involved in selecting meritorious candidates required by the government in various vacant posts of the civil service. the commission is consists of a chairperson and such number of other members as may be required. they are appointed by the president with the recommendation of the constitutional council for 6 years. however, the tenure will expiry if the chairman and members attain the age of sixty - five and they may be removed from their offices on the same grounds and in the same manner as has been set forth for removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the public service commission here. the commission for the investigation of abuse of authority conducts inquiries and investigations of improper conduct or corruption by a person holding any public office. the commission is consist of a chief commissioner and other commissioners as required. the president shall, on the recommendation of the constitutional council, appoint the chief commissioner and other commissioners for six years from the date of appointment. however, the tenure will expiry if the chief commissioner or a commissioner attains the age of sixty - five and they may be removed from his / her office on the same ground and in the same manner as has been set out for the removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the commission for the investigation of abuse of authority here. the interim constitution of nepal, 2063 ( part 16 ) and other legislative enactments govern the appointment, power, function, and extra jurisdictional status of attorney general of nepal. the attorney general is appointed by the president, on the recommendation of the prime minister and holds office during the pleasure of the prime minister. any person is eligible to be appointed as the attorney general if he or she is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the supreme court. the attorney general, as the chief legal advisor to the government of nepal, gives opinions and advices on constitutional and legal matters to the government of nepal and such other authorities as the government of nepal may specify. the attorney general has the right to appear and express his or her opinion on any legal question in any meeting of the parliament, the constituent assembly or any of their committees but he or she shall not have the right to vote. read more about the office of the attorney general here. there are total 242 public prosecutors / government attorneys in different status working throughout the country. under the broad judicial service category of employees, a sub - group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44183131027593325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.075396"} {"text": "she shall not have the right to vote. read more about the office of the attorney general here. there are total 242 public prosecutors / government attorneys in different status working throughout the country. under the broad judicial service category of employees, a sub - group of government attorneys has been classified under judicial service. fresh law graduates can sit for the competitive examination conducted by public service commission every year. on the recommendation of the public service commission, the government appoints the successful candidates for the post of assistant district government attorneys ( gazated third - class ). the post of public prosecutor / government attorney is a cadre - based job in the judicial service. the cadre is promoted on the basis of file promotion after a certain time he / she spent in the same post. there are four categories of cadre based public prosecutor / government attorney under attorney general. as : \u00b7 deputy attorney general, ( secretary level, special class ) \u00b7 joint government attorneys, ( gazated first - class ) \u00b7 deputy government attorneys / district government attorneys, ( gazated second - class ) \u00b7 assistant district government attorneys, ( gazated third - class ) after their appointment, they come under the purview of the judicial service commission ( jsc ) for their posting, transfer and promotion within the organization. jsc is a high - level constitutional body headed by chief justice, chairman of the public service commission and the attorney general as its member. thus except the attorney general all other public prosecutors / government attorneys including the four deputy attorneys general are career civil servants. read more about the public prosecutors / government attorneys here. article 114 of the interim constitution of nepal has made provisions for judicial service commission for the purpose of appointment, transfer, promotion and any department actions to the employee of judicial service. office of auditor general the auditor general of nepal is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the constitutional council for six years from the date of appointment. however, the tenure will expire if the auditor general attains the age of sixty - five and may be removed from his / her office on the same ground and in the same manner as has been set out for the removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the auditor general of nepal here. nepal law journal published by supreme court is the only one law report in nepal. currently, the nepal bar association is developing a database for the judicial decision of supreme court in their website, which will only be available to the members. national judicial academy of nepal also publishes nja law journal. the following websites contain legal materials like laws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4683414021942267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.076577"} {"text": "the events in ohio demonstrate that the united states has an exotic animal regulation problem. our country has not been able to address the lack of proper control over the keeping of wild animals as pets. to a zoo community that cares about the welfare of animals, those in the wild and those in captivity everywhere, this event was sad on many levels. my heart breaks for the wide variety of precious animals that were killed, but the 18 bengal tigers lost on this day hit close to home. first of all, this gorgeous species, and asia \u2019 s most iconic predator, is vanishing in the wild. at the turn of the 20th century, an estimated 100, 000 wild tigers inhabited a range extending across asia. there are only an estimated 3, 000 \u2013 4, 000 wild tigers left, and only 7 % remains of the tiger \u2019 s once vast geographic range. threatened by habitat loss, diminished prey, human \u2013 wildlife conflict, and the demand for tiger parts, especially bones for traditional chinese medicine, tigers are now classified as endangered. considering how few tigers now roam the earth in their natural habitat, it seems unnatural that between 6, 000 and 8, 000 tigers live as captive pets in the united states. regulations around these issues in the united states are divided into federal laws and state laws. the us fish and wildlife agency oversees the import and export of live animals. most of the exotic animals in the united states under private ownership are not imported, but bred from animals already here. each state has very different policies regarding what exotic pets residents can own, and the care that must be given them. while the state of california has some of the strictest exotic pet laws, ohio is one of ten us states that allows people to keep dangerous exotic animals like tigers. this bifurcation of regulations makes it difficult to track the welfare and safety of privately owned tigers. the government has no way of knowing how many tigers there are in captivity, where they are, who owns them, their quality of life, or what happens to their body parts when they die. authorities also have no way of knowing if the bones and skins of thousands of tigers in private hands in the united states are entering the wildlife trade and fueling the global demand for tiger parts. it is my hope that the events in ohio will awaken these sleepy policies, inspire tighter regulations within states, or even tougher federal laws. meanwhile, we can act more awake in our own actions by avoiding all entertainment that uses tigers or other wild animals. we can also support organizations, such as the performing animal welfare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4280610138618382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.079655"} {"text": "from ohio history central an image of the viceroy butterfly viceroy butterflies ( limenitis archippus ) look almost identical to the monarch butterfly. the identifying difference is that viceroys have a black line across the hindwing and white dots in the black band along the edge. their wingspan reaches two and a half to three and three - eighths inches. because they resemble the foul - tasting monarch it has few, if any, predators. viceroys are found in habitats that include moist open or shrubby areas such as willow thickets, wet meadows, and lake and swamp edges males perch or patrol for females around caterpillar host plants, including willow, poplar and cottonwood trees. females will lay eggs on the tip of the leaves. they will lay only two or three eggs per plant. when the caterpillars emerge, they will eat the eggshell and then begin at night to feed on catkins and leaves of the host trees. young caterpillars construct a ball made of leaf bits, animal waste and silk, hanging off the leaf on which they are feeding. scientists believe this hanging ball may distract predators because they look like bird droppings. older caterpillars will roll a leaf tip in order to make a shelter for the winter. after the completion of metamorphosis, adult viceroys emerge and begin to feed. in the spring, before flowers are available their food consists of aphid honeydew, carrion, animal waste and rotting fungus. later, asters, goldenrod, joe - pye weed, and thistle make up their diet. viceroy butterflies can be found throughout most of ohio. however, in other areas of the united states, it is threatened because of a loss of habitat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3991661475725682, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.082916"} {"text": "in october of 2010, less than ten months after being hit by a devastating earthquake, haiti experienced a cholera epidemic that quickly spread throughout the small nation. the waterborne disease has now killed at least 7, 050 haitians and sickened over 531, 000 others. meanwhile, nearly half a million earthquake victims remain without adequate housing, and haitians continue to face one of the most challenging clean water and sanitation situations in the world. as the rainy season sets in, the country is experiencing a notable increase in the number of deaths attributed to cholera, according to the un. on april 18, 2012, the o \u2019 neill institute for national and global health law and the center for economic and policy research ( cescr ) co - sponsored a u. s. congressional briefing that examined u. s. and international efforts to address what has become the world \u2019 s worst active cholera epidemic. with u. s. representative john conyers, jr. ( d - mi ) giving introductory remarks and u. s. representative maxine waters ( d - ca ) giving concluding remarks, the panel of speakers was composed of dr. luiz augusto galvao, manager of sustainable development and environmental health area at the pan - american health organization / world health organization ; donna barry, director of policy and advocacy at partners in health ; brian concannon, jr., director of the institute for justice and democracy in haiti ; mario lopez - garelli, senior human rights specialist at the inter - american commission on human rights ( inter - american commission ) ; and mark weisbrot, co - director of cescr. the briefing was organized and moderated by j. p. shuster, research associate at the o \u2019 neill institute. the group of panelists discussed urgent measures needed to contain the spread of the disease and the longer - term proposals for preventing cholera from becoming endemic to haiti, as well as the role of international legal mechanisms for protecting health and human rights violations in haiti \u2019 s greater post - earthquake context. public health perspective donna barry set the context of the discussion by recalling that health and water are basic human rights and that it is the government \u2019 s responsibility to provide access to both, which is why partners in health \u2019 s work in focuses on strengthening government systems. barry emphasized the importance of recognizing that, prior to the earthquake, haiti had the worst health indicators and worst access to clean water in the western hemisphere and had one of the world \u2019 s worst sanitation systems. barry also highlighted partners in health \u2019 s recently launched haiti cholera vaccine project", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40162667359025117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.099656"} {"text": "recognizing that, prior to the earthquake, haiti had the worst health indicators and worst access to clean water in the western hemisphere and had one of the world \u2019 s worst sanitation systems. barry also highlighted partners in health \u2019 s recently launched haiti cholera vaccine project. the project aims to reduce incidence of disease and transmission and starts with the vaccination of 50, 000 individuals in a rural community in saint - marc. the vaccination project is intended as a complementary measure to prevention and treatment efforts and is part of partners in health \u2019 s recommended five - point comprehensive response to combat cholera in haiti : 1 ) strengthen water and sanitation infrastructure ; 2 ) identify and treat all those with cholera symptoms ; 3 ) role out a safe, affordable, and effective cholera vaccine ; 4 ) strengthen haiti \u2019 s public health system ; and 5 ) improve effectiveness of foreign assistance to haiti. echoing barry \u2019 s description of haiti prior to the earthquake, dr. luiz augusto galvao described the epidemic as \u201c the perfect storm. \u201d galvao emphasized that, before the earthquake, only 17 % of haitians had access to improved sanitation, only 69 % had access to drinking water ( compared to 88 % in bolivia, the second poorest country in the western hemisphere after haiti ), and haiti had not experienced a cholera outbreak for over 100 years. galvao explained that an adequate sanitation system is important for recovery from a cholera outbreak and that haiti \u2019 s population has demonstrated a strong willingness to participate in the efforts taken to stop the epidemic. in response to the earthquake, paho / who and haiti \u2019 s ministry of public health and population ( mssp ) led the health cluster, a humanitarian response mechanism for the coordination of agencies, institutions, and organizations working in the health sector. as the first cholera cases were detected, the health cluster coordinated efforts for the storage and distribution of medicines ( one of the biggest problems haiti faced ), treatment, and health promotion, including hygiene and water safety. the health cluster also developed messages aimed at helping communities understand the problem and the solutions involving hygiene, use of water, and water safety. galvao also underscored paho \u2019 s focus on improving water quality and its participation in the water and sanitation cluster, which is led by unicef. paho \u2019 s current processes include ministerial meetings involving the haiti and the dominican republic, as well as the development of national plans. paho has also proposed an international coalition to help haiti that would be composed of paho, un - water, unicef, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.450013297207191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.100760"} {"text": "the haiti and the dominican republic, as well as the development of national plans. paho has also proposed an international coalition to help haiti that would be composed of paho, un - water, unicef, the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ), the world bank, agencia espanola de cooperacion internacional para el desarrollo ( aecid ), canada, france, and brazil, among others. the coalition is to be launched in june 2012. galvao also recalled the recent call to action for a cholera - free hispaniola, sponsored by paho / who, the cdc, and unicef, together with governments of haiti and the dominican republic that outlines four key lines of action : 1 ) improve water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure ; 2 ) create a task force for water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure ; 3 ) develop detailed plan and timeline for water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure ; and 4 ) honor pledged post - earthquake funds and recruit new partners, which galvao emphasized as a \u201c fundamental solution \u201d to control cholera in haiti. mario lopez - garelli presented on how the inter - american commission has used the mechanisms at its disposal to aid post - earthquake haiti. while the commission has been monitoring the general human rights situation in haiti for over forty years, since the earthquake, the commission has worked with the government and civil society organizations to promote the use of a human rights approach for the reconstruction of haiti. based on the information received, the commission has primarily focused on the living and security conditions at the camps of internally displaced persons ( idps ), sexual violence against women and girls in these camps, and forced evictions. the commission has used a number of its mechanisms to address these issues, including public hearings, working meetings, press releases, reports, working visits by the commission \u2019 s rapporteur for haiti, and the issuance of precautionary measures ( requests to the government to take the necessary measures to prevent irreparable harm to persons involved in a pending petition or case before the commission ). lopez - garelli explained that women and girls in idp camps faced conditions that put them at risk of rape, beatings, and threats. through the precautionary measures granted to protect women and girls in these camps, the commission expressed to the haitian government its concern over the lack of intervention and monitoring of the situation by state agencies that has exacerbated the situation. moreover, among other requests, the commission requested that victims of sexual violence receive mental and psychological services,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4532300346760982, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.102026"} {"text": "commission expressed to the haitian government its concern over the lack of intervention and monitoring of the situation by state agencies that has exacerbated the situation. moreover, among other requests, the commission requested that victims of sexual violence receive mental and psychological services, access to medical services, privacy during examinations, access to female medical and culturally sensitive providers with experience with rape victims, issuance of medical certificates, hiv prophylaxis, and emergency contraception. in response to the lack of security in the camps, the commission requested that proper lighting, the presence of women police officers, patrolling, training of appropriate responses by police forces, creation of special units within judicial police of haiti to investigate cases of rape and other forms of sexual violence, and the full participation of grassroots and women groups in the planning and implementation of these policies. according to lopez - garelli, while the commission has since received encouraging information pointing to some improvement in the conditions that put girls and women at risk of sexual violence \u2014 improved lighting near toilets ( where these attacks are most frequent ), better treatment by police officers during investigations, and the drafting of necessary legislation \u2014 there are still recommendations that require implementation. the commission continues to monitor the situation and is eager to continue utilizing all its mechanisms to help protect human rights in haiti. brian cocannon emphasized that while it is important to address the medical and public health issues of the problem, there is also a need to discuss the legal aspects of the situation, particularly that the cause can be explained in legal terms. along with bureau des avocats internationaux ( bai ) in port - au - prince, cocannon \u2019 s organization, institute for justice and democracy in haiti, filed a complaint in november 2011 on behalf of 5, 000 cholera victims against the united nations before both the united nations stabilization mission in haiti ( minustah ) claims unit and u. n. secretary - general for allegedly acting recklessly and allowing the introduction and spread of cholera in haiti. according to concannon, u. n. accountability was clear. by failing to test nepalese troops coming in as u. n. peacekeepers, who the u. n. knew were coming from a place with a cholera epidemic, and recklessly disposing waste at the nepalese peacekeeper \u2019 s camp, the u. n. violated the law. the u. n. has denied fault, claiming that the cholera outbreak was a result of a \u201c confluence of factors, \u201d including poor water and sanitation systems in haiti. however, concannon explained that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4641482614832931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.104262"} {"text": "the u. n. violated the law. the u. n. has denied fault, claiming that the cholera outbreak was a result of a \u201c confluence of factors, \u201d including poor water and sanitation systems in haiti. however, concannon explained that while a confluence of factors play an important role in the epidemic, such factors gave the u. n. even more reason for being more careful. the complaint filed asks that the u. n. 1 ) provide clean water and the sanitation necessary to control the epidemic, 2 ) compensation for the victims, and 3 ) an apology. concannon described this lawsuit as an opportunity for the u. n. to \u201c make things right \u201d for the people in haiti because, should the u. n. provide the necessary clean water and sanitation requested, the u. n. would help haiti prevent the spread of other waterborne diseases in the future and be able to save thousands of lives lost every year to these diseases. the lawsuit is also an opportunity for the u. n. to help advance the rule of law. finally, the lawsuit is an opportunity for the u. n. to garner public support by living up to its ideals. mark weisbrot, an economist, described haiti \u2019 s situation as a misallocation of resources. weisbrot pointed out that the u. n. had spent $ 1. 5 billion on minustah, the peacekeeping forces, while the needed infrastructure would cost $ 746 million, $ 230 million has been spent on cholera ( not even a sixth of what has been spent on minustah ), and the cost of the vaccination campaign is equivalent to a half - day \u2019 s budget of minustah. therefore, weisbrot saw congress as potentially playing an important role in influencing the u. n. and other international actors to ensure the proper allocation of resources and placing political pressure on the u. n. to provide the resources needed for the improvement of water and sanitation system. moreover, weisbrot emphasized the urgency of making sure that the necessary resources are deployed now and not misinterpret a decline of the epidemic as necessarily successful intervention. last year, the international community reduced its efforts upon observing a decline before the rainy season and incorrectly interpreted it as a result of successful intervention. the decline was followed by a spike during the rainy season, during which more lives were lost. the international community should not make the same mistake. for more background on the legal aspects of the cholera epidemic in haiti, see our four - part series \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40844128532206575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.105240"} {"text": "ganglion cysts are the most common mass or lump in the hand. they are not cancerous and, in most cases, are harmless. they occur in various locations, but most frequently develop on the back of the wrist. these fluid - filled cysts can quickly appear, disappear, and change size. many ganglion cysts do not require treatment. however, if the cyst is painful, interferes with function, or has an unacceptable appearance, there are several treatment options available. a ganglion rises out of a joint, like a balloon on a stalk. it grows out of the tissues surrounding a joint, such as ligaments, tendon sheaths, and joint linings. inside the balloon is a thick, slippery fluid, similar to the fluid that lubricates your joints. ganglion cysts can develop in several of the joints in the hand and wrist, including both the top and underside of the wrist, as well as the end joint of a finger, and at the base of a finger. they vary in size, and in many cases, grow larger with increased wrist activity. with rest, the lump typically becomes smaller. it is not known what triggers the formation of a ganglion. they are most common in younger people between the ages of 15 and 40 years, and women are more likely to be affected than men. these cysts are also common among gymnasts, who repeatedly apply stress to the wrist. ganglion cysts that develop at the end joint of a finger \u2014 also known as mucous cysts \u2014 are typically associated with arthritis in the finger joint, and are more common in women between the ages of 40 and 70 years. most ganglions form a visible lump, however, smaller ganglions can remain hidden under the skin ( occult ganglions ). although many ganglions produce no other symptoms, if a cyst puts pressure on the nerves that pass through the joint, it can cause pain, tingling, and muscle weakness. large cysts, even if they are not painful, can cause concerns about appearance. medical history and physical examination during the initial appointment, your doctor will discuss your medical history and symptoms. he or she may ask you how long you have had the ganglion, whether it changes in size, and whether it is painful. pressure may be applied to identify any tenderness. because a ganglion is filled with fluid, it is translucent. your doctor may shine a penlight up to the cyst to see whether light shines through. x - rays.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46812610491410533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.109175"} {"text": "it is painful. pressure may be applied to identify any tenderness. because a ganglion is filled with fluid, it is translucent. your doctor may shine a penlight up to the cyst to see whether light shines through. x - rays. these tests create clear pictures of dense structures, like bone. although x - rays will not show a ganglion cyst, they can be used to rule out other conditions, such as arthritis or a bone tumor. magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scans or ultrasounds. these imaging tests can better show soft tissues like a ganglion. sometimes, an mri or ultrasound is needed to find an occult ganglion that is not visible, or to distinguish the cyst from other tumors. initial treatment of a ganglion cyst is not surgical. - observation. because the ganglion is not cancerous and may disappear in time, if you do not have symptoms, your doctor may recommend just waiting and watching to make sure that no unusual changes occur. - immobilization. activity often causes the ganglion to increase in size and also increases pressure on nerves, causing pain. a wrist brace or splint may relieve symptoms and cause the ganglion to decrease in size. as pain decreases, your doctor may prescribe exercises to strengthen the wrist and improve range of motion. - aspiration. if the ganglion causes a great deal of pain or severely limits activities, the fluid may be drained from it. this procedure is called an aspiration. the area around the ganglion cyst is numbed and the cyst is punctured with a needle so that the fluid can be withdrawn. aspiration frequently fails to eliminate the ganglion because the \" root \" or connection to the joint or tendon sheath is not removed. a ganglion can be like a weed which will grow back if the root is not removed. in many cases, the ganglion cyst returns after an aspiration procedure. aspiration procedures are most frequently recommended for ganglions located on the top of the wrist. your doctor may recommend surgery if your symptoms are not relieved by nonsurgical methods, or if the ganglion returns after aspiration. the procedure to remove a ganglion cyst is called an excision. surgery involves removing the cyst as well as part of the involved joint capsule or tendon sheath, which is considered the root of the ganglion. even after excision, there is a small chance the ganglion will return. excision is typically an outpatient procedure and patients are able to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4727704159442936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.110110"} {"text": "we previously discussed the six remembrances and the six constant mitzvos. it should not surprise us that that these two sets of six items each correspond to one another, as follows : i. to remember the exodus from egypt = to know that there is a god the verse that tells us to believe in hashem specifically says, \" i am hashem your god who brought you out of egypt. \" ii. to remember the making of the golden calf = not to believe in any other \" gods \" the jews in the desert grievously erred in this and we must remember so that we do not follow their example. iii. to remember receiving the torah at sinai = to know that god is one the torah, which hashem gave us, is a testament to his unity. iv. to remember shabbos = to love god shabbos was given to us by hashem as a sign of his love. in the shabbos davening ( prayers ) we say, \u201c you, hashem, have given us shabbos in your love \u2026 \u201d v. to remember amalek \u2019 s evil attack = to be in awe of god how did amalek have the audacity to attack the jews so soon after seeing what hashem did for them in egypt? the torah tells us ( deuteronomy 25 : 18 ) that \u201c they did not fear god. \" lack of reverence for hashem leads to such reprehensible actions. vi. to remember miriam \u2019 s punishment = not to be led astray by our desires we are warned not to follow our hearts or eyes in order to go astray. psalms 34 : 15 asks, \u201c who is the person who desires life, who loves years to see good things? guard your tongue from speaking evil \u2026 \u201d the act of slandering others ( for which miriam was punished ) leads us away from the path of life and goodness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48331998080715205, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.112151"} {"text": "the fossil fuel model has run out of road. we have no option but to revolutionize the energy system. most of the time available has already been wasted by the oil lobby and its political allies. national governments and useless old men who run city councils continue to make the wrong decisions. it is time to get serious about this. and unreasonable. we need to create a new system, and that needs intelligence and order. carbon needs a high and stable price, but for that price to result in avoided emissions, i. e. renewable energy and carbon capture solutions, a global market is also needed. otherwise we ' ll be sitting in the cold and dark on our own, while the seas rise and the super - hurricanes approach. - by dr julian caldecott existing technologies have the potential to power the world reliably and cleanly, however, major political and economical barriers still stand in our way. the developed world has irresponsibly supported dirty fossil fuel industries for decades and irreversibly exploited the planet \u2019 s phenomenal coal, oil and gas resources. the burning of these precious resources has undoubtedly fuelled the rapid technological and social progress that has brought an improved quality of life to many. however, it has also helped create a seemingly insurmountable gap between the world \u2019 s richest and poorest. commitment to a new model of development is imperative if we are not to condemn the planet to the catastrophic impacts of climate change. as citizens of the planet earth our collective voice has the power to overcome all barriers to a clean energy revolution. check out the proposals / projects pages and the work of our links and partner organizations to get involved. also, take a look at our future planet \u2019 s innovative \u2018 ideas globe \u2019 to understand how energy issues link to other planetary issues such as economics / politics, the built environment and ecosystems. let \u2019 s create a cleaner and fairer energy system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5284747357341577, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.114398"} {"text": "2011 perseid meteor shower : viewing not so good! the 2011 perseid meteor shower is expected to peak during the early morning hours of august 12th and august 13th. unfortunately, the full moon is going to be competing for your attention \u2013 making meteor viewing not so good! the perseid meteor shower is caused by the earth moving through the debris path left from the comet swift - tuttle. the source of the meteors appears to be the constellation perseus \u2013 which is why this meteor shower is referred to as the perseids. this is one of the most active meteor events of the year, but unfortunately, the full moon will steal the show! the bright full moon will overpower some of the dimmer perseids \u2013 you won \u2019 t be able to see them from because of the moon \u2019 s glare. don \u2019 t despair! you should still be able to see the brightest fireballs which will make for great viewing indeed. the perseids are visible throughout the night from 10pm until sunrise, but remember that the best time to view them is when the earth is facing into the debris field \u2013 which are the hours just before dawn. if the perseids aren \u2019 t enough of a reason to get up before dawn, check this out. the international space station will also be making a series of early morning flybys in north america. how cool would it be to see the iss pass by overhead while viewing a meteor shower? you can check out the times of the iss flybys at the satellite flybys site. if you get some pictures, send them in! enjoy the show this weekend! image credit : nasa perseid meteor shower 2012 2009 perseid meteor shower review perseid meteor shower 2010 includes planetary conjunction! edward herrick perseid meteor shower the eta aquarid meteor shower : halley \u2019 s comet debris trail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4439087543613474, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.116254"} {"text": "there are several text based and binary message types in the sms technology. the most common message type is a standard text message, that is less then 160 characters and that uses the 7 bit gsm alphabet. if you want to send a message longer then 160 characters, you will send a multipart sms. a message containing international characters, is called a unicode sms. a unicode sms message can contain 70 characters. if you want to send a unicode message longer then 70 characters, you will send a multipart unicode sms message. text messages can also have attributes. these attributes can make the message display immediately when it arrives ( flash sms ), or they can turn on small icons on the cellphone ( e. g. : voice mail indication ). binary messages can carry mobile phone configuration information and mobile content. for example a ringtone, a wallpaper or wap browser settings can be sent as sms. for a complete list of sms message types, please visit the sms message type page. multipart messages are used if long text is sent through the network. in this case text is split into several sms messages, during the delivery. when you send a long message the sending mobile phone splits the message into segments, and sends it through the mobile network. the recipient phone reassembles the segments and displays the text to the user when all message parts arrive. this means a multipart sms is message takes several sms - es to go through the mobile network, meaning it costs more. ozeki ng sms gateway handles multipart messages properly. it does the segmentation when necessary for outgoing messages and it performs the reassembly for incoming multipart sms - es.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5333089381508951, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.119111"} {"text": "multiple sclerosis and pregnancy most people who are diagnosed with multiple sclerosis ( ms ) are women in their child - bearing years. questions about whether ms affects getting pregnant or about labor and delivery are common. here are some answers : - most couples in which one partner has ms are able to have children without ms affecting the pregnancy, labor, or delivery. - ms does not increase the risk of miscarriage or birth defects. - some women have fewer ms symptoms during pregnancy, then a temporary relapse after delivery. but pregnancy, delivering a baby, and early motherhood do not increase the risk of being disabled by ms over time. reference 1 - there is some evidence that pregnancy may actually help delay disability long - term in women who have ms. reference 2 if you have ms, and you want to have children, talk with your doctor. some things to think about and plan for include : - some medicines used to treat ms should not be used during pregnancy. if you are taking medicine for ms, use reliable birth control until you decide to try to become pregnant. talk to your doctor about when to stop taking the medicine. in some cases, your doctor may suggest that you wait to start trying to get pregnant until a relapse has ended and you are not taking medicine. - some medicines used to treat ms should not be used during breast - feeding. the decision about when to start taking ms medicines again after pregnancy is an individual decision each woman will need to make. talk with your doctor and consider your personal values, desires, and the severity of your ms. - some symptoms common in pregnancy and after the baby ' s birth can be made worse by ms. these include depression and fatigue. plan for any help you may need to manage your work, household, and other children during pregnancy and for the first few months after the baby is born. - the baby may be slightly more likely to develop ms later in life than a child born to parents who do not have ms. - some people with ms become disabled over time. because of this, some couples decide not to have children or to have fewer children than they might have otherwise. other couples don ' t change their plans for a family after they learn about ms. - both women and men who have ms may need help to overcome sexual problems, such as problems with arousal or ejaculation. - find an reference obstetrician opens new window to care for you through your pregnancy and delivery. find one who is willing to work closely with the doctor who helps you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43328609659920453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.122784"} {"text": "fathom five national marine park of canada : a world - famous shipwreck diving destination a forerunner of the national marine conservation area ( nmca ) system, fathom five national marine park is a world - famous diving destination due to the large number of historic shipwrecks preserved in the clear freshwaters off tobermory, ontario. at least 27 historic shipwrecks are located within the park boundaries, which is situated at the northern end of the bruce peninsula separating georgian bay from lake huron. because of the numerous rocky islands and shallow reefs, combined with frequent fog and violent storms, navigation has always been dangerous in this area. originally, the government of ontario established a provincial marine park at tobermory in 1972 in order to protect the significant shipwrecks in the area. the operation of the park was transferred to the federal government in 1987, and fathom five became canada \u2019 s first national marine park. it is now included within the nmca system, the goal of which is to protect and conserve representative examples of canada \u2019 s natural and cultural marine heritage and to provide opportunities for public education and enjoyment. the engine bed and remains of the lower portion of the steam engine on the w. l. wetmore \u00a9 parks canada the wrecks in fathom five represent the most common types of commercial vessels that would have plied the waters of the great lakes during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. they include sailing schooners, fishing vessels, steamers and tugs, and various smaller craft. the vessels were employed to transport lumber and grain, for commercial fishing, or to carry passengers and freight to small communities around the lake. divers at the bow of the sweepstakes. \u00a9 parks canada / denis page even non - divers can enjoy viewing these sites, thanks to the glass - bottom boat tours that pass over the wreck sweepstakes, which lies in shallow, clear water. the sweepstakes, a two - masted wooden schooner, was launched in 1867. the vessel struck a rock off cove island on the evening of august 23, 1885. the crew managed to make their way safely to the nearby lighthouse. sweepstakes was salvaged a week later, and towed to big tub harbour for repairs. however, the vessel was too badly damaged and could not be saved, so all of the valuable equipment and rigging was stripped and sweepstakes was abandoned in the location where it rests today. note that a number of archaeological sites are also located on the islands within the park boundaries. fathom five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4013977789925529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.126795"} {"text": "punjabi phase 1, unit 16 - 20 learn to speak and understand punjabi with pimsleur language programs this edition : mp3 your price : $ 21. 95 availability : available for immediate download free audio lesson pimsleur covers the world of languages. you can choose from over 50 languages, many with multiple levels, ranging from the most popular to the exotic. become a pimsleur learner and travel the world! includes 5 lessons ( 150 minutes ) as mp3 download about the punjabi language - punjabi is an indo - aryan language of the indo - european language family. it is unique for being the only tonal language in this family. - there are ten punjabi dialects which are mostly mutually intelligible. this course teaches the eastern punjabi dialect as spoken in india. - punjabi is spoken by approximately 110 - 112 million people world - wide. - it is an official language in the indian states of punjab, haryana and himachal pradesh, and is also spoken elsewhere in northwestern india. although not considered an offical language in pakistan, it is spoken by the majority in the pakistani province of punjab. - it is also spoken by expatriate communities in bangladesh, canada, fiji, kenya, libya, malaysia ( peninsular ), mauritius, singapore, united arab emirates, united kingdom, and the united states. in canada, punjabi is thought to be the sixth most frequently spoken language. - punjabi is most commonly written using the gurmukhi script. the reading lessons in this course teach how to read the gurmukhi alphabet. the pimsleur\u00ae method is scientifically proven to be your fastest route to near - native fluency. speak and understand punjabi in just 30 minutes a day. punjabi phase 1, units 16 - 20 build on material taught in prior units. each lesson provides 30 minutes of spoken language practice, with an introductory conversation, and new vocabulary and structures. detailed instructions enable you to understand and participate in the conversation. each lesson contains practice for vocabulary introduced in previous lessons. the emphasis is on pronunciation and comprehension, and on learning to speak punjabi.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4216506278603056, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.131024"} {"text": "when conversations become crucial \u2014 when the stakes grow high, opinions differ, and emotions run strong \u2014 what tactics do you typically revert to in order to navigate the discussion effectively? are you a masterful communicator or a danger to dialogue? take the following quiz to find out your style under stress and learn what skills and tactics you need to master in order to improve the way you communicate in even the most crucial conversations. style under stress test instructions - before you start, read through the following points : relationship. before you get started, think about the relationship you want to improve \u2014 with your boss, coworker, direct report, friend, or family member \u2014 and keep this relationship in mind. circumstance. next, think of a tough situation \u2014 one that you might have handled poorly or avoided altogether. apply. now, with that situation in mind, respond to the following statements as either true or false. t f ( violence ) when arguments get really heated there are times when i exaggerate my view, use harsh expression such as \u201c that \u2019 s ridiculous!, \u201d or i might even say things that hurt the other person. t f ( silence ) at times rather than share my honest view, i use sarcasm to make my point, hold back my opinion altogether, or i might even avoid people rather than get into an argument. t f ( start with heart ) when i really get into an argument, sometimes i get so caught up in the heat of the moment that i move from trying to respectfully make my point to trying to win or maybe even discredit the other person. t f ( state ) when i really want to make sure my point is heard, i start with my conclusions such as \u201c you can \u2019 t be trusted \u201d \u2014 and then i follow with a strong statement of the facts \u2014 taking care to avoid weak words such as \u201c perhaps, \u201d or \u201c i was wondering if \u2026 \u201d t f ( learn to look ) in the middle of a tough conversation, i occasionally get so caught up in arguments that i miss how i \u2019 m coming across to others and fail to step back and adjust my verbal strategy. t f ( explore ) when others appear hesitant to speak their honest view about a difficult or controversial topic, i don \u2019 t try to get them to open up, instead i either continue with my views or change the subject. t f ( make it safe ) when i find that i \u2019 m at cross purposes with someone, i often push ahead and keep trying to win my argument rather than looking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4828302734651969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.139232"} {"text": "to open up, instead i either continue with my views or change the subject. t f ( make it safe ) when i find that i \u2019 m at cross purposes with someone, i often push ahead and keep trying to win my argument rather than looking for common ground or maybe even apologizing for being too forceful. t f ( master my stories ) when a conversation goes poorly, i \u2019 m more inclined to see the mistakes others made than notice my own role. t f ( move to action ) when finishing up a high - stakes and emotional conversation there have been times when i don \u2019 t complete the discussion by clarifying who will do what by when or identifying who has what decision authority. t f ( overall ) when stakes are high, emotions run strong, and i really want to make sure my opinion is heard, i tend to get caught up in the moment and end up being more on my worst behavior than i am on my best behavior. score a 1 for each false answer and tally up the number of points you received. if you scored : 9 \u2013 10 dialogue wonder. keep it up. 7 \u2013 9 good job, but you can still use some work. brush up on your crucial conversations skills. 4 \u2013 7 in need of skills. you \u2019 re about average, so improving you crucial conversations could help you get unstuck. 0 \u2013 3 don \u2019 t leave the house. before you do anything else, learn how to hold crucial conversations. \u00a9 2009 vitalsmarts. all rights reserved. vitalsmarts, crucial, crucial skills, and style under stress are trademarks and crucial conversations is a registered trademark of vitalsmarts, l. c. about the authors this award - winning team of authors has produced three new york times bestsellers, crucial conversations : tools for talking when stakes are high ( 2002 ), crucial confrontations : tools for resolving broken promises, violated expectations, and bad behavior ( 2005 ), and influencer : the power to change anything ( 2007 ). kerry patterson has authored award - winning training programs and led multiple long - term change efforts. he received the prestigious 2004 byu marriott school of management dyer award for outstanding contribution in organizational behavior. he did doctoral work in organizational behavior at stanford university. joseph grenny is an acclaimed keynote speaker and consultant who has designed and implemented major corporate change initiatives for the past 20 years. he is also a cofounder of unitus, a nonprofit organization that helps the world \u2019 s poor achieve economic self - reliance. ron mcmillan is a sought - after speaker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4983775921377097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.140341"} {"text": "who has designed and implemented major corporate change initiatives for the past 20 years. he is also a cofounder of unitus, a nonprofit organization that helps the world \u2019 s poor achieve economic self - reliance. ron mcmillan is a sought - after speaker and consultant. he cofounded the covey leadership center, where he served as vice president of research and development. he has worked with leaders ranging from first - level managers to corporate executives on topics such as leadership and team development. al switzler is a renowned consultant and speaker who has directed training and management initiatives with dozens of fortune 500 companies worldwide. he is on the faculty of the executive development center at the university of michigan. we have one ( 1 ) copy of crucial conversations : tools for talking when stakes are high to give away to one luky reader. there are several ways to enter - here are the rules : please note : your email address must either be in your comment or available on your blogger profile or your entry will not count!! * * * leave us a comment on any post here at pink lemonade ( be sure to comment on this post & let us know where you commented ). feel free to leave a comment on this post telling us why your teenager is driving you crazy!! * become a follower on twitter. leave me a comment to let me know your twitter name ( if you are already a follower, leave me a comment with your twitter name ). * become a fan on our new facebook page. leave me a comment to let me know your facebook name. * subscribe to our rss feed or sign up to receive pink lemonade by email. leave me a comment to let me know you. if you are already a subscriber, leave me a comment and let me know. * blog about our contest on your blog. leave me a comment with your post url. * place our widget on your blog ( it ' s toward the bottom of this page in the far right column - just click \" get widget \" at the bottom of the widget ). leave me a comment with your site url. * become a member of our social network. leave a comment with your username. there you have it! seven very simple ways to enter our contest - how easy is that? complete rules can be found on our contest page. this contest ends today thursday, june 11th at 11 : 59pm ( pdst ) so don ' t wait - make sure you ' ve gotten all seven entries today! please note : entries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4922725198463087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.141554"} {"text": "special report - cultivating future technologies as the year 2000 arrives, many people are looking back in time to determine how the world will change in the next millennium. science has always played a significant role in society, but according to dr. gerry stokes, who leads pacific northwest national laboratory ' s environmental science and health division, that role will change in the coming century and in the next millennium. he notes that science has evolved over time and will continue to evolve as it plays an increasingly important role in our daily lives. we asked dr. stokes about how science has changed and how it will tackle the tough problems in the future. how has science evolved in the last century? prior to this century, two kinds of science evolved. first, we had galileo. he asked, ` why should people just think about something when they could go out and measure it? ' this way of thinking led to modern experimental science. then we had newton and modern mathematically based theoretical science. he brought rigor to the process of creating a self - consistent explanation of existing facts. in the twentieth century, driven by von neumann, we began computational science, in which we use computer models to examine the consequences of what we think we already know. while this is related to newton ' s theoretical approach, it is very different. do you see computer models as the wave of the future? yes, but computers aren ' t large enough to hold everything we know. we have to decide what to put in them, and that is the heart of computational science. science has traditionally focused on the process of reductionism \u2014 taking things apart and forming specialties to look at every little piece. we have to reassemble knowledge to attack the big complicated problems. for example, we don ' t know how the human body operates as a whole. we study cells, or systems, or some smaller piece of the puzzle that can be brought into the lab or entered into a computer. computational science will help make the transition from science of the lab to science in the real world. how will this transition from science in the lab to science in the world take place? as i look to the future, i see science as being necessarily multidisciplinary and perhaps inter - disciplinary. teams of people from different disciplines will have to come together to tackle a problem. this will be challenging because we ' re used to dealing with things in small pieces. there are some technologies in today ' s world, like automobiles and aircraft, that no one person knows everything there is to know about them. instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5175693026136892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.146752"} {"text": "tackle a problem. this will be challenging because we ' re used to dealing with things in small pieces. there are some technologies in today ' s world, like automobiles and aircraft, that no one person knows everything there is to know about them. instead we have specialized experts that understand specific parts and work together to create the product. as we look at the real world, if we ' re not looking at the whole problem, i don ' t think we know how to ask the right questions to guide these teams on a path to the solution. can you explain what you mean about the \" right \" questions? we have a difficult time articulating the big questions. it ' s not obvious to me that the breakthroughs we need will come from looking through the small windows of traditional science. in studies of global warming the questions being addressed deal with how much the climate is changing, how fast it is changing and what will happen as a result. i ' m not convinced that those are the questions we need to be answering. maybe the question should be more like ` how can we characterize the planet in a way to understand how it changes and how we are affected by those changes? ' has the obligation of science changed in the last century? the biggest change is that science is far more central to civilization than it was at the start of the century. the advancement of civilization depends on it and reaps the benefits from it. i think society expects more of us. what does society expect from science? the world wants more than technology. the public wants science to help make sense of the world around us \u2014 to put things into perspective. in that regard, science has a lot to offer. i think that the environment and health are the two biggest challenges the public wants addressed. how can pacific northwest help address those issues? there are three strands in our environmental mission here at the lab. environmental science helps us understand the legacy of past practices. society has created situations that are causing difficulty now, and we need science to help ` unfoul the footpath. ' then there ' s the stewardship issue. what kind of legacy are we leaving behind? for every gallon of gas we use we ' re putting five pounds of carbon into the atmosphere. we want to know if some seemingly unconnected act, such as driving cars, is causing the extinction of a species or the elimination of a small island nation. the focus now is moving to the question of how the environment impacts human health. how is what we ' re putting into the environment affecting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369002922933216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.147773"} {"text": "act, such as driving cars, is causing the extinction of a species or the elimination of a small island nation. the focus now is moving to the question of how the environment impacts human health. how is what we ' re putting into the environment affecting people? the science we use to answer this question is 20 years old. as a society we ' ve based our conclusions on experiments where animals are exposed to high doses and then inferences are made on how lower doses would affect people. finding a better way is a new and challenging area for science. it ' s significant because these results are the basis for environmental legislation and regulation. why did it take so long for the need to understand how the environment affects human health to rise to the surface? it comes back to whether we ' re asking the right questions. health issues can be very personal. medicine is very diagnostic. people feel bad and they want to be healed. outside of epidemiology, there haven ' t been many attempts to deal with populations as a whole. we ' ve had computer models of climate systems for about 10 years and yet there are no models of the public health. we need to ask questions like how would changing the smoking habits of every person affect society ' s health? how many people would still get lung disease from other causes? we need to understand the compounding factors to truly determine the risk elements of disease. besides computer modeling, what kinds of research are becoming increasingly important? we ' re learning what drives biotechnology. we ' re building an understanding of the human genome, which is the code for life. we will then be able to determine what proteins are being made in cells, but that ' s only part of the picture. some are made and destroyed, others combine to form something else. now we ' re beginning to determine what proteins are actually present and what they do. this will create a new class of diagnostics to show how humans react to the environment. in the final analysis, computation will be critical here as well. what ' s the point of knowing something if you don ' t know the consequences? with computer modeling you can decrease the amount of experimentation it takes to make the world approachable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5347562027736652, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.148665"} {"text": "- special reports - the magazine eight u. s. geological survey ( usgs ) scientists camped out for a week on wizard island in oregon, a cinder cone inside the blown - out volcano that forms crater lake, the nation \u2019 s deepest and clearest lake. they generated the most accurate maps ever of the lake bottom for a $ 153, 000 partnering project among the usgs, the national park service and the university of new hampshire. using high - resolution multibeam echo - sounding sonar mounted on a 26 - foot boat flown by a helicopter into the lake, the scientists generated millions of depth soundings, their positions plotted by a differential gps. the data was run through computer software used by oil companies to map the sea floor for pipelines and exploration. it produced color 3 - d images that can be viewed from above as a map or sideways as if you were flying through the caldera, the bowl left when the volcano collapsed with all the water taken out. a 1959 survey using early echo - sounding technology generated about 4, 000 data points around the lake, which is the basis for current maps and models. the new survey generated some six million data points. it is far more accurate, thanks to gps navigation and equipment that measures the temperature ( low 60s in the summertime at the surface, just above freezing year - round at the bottom ) and chemical composition of the water to factor into the soundings. the gps system, used in lake tahoe in 1998, is accurate to within 50 centimeters, or about a foot and a half. a transducer in the boat sends out a fan - shaped pulse of sound made up of 111 beams, which bounce back from the lake bottom and are recorded by a network of receivers. in the shallows, the fan of sound covers about 50 feet, while in the deep it spreads to 800 feet. the survey confirmed that crater lake, being only six miles across, remains the deepest lake in the united states at 1, 985 feet ( it was measured as 1, 932 feet in 1959 ). that \u2019 s not enough to surpass the great slave lake in canada as the deepest in north america at 2, 015 feet. crater lake was formed about 7, 700 years ago when mount mazama, a 12, 000 - foot volcano in the cascade range, went through a massive eruption that blew ash as far as alberta, canada. wizard island is one of the small volcanoes that grew within the caldera. william steel, the father of crater lake national park, performed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46396008800278266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.152472"} {"text": "pg _ dumpall is a utility for writing out ( \" dumping \" ) all postgresql databases of a cluster into one script file. the script file contains sql commands that can be used as input to psql to restore the databases. it does this by calling pg _ dump for each database in a cluster. pg _ dumpall also dumps global objects that are common to all databases. ( pg _ dump does not save these objects. ) this currently includes information about database users and groups, tablespaces, and properties such as access permissions that apply to databases as a whole. since pg _ dumpall reads tables from all databases you will most likely have to connect as a database superuser in order to produce a complete dump. also you will need superuser privileges to execute the saved script in order to be allowed to add users and groups, and to create databases. the sql script will be written to the standard output. use the [ - f | file ] option or shell operators to redirect it into a file. pg _ dumpall needs to connect several times to the postgresql server ( once per database ). if you use password authentication it will ask for a password each time. it is convenient to have a ~ /. pgpass file in such cases. see section 31. 15 for more information. the following command - line options control the content and format of the output. dump only the data, not the schema ( data definitions ). include sql commands to clean ( drop ) databases before recreating them. drop commands for roles and tablespaces are added as well. send output to the specified file. if this is omitted, the standard output is used. dump only global objects ( roles and tablespaces ), no databases. a deprecated option that is now ignored. dump object identifiers ( oids ) as part of the data for every table. use this option if your application references the oid columns in some way ( e. g., in a foreign key constraint ). otherwise, this option should not be used. do not output commands to set ownership of objects to match the original database. by default, pg _ dumpall issues alter owner or set session authorization statements to set ownership of created schema elements. these statements will fail when the script is run unless it is started by a superuser ( or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script ). to make a script that can be restored by any user,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5055464374387474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.159815"} {"text": "created schema elements. these statements will fail when the script is run unless it is started by a superuser ( or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script ). to make a script that can be restored by any user, but will give that user ownership of all the objects, specify - o. dump only roles, no databases or tablespaces. dump only the object definitions ( schema ), not data. specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers. this is only relevant if - - disable - triggers is used. ( usually, it ' s better to leave this out, and instead start the resulting script as superuser. ) dump only tablespaces, no databases or roles. specifies verbose mode. this will cause pg _ dumpall to output start / stop times to the dump file, and progress messages to standard error. it will also enable verbose output in pg _ dump. print the pg _ dumpall version and exit. prevent dumping of access privileges ( grant / revoke commands ). this option is for use by in - place upgrade utilities. its use for other purposes is not recommended or supported. the behavior of the option may change in future releases without notice. dump data as insert commands with explicit column names ( insert into table ( column,... ) values... ). this will make restoration very slow ; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non - postgresql databases. this option disables the use of dollar quoting for function bodies, and forces them to be quoted using sql standard string syntax. this option is only relevant when creating a data - only dump. it instructs pg _ dumpall to include commands to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while the data is reloaded. use this if you have referential integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you do not want to invoke during data reload. presently, the commands emitted for - - disable - triggers must be done as superuser. so, you should also specify a superuser name with - s, or preferably be careful to start the resulting script as a superuser. dump data as insert commands ( rather than copy ). this will make restoration very slow ; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non - postgresql databases. note that the restore might fail altogether if you have rearranged column order. the - - column - insert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48259786309105285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.160890"} {"text": "will make restoration very slow ; it is mainly useful for making dumps that can be loaded into non - postgresql databases. note that the restore might fail altogether if you have rearranged column order. the - - column - inserts option is safer, though even slower. do not wait forever to acquire shared table locks at the beginning of the dump. instead, fail if unable to lock a table within the specified timeout. the timeout may be specified in any of the formats accepted by set statement _ timeout. allowed values vary depending on the server version you are dumping from, but an integer number of milliseconds is accepted by all versions since 7. 3. this option is ignored when dumping from a pre - 7. 3 server. do not dump security labels. do not output commands to create tablespaces nor select tablespaces for objects. with this option, all objects will be created in whichever tablespace is the default during restore. do not dump the contents of unlogged tables. this option has no effect on whether or not the table definitions ( schema ) are dumped ; it only suppresses dumping the table data. force quoting of all identifiers. this may be useful when dumping a database for migration to a future version that may have introduced additional keywords. output sql - standard set session authorization commands instead of alter owner commands to determine object ownership. this makes the dump more standards compatible, but depending on the history of the objects in the dump, might not restore properly. show help about pg _ dumpall command line arguments, and exit. the following command - line options control the database connection parameters. specifies the host name of the machine on which the database server is running. if the value begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the unix domain socket. the default is taken from the pghost environment variable, if set, else a unix domain socket connection is attempted. specifies the name of the database to connect to to dump global objects and discover what other databases should be dumped. if not specified, the postgres database will be used, and if that does not exist, template1 will be used. specifies the tcp port or local unix domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections. defaults to the pgport environment variable, if set, or a compiled - in default. user name to connect as. never issue a password prompt. if the server requires password authentication and a password is not available by other means such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.459036942481886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.161916"} {"text": "connections. defaults to the pgport environment variable, if set, or a compiled - in default. user name to connect as. never issue a password prompt. if the server requires password authentication and a password is not available by other means such as a. pgpass file, the connection attempt will fail. this option can be useful in batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a password. force pg _ dumpall to prompt for a password before connecting to a database. this option is never essential, since pg _ dumpall will automatically prompt for a password if the server demands password authentication. however, pg _ dumpall will waste a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password. in some cases it is worth typing - w to avoid the extra connection attempt. note that the password prompt will occur again for each database to be dumped. usually, it ' s better to set up a ~ /. pgpass file than to rely on manual password entry. specifies a role name to be used to create the dump. this option causes pg _ dumpall to issue a set role rolename command after connecting to the database. it is useful when the authenticated user ( specified by - u ) lacks privileges needed by pg _ dumpall, but can switch to a role with the required rights. some installations have a policy against logging in directly as a superuser, and use of this option allows dumps to be made without violating the policy. default connection parameters this utility, like most other postgresql utilities, also uses the environment variables supported by libpq ( see section 31. 14 ). since pg _ dumpall calls pg _ dump internally, some diagnostic messages will refer to pg _ dump. once restored, it is wise to run analyze on each database so the optimizer has useful statistics. you can also run vacuumdb - a - z to analyze all databases. pg _ dumpall requires all needed tablespace directories to exist before the restore ; otherwise, database creation will fail for databases in non - default locations. to dump all databases : $ pg _ dumpall > db. out to reload database ( s ) from this file, you can use : $ psql - f db. out postgres ( it is not important to which database you connect here since the script file created by pg _ dumpall will contain the appropriate commands to create and connect to the saved databases. ) check pg _ dump for details on possible error conditions. please use this form to add your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4840465242853247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.162896"} {"text": "- used books - kobo ereading - staff picks - gifts & gift cards - sell books - stores & events special offers see all more at powell ' s recently viewed clear list six not so easy pieces : lectures on symmetry, relativity, and space - timeby richard feynman synopses & reviews no twentieth - century american scientist is better known to a wider spectrum of people than richard p. feynman ( 19181988 ) \u2014 physicist, teacher, author, and cultural icon. his autobiographies and biographies have been read and enjoyed by millions of readers around the world, while his wit and eccentricities have made him the subject of tv specials and even a theatrical film. the spectacular reception of the book and audio versions of feynmans six easy pieces ( published in 1995 ) resulted in a worldwide clamor for more feynman! more feynman! \u201d the outcome is these six additional lectures, drawn from the celebrated three - volume lectures on physics. though slightly more challenging than the first six, these lectures are more focused, delving into the most revolutionary discovery in twentieth - century physics : einsteins theory of relativity. no single breakthrough in twentieth - century physics ( with the possible exception of quantum mechanics ) changed our view of the world more than that of einsteins discovery of relativity. the notions that the flow of time is not a constant, that the mass of an object depends on its velocity, and that the speed of light is a constant no matter what the motion of the observer, at first seemed shocking to scientists and laymen alike. but, as feynman shows so clearly and so entertainingly in the lectures chosen for this volume, these crazy notions are no mere dry principles of physics, but are things of beauty and elegance. no one \u2014 not even einstein himself \u2014 explained these difficult, anti - intuitive concepts more clearly, or with more verve and gusto, than richard feynman. book news annotation : six \" easy \" pieces were published in 1995. now the publisher has dipped back into feynman ' s three - volume lectures on physics to present these somewhat less accessible lectures. while the previous six - piece collection tackled various subjects, this volume deals only with einstein ' s theory of relativity. suitable for students and determined lay readers who want to learn from the master teacher, renowned not only for his scientific contributions, but for his wit, and the immediacy and clarity of his explanations. annotation c. book news, inc., portland, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6328334212930513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.169943"} {"text": "determined lay readers who want to learn from the master teacher, renowned not only for his scientific contributions, but for his wit, and the immediacy and clarity of his explanations. annotation c. book news, inc., portland, or ( booknews. com ) the spectacular reception of the book and audio versions of feynmans six easy pieces ( published in 1995 ) resulted in a worldwide clamor for more feynman! more feynman! \u201d the outcome is these six additional lectures, drawn from the celebrated three - volume lectures on physics. though slightly more challenging than the first six, these lectures are more focused, delving into the most revolutionary discovery in twentieth - century physics : einsteins theory of relativity. \" in these lectures, everything you ' ve ever heard about feynman ' s wit and genius comes through \". \u2014 john horgan, author of the end of science. \" want to really understand why time slows, mass increases and length contracts as something approaches light speed, why space has just got to be curved and why it is not only impossible to predict the future, but actually there is no fortune teller who can even tell us the present? '... sure this is hard stuff \u2014 the cerebral equivalent of high - impact aerobics... but there is no better explanation for the scientifically literate layman... just do it \". \u2014 the washington post book world table of contents vectors \u2014 symmetry in physical laws \u2014 the special theory of relativity \u2014 relativistic energy and momentum \u2014 space - time \u2014 curved space. what our readers are saying other books you might like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6037177053248923, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.170678"} {"text": "to understand prairie star gallery better, it ' s helpful to know more about the city in which we ' re located. the mural above, by james starkey, might be a good place to start. james painted it in the main hallway of killian community college. founder tom killian is at top right. the mural, drawn in seven panels to suggest the historical indigenous seven councils, depicts the substance and spirit of sioux falls. beginning at top left, the buffalo hide painting recalls the land we call dakota as it was 200 or 500 years ago, before the mapping expedition by lewis and clark. the plains were alive with buffalo ; warriors protected their land and occasionally encroached upon that of their rivals. the mobile tipi allowed the bands or tribes ( some comprised of as many as 10, 000 people ) to move place to place on the vast northern plains, as necessary to accommodate the changing seasons and varying sources of food. the lakota are the namesake of the falls of the sioux river, shown spilling over the quartzite, or that served as the basic construction materials for much of original sioux falls. around the turn of the century, thousands of tons of jasper were transported by rail to chicago and other growing cities across the upper midwest, to make the first hard - surfaced city streets. the original \" old \" courthouse, top mid - left, was constructed a century ago from the quartzite quarried from several places around town, notably east sioux falls ( see \" city \" tab, above ). in 1889, the citizenry easily could see the courthouse ' s clock tower from anywhere in town. today, the old courthouse is a fascinating museum. the new court house isn ' t nearly as interesting, nor beautiful. below the court house, james depicts a stylized version of michelangelo ' s david, which is one of two copies in the u. s. that were created from the original. it can be seen at fawick park. like any other city in the country, sioux falls is populated with citizenry who range from prude to sophisticate, so the city fathers \" positioned \" david so modest folks weren ' t the center panel illustrates the people that make sioux falls the mini - cosmopolitan city we have become. we ' re a diverse bunch, with 31 languages spoken, publicly or privately. indigenous people make up approximately 7 % of the city ' s population. there is palpable discrimination, unfortunately, but we believe folks are becoming somewhat more educated. the city ' s festival of cultures is evidence that diversity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4565280511958174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.176582"} {"text": "spoken, publicly or privately. indigenous people make up approximately 7 % of the city ' s population. there is palpable discrimination, unfortunately, but we believe folks are becoming somewhat more educated. the city ' s festival of cultures is evidence that diversity is being celebrated more than it is being lamented. still, perhaps once a week, someone will step inside our gallery only to gasp \" it ' s an indian gallery \", and bolt out the door before we can allay their fears. we try to give folks a visual clue as to what to expect before they come in. james starkey created our storefront sign, that being a hubcap from a 1950 lincoln continental, painted in medicine - wheel colors, adorned with four from the root of a cedar tree. surely you wouldn ' t expect to find hummel figurines inside such an establishment, would you? photo below was taken during the holiday festival of lights parade downtown, one of many street celebrations sioux falls folks love to hold. continuing to the right on the mural, at top there ' s tom killian, addressing students or a city group as he so often does. he, along with mayor dave munson, and others, have the unenviable task of being visionaries for a herd of 150, 000 followers. it ' s a tough job, but somebody ' s got to do it. panel 6, bottom right, is the view to the west, along 10th street as it crosses phillips avenue. prairie star gallery is located just to the left of the yellowish piper jaffrey building on the southwest corner. it ' s easy to tell us apart. they ' re a stock brokerage house - - they actually make money. that ' s a yellow hummer parked across the street from the brokerage house. it hides our black ' 90 toyota camry, parked behind it. the final, 7th panel, is at the upper right. this panel leaves the materialistic world behind, as it leads us to a world of mystery and reunion, where we thank and honor all living creatures and the spirits of all who have gone before us and all who come after us. it depicts turtle island, our earthly home on the north american continent. beyond turtle island, the spirit world exists, not as a place of witches and goblins as some might believe, but as a world of beloved ancestors, from generations we do not know. it is the spirit world that differentiates indigenous cultures from our own, because the indigenous people truly believe in the continuation of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47519213736833904, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.177518"} {"text": "s. africa, australasia to host world \u2019 s biggest radio telescope south africa, australia and new zealand will host the world \u2019 s biggest radio telescope capable of surveying the sky more than ten thousand times faster than before. the three countries provide the best location for the 1. 5bn - euro square kilometre array ( ska ) since they afford the best view of the milky way and host the least radio interference. the radio telescope will probe the early universe, test einstein ' s theory of gravity and search for alien intelligent life. the ska will combine the signals received by thousands of small antennas spread over a distance of more than 3, 000 km and create a superscope with remarkable sensitivity and resolution. it will target radio sources in the sky that radiate at centimeter to meter wavelengths such as clouds of hydrogen gas in the infant universe that collapsed to form the very first stars and galaxies. mapping the positions of the nearest galaxies, gathering new data on \u2018 dark energy \u2019, and detailing the influence of magnetic fields on the development of stars and galaxies will be among the many abilities of the telescope. the ska will also zoom in on pulsars, the highly magnetized, rotating neutron stars that emit beams electromagnetic radiation. the ska project is a global collaboration of 20 countries aimed to provide answers to fundamental questions about the origin and evolution of the universe. construction of the ska is scheduled to begin in 2016 for initial observations by 2019 and full operation by 2024. members of the ska organization are australia, canada, china, italy, new zealand, south africa, the netherlands, and the uk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4763800236572199, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.179225"} {"text": "get ready for hurricane season safety advice from the national weather service the national weather service urges everyone in hawaii to be prepared for hurricane season which runs from june 1 - november 30 every year. in 1992, hurricane iniki was responsible for five deaths on kauai and one death on oahu. unprecedented destruction of property occurred on the garden island with an estimated $ 2. 4 billion in damage. planning ahead could mean the difference between life and death. jim weyman, director of the national weather service central pacific hurricane center in honolulu, said, \" it is important to remember that it only takes one hurricane moving in the right direction to cause extensive damage to any of the islands. all of the hawaiian islands are at risk for hurricanes. people must be equally vigilant and prepared each and every hurricane season. \" be prepared before the hurricane season : - know the history of high wave and storm surge, high winds, and heavy rains and flash flooding in your area. - learn the location of officially designated civil defense shelters for your area. - check the condition of emergency equipment, such as flashlights and battery - powered radios. buy a noaa weather radio, available at most electronic stores, for 24 - hour weather information direct from the national weather service. - ensure that enough non - perishable food and water is on hand to last for at least two weeks. - prepare a survival kit for home use or to take to a shelter. use the list in your telephone book as a guideline. - be aware of the structural limitations of your home and reinforce your home against high winds. - obtain and store materials such as plywood and plastic necessary to secure your home. - check your home for loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts. - keep trees and shrubbery trimmed. cut weak branches and trees that could fall or bump against the house. when trimming, try to create a channel through the foliage to the center of the tree to allow for air flow. - determine where to move your boat in an emergency. - review your insurance policy to ensure it provides adequate coverage. - individuals with special needs should plan ahead for their appropriate medical conditions. ultimately, everyone must take personal responsibility. everyone should have an action plan in the event that a hurricane strikes the islands. each member of the family should know who to contact and where to meet in the event of an emergency. for further information and assistance, contact the national weather service, the local civil defense agency, or the local american red cross chapter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3990555659776378, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.181819"} {"text": "evidence is growing that trauma - focused cognitive - behavioral therapy ( tf - cbt ) is an effective treatment for sexually abused children, including those who have experienced multiple other traumatic events. this article reviews the research that has examined treatments for sexually abused children and suggests future research priorities in this regard. most of the studies that have evaluated tf - cbt have been well designed. this treatment model represents a synthesis of trauma - sensitive interventions and well - established cbt principles ( cohen et al., 2001 ; deblinger and heflin, 1996 ). trauma - focused cognitive - behavioral therapy was jointly developed by two groups of researchers who have recently worked together to conduct multisite, treatment - outcome studies for sexually abused and otherwise traumatized children. the therapy was developed to resolve posttraumatic stress disorder, and depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as to address underlying distortions about self - blame, safety, the trustworthiness of others, and the world. the treatment also fits sexual abuse and other traumatic experiences into a broader context of children ' s lives so that their primary identity is not that of a victim. core components of tf - cbt are psychoeducation about child sexual abuse and ptsd ; affective modulation skills ; individualized stress - management skills ; an introduction to the cognitive triad ( relationships between thoughts, feeling and behaviors ) ; creating a trauma narrative ( a gradual exposure intervention wherein children describe increasingly distressing details of their sexual abuse ) ; cognitive processing ; safety skills and education about healthy sexuality ; and a parental treatment component. parents are seen separately from their children for most of the treatment and receive interventions that parallel those provided to the child, along with parenting skills. several joint parent - child sessions are also included to enhance family communication about sexual abuse and other issues. most of the tf - cbt treatment studies have consisted of 12 treatment sessions. cohen and mannarino conducted two parallel, randomized, controlled trials for 67 sexually abused preschoolers ( 3 to 6 years old ) and 82 children and young adolescents ( 7 to 14 years old ), comparing tf - cbt to nondirective supportive therapy ( nst ) ( cohen and mannarino, 2000, 1998a, 1998b, 1997, 1996a, 1996b ; cohen et al., in press ). the nondirective supportive therapy consisted of play for younger children and child - or parent - directed supportive therapy for older children. the preschool study demonstrated the superiority of tf - cbt in improving pts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5189867934616027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.187045"} {"text": "cohen et al., in press ). the nondirective supportive therapy consisted of play for younger children and child - or parent - directed supportive therapy for older children. the preschool study demonstrated the superiority of tf - cbt in improving ptsd symptoms ( including sexualized behaviors ) and externalizing and internalizing behaviors. these differences were maintained over a one - year follow - up ( cohen and mannarino, 1997, 1996a ). the strongest mediator of treatment response other than type of treatment was parental emotional distress. at one - year follow - up, the strongest predictor of positive response was parental support of the child ( cohen and mannarino, 1998a, 1996b ). among treatment completers in the young adolescent study, tf - cbt was superior to nst in improving depression and social competence at the end of treatment, and in improving ptsd and dissociation at one - year follow - up. ( cohen and mannarino, 1998b ; cohen et al., in press ). the strongest mediators of treatment response were parental support of the child and the child ' s sexual abuse - related attributions ( cohen and mannarino, 2000 ). deblinger et al. ( 1996 ) randomly assigned 100 sexually abused children to standard community care or tf - cbt provided to the child only, the parent only or both. this study documented that tf - cbt provided directly to the child ( in either the child - only or parent plus child condition ) was superior in improving ptsd symptoms, while tf - cbt provided directly to the parent ( in either the parent - only or the parent plus child condition ) was superior in improving the child ' s depressive and behavior problems, as well as in improving positive parenting practices. this was the first study to directly demonstrate the benefit of including a parental treatment component for sexually abused children. these differences were maintained during a two - year follow - up ( deblinger et al., 1999 ). deblinger and colleagues ( 2001 ) conducted a group randomized, controlled trial for preschool children, comparing tf - cbt to supportive therapy. each treatment was provided in parallel child and parent groups. because of the group setting and the young age of these children, gradual exposure was not included. this study demonstrated that tf - cbt was superior to supportive therapy in improving children ' s body safety skills and parental distress related to their children ' s sexual abuse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5026404044888328, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.187977"} {"text": "ecological approaches to cognition essays in honor of ulric neisser edited by eugene winograd, robyn fivush, william hirst published april 1st 1999 by psychology press in the context of an emory symposium on cognition honoring the enormous contributions to cognitive psychology of ulric neisser, this book brings together ecological approaches to various aspects of cognition and its development. well - known former students and colleagues of neisser articulate their views on perception, memory, and culture. there is a strong developmental component, with chapters on infant perception, infant problem solving, and the cognitive profile of williams syndrome, as well as two chapters that consider philosophical issues related to cognitive psychology. contents : preface. part i : perception and its development. p. rochat, direct perception and representation in infancy. k. e. adolph, m. eppler, obstacles to understanding : an ecological approach to infant problem solving. j. r. pani, descriptions of orientation and structure in perception and physical reasoning. a. e. stoper, height and extent : two kinds of size perception. part ii : cognition and its development. e. j. gibson, epam to ego : a cognitive journey e. spelke, unity and diversity in knowledge. m. tomasello, the cultural ecology of young children ' s interactions with objects and artifacts. f. keil, k. lockhart, getting a grip on reality. c. b. mervis, the williams syndrome cognitive profile : strengths, weaknesses, and interrelations among auditory short - term memory, language, and visuospatial constructive cognition. i. e. hyman, jr., creating false autobiographical memories : why people believe their memory errors. w. hirst, d. gluck, revisiting john dean ' s memory. part iii : philosophy and education. r. n. mccauley, bringing ritual to mind. d. a. jopling, five kinds of self - ignorance. y. takano, how does an adviser influence a student? a case study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.556411684637, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.190111"} {"text": "guernica ( garne\u00b4ka ), historic town ( 1990 pop. 16, 422 ), vizcaya prov., n spain, in the basque region. it has metallurgical, furniture, and food manufacturers, and some tourism. the oak of guernica, under which the diet of vizcaya used to meet, is a symbol of the lost liberties of the basques. in apr., 1937, german planes, aiding the insurgents in the spanish civil war, bombed and destroyed guernica. the indiscriminate killing of women and children aroused world opinion, and the bombing of guernica became a symbol of fascist brutality. the event inspired one of picasso ' s most celebrated paintings. guernica is also called guernica y luno. questia, a part of gale, cengage learning. www. questia. com publication information : article title : guernica. encyclopedia title : the columbia encyclopedia, 6th ed.. \u00a9 2012 the columbia electronic encyclopedia \u00a9 2012, columbia university press. licensed from columbia university press. used with the permission of columbia university press. all rights reserved. publisher : the columbia university press. place of publication : not available. publication year : 2013. this material is protected by copyright and, with the exception of fair use, may not be further copied, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45743481468258484, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.191463"} {"text": "cause of tooth decay an acid, which can dissolve dental enamel, is a combination of bacteria and foods like sugar, flour \u2026 remain on teeth that causes tooth decay and cavities. most cavities are usually painless, but they can grow very large, and damage the much softer internal structures of the tooth such as the dentin and the pulp, which is found at the core. if they remain untreated, they can kill the nerve and blood vessels of the tooth, and ultimately the tooth itself. another cause of tooth decay is the lack of enamel production, could be the result of calcium deficiency in your daily diet. tips for tooth decay prevention you can easily prevent tooth decay by taking steps to limit the bacteria and by having a reasonable diet. have good oral hygiene good oral hygiene significantly reduces your risk of getting cavities. get into a routine for brushing your teeth at least twice a day, in the morning and before bedtime. it \u2019 s better to also brush your teeth after meals and pay special attention on all the surface of teeth. it \u2019 s ideal using fluoride toothpaste. to clean between your teeth, floss or use an interdental cleaner. if you can \u2019 t brush after eating, at least try to rinse your mouth with water. after brushing your teeth, cleanse your tongue to remove bacteria as well. avoid frequent snacking whenever you eat or drink something other than water, you help your mouth create harmful acids that can damage your enamel. if you snack or drink throughout the day, your teeth are absolutely under constant attack. so try to limit snacking frequently or change to unsweetened yogurt or fruits which can benefit in many other ways. use natural methods in addition to brushing, flossing, you should apply the following natural remedies to help prevent tooth decay for healthy teeth. 1. green tea green tea is a natural source of fluoride is well known to work against the formation of plaque and cavities. according to some studies, it can even inhibit the growth of certain bacteria that cause bad breath. eating apples daily helps increase saliva flow and wash sugar from your mouth, thus reducing bacteria in the mouth. apple is considered the best tooth decay prevention fruit. you are advisable to eat an apple after meal if you can not brush your teeth immediately. cheese benefits in giving your teeth plenty amount of calcium and phosphorus which can help enhance the strength of your teeth and prevent tooth decay as well.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4616597345980631, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.193904"} {"text": "find more accuracy in the treatment of brain tumor by stereotactic radiosurgery stereotactic radiotherapy ( also called stereotaxy ) is a type of minimally invasive surgical intervention. it uses radiation treatment to deliver a large and precise radiation dose to the tumor area in a single session. this type of surgery applies a three - dimensional coordinates system to locate small targets inside the body. with the help of gamma knife, radiation beams are focused at the tumor from various angles for a short period of time. stereotactic radiosurgery ( srs ) can be performed by several other machines such as x - knife, cyberknife and clinac. it is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that are difficult to be treated by regular surgery. this type of surgery works under three main components. the first one is stereotactic planning system ; it includes multimodality image matching tools. the stereotactic atlas is a series of cross sections of anatomical structure. in most atlases, the three dimensions are as latero - lateral ( x ), dorso - ventral ( y ) and rostro - caudal ( z ). another one is a stereotactic device or apparatus which uses a set of three coordinates ( x, y and z ). and the last one is stereotactic localization and placement procedure. this therapy works in the same way as other forms of radiation treatment. instead of removing the tumor, stereotactic radiotherapy damages the dna of tumor cells. in this way malignant and metastatic tumors may shrink more rapidly. stereotactic radiosurgery can effectively treat different types of tumors including benign, malignant, primary, metastatic, single and multiple. a study in 2008 by the university of texas m. d. anderson cancer center revealed that srs and whole brain radiation therapy ( wbrt ) for the treatment of metastatic brain tumors have more that twice the risk of developing leaning and memory problems than treated with srs alone.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5106014335576554, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.195841"} {"text": "world wetlands day 1998 in slovenia what is world wetlands day? at the 19th meeting of the standing committee, in late october 1996, world wetlands day was officially designated for 2 february of every year, the anniversary of the signing of the ramsar convention on wetlands in 1971, as an opportunity for governments, organizations, and citizens to undertake big and small actions intended to raise public awareness of wetland values and benefits in general and the ramsar convention in particular. this page is part of a series of reports on activities held on and about wwd ' 98 in various countries of the world, as reported to the bureau. if you should know of any other activities not mentioned on these pages, send us a note ( email @ example. com ) and we ' ll add it to this list. world wetlands day - report on activities organised in slovenia for the wwd the state authority for nature conservation of the ministry of environment and physical planning and the national ramsar committee organised a press conference and issued a poster and a leaflet. the conference emphasised the functions and benefits of wetlands and the aims and benefits of participation in the ramsar convention. the leaflet provides some basic information on wetlands and the ramsar convention. about 160 invitations were sent to different media, organisations related to water management, research institutes, faculties, and ngos. background information was attached to the letter of invitation. the event was announced already on sunday on the national radio - val 202. between 50 and 60 participants attended the conference. mr. robert boljesic was live on the air during the conference and the following media were present and reported on the meeting : - slovenia 1 - national tv ( information in the main daily news at 7. 30 p. m. ) - poptv - private station but received throughout the country ( information in the main news ) - val 202 - one of the three national slovenian radio stations - radio glas ljubljana, radijska postaja kranj, rtv koper - local radio stations - sta - slovenian press agency and journalists of main daily ( delo, vecer ) and weekly papers like kmeeki glas and dnevnik. additionally, rtv koper prepared an information at the seeovlje salina, the slovenian ramsar site, that is in a joint programme on the slovenian tv this afternoon, and more articles will be published in the daily paper delo ( the most read paper in the country ) and other papers. the conference itself was chaired by the minister of environment and physical planning,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41378489572183946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.198939"} {"text": "streaks of condensed water vapor created in the air by jet airplanes at high altitudes. ( merriam - websters ) streamer of cloud sometimes observed behind an airplane flying in clear, cold, humid air. ( encyclopaedia britannica ) a visible cloud streak, usually brilliantly white in color, which trails behind a missile or other vehicle in flight under certain conditions. ( dod dictionary of military terms ) contrails can exist in two forms : water droplet and ice crystal. under what conditions do contrails form? the primary factors in contrail formation are air temperature and moisture content. they are usually seen at the higher colder altidtudes, but will even occur at ground level in antartica, sometimes causing a visibility problem for jets that take too long to take - off. contrails started becoming a common sight during world war ii, when bombers started flying at altitudes above 30, 000 feet. they can exist in two forms : water and ice. a water droplet contrail occurs when an airplane flies though cold and supersaturated moist air and the warm water vapour produced by the engine condenses into tiny droplets. under colder temperatures the water will freeze creating suspended ice - crystals. the following graph represents contrail data collected for houston, tx over several months. see the trail research report for full details. temperature and humidity ( degrees of separation between dew point and temperature ). red points indicate longer relative contrail persistence, blue shorter persistence. a contrail forms upon condensation of water vapour produced by the combustion of fuel in the airplane engines. when the ambient relative humidity is high, the resulting water - droplet and / or ice - crystal plume may last for several hours. the trail may be distorted by the winds, etc. ( encyclopaedia britannica ) what are chemtrails? streaks of chemicals created in the air by spray systems on airplanes at any altitude. chemicals are sprayed via planes for many purposes including crop dusting and mosquito control. also fuel is sometimes dumped to reduce weight before landing. but within the chemtrail observer community chemtrails are the product of an active large scale operation. chemtrails are said to vary from contrails in their length of persistence. what the hell is really going on? some people are reporting what they describe to be unusual activity in the sky, including jets leaving trails at low altitudes, spray lines creating x \u2019 s, s \u2019 s and parallel lines, lines that slowly spread to create", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5494407858066792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.207858"} {"text": "the hell is really going on? some people are reporting what they describe to be unusual activity in the sky, including jets leaving trails at low altitudes, spray lines creating x \u2019 s, s \u2019 s and parallel lines, lines that slowly spread to create a canopy of haze, and reports of unusual smells, tastes, and even illness related to the trails. also, a reddish - brown gel, dropped from low - flying aircraft, has been observed by people in the past and was even documented on unsolved mysteries. samples of this substance have been alledgedly analyzed by margareta - erminia cassani and found to be teaming with biological organisms. what would be the purpose of releasing these chemicals or biological agents? this must be decided by the reader for themselves. there are currently three main hypothesis : humans have had the ability to physically affect the weather since learning how to seed clouds in 1946, or possibly 1880. the popular conception of weather manipulation is limited to cloud seeding, but the possibility that the extents of our abilities may have progressed in the meantime is definitely plausible. the fact that the military is very interested in weather control is no secret and many propose that the chemtrail phenomena is a part of this. if true, what is the goal of the weather modification and what negative effects could it have on the environment? nasa is currently conducting several programs that are studying the effects of contrails on weather and the effects do not appear to be beneficial. the use of chemical and biological agents by a government against it \u2019 s own people is, unfortunately, a historical fact. even unintentional accidents can occur. but, some people suggest that chemtrails could actually be part of a program to reduce the population and many feel chemtrails have caused them to become ill and perhaps they are right. if the chemtrails contain biological agents then people already weakened by other factors may have even died as a result of the additional strain on their systems, but could such a diabolical purpose be the ultimate goal? history has taught that even the most unconscionable schemes can be made into reality by men filled with fear and hate, and with such weapons in the hands of government we must remain vigilant until answers are forthcoming. chemical and biological weapons have been used for centuries but have recently entered the world stage as a primary threat. biological agents have the ability to spread and multiply in casualties. these bioweapons are easy to produce and difficult, but possible, to defend against. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5215433647248148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.208888"} {"text": "have been used for centuries but have recently entered the world stage as a primary threat. biological agents have the ability to spread and multiply in casualties. these bioweapons are easy to produce and difficult, but possible, to defend against. the recent actions of the military to require anthrax vaccines for all service personnel show that this matter is of high importance. some propose that the government may be quietly releasing bioagents to vaccinate citizens via the air. this could account for reported illnesses since a vaccine sometimes makes a person sick. municipal water supplies might not be universal enough and could be easily sampled and tested, but everyone breathes the air. and the federal government rules the air. why would chemtrails be created in the daytime where anyone could see? since spraying is being reported day and night, it may be a necessity of the magnitude of the operation. also, if people noticed trails that only occurred under the cover of darkness they might be more inclined to become suspicious. but when unusual activity occurs in the sky during broad daylight it goes unnoticed because the human mind attempts to interpret things based on past experience, thus a chemtrail would be just a contrail to most. if they even bothered to look up and notice. why would chemtrails be created in such noticeable patterns? if jet planes are used to provide aerial spray coverage of a particular area, and the planes are leaving a trail, there are going to be unusual patterns in the sky. again, the human oblivious factor comes in to play to lower the impact of the lines. when did all this start? reports of chemtrails began slowly gaining momentum in 1999, and are increasing rapidly in 2000. there are reports and photographic evidence to suggest that some spraying was occuring as early as 1990. what evidence exists to support a chemtrail operation? no concrete proof exists and no govermental admissions have been issued for the chemtrail operation. it has been openly admitted by the pentagon that the u. s. military has performed many biological warfare tests on unknowing servicemen in the past, additionally the wall street journal and the washington post have even reported that civilians may have died as a result of exposure to live agents sprayed by the army and navy during biological warfare tests. there are thousands of reports and hundreds of photos. you must decide for yourself what they amount to. some people think it is just contrails, but many are saying that there is more, that something unusual is happening. new research indicates that there may be a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5020713582863058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.209983"} {"text": "thousands of reports and hundreds of photos. you must decide for yourself what they amount to. some people think it is just contrails, but many are saying that there is more, that something unusual is happening. new research indicates that there may be a unique type of trail. using atmospheric soundings and flight explorer, the trails over houston, tx were observed, measured and analyzed. see the trail research report for full details. houston, tx 1 / 20 / 01 5 : 57 - 6 : 07pm : example flight explorer display. red indicates greater than 27, 000 ft, orange are lower altitude, and blue have landed. what countries have reports of chemtrails? who are the responsible parties? the largest number of reports seems to be from the us, followed by canada. several other countries have some reports, often noted by western visitors. since reports are coming from multiple countries, it seems to transcend individual governments. but with no obvious controlling body the answer remains to be seen. | country | | united nations | | nato member | | nato partner | what is a sundog, chemdog? why did i see two suns? these effects are all caused by the refraction of light. in meteorology, halo is the name given to a ring of light surrounding the sun or moon. this effect is produced by light as it passes through ice crystals suspended in the air. a sundog is an even more elusive natural phenomena, which, utilizes the hexagonal shape of the ice crystals along with a \u201c prefered \u201d horizontal orientation of the crystal \u2019 s flat faces. the sundog appears, as a bright spot of light, usually to the left or right of the halo, while the sun is lower in the sky. a sunring, chemring, or chembow is based on the same priciple but created in the haze of heavy daytime spraying instead of ice crystals. these chemical sunrings are quite large, probably larger than the water based 22 degree rings. the ring can appear as a 360 degree muted rainbow under ideal conditions. along the ring, a chemical sundog, or chemdog may occur. this has been described by some as \u201c two suns \u201c. also a chemdog may be formed in the precipitation of particles from below a chemtrail. in this case the full sunring is not created, but the brighter chemdog is seen. what is an iridescent chembow? why did i see a rainbow in a cloud or chemtrail? this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5492081542411651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.211017"} {"text": "a chemtrail. in this case the full sunring is not created, but the brighter chemdog is seen. what is an iridescent chembow? why did i see a rainbow in a cloud or chemtrail? this effect is caused by the diffraction of light. this is caused by cloud iridescence which occurs when sunlight is diffracted by water droplets to create an irregular - shaped rainbow. this effect can also be seen lighting up chemtrails with a bright blob of spectrum - colors. the term chembow is popularly used to apply to both the \u201c bow \u201d of the sunring and the rainbow - colored patch of the iridescence effect. perhaps more correctly applied to the former, as it actually is a bow. what is the deal with the black lines? dark lines or trails in the sky can be caused by a variety of things. sometimes even normal contrails can appear dark due to lighting effects or excessive pollution. many black lines are the result of a trail casting a shadow onto a canopy of haze below. it can have the appearance of proceeding the airplane if the sun is shining from behind. cloud cutting, the process in which a plane flies through a layer of cirrus aviaticus can sometimes create channels which also appear dark. what about the silver orbs? a rare but documented phenomena, silver orbs, which are also described as white or nickle in color, have been observed in conjunction with spraying. they are reported to hover in the general area of chemtrails and then leave. these may be advanced military drones involved with testing the components of the trails. sighting locations include california, texas and alabama. this information is from http : / / www. chemtrailcentral. com / chemfaq. shtml", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5783889452640564, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.211705"} {"text": "you are here : rehacare portal. up - to - date. archive. city kids have more food allergies kids in big cities are more than twice as likely to have peanut allergy ; \u00a9 panthermedia. net / children living in urban centres have a much higher prevalence of food allergies than those living in rural areas, according to a new study, which is the first to map children ' s food allergies by geographical location in the united states. in particular, kids in big cities are more than twice as likely to have peanut and shellfish allergies compared to rural communities. \" we have found for the first time that higher population density corresponds with a greater likelihood of food allergies in children, \" said ruchi gupta of northwestern university. \" this shows that environment has an impact on developing food allergies. similar trends have been seen for related conditions like asthma. the big question is \u2013 what in the environment is triggering them? a better understanding of environmental factors will help us with prevention efforts. \" gupta said some of her future research will focus on trying to identify the environmental causes. the study included 38, 465 children, 18 years and under, who comprised a representative sample of u. s. households. their food allergies were mapped by zip code. the key findings of the study : in urban centres 9. 8 per cent of children have food allergies, compared to 6. 2 per cent in rural communities, almost a 3. 5 per cent difference. peanut allergies are twice as prevalent in urban centres as in rural communities, with 2. 8 per cent of children having the allergy in urban centres compared to 1. 3 per cent in rural communities. shellfish allergies are more than double the prevalence in urban versus rural areas ; 2. 4 per cent of children have shellfish allergies in urban centres compared to 0. 8 per cent in rural communities. food allergies are equally severe regardless of where a child lives, the study found. nearly 40 per cent of food - allergic children in the study had already experienced a severe, life - threatening reaction to food. the study controlled for household income, race, ethnicity, gender and age. it tracked food allergy prevalence in urban centres, metropolitan cities, urban outskirts, suburban areas, small towns and rural areas. rehacare. de ; source : northwestern university - more about the northwestern university at : www. northwestern. edu ( source : rehacare. de )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43687006441646703, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.214120"} {"text": "you are here : rehacare portal. up - to - date. archive. usa. robotic arm ' s big flaw : patients say it ' s ' too easy ' maybe one day the robotic arm can help people do things the cannot do on their own ; \u00a9 jason greene / ucf one touch directs a robotic arm to grab objects in a new computer program designed to give people in wheelchairs more independence. researchers thought the ease of the using the program ' s automatic mode would be a huge hit. but they were wrong \u2013 many participants in a pilot study didn ' t like it because it was \" too easy. \" most participants preferred the manual mode, which requires them to think several steps ahead and either physically type in instructions or verbally direct the arm with a series of precise commands. they favored the manual mode even though they did not perform tasks as well with it. john bricout, the associate dean for research and community outreach at the university of texas at arlington school of social work, said the study demonstrates how people want to be engaged \u2013 but not overwhelmed \u2013 by technology. the psychology theory of flow describes this need to have a balance between challenge and capacity in life. \" if we ' re too challenged, we get angry and frustrated. but if we aren ' t challenged enough, we get bored, \" said bricout, who has conducted extensive research on adapting technology for users with disabilities. \" we all experience that. people with disabilities are no different. \" the computer program is based on how the human eye sees. a touch screen, computer mouse, joystick or voice command sends the arm into action. then sensors mounted on the arm see an object, gather information and relay it to the computer, which completes the calculations necessary to move the arm and retrieve the object. assistant professor aman behal is seeking grants to translate the study ' s findings into a smoother \" hybrid \" mode that is more interactive and challenging for users and features a more accurate robotic arm. laser, ultrasound and infrared technology coupled with an adaptive interface will help him achieve his goals. the key is to design technology that can be individualised with ease, behal said. some patients will have more mobility than others, and they may prefer a design closer to the manual mode. though the automatic mode wasn ' t popular in the pilot study, it may be the best option for patients with more advanced disease and less mobility. rehacare. de ; source : university of central florida - more about the university of central florida at www. uc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45844388719948087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.216877"} {"text": "february high desert bird of the month : oregon junco oregon juncos, members of the sparrow family, are one of six recognizable populations of dark - eyed junco, and normally occur only west of the rockies. the dark gray to black hood, along with an almost pink bill, makes them pretty easy to identify. in flight they show flashy white outer tail feathers. they are such a beautiful little bird and i look forward to their return each winter. juncos nest and spend the breeding season in forested areas as far north as canada and alaska and spend winters all across the united states. they are often called \u201c snowbirds, \u201d possibly because their return from northern breeding grounds foretells the return of cold and snowy weather. they tend to return to the same area each winter, so you may have some of the same birds at your feeder as you had in previous years. juncos are flocking birds with a distinct social hierarchy \u2014 adult males at the top, then juvenile males, adult females and young females at the bottom. juncos are one of the most numerous birds in the country ( with estimated populations of 630 million ) and are reported at 80 % of winter feeders by participants in project feeder watch. oregon juncos are primarily seed - eaters year round. when they are foraging, they typically hop ( rather than walk ) on the ground, pecking or scratching at leaf litter or for seed under feeders. juncos, along with some other members of the sparrow family, practice a foraging technique called \u201c riding. \u201d they fly up to a seed cluster on top of a grass stem and ride it to the ground where they pick off the seeds while standing on it. one more reason not to be too neat of a gardener ; leaving weed seeds of crabgrass, lamb \u2019 s quarters, and others provides juncos and other sparrows a much needed seed source in winter. juncos prefer to roost in evergreens at night, but will take advantage of tall grass and brush piles. they return to the same roost area each night and will share with their flock, but they don \u2019 t huddle together. they spend over 65 % of their time on the ground, almost never being observed in the canopy of large trees. you can attract oregon juncos to your yard by feeding a seed blend containing millet and hulled sunflower seeds. it is best to offer your food in a ground tray feeder which keeps the seed from spoiling from moisture on the ground. i also often find the juncos beneath the finch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4088769902669901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.225654"} {"text": "by feeding a seed blend containing millet and hulled sunflower seeds. it is best to offer your food in a ground tray feeder which keeps the seed from spoiling from moisture on the ground. i also often find the juncos beneath the finch feeders, gleaning what is being pulled or dropped from those feeders. tray feeders and seed blends to attract these and other wintering species can be purchased at wild birds unlimited in moana nursery locations. fun facts about juncos - the dark - eyed junco is currently divided into six distinct populations that include the following : oregon, pink - sided, white - winged, slate - colored, gray - headed, and red - backed juncos. there are an additional 12 subspecies divided among these populations. - the dark - eyed junco has been documented to produce hybrids with white - throated sparrows. - dark - eyed juncos are often called \u201c snowbirds, \u201d possibly due to the fact that many people believe their return from their northern breeding grounds foretells the return of cold and snowy weather. another possible source of the nickname may be the white belly plumage and slate - colored back of the junco which has been described as \u201c leaden skies above, snow below. \u201d - juncos spend the entire winter in flocks averaging in size from six to thirty or more birds. - dark - eyed juncos tend to return to the same area each winter. chances are that you have many of the same birds at your feeder this winter that you had in previous years. - visiting flocks of juncos will usually stay within an area of about 10 acres during their entire winter stay. - to avoid the competition, many female juncos migrate earlier and go farther south than most of the males. in michigan only 20 % of the wintering juncos are females, whereas in alabama 72 % were found to be female. - male juncos tend to spend the winter farther north in order to shorten their spring migration and thus gain the advantage of arriving first at prime breeding territories. - when migrating, female juncos move south before the males do, and adult females leave before the young females. - juncos migrate at night at very low altitudes and are susceptible to collisions with communication towers and other structures. - each winter flock of juncos has a dominance hierarchy with adult males at the top, then juvenile males, adult females and young females at the bottom. you can often observe individuals challenging the status of others with aggressive displays of lunges and tail flicking. - while", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4093009788275098, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.226876"} {"text": "flock of juncos has a dominance hierarchy with adult males at the top, then juvenile males, adult females and young females at the bottom. you can often observe individuals challenging the status of others with aggressive displays of lunges and tail flicking. - while the southward migration of slate - colored juncos is complete by early december, there is some evidence that indicates that harsh winter weather may spur some juncos to move further south at anytime during the winter. - juncos have over 30 percent more feathers ( by weight ) in the winter than they do in summer. - juncos prefer to roost in evergreens at night but will also use tall grasses and brush piles. they return to the same roost location repeatedly and will share it with other flock mates, but they do not huddle together. - the name junco is derived from the latin word for the \u201c rush \u201d plant found in wetlands. - partners in flight currently estimates the north american population of dark - eyed juncos at approximately 260 million, second only to the american robin in overall population size in north america. a separate research paper estimates that the junco population could actually be as high as 630 million. - according to project feeder watch, juncos are sighted at more feeding areas across north america than any other bird. over 80 % percent of those responding report juncos at their feeders. - a study in new hampshire on the foraging habitats of the slate - colored juncos found that they spent over 65 % their time on the ground, 20 % in shrubs, 16 % in saplings or low trees. they were never observed in the canopy of large trees. - juncos, along with some other members of the sparrow family, practice an interesting foraging method called \u201c riding. \u201d they fly up to a seed cluster on the top of a grass stem and \u201c ride \u201d it to the ground where they pick off the seeds while standing on it. - juncos are known to burrow through snow in search of seeds that have been covered over. - on an annual basis, a junco \u2019 s diet is made up of approximately three parts seeds to one part insects. during the nesting period, the percent of insects can increase up to 50 or 60 % of their diet. - you may not like these weeds in your yard, but the seeds of chickweed, ragweed, knotweed, pigweed, lamb \u2019 s quarters and crabgrass are some of the main natural seed sources used by juncos. - you can attract juncos to your yard by feeding a seed blend", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4189883341800376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.227797"} {"text": "\u201c a lot of people are waiting for martin luther king or mahatma gandhi to come back \u2013 but they are gone. it is up to us. it is up to you. \u201d \u2013 marian wright edelman i saw this quote on facebook a couple days after the shootings in newtown, connecticut. the quote made me think about what would mlk, jr. be doing and saying about current events. i have read and / or listened to many of martin \u2019 s writings and speeches, so i could ( i hope ) reasonably extrapolate his views. of course, it \u2019 s difficult to ascertain what his impact on society and the culture would be had he survived. maybe progress in some areas would have happened sooner ; maybe he would been rendered largely irrelevant. that \u2019 s the thing about those who die, especially those who die relatively young ; they are frozen in time. maybe, instead of him dying in 1968, i should imagine that he was traveling to another planet, and finally made it back, this century. the overriding issue for martin luther king was always justice. he would fret over the continuing divide of wealth between white americans and those who are black and hispanic. at the end of his life, mlk was increasingly aware of class distinctions. he would be equally concerned about the inequity of income that has developed regardless of race, especially over the past thirty years ; he would be challenging the 1 % for sure. he would be a proponent of equal pay for women. obviously, heinous acts of brutality be distressing to him. but he would also address the culture of violence that leads to such unthinkable acts. he would surely talk about the awful tumult that takes place every day in the united states that doesn \u2019 t make the headlines. he would oppose the death penalty. not only did he not believe in \u201c an eye for an eye, \u201d but he would despair of the imbalance of people of color incarcerated and on death rows across the country, disproportionate to the number of crimes committed. mlk came to oppose the vietnam war by 1967. surely, he would have opposed the iraq war as unjustified, even before it actually started in 2003. the current wars, particularly the use of drones, would break his heart. martin would undoubtedly be pleased, and possibly surprised, that an african - american had been elected president, but would suggested that we have not yet reached \u201c the promised land. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45872178891355453, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.230521"} {"text": "imagine you were a pipistrelle bat living in the rom \u2019 s bat cave and one night, when all the lights went out, you snuck out of the cave to explore the wonderful galleries of the museum. what would you want to see? where would you go first? need a little help boosting your imagination? check out the rom \u2019 s very first children \u2019 s book \u2013 burton and isabelle pipistrelle : out of the bat cave. to educate and foster appreciation for these much - loved colourful insects, the city of toronto, in partnership with the rom and livegreen toronto, has published a new book, butterflies of toronto : a guide to their remarkable world. with hundreds of full - colour photographs, this new publication shares the local history of butterflies and details on where they live in toronto. it is part of a biodiversity series being produced by the city to commemorate the year of biodiversity 2010. rob mason, is an archaeological scientist whose research interests include art, technology, trade, and industry from the beginnings of time to the industrial revolution. but you may recognize him as a dancing knight from our medieval dancing presentations! don \u2019 t miss the rom \u2019 s medieval fall fair this weekend, october 1 \u2013 2. the ability to place man - made devices \u2013 satellites \u2013 in orbit around our planet has revolutionized the ways in which we communicate and allowed us to study our planet, our solar system and our universe in ways not otherwise possible. in fact, satillites are so useful that there is a growing lack of space in outer space. our planet is surrounded by literally tens of millions of pieces of man - made material ranging from dust and flecks of paint, to multi - tonne satellites and spent rocket components.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49618501564269524, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.232574"} {"text": "every cell in your body contains chromosomes \u2013 strands of genes and other dna that form the blueprint for how your body looks and works. by examining your chromosomes up close, scientists can spot genetic ( inherited ) or acquired abnormalities that can signal the presence of cancer or other diseases. those abnormalities may also predict the aggressiveness of the disease and help identify the treatments that will be most effective. the process begins in the clinical cytogenetics laboratory, where cells are cultured, stained, magnified and digitally photographed under a microscope. this provides a \u201c group photo \u201d of all 46 of your chromosomes \u2013 22 inherited from each of your parents, plus the x and y chromosomes that determine your gender \u2013 all scattered about as if spilled on a table. working with the computerized image, lab technologists organize the chromosomes into pairs, matched according to such characteristics as size and the locations of the light and dark bands that are unique to each chromosome. then the pairs are numbered, from 1 to 22. the finished snapshot, called a karyotype, looks like the picture above. the karyotype can be colorized with spectral karyotyping ( sky ), or specific regions on chromosomes can be made to glow with fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ). the sky and fish techniques make it easier for scientists to flag abnormalities \u2013 for example, missing chromosomes, extra chromosomes, or \u201c translocations, \u201d in which a chromosomal region from one numbered pair switches places with another chromosomal region in a different pair. \u201c we see specific chromosomal alterations in certain forms of cancer, \u201d says annemarie block, phd, director of roswell park \u2019 s clinical cytogenetics laboratory. \" one example is chronic myeloid leukemia, a form of cancer in which pieces of chromosomes 9 and 22 switch places. \u201c our job is to describe these abnormalities when we see them in patients. that information is joined with what the pathologist sees through the microscope, the clinical presentation of the patient, and the characteristics on the outside of the cells, in order to reach a diagnosis. \" cytogenetic analysis can also help identify the most promising treatments, because therapies have been developed to target specific chromosomal abnormalities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.553568920838614, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.237945"} {"text": "in embedded systems, size does matter. embedded products are usually limited in resources of ram and storage ( usually flash ) and the cost pressure forces you to think about creative ways to reduce the overall size of the binary applications and libraries, without reducing the features and functionality. in the years i \u2019 ve been working in the embedded systems business, i often deal with requirements to reduce the overall size of the application due to system limitation. therefore, i have a lot of experience in this field which i am going to share with you in this \u201c size optimization \u201d series. the series will include information about size optimization and reduction, general tips, optimizing applications, static libraries, shared libraries, file systms and the linux kernel. embedded systems are usually equipped with limited amount of ram ( 32mb \u2013 128mb ) and even more limited amount of flash memory ( 1mb \u2013 16mb ), where the sizes of the devices grow in the power of 2. so if your application image requires 4. 1mb of storage, your product must be equipped with a 8mb flash device instead of a cheaper 4mb device, if the image was just a bit smaller. in the following series of articles, i \u2019 m going to show some techniques to reduce the binary size without actually changing the code itself, which could yield also better results. i will dedicate one or more article about writing a more efficient code as well. the input for this purpose is the source code which is refered as a \u201c black box \u201d. general tips for size optimization the following tips will yield smaller binary output. configure the compiler the compiler can be configured to produce smaller binaris by applying optimizations to the assembly code that result in smaller output. as described in the \u201c using the gcc \u201d article, enable this option by adding the \u201c - os \u201d flag in the command line. in case another optimization level is used ( - ox, where x could be 0, 1, 2, 3 ), you \u2019 ll need to replace it. note that replacing the optimization with size optimization may also result in performance impact, especially if levels 2 or 3 were previously used. these levels configure the compiler to modify the code to yield better performance, and level 3 even increases the output size in order to improve performance ( like loop unfolding for example ). the size optimization works on the other direction, where the performance is less important than the actual output size. this option is mostly used when compiling a boot loader which must be confined to the first 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45020814270722465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.243239"} {"text": "performance ( like loop unfolding for example ). the size optimization works on the other direction, where the performance is less important than the actual output size. this option is mostly used when compiling a boot loader which must be confined to the first 1 or few sectors in the flash, but can be also used for compiling the kernel and user space applications. the following table shows the output size ( in bytes ) of an application which was compiled with various optimization levels : as we can see from this table, the level 2 optimization has the best trade - off between size and performance, comparing to \u201c no optimiztion \u201d. the size in level 2 optimization has been reduced by 8 %. level 3 optimization has actually increased the size by 4 % ( with the supposed performance increase ) and level s has reduced the file size by 11 % ( with some impact of performance ). stripping the output by default, and especially when the - g flag was used in the compilation command line, the output contains some debug symbols which are useful for debugging and analysis. however, in you final target, these symbols are not required and can be removed ( stripped ) in order to reduce the size of the image. in order to remove these symbols, use the stripapplication which comes in the binutils package with the \u2013 strip - unneeded flag. the following table shows the size differences ( in bytes ) before and after stripping : | before stripping | | after stripping | stripping the output is safe and has no effect on the performance. it does not change the behavior of the application, just removes unused data. compiling in thumb mode ( arm platforms only ) the arm family of cpus provides an option to work in a reduced instruction set, which is 16 - bit in length instead of 32 - bit. this instruction set is referred as \u201c thumb mode \u201c. this mode actually uses a compressed instruction set and thus resulting with a smaller code. the thumb mode may reduce the output size by up to 30 %. the performance figures are not always clear here. in case the cpu is 16 - bit native, it will yield better performance. however, on a 32 - bit cpu, the thumb mode may either reduce the performance or not impact it at all ( it \u2019 s application depended ). in a mixed instruction system, you also need to configure the compiler to produce interwork code, which is required when switching from the arm mode to thumb mode and vice versa. therefore, in order to produce a thumb output, use", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4637726641791239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.244226"} {"text": "owner : usda forest service ( 530 ) 226 - 2500 county : siskiyou, shasta, trinity public access : yes location : click here related website : click here access via : public road fishing regulations : click here fishing supplement : click here the entire national forest expands through northern shasta, trinity and siskiyou counties. the sacramento river goes through the shasta mccloud management unit. this area is north of lake shasta and expands north to the town of weed. the largest national forest in california, it provides many recreational opportunities, such as hunting, fishing, hiking, biking, camping, mountain climbing and skiing. the usda forest service promotes healthy forest and wildlife habitat, maintaining clean water, producing timber products, and safeguarding the communities at risk from wildfires. contains hundreds of mountain lakes, and 1, 900 miles of streams including the sacramento river. the national forest is part of the klamath mountain geological province. made up of mostly conifer forest with different species of trees, such as, ponderosa pine, sugar pine, douglas fir, and california red fir. other species of trees in the area are cottonwood, valley oak, black oak, canyon live oak and pacific dogwood. mammals include the black bear, columbian blacktail deer, ringtail cat, raccoon, striped skunk, mountain lion, bobcat, coyote, gray fox, river otter, different species of squirrels, chipmunks, black - tailed jackrabbit, bats and a small number of elk. there are also many types of bird species, such as stellar jays, warblers, owls, swallows, hummingbirds, great blue herons, bald eagles, turkeys, osprey, hawks, and many more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39159874711106224, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.245964"} {"text": "researchers from china, leicester and oxford have discovered a remarkable fossil which sheds new light on an important group of primitive sea creatures. the 525 - million - year - old fossil belongs to a group of tentacle - bearing creatures which lived inside hard tubes. previously only the tubes have been seen in detail but this new specimen clearly shows the soft parts of the body including tentacles for feeding. details of the discovery have been announced today in the journal current biology. the study was funded by the royal society and the national natural foundation of china. the creature belongs to a group called pterobranch hemichordates which are related to starfish and sea urchins but also show some characteristics that offer clues to the evolution of the earliest vertebrates. about 30 species of pterobranch are known to exist today although 380 - 490 million years ago a group of these animals called graptolites were common across the prehistoric oceans. pterobranches are creatures which secrete a substance that builds up into a hard tube around their soft body. tentacles extend from the top of the tube to catch plankton. although less than 4 cm in length, the new fossil is beautifully preserved and minute details can be seen including 36 tiny tentacles along one feathery arm. professor david siveter from the university of leicester ' s department of geology commented, ' amazingly, it has exceptionally preserved soft tissues - including arms and tentacles used for feeding - giving unrivalled insight into the ancient biology of the group. ' colleagues from yunnan university and the universities of leicester and oxford collaborated in identifying and describing the remarkable find which was discovered in yunnan province, china. it has been named galeaplumosus abilus which means ' feathered helmet from beyond the clouds, ' referring to both the creature ' s shape and its location - ' yunnan ' literally translates as ' south of the clouds. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4894406600600707, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.247982"} {"text": "oct. 19, 2009 a new computerised approach to airport operations is being developed that will reduce delays, speed up baggage handling and decrease pollution. the project is funded by the engineering and physical sciences research council ( epsrc ) and led by researchers at the university of nottingham. the research work aims to computerise and co - ordinate four key areas of airport operations : scheduling of aeroplanes taking - off and landing, gate assignment and baggage handling. the end result will be a prototype search engine capable of analysing the many billions of possible scheduling combinations so as to provide the best advice to the controllers, who decide where in the airport to send planes. currently these four aspects of airport operations are, in most cases, organised manually by highly skilled staff making decisions based on observations, reports and their experience. furthermore, each activity is run in isolation from the others, which allows the potential for any difficulties in operations in one area to affect another. this can lead to delays snowballing. as well as enhancing the experience for passengers, crucially, the improvements in scheduling will reduce pollution by minimising the time planes are on the ground with engines running. this could save thousands of litres of aviation fuel every year, a vital improvement given the growth in air travel predicted in the coming years. a consortium of researchers from four universities are involved in the project, assisted by manchester and zurich airports which will provide crucial advice and expertise from the user ' s point of view. the project will see development of computational models for each of the four airport operations which, ultimately, will be run on regular pcs. key to the research will be examining how to run them all together to streamline overall operations. principal investigator on the project and dean of the faculty of science at the university of nottingham, professor edmund burke, says the limitations of the current systems are widely acknowledged : \" many people in the industry recognise that automating just one of these aspects could improve the efficient running of airport operations, so integrating all four would be a huge step forward. \" \" we ' ll be developing a computer system that will work its way through the many billions of permutations created daily in each of these operations, to provide a much higher level of computer - aided decision support than is currently available, \" says burke. this will provide the best possible advice to runway controllers and other airport staff to inform their decisions regarding where planes and baggage are moved to. among the crucial issues being tackled is the matter of how long an aeroplane needs for preparation on the ground before take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5093098653542647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.252340"} {"text": "this will provide the best possible advice to runway controllers and other airport staff to inform their decisions regarding where planes and baggage are moved to. among the crucial issues being tackled is the matter of how long an aeroplane needs for preparation on the ground before take off. this has to include enough time for the passenger safety briefing, which is a legal requirement, and for the engines to warm up. if sent to the runway without incorporating enough time for these activities, it will mean a delay at the runway before take off. this can lead to unnecessary congestion on the runway, aircraft unnecessarily using up fuel while waiting for take off, and, potentially, delays to other flights. burke adds that the involvement of the two airports will also provide invaluable assistance to the multi - disciplinary team of scientists and engineers : \" working closely with manchester and zurich airports will ensure access to real world expertise that should help us achieve the best possible result. \" the academic team in the consortium consists of representatives from : the university of nottingham, university of salford, loughborough university and university of liverpool. the four - year research project \" integrating and automating airport operations \" will begin on 1 december 2009 and is scheduled to end on 30 november 2013. it has received epsrc funding of \u00a3681, 924. research by the georgia institute of technology in 2006 found that a 1 % increase in air transport leads to a 5 % increase in delays. with a 26 % rise in air transport expected by 2013, compared to 2006, ( according to the european organisation for the safety of air navigation ) this project could help airports change the way they operate. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : the above story is reprinted from materials provided by engineering and physical sciences research council. note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.487707309368889, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.253267"} {"text": "john graham, an astronomer at the carnegie institution of washington, explains. the length of a star ' s life depends on how fast it uses up its nuclear fuel. our sun, in many ways an average sort of star, has been around for nearly five billion years and has enough fuel to keep going for another five billion years. almost all stars shine as a result of the nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. this takes place within their hot, dense cores where temperatures are as high as 20 million degrees. the rate of energy generation for a star is very sensitive to both temperature and the gravitational compression from its outer layers. these parameters are higher for heavier stars, and the rate of energy generation - - and in turn the observed luminosity - - goes roughly as the cube of the stellar mass. heavier stars thus burn their fuel much faster than less massive ones do and are disproportionately brighter. some will exhaust their available hydrogen within a few million years. on the other hand, the least massive stars that we know are so parsimonious in their fuel consumption that they can live to ages older than that of the universe itself - - about 15 billion years. but because they have such low energy output, they are very faint. when we look up at the stars at night, almost all of the ones we can see are intrinsically more massive and brighter than our sun. most longer - lasting stars that are fainter than the sun are just too dim to view without telescopic aid. at the end of a star \u00bf s life, when the supply of available hydrogen is nearly exhausted, it swells up and brightens. many stars that are visible to the naked eye are in this stage of their life cycles because this bias brings them preferentially to our attention. they are, on average, a few hundred million years old and slowly coming to the end of their lives. a massive star such as the red betelgeuse in orion, in contrast, approaches its demise much more quickly. it has been spending its fuel so extravagantly that it cannot be older than about 10 million years. within a million years, it is expected to go into complete collapse before probably exploding as a supernova. stars are still being born at the present time from dense clouds of dust and gas, but they remain deeply embedded in their placental material and cannot be seen in visible light. the enveloping dust is transparent to infrared radiation, however, so scientists using modern detecting devices can easily locate and study them. in so doing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5215557742272483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.259774"} {"text": "treatments for migraine, both for prevention and for alleviation during an attack, have been problematic because they have not been tailored specifically to the disorder. recent understanding of the neurobiology of migraine and the way the medicines work is leading to the development of more refined compounds with fewer side effects. such compounds could intervene at various sites ( marked on the diagram with xs ) and work in several ways. inhibit cortical spreading depression the wave of hyperexcitability called cortical spreading depression involves ion transfer from glia ( a class of brain cell ) to neurons, through a form of ion channel called a gap junction. gap junctions allow calcium to flow between glia and neurons, which activates the neurons. compounds currently in clinical trials close these cellular pores to stop the wave in its tracks. inhibit trigeminal neurons one of the ways that trigeminal nerves convey pain signals is by releasing the neurotransmitter calcitonin gene \u2013 related peptide ( cgrp ), which activates neurons in the trigeminal nucleus. a class of drugs called triptans alleviates migraine by blocking the release of cgrp. new treatments in advanced trials block the effects of cgrp. illustration credit : tami tolpa ( top ) ; jen christiansen ( bottom )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028660456826834, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.263018"} {"text": "experiment with pneumatic - hydraulic engines the laws of physics come to life in this creative construction kit. build vehicles powered by air and water as you learn about water and air proplusion and hydro - pneumo systems that use a self - contained air - and - water turbine system as a motor. a colorful instruction book illustrates step - by - step assembly for a truck, excavator, radar car, tank, antique car, helicopter, motorbike, backhoe, rocket car, forklift, roadster, propeller plane, grinder, and cutting machine. once built you can compete with your friends to see whose water - jet propelled car and hydro - pneumo car goes the fastest. this unique kit allows you to build two different air - and - water - powered systems : water - jet propelled cars and hydro - pneumo ( which simply means air pressure and water pressure ) powered engines. the hydro - pneumo system uses a self - contained air - and - water turbine system as a motor. the 165 building pieces included in this set are compatible with those in all thames and kosmos construction series kits, physics series kits, wind power, and hydropower kits. recommended for ages 8 and up. warning : choking hazard - contains small parts. not for children under 3 years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5184050582470635, "token_count": 271, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.267290"} {"text": "there has been a marked increase in cyber attacks by state and non - state hackerssince the russia georgia war of 2008. in addition to the cyber clashes resulting from israel ' s operation cast lead and theweb site defacement of india ' s eastern railway, the british government hasreported thousands of cyber attacks occurring each day on its criticalinfrastructure. the french embassies in britain, the u. s., china, and canada came under chinesecyber attacks in december 2008. the government of zimbabwe has been waging a cyber war against its oppositionparty for the past five years. as this report is being written, a 60 day u. s. cyber security review on how the u. s. government may best proceed to protect its cyberspace from a wide variety of attacks against u. s. financial infrastructure and national security threats on a dailybasis. this report aims to answer the following questions by examining three differentcyber events impacting almost a dozen nations : how effective is social network analysis in computer network exploitation? how critical is the ability to access black ( classified ) data in a cyber intelligenceeffort? is there evidence that points to russian government involvement in the georgiacyber attacks of july and august 2008? 1http : / / www. timesonline. co. uk / tol / news / uk / crime / article4592677. ece2http : / / intelfusion. net / wordpress /? cat = 4133http : / / concernedafricascholars. org / the - glass - fortress / 4http : / / news. cnet. com / 8301 - 13578 _ 3 - 10159975 - 38. html", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5381177662883524, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.271676"} {"text": "teen programs history the 1980s marked an unprecedented surge in violent juvenile crimes, due in part to a transition by young people from drug use to the profitable and highly competitive drug trafficking market. traditional youth recreation programs and approaches became irrelevant because they were not aligned with the current behavior and circumstances of the participants. a new mayor was elected in seattle at the end of the 1980s and at every public meeting he attended he was asked, \" what are you going to do about gangs? \" seattle had a reputation of being america ' s most livable city. although known for its high quality of life, this image was being tarnished by the gang problem. the public, political officials, and businesses were all applying pressure to the bureaucratic system to address the gang problem. reco bembry, seattle teen programs coordinator, noted, \" it was clear the solution had not been found yet, so the community and government were open to new ideas. \" in 1989 a consortium of recreation professionals in the city was established as the \" seattle team for youth. \" in addition, a mayor ' s task force was formed comprised of the heads of city departments which deal with youth. see more information about our youth violence prevention program. we continue today to strive towards success in the following : - expanding parks and recreation opportunities for high school aged youth in the evenings and on weekends - creating and expanding youth employment opportunities, including paid internships and career shadowing, during the summer and throughout the year - aligning out - of - school time activities with school readiness and academic success - partnering with communities to develop services and activities that are specifically tailored for ethnic and immigrant populations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4356986171640954, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.274272"} {"text": "exercise sage brush - 1955 by rickey robertson in the history of the united states army, the great louisiana maneuvers of 1941 are still well remembered and many of the combat tactics learned in those maneuvers are still taught in the command and general staff school. the 1955 louisiana maneuvers, known as exercise sage brush, however eclipsed this previous maneuver in one aspect ; it was designed to test simulated combat conditions in an atomic war. the forces from various divisions and units again camped throughout louisiana just as their predecessors did in 1941, in ever town, village, communities, and the countryside, and throughout sabine parish. living here in the little community of peason and peason ridge many of the battles and engagements were fought right here. by capturing and holding peason and peason ridge, the invading armies could fan out and attack leesville, deridder, and lake charles. in comparison to the louisiana maneuvers of 1941 where over 470, 000 troops participated, exercise sage brush involved 140, 000 various troops ; 110, 000 were us army and 30, 000 us air force personnel. it became the largest post - world war ii maneuvers conducted in the united states. major unites included the 9th field army ( provisional ) comprised of the 1st armored division, 3rd infantry division, and a new unit to be tested, the 77th special forces group. this army had as air support the 366th and 405th fighter bomber wing, 345th light bomber group, 363rd tac recon wing, 507th tac air command group and the 11th tactical missile flight. the aggressor forces were comprised of the xviii airborne corps, 4th armored division, 82nd airborne division, and the 11th armored cavalry regiment. air support for the aggressor forces included the 312th fighter bomber wing, 479th fighter day wing, 461st light bomber wing, 363rd tac recon wing, and the 507th tac air command control wings. the residents of the maneuver area here in louisiana saw new equipment and tactics that had evolved from the previous maneuvers fourteen years earlier. look out louisiana, here we come!!! exercise sage brush ran from 31 october 1955 until 15 december 1955, longer than most army training maneuvers. its mission was to train the various units in \" atomic attacks \" for both the us army and the aggressor forces. the maneuvers began with a simulated atomic bomb set off at fort polk. residents of especially sabine and vernon parishes encountered giant 280mm atomic cannons capable of firing atomic artillery shells. the new us army", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41851629601399687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.280416"} {"text": "both the us army and the aggressor forces. the maneuvers began with a simulated atomic bomb set off at fort polk. residents of especially sabine and vernon parishes encountered giant 280mm atomic cannons capable of firing atomic artillery shells. the new us army h - 19 helicopters used to transport troops into combat areas also fascinated them. people drove up to the camps just to look at these flying contraptions! aggressor forces were constantly attacking the united states forces in an attempt to defeat them. the 82nd airborne ( aggressor forces ) hit the ground fighting and almost overran the us forces with two combat jumps landing in an area between eagle hill and lyles creek at peason and on peason ridge artillery range. armored units faced heavy traffic congestion with miles long traffic jams as mechanized units attempted to attack northward. in late november 1955 to early december 1955 torrential downpours held up military and civilian traffic. people could not travel to town, to church, and school buses could not pick up or deliver students to the various schools in sabine parish ; kids who lived at peason and attending plainview high school had a difficult journey each day just trying to get through the peason - plainview road. if buses got stuck or could not climb the ivy and ed dowden hill people got out and pushed or army vehicles pulled them up. the severe rainfall meant us air force units could not provide the close air support needed by the ground units, but occasionally the jets screamed over the tree tops. there were not enough air - to - ground radio communications, and more engineer units were needed to keep roads, bridges, and culverts operational during the heavy rainfall and during the \" atomic attacks \", and more transport aircraft were needed to supply airborne troops. this was the first maneuvers held since the united states had nuclear weapons and many new problems had to be worked out with locations of the new atomic artillery units and their ammunition supply and storage dumps. but all these problems were addressed during exercise sage brush and would be corrected ; new equipment and the tactics learned during exercise sage brush would soon be used in a new war in a country called vietnam. the older folks remembered the 1941 maneuvers and the huge number of troops continuously on the move - but that was minor compared to the number of motor vehicles used during exercise sage brush. the folks saw everything differently during sage brush. heavy tanks replaced the early light tanks, jeeps had replaced the cavalry horses for recon duties, weapons carriers were in and out of the woodlands, bogs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48113591130698674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.281527"} {"text": "motor vehicles used during exercise sage brush. the folks saw everything differently during sage brush. heavy tanks replaced the early light tanks, jeeps had replaced the cavalry horses for recon duties, weapons carriers were in and out of the woodlands, bogs, and swamps, and in the air, troop carrier aircraft, jets, and helicopters filled the sky. but the scariest of all were the heavy atomic cannons. veterans of world war ii remembered the unknown certainties of the atomic bomb and here were weapons in the field that could deliver atomic projectiles onto the battlefield. here at peason helicopters landed in many places and troops would fan out and attack their objectives. we did not know it at the time, but this was the first of the \" sky cavalry concept \" to be tried. the lessons learned with the helicopters were used by the 1st cavalry division in vietnam in the ia drang valley very successfully. with the roads virtually destroyed by the heavy military traffic, engineer units were in great demand. i recently interviewed retired sgt. major edward stanberry of huntington tx. about his days during exercise sagebrush. he was a young platoon sergeant in the 21st engineer battalion and his unit moved continuously trying to keep the road network open. at a collapsed bridge sgt. stanbery and his men captured an aggressor tank. he and his unit stayed nearly two extra months after the maneuvers attempting to help rebuild the destroyed road network in the maneuver areas. let ' s look back and thank the service members who served during exercise sage brush, for they stood up for freedom during the days of the cold war and the possible attack by soviet russia. these service men upheld the fighting traditions of its predecessors and let ' s tell them \" thank you for your service to our nation during exercise sage brush \"! - a reminder of exercise sage brush near peason, louisiana found by the author is a carved beech tree with \" jwn us 543635 1955 detroit mich \". this tree and several more have been located by the author on peason ridge ( rickey robertson collection ) - atomic cannon set up in the field during exercise sage brush near camp polk ( rickey robertson collection ) - recon platoon pictured near eagle hill on peason ridge during exercise sage brush ( rickey robertson collection ) - recon platoon checking out their equiptment and jeeps in preparation of exercise sage brush ( rickey robertson collection ) - supply dumps were scattered through the maneuver area for troops in the field during exercise sage brush ( rickey robertson collection ) - army campsite", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4734156521758778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.282496"} {"text": "gardeners are always on the lookout for tough, attractive, versatile shrubs - and if that shrub sports showy flowers, all the better. one evergreen shrub that fits this bill is carpenteria californica, known as bush anemone, and to boot it ' s a california native. this handsome shrub is found in the wild in the foothills of fresno county, growing along the shores of seasonal creeks, where it has thrived. this open shrub typically reaches 8 feet in height and width when grown in gardens and features 5 - inch, lance - shaped, glossy dark green leaves. a member of the mock orange family, which includes philadelphus species, it would be worth growing for its handsome foliage alone. most of us, though, will grow it for the masses of lightly fragrant, cup - shaped 3 - inch flowers that may remind many of single - form camellias. borne singly or in short terminal cymes from the upper leaf axils and showcasing central bosses of yellow stamens, the flowers provide eye - popping color for a full two months beginning in early summer. as plants mature, one is also treated to pale brown, peeling bark in the fall. this shrub is also deer resistant. bush anemones are showy enough to stand alone as a focal point in a lightly shaded area in your garden. they also make an excellent understory planting under or among taller trees. their brilliant white blooms will lighten up a shady corner and can, with shrubs such as coffeeberry, ceanothus and sarcococca, provide the foundation for a woodland garden. varieties such as the smaller ' elizabeth ' can easily be used as an evergreen hedge. it tops out at a modest 5 feet tall and 3 feet wide. did you know? originally discovered by john fremont in 1845, carpenteria ' s natural locale remained a mystery to california botanists for another 30 years. though not widely known initially in the united states, carpenteria nonetheless became very popular abroad in europe and england before re - emerging in the u. s. trade. carpenteria has an interesting sex life. much energy is invested each spring in masses of large, showy flowers. these flowers attract pollinators quite successfully, and hundreds of viable seeds develop, yet rarely does a seedling actually become established except after a fire. it is still unknown what factors associated with fire allow seedlings to establish. perhaps fire sterilizes the soil or removes competition sufficiently for seedlings to survive. plant in rich, well -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43761291269786873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.286685"} {"text": "does a seedling actually become established except after a fire. it is still unknown what factors associated with fire allow seedlings to establish. perhaps fire sterilizes the soil or removes competition sufficiently for seedlings to survive. plant in rich, well - drained soil in dappled shade or morning sun. will tolerate wet conditions, but once established is considered a drought - tolerant shrub. occasional deep watering during the summer will promote new growth and more blooming. bush anemone is cold tolerant to 10 degrees. cut back the top third of the plant ' s stems after it flowers to improve its lax, open habit. pests & diseases fungal leaf spot may be a problem. keep an eye out for aphids and scale. bush anemones can tolerate wet soils if given good drainage but will suffer without it. it is resistant to oak root fungus. you can find carpenterias at your local full - service nursery. c. californica ' elizabeth ' is available from california flora nursery ( calflora. com ). plants can be ordered from las pilitas nursery ( laspilitas. com ). erle nickel is a nurseryman, gardening writer and photographer who cares for a sprawling oakland garden. e - mail him at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3863408127157583, "token_count": 264, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.287212"} {"text": "with the recent attacks on chinese immigrant seniors emerging in public discourse, let us remember that asian pacific americans, like everyone, are entitled to be heard. we have not cornered the market on truth - but we do deserve an appreciation that discrimination affects each community differently, and that our experiences are as valid as others. as asian americans, we consistently confront the myth that we are a model minority - stereotyped as having fewer needs, more resources and extraordinary capacity for work and suffering. this myth has masked the vulnerability of many of our community members and also muted our capacity to have our issues fully understood and addressed. absent well - tailored solutions, resentment festers below the surface until a flash point triggers an outpouring of emotion that displaces reason. that is part of what is happening in the aftermath of the recent deaths of huan chen and tian sheng yu, both older asian men who were attacked by young african americans. but it is only part because the equation also involves race, and our collective failure to discuss race beyond the simple question of whether it matters. in america, especially for communities of color, race matters. but the relevant inquiry should be how race matters, and how to make it matter so we are moved toward hope and unity, rather than despair and division. though extremists do welcome racial conflict, asian americans who want to be heard on the issue of race ought to be encouraged to do so without being accused of starting a race war. otherwise we miss the clues that lead to the solutions we need. to many, the violence by a very small subset of african american young men against chinese american seniors reflects a problem that has finally boiled over - the product of decades of bullying and harassment that have gone unchecked. these incidents are often unreported because of cultural norms and language barriers, or unsolved. without intervention, a cycle begins in which harassment escalates into robberies and assaults, and even homicides, with the stereotyping of african americans as assailants growing on the one hand, and chinese american elders and youth as targets on the other. the nature of the problem requires a different approach : first, an exhaustive effort to document the scale of the problem, coupled with mental health support for victims to address what has become public trauma in some neighborhoods. second, use federal stimulus dollars for a multiracial civilian escort program that stops harassment before it escalates. more cost - effective than police, this can remind us that our diverse communities overwhelmingly do live and work together", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47777308056452483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.291428"} {"text": "the period under review here saw a number of important elections. most important were the general elections held on september 27, 2009, and the reelection of federal president horst kohler ( cdu ) by the federal assembly on may 23 the same year. the federal assembly only convenes to elect the federal president and is composed of the members of the bundestag and the same number of additional delegates nominated by the parliaments of the federal states. the federal president is thus not elected directly by the people. this absence of a direct legitimacy derived from the sovereign is unproblematic in our view. germany \u2019 s president has mainly representative functions, and his or her opportunity to intervene in the legislative process is rare and limited to reviewing the procedural constitutionality of laws. nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that there has been some discussion in the media dealing with the feasibility and desirability of electing the federal president directly. to sum up the debate, proponents of direct election have typically also argued for enhancing the federal president \u2019 s powers ( cf. sueddeutsche zeitung : 25. 5. 2009 ). based on the requirement of german citizenship, people aged 18 or over are eligible to vote and to run for election to the bundestag, provided that they have been resident in germany for at least three months. the right to vote can be denied to criminals by judicial order, to persons without legal capacity or to convicts currently residing in a psychiatric hospital. every citizen not falling under the stated exceptions and who is registered in the municipal civil registry is automatically included in the voter register. because registration with local authorities in germany is mandatory, this system operates without severe difficulties. in the run - up to the election, every registered citizen eligible to vote receives a notification with all required information necessary to exert his or her right to vote, as well as an application form for postal voting. citizens not included in the civil registry, such as homeless people, are eligible to vote but have to apply to the authorities in order to be registered. no problems have been reported in recent years. there is no real doubt that the legal situation also describes administrative reality. the grand coalition cabinet under chancellor angela merkel introduced several amendments to the federal electoral act \u2013 the last one in may 2009 \u2013 including the broadening of the right of germans living abroad to vote. beginning with the last election, german citizens abroad who have lived in germany for at least three months have been able to apply to register for the vote with the authorities of their last domestic residence. if this is done", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4545360793630448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.294500"} {"text": "omega - 3 fatty acids omega - 3 fatty acids are considered essential because our bodies cannot make them and therefore, we must obtain them from our diets. they are necessary for energy, growth, activities in body cells, and muscle activity. three fatty acids classified as omega - 3 are : alpha linolenic acid ( lna ), eicosapentenoic acid ( epa ) and docosahexenoic acid ( dha ). lna is found in tofu, soybean, canola oil and nuts. once in our bodies, lna can be converted to epa and dha. we also can get epa and dha directly from our diet, from fish sources. we know that epa and dha lower blood triglyceride levels, especially in people who have high triglyceride levels. studies have also shown that fish oil consumption can result in small reductions in blood pressure in individuals with high blood pressure ( no effect was seen in individuals with normal blood pressure ). omega - 3s have been promoted to prevent heart disease ; however, there is no convincing role for the supplements in prevention. unfortunately, we have no idea what the safe, optimal dose is for healthy individuals. health professionals recommend fish oil capsules only for patients with high blood triglycerides. for those who wish to increase their intake of the omega - 3s, eat fish sources 2 - 3 times weekly. fish containing omega - 3 fatty acids these fish contain 1 gram or more omega - 3s per 3. 5 ounces raw : - albacore tuna these fish contain 0. 5 to 0. 9 grams omega - 3s per 3. 5 ounces raw : - rainbow trout", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4368110100922977, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.296158"} {"text": "freezing embryos - cryopreservation when the term \" test - tube babies \" was first coined more than 25 years ago, eyebrows rose in skepticism. today, creating life in a test tube is a common practice in treatments such as ivf, icsi and egg and sperm donation. the will to procreate is very powerful and medical science has gone to great lengths to help couples in various stages of infertility to realize their dream of a baby. often assisted reproductive techniques ( art ) like those mentioned above generate a number of embryos that exceed the number of those required for treatment. depending upon the quality of the embryos, they can be frozen and placed in storage to be used at a future date. providing enough eggs to create and excess for freezing embryos one of the phases of art involves the stimulation of the ovaries in order to produce a larger number of eggs than would be produced under normal circumstances. surplus embryos are created by fertilizing all of the eggs removed so there will be a selection of embryos to grow. this is done because not all embryos have the potential to grow. only the best are chosen for replacement into the womb and about half of the time there are more quality embryos than the one or two necessary for replacement. these embryos are good enough to be able to survive the freezing process and still be viable when they are thawed. storing these embryos allows for the possibility of another pregnancy ( if the first failed ) without having to go through the process of harvesting eggs and creating embryos again. advantages of freezing embryos there are advantages to freezing embryos, called embryo cryopreservation : \u00b7 as mentioned above, the most important reason for freezing embryos is to have a surplus in the event more are needed at some point or to provide for another child. \u00b7 ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a condition that can occur following ovarian stimulation for ivf. women who are at risk for this condition are advised to freeze all embryos created in order to be sure there will be enough for transfer. \u00b7 embryo cryopreservation is used when there is a risk of the implantation being compromised by endometrial problems ( polyps, poor development ), or breakthrough bleeding or illness. \u00b7 if there has been difficulty in the implantation of a fresh embryo because the cervix is narrow to scarred, then it is suggested that embryos be frozen to use in future efforts. \u00b7 cryopreservation of embryo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5039152450514008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.300069"} {"text": "illness. \u00b7 if there has been difficulty in the implantation of a fresh embryo because the cervix is narrow to scarred, then it is suggested that embryos be frozen to use in future efforts. \u00b7 cryopreservation of embryos is an integral part of egg donation programs because it is not always possible to synchronize the cycle of the recipient with that of the donor. \u00b7 successful pregnancies allow for excess frozen embryos to be made available for donation to infertile couples. \u00b7 when either of the partners is compromised with their health ( cancer or other diseases ) and requires potentially sterilizing treatments, embryo freezing is recommended and used. selecting embryos for freezing embryos are selected, placed into a cryoprotectant, which protects them from being killed in the freezing process, and then they are placed into a \" straw \" that is labeled with the particulars of the parents. this is done with a witness in order to ensure the details are correct. then the straw is placed into a freezer and the temperature is lowered to - 180c. from there, the straws go into a tank filled with nitrogen for storage. the process of freezing embryos the embryos are stored at different stages of growth ; one day ( pronuclear stage, 2 - 3 days ( 4 - 8 cells stage ) and 5 - 6 days ( blastocyst stage ). the earlier the embryos are frozen, the better the outcome seems to be when they are thawed. the statistics available indicate that about 70 % of embryos survive this process without evidence of harm to normal development of a baby. this process has a success rate, in most cases, of about 10 - 12 % per thaw cycle. some clinics spend more time nurturing early frozen embryos to the blastocyst stage in order to help with the potential of a pregnancy. since several embryos are thawed at a time, this process can result in the loss of some while the nurturing process is carried out. however, the rate of successful pregnancies increases as a result of encouraging growth before implantation. when the frozen embryos aren ' t needed there are laws in place governing the disposition of embryos in the event of death, separation, or failure to instruct the facility storing the embryos. usually, ivf facilities store frozen embryos for a period of five years and if they are not used within that period, then the individuals are required to determine how they want to proceed. they can sign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4735750633180742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.301322"} {"text": "essay, research paper : franz kafka kafka was born in prague, bohemia, july 3, 1883 and died june 3, 1924 of tuberculosis at the age of 40. he came from a middle - class jewish family. his father was a shopkeeper and tried to climb up the social ladder by working hard at his shop and sending franz to a prestigious german high school. he went on to get a law degree and worked for two insurance companies ( not at the same time ) when his. tuberculosis got bad in 1917 he was put on temporary retirement with a pension. german was the language the upper class spoke and by sending franz to german schools his father tried to disassociate from the lower class jewish who lived in the ghetto. they were always moving from apartment to apartment advancing as the business grew. franz had a very strained relationship with his father that traumatically affected his whole life. this is apparent in a letter to his father he wrote, \u201c what was always incomprehensible to me was your total lack of feeling for the suffering and shame you could inflict on me with your words and judgments. it was as though you had no notion of your power \u201d ( letter ). max brod and franz met in college and became life long friends. it was max who persuaded franz to publish some of his work and it was max who was responsible for most of the kafka writings that are available today. franz had entrusted his manuscripts to max and in his last will and testament specified that all his work was to be destroyed. instead max had them published after franz \u2019 death. although he never married, he was engaged several times but always broke the engagement as the wedding day would approach. most of the biographies about him tell of his problem with women and repulsion from sex and say that it was evident in his writings. in an entry in his diary he wrote \u201c coitus as the punishment for the happiness of being together \u201d ( constructing ). his romances and engagements are well documented and it is interesting to note his selection of books that he gave to felice bauer : \u201c tolstoy \u2019 s diaries, the new and old testament, and gerhart hauptmann \u2019 s \u2018 fool in christ emanuel quint ' \" ( times ). franz met felice bauer at max \u2019 house and they had a five year courtship mainly through letters. he wrote to her daily when at the sanatorium in italy even while he was carrying on with an 18 year old swiss girl who was there also.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4325856642530321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.307300"} {"text": "met felice bauer at max \u2019 house and they had a five year courtship mainly through letters. he wrote to her daily when at the sanatorium in italy even while he was carrying on with an 18 year old swiss girl who was there also. felice inspired him and he wrote several pieces during this time ; \u201c the judgment, \u201d which he dedicated to her, then \u201c the metamorphosis \u201d and he started amerika ( kafka. ) according to daniel hornek \u201c none of kafka \u2019 s novels was printed during his lifetime, and it was only with reluctance that he published a fraction of his shorter fiction. this fiction included meditation ( 1913 ), a collection of short prose pieces ; the judgment ( 1913 ), a long short story, written in 1912, which kafka himself considered his decisive breakthrough ( it tells of a rebellious son condemned to suicide by his father ) ; and the metamorphosis ( 1915 ), dealing again with the outsider, a son who suffers the literal and symbolic transformation into a huge, repulsive, fatally wounded insect. in the penal colony ( 1919 ) is a parable of a torture machine and its operators and victims - - - equally applicable to a person \u2019 s inner sense of law, guilt, and retribution and to the age of world war i. the country doctor ( 1919 ) was another collection of short prose. at the time of his death kafka was also preparing a hunger artist ( 1924 ), four stories centering on the artist \u2019 s inability either to negate or come to terms with life in the human community. \u201d franz kafka \u2019 s writings can be best described as nightmarish or dreamlike. he has impacted twentieth century literature greatly as evidenced by a word in the dictionary coined after him : \u201c kafkaesque ( adj ) : characteristic of the novels of franz kafka ; especially, bizarre or absurd, and often marked by the ineffectuality of the individual \u201d ( funk ). http : / / family. knick. net. thecastle / timeline. 2 mar. 2000. constructing franz kafka. hp. 1996 [ last update ]. online. available : http : / / info. pitt. edu / ~ kafka / biblio. html. 1 mar. 2000. contemporary authors. vol. 26. detroit : gale research, 1989. funk & wagnalls new and comprehensive international dictionary of the english language. ny : publishers guild press, 1978. horne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4511340992791294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.308242"} {"text": "/ biblio. html. 1 mar. 2000. contemporary authors. vol. 26. detroit : gale research, 1989. funk & wagnalls new and comprehensive international dictionary of the english language. ny : publishers guild press, 1978. hornek, daniel. xoom. hp. 1999 [ last update ]. online. available : http : / / members. xoom. com / danielhornek /. 1 mar. 2000. kafka, leni. biography. hp. 2000 [ last update ]. online. available : http : / / victorian. fortunecity. com / vermeer / 287 / biography. htm. 2 mar. 2000. letter to his father. hp. 2000 [ last update ]. online. available : frank n. ed. franz kafka. vol. 4 of critical survey of short fiction. pasadena : salem press, 1993. novels for students vol. 7 farmington, mi : gale research, 1999. p281 - 297. pawel, ernst. the nightmare of reason : a life of franz kafka. ny : noonday press, 1992. spann, meno. franz kafka. george prior publishers, 1976. times literary supplement, aug. 22, 1997 n4925 p15 ( 2 ). world literature criticism 1500 to present. vol. 3. detroit : gale research, 1992. help other users to find the good and worthy free term papers and trash the bad ones. get a custom paper on famous people : free papers will not meet the guidelines of your specific project. if you need a custom essay on famous people :, we can write you a high quality authentic essay. while free essays can be traced by turnitin ( plagiarism detection program ), our custom written papers will pass any plagiarism test, guaranteed. our writing service will save you time and grade.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47548986549992034, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.308944"} {"text": "gumamela is a shrub that is highly cultivated as an ornamental plant in the philippines. it is the local term used in the philippines for hibiscus, china rose, and shoeflower. this plant has a scientific name known as hibiscus rosasinensis. usually, this ornamental plant grows from one meter up to four meters high. its flower may come in various colors similar to orange, white, pink, yellow, red, purple, and other color combinations. pertinently, gumamela flower, leaves, and roots are used as herbal medicine. this is due to the fact that this decorative shrub has numerous medical characteristics which include anti - infectious, expectorant, anti - inflammatory, anodyne, diuretic, antipyretic, emollient, and refrigerant. parts of a gumamela flower plant the flower usually consists of five petals which form a bell shape. it holds the ovary of the flower and is located at the base of the gumamela petals. the stigma produces shoots called stamen that form tubular structures coming out of the base. the stamen comprises pollen at the tips. its leaves are egg - shaped and glossy green. description of gumamela - this plant is an erect, much - branched, smooth shrub, which is about one to four meters in height. - its leaves are glossy green, ovate, pointed, which extends its length to about seven to twelve centimeter. - its flowers are solitary, axillary, and quite huge which extends its length to about ten centimeters, and twelve centimeters in diameter. the petals are commonly red, orange, or pink, obovate, rounded tip, and imbricate. the stamens are in long and slender tube form enclosing the entire style of the pistil and protruding out of the corolla. medical uses of gumamela just like other plants, gumamela can be used as herbal treatments due to its medical characteristics. here are some of its health benefits. - treatment for mumps and infection of the urinary tract - decoction of leaves for fevers - mucilage during labor - decoction of its leaves, flowers, and roots used as emollient. - the leaves are utilized as mild laxatives - crushed fresh leaves are used for treating carbuncles and boils - an infusion of leaves or poultice of the leaves are applied for relieving headaches - it can be used as hair growth stim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4330521400843025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.311770"} {"text": "by staff writers washington dc ( spx ) jun 15, 2012 two of our milky way ' s neighbor galaxies may have had a close encounter billions of years ago, recent studies with the national science foundation ' s green bank telescope ( gbt ) indicate. the new observations confirm a disputed 2004 discovery of hydrogen gas streaming between the giant andromeda galaxy, also known as m31, and the triangulum galaxy, or m33. \" the properties of this gas indicate that these two galaxies may have passed close together in the distant past, \" said jay lockman, of the national radio astronomy observatory ( nrao ). \" studying what may be a gaseous link between the two can give us a new key to understanding the evolution of both galaxies, \" he added. the two galaxies, about 2. 6 and 3 million light - years, respectively, from earth, are members of the local group of galaxies that includes our own milky way and about 30 others. the hydrogen \" bridge \" between the galaxies was discovered in 2004 by astronomers using the westerbork synthesis radio telescope in the netherlands, but other scientists questioned the discovery on technical grounds. detailed studies with the highly - sensitive gbt confirmed the existence of the bridge, and showed six dense clumps of gas in the stream. observations of these clumps showed that they share roughly the same relative velocity with respect to earth as the two galaxies, strengthening the argument that they are part of a bridge between the two. when galaxies pass close to each other, one result is \" tidal tails \" of gas pulled into intergalactic space from the galaxies as lengthy streams. \" we think it ' s very likely that the hydrogen gas we see between m31 and m33 is the remnant of a tidal tail that originated during a close encounter, probably billions of years ago, \" said spencer wolfe, of west virginia university. \" the encounter had to be long ago, because neither galaxy shows evidence of disruption today, \" he added. \" the gas we studied is very tenuous and its radio emission is extremely faint - so faint that it is beyond the reach of most radio telescopes, \" lockman said. \" we plan to use the advanced capabilities of the gbt to continue this work and learn more about both the gas and, hopefully, the orbital histories of the two galaxies, \" he added. lockman and wolfe worked with d. j. pisano, of west virginia university, and stacy mcgaigh and edward shaya of the university of maryland. the scientists presented their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5283398792041144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.315187"} {"text": ", the orbital histories of the two galaxies, \" he added. lockman and wolfe worked with d. j. pisano, of west virginia university, and stacy mcgaigh and edward shaya of the university of maryland. the scientists presented their findings at the american astronomical society ' s meeting in anchorage, alaska. national radio astronomy observatory stellar chemistry, the universe and all within it comment on this article via your facebook, yahoo, aol, hotmail login. wise finds few brown dwarfs close to home pasadena ca ( jpl ) jun 15, 2012 astronomers are getting to know the neighbors better. our sun resides within a spiral arm of our milky way galaxy about two - thirds of the way out from the center. it lives in a fairly calm, suburb - like area with an average number of stellar residents. recently, nasa ' s wide - field infrared survey explorer, or wise, has been turning up a new crowd of stars close to home : the coldest of the brown dw... read more | the content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are copyright 1995 - 2012 - space media network. afp, upi and ians news wire stories are copyright agence france - presse, united press international and indo - asia news service. esa portal reports are copyright european space agency. all nasa sourced material is public domain. additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. advertising does not imply endorsement, agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by space media network on any web page published or hosted by space media network. privacy statement |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5109683663966982, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.315839"} {"text": "cloves ( syzygium aromaticum, syn. eugenia aromaticum or eugenia caryophyllata ) are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family myrtaceae. it is native to indonesia and used as a spice in cuisine all over the world. the name derives from french clou, a nail, as the buds vaguely resemble small irregular nails in shape. cloves are harvested primarily in zanzibar, indonesia and madagascar ; it is also grown in india, and sri lanka. the clove tree is an evergreen which grows to a height ranging from 10 - 20 m, having large oval leaves and crimson flowers in numerous groups of terminal clusters. the flower buds are at first of a pale color and gradually become green, after which they develop into a bright red, when they are ready for collecting. cloves are harvested when 1. 5 - 2 cm long, and consist of a long calyx, terminating in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals which form a small ball in the centre. clove, small, reddish - brown flower bud of the tropical evergreen tree syzygium aromaticum of the family myrtaceae, was important in the earliest spice trade and believed in indigenous to the moluccas or spice islands ( now maluka ), of indonesia. the people of the moluccas used to plant a clove tree to celebrate the birth of a child and would wear a necklace of cloves as a protection from evil spirit and illness. strong in aroma and hot and pungent in taste, cloves are used to flavour many foods, particularly meats and bakery products ; in europe and the usa the spice is a characteristic flavouring in christmas holiday fare, such as wassail and mincemeat. the name clove is believed to be derived from the french word clou meaning nail due to the appearance of this spice. as early as 200 bc, envoys from java to the han - dynasty court of china brought cloves that were customarily held in the mouth to perfume the breath during audiences with the emperor. during the late middle ages, cloves were used in europe to preserve, flavour, and garnish food. clove cultivation was almost entirely confined to indonesia, and in the early 17th century the dutch eradicated cloves on all islands except amboina and ternate in order to create scarcity and sustain high prices. in the latter half of the 18th century the french", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47168707934393594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.319635"} {"text": "effects of high - intensity training on performance and physiology of endurance athletes carl d paton, will g hopkins sportscience 8, 25 - 40, 2004 endurance in relation to athletic performance has been defined in various ways. in this article we have reviewed effects of high - intensity training not only on athletic endurance performance but also on underlying changes in the aerobic energy system. endurance for our purposes therefore refers to sustained high - intensity events powered mainly by aerobic metabolism. such events last ~ 30 s or more ( greenhaff and timmons, 1998 ). training for endurance athletes generally emphasizes participation in long - duration low - or moderate - intensity exercise during the base or preparation phase of the season, with the inclusion of shorter - duration high - intensity efforts as the competitive phase approaches. the effects of low - to moderate - intensity endurance training on aerobic fitness are well documented ( see jones and carter, 2000 for review ), but reviews of high - intensity training on endurance performance have focused only on describing the effects of resistance training ( tanaka and swensen, 1998 ), the effects of resistance training with runners ( jung, 2003 ), and the different types of interval training used by athletes ( billat, 2001a ) and studied by researchers ( billat, 2001b ). furthermore, previous reviews have included the effects of high - intensity training on untrained or recreationally active subjects, so findings may not be applicable to competitive athletes. the purpose of this review was therefore to describe the effects of high - intensity training on performance and relevant physiological characteristics of endurance athletes. we identified most relevant publications through previous reviews and our own reference collections. we found 22 original - research peer - reviewed articles that identified competitive endurance athletes as the subjects in a study of effects of high - intensity training on performance or related physiology. we excluded studies of recreationally active subjects or of subjects whose characteristics were not consistent with those of competitive athletes, including daniels et al. ( 1978 ), hickson et al. ( 1988 ), tabata et al. ( 1996 ), franch et al. ( 1998 ), and norris and petersen ( 1998 ). we did not perform a systematic search of sportdiscus or medline databases for theses or for non - english articles, and we did not include data from chapters in books. we assigned the training to two categories : resistance training : sets of explosive sport - specific movements against added resistance, usual or traditional weight training ( slow repeated movements of weights ), explosive weight training, or plyometrics and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5418201138676323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.338920"} {"text": "from chapters in books. we assigned the training to two categories : resistance training : sets of explosive sport - specific movements against added resistance, usual or traditional weight training ( slow repeated movements of weights ), explosive weight training, or plyometrics and other explosive movements resisted only by body mass ( table 1 ). interval training : single or repeated intervals of sport - specific exercise with no additional resistance ( table 2 ). classification of some resistance - training studies was difficult, owing to the mix of exercises or lack of detail. in particular, all the studies we classified under explosive sport - specific resisted movements probably included some non - explosive resisted movements and some plyometrics. we classified the duration and intensity of intervals in table 2 as follows : supramaximal ( < 2 min ), maximal ( 2 - 10 min ) and submaximal ( > 10 min ), where \" maximal \" refers to the intensity corresponding to maximum oxygen consumption ( vo2max ). the supramaximal intervals will have been performed at or near all - out effort ; the maximal intervals will have started at less than maximum effort, but effort will have approached maximum by the end of each interval ; the submaximal intervals can be considered as being close to anaerobic threshold pace ( a pace that can be sustained for ~ 45 min ), and effort will have risen to near maximum by the end of each interval. a major concern with all but one of the studies we reviewed is that the high - intensity training interventions were performed in the non - competitive phases of the athletes \u2019 season, when there was otherwise little or no intense training. authors who have monitored endurance athletes throughout a season have reported substantial improvements in performance and changes in related physiological measures as athletes progress from the base training to competitive phases ( barbeau et al., 1993 ; lucia et al., 2000 ; galy et al., 2003 ). indeed, our own unpublished observations show that well - trained cyclists ordinarily make improvements in power output of ~ 8 % in laboratory time trials as they progress from base through competitive phases of their season. the large improvement in performance as the competitive phase approaches occurs because athletes normally include higher intensity endurance training as part of a periodized program. it therefore seems unlikely that the large improvements reported in studies performed during a non - competitive phase would be of the same magnitude if the studies were performed in the competitive phase, when the athletes ordinarily include higher intensity training in their program. indeed, in the only training study we could find", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5265249945036603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.340065"} {"text": "reported in studies performed during a non - competitive phase would be of the same magnitude if the studies were performed in the competitive phase, when the athletes ordinarily include higher intensity training in their program. indeed, in the only training study we could find performed during the competitive phase of a season, toussaint and vervoorn ( 1990 ) found that 10 weeks of sport - specific resistance training improved race performance time in national level competitive swimmers by ~ 1 %. though such improvements appear small, they are important for elite swimmers ( pyne et al., 2004 ), and the estimated change in power of ~ 3 % is certainly greater than the ~ 0. 5 % that is considered important in other high - level sports ( hopkins et al., 1999 ). analysis of performance measures of performance in real or staged competitions are best for evaluating the effects of training interventions on competitive athletes ( hopkins et al., 1999 ). toussaint et al. ( 1990 ) were the only researchers to use competitive performance in a study of high - intensity training. the others have opted instead for laboratory - based ergometer tests or solo field tests, which may not reproduce the motivating effect of competition. appendix 1 summarizes the effects from sport - specific time trials and constant - power tests, sorted into the same three intensity / duration categories as the interval training. appendix 2 summarizes the effects on maximum power in incremental tests. to permit comparison of effects, we have converted outcomes in the various performance tests into percent changes in mean or maximum power, using the methods of hopkins et al. ( 2001 ). footnotes in the appendices indicate which measures needed conversion. the remaining tables show the effects of high - intensity training on physiological measures related to endurance performance : maximum oxygen consumption ( vo2max, appendix 3 ), anaerobic threshold, exercise economy ( appendix 4 ), and body mass ( appendix 5 ). most endurance events are performed at a nearly constant pace, and for those performed at an intensity below vo2max mean performance power or speed is the product of vo2max, the fraction of vo2max sustained, and aerobic energy economy ( di prampero, 1986 ). provided they can be measured with sufficient precision, percent changes in each of these components are therefore worth documenting, because they translate directly into percent changes in endurance power. of course, training is likely to change more than one of these components, so researchers serious about identifying the mechanism of a change in performance should assess all three", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5177099628977331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.341094"} {"text": "of these components are therefore worth documenting, because they translate directly into percent changes in endurance power. of course, training is likely to change more than one of these components, so researchers serious about identifying the mechanism of a change in performance should assess all three. most authors of the studies we reviewed measured vo2max, usually in an incremental test. some also measured economy ( work done per liter of oxygen consumed ) from vo2 measurement either in middle stages of the incremental test or at a fixed work rate in a separate test. where necessary, we re - expressed percent changes in vo2max and economy for vo2 measured in units of l. min \u2011 1, to avoid difficulties in interpretation arising from changes in mass when vo2 is expressed as ml. min \u2011 1. kg \u2011 1. no authors measured the fraction of vo2max sustained in the endurance test itself ( requiring measurement of vo2 throughout the test ), but some measured the anaerobic threshold, usually from an analysis of blood lactate concentration during an incremental test. depending in its method of measurement, the anaerobic threshold occurs at ~ 85 % of vo2max, an intensity that an athlete can sustain for ~ 30 - 60 min ( jones and carter, 2000 ). one can therefore assume that percent changes in the anaerobic threshold will translate directly into percent changes in fractional utilization of vo2max in a sub - vo2maximal event. authors in two studies provided the anaerobic threshold as a power rather than a percent of vo2max ; in this form the measure is effectively already a nett measure of submaximal endurance performance, with contributions from vo2max, fractional utilization of vo2max, and economy. we therefore included these measures in appendix 1 in the subgroup of submaximal tests. the relevance of changes in anaerobic threshold to changes in endurance performance at maximal and supramaximal intensities is unclear, but for such events ( lasting up to ~ 10 min ) anaerobic capacity makes a substantial contribution to performance ( greenhaff and timmons, 1998 ). none of the studies we reviewed included critical - power or other modeling of performance to estimate the contribution of changes in anaerobic capacity resulting from high - intensity training. however, a practical and much more reliable measure of anaerobic capacity is performance in sprints lasting ~ 30 s, which we have included as supramaximal tests in appendix 1. mass is an important determina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5231375347126925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.342060"} {"text": "high - intensity training. however, a practical and much more reliable measure of anaerobic capacity is performance in sprints lasting ~ 30 s, which we have included as supramaximal tests in appendix 1. mass is an important determinant of performance in running the outcomes from individual studies are shown in appendices 1 - 5, at the end of this article. table 3 represents a summary derived from the appendices and justified in the following sections. appendix 1 shows that maximal and supramaximal intervals produced equally impressive gains ( 3. 0 - 8. 3 % ) on performance at submaximal intensities. the magnitude of the largest improvement ( westgarth - taylor et al., 1997 ) is likely to be due to either sampling variation or a computational error, because it is not consistent with the smaller gains ( 4. 6 and 8. 3 % ) in two similar studies by the same group ( lindsay et al., 1996 ; weston et al., 1997 ). explosive resistance training was less effective ( 0. 3 and 1. 0 % ) over the same time frame as the interval training studies ( ~ 4 wk ), and even after 9 wk the gains were still not as great ( 2. 9 and 4. 0 % ) as with interval training. in the only study of the effect of usual weight training on submaximal endurance, there were opposing effects on anaerobic threshold power ( 2. 6 % ) and time - trial power ( \u2011 1. 8 % ) in the same subjects after 12 wk. the authors suggested that the non - specific movement and speed of the weight training accounted for its failure to enhance time - trial performance ( bishop et al., 1999 ). explosive sport - specific movements produced the greatest gains in maximal endurance tests ( 1. 9 - 5. 2 % ) after 8 - 9 wk ( appendix 1 ). maximum intervals were less effective ( 2. 8 % ), although the duration of training was only 4 wk. plyometric jumps were less beneficial ( 1. 2 % ). not surprisingly, the highest - intensity training produced the greatest enhancements in the supramaximal tests ( appendix 1 ). the very large gain with explosive weights ( 11 % ) was more than twice that with supramaximal intervals and explosive sport - specific resistance ( 3. 0 - 4. 6 % ). maximal intervals had little effect ( 0. 4 % ). there was only one study of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5079348550468594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.343314"} {"text": "11 % ) was more than twice that with supramaximal intervals and explosive sport - specific resistance ( 3. 0 - 4. 6 % ). maximal intervals had little effect ( 0. 4 % ). there was only one study of the effects of submaximal intervals ( sjodin et al., 1982 ), and it did not include measures of performance power. the effects on vo2max, anaerobic threshold, and economy in that study, if they were additive, would be consistent with ~ 6 % enhancement of submaximal endurance and possibly 2 - 4 % on supramaximal and maximal endurance respectively. maximum - intensity intervals appear to be the most effective form of high - intensity training for improving maximum incremental power ( by 2. 5 - 7. 0 % ; appendix 2 ). gains appear to be smaller with explosive sport - specific resistance training ( 2. 3 % and 6. 0 % ) and supramaximal intervals ( 1. 0 - 4. 7 % ), and possibly smaller still with explosive weights ( 2. 0 % ). remarkably, a gain of 4. 7 % was achieved in only four sessions of supramaximal intervals ( laursen et al., 2002a ). these improvements will transfer to time - trial performance to some extent, because maximum power achieved in an incremental test correlates well with time - trial performance ( noakes et al., 1990 ; hawley and noakes, 1992 ; bourdin et al., 2004 ). exactly how they will transfer might depend on the duration of the time trial. most of an incremental test is performed at submaximal intensities, but the last minute or two is maximal and supramaximal. performance in the test will therefore be determined by a mix of vo2max, anaerobic threshold, economy, and anaerobic capacity. if the mix does not reproduce that of the time trial, enhancements of one or more components of the mix will produce changes in maximum incremental power that differ from those in time - trial performance. it is evident from appendix 3 that the largest improvements in vo2max occurred with maximal - intensity interval training ( gains of 2. 3 - 7. 1 % ). supramaximal intervals were probably less effective ( impairment of 0. 6 % in one study, enhancements of 2. 2 % and 3. 5 % in two others ). the changes can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.511889312400773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.344298"} {"text": ". 3 - 7. 1 % ). supramaximal intervals were probably less effective ( impairment of 0. 6 % in one study, enhancements of 2. 2 % and 3. 5 % in two others ). the changes can occur rapidly : laursen et al. ( 2002a ) recorded an increase of 3. 5 % after a total of only four supramaximal sessions in two weeks. explosive weight training can produce smaller gains ( up to 2. 0 % ), but the various forms of resistance training had a predominantly negative effect on vo2max. improvements in other physiological measures can offset this effect and result in nett improvements in endurance performance following resistance training. one cannot draw a firm conclusion about the effect of explosive resistance training on the anaerobic threshold in appendix 4, given that there were major enhancements in three studies ( 5. 0 - 7. 1 % ) and substantial impairments in two others ( 2. 0 and 2. 1 % ). in the only study of presumably maximal intervals, the gain was ~ 5. 0 %, whereas the gain was less ( 1. 5 % ) in the only study of submaximal intervals. although the claim of 39 % increase in economy from explosive sport - specific resistance training in appendix 4 is almost certainly erroneous, it is clear from the other studies in the table that explosive resistance training in general produced spectacular beneficial effects ( 3. 5 - 18 % ) on this endurance parameter. plyometrics may be only a little less effective ( 3. 1 - 8. 6 % ). the effects of interval training were least for submaximal ( 2. 8 % ) and greater for a mixture of submaximal and maximal ( 6. 5 % ). it is reasonably clear from appendix 5 that explosive resistance training increased body mass by ~ 1 %, presumably via an increase in muscle mass. any direct harmful effects of this increase in mass on performance were inconsequential, given the large enhancements that this form of training produced in power output of all durations. usual weight training may produce increases in body mass that are greater ( 2. 8 % in one study ) and therefore more likely to impair performance in some sports. high - intensity interval and resistance training in an endurance athlete \u2019 s non - competitive phase can substantially improve performance and related physiological measures. interval training at intensities around vo2max ( intervals lasting 2 - 10 min ) improves mainly submaximal endurance performance ( by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5021376214541122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.345398"} {"text": "and resistance training in an endurance athlete \u2019 s non - competitive phase can substantially improve performance and related physiological measures. interval training at intensities around vo2max ( intervals lasting 2 - 10 min ) improves mainly submaximal endurance performance ( by ~ 6 % ) through improvements of all three components of the aerobic system ( vo2max, anaerobic threshold, economy ). effects of longer intervals at lower intensity have unclear but possibly similar effects on performance, judging by their effects on the components of the aerobic system. higher intensities of interval training ( intervals of < 2 min ) probably have similar benefit for submaximal endurance and possibly less benefit ( ~ 4 % ) for shorter durations of endurance performance, but the contribution of aerobic components is unclear. explosive resistance training produces some benefit ( ~ 2 % ) for submaximal endurance, but probably more benefit ( 4 - 8 % ) for maximal and supramaximal endurance. the effects of explosive resistance training are mediated at least partly by major increases in economy, possibly by increases in anaerobic threshold, but probably not by increases in vo2max. increases in body mass with this kind of resistance training are not an issue. many high - level endurance athletes will already include high - intensity intervals in their training leading up to and including the competitive phase. for these athletes adding more intervals is not necessarily a good strategy, but altering the mix to reduce the volume of lower intensity intervals and increase the volume of higher intensity intervals may be beneficial. athletes who do not currently include sport - specific explosive resistance training are almost certain to experience substantial gains in performance by adding this form of training to their programs. a partially selective effect of the different kinds of training on physiological measures raises the possibility of prescribing training to correct weaknesses in these measures. on the basis of the existing research one can tentatively recommend adding or increasing explosive resistance training for an athlete with a poor economy and / or poor anaerobic capacity, and adding or increasing maximal intervals for an athlete with a poor vo2max. we need more research aimed at filling voids in the matrix of different kinds of training vs effects on performance and physiology. in particular : we need to know more about the effects of non - specific resistance training ( especially plyometrics and usual weights ) on performance and some aspects of physiology. the effects of supramaximal intervals on anaerobic threshold and economy need more research. the one study on physiological effects of submaximal intervals needs augment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49415059917027476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.346438"} {"text": "b, petit b, muriaux g, koralsztein j ( 1999 ). interval training at vo2max : effects on aerobic performance and overtraining markers. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 156 - 163 bishop d, jenkins dg, mackinnon lt, mceniery m, carey mf ( 1999 ). the effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 886 - 891 bourdin m, messonnier l, hager jp, lacour jr ( 2004 ). peak power output predicts rowing ergometer performance in elite rowers. international journal of sports medicine 25, 368 - 373 creer ar, ricard md, conlee rk, hoyt gl, parcell ac ( 2004 ). neural, metabolic, and performance adaptations to four weeks of high intensity sprint - interval training in trained cyclists. international journal of sports medicine 25, 92 - 98 daniels jt, yarbrough ra, foster c ( 1978 ). changes in vo2max and running performance with training. european journal of applied physiology 39, 249 - 254 di prampero pe ( 1986 ). the energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water. international journal of sports medicine 7, 55 - 72 franch j, madsen k, mogens sd, pedersen pk ( 1998 ). improved running economy following intensified training correlates with reduced ventilatory demands. medicine and science in sports and exercise 30, 1250 - 1256 galy o, manetta j, coste o, maimoun l, chamari k, hue o ( 2003 ). maximal oxygen uptake and power of lower limbs during a competitive season in triathletes. scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports 13, 185 - 193 greenhaff pl, timmons ja ( 1998 ). interaction between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during intense muscle contraction. exercise and sport sciences reviews 26, 1 - 30 hawley ja, noakes td ( 1992 ). peak power output predicts maximal oxygen uptake and performance time in trained cyclists. european journal of applied physiology 65, 79 - 83 hickson rc, dvorak ba, gorostiaga em, kurowski tt, foster c ( 1988 ). potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. journal of applied physiology 65, 2285 - 2290 hoff j, gran a,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4984376599496484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.348448"} {"text": "ba, gorostiaga em, kurowski tt, foster c ( 1988 ). potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. journal of applied physiology 65, 2285 - 2290 hoff j, gran a, helgerud j ( 2002 ). maximal strength training improves aerobic endurance performance. scandinavian journal of medicine and science in sports 12, 288 - 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348 laursen pb, shing cm, peake jm, coombes js, jenkins dg ( 2002b ). interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists. medicine and science in sports and exercise 34, 1801 - 1807 lindsay fh, hawley ja, myburgh k, h., helgo sh, noakes td, dennis sc ( 1996 ). improved athletic performance in highly trained cyclists after interval training. medicine and science in sports and exercise 28, 1427 - 1434 lucia a, hoyos j, perez m, chicharro j ( 2000 ). heart rate and performance parameters in elite cyclists : a longitudinal study. medicine and science in sports and exercise 32, 1777 - 1782 millet gp, jaouen b, borrani f, candau r ( 2002 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49322872850475385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.349355"} {"text": "2000 ). heart rate and performance parameters in elite cyclists : a longitudinal study. medicine and science in sports and exercise 32, 1777 - 1782 millet gp, jaouen b, borrani f, candau r ( 2002 ). effects of concurrent endurance and strength training on running economy and vo2 kinetics. medicine and science in sports and exercise 34, 1351 - 1359 noakes td, myburgh kh, schall r ( 1990 ). peak treadmill running velocity during the vo2max test predicts running performance. journal of sports sciences 8, 35 - 45 norris sr, petersen sr ( 1998 ). effects of endurance training on transient oxygen uptake responses in cyclists. journal of sports sciences 16, 733 - 738 osteras h, helgerud j, hoff j ( 2002 ). maximal strength - training effects on force - velocity and force - power relationships explain increases in aerobic performance in humans. european journal of applied physiology 88, 255 - 263 paavolainen l, hakkinen k, hamalainen i, nummela a, rusko h ( 1999 ). explosive - strength training improves 5 - km running time by improving running economy and muscle power. journal of applied physiology 86, 1527 - 1533 paavolainen l, hakkinen k, rusko h ( 1991 ). effects of explosive type strength training on physical performance characteristics in cross - 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( 1999 ). effects of 4 - wk training using vmax / tmax on vo2max and performance in athletes. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 892 - 896 spurrs rw, murphy aj, watsford ml ( 2003 ). the effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. european journal of applied physiology 89, 1 - 7 stepto nk, hawley ja, dennis sc, hopkins wg ( 1999 ). effects of different interval - training programs on cycling time - trial performance. medicine and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49872292061788814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.350243"} {"text": "training on distance running performance. european journal of applied physiology 89, 1 - 7 stepto nk, hawley ja, dennis sc, hopkins wg ( 1999 ). effects of different interval - training programs on cycling time - trial performance. medicine and science in sports and exercise 31, 736 - 741 tabata i, nishimura k, kouzaki yh, ogita f, miyachi m, yamamoto k ( 1996 ). effects of moderate - intensity endurance and high - intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and vo2 max. medicine and science in sports and exercise 28, 1327 - 1330 tanaka h, swensen t ( 1998 ). impact of resistance training on endurance performance : a new form of cross training? sports medicine 25, 191 - 200 toussaint hm, vervoorn k ( 1990 ). effects of high resistance training in the water on competitive swimmers. international journal of sports medicine 11, 228 - 233 turner am, owimngs m, schwane ja ( 2003 ). improvements in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. journal of strength and conditioning research 17, 60 - 67 westgarth - taylor c, hawley ja, rickard s, myburgh kh, noakes td, dennis sd ( 1997 ). metabolic and performance adaptations to interval training in endurance - trained cyclists. european journal of applied physiology 75, 298 - 304 weston ar, myburgh kh, lindsay fh, dennis sc, noakes td, hawley ja ( 1997 ). skeletal muscle buffering capacity and endurance performance after high - intensity interval training by well - trained cyclists. european journal of applied physiology 75, 7 - 13", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4933354568606699, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.350910"} {"text": "the art department aims to teach all students to be visually literate ; to make them aware of the world about them and alive to its beauties, so that they can express themselves through art as fluently as they do through speech or writing. students develop a means of personal expression when they learn to make sense of, and appreciate, the visual world through the combined use of intelligence, eyes and feelings. students of all abilities are therefore encouraged to work through their strengths, to develop as individuals and to use their intelligence ( that is, the sum of all the senses by which we know ). drawing is central to all art activity. all students will increasingly use drawing as a means to : express clearly feelings, ideas and emotions ; inform subsequent work ; develop good practice already established ; undertake research and enquiry. in years 7 and 8, students explore a variety of starting points for practical work, including michael craig - martin, hundertwasser and natural forms, looking at peter randall - page and land artists, such as andy goldsworthy. they will work individually and in small groups, using a range of materials and processes, producing outcomes in both two - and three - dimensions. at least two projects each year will look in detail at examples of art, craft and design practice, both historical and contemporary. those opting for art at gcse, from year 9 through to y11 will follow the edexcel art syllabus. students begin to experience an increasingly holistic sense of how artists and designers think and work. units of work are more thematic in nature, involving a focus on ideas and concepts common to a great many practitioners. the choice of formal elements and media will therefore be dictated by the different styles of work being studied. work submitted for assessment must result from a broad area of study. students will have the opportunity to visit galleries and be exposed to as much art and design and working artists as possible. two units of coursework are required : the first is a portfolio of thoughtfully selected work, including evidence of at least three projects, which is worth 60 % of the final gcse grade. the second is an externally set final exam ; 10 hours long and sat over 2 days, it is worth 40 % of the final gcse grade.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4983255575987616, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.356460"} {"text": "by betty maina as the world braces to review the developments made since the rio earth summit in 1992 on sustainable development, it is important to look at one of the main factors of sustainable development today a energy and its access. energy is no doubt the driving force of livelihoods in any civilisation. as a matter of fact, access to quality energy sources often determines bloom or gloom in many societies. as populations surge and the need for more resources to sustain the swelling numbers is vital, it is critical to look at the energy capacity to support the heightened demand levels for food and other products. access to energy sources has continued to be a challenge especially at the household level. it is complicated by the gender disparity issue especially in many african economies. it is for this reason that developing nations should pay greater attention to the challenges of energy access and particularly so with the gender factor in mind. as the world progresses towards sustainable development in various realms, the underlying strength of the importance of energy access especially by women especially in rural communities remains a challenge that could unlock great potential. women the world over and especially in developing nations are known to be the primary users of energy at the family unit level. however in most of these cases the women do not have the rights to the sources of energy in economic and legal terms most of the time. energy accessibility demands a direct link to economic and financial resources, which in most developing nations is skewed towards men. men and women need to be empowered to access clean and sustainable energy sources. and, as the global economy gravitates towards green energy, national leaders will have to make concerted efforts towards ensuring their citizens have access to energy. each state has the ultimate responsibility to ensure that its populace is connected to the most economically viable energy resources at the most competitive price and governments have to be held accountable in this regard. it is obvious that energy is a critical factor of production and, therefore, has a direct bearing on quality of life at the micro level. to this end governments have to ensure there is supportive legislation in relation to access to energy in all sectors. policies on investments to increase access to improved energy services provide essential support for economic and social development a and womenas empowerment a as well as environmental benefits and climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience. currently, biomass fuels ( wood and agricultural waste ) are the main sources of energy for over 2. 5 billion people in poor countries. modern fuels, mechanised power and electricity can provide new opportunities for economic and social development, especially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.477117367150354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.359553"} {"text": "\u201c no amount of skillful invention can replace the essential element of imagination. \u201d edward hopper ( 1882 - 1967 ) is the guy who painted nighthawks. his portrayal of lone figures in physical or psychological disarray ( sometimes both ) is tinged with a mysterious light. it is unsentimental, but not harsh. melancholy as well, though it stops short of despair. hopper \u2019 s images possess a voyeuristic quality. the painter \u2019 s gaze, and by extension your own, falls upon private moments where a quiet drama is about to unfold. tension lurks beneath the surface, you tell yourself. the scent of old lacquer hangs in the air and the sun shines on promises broken. edward hopper \u2019 s world teeters on the brink of exhaustion. tomorrow \u2019 s a new day. perhaps. edward hopper was born in upper nyack, ny. during world wars i and ii, they built submarine chasers there. nyack was also a station on the underground railroad. the satellite view reveals a quiet little place where nothing much seems to happen. fewer than 7, 000 people live there now. you might say that hopper \u2019 s life was uneventful. there are no wild tales of sky battles or encounters with mysterious creatures in the woods. the fact is, he struggled with inner turmoil, much like you and me. he was forced to work as a freelance illustrator, an occupation he \u2019 d come to detest. long bouts of depression weighed him down. only at 31 did he sell his first piece, and that was painted over an earlier self - portrait. he wanted to paint, so he did. even when he couldn \u2019 t lift a hand to make a mark on the canvas, he sat before it. as you do before the blank page, waiting for the floodgates to open. what can edward hopper teach you about writing a novel, poem or play? \u201c great art is the outward expression of an inner life in the artist, and this inner life will result in his personal vision of the world. \u201d do you know when you \u2019 re expressing yourself? can you separate your opinion from another \u2019 s? what is agreement, and what is following blindly? for the inner self to speak, you must be willing to listen. for the inner eye to see, you must be willing to turn from the world and concentrate. concentrate on something. it doesn \u2019 t matter what. the mechanics of internal communication are the same. the world surrounds you with normalizing pressures. you want to belong", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5315621539905682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.363462"} {"text": "inner eye to see, you must be willing to turn from the world and concentrate. concentrate on something. it doesn \u2019 t matter what. the mechanics of internal communication are the same. the world surrounds you with normalizing pressures. you want to belong, so you make compromises. belonging is good, unless you surrender to the world entirely. do that and it floods you with distractions. \u201c fun \u201d is no substitute for a real attitude to life. \u201c fun \u201d is not conscious thought. you can have too much of a good thing : amusement conceals, more than it liberates. life happens to you. art is a choice. it \u2019 s not an easy one and you have to renew it every day, every minute. far easier to un - choose creation. art is under no obligation to palliate fear. the question that underlies every great work of art is, who are you? first the creator asks it of himself or herself, then it is your turn. so, who are you? what impressions come from within that meet and transform the ones without? when you lay your head down at night and your mind flits from one image to the next, just before sleep, what are those images? what do they say? \u201c my aim in painting has always been the most exact transcription possible of my most intimate impression of nature. \u201d art and imitation are sisters. yet this is the engine of the new : imitation is never perfect. the imitator adds and modifies. nothing could be more beneficial \u2013 so art grows and evolves. hopper understood this, which is why he intended to transcribe his intimate impressions. so you manifest the life within, the workings of the mind. flaws give rise to new understanding. struggle leads to conquest. ( sometimes. ) exactness is a virtue ; you lose nothing by employing a method. by careful analysis of your subject matter. method does not stifle creativity, it fosters creativity. method and discipline are flowering trees growing toward the light. to the disciplined seeker it is always spring. other posts about painters : 5 questions with robert hardgrave ( interview ) what can they teach you about writing? - - is a weekly series of articles drawing on public statements by talented people, and how such statements apply to the act of writing. \u201c talented people \u201d does not mean they \u2019 re entertainers, nor do i expect you to agree with my definition of talent at all times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5439307695008928, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.364390"} {"text": "using a \u201c strawman \u201d for page layout design designing the page layouts for a new or redesigned intranet can be complex. one of the most difficult aspects is creating the first layout. starting with an empty screen, you need to determine what will go on each page and where it will go. using a strawman design \u2013 a design that is created with the intent of discarding it \u2013 can help to overcome many of the difficulties in the design process. team or individual it is simple for one member of the intranet team to create a set of page layouts. they can use the information such as user research, intranet goals and key page elements to design the first layouts. unfortunately, during layout discussion the team member may think that their ideas are being attacked. involving the whole intranet team brings together a range of experiences, skills and understanding of the intranet needs. the eventual design should be richer for the input. however, it is difficult to design as a team \u2013 it can be hard to move beyond the blank slate and communicate design ideas. some team members may be good at discussing abstract concepts but many won \u2019 t. designing in this situation can be frustrating and unproductive. using a strawman an approach that we have used successfully is to use a strawman design. the strawman is created with the intent that it will be pulled apart and discarded. it is used to encourage discussion of the layout \u2019 s strengths and weaknesses and to generate better designs. the key advantage of a strawman is that it provides something concrete to discuss. the team can point to it, sketch on it, discuss why an element won \u2019 t work or what they would prefer to see. it allows the team to discuss the layout without it being abstract. creating the strawman the strawman should show the position of key elements including a banner, navigation, search box and page content. it doesn \u2019 t need to be either complete or very detailed and may contain elements that will be contentious. it should be hand drawn on paper or on a whiteboard. runing a strawman design session a strawman design session needs to be managed by a facilitator. this person listens to suggestions, clarifies issues, and summarises ideas. the input to the session ( an information architecture diagram, personas, key tasks, intranet goals ) should be available, preferably hung up on walls where everyone can see them. everyone should be given markers and there should be plenty of paper available for sketching. it can be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5062675385443018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.367390"} {"text": "the united nations ( un ) in 1998 placed angola under sanctions forbidding countries from buying diamonds from them. this resolution was the first resolution of the un which specifically mentioned diamonds in the context of funding war. in 1999 the illicit diamond trade was estimated by the world diamond council to have made up 3. 06 % of the world ' s diamond production. by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1 %. according to the world diamond council.. other estimates by partnership africa canada have reported conflict diamonds as much as 15 % of total production in the 1990s, with as much as 20 % being sold for illicit purposes. angola was a former colony of portugal, and gained independence in 1975. although independent, the country saw civil war between the popular movement for the liberation of angola ( mpla ) faction, and the national union for the total independence of angola ( unita ) faction. during this war, diamonds were traded by rebel groups to fund their war. the un recognized the role that diamonds played in funding the unita rebels, and banned countries from buying diamonds from angola. today angola \u2019 s civil war has ended and the country is now an arguably legitimate part of the diamond trade. blood diamonds first came to the world ' s attention in the late 1990 ' s, during the violent civil war in sierra leone. the revolutionary united front ( ruf ) rebels attempted to overthrow the government, and an illicit diamond trade was used to fund the war effort. as with angola, the civil war has ended, and sierra leone is an arguably legitimate part of the diamond trade. from 1989 to 2003 liberia was engaged in a civil war. in 2000, the un accused liberian president charles g. taylor of supporting the ruf insurgency in sierra leone with weapons and training for diamonds. in 2001 the un applied sanctions on the liberian diamond trade. in august 2003 he stepped down as president, and after being exiled to nigeria, now faces trial in the hague. on july 21, 2006 he pleaded not guilty of crimes against humanity and war crimes. liberia today is at peace and is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. however, un sanctions have not yet been lifted. the ivory coast began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the 1990 \u2019 s. a coup overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. the country became a route for exporting diamonds from liberia and war torn sierra leone. foreign investment began to withdraw from the ivory coast. to curtail the illicit trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining, and the un security council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4510832059872106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.371793"} {"text": "nasa scientists have no doubt the world will still be in one piece next week, beyond the mayan - predicted demise on december 21. they have already released a video, called ' the world didn ' t end yesterday ', which pulls the prophecy to bits. at the outset of the video, meant to be watched by viewers the day after the supposed end of the world, it says : \" if you are watching this video, it means one thing. the world didn ' t end yesterday \". the video points to the theories of dr john carlson, the director of the centre for archeoastronomy. he is backed up by nasa scientists reported on the space agency ' s website. \" the world will not end in 2012, \" said a group of nasa scientists. \" our planet has been getting along just fine for more than 4 billion years, and credible scientists worldwide know of no threat associated with 2012. \" they write the predictions started with the idea a planet called nibiru was headed toward earth. \" this catastrophe was initially predicted for may 2003, but when nothing happened the doomsday date was moved forward to december 2012 and linked to the end of one of the cycles in the ancient mayan calendar at the winter solstice in 2012 - hence the predicted doomsday date of december 21, 2012. \" they conclude by asking \" where is the science? \" of the claims, and say there is no credible evidence for any of the assertions made about weird events happening in december 2012. - \u00a9 fairfax nz news is our atmosphere heating up too fast? related story : ( see story )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49235427869870607, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.373402"} {"text": "february is \u201c heart health month \u201d and the naturopathic experts at the national university of health sciences in lombard say one of the best ways to protect your heart is to get familiar with fats! \u201c most people understand that high cholesterol levels in the blood can create heart health risks, \u201d says fraser smith, nd, who is the assistant dean of naturopathic medicine at nuhs. \u201c but there \u2019 s more to heart health than limiting saturated fat in your diet. \u201d \u201c what can be even worse are damaged fats, such as the \u2018 polyunsaturated fats \u2019 when they are rancid or oxidized from high - heat cooking, \u201d says smith. \u201c people are often told to consume polyunsaturated fats for heart health, but aren \u2019 t told that these fats can have adverse long - term effects when they are damaged by cooking or by artificial processes. even plain old vegetable oil, if reused over and over in a deep fryer can build up damaged fats that can jeopardize your health. \u201d an extreme example of a bad polyunsaturated fats are \u201c trans fats \u201d which have hydrogen added to them to make them more useful for baking or more stable for frying. conventional shortening, and certain margarines are products that contain high levels of trans fats. \u201c bad fats, like trans fats and damaged polyunsaturated fats, can raise cholesterol too. also, they easily form the substances that literally injure the inside lining of our arteries, including those precious coronary arteries that bring blood to the heart, \u201d says smith. \u201c the body \u2019 s response to this injury is to coat the inflamed artery with more cholesterol and hardening factors such as calcium. over the years, this leads to a \u2018 plaque \u2019 that can eventually clog up the artery. \u201d good fats that are heart - healthy include olive oil or non - hydrogenated virgin coconut oil. look for cold - pressed, high quality oils for cooking, and store them in a cool dark place to prevent rancidity. \u201c also, never reuse vegetable oil after cooking with it at high temperatures, \u201d says smith. \u201c and look at nutrition labels for products that have zero trans fats. \u201d if you \u2019 d like to explore more ways to protect your heart health, you can call 1 - 630 - 629 - 9664 to find the nuhs whole health center nearest you and schedule", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43130746259070435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.377332"} {"text": "green jobs and green education a number of businesses, companies, corporations, and individual people are going green these days. it is all about being environmentally friendly and energy efficient, and contrary to popular belief, this can no longer be qualified as a mere \" fad. \" quite the opposite, it is becoming a definite way of life in an attempt to literally save the planet. people are not only constantly on the lookout for new forms of alternative and renewable energy, but they are looking for government jobs - and other jobs of course - in alternative energy. these are typically known as sustainable careers, because ideally we will always have a need for alternative and renewable energy. these types of careers are right for certain types of people. you have to be interested in certain things. for instance, if you are passionate about the environment and the continued fight for the civil rights of any number of social groups, cultures, belief systems, individuals, and so on, then a sustainable career may well be the right one for you. people interested in these types of career are also very concerned about subjects such as climate change, cutting down on and ultimately getting rid of pollution, and making the world more equitable for the entire world, especially our future generations. you have heard of blue collar jobs and white collar jobs, right? well, jobs of this nature are starting to be known as green collar jobs or simply as green jobs. government jobs of this nature are becoming wide open. politics aside, it must be said that beneath the last couple of administrations, government jobs in alternative energy are becoming much more common. for example, the recovery act investments in clean energy have opened up a wealth of job opportunities. there are jobs which require looking for new energy sources that are renewable ; expanding the capacity for manufacturing in technology that is clean and energy efficiency ; discovering and building clean technologies for vehicles ; creating better electric grids ; and many, many more. there are jobs in appliance efficiency standards, as well as jobs in creating new efficiency standards for vehicles. there are government positions researching climate changes and ways to improve them, there are international leadership positions, jobs in monitoring emissions, and jobs in adapting climate changes. our oceans need to be protected, the land needs to be conserved, the ecosystem needs to be restored, the great lakes and other bodies of water in the united states need to be restored. mind you, the jobs mentioned here are available in the united states, but as we all know, america is not the only country focusing on becoming more environmentally friendly. there are similar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4718189730805272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.380651"} {"text": "constipation, age 12 and older constipation can be treated at home. - try gentle exercise. take a short walk each day. gradually increase your walking time until you are walking for at least 20 minutes. - make sure you drink enough fluids. most adults should try to drink between 8 and 10 glasses of water or noncaffeinated beverages each day. avoid alcoholic beverages and caffeine, which can increase reference dehydration opens new window. if you have heart failure or kidney failure, talk to your doctor about what amount of fluid is right for you. - include fruits, vegetables, and fiber in your diet each day. have a bran muffin or bran cereal for breakfast, and try eating a piece of fruit for a mid - afternoon snack. - schedule time each day for a bowel movement ( after breakfast, for example ). establishing a daily routine may help. take your time. do not be in a hurry. - support your feet with a small step stool [ about 6 in. ( 15 cm ) ] when you sit on the toilet. this will help flex your hips and place your pelvis in a more normal \" squatting \" position for having a bowel movement. - if you are still constipated : - add some processed or synthetic fiber \u2014 such as citrucel, metamucil, or perdiem \u2014 to your diet each day. - try a stool softener, such as colace, if your stools are very hard. - try a rectal glycerin suppository. follow the directions on the label. do not use more often than recommended on the label. - osmotic laxatives ( such as fleet phospho - soda, milk of magnesia, or miralax ) and nonabsorbable sugars ( such as lactulose or sorbitol ) hold fluids in the intestine. they also draw fluids into the intestine from other tissue and blood vessels. this extra fluid in the intestines makes the stool softer and easier to pass. drink plenty of water when you use this type of laxative. - you may occasionally need to try a stimulant laxative, such as ex - lax or feen - a - mint. use these preparations sparingly. overuse of stimulant laxatives decreases the tone and sensation in the large intestine, causing dependence on using laxatives. regular use may interfere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40928256973219884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.383871"} {"text": "lax or feen - a - mint. use these preparations sparingly. overuse of stimulant laxatives decreases the tone and sensation in the large intestine, causing dependence on using laxatives. regular use may interfere with your body ' s ability to absorb vitamin d and calcium, which can weaken your bones. do not use laxatives for longer than 2 weeks without consulting your doctor. - if you are still constipated, reference check your symptoms to determine if and when you need to see your doctor. - talk to your doctor before using an enema. your doctor may need to check your symptoms or may suggest a different way to treat your constipation. symptoms to watch for during home treatment reference call your doctor if any of the following occur during home treatment : - constipation occurs or continues after 1 week of home treatment. - rectal pain develops or increases. - blood in the stool develops or increases. - uncontrolled leakage of stool occurs. - your symptoms become more severe or more frequent. if you have any of these symptoms, you need to be evaluated by a doctor. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference august 2, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine reference david messenger, md", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45053760135442, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.384583"} {"text": "the big picture researchers used united nations food and agricultural organization data to study the connection between sugar availability in the diets of different populations and type 2 diabetes rates in those groups. they determined availability of six different food categories \u2014 sugars, fibers, fruits, meats, cereals, oils, and total food \u2014 in calories per person per day, in 175 different countries, for a ten - year period from 2000 to 2010. other factors that may affect type 2 diabetes rates, such as how much of a population is rural versus urban, and average levels of income, age, sedentary behavior, and extra weight or obesity were studied as well. the researchers found : for every additional 150 calories per person per day \u2014 about one soda \u2014 in sugar availability, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increased by 1. 1 %. the relationship between sugar availability and type 2 diabetes was modified by obesity and carrying extra weight ; the effects of sugar were worse for people who carry extra pounds. however, even in the absence of obesity, sugar still increased type 2 diabetes risk. the sugar - diabetes connection held in positive and negative directions : diabetes rates went up in countries where sugar became more available, and they declined in countries where sugar availability decreased. no other foods were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. smarter sweetening strategies the study is observational, so it can \u2019 t prove cause and effect. still, the results suggest too much sugar can damage health. dr. david katz, md director of yale university \u2019 s prevention research center notes, \u201c a direct link between sugar and diabetes stands to reason. \u201d adds marion nestle, phd, nutrition and public health professor at new york university, \u201c it shouldn ' t surprise anyone that eating a lot of sugar is bad for your health. \u201d our tips can help you find the natural \u2014 not added \u2014 sweetness in your diet : - seek slimness. even in this study, obesity had a stronger tie with type 2 diabetes than sugar availability. regardless of sugar, if you \u2019 re significantly overweight, you \u2019 re still at risk. - be sugar savvy. many people believe only high fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ) is hard on health, due to its fructose content. not true. most hfcs is around 55 % fructose ; white table sugar is about 50 % fructose, so when it comes to sugar, \u201c natural cane sugar \u201d products really aren \u2019 t a better choice. they may contain fewer preservatives, dyes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4473695567913697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.389171"} {"text": "around 55 % fructose ; white table sugar is about 50 % fructose, so when it comes to sugar, \u201c natural cane sugar \u201d products really aren \u2019 t a better choice. they may contain fewer preservatives, dyes, and food additives though. - fear not, the fruit. excess fructose in processed food is problematic but the amount in fruit is not. one soda contains about the same amount of fructose as 14 peaches! according to dr. daniel marks, md, phd of oregon health & science university, in portland, oregon, \u201c it \u2019 s nearly impossible to overdo fructose by eating whole fruit. \u201d - go natural. natural sugars, such as those in whole fruit, are the best way to satisfy your sweet tooth. limit foods high in added sugars, such as sodas, desserts, sauces, condiments, and other packaged and processed items. - know the disguises. on labels, sugar, which provides 4 calories per gram, goes by many names, including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, galactose, mannose, fructose, xylose, syrup, barley malt, agave nectar, cane sugar, and many others. a better choice? avoid food labels altogether. you don \u2019 t need a label to tell you beans, kale, blueberries, oatmeal, and almonds are healthy choices. ( plos one 8 : e57873. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0057873 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.385998809507898, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.389802"} {"text": "continuing the theme of recycled or borrowed pagan beliefs and practices, the ever turning wheel brings us to the festival of ostara, and the christian celebration of easter. although many of christianity \u2019 s adaptations of pagan concept have needed manipulation to fit the bill, easter however with it \u2019 s theme of death and rebirth has been an easy adaptation, for ostara or eostre is just that, the birth of spring \u2019 s new life after the death of winter. for thousands of years long before defined culture divided the races of humanity, our simple ancestors dwelling safe within the earth, told tales around their life sustaining fires of a divine earth mother. it was she who watched over them, guiding and providing, ever present in her seasonal aspects of maiden in spring time, blooming into mother with the fertile summer, bearing fruit, and then through into autumn as she changed to crone, eventually returning with death back to the earth at winter. most modern pagans are familiar with persephone in greek mythology : in the eleusinian mysteries the myth tells how persephone as maiden is the goddess of springs bounty, but one day whilst she played with her nymphs in a tranquil meadow she was seen by hades whose desire for her was so great that he raped and abducted her into the underworld to be his bride. demeter her devoted mother was distraught when she could not find her daughter and proceeded to search the world, enlisting the help of hecate with her burning torches held high so that not a corner of darkness was left un searched. when demeter learned that zeus had conspired in the abduction she was so furious that she refused to allow the earth to blossom until her daughter was returned. life could not continue in endless winter so zeus ordered hades to return persephone, however because she had eaten a pomegranate seed he claimed she now belonged to the underworld ; compromise was mediated and it was agreed she should spend winter with her husband in the underworld, and her return to her mother each spring heralds the spring. the analogy of the myth is the creation of the seasons ; however it needs to be remembered that greek mythology in terms of \u2018 deep time \u2019 is actually very recent, dating from c. 500 bc. however archaeological evidence can prove that humanity perceived the cycle of death and rebirth, divine life - force within the earth akin to the flora of nature, from as early as 4000bc. evidence to substantiate these early concepts of rebirth can be seen in the material culture of the neolithic, an excellent site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584474896716247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.394502"} {"text": "death and rebirth, divine life - force within the earth akin to the flora of nature, from as early as 4000bc. evidence to substantiate these early concepts of rebirth can be seen in the material culture of the neolithic, an excellent site is the boyne valley, and within its16 km there are at least 40 tombs. the passage grave of knowth1 is a particularly good example, as it has in recent years been extensively excavated and accurately restored to allow visitors to experience the neolithic concept of life, death and the spirit eternal. within the depths of the mound the construction of the cruciform camber runs east, west. the alignment of the passages is deliberate, allowing the rising sun to penetrate the 40m long eastern passage on the equinoxes of 21 march and 21 september, flooding the inner chamber with life giving life. newgrange, also in the boyne valley is another grave restoration project ; the exterior of the mound has been restored to former neolithic glory with its original paved crust of white quart. each dawn as the sun rises the tomb is bathed in sunlight reflecting against the quartz crystals, again symbolic of life born anew. the vast passage of time brought human evolution and development of the human mind ; our childlike need for witnessing the physical matured into acceptance of belief refreshed through bardic stories. this then further progressed into structured and approved acceptance of divinity, imparted through the teaching of culturally manipulated myths ; which in turn progressed into a politically acceptable and expected affiliation with respective divinity as demonstrated within roman culture. a fundamental aspect of roman progress that is seldom appreciated by modern historians is their zest for acquiring foreign wisdom from every corner of the known world ; just as they physical made the world theirs by conquest so they made knowledge appear theirs through writing, although research within ancient texts shows their ability to swallow up vast areas of borrowed wisdom in all areas of life and spirituality, then through a process of romanization, through scholarly study and recording, reproduce it as literature and reclaim it as their own. by the arrival of christianity the romans had already conquered, consumed and digested the teutons2 ; the race from whom the word easter derives. she was their maiden goddess of the moon and spring, ostara is her viking name but she was eostre in the anglo - saxon tradition. her celebration was the feast of eostar at the vernal equinox and the symbolism within eggs and rabbits has remains unchanged, for it is the aspect of fertility, pregnant earth bringing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5310832320752874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.395470"} {"text": "was eostre in the anglo - saxon tradition. her celebration was the feast of eostar at the vernal equinox and the symbolism within eggs and rabbits has remains unchanged, for it is the aspect of fertility, pregnant earth bringing forth new life. it is the very same symbolism that was physically demonstrated in the neolithic, at the spring equinox, with the first light of dawn. like the pagan great rite, the sun \u2019 s shaft of masculinity filled the tomb, the barren earth womb where there had only been death, with life giving light. and it is this same aspect that christianity uses, the conquering of death by life anew, for scripture says that jesus after three days rose from the grave, and this is their celebration of easter. 1full details on knowth and newgrange and all the other tombs of the boyne valley can be found neolithic britain and ireland \u2019 caroline malone, 2001, tempus, stroud. 2 according to both strabo the roman philosopher and map maker, and velleius the historian, the tuetons were a germanic people heralding from the area now known as jutland. with the help of the gauls they clashed with the might of roman in northern europe, at the end of the 2nd century bc, and were defeated. posted by talog witch.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44420692202141016, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.395955"} {"text": "acidic ( tart, sour ) : all wines contain some acids and young wines are generally more acidic than older ones ; however, improperly balanced wines may taste acidic or sour because of an abnormally high acid content. aroma : the smell of a wine, often used interchangeably with bouquet. the term is generally applied to the fruit - based impressions of a young wine, while bouquet is reserved for more aged wines. astringent : the dry, puckering effect on the inside of the mouth due to an overly tannic wine. balanced : a wine in which all its components ( acidity, alcohol, fruity quality, tannins, sugar, extract, and other characteristics ) are in harmony, and none masks the other. bitter : harsh, unpleasant taste typically caused by an excess of tannins in the wine. a negative trait with the exception of some red italian wines. body : the weighty feeling in the mouth due to the wines alcoholic content and its extracts. wines are considered light, medium, or full - bodied. bouquet : the layers of smells and odors in a wine. brettanomyces ( brett ) : a rogue yeast that can affect the taste and smell of wine. it is very difficult to get rid of once it has infected the wine making surfaces. the odors range from a barnyard to band - aids. in small amounts, however, these smells can add interest to the wine. buttery : a rich, creamy smell and flavors reminiscent of butter that comes often to wines matured in oak barrels. chewy : balanced tannins that are not overwhelming. being chewy can be a positive attribute for wine. complex : a wine that is multi - layered in flavors and aromas. each sip brings another flavor and reveals another nuance. good wines are usually complex, great wines even more so. crisp : the term used to describe white wines with a refreshing fresh flavor and good acidity. dry : a wine that has little or no perception of sweetness. earthy : wine with aromas and flavor reminiscent of damp soil or a forest floor. this is a positive attribute and the reflection of all the effects the local environment had on the production of the wine. finish : the impression ( or aftertaste ), long or short, strong or weak, that lingers after you have swallowed a wine. harsh : a derogatory term used to describe a wine that has unbalanced tannins and acidity. legs : the tracks of liquid that cling to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48371324280535566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.400141"} {"text": "short, strong or weak, that lingers after you have swallowed a wine. harsh : a derogatory term used to describe a wine that has unbalanced tannins and acidity. legs : the tracks of liquid that cling to the sides of a glass after the contents have been swirled. a more viscous wine ( fuller body ) will create thicker, more slowly flowing legs as it descends along the glass. it is also said to be related to the alcohol content of a wine. legs are also called tears. meritage : a red meritage must be made from a blend of at least two of the following varieties : cabernet sauvignon, merlot, cabernet franc, malbec, petit verdot or carmenere, with no varietal comprising more than 90 % of the blend and a white meritage must be made from a blend of at least two or more of the following varieties : sauvignon blanc, semillon or muscadelle du bordelais, with no varietal comprising more than 90 % of the blend. to use the term meritage, wine makers must license the meritage trademark from its owner, the california - based meritage alliance that sets the standards for the bordeaux - style blends. nose : a term used for the general smell or aroma of a wine. oak : the term used to describe the flavor of wines that have been aged in small oak barrels. this includes creamy body, caramel, nutmeg, vanilla and smoky or toasted flavors oxidized : a wine that has experienced to much exposure to oxidation, considered faulty, and may exhibit sherry - like odors. robust : a full bodied wine with strong and pronounced flavors. rose : a type of wine that incorporates some of the color from the grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. rose wine is generally a distinctive pale red color and most often produced using black - skinned grapes that are crushed and the skins allowed to remain in contact with the juice for only a short period, typically one to three days, then pressed, and the skins discarded. ( in traditional red wine making the skins are left in contact throughout the fermentation process. ) sharp : a wine in which the acidity is out of balance, bitter from the wine \u2019 s tannin and unpleasant. smokey : a characteristic of a wine exhibiting the aromas and flavors of smoke from barrel aging. smooth ( or soft ) : easy drinking wine with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5161865107849131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.403727"} {"text": "lesson 2 : primary production and upwelling in the ocean colorful convection currents materials / preparation review the instructions and video at easy science experiments : colorful convection currents each group of students will need : groups of two to four easy science experiments : colorful convection currents includes a video demonstration. if you have never seen this activity done, you may want to review the video before trying the activity. this hot and cold water activity can be rather messy. we encourage you to try the activity yourself before doing it in the classroom. providing students with buckets can help to avoid major water spills during this activity. make sure that the bottles are only stacked inside the buckets. you may want to do the activity outside. if you feel that your students will not be able to do the activity, you show the online video, but it is more powerful to have students do the experiment themselves. keep an ample supply of hot and cold colored water handy. for most students, it is intuitive that hot and cold water would mix. to see the cold water staying at the bottom may challenge their assumption. this is a good thing! but it \u2019 s important that the students first set up the experiment with the hot water at the bottom. make sure to have a thorough discussion about what is happening. for students who haven \u2019 t studied density, you may want to include some basic density concepts at this point. optional : if time permits, as an extension students can also experiment with salt water of various concentrations \u2014 this will deepen the students \u2019 understanding of layers in the water column.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5203936724792959, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.407595"} {"text": "this article presents ideas on how to help your students remember vocabulary. - the implications for teaching - memorable teaching - learner training - noting and storing vocabulary \" and what ' s your mobile phone number, sir? \" as the question is put to me i suddenly realise that i can ' t remember my number. i repeated it to myself over and over a few days before, it ' s there somewhere in my mind but i just can ' t get the information. much to my embarrassment, i have to resort to finding it in my diary. everyone who has tried to force themselves to learn information will know the problem. despite repeating it again and again and being able to hold it in our short - term memory, keeping information in our long - term memory is much more difficult. despite the fact that there seems to be an infinite amount of information that can be stored there, getting things into our long - term memory and back again can be a difficult process. so why is it that we forget information? decay theory suggests that unless we use the information that is stored regularly, it will slowly disappear from our memory. a second theory suggests that information in fact stays in our memory, but we are unable to reach it. cue - dependent forgetting is an idea based on experiments where subjects found they forgot lists of learnt words but could remember them if they were given appropriate information to help them recall. with a cue, ( ' it ' s a fruit ' when they were trying to remember the word ' pear ' ) students ' performance was greatly enhanced. the implications for teaching as teachers we need to take this into account and find ways of helping students to combat the effects of memory decay and give them the tools to improve their retrieval ability. we also need to think of ways of making the experience of learning vocabulary more memorable and of recycling the information that we teach. there are many things we can do to make the learning process more memorable for our learners. using pictures, interesting contexts and stories can help memory and giving the students the opportunity to practise the new vocabulary in personalised and meaningful tasks are also essential tools. the idea is that if the students are asked to analyse and react personally to new information, it will help them process the language more deeply, facilitating their ability to retain it in their long - term memory. this also is a powerful argument for using guided discovery techniques that require the students to find the meaning of vocabulary ( with help and guidance from the teacher ) and to own the learning process. by giving the students opportunities to revise vocabulary in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5175163170365567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.416443"} {"text": "term memory. this also is a powerful argument for using guided discovery techniques that require the students to find the meaning of vocabulary ( with help and guidance from the teacher ) and to own the learning process. by giving the students opportunities to revise vocabulary in the classroom we will be able to help students remember it. this can be done at the start and end of a lesson with a quick warmer ( see the try - vocabulary for suggestions ). getting students to keep a bank of cards ( see think - vocabulary and autonomy, visnja pavicic ) is also a great idea. i like to divide the class into groups of four or five, giving each group a set of blank cards. at the end of the lesson / week i brainstorm all the words onto the board and ask each group to write the words onto their cards. i bring the cards back every week enabling the students to test each other in groups or in a mingle, put the words into categories and justify their choices and even build a story by sharing the cards and adding sentences using a word on a card. by encouraging the students to retrieve the words in subsequent lessons and repeatedly re - exposing them to what has been presented, we are able to counteract the effects of forgetting. most of the responsibility for retaining the new items falls on the students ' shoulders. some may be unaware of this and even unsure of the best ways to aid memory. it is essential therefore that class time is spent highlighting the importance of learning strategies. it is a good idea to start early in the course. raise your students ' awareness of the difficulties they will have remembering, and highlight what they can do. you can tell them some of the following : - try to use the new words either in class, for homework or in some other way - look out for the words and expressions you are trying to learn when you are reading or listening to english - write short stories or paragraphs connecting the words and expressions that you want to learn - write personalised sentences using the new words, something that is relevant to your life - keep the words you want to learn in a small notebook with an example sentence. you can then take it with you wherever you go and when you have a few minutes ( whilst waiting for a bus ), test yourself. it would be very beneficial to point out to the students that they should revise the vocabulary themselves at regular intervals, e. g. looking again the next day, then next two days after that, then four days and then a week later etc. noting and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4929340834333988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.418094"} {"text": "the benefits of any truly transformative technology are at first exaggerated, but their long - term effects surprise everyone. at the moment, mesh networks are experiencing such misvaluation. their promoters ( and they are many ) now describe them with hyperbolic enthusiasm ; but in the end they will be the mechanism by which machine intelligence becomes like electricity \u2013 that is, invisible and ubiquitous. mesh networks are not so very new : their conceptual lineage dates back to packet radio, a kind of digital data transmission used by amateur radio hackers in the 1970s. but investments in more reliable and intelligent networks made during the 1990s by the u. s. department of defense renewed interest in meshes ; and within the last five years, academic institutions like mit \u2019 s media lab and startups like aeria, belair networks, ember, meshnetworks ( now owned by motorola ), and tropos networks have rapidly advanced the technology. ( disclosure : ember \u2019 s chairman and acting chief executive, bob metcalfe, also serves on technology review \u2019 s board. ) meshies believe that mesh networks will overthrow traditional networking and communications and create entirely new kinds of distributed software. for the purposes of this column, mesh networks ( sometimes called mobile ad hoc networks, or manets ) are local - area networks whose nodes communicate directly with each other through wireless connections. it is the lack of a hub - and - spoke structure that distinguishes a mesh network. meshes do not need designated routers : instead, nodes serve as routers for each other. thus, data packets are forwarded from node to node in a process that network technologists term \u201c hopping. \u201d before dismissing mesh networks as being of interest only to specialists, consider their advantages over existing hub - and - spoke networks. mesh networks are self - healing : if any node fails, another will take its place. they are anonymous : nodes can come and go as they will. they are pervasive : a mobile node rarely encounters dead spots, because other nodes route around objects that hinder communication. meshes are cheap, efficient, and simple. but they are still in development. the chief technical challenge for meshes is the inherent unreliability of wireless links. because the unreliability compounds with each hop, the size of meshes is now limited. a related problem with hopping is that, for now, moving nodes seldom establish new connections \u201c seamlessly \u201d : when a network \u2019 s topology changes, some transmission paths can be temporarily disrupted. therefore, voice and video sit un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5719314098577852, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.426249"} {"text": "a manufacturing technique being adopted by companies that make gadgets for some of the biggest names in consumer tech will help them significantly improve the resolution of tv and tablet displays later this year. applied materials, which makes electronics manufacturing equipment, has introduced machines that make it feasible to use an advanced approach for making displays \u2014 previously limited to r & d \u2014 at a large scale. this will enable consumer electronics companies to put screens with much higher resolution into many gadgets, applied materials says. sharper display resolution has become a popular feature with gadget buyers, and both apple \u2019 s iphone 4 and the latest version of the ipad come with a very - high - resolution \u201c retina display. \u201d some competitors of apple have launched phones with similarly high resolution displays, but no other tablets are available that can match the latest ipad \u2019 s sharpness. apple \u2019 s competitors are eager to catch up. an engineer at microsoft posted an article online this week about efforts to ready windows 8, the next version of the company \u2019 s flagship operating system, for tablets with very - high - resolution displays. applied materials \u2019 s new machines perform plasma - enhanced chemical vapor deposition ( pecvd ), a process that deposits thin films of material onto surfaces. the machinery makes it possible to produce displays that use a different material for the display \u2019 s backplane \u2014 the layer of transistors that sits behind the display and controls its pixels. that material, known as indium gallium zinc oxide, or igzo, makes it easier and cheaper to build displays with extra - dense pixels, like the one apple installed in the latest ipad. making displays with this kind of resolution larger than seven inches diagonally would be impossible without using igzo, applied materials claims. \u201c i would expect to see products this year, \u201d says doug hayden, senior director of global product management at applied materials \u2019 s displays division, akt. \u201c it will probably be tablets followed by tvs, but it will be close. \u201d in tvs, the new material will mean both higher resolution and faster refresh rates. although applied materials announced the new production equipment just this week, five customers have already installed the new machines and are using them to produce displays, says hayden. he wouldn \u2019 t name those customers, but applied materials is known to supply display - making equipment to samsung, sharp, and lg, and sharp and samsung are believed to supply apple with displays for its ipad tablet. lcd televisions and monitors, as well as mobile devices, all have displays that rely on a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4780104109790799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.429721"} {"text": "the across - the - board u. s. budget cuts scheduled to take effect on march 1, known as sequestration, will have ripple effects that hurt scientific and health research for years to come, the heads of two federal research agencies said this week. in a note distributed to research institutions, the national science foundation, which awards research grants on topics like climate change, materials science, and computing, anticipates it will issue about 1, 000 fewer new grants than it had expect this fiscal year. and francis collins, the director of the national institutes of health, said the $ 1. 5 billion cut from its $ 30 billion budget would slow research in diseases, specifically calling out a push to develop a universal influenza vaccine \u2014 \u201d a project that is going extremely well, \u201d he told reporters. collins said his greatest concern is the effect on young scientists, because the nih \u2019 s training grants would be cut. he noted the psychological effects to their dreams and visions, not just the monetary ones. this may sound mushy to someone not familiar with the world of research. but for students in or hoping to enter doctoral programs, it is a rough and long path to a career in science, one that many can \u2019 t sustain even in normal times. if a funding setback, a grant that should have come through, or the general uncertainy about the funding future is demoralizing for seasoned researchers, it has got to be worse for those in the early stages of their careers. fewer grants means fewer opportunities and a leakier \u201c pipeline \u201d of scientific talent \u2014 and that, in the end, may be the worst effect of the series of budget crises that politics has left us.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47032933854270265, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.431566"} {"text": "mobile ip is a standard that allows users with mobile devices whose ip addresses are associated with one network to stay connected when moving to a network with a different ip address. mobile ip provides an efficient, scalable mechanism for node mobility within the internet. using mobile ip, nodes may change their point - of - attachment to the internet without changing their ip address. this allows them to maintain transport and higher - layer connections while moving. node mobility is realized without the need to propagate host - specific routes throughout the internet routing fabric. when a user leaves the network with which his device is associated ( home network ) and enters the domain of a foreign network, the foreign network uses the mobile ip protocol to inform the home network of a care - of address to which all packets for the user ' s device should be sent. the mobile ip protocol enables nodes to move from one ip subnet to another. each mobile node is always identified by its home address, regardless of its current point of attachment to the internet. while situated away from its home, a mobile node is also associated with a care - of address, which provides information about its current point of attachment to the internet. the protocol allows registration of the care - of address with a home agent. the home agent sends datagrams destined for the mobile node through a tunnel to the care - of address. after arriving at the end of the tunnel, each datagram is then delivered to the mobile node. it can be used for mobility across both homogeneous and heterogeneous media. mobile ip defines a set of new control messages, sent with udp, registration request and registration reply. mobile ip terminology : mobile node ( mn ) : a node capable of performing network roaming home agent ( ha ) : ip address of the mobile node ' s home agent ( such as a router ). foreign agent ( fa ) : ip address of the mobile node ' s foreign agent ( such as a router ). care of address ( ca ) : address of the end - of - tunnel towards the mobile node correspondent node ( cn ) : the other node that the mn is communicating with home address : mobile \u2019 s permanent ip address mobile ip references :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5516004161240553, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.435029"} {"text": "in the emerging world of technology, mobile phones play a vital role in communication. they have reached even the remote rural places. increasing use has made people \u2019 s lives easier but has also caused some negative effects due to their improper usage. some people are using mobile phones while charging the battery, or talking on the phone when there are storms with lightening. some use their phones while driving, or when they are in petrol bunks, or while cooking using gas cylinders etc. some times thus kind of improper use can cause even death. examples of this have appeared in the news papers. using phones in public places like hospitals has become a nuisance. people used to forward information regarding these things through short message service ( sms ), but most of the people in the community are uneducated and cannot read what has been received through their mobile phone. tewfi has created awareness among people in the community regarding the correct usage of mobile phones by organising programmes in which tewfi \u2019 s social workers inform participants of the ill effects of mobile phones on their hearing, brain, and eyesight. our social workers are also talking about the etiquette of mobile phone usage. some people become stressed due to anonymous calls and text messages. in our programme handling those issues are also being discussed. tewfi believes that change will happen gradually and it would like to continue this programme for all the community in edaikazhinadu panchayat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120951145182318, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.437885"} {"text": "can you give me a definition of positive attitude? you can easily write down a definition of positive attitude when you look back at what your life has been so far, and notice the good and bad times. look at the difficult times where, for any reason, you had to put on your best act and throw yourself into the uncertain - and you did. remember the times you smiled and took it easy, although it was not. there you were having a positive attitude. let ' s have a look at different definitions of attitude that you can find over the internet : - wikipedia says that attitude \" is a concept in psychology. attitudes are positive or negative views of an ' attitude object ' : i. e. a person, behavior or event \". - dictionary. com defines attitude as \" a state of mind or a feeling ; disposition : had a positive attitude about work \". - princeton university says that attitude is \" a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways ; ' he had the attitude that work was fun ' \". optimism, as defined by dictionary. com, means \" a tendency to expect the best possible outcome or dwell on the most hopeful aspects of a situation \". take now the following definition of positive attitude : \" a person ' s disposition towards life in a manner that shows optimism \" ( as opposed to a pessimistic point of view ). does this sound like you? show me your positive side you may have a general positive attitude towards life, but you can also see that it ' s easy to feel good and optimistic when things go well. it is when life gets tough that having a positive attitude will help you move forward smoothly. it ' s at difficult times that you really show your positive side : exactly when it ' s not easy to do, yet you choose to pay attention to the silver lining. besides, you get to discover how strong you actually are when you choose to maintain a positive attitude in difficult circumstances. the more you choose to focus on thoughts that make you feel good, the easier you will find it to have a positive attitude. you can now find inspiration to keep focused on positive thoughts with my ebook ' yes to life '. for just $ 8 you will get tips, advice and stories which will make you find it easier to stay looking at the bright side of life ; ) find out more about ' yes to life ' by following this link. \" first say to yourself what you would be ; and then do what you have to do. \" back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5369087837762709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.443362"} {"text": "the international energy agency, whose forecasts of world energy supply are perhaps more influential than any other, has expressed deep concerns that the world ' s oil supply can no longer meet demand. in other words, that peak oil may be here. \" we are entering a new world energy order, \" chief economist fatih birol told the associated press. to assess whether or not the world is at or near peak oil, the iea will study the depletion rates of 400 oil fields, the ap reported. the timing of the statement might send further shockwaves through the oil market, which had retreated somewhat from its unprecedented peak of $ 135 per barrel earlier thursday. oil is a finite resource it is produced by subterranean pressure over the course of millions of years. so what we ' ve got is all we ' ve got. oil drillers go for the easy and most profitable crude first the stuff that requires the least energy to pump out of the ground and the least refining to make into a usable product. when that is gone, what ' s left is harder and more expensive to get at and deliver to the market. examples of the hard - to - reach stuff include deep - water deposits, oil shale and tar sands. the peak oil theory says that when we ' ve pumped about half the crude in the world, demand for oil keeps rising but the supply falters. maybe it hits an \" undulating plateau. \" maybe it falls in fits and starts. maybe it drops like a stone. off a cliff. but it falls leaving a widening gap between supply and demand. that will not only mean higher gas prices, but higher prices for just about everything because petroleum is the basis for many of the products we use. if oil runs short before there are alternatives available, expect big geopolitical shifts as nations vie for control of the oil reserves that remain. are we there yet? some say we ' ve reached, or are near to reaching, that point - - the peak, when the earth ' s geologic formations no longer yield enough oil fast enough to meet the world ' s ever - growing demand. after all, most nations outside the middle east have already peaked, according to the government accountability office. the united states peaked in 1970 and now pumps half of what it did 35 years ago. the question is whether big producers like saudi arabia have as much as they say they do, and whether new sources can be developed in time to meet the ever - growing demand from developing nations like china and india, where automobile use is only just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4654927406951651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.446331"} {"text": "by the time hilda tadria had left school, she knew she wanted to help women empower themselves. as a girl growing up in uganda in the 1960s, she tagged along on her mother ' s visits to the village of rugyeyo to teach rural women literacy and nutrition skills. tadria ' s commitment to bringing about social change led her to set up the women ' s activist organisation action for development, in 1985, and co - found the african women ' s development fund, in 2001. since 1997, and her appointment as a senior regional adviser on gender issues at the ethiopia - based united nations ( un ) economic commission for africa ( uneca ), tadria has worked to show the link between gender inequality and maternal health. the link between social factors, such as gender and social status, and human health are especially strong in maternal health. according to tadria, the cultural disempowerment of women that permeates many societies in the developing world combine to create a population of women who have little autonomy about their reproductive choices, an excessive burden of care, and unequal access to prevention and treatment. maternal health has been in the spotlight ever since world leaders committed to reducing maternal mortality by three - quarters by 2015. but global efforts to achieve this millennium development goal ( mdg ) often focus on the immediate causes of maternal mortality : a shortage of health services, poor transport facilities, and poverty. as welcome as this attention is, says tadria, efforts such as poverty - alleviation programmes must also take the underlying factors of gender inequality and women ' s rights into account : \u201c there are a lot of economically and politically empowered women who still have no autonomy in deciding when to have children \u2014 a lot of men still feel entitled to get a son from their wife. \u201d tadria has also addressed the way hiv / aids threatens maternal health in the developing world. between 2003 and 2004, she undertook research on the gender dimensions of hiv / aids for the commission on hiv / aids and governance in africa. the commission found that many hiv prevention programmes \u2014 especially those that advocate the abc message ( abstain from sex before marriage, be faithful, or use a condom ) \u2014 have until now largely ignored women ' s lack of sexual autonomy. women ' s empowerment, says tadria, is axiomatic to tackling hiv / aids and the way it affects maternal health. one of tadria ' s biggest challenges in the gender - training workshops she holds all over africa is trying to convince men, and some women, in policymaking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4552030999995526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.451576"} {"text": "is axiomatic to tackling hiv / aids and the way it affects maternal health. one of tadria ' s biggest challenges in the gender - training workshops she holds all over africa is trying to convince men, and some women, in policymaking institutions that \u201c gender inequality affects everything, negatively. the key issues that affect maternal health \u2014 early or unplanned pregnancies, poor nutrition, forced or unprotected sex \u2014 are all related to the subordinate position of women in africa \u201d, she told the lancet. many people, she finds, accept the existence of gender inequality but are less inclined to acknowledge its importance for africa ' s development, fearing that \u201c changing the status quo would be harmful to society \u201d. tadria is herself testimony to the misguided nature of such fears : she is the embodiment of an empowered woman who is committed to improving development in africa. her loyalty to her home country of uganda, where she was an associate professor of sociology at the national university, made her reluctant to join the brain drain of professionals who were abandoning africa in the 1970s. despite several years studying abroad in the uk and usa \u2014 an ma in social anthropology from cambridge university in the 1970s, and a decade later, a phd from the university of minnesota \u2014 tadria had no doubt that africa was her home. indeed, when she left to study in the usa, taking her two children with her, tadria and her husband decided that he would remain in uganda : \u201c we were worried that if we both went, we might never come back \u201d. tadria went on to develop a broad range of expertise as a gender specialist during the 1990s when she worked as a consultant on gender and development at the world bank, un development programme, un development fund for women, the ugandan government, and other international agencies. these experiences inform her current work for the uneca on gender mainstreaming and gender policy development. although she agrees that important political strides are being made to empower women in africa, the reluctance to move towards gender equality is deeply embedded in traditional patriarchal systems and cultures. for tadria these entrenched attitudes mean that such approaches as mdg - 3 \u2014 which aims to promote women ' s empowerment by eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education \u2014 will not alone address the issue. \u201c in africa where cultural norms legitimise gender inequality, eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education will not guarantee women ' s economic and political participation \u201d. she suggests that \u201c what would go a long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5256411979114017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.454923"} {"text": "the lavender scare is the first feature - length documentary film to tell the story of the u. s. government ' s ruthless campaign in the 1950s and ' 60s to hunt down and fire every federal employee it suspected was gay. while the mccarthy era is remembered as the time of the red scare, the headline - grabbing hunt for communists in the united states, it was the lavender scare, a vicious and vehement purge of homosexuals, which lasted longer and ruined many more lives. before it was over, thousands and thousands of federal employees lost their jobs. based on the award - winning book by historian david k. johnson, the lavender scare shines a light on a chapter of american history that has never received the attention it deserves. it examines the tactics used by the government to identify homosexuals, and takes audiences inside interrogation rooms where gay men and women were subjected to grueling questioning. these stories are told through the first - hand accounts of the people who experienced them. the lavender scare shows how the government ' s actions ignited an anti - gay frenzy that spread throughout the country, in an era in which the new york times used the words \" homosexual \" and \" pervert \" interchangeably, and public service films warned that homosexuality was a dangerous, contagious disease. while the story is at times infuriating and heartbreaking, its underlying message is uplifting and inspiring. instead of destroying american homosexuals, the actions of the government had the opposite effect : they stirred a sense of outrage and activism that helped ignite the gay rights movement. act 1 \" gay boomtown \" in the 1930s, thousands of men and women came to washington d. c. to take jobs created by the new deal. many of those job seekers were gay - - eager to leave small town america behind in search of freedom and liberation in the growing metropolis. and they found it, enjoying a comfortable work environment and a lively social scene. some felt free enough to hold hands on the trolley or even kiss on the grounds of the washington monument. and then it all changed. senator joseph mccarthy set off the red scare with his charges that the u. s. state department had been lax in preventing the hiring of communists and other subversives. not so, retorted deputy undersecretary of state john peurifoy, in testimony before a senate committee. in fact, he said, the department had just expelled 91 homosexuals, who were deemed security risks. homosexuals! in the state department! the revelation caused a sensation. who hired them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48009712169998126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.461526"} {"text": "peurifoy, in testimony before a senate committee. in fact, he said, the department had just expelled 91 homosexuals, who were deemed security risks. homosexuals! in the state department! the revelation caused a sensation. who hired them? what were they up to? were there more? opponents of social programs of the fdr and truman administrations, and republicans eager to win back control of congress and the white house, sensed a new and powerful political weapon. three top advisors to president truman warned him in a memorandum that the country was more disturbed about the charges of homosexuals in government than about communists. the republicans got the message. vowing to protect the country against subversives and homosexuals, dwight eisenhower was elected president. in one of his first official acts on taking office, he signed an executive order banning homosexuals from working for the federal government or any of its private contractors. those already working for the government were to be fired. the hunt for homosexuals was on. act 2 \" under siege \" with the federal government on an urgent mission to seek out and fire homosexual employees, gay men and women were suddenly under constant pressure to hide their sexual orientation. friends stopped socializing. gay people avoided one another. men who lived together as a couple would sleep in separate beds, or split up altogether. even an anonymous tip could lead to a grueling interrogation by government agents. who do you live with? who are your friends? what bars do you frequent? would you like us to call your family back home and ask these questions? \" most workers summoned to interrogations chose to resign immediately, rather than face continued pressure or further scrutiny. for many, it represented not just the loss of a job, but a career. private companies, even those not doing business with the government, followed washington ' s lead and fired gay employees. many gay men and lesbians were unable to find work anywhere. some chose suicide. unlike the investigations of communists, which took place before television and newsreel cameras in senate hearing rooms, the purge of homosexuals happened in the shadows. there was no chance for a dramatic confrontation between accuser and the accused, no emotional exchange to capture public attention. in 1954, joe mccarthy was censured by the senate, and the red scare gradually began to recede. but the lavender scare continued unabated. by 1957, more than 5, 000 gay men and women had lost their jobs with the federal government. some were among the brightest minds in government service. act 3 \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48157892547074954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.462552"} {"text": "scare gradually began to recede. but the lavender scare continued unabated. by 1957, more than 5, 000 gay men and women had lost their jobs with the federal government. some were among the brightest minds in government service. act 3 \" fighting back \" on october 4, 1957, america was stunned to learn that the soviet union had successfully launched sputnik i, the earth ' s first artificial satellite. against the backdrop of the cold war, russian dominance of space was seen by many as a threat to the survival of the united states. the u. s. needed astronomers, and there were few as qualified as dr. franklin kameny, a harvard ph. d., who was working for the u. s. army map service. but while sputnik was orbiting the earth, kameny was being grilled by government agents about his sexual orientation. like many before him, he was deemed a pervert. and fired. but then he did something no one had ever done before. he fought back, both in the courts and in the court of public opinion. in 1965, he organized one of the nation ' s first gay rights protests - - a picket line in front of the white house - - four years before the stonewall rebellion. he filed countless lawsuits on behalf of federal workers who were fired because they were gay, eventually winning two decisions that would force the government to change its policy on the hiring of gay and lesbian workers. he brought pressure on the psychiatric establishment to change its position that homosexuality was a mental illness and in 1973, in an announcement that made front - page news around the world, the american psychiatric association did just that. today, the library of congress includes in its collection frank kameny ' s archive of letters, papers and memorabilia, documenting his role as \" the grandfather of gay activism. \" in 2009, when president obama signed a memorandum extending some benefits to the same - sex partners of federal employees, frank kameny was invited to the oval office to witness the event. had the united states not set out to get rid of its gay and lesbian employees, frank kameny might have had an illustrious career in the space program. instead, he helped ignite a movement that changed a nation and made life better for generations of gay and lesbian americans.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4556441880608332, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.463529"} {"text": "june 17... the s. s. pretoria, in spite of its name, was a german vessel of the hamburg - america line. as the company name suggests, the ship plied the waves between those two countries, beginning in 1898. over its travelling life the ship carried many german migrants to new lives in on this day in 1911, some of the passengers sat down to the following bill of fare \u2013 written in two languages, not including the inevitable tortured french, and english, and franglais phrases. suppe magenta ( soup magenta ) gedampfer glattfisch ( braised flounders in parsley ) boeuf a la mode, deutsche art ( boeuf a la mode a l \u2019 allemande ) aprikosen - kompott ( stewed apricots ) kabinett - pudding ( cabinet pudding ) weinschaum - sauce ( chaudeau sauce ) kase frucht kafee ( cheese fruit coffee ) one of the constantly amusing things about looking at old menus is the apparently random translation rules. the only thing that is consistent is the lack of consistency. the names of individual dishes often seem to be random derivations and amalgamations of several languages - of the country where the meal is held, of where the dish originates ( or is believed to originate ), of french ( because that was the standard menu language ). surely suppe magenta did not need translating to soup magenta? ( why not magenta soup? ). boeuf a la mode, deutsche art ( on the \u2018 german \u2019 side of the menu ) translated into boeuf a la mode a l \u2019 allemande for the \u2018 english \u2019 side of the menu is almost a non - translation. why not beef, fashionable german style? or fashionable beef, german style? aprikosen - kompott sounds far more elegant than stewed apricots, which sounds very boarding school. why not apricot compote, which is closer in concept and would be understood in english, and is also elegant? the weinschaum - sauce is wonderful. apparently it is the german name for the ( italian ) zabaglione, which on the english side of the menu becomes chaudeau sauce, which is french - ish and means a sweet pudding sauce - so why is it not sweet pudding sauce? ( or is that custard? ) surely suppe magenta is cherry soup? or is it beet soup? any german food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4701982122087657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.468875"} {"text": "theosophical university press online edition the hunahpu codex hun batz and hun chouen having been destroyed by conversion into simians, the third age comes to a close and this ends the long cycle of quiche - maya prehistory. we have seen that the disappearance of her firstborn grieves ixmucane ; but hunahpu and ixbalamque console her, pointing out that they will now take their older brothers ' place, an improvement inasmuch as they will now provide for her. then the twins declared what they would do to maintain their prestige with their grandmother and their mother. they will cultivate the milpas : \" only we shall sow the seed, \" they tell the grandmother emphatically. \" we are staying here to support our mother, ixquic, and you our grandmother, ixmucane. we will substitute for our older brothers, \" they said. then they picked up their hatchets, hoes, and clubs, and went off with their blowguns on their shoulders. when they left the house, they requested their grandmother to bring them their meal when the sun was at the zenith. \" very well, i will do this, \" the old woman told them. here we have a change in the division of labor within the family, marking a decisive step toward the patriarchal regime. during the former age men remained idle while women busied themselves in providing for them. now it is the man who works to provide for the family, reducing woman ' s role to the domestic chores, and chiefly to preparation of the meals to be carried to the fieldworkers. women became more subordinate to men, since hunahpu commanded that the twins ' meal be brought precisely at midday and the grandmother docilely consented to this by replying, \" very well. \" these expressions, \" very well \" ( esta bien ) and \" it is not well \" ( esta mal ) which are so frequently repeated in the quiche text, embody conceptions of what is according or contrary to the laws of religious morality. we have another change in the family operation in the declaration that \" only we shall sow the seed \" and in the exclusive use by the man of the hoe or sowing stick, which had been the undivided functions of the woman during the earlier cycle. the origins of this social revolution go back to the time when, besides the members of maternal descent, those of paternal descent were accepted into the family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49127593852057166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.528626"} {"text": "sowing stick, which had been the undivided functions of the woman during the earlier cycle. the origins of this social revolution go back to the time when, besides the members of maternal descent, those of paternal descent were accepted into the family. thus hun batz, hun chouen, hunahpu, and ixbalamque were found under one roof. the two latter were descendants of the seven ahpu and in terms of their maternal line belonged to a foreign clan. development of the social, economic, and religious practices as explained by the quiche document few if any historical sources reveal in such a precise manner the mediating form in the passage from descendance through the female line to that through the male, this being something that happened centuries before our era. naturally this process did not occur without friction. the animosity of the eldest cousins and the struggle they wage to assert their rights reveal this condition of things, the precursor of the patriarchal regimen. it is logical to think that at first the descendants through the maternal line continued to enjoy greater privileges than the others, on whom devolved the responsibility to work, it being then considered that in a certain sense labor was demeaning. two accompanying factors emerged with the expansion of the nuclear family : the economic because of an extension of means of subsistence, and that of the increase in population in consequence of life in permanent settlements. during the matriarchal - horticultural cycle human migrations occurred on an increasing scale over vast portions of the hemisphere ; these came to an end under the influence of the two developments noted. the need for increased labor on the one hand, and the growth of population on the other, made modification of the family arrangement necessary. this double circumstance explains why at the beginning those of masculine lineage, such as hunahpu and ixbalamque, were reduced to the condition of serfs. such conditions of relative inferiority accelerated the coming of masculine predominance by virtue of the same principle by which the woman gained her privileged legal position following the earliest hunter - gatherer cycle. in effect, the teachings in the popol vuh, confirmed by the ethnographic reality, established the fact that masculine or feminine dominance in the structure of the family invariably derives from the economic factor, since the ones who assure the group ' s subsistence are those who predominate in the social order. but this ascent in the social scale begins with an earlier condition in which the socially strongest were to be found in relatively inferior conditions of servitude", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.540556818864729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.529804"} {"text": "the ones who assure the group ' s subsistence are those who predominate in the social order. but this ascent in the social scale begins with an earlier condition in which the socially strongest were to be found in relatively inferior conditions of servitude vis - a - vis the others. the social predominance of one or the other sex depends, then, upon the role each plays in the regular provision of food guaranteeing group survival ; and this varies throughout the course of the ethnic cycles in accordance with the increase in sources of subsistence. to illustrate this proposition, which has come to form a law of development in american society, we will give examples taken from the ethnographic facts themselves. these agree with the principles offered in the popol vuh. peoples such as the fuegians, who live by hunting and fishing and are nomadic, depend upon the labor of the men and therefore are governed by patrilineal descendance. among them the woman is truly a beast of burden assigned the most laborious tasks. d ' orbigny says of them that among all of the women of primitive american tribes their lot is the hardest. in addition to other chores, they must collect fruits, herbs, and roots and, when plant life is scarce as it is in tierra del fuego, they must collect small shells, while the men occupy themselves in hunting. unfavorable geographic factors prevented the development of fuegian society, which never rose above a rudimentary condition. when the nomadic tribe moves into a geographically more favorable tropic, collection of fruits and roots takes on an increasing importance until it becomes the principal source of subsistence, thanks to the discovery of new plants by the women and to the beginnings of horticulture. the passage from collection to horticulture is gradual and comes about when the women observe that cast - off parts of plants take root and grow, and improve with cultivation. when horticulture supersedes hunting as the chief means of subsistence, the family group depends upon the labor of the woman, who assumes the directive role while the man sees the dread of his hunger disappear and no longer has to devote all his energy to supply each day ' s meals. he has time then to devote himself to other things such as cultivation of the arts. the basic problem of the native american man was hunger, and the popol vuh vividly portrays the life of the primitive hunter who had to go days on end without eating ( the episodes concerning zipacna and caprakan ). in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5155237151958424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.530824"} {"text": ". the basic problem of the native american man was hunger, and the popol vuh vividly portrays the life of the primitive hunter who had to go days on end without eating ( the episodes concerning zipacna and caprakan ). in contrast with what took place in the old world, american culture had to develop without passing through the pastoral cycle which in eurasia was the continuation and natural consequence of that of the nomadic hunter because animals susceptible of domestication abounded, a condition that did not exist in the americas. thus passage from the hunter - gatherer cycle to one of horticulture was a logical consequence of the economic development imposed by the milieu, and life then centered about the woman. later, development of agriculture demanded masculine labor ; but, as with horticulture, the beginnings of that new state of things occurred in circumstances in which labor was regarded as demeaning. those who performed it, then, belonged to a lower social category, the situation to which in the beginning hunahpu was reduced. but when the group came to depend upon the labor of the man, a reaction took place and life became centered upon him. this basic socioeconomic principle of american development is expressed in hunahpu ' s declaration that \" we shall remain so as to feed you. \" thereby masculine preponderance is affirmed, and the man assumes responsibility from that time forward for the maintenance of the family. hunahpu ' s statement, coinciding with the disappearance of hun batz and hun chouen, makes one think that the privileged legal position of the man within the family occurred at once with the displacement of children of maternal affiliation. all this opens new perspectives for sociology in its attempts to uncover the causal relations involved in the progressive development of native american society, since now it has useful testimony from a historical source of the first order. the change in conceptions related to work brings with it change in social forms and new concepts about the regulation of property by virtue of the principle that the land belongs to those who cultivate it, and any alteration or modification in territorial status must be reflected in that of inheritance. from this we can see that the type of society goes hand in hand with the customs for the handing on of possessions. nevertheless, change from maternal to paternal line of descent takes place imperceptibly, modifying without destroying the structure of the communal clan that formed the social unit during the matriarchal period. this we deduce because of the legal position of the grandmother, implying the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51985758297523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.532229"} {"text": "paternal line of descent takes place imperceptibly, modifying without destroying the structure of the communal clan that formed the social unit during the matriarchal period. this we deduce because of the legal position of the grandmother, implying the existence of the macrofamily and therefore of the exogamic clan, strongly knit by the triple ties of consanguinous unity, community of interests, and spiritual union in a common religion. such a socioreligious unity is moreover reflected in the theogonic system of the came and the ahpu, the latter representative of a cooperativism contrasting with the simple monotheism of the earlier period, denoting out - and - out individualism or egoism. now we are dealing with a conception of religious and social brotherhood that extends to the gods themselves. in other words, the third age was marked by hamlet cultures based on matrilineal clans whose family structure was built on the same foundations as the actual mayan family, with the sole difference that descendance followed the female line rather than the male, and authority as head of household belonged to the grandmother. its essential features were : respect for the elderly, the role of the grandmother as the mother of the whole family ( later the grandfather as the paterfamilias ), equality of brothers with their first cousins, division of labor, existence of private property, and conferment of social and religious rank by hereditary right. all these passed over into the fourth age, but now in the patrilineal clan. continuing this very interesting etiological exposition, we see hunahpu demonstrating his condition of \" industrious man \" ( hombre trabajador ), a term used ever since to designate the agrarian gods. the technique for cultivation of maize is exemplified by hunahpu as follows : the twins go into the seed field ( milpa ), pick up their digging sticks or hoes lying there ( note the use of the possessive here ), and make furrows with the implements. with their hatchets they cut and split logs, branches, sticks, and creepers covering the trees. then they burn the cuttings, after collecting and piling the underbrush and cuttings together. because of their divine nature they did all this in a moment, just as they had cleared the field of the overgrowth with one blow of the hatchet. as the twins had ordered, the grandmother came to the field at the proper moment ( when the sun was at its zenith", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5395665764569766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.533246"} {"text": "did all this in a moment, just as they had cleared the field of the overgrowth with one blow of the hatchet. as the twins had ordered, the grandmother came to the field at the proper moment ( when the sun was at its zenith ) bringing them their meal. but because the twins did not want to be surprised by her, since they had not only cleared the fields but were busy using their blowguns ( expressing in this allegory hunahpu ' s dual function as solar and agrarian deity ), when they had finished the fields they instructed a bird called ixmucur \u2014 which they posted in the top of a tree trunk \u2014 to watch for the grandmother ' s arrival. \" when she appears, \" they told it, \" you will call out immediately, and we ' ll pick up the hoe and hatchet. \" ixmucur agreed. from that time the carpenter bird, which likes to sit high in the branches of trees, continues to carry out the mission given it by hunahpu, which is to warn workers in the fields of the presence of persons they cannot yet see. in this way they have warned of the approach of enemy troops, just as geese did in ancient rome. the twins ' stratagem had a purpose, since by their own example they were setting the pattern for the \" industrious man \" ; but because of their divine nature their work was done magically and without any effort. so, as soon as they heard ixmucur ' s call, \" they returned to work, one taking the hoe and the other the hatchet. they covered their heads and spread earth upon their hands, like those with perspiring faces who have really been working hard. and so the grandmother saw them. they ate the meal she had brought as if they had indeed developed an appetite from their labors in the field. then they returned to the hut. ' truly we are very tired, grandmother, ' they said. ' we ' ve ended our day, ' and they stretched out to rest in front of the old lady. \" this paragraph from the popol vuh summarizes the conduct of the perfect field - worker which the chorti elder continues to encourage through his own example, since in his role as representative of the agrarian god he must be the best husbandman of the group that he leads, following the standard set by hunahpu. the latter was in fact \" a man fit for all work, \" as the elders continue to exclaim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501296876629103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.535534"} {"text": "as representative of the agrarian god he must be the best husbandman of the group that he leads, following the standard set by hunahpu. the latter was in fact \" a man fit for all work, \" as the elders continue to exclaim with admiration. disguised as a true worker of the seed fields, dirty, covered with debris from the trees, mud, and pieces of moss, just as one sees the indian amid the activity of his work, hunahpu extols the role of the husbandman who through his work alone gains the right to eat, because this is the reward of all work according to the customs of the maya as decreed by hunahpu. the one who does not work forfeits the right to eat and rest. the posture of rest taken by the twins following their return from the field is still observed by the chortis, and is reproduced in the picture of a figure in the dresden codex, where god b, the homologue of hunahpu, is seated with legs and arms stretched out. assiduity in labor is expressed in the following sentence : \" before the next day dawned the twins returned to the seed field, \" a custom that the mayas have observed ever since. just as osiris taught the egyptians the cultivation of wheat and barley, hunahpu by his own example teaches the operation of the seed field in all of its ramifications. the life of the farmer is one of effort in which nothing is accomplished without constant work. hunahpu manifests the attitude the indian must assume toward the difficulties that face him. the man of the tropics must especially struggle against two elements : nature itself, whose vigor threatens the fields not kept clear of undergrowth ; and animals that are harmful to agriculture. both factors combined to destroy hunahpu ' s seed field \" in a single night. \" far from being dismayed by such a misfortune, the twins again sowed the field with maize and considered what they must do. \" now we will keep watch over our milpa, and we shall see what we do with those who would surprise us, \" they agreed. then they returned to their house ( note again the use of the possessive ), telling their grandmother of the loss incurred, explaining that their field had become one big patch of undergrowth ( which happens when the work of clearing the ground has not been done in time ). \" we are going now to watch over the field, because what they are doing to us is bad. \" they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48025426342711075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.536991"} {"text": "field had become one big patch of undergrowth ( which happens when the work of clearing the ground has not been done in time ). \" we are going now to watch over the field, because what they are doing to us is bad. \" they returned to the seed field and hid themselves in the shade, \" waiting without movement, like the lizards, remaining concealed without speaking. \" this picturesque description, showing the hero - gods lying in ambush for the marauding animals that came by night, can be applied to the present - day indian who, following the pattern they established, guards his property at night. \" by being merely seen and surprised, \" the animals are vanquished and unable to carry out their destruction of the crop. here is the origin of a curious custom of the chortis based on the fact that an animal ( or an enemy ) that is surprised, and whose name and features are known, is already overcome by virtue of the principle that to know a person or his name gives one dominance over him. thus, when the chorti husbandman goes around his fields at midnight ( the hour instituted by hunahpu ), he speaks aloud to the visible and invisible animals as follows : \" now i see you, now i know you, you are so - and - so, and now i pronounce your name, \" with certainty that this magical formula will cause any real or supposed marauding rodents to flee the field. all these details on the way to carry out the serial steps of cultivation ( sowing, resowing, cleaning, and guarding the seed field ) make one think that in the earlier age there was no such work - regimen governing the milpa. it is plausible to think that women did not go out to guard the fields at night and that lacking proper methods of cultivation, the maize plantations did not produce as much as when horticulture gave way to agriculture. confirming such a hypothesis is the fact that maize did not become divine until hunahpu and ixbalamque incarnated the mystery of the germination and growth of this plant, which ever since has been held sacred and representative of hunahpu, the maize god. before its deification, maize was no more than one among a number of food plants that, like the bean, yucca, and other vegetables, were combined with hunted food in the diet of the matriarchal family. the divinization of maize occurred when the kernels had attained some degree of development, to judge by contemporary customs which only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5104692434029539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.538271"} {"text": "bean, yucca, and other vegetables, were combined with hunted food in the diet of the matriarchal family. the divinization of maize occurred when the kernels had attained some degree of development, to judge by contemporary customs which only regard the largest kernels as the residence of spirit or the maize god. from the time of its deification, the maize milpa is something so sacred for the indian of quiche - maya culture that he dedicates all his time to it, caring for it with painstaking attention, as he would a treasure. the popol vuh then recounts the struggle made by the twins against the animal marauders who, because they \" have been seen and surprised, \" are finally subdued and must take flight while the twins try to catch them by hand. the puma, the jaguar, the mountain cat, coyote, wild boar, and coati refused to be captured, but the deer and rabbit ran with their tails between their legs ( a sign of fear ) and their pursuers seized them. but the tails broke off, and hunahpu and ixbalamque were left holding only the ends. from that time rabbits and deer have stubby tails. the twins also caught the rat, squeezed its body and burned its tail, \" and since then rats have hairless tails and bulging eyes because of the way the twins dealt with them. \" this curious etiological legend explaining the form of the tails of these three creatures reminds one of another and similar tradition obtained by dr. jesus aguilar paz in chamelecon, the old territory of the hicaques, which runs as follows : in the time of hun batz, who fed on beetles and spiders, when witches flew and owls spoke, the rabbit had a tail like a cat ' s, the rat a tail like the horse ' s, and the deer one like that of a sheep dog. but the day came when by a work of magic these three tails were transformed \u2014 and here the informant gave a story similar to what we transscribe from the popol vuh. in its difficulties, the rat exclaimed, \" don ' t kill me as you think to do, because sowing the seed field is not your work. \" \" well, then, have you anything to tell us? \" the twins asked it, because they inferred from what the rat had said that it possessed great knowledge. \" if you let me go free i will tell you, because i have truth in my belly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4814691677961032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.539387"} {"text": ", have you anything to tell us? \" the twins asked it, because they inferred from what the rat had said that it possessed great knowledge. \" if you let me go free i will tell you, because i have truth in my belly ; but first give me something to eat, \" said the rat. the wise rodent demands \" payment \" in food first before making its statement. but such demands are not acceptable because the twins are laying down the new patterns of conduct, and according to these any reward of nourishment must first be merited. \" we will feed you afterwards, but speak first, \" they told the rat. then the rat revealed the secret hiding place where the seven ahpu had placed their insignia of splendor before leaving for xibalba. \" spears, gloves, and ball were left hanging under the eaves of the house. your grandmother doesn ' t want to show them to you because these had brought about the death of your fathers, \" said the rat. since the rat had spoken, they gave it a meal of maize, dry pepper, beans, cacao, and pataxte seeds. \" this now will be your food ; hereafter you will search for refuse to gnaw upon for sustenance, \" the youths told the rat. their list shows the food plants of the time. these composed the sumptuous meal given the rat in exchange for its service, but from then on it would have a different way of feeding itself. thus the rat lives on garbage, and men must carry out hunahpu ' s sentence by preventing the rat from touching foods reserved only for humankind. because it had revealed its secret \u2014 a serious and punishable thing that is contrary to the rules of mayan ethics \u2014 the rat fears to appear before the grandmother ; but the twins offer to protect it. after having thought together during the night and reached agreement, hunahpu and ixbalamque went to their house at noon ( the hour corresponding to the sun ' s zenith as well as that of the agrarian god embodied in the twins, the position determining their moment for action ). they carried the rat with them, hidden from view. one then entered by the door and the other through an opening in the wall, and together they let the rat go. note this example of a plurality in a single act ; it is a turn of language constantly found in the popol vuh and signifies a monotheist conception, based on the idea of a plurality within unity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5220478086005379, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.541101"} {"text": "and together they let the rat go. note this example of a plurality in a single act ; it is a turn of language constantly found in the popol vuh and signifies a monotheist conception, based on the idea of a plurality within unity. the twins asked the grandmother for something to eat. \" grind our meal \" ( the use of the metate ). \" we wish a chili dressing, grandmother, \" they said ( a. recinos translation ). the grandmother complied, placing the soup and meat before them ( note how the twins request their meal and the old woman obeys ). by quietly emptying the water jars and then asking the grandmother for drinking water, they get her out of the house, since she must fetch the water from the fountain \u2014 just as do present - day indian women in observance of the norms established by ixmucane. hunahpu and ixbalamque, their grandmother thus absent, begin the project they had thought about and agreed on during the night. in order to keep their grandmother away from the house longer, they send a mosquito to bore holes in the water jar ( the act of throwing the magical dart that we encounter so often ). ixmucane tried in vain to prevent the water from leaking out of the jar. then, mentioning the grandmother ' s delay and their great thirst, they sent their mother ixquic to look for the old woman. now alone, they took their fathers ' ball, lances, gloves, and pelts and hid them by the road leading to the ball court. these were brought down by the rat through a hole in the house ' s roof ( the image of the sun, identified with the ball, which at the end of its course across the celestial vault goes under the earth through an opening ). then the youths set out toward the river where they find their mother and grandmother occupied with the task of closing up the hole in the face of the water jar. \" what happened to you? we got tired of waiting for you and so came here, \" said the twins. \" well, look then, \" replied the old woman, \" we cannot close up the face of my water jar. \" but the two youths closed it up in a second, and they all returned to the house, the twins going ahead of their grandmother. and that is how they recovered their fathers ' game ball. we have emphasized ixmucane ' s expression regarding the \" face of her water jar \" because in it we find the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5388411033457676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.542432"} {"text": "returned to the house, the twins going ahead of their grandmother. and that is how they recovered their fathers ' game ball. we have emphasized ixmucane ' s expression regarding the \" face of her water jar \" because in it we find the genesis of the glyph for the moon, shown as a large, narrow - mouthed pitcher ( cantaro ) which is the symbol for ixmucane, the old water goddess and lunar deity. the \" face of her water jar \" is similar to the very face of the goddess, i. e., her starry form as seen in the sky, inasmuch as the indian conceives the moon as a gigantic pitcher that pours water from the sky. thus, to this day he refers to the face of the water jar, and calls its handles ears. the use of this globe - shaped receptacle, which goes back to the matriarchal - horticultural period, is typical of peoples such as the taoajka who preserve the culture of that time and continue making such pitchers even now. this shows that pottery - making had undergone notable advances since its humble beginnings in the second age, and that the kitchen implements of the third age included the grinding stone, water jars, vessels made of calabashes, and earthen bowls or large cups in the shape of the half - calabash. in the remote past as well as the present day, those vessels of globular form designed to carry water are used exclusively by women in accordance with the practice begun by ixmucane. their function is moreover made known in some places by ideograms painted on their \" faces \" which have to do with rain or water. the double character of the goddess, anthropomorphic and heavenly, is expressed linguistically in the chorti names for the moon : ka tu and uh. compare the chorti ka tu with the miskito ka ti, arawak kat bi, and quiche ka ati. the ka tu ( our mother, our queen ) refers to the anthropomorphic aspect of the divine grandmother, the rank ixmucane had in the mythological family. the other vocable, uh, designates the night star and connotes the idea of sacred, blessed ; it is also used to denote the semispherical earthen bowl used in worship. the order of march, with the twins preceding their mother and grandmother, mirrors another present - day native custom whereby the children walk ahead of their parents, going \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5020335160723368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.544109"} {"text": "it is also used to denote the semispherical earthen bowl used in worship. the order of march, with the twins preceding their mother and grandmother, mirrors another present - day native custom whereby the children walk ahead of their parents, going \" indian file \" in order of importance in conformity to the astro - theogonic model in which the young sun ( aurora ) precedes its father ( sun ). the twins next go out to play ball in the ball court, but not without first cleaning off this court where their fathers had played. this requirement, as we have seen, continues a custom going back to the first age when primeval man appealed to his creator in clean places. besides symbolizing the sun ' s relative position in the order of its rising and its daily trajectory, hunahpu and ixbalamque, playing alone for a long time on opposite sides of the court, represent the position of the sun and the moon at opposing solstices, just as this continues to be depicted on chorti altars. all this unmistakably reflects a gradual progress in astronomic and cosmogonic knowledge. of course, the two players were heard by the lords of xibalba, just as these had heard their fathers, the seven ahpu, since the roof of the came ' s dwelling place is the surface of the earth whose openings form the auditory canals of the underworld gods. these lords became angry, and again ordered their messengers to notify the twins that within the space of seven days ( the ritual cipher ) they should present themselves in xibalba to play a game of ball. taking the road that the youths would come along to reach their houses ( note the use of the plural here ), the messengers deliver their message to ixmucane, who replies that the order will be complied with. but instantly the old woman became filled with anxiety, recalling that her sons lost their lives in the same circumstances. \" whom can i find to go and warn my grandchildren? \" she thought and, despondent, went into her house. then, as if catching her thought, a louse fell into her skirt. she seized it and put it in the palm of her hand. \" would you go and call my grandchildren in the ball court? \" she asked the louse. \" then you will tell them i say that the messengers from xibalba have arrived and they must be there within seven days. \" the louse left lazily to carry out its commission, when on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5242009593101726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.545405"} {"text": "court? \" she asked the louse. \" then you will tell them i say that the messengers from xibalba have arrived and they must be there within seven days. \" the louse left lazily to carry out its commission, when on the road it met a boy named tamazul ( toad ). \" where are you going? \" the toad asked the louse. \" i carry a command in my belly and i ' m looking for the twins, \" it replied. note that as in the case of the rat, the belly is the organ of intelligence, memory, and feelings, functions that are also located in the heart, as we shall see, which explains the symbolic equivalence of the heart and umbilicus of heaven and of earth, terms by which the chortis designate the central deity. the ambivalence of the toad and the human being is still preserved in maya worship in the alternate use of persons who croak like frogs or of actual batrachians, for they \" implore better than we do \" during the ceremony to entreat for rain. \" don ' t you want me to swallow you? you will see how fast i run and we will get there promptly, \" said the toad. \" good, \" answered the louse. it was immediately swallowed, and so the two traveled on for a long time, until they met a great white snake called zakicaz. the same series of questions was asked of the toad, which consented and was swallowed by the snake, so that the message might reach the ball court. later the three encountered a bird of prey ( a sparrow hawk or raven ) ; the scene was repeated, the bird swallowing the snake and flying instantly toward the ball court. ever since, birds of prey eat snakes, these eat toads, and toads eat insects. besides this meaning, and to show the relative velocity of the animals in question, the allegory unquestionably objectifies an astronomic episode, the animals symbolizing celestial bodies whose importance has the same relation as that of their relative speed. first, the bird of prey, representative of the sun ; next the white snake which in chorti mythology represents the milky way ; thereafter the chac ( toad ) or god of rain, projected in the star ; and finally the louse, whose meaning we do not know. it is of interest to point out that for the first time mention is made in allegorical form of the milky way, whose movements were perfectly well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.529749691978505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.546377"} {"text": "of rain, projected in the star ; and finally the louse, whose meaning we do not know. it is of interest to point out that for the first time mention is made in allegorical form of the milky way, whose movements were perfectly well known to the maya, and which still plays a principal role in chorti astronomy, inasmuch as it signals the time of sowing known as \" the second. \" both the central deity, as well as the milky way and the gods of rain, work in close association, just as the group of animals cooperated to carry ixmucane ' s message to the twins. they also offer a vivid image of the conception of a plurality of beings enclosed in a unity, as found in maya monotheist belief. reaching the ball court, the bird of prey alighted on the building there and cawed three times : quako! quako! quako! this defines the origin of the name of the raven, the onomatopoeia of its sound. the three cries have also a ritual meaning, and with them the bird attracted the attention of the players who, seeing it, shot at it with their blowguns, whereupon it fell to the ground. then the hawk spoke, saying it had a message in its belly which it would deliver when its eye, wounded by the youths ' dart, should be healed. \" very well, \" they said, and taking coagulated sap from a plant ( resin of the rubber tree according to raynaud ; of the pine according to villacorta ), they applied it to the eye, whereupon it was instantly healed. hunahpu in this case performs as a healer, one of the attributes of the agrarian god and of the chorti elder, its authentic representative. at the same time a formula from the native pharmacopoeia is described for treatment of cataracts or ills of the eye, whose origin is this miraculous operation of hunahpu. if the latter this time heeds the bird ' s imperious request contrary to the way he treated the rat, which he made to speak first, it is because now we are dealing with the nahual of hunrakan, i. e., with an emissary of the solar deity which since the time of its curing by hunahpu is the only animal that can look full into the sun ( in mexico it is the eagle ). at once the hawk spits up the snake which in turn ejects the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5455637576778033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.547467"} {"text": "solar deity which since the time of its curing by hunahpu is the only animal that can look full into the sun ( in mexico it is the eagle ). at once the hawk spits up the snake which in turn ejects the toad ; but it doesn ' t succeed in dislodging the louse, because the insect stayed locked in its mouth. the toad hadn ' t really swallowed the louse but had only acted as if it had done so. because of that the twins, treating it as one would a liar, beat the toad, \" giving it kicks in the rump, so that since then the bones in its rump and legs are fallen. instantly they opened the toad ' s mouth and found the louse caught in the gum, taking the insect from the toad. \" aside from the etiological meaning, explaining the form and movement of toads, this allegory emphasizes another rule of quiche - maya ethics : the denunciation and punishment of lying, a vice that is still dealt with in the way hunahpu began it. palacio mentions, in fact, that \" whoever is found lying is brutally whipped. \" ( relacion al rey don felipe ii, dated march 8, 1576 ) so deep - rooted is the love of truth among the natives that even today those who preserve their traditional social and religious organization continue to respect that elevated principle of ethics. ixmucane ' s herald at last delivers its important message, telling the twins that through their grandmother the came challenge them to a game of ball which has to be held within a period of seven days, and therefore they must take with them their lances, gloves, pelts, and ball so that they can \" fight for their existence there. \" this is to be a decisive struggle between two kinds of culture, personified by the twins and the came. before setting out for xibalba, the youths went to take leave of their grandmother, leaving with her a personal keepsake, reflecting another rule of conduct observed by the present - day indian. and the memento which hunahpu and ixbalamque left as \" a sign of their existence \" was nothing less than a stalk of maize. each of us will sow a stalk of maize in the center of our house. if they disappear, it will be a sign that we have died. \" they are dead, \" you will say then. but if they sprout again, \" they live! \" you will say. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.492249663918167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.548455"} {"text": "in the center of our house. if they disappear, it will be a sign that we have died. \" they are dead, \" you will say then. but if they sprout again, \" they live! \" you will say. \" o our grandmother! you, little grandmother! you, our mother! do not weep, we have left you the mark of our word, \" the twins told the two women. then hunahpu sowed one stalk and ixbalamque did the same ; inside the house they sowed them and not in the field, neither in damp ground, but rather in the middle of their house did they leave them sown. this episode is extremely important from the theogonic point of view inasmuch as it confirms the double function of hunahpu as god of maize and as solar god ( cerbatanero : shooter of darts ), and is moreover a typical example of nahualism, a belief that is still firmly fixed in the native mind. because the stalks of maize sown by the twins are their alter egos or unfoldments, by that token they will suffer an identic fate. if the twins die the stalks will die, but if they live then the stalks will sprout and grow. this explains why they were sown in dry soil and in the middle of the house - floor, for they represent the maize god in the central point of the cosmos, here symbolized by the house, where the plants will remain as the image of the divine youths. the metamorphosis or fate of the stalks of maize no longer depends upon the quality of the soil or of any other natural condition of things, but upon the destiny of the twins, their alter egos, which they reflect. this explains also the etymological relationship between the words center ( insin ) and maize ( isin ). nahualism embodies the belief that there exists between the person and the nahual ( animal or vegetable ) a fully determined, intimate relationship that begins and ends with the life of the person. in the ethnographic part of los chortis we have given cases showing that the death of the individual automatically implies that of his or her nahual, and vice versa. this fact explains the great veneration that is accorded the nahual. the picturesque allegory of the popol vuh is explained in terms of chorti theology by the category of brother gods ( with the meaning of an alter ego ) such as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5284843514371824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.549365"} {"text": "the great veneration that is accorded the nahual. the picturesque allegory of the popol vuh is explained in terms of chorti theology by the category of brother gods ( with the meaning of an alter ego ) such as the maize and young solar god, functions that are acquired by the twins, as will be seen. this intimate relationship is also expressed by a common denominator, since both the maize god and solar god are numeral gods whose number is five. mexican mythology offers us xochipilli and xochiquetzal, cinteotl and xilonen, the functional counterparts of hunahpu and ixbalamque in their double character of solar gods ( luni - solar ) and maize gods. similarly to the chorti mythology, xochipilli is the brother of cinteotl. this explains why in a mexican song xochipilli is mentioned as cinteotl, as also seler ' s identification of tezcatlipoca ( agrarian god ) with macuilxochitl ( solar god or god of summer ). in another version ce acatl ( one stalk ) is the name of quetzalcoatl in his function as a young god, and his hieroglyph in the form of a stalk of maize corresponds with that of hunahpu. in short, we find in the very mayan glyphs the ideographic correspondence with the concepts discussed above, expressed in the signs kin and kan, both being represented by a spherical form that is objectified in the popol vuh \u2014 the first by the game ball, at once the symbol of the sun and the equivalent of the sign kin ; and the second by the grain of maize, the equivalent of the kan glyph. their single genesis could not be better expressed \u2014 as we shall see below \u2014 than in the fact that both signs correspond to the head of hunahpu. finally, the positioning of the maize sprouts in the center of the house, coinciding with the descent of the twins into the underworld, expresses another custom of the time, consisting of burial of the dead within the house, a custom that is widespread in the americas. before going to the next chapter, we should mention the custom preserved by quiche indians of sowing two maize stalks in the middle of the plaza in front of their house, in remembrance of the stalks left behind by hunahpu and ixbalamque as a memento for their grandmother", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025478579669004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.550282"} {"text": "tracking the blackout bug buried in four million lines of c code a number of factors and failings came together to make the august 14th northeastern blackout the worst outage in north american history. one of them was buried in a massive piece of software compiled from four million lines of c code and running on an energy management computer in ohio. to nobody ' s surprise, the final report on the blackout released by a us - canadian task force monday puts most of blame for the outage on ohio - based firstenergy corp., faulting poor communications, inadequate training, and the company ' s failure to trim back trees encroaching on high - voltage power lines. but over a dozen of task force ' s 46 recommendations for preventing future outages across north america are focused squarely on cyberspace. that may have something to do with the timing of the blackout, which came three days after the relentless blaster worm began wreaking havoc around the internet - a coincidence that prompted speculation at the time that the worm, or the traffic it was generating in its efforts to spread, might have triggered or exacerbated the event. when us and canadian authorities assembled their investigative teams, they included a computer security contingent tasked with looking specifically at any cybersecurity angle on the outage. in the end, it turned out that a computer snafu actually played a significant role in the cascading blackout - though it had nothing to do with viruses or cyber terrorists. a silent failure of the alarm function in firstenergy ' s computerized energy management system ( ems ) is listed in the final report as one of the direct causes of a blackout that eventually cut off electricity to 50 million people in eight states and canada. the alarm system failed at the worst possible time : in the early afternoon of august 14th, at the critical moment of the blackout ' s earliest events. the glitch kept firstenergy ' s control room operators in the dark while three of the company ' s high voltage lines sagged into unkempt trees and \" tripped \" off. because the computerized alarm failed silently, control room operators didn ' t know they were relying on outdated information ; trusting their systems, they even discounted phone calls warning them about worsening conditions on their grid, according to the blackout report. \" without a functioning alarm system, the [ firstenergy ] control area operators failed to detect the tripping of electrical facilities essential to maintain the security of their control area, \" reads the report. \" unaware of the loss of alarms and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4710178825964663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.560279"} {"text": "report. \" without a functioning alarm system, the [ firstenergy ] control area operators failed to detect the tripping of electrical facilities essential to maintain the security of their control area, \" reads the report. \" unaware of the loss of alarms and a limited ems, they made no alternate arrangements to monitor the system. \" with the firstenergy control room blind to events, operators failed to take actions that could have prevented the blackout from cascading out of control. in the aftermath, investigators quickly zeroed in on the ohio line - tripping as a root cause. but the reason for the alarm failure remained a mystery. solving that mystery fell squarely on the corporate shoulders of ge energy, makers of the xa / 21 ems in use at firstenergy ' s control center. according to interviews, a half - a - dozen workers at ge energy began working feverishly with the utility and with energy consultants from kema inc. to figure out what went wrong. the xa / 21 isn ' t based on windows, so it couldn ' t have been infected by blaster, but the company didn ' t immediately rule out the possibility that the worm somehow played a role in the alarm failure. \" in the initial stages, nobody really knew what the root cause was, \" says mike unum, manager of commercial solutions at ge energy. \" we spent a considerable amount of time analyzing that, trying to understand if it was a software problem, or if - like some had speculated - something different had happened. \" sometimes working late into the night and the early hours of the morning, the team pored over the approximately one - million lines of code that comprise the xa / 21 ' s alarm and event processing routine, written in the c and c + + programming languages. eventually they were able to reproduce the ohio alarm crash in ge energy ' s florida laboratory, says unum. \" it took us a considerable amount of time to go in and reconstruct the events. \" in the end, they had to slow down the system, injecting deliberate delays in the code while feeding alarm inputs to the program. about eight weeks after the blackout, the bug was unmasked as a particularly subtle incarnation of a common programming error called a \" race condition, \" triggered on august 14th by a perfect storm of events and alarm conditions on the equipment being monitoring. the bug had a window of opportunity measured in milliseconds. \" there was a couple of processes that were in contention for a common data structure, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49962416395830267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.562742"} {"text": "on august 14th by a perfect storm of events and alarm conditions on the equipment being monitoring. the bug had a window of opportunity measured in milliseconds. \" there was a couple of processes that were in contention for a common data structure, and through a software coding error in one of the application processes, they were both able to get write access to a data structure at the same time, \" says unum. \" and that corruption lead to the alarm event application getting into an infinite loop and spinning. \" testing for flaws \" this fault was so deeply embedded, it took them weeks of poring through millions of lines of code and data to find it, \" firstenergy spokesman ralph dinicola said in february. after the alarm function crashed in firstenergy ' s controls center, unprocessed events began to cue up, and within half - an - hour the ems server hosting the alarm process folded under the burden, according to the blackout report. a backup server kicked - in, but it also failed. by the time firstenergy operators figured out what was going on and restarted the necessary systems, hours had passed, and it was too late. this week ' s blackout report recommends that the u. s. and canadian governments require all utilities using the xa / 21 to check in with ge energy to ensure \" that appropriate actions have been taken to avert any recurrence of the malfunction. \" ge energy says that ' s a moot point : though the flaw has not manifested itself elsewhere, last fall the company gave its customers a patch against the bug, along with installation instructions and a utility to repair any alarm log data corrupted by the glitch. according to unum, the company sent the package to every xa / 21 customer - more than 100 utilities around the world - and offered to help install it, \" irrespective of their current support status, \" he says. the company did everything it could, says unum. \" we text exhaustively, we test with third parties, and we had in excess of three million online operational hours in which nothing had ever exercised that bug, \" says unum. \" i ' m not sure that more testing would have revealed that. unfortunately, that ' s kind of the nature of software... you may never find the problem. i don ' t think that ' s unique to control systems or any particular vendor software. \" tom kropp, manager of the enterprise information security program at the electric power research institute,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49875397271595207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.564750"} {"text": "of software... you may never find the problem. i don ' t think that ' s unique to control systems or any particular vendor software. \" tom kropp, manager of the enterprise information security program at the electric power research institute, an industry think tank, agrees. he says faulty software may always be a part of the electric grid ' s dna. \" code is so complex, that there are always going to be some things that, no matter how hard you test, you ' re not going to catch, \" he says. \" if we see a system that ' s behaving abnormally well, we should probably be suspicious, rather than assuming that it ' s behaving abnormally well. \" but peter neumann, principal scientist at sri international and moderator of the risks digest, says that the root problem is that makers of critical systems aren ' t availing themselves of a large body of academic research into how to make software bulletproof. \" we keep having these things happen again and again, and we ' re not learning from our mistakes, \" says neumann. \" there are many possible problems that can cause massive failures, but they require a certain discipline in the development of software, and in its operation and administration, that we don ' t seem to find.... if you go way back to the at & t collapse of 1990, that was a little software flaw that propagated across the at & t network. if you go ten years before that you have the arpanet collapse. \" whether it ' s a race condition, or a bug in a recovery process as in the at & t case, there ' s this idea that you can build things that need to be totally robust without really thinking through the design and implementation and all of the things that might go wrong, \" neumann says. despite the absence of cyber terrorism in the blackout ' s genesis, the final report includes 13 recommendations focused squarely on protecting critical power - grid systems from intruders. the computer security prescriptions came after task force investigators discovered that the practices of some of the utility companies involved in the blackout created \" potential opportunities for cyber system compromise \" of ems computers. \" indications of procedural and technical it management vulnerabilities were observed in some facilities, such as unnecessary software services not denied by default, loosely controlled system access and perimeter control, poor patch and configuration management, and poor system security documentation, \" reads the report. among the recommendations, the task force says cyber security standards established by the north america electric reliability", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5404740250661877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.566778"} {"text": "software services not denied by default, loosely controlled system access and perimeter control, poor patch and configuration management, and poor system security documentation, \" reads the report. among the recommendations, the task force says cyber security standards established by the north america electric reliability council, the industry group responsible for keeping electricity flowing, should be vigorously enforced. joe weiss, a control system cyber security consultant at kema, and one of the authors of the nerc standards, says that ' s a good start. \" \" the nerc cyber security standards are very basic standards, \" says weiss. \" they provide a minimum basis for due diligence. \" but so far, it seems software failure has had more of an effect on the power grid than computer intrusion. nevertheless, both weiss and epri ' s kropp believe that the final report is right to place more emphasis on cybersecurity than software reliability. \" you don ' t try to look for something that ' s going to occur very, very, very infrequently, \" says weiss. \" essentially, a blackout like this was something like that. there are other issues that are higher probability that need to be addressed. \" software bug contributed to blackout it failures in the great us blackout sparks over us power grid cybersecurity ncsp drafts secure code guidelines cyber security alliance sets sights on washington leeds uni, ms teach undergrads to write secure code", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.537350056619607, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.568923"} {"text": "europe ( i / \u02c8j\u028a\u0259r\u0259p / ewr - \u0259p or / / yur - \u0259p ) is, by convention, one of the world ' s seven continents. comprising the westernmost peninsula of eurasia, europe is generally ' divided ' from asia by the watershed divides of the ural and caucasus mountains, the ural river, the caspian and black seas, and the waterways connecting the black and aegean seas. europe is bordered by the arctic ocean to the north, the atlantic ocean to the west, the mediterranean sea to the south, and the black sea and connected waterways to the southeast. yet the borders of europe \u2014 a concept dating back to classical antiquity \u2014 are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term \" continent \" can incorporate cultural and political elements. europe is the world ' s second - smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10, 180, 000 square kilometres ( 3, 930, 000 sq mi ) or 2 % of the earth ' s surface and about 6. 8 % of its land area. of europe ' s approximately 50 states, russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40 % of the continent ( although the country has territory in both europe and asia ), while the vatican city is the smallest. europe is the third - most populous continent after asia and africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11 % of the world ' s population. europe, in particular ancient greece, is the birthplace of western culture. it played a predominant role in global affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. between the 16th and 20th centuries, european nations controlled at various times the americas, most of africa, oceania, and large portions of asia. in 1900, europe ' s share of the world ' s population was 25 %. both world wars were largely focused upon europe, greatly contributing to a decline in western european dominance in world affairs by the mid - 20th century as the united states and soviet union took prominence. during the cold war, europe was divided along the iron curtain between nato in the west and the warsaw pact in the east. european integration led to the formation of the council of europe and the european union in western europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the soviet union in 1991. other articles related to \" europe, world \" :... to persuade molotov to abandon his demands about europe as the price of soviet entry into the war as a german ally were entirely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208242931413679, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.581042"} {"text": "eastward since the fall of the soviet union in 1991. other articles related to \" europe, world \" :... to persuade molotov to abandon his demands about europe as the price of soviet entry into the war as a german ally were entirely unsuccessful... as world war ii went on, ribbentrop ' s once - friendly relations with the ss became increasingly strained... assemblage of sa men to german embassies in eastern europe, with manfred von killinger going to romania, siegfried kasche to croatia, adolf beckerle to bulgaria, dietrich von jagow to hungary, and...... museums and audio - visual material from across europe... general european navigator first digital library on the history of a united europe... general michael multilingual inventory of cultural heritage in europe general a project funded by the european commission to give access to digital collections in european archives, museums and...... many historical issues, especially related to world war ii and the 1944 \u2013 89 period, suppressed by communist censorship have been re - evaluated and publicly discussed ( like the massacre in jedwabne, the koniuchy... in poland, as unfortunately the rest of europe it is more or less at the same level as the rest of europe... before the war, the yeshiva chachmei in lublin was europe ' s largest...... antisemitic activity in prewar poland was also typical of antisemitism found in other parts of europe at that time, developing within a broader, continent - wide pattern with counterparts in every other european country... sentiment in poland had reached its zenith in the years leading to the second world war... as a result, on the eve of the second world war, the jewish community in poland was large and vibrant internally, yet ( with the exception of a few professionals ) also... famous quotes related to europe : \u201c europe is so well gardened that it resembles a work of art, a scientific theory, a neat metaphysical system. man has re - created europe in his own image. \u201d \u2014 aldous huxley ( 18941963 ) \u201c i have no more patience for this europe where autumn wears the face of spring and spring reeks of misery. \u201d \u2014 albert camus ( 19131960 ) \u201c whoever lights the torch of war in europe can wish for nothing but chaos. \u201d \u2014 adolf hitler ( 18891945 ) \u201c positively i sit here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4444142445812611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.582205"} {"text": "lamanai is the maya word for \u201c submerged crocodile. \u201d the site \u2019 s name \u2013 \u201c lamanay \u201d or \u201c lamayna \u201d was recorded by franciscan missionaries in the seventeenth century. it is one of the only sites retaining its original name and is among one of \u2026 read more altun ha was a wealthy ceremonial center boasting two main plazas, thirteen structures ( including the temple of sun god or the temple of the masonry altars ). el pilar means \u201c pillar \u201d in spanish and it was named after an army camp in the area. el pilar is one of belize \u2019 s largest classic maya sites with a well - defined ceremonial section including both private and public areas. there are \u2026 read more the name of the site means \u201c place of ticks \u201d in the yucatecan maya language. this name was coined in the 1950 \u2032 s when the area around the site was used for pasture. this protected area was declared belize \u2019 s first ramsar site based on the wetland \u2019 s international significance especially for many migratory and non - migratory wetland bird species in 1998. large numbers of wading birds flock into the lagoons during belize \u2019 s dry season ( february \u2026 read more these wetlands in the toledo district attract a number of very visible birds forming the principal attraction for visitors to the sanctuary.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43457786667290793, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.583763"} {"text": "the holy month of ramadan is the ninth month of the islamic lunar calendar, which calls for 29 or 30 days of ascetic fasting during the daylight hours. important hari raya dates ramadan 2012 begins on saturday, july 21 and continues for 30 days until 18 august, which is a saturday. when the new moon comes out on the final day of ramadan, it puts an end to the fasting and heralds the first day of hari raya aidilfitri, known better in other parts of the world as eid al - fitr. this year, hari raya aidilfitri is on sunday, 19 august, 2012. hari raya aidilfitri is the first of the two eid festivals celebrated by muslims. the second one is eid al - adha, known in singapore and malaysia as hari raya haji which is celebrated on the 10th day of the last month in the islamic lunar calendar. this year, it will be on friday, october 26, 2012. roots of ramadan getting back to ramadan, it \u2019 s not just about food, because muslims all over the world refrain from all forms of self - indulgence during ramadan. in fact, the original arab word for fasting is \u201c sawm \u201d or \u201c to refrain. \u201d you cannot think bad thoughts, and your body and senses must follow. the eyes cannot look at bad things, the hands cannot touch what is wrong, you cannot speak ill of others or listen to it. giving up all such physical needs during the day allows those fasting to do some introspection and focus on correcting one \u2019 s own moral compass. it helps people give up vices, reach out in friendship to those who have been wronged and get back in touch with family and friends. this last communal aspect is what attracts foreign visitors who come to malaysia and singapore in droves during ramadan. people come home to their families and after a pre - dawn meal and a full day of fasting or \u201c puasa, \u201d millions of malays break the fast in the evening in a communal meal known as \u201c buka puasa \u201d or \u201c breaking the fast. \u201d this is a veritable feast, with traditional malay food and delicacies piled up and enjoyed together by family and friends. malaysia is majority muslim nation, with a minority contingent of chinese and indian populations. singapore is majority chinese, with minority muslim and indian populations. be that as it may, muslim homes and public places in each neighborhood are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42720725034547674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.593990"} {"text": "enjoyed together by family and friends. malaysia is majority muslim nation, with a minority contingent of chinese and indian populations. singapore is majority chinese, with minority muslim and indian populations. be that as it may, muslim homes and public places in each neighborhood are filled with people from all three communities enjoying \u201c iftar \u201d parties. the main entertainment quotient is made up of the ramadan bazaars, which come alive a few hours before the buka puasa and then people celebrate with food and shopping. everything is on sale, from clothing and electronics to household appliances and utensils. some of these places are replaced the rest of the year by evening markets, known as a \u201c pasar malam \u201d or \u201c night market. \u201d but it \u2019 s just not the same as a ramadan bazaar, which has a holiday or carnival vibe where the crowds, the food and the kaleidoscopic colors will just reel you in. visitors can make it easy by booking a ramadan tour package. apart from the usual sight - seeing and tourist activities, the package will include a special hotel promotion for ramadan, with iftar meals included and a trip to some of the most famous and biggest ramadan bazaars. mouth watering food of hari raya but ramadan is best experienced with a special buka puasa meal at a food court in one of the ramadan bazaars or an iftar party in a friend \u2019 s home or neighborhood. the food is freshly cooked over open charcoal grills. you will get to taste a dazzling array of malay cuisine, from the traditional kueh which are sweet desserts to rendang which is a meat cooked in coconut milk and spices, and roti murtabak which is a kind of wrap with eggs and minced meat inside the roti. there will be a huge variety of rice ( nasi ) dishes, from the popular nasi lemak to lontong, lemang and nasi kerabu. chicken dishes and items are quite popular, including nasi ayam ( chicken rice ), ayam percik and satay ( grilled chicken ). the food, shopping and celebrations continue so long into the night that the government allows shopping malls and bazaars in popular tourist hotspots to stay open all night right up to the sahur ( pre - dawn meal ). visitors can either schedule trips to popular ramadan markets like the one in the shah alam stadium, bandar tun razak bazaar in kuala lumpur proper and geylang sera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4378871263270926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.594943"} {"text": "open all night right up to the sahur ( pre - dawn meal ). visitors can either schedule trips to popular ramadan markets like the one in the shah alam stadium, bandar tun razak bazaar in kuala lumpur proper and geylang serai in singapore, or leave it up to the tour operator to take you to the right places. please take note of a few points that might come in handy, especially in malaysia. because a majority of the people will not be eating or drinking anything during the day, many malay and indian restaurants ( called mamak stalls ) are either closed or have a bare minimum staff. chinese food courts are open and it will be business as usual. do spare a thought for those fasting restaurants in popular tourist areas are also mostly open all day and they will happily serve food to foreigners. there \u2019 s no shortage of fast food outlets either, with plenty of kfc and mcdonalds outlets everywhere. you can get chilled beer anywhere, which feels pretty good in the heat. but in the sprit of ramadan and as a sign of respect for local customs and culture, try to avoid takeaways and eating or drinking in public places during the day. after the month of fasting, ramadan gives way to hari raya aidilfitri, which is as important as christmas for christians, and just as eagerly awaited by muslims all over the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3789062455893121, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.595580"} {"text": "scabies is an easily spread skin disease caused by a very small type of mite. causes, incidence, and risk factors scabies is found among people of all groups and ages around the world. - scabies spread by skin - to - skin contact with another person has scabies. - less often it can be spread by sharing clothes or bedding. sometimes whole families are affected. outbreaks of scabies are more common in nursing homes, nursing facilities, college dorms, and child care centers. the mites that cause scabies burrow into the skin and lay their eggs. this forms a burrow that looks like a pencil mark. eggs hatch in 21 days. the itchy rash is an allergic response to the mite. pets and animals cannot spread human scabies. it is also not very likely for scabies to be spread by : - a swimming pool - contact with the towels, bedding, and clothing of someone who has scabies, unless the person has what is called \" crusted scabies \" itching, most commonly at night rashes, mostly between the fingers - sores ( abrasions ) on the skin from scratching and digging - thin, pencil - mark lines on the skin mites may be more widespread on a baby ' s skin, causing pimples over the trunk, or small blisters over the palms and soles. - in young children, the infection may be on the head, neck, shoulders, palms, and soles of feet. - in older children and adults, the infection may be on the hands, wrists, genitals, and abdomen. signs and tests the doctor will examine your skin for signs of scabies. the doctor will look at scrapilngs taken from a burrow to look for the mites. a skin biopsy can also be done. before treatment, wash underwear, towels, and sleepwear in hot water. vacuum the carpets and upholstered furniture. use calamine lotion and soak in a cool bath to ease itching. take an oral antihistamine if your doctor recommends it for very bad itching. medicines from your health care provider the whole family or sexual partners of infected people should be treated, even if they do not have symptoms. creams prescribed by your health care provider are needed to treat scabies. - the cream most often used is permethrin 5 %. - other creams include benzyl benzoate,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45293159233740504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.610288"} {"text": ", even if they do not have symptoms. creams prescribed by your health care provider are needed to treat scabies. - the cream most often used is permethrin 5 %. - other creams include benzyl benzoate, sulfur in petrolatum, and crotamiton. - lindane is rarely used because of its side effects. apply the medicine all over your body. creams may be used as a one - time treatment tor they may be repeated in 1 week. for hard to treat cases, your health care provider may also prescribe a pill known as ivermectin. itching may continue for 2 weeks or more after treatment begins. it will disappear if you follow your health care provider ' s treatment plan. most cases of scabies can be cured without any long - term problems. a severe case with a lot of scaling or crusting may be a sign that the person has a disease such as hiv. intense scratching can cause a secondary skin infection, such as impetigo. calling your health care provider call your health care provider if : - you have symptoms of scabies - a person you have been in close contact with has been diagnosed with scabies habif tp, ed. clinical dermatology. 5th ed. philadelphia, pa : mosby elsevier ; 2009 : chpat 15. diaz jh. scabies. in : mandell gl, bennett je, dolin r, eds. mandell, douglas, and bennett ' s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. philadelphia, pa : churchill livingstone elsevier ; 2009 : chap 294. last reviewed 11 / 20 / 2012 by kevin berman, md, phd, atlanta center for dermatologic disease, atlanta, ga. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc., editorial team : david zieve, md, mha, david r. eltz, stephanie slon, and nissi wang. - the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. - a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. - call 911 for all medical emergencies. - links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4003410519375868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.613124"} {"text": "saint patrick \u2019 s day is a religious public holiday celebrated in many countries on the 17th march. it is named after ireland \u2019 s patron and saint, saint patrick, who is commonly recognised with the \u2018 green country \u2019 and is believed to be credited with bringing christianity to ireland. originally the day started out as a catholic holiday and over time it became an official feast day in the early 17th century. nowadays it is more of a non - inspirational celebration of irish culture ; associated with everything irish such as green, gold, shamrock and luck. initially the associated colour was blue but over the years the colour green and its overtone with saint patrick \u2019 s day grew. now people dress up in green and decorate drinking establishments with green ribbons and shamrocks according to legend st. patrick used the shamrock, a three - leaved plant, to explain the holy trinity to the pre - christian irish people. it is for this reason that he shamrock is the national flower of ireland. folklore also claims st. patrick chased all the snakes out of ireland and that \u2019 s why they don \u2019 t have any over there! so rejoice in the special day by making arts and crafts with the children ; you can have tons of fun spending time together as a family and celebrate if you have any irish heritage or ancestors. pot of gold it \u2019 s irish folklore and it has it that if you follow the rainbow the leprechauns, otherwise known as irish fairies, will leave a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. this super easy project is a fun way to create a little package of goodies! a great craft that can be made by all ages you can simply recycle an old baby food or jam jar. a simply arts project that can amuse the kids for hours! use anything to colour in the shamrock from paints, coloured pens and green textiles ; use many shades of green to make it as bright as possible. the outlined shape can be sketched onto a plain white piece of paper or an example can be printed off the internet. this is a fantastic way for the children to have lots of fun getting messy with paint as well as educating them on the colours of the rainbow. get imaginative and sprinkle glitter on the rainbow like fairy dust and combine the projects by drawing a pot of gold at one end of the rainbow. implement some irish charm into your home with some irish themed tea towels from ulster weavers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43953909685633197, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.620770"} {"text": "- united nations high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ). awarded the nobel peace prize in 1954 and 1981. - united nations relief and works agency for palestine refugees in the near east ( unrwa ) - united nations children \u2019 s fund ( unicef ) and refugee children - convention relating to the status of refugees ( 1951 ) and its protocol relating to the status of refugees ( 1967 ) - world food programme ( wfp ) : its work with refugees and internally displaced persons ( idps ) - inter - agency standing committee ( iasc ) and its \u201c cluster approach \u201d in responding to humanitarian crises. - world refugee day ( 20 june ) the inter - agency standing committee - the inter - agency standing committee ( iasc ) - brings together all major humanitarian agencies, both within and outside the un system. it develops humanitarian policies, agrees on the clear division of responsibilities, and identifies and addresses gaps in response. - the iasc is chaired by the united nations emergency relief coordinator. - ocha \u2019 s humanitarian reform support unit ( hrsu ). - ocha \u2019 s central emergency response fund ( cerf ) - launched in march 2006 as an improved financing mechanism to facilitate an immediate response to humanitarian emergencies. - reliefweb. the world \u2019 s foremost humanitarian website, it provides the latest information on emergencies worldwide ( managed by ocha ). - irin. a news service that offers accurate and impartial reporting and analysis about sub - saharan africa, the middle east and central asia for the humanitarian community ( hosted by ocha ). - the humanitarian early warning system ( hews ) - comprehensive list of ocha websites. iasc \u2019 s \u201c cluster approach \u201d to humanitarian assistance the \u201c cluster approach \u201d to humanitarian assistance aims to strengthen humanitarian response by ensuring high standards of predictability, accountability and partnership. any major new or ongoing emergency is addressed in terms of the following clusters, each with its own lead agency or agencies, and a range of un and non - un partners : - agriculture - food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) - camp coordination and management - for conflict - induced displacement, the un high commissioner for refugees ( unhcr ) - for natural disaster migrations, the international organization for migration ( iom ) - crisis prevention and recovery - united nations development programme ( undp ) - education - united nations children \u2019 s fund ( unicef ) and the international save the children alliance - emergency shelter - for conflict - generated internal displacements, the unhcr - for disaster situations, international federation of red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4488493183370123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.627481"} {"text": "the nature conservancy - date submitted : 1 nov 2011 - stakeholder type : major group - name : the nature conservancy - submission document : download full submissionsubmission from the nature conservancy to the compilation document, as the basis for preparation for the zero - draft outcome document for uncsd 2012 ( rio + 20 ) in order to address new and emerging challenges, and plan for a future which allows all people to live sustainably, it is essential that natural resources are managed effectively. healthy ecosystems are the very foundation upon which societies depend, through critical ecosystem services such as : food and water security ; materials for shelter ; income from tourism and sustainable use of terrestrial and marine resources ; and protection from climate change impacts and natural disasters. we are, however, currently degrading that natural capital at a rate that threatens human development. in october 2011, global population reached 7 billion ; by 2050, it is predicted to be over 9 billion. by that time, the world will likely add another 3 billion middle class consumers. increasing demands on food and water, and the expansion of hard infrastructure have created a? nexus of need? for those with responsibility for, and expertise in, human development planning and environmental management to work cooperatively and, indeed, seamlessly, to adopt a holistic approach to future planning. the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity report estimated that under a business - as - usual scenario,? a year? s natural capital loss would lead to a loss of ecosystem services worth in the order of us $ 2. 0 - 4. 5 trillion over a 50 year period?? as much or more than the total financial capital lost during the 2008 financial crisis. if we do not become more conscious of the impacts of our actions, and collectively change our practices accordingly, resource constraints, natural capital loss and climate change will produce negative feedbacks that could limit sustained and sustainable development and growth. the un conference on sustainable development ( rio + 20 ) provides a unique opportunity to address these challenges, particularly through the theme of? a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication?. a green economy is one that is ecologically and economically healthy and productive, which provides social benefits to improve people? s lives. the maintenance of healthy natural resources, which has been a theme running through international discourse and documents over the past few decades, including the legally - binding, as well as? soft? law outcomes from the 1992 un conference on the environment and development, and the targets and timetables in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4769562776825818, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.645154"} {"text": "which has been a theme running through international discourse and documents over the past few decades, including the legally - binding, as well as? soft? law outcomes from the 1992 un conference on the environment and development, and the targets and timetables in the 2002 johannesburg plan of implementation, underpins our collective capacity to achieve a green economy. addressing implementation of such commitments through appropriate enabling conditions, tools and policies that facilitate the development and? scaling up? of innovative approaches should be a core issue in the outcome document for rio + 20. with reference to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, the rio + 20 outcome document should refer to the following issues as necessary to create a new global development paradigm :? recognizing the fundamental role of nature as a solution - provider to development challenges, such as food, water, and energy security, poverty alleviation and human health, further efforts to mainstream and integrate the values of ecosystem services as integral to development planning are necessary. in particular : o improving valuations of natural capital as part of national accounting frameworks. o scaling up payments for ecosystem services across sectors. o creating supportive policies and incentives to mainstream the value of nature, and activities to maintain natural systems, into development planning processes. o creating policies that position natural infrastructure as a building block for a new green economy, by integrating natural infrastructure into the processes of infrastructure planning and investment. o creating policies which enable planning at whole river basin scales. example : through payments for ecosystem services mechanisms such as? water funds?, operational in latin america, downstream water users, such as municipalities and corporations, are compensating upstream land managers to keep the watersheds clean and healthy. this public - private partnership for ecosystem services ensures continued water quality and availability for cities, and provides a more sustainable and cost - effective solution than the? gray? alternative : construction and maintenance of water treatment plants. valuing natural capital, through payments for ecosystem services, should be included in the outcomes for rio + 20.? recognizing the importance of oceans and coasts to achieving economic and social development objectives ( often referred to as a? blue economy? ), it is imperative to catalyze action towards achieving sustainable management of oceans and coasts. notably, sustaining the economic prosperity and welfare of coastal communities and states will require implementing and scaling up a suite of marine and coastal conservation tools and community planning initiatives. in particular : o scaling up efforts to protect and restore critical ecosystems that provide important ecosystem services and social and economic benefits. o mainstreaming the value and importance of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.513039928611062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.647545"} {"text": "require implementing and scaling up a suite of marine and coastal conservation tools and community planning initiatives. in particular : o scaling up efforts to protect and restore critical ecosystems that provide important ecosystem services and social and economic benefits. o mainstreaming the value and importance of marine and coastal ecosystem services and promoting ecosystem based approaches in adaptation to the impacts of climate change and disaster risk reduction strategies. o integrating ecosystem considerations into marine and coastal development planning through the use of marine spatial planning and strategic environmental assessments. o improving sustainability of fisheries, and in particular coastal fisheries, through leveraging community - based and rights - based approaches to fisheries management and galvanizing investments in, and market demand for, sustainable seafood that supports and facilitates reforms in fisheries management. o promoting sustainability standards and increased sound investments in ocean businesses and technologies. example : through the micronesia challenge, the caribbean challenge, the coral triangle initiative, and the progression of the new western indian ocean and coastal challenge, island and coastal states are responding to common challenges and working together to sustainably manage their natural resource base. in the micronesian sub - region, the three independent states and two us trust territories are completing the process of valuing their ecosystem services and the financial cost to maintain them, and established the micronesia conservation trust to fund sustainable development activities in perpetuity. by working collectively, these states are better able to share experiences, leverage their successes, and plan for the future. in order that these commitments to sustainable marine resource management become the effective building blocks within the context of a new green economy, and so that the international community can learn from their respective challenges and innovative solutions, further efforts to integrate and invest in such experiences will be necessary.? recognizing the asset value of ecosystem services, all actors ( states, private sector and civil society ) need to cooperate in developing new and innovative finance mechanisms within a green economy to provide sustainable sources of funding for natural resource management and social development planning. such mechanisms include debt - for - nature swaps ; conservation trust funds ; and compensation for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation. example : debt loads of developing countries are an ongoing burden which greatly limits their ability to implement effective development plans and reduce poverty. recently, by forgiving a portion of such debt, the united states has increased indonesia? s capacity, both immediate and long - term, in relation to management of the forest sector. increasing the use of debt swaps as a finance mechanism within the green economy, has the potential to accelerate the achievement of sustainable development and poverty eradication.? recognizing the contribution of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4513316038910965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.649959"} {"text": "long - term, in relation to management of the forest sector. increasing the use of debt swaps as a finance mechanism within the green economy, has the potential to accelerate the achievement of sustainable development and poverty eradication.? recognizing the contribution of all actors ( public, private and civil society ) in establishing a new holistic green economy, and noting that many are not formally represented in traditional international legal processes, the creation of international norms needs to further evolve, to one that includes a suite of more flexible and open approaches involving actors from a range of sectors and interests. the current nine major groups? framework does not allow the kind of collaborative and open exchange of ideas and lessons that will be required within a new sustainable development paradigm. example : the nature conservancy and dow chemical have embarked upon a collboaration to help dow and other companies recognize, value and incorporate nature into global business goals, decisions and strategies. the aim of the collaboration is to advance the incorporation of the value of nature into business, and to take action to protect the earth? s natural systems and the services they provide people, for the benefit of business and society. the lessons they learn will also help governments, at national and sub - national levels, as well as other corporations and organizations, to more accurately value their ecosystem services and plan both for the immediate and long - term. there is currently, however, no space within the international system for such lessons to be shared. creating the space for non - state actors to interact more effectively with governments would help ensure that relevant expertise is available to assist societies in finding creative solutions to the challenges they face with regard to transitioning to a green economy within the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.? recognizing that for the outcomes of rio + 20 to be effective, they will need to be integrated into a number of multilateral processes related to sustainable development. of particular importance, the revision of the millennium development goals provides a critical opportunity to learn from past experiences and include new and innovative approaches that have proven to be cost - effective, sustainable and have multiple benefits. over the past few decades, there are a number of examples that demonstrate that nature - based solutions have contributed to solving key development challenges. sustainable management of natural resources can, and should, be given a higher priority within the global development agenda and be further integrated in other development goals particularly in preparation for the post - 2015 development framework. conclusion the rio + 20 outcome document should focus on what is required to implement the commitments and pledges already delivered in previous sustainable development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5146464640739812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.653553"} {"text": "within the global development agenda and be further integrated in other development goals particularly in preparation for the post - 2015 development framework. conclusion the rio + 20 outcome document should focus on what is required to implement the commitments and pledges already delivered in previous sustainable development fora and documents, and include what we have learned, and what we need to focus on to improve our planning, as guided by science. we know that forest conservation is a low - cost solution to a significant part of the climate mitigation problem, comprising up to 40 % of the cost - effective near - term measures to limit warming to 2 degrees. we know from experiences in new york city, bogota and quito that upper watershed conservation is a cost - effective solution to water quality and availability issues for cities, compared to building filtration plants. we know from thailand and vietnam and louisiana that restoring mangroves and coastal estuaries is a cost - effective way to protect coastal communities and infrastructure. the outcome document should provide a way forward to build upon these concepts, including in discussions across the financing for development, sustainable development, environment, climate change and biodiversity - related fora within the un system. rio + 20 needs to commit to a global investment program in the planet? s natural capital, because the earth? s natural systems are cost - effective solution providers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46359718932038313, "token_count": 266, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.654700"} {"text": "chapter 6 : analysing the data another example of how chi - square can be used, is if you wanted to check if your sample had too many males in it or too many females and so be unrepresentative of the general population. for this exercise we will take the data from figure 6. 12 and the information in the output 6. 7 for gender. note the expected value in each case is 10 because we would expect 50 % of our total sample to be male and 50 % to be female. 2 ( 1 ) = 0. 20 is definitely not significant ( critical value = 3. 84 ), so we have no reason to suspect our sample is unbalanced with regard to gender representation. cross - tabulation and contingency tables chi - square tests for contingency tables are extremely useful statistical procedures for determining whether two categorical measures are related. if one of the variables is group membership and the other a dependent variable, the test may be used to analyse data from a simple randomised design, and the research may be either experimental or quasi - experimental. the data are organised into a row x column table, and the statistical test is made to determine whether classification on the column variable is independent of classification on the row variable. for example, suppose that the column variable was used to classify the subjects with respect to political affiliation while the row variable was used to classify subjects with respect to religion. the chi - square test is then used to determine whether there is an association between religion and political affiliation. there is no restriction with respect to the number of categories in either the row or column variable when the chi - square statistic is used to analyse data in a contingency table. there are, however, restrictions with respect to sample size similar to those encountered in the chi - square tests of goodness of fit ( i. e., the expected value in any cell should be > 5 ). the expected frequencies are derived from the marginal frequencies. these expected frequencies may be calculated from the formula : whereeij = the expected frequency for the cell in row i, column j ri = the sum of the frequencies in row i ci = the sum of the frequencies in column j n = the sum of the frequencies for all cells the chi - square statistics is calculated by summing over all cells : the degrees of freedom associated with the contingency table chi square is found by ( r - 1 ) ( c - 1 ). that is the number of rows minus one multiplied by the number of columns minus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299233783660497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.660368"} {"text": "in pakistan, an estimated 2 million people have been affected, as of monday, by flooding following four days of heavy rains in the wake of cyclone yemyin on 23 june. three out of four people affected are children and women, and at least 300, 000 of affected children are under 5 years old. accessibility remains a concern, with many areas still cut off by rising water, and many water distribution systems have been totally or partially destroyed, leading to poor hygiene and unsanitary conditions that are causing waterborne diseases, dehydration and infection. with hospitals and health clinics closed or only partially functioning, humanitarian aid is desperately needed. the worst hit areas in balochistan and sindh are among pakistan ' s most disadvantaged, making children and women there especially vulnerable to natural disasters. unicef is coordinating with government, un agencies and other partners on assessments, with a particular focus on the needs of children. unicef has issued an \" immediate needs \" document requesting $ 5 million for the response through october 2007. emergency unicef supplies have arrived in thandwe township in myanmar \u2019 s rakhine state, the western coastal state bordering bangladesh which was hit by torrential rains at the start of july. flooding has also been reported in ayeyarwaddy, bago and tanintharyi divisions on the central and southern coasts. flood waters have destroyed houses, covered the floors of hospitals, health posts and schools with mud, contaminated hundreds of drinking wells with mud and blocked latrines. unicef has been able to distribute essential drugs, oral - rehydration salts, water purification tablets and family kits, in part because of efforts to preposition supplies following the tsunami. unicef staff who were in rakhine state to help monitor the third phase of the polio vaccination campaign are now helping conduct a rapid assessment to assess the further needs of the flood - affected communities. heavy monsoon rains have preceded flash floods in parts of west bengal, orissa and rajasthan, india. unicef has received requests for assistance from the governments of west bengal and orissa and has health, water and sanitation, and nutrition supplies prepositioned to respond. additional supplies for shelter and health are being arranged. some prepositioned supplies were used in the last few days in chattisgarth and orissa to provide immediate relief. in afghanistan, flooding in late june caused the deaths of over 100 people and the displacement of thousands. unicef response included the distribution of emergency health kits, oral rehydration salts, water purification tablets and water bladders. unicef has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4145818658664199, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.671856"} {"text": "guidelines on best available techniques and best environmental practices for the production and use of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ( pfos ) and related chemicals listed under the stockholm convention scope : the convention prohibits the use of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid ( pfos ), its salts, perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride ( pfos \u2010 f ) except in certain applications or as intermediate in the production of chemicals used in these applications. production of pfos, its salts and pfos \u2010 f is allowed only for use in these applications and the production of chemicals used in these applications. parties that produce and / or use pfos have to register with the secretariat of the convention and should take into account guidance on best available techniques ( bat ) and best environmental practices ( bep ). furthermore, in 2011, the cop adopted a decision that encourages parties to implement recommendations on risk reduction for pfos, its salts and pfos \u2010 f, that relate to the different stages in the life cycle of pfos and processes and materials containing pfos. the objectives of this guidance document is to assist parties in developing strategies for applying of bat and bep for the production and use of pfos and for implementing the recommendations of the cop on risk reduction for pfos. main target audience : staff responsible for developing management plans for the application", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46258199702084424, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.673884"} {"text": "chinese medicine for dermatological treatments i chinese medicine materia medica, tcm chinese medicine, chinese herbal medicine traditionally chinese medicine has been known as traditional chinese medicine or tcm, an alternative therapy administered in topical, oral or injected methods. herbs are generally used for treatment and often tcm is used for dermatological treatments. however, tcm is not always taken in the best of lights and this is because adequate research and understanding of the process has not been achieved. herbal medicines have 3 primary functions :? detoxification and elimination? maintenance and management of overall health? building of health different applications have different formulas and herbal methods are often used like a particular part or type of plant employed. us therapists use \u2018 orthodox \u2019 therapies that are approved by the fda. though it works, patients are often sick of using them. thus they go for alternative therapies like tcm. dietary manipulation, vitamin therapy and herbal solutions are the common treatments used. dermatologists are now sufficiently informed about the placebo controlled effects of tcm and medical literature contain evidences about its efficiency. popular in mainland china and japan, tcm has been authenticated by chinese medical studies. one myth about tcm is that it is free of side effects, although hepatotoxicity and dermatitis are common adverse effects. tcm is effective as this is used for treating a lot of diseases like psoriasis. it is similar to psoralen uva phototherapy. the radix angelicae pubescentis is a chinese herbal alternative. furocoumarins are also common in tcm and when compared with psoralen uva treatments they effectively treat psoriasis. when administered in patients, a majority of them showed improvement. the adverse effects include nausea and headaches. toxic effects of tcm include gastro intestinal reactions, abnormal menstruation and cutaneous and mucotaneous reactions in human beings and animals. abnormal reactions in the hematopoietic system are also common in some individuals. exacerbation, abnormal functioning of the liver and latent chronic hepatitis is also observed. other tcm samples like ethyliminum are an active ingredient in indigo naturalis and are often used in western medicine as a treatment for psoriasis. some of the samples have fewer amounts of adverse effects and are widely prepared and commercially marketed in china. tcm topical agents have also beneficial effects such as the alkaloids that have anti neo plastic activities such as campototheca,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46776023386508003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.676688"} {"text": "- prayer and worship - beliefs and teachings - issues and action - catholic giving - about usccb this article appeared in the january 31, 1997, issue of commonweal. it appears here with the permission of the editor of commonweal. the watershed for catholics with regard to other religions is the vatican ii document, nostra aetate. celebrated for its breakthrough in acknowledging the status of jews as god ' s people \u2013 \" the gifts and call of god are irrevocable \" ( rom. 11 : 29 ) \u2013 this slim statement reaches out to all \" other religions, \" notably to islam for its steadfast preaching of one transcendent god who is the free creator of all that is. it was that very preaching, of course, that set islam on a collision course with christianity over the ages, since both movements could be described as inviting all nations to worship the god of abraham, isaac, and jacob. yet the qur ' an \" came down \" to muhammad ( a. d. 570 - 632 ) six centuries after jesus, so that a large portion of the developed world which it soon overran had been evangelized for centuries. the result was relatively isolated pockets of christians living within dominant islamic polities, and a massive stand - off between western christianity and islam. they were, after all, competing for the same \" souls. \" many of the military engagements, celebrated in the church calendar or by verse in our heritage \u2013 tours, lepanto, and, of course, the crusades \u2013 feature islamic armies as the enemy. little has changed in that regard, as the current western readiness to foist blame for nearly everything on \" muslim fundamentalists \" can testify. yet, as we shall see, the faith which christians and muslims share with jews regarding the free creation of the universe by one god will be borne in on us more and more as we attempt to negotiate our way in a society ever in danger of losing any access to the transcendent source of all. what i have learned from living among muslims and sharing in their life of faith is a profound respect for the palpable presence of god in human history, and a keen sense that each of us has a in - built destiny : to return all that we have received to the one from whom we have received it. and we have and do receive \" nothing short of everything \" from the one. it is that sense of faith, which i first experienced in the holy land, then in bangladesh and in egypt, that has fueled my", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4927523905391067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.690521"} {"text": "from whom we have received it. and we have and do receive \" nothing short of everything \" from the one. it is that sense of faith, which i first experienced in the holy land, then in bangladesh and in egypt, that has fueled my intellectual interest in islam. and it has meant that i always take away more than i bring to any interfaith encounter with muslims. this sounds so utterly at variance with the stereotype associated with \" muslim fundamentalist \" that it should make us sit up and take notice : anyone who has experienced the muslim world comes away with a keen sense of its hospitality, and a desire to discover how it is rooted in islam ' s particular faith in god. and certainly nothing is more opposed to terrorism than hospitality. historical prejudices, however, die all too slowly. yet a historic collective enemy will invariably fascinate its adversary, particularly the latter ' s cultural and intellectual elites. so it will not be surprising to hear that many western medieval thinkers, notably thomas aquinas, reached out to understand islamic thinkers, especially to learn from their philosophical reflections. that outreach also reflects the fact that the islamic cultural renaissance in tenth - century baghdad had anticipated the touted medieval renaissance in the west by a full two centuries. while europe was passing through the dark ages, islamic culture in what we call the middle east was at its peak. medieval thinkers in the west learned their astronomy, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy from the east, and its practitioners were muslims. what was it about this conquering group of people from the arabian peninsula that allowed them so quickly to assimilate hellenic culture with its arts and sciences? and to communicate this to the west in such a way as to stimulate the renaissance of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries? the revelation grated to muhammad in the desert beginning about a. d. 610 \u2013 the qur ' an ( until recently transliterated as \" koran \" ) \u2013 is taken by muslims to be the word of god made arabic, just as orthodox christians take jesus to be the word of god made flesh. god ' s word is eternally with god, for god could not be mute, but it was spoken in time to god ' s final prophet, muhammad, over a period of years and in response to diverse situations that muhammad faced. yet the qur ' an remains god ' s word, not muhammad ' s, so that christians should liken the qur ' an to jesus rather than to the bible. this point is cardinal yet confusing. for while muslims grant a privileged place to jews", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5390524615778601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.691606"} {"text": "yet the qur ' an remains god ' s word, not muhammad ' s, so that christians should liken the qur ' an to jesus rather than to the bible. this point is cardinal yet confusing. for while muslims grant a privileged place to jews and to christians as \" peoples of the book \" \u2013 yet the relevant points of comparison are the qur ' an and jesus. so sufi muslims, employing selected verses of the qur ' an as mantras for a meditation called dhikr ( or recollection ), will respond to that word in their minds and hearts much as christians respond to communion in the context of eucharist. the prevailing emotion is one of thanksgiving : that believers have been given god ' s word to guide their actions and to enliven their hearts \u2013 the very word through which the universe is created \u2013 \" god said \u2018 be ' and it was \" \u2013 and by which all human beings will be raised up on the last day. these core beliefs profoundly shape muslim society. they are put into practice via the famous \" five pillars \" of islam : ( 1 ) confessing that god is one and muhammad is god ' s prophet ( the shahada ) ; ( 2 ) communal ritual prayer, five times daily ; ( 3 ) fasting during the lunar month of ramadan, which ends with ( 4 ) an annual obligatory almsgiving ; and ( 5 ) for those able to do so, making the pilgrimage to mecca at least once in their lifetime. the first and last of these are eminently personal actions, yet as the first profession of faith initiates one into the umma ( the community ), the other gives eloquent expression to that inclusive community itself. the three other \" pillars \" underscore the communal character of islam. they consist of actions undertaken in solidarity with other believers or designed to alleviate the lot of the community ' s less fortunate members. the umma figures prominently in every aspect of islamic life and practice. muslims characterize islam as an entire way of life rather than merely a religion. contemporary christians might want to object, feeling that christianity is also a way of life. but hearing muslims testify to their communal life of faith can make us acutely aware of how much the modern pattern of \" privatizing \" even religion has affected western christianity. in islam, individual rights are decidedly subordinated to the well - being of the community, with consequent effect on the various roles the community assigns to its members. it is here that the image of islam can chafe western sensi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4990686619827186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.692697"} {"text": "christianity. in islam, individual rights are decidedly subordinated to the well - being of the community, with consequent effect on the various roles the community assigns to its members. it is here that the image of islam can chafe western sensibilities, especially in those western societies that combine a so - called rights doctrine with a capitalist consumer culture. yet just as personal affluence usually buys a relative dispensation from communal obligations \u2013 a fact even islamic society has not avoided \u2013 we can readily imagine why islam is so attractive to those members of a society who taste little of its affluence and privilege. in those sectors of our own society where the spirit of capitalism is most starkly displayed in the lucrative but destructive commerce of drug dealing, the communal bonds of islam and its inherent discipline offer not only welcome protection but a protest against a dominant ideology that has marginalized entire sectors of society in the name of individual rights and economic success. in its communal life, islam affords a genuine alternative to a liberal society ' s libertarian drift, and to the illusory freedom it touts, a freedom utterly beholden to powerful interest groups. if the phrase \" common good \" has ceased to function in our standard political vocabulary, it needs to become embodied in integral communities. in the united states, islam has emerged as a viable one in our midst. islam is the fastest growing faith worldwide, and in recent years has made striking advances in north america, particularly in the united states among african - americans. it is important that christians study islam to understand how it articulates itself from within, in its styles of theological reflection. muslims are more at home with the descriptor \" theology \" than are jews, yet they share something of a jewish hesitation concerning academic theology. the qur ' an offers people a \" straight path, \" how to return all they have received to the one from whom they have received everything. this path is elaborated in qur ' an commentaries of a quasi - legal sort ( fiqh ). islam tends to be tolerant of a relatively wide range of beliefs, insisting primarily on compliance with the five pillars, however latitudinarian their practice may be. in short, orthopraxy is more important than orthodoxy. ( indeed, as the salmon rushdie affair shows, egregious disrespect for the prophet may be treated more harshly than outright statements of heterodoxy. ) here the axial differences between sunni and shi ' a muslims, the two major branches of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122449988917067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.693795"} {"text": "salmon rushdie affair shows, egregious disrespect for the prophet may be treated more harshly than outright statements of heterodoxy. ) here the axial differences between sunni and shi ' a muslims, the two major branches of islam, offer a prime example. although their very names indicate striking dissimilarities \u2013 sunni means \" consensus \" while shi ' a means \" a group apart \" \u2013 both have a mutual stake in showing the world that \" we are all muslims. \" the best example of a theologian we can find in islam is al - ghazali ( a. d. 1058 - 1111 ). his summa of theology \u2013 ihya ' ulum ad - din \u2013 uses the philosophy his predecessors had assimilated from the heritage of the greeks to elaborate a rich understanding of islamic faith and practice. the theological centerpiece of that work, \" the book of faith in divine unity and trust in divine providence [ kitab at - tawhid wa tawakkul ], \" shows how crucial is the shahada to muslim faith, for confessing that god is one ( and muhammad his prophet ) implies that all - that - is comes forth freely from god, and that all power in the universe is god ' s power, however much we may be impressed with our own. but the relation of the universe to the one on whom it depends so utterly and so intimately is quite beyond our capacity to understand, short of a \" mystical unveiling. \" so our understanding of it will better be measured by our trust in god ' s providential care than in the brilliance of theological constructs. it will be displayed and tested by the manner of our actual response, our orthopraxy, though we can certainly use a subtle human understanding, by way of theological refection, to temper and to direct that response. yet if right living is better test of understanding in matters divine than correct theological formulations, there is no less room for sophistication in \" practical reason \" than in \" speculative reason. \" muslim theology is more focused on knowing how than attempting to know why, thereby respecting the ineffable transcendence of the one god. sufi spirituality within islam offers a way of understanding god ' s oneness that transcends the conceptual, concentrating at the same time on serving the needs of the disadvantaged members of the community. despite this emphasis, sufis make a point of not differing in their appearance from other muslims ; their focus is the heart and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5147284398881974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.694996"} {"text": "may find a similar response among those who are quite favored by this society but have come to find it empty and soulless. the manifest point of appeal is the umma ( or community ), of course, but the very meaning of \" islam \" can find resonance as well. lexically translated as \" submission, \" the multivalent work \" islam \" is best rendered by complex phrase : returning everything to the one from whom everything comes. anyone who partakes of muslim society and its hospitality cannot but be impressed by their palpable sense of the presence of god : god the provider, to whom we are enjoined to give thanks by our actions on behalf of others. we are never to forget that our life comes forth each moment from the hand of god, and our destiny as well. this latter can easily spawn a form of \" fatalism, \" where the ubiquitous phrase \" in sh ' allah \" ( god willing \" ) becomes an excuse for taking no initiative whatsoever. yet we in the west are also beginning to acknowledge the corrosive effects which our equally ubiquitous \" autonomy \" can have on a social order. so each religious culture, it seems, will invariably distort the revelation which inspires it, presenting a sinister collective face to the world, and one which can prove lethal to other religious groups. yet to recognize our own shadow side is also to acknowledge how the other can help us to offset it. the point where christians find islam an attractive alternative to western liberal society might offer a path for us to discover afresh our role as distinctive communities within that society. correlatively, islamic communities living in the midst of a society which often seems antithetical their values will need to find fresh ways to enculturate their young as well as witness to the society that surrounds them. a christianity that no longer enjoys hegemony in the west, that is in search of new ways to witness to the community it claims to be, may take heart from an islam transplanting itself in a society where it is clearly an outsider. the challenge of the new century to all religious groups is not only to learn to live together, as we so cavalierly put it, but to learn from each other how to do so in the face of a corrosive ethos that bears little respect for human life and destiny while ostensibly celebrating the individual. that may be one of the critical insights we can take home from islam. we will do so if we set ourselves to learn from muslims how to live our lives as gifts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5299127937877233, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.697358"} {"text": "##hos that bears little respect for human life and destiny while ostensibly celebrating the individual. that may be one of the critical insights we can take home from islam. we will do so if we set ourselves to learn from muslims how to live our lives as gifts from the free creator of all, and so regard our freedom as a challenge to return to that creator all that we have received \u2013 which is \" nothing short of everything. \" as more people find muslims moving in as neighbors, this task will become easier. meeting them will also spur us to identify the inevitable bias in reporting things muslim, and urge us to work against prejudice toward this group as we have been schooled to fight anti - semitism. indeed, arabs will remind us that they too are semites, as american jews will remark that the prejudice against them seems to have been readily transferred to arabs in our time and, by extension, to all muslims. this essay has tried to explain why such biases persist, on both sides of the muslim - christian divide, and how much is at stake in dispersing them. the fringe benefit, as many have discovered, will be to meet people well - schooled in receiving others with a generosity intended to match allah ' s to them, to open to them a \" straight path \" to god in the qur ' an. encounters like that can only press us to understand the gospels afresh ; \" mutual illumination \" seems the most accurate watchword for interreligious dialogue. david b. burrell, c. s. c., is theodore m. hesburgh professor in arts and letters at the university of notre dame. back to resources on islam and muslims by accepting this message, you will be leaving the website of the united states conference of catholic bishops. this link is provided solely for the user ' s convenience. by providing this link, the united states conference of catholic bishops assumes no responsibility for, nor does it necessarily endorse, the website, its content, or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4857468485913166, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.698328"} {"text": "heather j. hoag nothing is as basic to human existence as our need for nourishment ; we all need to eat. the expansion of systems of food production has led human societies throughout history to alter their surrounding environments. whether it is clearing a forested area to expand agricultural production in west africa or damming a river for irrigation in tennessee, people \u2019 s need for food has shaped the modern world. the uniting of the old and new worlds in the late 15th century led to unparalleled exchange of crops, animals, and foodways. a result of these historical forces, our food has become truly global. through readings, discussions, films, and outside activities, students will examine the development of our global food system and the role of food in shaping larger processes of historical change. topics examined include : the development of food production systems, the role of crop, technology and cultural exchange, the politics of food shortage, food as culture, and emergence of a global cuisine. heather hoag is an associate professor of african and environmental history and associate chair of usf \u2019 s international studies program ( bais ). she received her ph. d. in history at boston university ( 2003 ). she has traveled extensively in africa as well as lived in ghana ( west africa ) and tanzania ( east africa ). before coming to usf, she coordinated oxfam america \u2019 s horn of africa program and taught at the university of california, san diego. her current research is on the history of river development and the building of hydroelectric dams in africa. in her spare time, she enjoys visiting san francisco \u2019 s farmer \u2019 s markets and eating establishments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48638072719380127, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.701670"} {"text": "utica shale oil discovery in ohio, news and maps already recognized as an major natural gas discovery, the utica shale may be one of the biggest oil discoveries in recent decades. the primary focus of this site is on the oil potential of the utica shale in the state of ohio, and getting the word out about what may be one of the biggest oil discoveries in u. s. history. what is the utica shale? it is a massive, deep rock formation that lies approximately two to three thousand feet below the marcellus shale. it is rich in fossils and organic matter such as kerogen ( which breaks down into oil and gas ), and is black to grey black in color. in ohio it lies at a depth of between 3000 to 9000 feet. it covers an area covering eight states, from tennessee to new york, as well as across the border into quebec. compared to the marcellus shale, the utica shale is higher in carbonate content. this quality allows a \u201c frac job \u201d to break apart the rock more easily than in pure shale, releasing greater quantities of oil and gas. the current epicenter of the oil boom in ohio is the utica shale \u2019 s point pleasant interval. the point pleasant interval consists of inter \u2013 bedded layers of shale and carbonate rocks. the \u201c o \u2019 s \u201d in ohio are for ordovician oil several major oil and gas companies, including chesapeake energy, have begun leasing up vast areas of ohio, where geologists believe that large quantities of oil will be found. ohio has a long history of oil production, starting with the first well in washington county in 1860. there are approximately 64, 500 active oil wells in ohio, most producing less than 10 barrels of oil per day. this boom could make past discoveries seem like \u201c peanuts \u201d. the utica formation is considered a \u201c source rock \u201d for oil and gas fround in the cambrian knox dolomite, cambrian rose run sandstone, lower ordovician beekmantown dolomite, and middle ordovician black river - trenton limestone formations. ( source : usgs ) rather than looking for pockets of oil and gas trapped in hard to find \u201c stratigraphic traps \u201d, oil companies are using new technology to go right to the source or the \u201c mother lode \u201d underneath these zones. a big plus for oil and gas exploration in the ohio is the fact that the state has such as long history of it, and has plenty of disposal wells, pipelines and other infrastructure already in place", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4182703261847066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.712134"} {"text": "the \u201c mother lode \u201d underneath these zones. a big plus for oil and gas exploration in the ohio is the fact that the state has such as long history of it, and has plenty of disposal wells, pipelines and other infrastructure already in place. how the utica shale was formed the utica shale is a sedimentary rock which was deposited in ancient seas during the middle ordovician age approximately 450 - 470 million years ago. during that time much of the earth was covered by seas rich in plant and animal life. as these organisms died and decayed, they were deposited on the seafloor, forming a rich organic \u201c muck \u201d that later formed the utica formation. below is an illustration of what an ordovician period sea may have looked like. the muck deposited in these seas formed an organic compound in the shale rock called kerogen. as the utica shale subsided and was covered by other rock layers, thermal action ( the earth \u2019 s heat ) and organic action ( decay ) changed the kerogen into oil and gas. it is in the \u201c thermally mature \u201d areas of the shale in eastern ohio where the largest quantities of volatile oil are being found. ( what the seafloor of an ordovician sea may have looked like ). oil and gas companies paying high lease rates in ohio \u2019 s utica shale play chesapeake energy recently announced that they had made a \u201c major discovery \u201d of oil and natural gas liquids in the utica shale in ohio. chesapeake energy has acquired over 1. 25 million acres in ohio at a cost of over two billion dollars and plans on adding another 300, 000 acres in the coming months. other players in the utica shale include devon energy, which acquired over 110, 000 acres, chevron, which purchased over 600, 000 from atlas energy, consol energy, with 200, 000 acres, shell, range resources and epsilon energy. while some of the acreage in the play was \u201c held by production \u201d, by small oil companies such as atlas energy, much of the acreage in the \u201c oil and wet gas \u201d window of the utica \u2013 point pleasant play had to be leased by oil companies. lease payments have reportedly soared to over $ 4, 000 an acre in the hottest areas of the play. the hottest area right now is the \u201c volatile oil window \u201d. \u201c volatile oil \u201d refers to light oil which evaporates quickly with minimal residue, as compared to heavier crude. volatile oil, gas and condensate tend to flow through the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44850979580284234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.713110"} {"text": ". the hottest area right now is the \u201c volatile oil window \u201d. \u201c volatile oil \u201d refers to light oil which evaporates quickly with minimal residue, as compared to heavier crude. volatile oil, gas and condensate tend to flow through the tiny pore structure of shales easier than heavier crude. the utica shale contains four geographic zones, the uppermost western and northwestern zones holds heavier oil, with the middle sections holding volatile oil and natural gas liquids, while the deeper area holds primarily natural gas. a \u201c sweet spot \u201d has been identified where the concentration of volatile oil is the highest and it is in this area that the price per acre paid to landowners for utica drilling rights has risen the highest. how big an oil discovery is the utica shale? chesapeake energy \u2019 s ceo aubrey mcclendon recently stated that his company believes the utica shale is one of the biggest oil finds in u. s. history. chesapeake energy expects that the play to hold over 25 billion barrels of oil, as well as trillions of cubic feet of natural gas. he expects that over 25, 000 new oil and gas wells will be drilled in the utica shale in the coming decades, an investment of at least 200 billion dollars. the ohio geological survey predicts that the utica formation may hold as much as 8. 2 billion barrels of oil equivalent ( boe ). the ultimate recovery potential of the utica shale may be revised upward as more information becomes available, and as oil and gas drilling and production methods continue to advance. the u. s. imports about 9. 5 billion barrels of oil a year. what is contained in the utica shale, eagle ford shale, bakken shale and other new shale finds could equal a decade ( or more ) worth of foreign oil imports. below is a map of the utica shale. there is actually a greater overlapping than what the map shows in the eastern counties of ohio, where the current center of oil activity is located. map courtesy of ohio dept. of natural resources. why has this major oil discovery in ohio been hiding from us for so long? the reason that there suddenly an ocean of available oil under ohio, and many other parts of the country such as the eagle ford shale of texas and bakken shale of north dakota, is because of advances in oil and gas drilling, as well as the development of a completion procedure known as hydraulic fracturing or \u201c frac jobs \u201d. horizontal drilling, or drilling sideways at ninety degrees, was perfected in the barnett shale formation near", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.500062589383986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.714527"} {"text": "is because of advances in oil and gas drilling, as well as the development of a completion procedure known as hydraulic fracturing or \u201c frac jobs \u201d. horizontal drilling, or drilling sideways at ninety degrees, was perfected in the barnett shale formation near dallas \u2013 ft worth, which was laden with natural gas locked in tight shale rock. oil and gas companies soon learned that they could apply a \u201c frac job \u201d which consists pumping of high pressure water, sand and a small amount of chemicals, injected under high pressure, to break apart the shale, and release large quantities of natural gas. this one \u2013 time process is done just after the well is drilled. this process is somewhat controversial, since the potential to contaminate groundwater exists if proper measures are not taken. however, so far the process of hydraulic fracturing has been used in thousands of wells with no major incidents of aquifer contamination. ohio \u2019 s water aquifers lie thousands of feet above the utica shale. impervious layers of solid rock, heavy cement liners and thick steel casing protect these zones from cross contamination. see frac info for more details. with huge success in the barnett shale, companies moved on to similar formations such as the haynesville shale in arkansas, texas and louisiana. due to their overwhelming success in finding large amounts of natural gas in shales, the market was soon flooded and prices declined. now the u. s. has a more than 100 year supply of natural gas and prices are severely depressed. the main reason any natural gas drilling is continuing at all in the u. s., is to hold leases which will be lost if no production is established in a certain number of years. because oil prices remain high, o & g exploration companies are now focusing heavily on shales which contain oil and natural gas liquids. the eagle ford shale, a recent discovery in south texas, is reported to be the largest oil discovery in over forty years. the utica shale could prove to be an even bigger find, at least that \u2019 s what some industry experts predict. the economic impact of the utica shale the full economic impact of the utica shale oil discovery will not be fully felt for another few years when hundreds at first, then thousands of wells are drilled and producing oil and gas. presently, millions of dollars are changing hands between oil companies and landowners in the leasing phase. as these landowner later receive even larger royalty checks, they will begin to spend them, increasing the overall wealth of ohio. rust belt refineries, such as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4600839211321177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.715684"} {"text": "presently, millions of dollars are changing hands between oil companies and landowners in the leasing phase. as these landowner later receive even larger royalty checks, they will begin to spend them, increasing the overall wealth of ohio. rust belt refineries, such as those owned by marathon oil, are expecting to begin to receive thousands of barrels of utica shale crude over the next few years. this could boost the refining industry of ohio and surrounding states by giving companies a source of crude that is much cheaper than imported brent sea crude. the steel industry in ohio and surrounding states will no doubt get a major boost from this discovery. oilfields tend to require large quantities of steel pipe, tanks and other infrastructure, which could be made locally. the amount of jobs eventually created by the utica play could be in the millions. whether you agree with oil and gas drilling or not, one thing that is certain, and that is our nation \u2019 s security is enhanced by having a source of oil within our borders. so far our cars, trucks, trains and planes don \u2019 t run on solar or wind power. oil and gas energy is used to manufacture things such as wind turbines and solar panels which could eventually make that possible someday. every drop of oil what we produce in the u. s. is one less that comes from conflict plagued regions or a dictatorship that despises us. also, as china continues to gobble up world oil supplies, finding another 25 billion barrels here ensures our safety and security and gives us a bridge with which to make the transition to renewable forms of energy. stay tuned to this site for developments in the utica shale, america \u2019 s most exciting new oil discovery! as more details about this significant new oil discovery in ohio are available they will be posted on this site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4440753585092158, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.716516"} {"text": "| physical science | | transformation of energy 6c6. 00 | | process of science | | collecting data 1. 3 ac | content standard : physical science content topic : transformation of energy concept : electricity can be harmful. content objective : 6c6. 00 to understand the importance of observing safety rules in the use of electricity instructional objectives : the learner will : tn component of science : process of science benchmark : the reading and interpretation of measuring instruments are necessary in determining length, volume, weight, elapsed time, rates, and temperature. 1. 3c safety features should be observed in all areas of data collection. benchmark : safety procedures are introduced prior to and practiced during all data collection. heat is produced by electricity. if too much current is flowing through a wire, the wire may become so hot that a fire starts. this can be caused if too many appliances are plugged into the outlet and used at the same time. circuit breakers can prevent this. a current can also overheat if there is a short circuit. a short circuit occurs when two wires in a cord accidentally touch. most of the time cords are covered by insulation. the insulation keeps the wires from touching. if the insulation becomes damaged, this creates an area of low resistance and if a large current goes through this area, there will be rapid over - heating and possibly result in a fire. repair damaged insulation immediately. water and electricity are always a dangerous combination. water conducts electricity. you should never use electric appliances or touch sources of electricity such as light bulbs, sockets, or outlets while in contact with water. any wire connected to a voltage is called a live wire. you should never touch a live wire. if you do, your body will become part of a circuit. a large current will flow through you and into the ground. live wires often fall to the ground because of storms or accidents. never touch a live wire. call the power company immediately. 1. ask someone from your local power company to bring a meter and demonstrate how to read it. 2. ask your local power company for information about electric safety and what to do in an electrical emergency. 3. divide the class into groups of four. write and perform your own commercial about electrical safety. 4. materials : one dry cell battery ( 6 volts ), a small light bulb and socket, 1 large cork, 2 straight pins, a piece of thin metal foil ( remove the paper backing of a gum wrapper ) 3 cm long copper wire ( approximately 80 cm ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5937890751278498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.723142"} {"text": "battery ( 6 volts ), a small light bulb and socket, 1 large cork, 2 straight pins, a piece of thin metal foil ( remove the paper backing of a gum wrapper ) 3 cm long copper wire ( approximately 80 cm ), wire strippers. ) what to do : cut the wire into 4 pieces, each 20 cm long. prepare the wires by stripping the insulation off both ends so the copper wire is exposed. carefully cut the small piece of thin metal foil in a wishbone shape. this will be the fuse. the center section should be very thin. use 2 straight pins to stick the piece of metal foil into the cork. using one 20 cm piece of wire, connect a dry cell battery terminal to one of the pins. connect another wire to the other pin and the light socket. connect the other side of the light socket to the other dry cell battery terminal with another piece of wire. what happened? ( response ) now take the remaining piece of wire and touch one end to the straight pin connected to the socket. touch the other end to the battery terminal connected to the light socket. this is a short circuit. what happened to the light? ( response ) what happened to the fuse? ( response ) write down these five electrical practices : 1. do not use worn electrical cords. 2. disconnect heating devices, such as irons, when not in use. 3. do not connect too many appliances to one outlet. 4. do not touch electrical appliances while in water or wet. 5. never touch a \" live \" wire. list one of the 5 electrical practices and explain why you would practice this for safety. ( if number 1 of active participation was done ) explain to each other how to read a meter. this is the time this file has been accessed since 02 / 25 / 98. the university of tennessee at martin is not responsible for the information or views expressed here. sixth grade science home page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4909909838171479, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.724309"} {"text": "| return to grand rounds index | aspiration is a frequently misunderstood diagnosis. many healthcare workers either under - diagnose aspiration or assign the diagnosis improperly. more importantly, many physicians fail to recognize aspiration and dysphagia as a symptom of other disease processes. needless to say, the confusion surrounding the diagnosis often leads to delayed intervention and treatment. otolaryngologists are an integral part of the team caring for the aspirating patient. in the case of patients aspirating after surgery for the extirpation of head and neck malignancy, the otolaryngologist plays the lead role in the diagnosis and treatment of the problem. when neuromuscular disease is the causative factor however, the otolaryngologist acts as a consultant to the primary care physician or medical specialist. speech pathologists play a key role in the rehabilitation and care of the aspirating patient and are well equipped to aid in their evaluation and treatment. this discussion will review the physiology of a normal swallow, the more common etiologies of aspiration, the evaluation of the patient and methods of intervention. oral preparatory phase the first stage of the normal swallow is the oral preparatory phase. food is taken into the oral cavity, chewed and mixed with saliva. this involves the coordination of lip closure, rotary and lateral motion of the jaw, buccal or facial tone, rotary and lateral motion of the tongue and anterior bulging of the soft palate to widen the nasal airway while narrowing the oropharyngeal inlet. these actions break down the food into a size and consistency appropriate for the swallow while preventing premature escape of food into the pharynx. the oral preparatory phase is under complete voluntary control and it is from this phase that the pleasure of eating is derived. cranial nerves involved include cranial nerves v, vii, x and xii. injury to any of these nerves may lead to decreased efficiency of the oral preparatory phase. once the food is prepared for the swallow, the tongue centers and positions the bolus against the hard palate. afferent receptors in the anterior tonsillar pillars, soft palate and oropharynx are stimulated by this action and initiate the reflexive pharyngeal phase. the action of the tongue serves not only to clear the bolus from the oral cavity, but also likely plays some role in initiating the pharyngeal swallow. at the completion of the oral phase, there is little or no food or liquid remaining in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4678414929424763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.757001"} {"text": "action of the tongue serves not only to clear the bolus from the oral cavity, but also likely plays some role in initiating the pharyngeal swallow. at the completion of the oral phase, there is little or no food or liquid remaining in the oral cavity. the motor function of the tongue is derived from cranial nerve xii and injury to this nerve may adversely effect the tongue \u2019 s role in the oral phase. the exact stimuli necessary to elicit the pharyngeal phase of swallowing are still poorly understood, but the neuromuscular components of the pharyngeal swallow have been clearly identified. they involve : ( 1 ) velopharyngeal closure to prevent food from refluxing into the nose ; ( 2 ) laryngeal closure to prevent material from penetrating the glottis and entering the airway ; ( 3 ) peristalsis of the pharyngeal walls to clean the pharynx with a wave of contraction that follows the bolus ; ( 4 ) laryngeal elevation and anterior movement to carry the larynx up under the tongue and out of the path of the bolus as well as to apply extrinsic stretch to the cricopharyngeus ; ( 5 ) opening of the cricopharyngeal region. cranial nerves ix, x and xii involved in the pharyngeal phase either through sensation or motor function. the cricopharyngeus muscle, the lower fibers of the inferior constrictor muscle, the upper fibers of the esophageal constrictor and the cricoid cartilage to which these muscles attach make up the upper esophageal sphincter ( ues ) or pharyngoesophageal ( pe ) segment. the opening of this region and laryngeal elevation during the pharyngeal swallow are closely related. at rest, the cricoid cartilage contacts the posterior pharyngeal wall in the region of the cricopharyngeus muscle maintaining closure of ues. as the larynx elevates and moves anteriorly during the swallow, the cricoid cartilage is pulled anteriorly away from the posterior pharyngeal wall while stretch is being applied to the muscle fibers of the cricopharyngeus. relaxation of the cricopharyngeus muscle just prior to opening of the cricopharyngeal region allows for greater stretch of these fibers and a larger", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4829185480822141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.757898"} {"text": "stretch is being applied to the muscle fibers of the cricopharyngeus. relaxation of the cricopharyngeus muscle just prior to opening of the cricopharyngeal region allows for greater stretch of these fibers and a larger increase in the cross - sectional area of the ues. laryngeal closure during the pharyngeal phase involves a complex sequence of events beginning at the level of the true vocal folds and proceeding superiorly to the false vocal folds, aryepiglottic folds and epiglottis. the most important and critical component of laryngeal closure is at the glottic level. as the vocal folds close, the arytenoid cartilages tilt up and forward while the base of tongue moves posteriorly effecting closure of the laryngeal vestibule. as this is occurring, the epiglottis moves posteriorly over the airway but fails to completely seal the airway. epiglottic movement is due to combination of three forces : ( 1 ) pressure from the bolus above, ( 2 ) the downward pull of muscular forces and ( 3 ) the combined pressure of the tongue base moving posteriorly and the larynx elevating. epiglottic closure prevents entry of food into the laryngeal vestibule and vocal fold closure prevents entry of food into the trachea. the term aspiration refers to the entrance of food into the trachea below the level of the true vocal folds. pharyngeal peristalsis begins in the nasopharynx and proceeds inferiorly to the hypopharynx. due to the incomplete tubular shape of the pharynx, movements of the tongue and larynx contribute to the generation of pressures within the pharynx during the swallow. retraction of the tongue and lowering of the larynx at the end of the swallow lead to increased pressure in the hypopharynx. this in concert with the peristaltic muscular wave propels the bolus through the ues. the esophageal phase of the swallow is under involuntary neural control via cranial nerve x. the food bolus is propelled along the esophagus by active peristalsis in two waves, primary and secondary peristalsis. the bolus then traverses the lower esophageal sphincter ( les ) which is usually closed to prevent reflux. aspiration is the entry of liquid or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5109164057928358, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.758854"} {"text": "juice elicits coughing and the production of the same colored liquid via the tracheostomy tube. this \u201c grape juice test \u201d is a less sophisticated version of the evans blue dye test in which 4 drops of methylene blue are placed on the patient \u2019 s tongue and the tracheal secretions examined for blue color. radiography may play a significant role in the diagnosis of aspiration. it is prudent to perform a chest radiograph in any patient suspected of aspiration to assure that pneumonia is not present. computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may be useful if aspiration is due to a tumor of the upper aerodigestive tract. videofluoroscopy is the most common and most useful radiographic study in the evaluation of aspiration. it allows real time evaluation of the entire oropharynx and esophagus. it not only allows the confirmation of aspiration, but also may delineate the mechanism of aspiration. the extent of aspiration can be quantified, as well as the patient \u2019 s ability to clear the tracheobronchial tree of the aspirated material. the modified barium swallow ( mbs ) is the gold standard test for diagnosing and treating aspiration. a speech pathologist and radiologist perform the examination jointly. a small bolus size is used, and the patient is examined with varying consistencies of contrast material ( thin, thick, solid ) to determine what food types are most troublesome for the patient. all phases of swallowing can be closely scrutinized to identify specific areas of dysfunction. at the same setting, the patient is given therapeutic maneuvers and their efficacy is demonstrated by this same test. some centers have utilized radionucleotide scanning in the evaluation of aspiration. a radioactive substance such as technetium 99 is placed on the patient \u2019 s tongue and a lung scan is performed. aspiration can be confirmed by this method and can be quantified by measuring radioactivity. in recent years, multiple authors have popularized a fiberoptic examination with assessment of swallowing. it has been termed fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing ( fees ) or videoendoscopic evaluation of dysphagia ( veed ). other authors have added sensory testing of the larynx and termed this fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing ( feesst ). all examinations are performed similarly in an awake, cooperative patient at the bedside or in the clinic setting. standard fiberoptic examination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.520905401414145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.763953"} {"text": "of the larynx and termed this fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing ( feesst ). all examinations are performed similarly in an awake, cooperative patient at the bedside or in the clinic setting. standard fiberoptic examination of the upper aerodigestive tract is performed. the patient then ingests dyed substances of varying consistencies. the presence of aspiration is noted, as is residual material in the valleculae and hypopharynx. this may be recorded for slow motion play back and review. feesst adds sensory testing with pulsed air stimuli via the fiberoptic scope. these tests have proved to be useful not only as adjuncts to the mbs, but also in situations in which mbs is not available or impractical. the modified barium swallow has the benefit of evaluating all phases of the swallow, and is excellent at assessing the overall swallow. it does have several deficiencies however. the mbs does not always provide detailed diagnostic information about subtle abnormalities of the palate, vocal folds, pharyngeal musculature and sensation. it also requires a radiology suite with radiologist, technician and speech pathologist in attendance of the procedure. these resources are sometimes unavailable. in addition, critically ill patients often are unable to be transported to the radiography suite for the procedure. these strengths and weaknesses are complementary to the endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. the fees and feesst is a complete examination of the upper aerodigestive tract that is quite sensitive in detecting structural abnormalities of the palate, pharyngeal walls and vocal folds. this test, however, only analyzes the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. the required equipment includes a fiberoptic scope and light source. a video camera, monitor and video tape recorder improve the examination by allowing multiple observers and slow motion replay for review, but are not absolutely necessary. for seriously ill patients who are unable to leave the intensive care unit ( icu ), the procedure may be performed at the bedside if the equipment is mounted on a mobile cart. while both tests have their place in the evaluation of aspiration, they are perhaps best used in conjunction with one another. the initial management of the aspirating patient is non - surgical. patients should immediately made npo ( nothing by mouth ). enteral nutrition via a nasogastric feeding tube or gastrostomy should be established. patients with respiratory failure may require intubation and ventilatory support. in debilitated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5411098787995884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.764957"} {"text": "should immediately made npo ( nothing by mouth ). enteral nutrition via a nasogastric feeding tube or gastrostomy should be established. patients with respiratory failure may require intubation and ventilatory support. in debilitated patients requiring prolonged intubation, tracheostomy should be considered early to avoid the sequelae of prolonged laryngeal intubation. as previously noted, the inflated tracheostomy tube cuff does not prevent aspiration but it does allow for easier pulmonary toilet. as the tracheotomized, aspirating patient \u2019 s condition improves, the residual glottic function can be assessed. when glottic function is intact, the patient may benefit from the use of a speech valve. the passy - muir speech valve is the most commonly used. the exact mechanisms of improvement are unclear, but subglottic pressure is restored, and the return of airflow through the glottis allows the return of glottic reflex mechanisms. if the speaking valve is tolerated, plugging of the tube and the consideration of decannulation should be considered. restoration of normal airway function and removal of the tethering effect of the tracheostomy tube may allow the return of normal swallow function. when decannulation is not possible, the speaking valve should be used to aid in maintaining more normal glottic function. some patients may be managed with dietary and behavioral modification techniques. thickener added to liquids may slow the bolus adequately to prevent aspiration when swallow initiation is delayed. techniques involving postural changes based upon findings on mbs have been shown to decrease aspiration in 81 % of head and neck surgical patients. if residue in the supraglottis and hypopharynx leads to aspiration, the supraglottic swallow technique may be effective in clearing this residue. this is performed by having the patient take a deep breath prior to swallowing. the patient then coughs and swallows a second time prior to the next inspiration. instructing the patient to turn their head toward the side of a unilateral pharyngeal weakness can compress the pyriform sinus and prevent the accumulation of residue, as can flexing the neck ( the \u201c chin tuck \u201d ) which compresses the valleculae. some patients with a weak swallow reflex may benefit from a liquid rinse or multiple swallows. these swallow techniques are most effective when learned with the guidance of an experienced speech pathologist after careful evaluation with mbs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4608080397475849, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.767630"} {"text": "which compresses the valleculae. some patients with a weak swallow reflex may benefit from a liquid rinse or multiple swallows. these swallow techniques are most effective when learned with the guidance of an experienced speech pathologist after careful evaluation with mbs. even with expert teaching, the proficient use of many of these techniques requires a very motivated patient and failure rates are considerable. when non - surgical methods of managing aspiration are unsuccessful, the surgeon has a number of options for improving swallow function. often times conservative management, such as swallow techniques combined with an adjunctive surgical procedure will provide adequate prevention of aspiration. the surgical management of aspiration should be effective, yet as non - invasive as possible. these patients often have multiple medical problems and are poor surgical candidates who would not tolerate extensive procedures. no single procedure is absolutely indicated in all patients, therefore many varied approaches have been developed. all surgeries have a certain degree of risk and potential complications. procedures can be broadly divided into two groups, adjunctive and definitive procedures. tracheostomy may be quite valuable in the early care of the aspirating patient. tracheostomy will not prevent aspiration and may in fact exacerbate the condition, but it does facilitate the nursing care of patients who are actively aspirating, particularly those requiring aggressive pulmonary toilet. in patients with acute conditions in whom recovery is expected, tracheostomy with a cuffed tube may serve as an easy route for mechanical ventilation and allow for frequent suctioning. upon recovery however, plugging and decannulation would be indicated to reduce aspiration risk. some patients with severe complications of aspiration and poor neurologic function and prognosis may never regain the ability for oral intake. in such patients, a permanent feeding should be established with a cervical esophagostomy, gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube. the ligation of the parotid and submandibular ducts can effectively reduce salivary flow and decrease the aspiration of oral secretions in the vegetative patient. cricopharyngeal myotomy ( cpm ) may be performed either as a primary procedure or in conjunction with other procedures. the premise on which the procedure is based is that the aspiration may be worsened by delay or failure of relaxation of the cricopharyngeus muscle during the pharyngeal phase of the swallow. the procedure is performed via a lateral cervical or low collar incision. with both rln intact, it is best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46719096362062046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.770642"} {"text": "worsened by delay or failure of relaxation of the cricopharyngeus muscle during the pharyngeal phase of the swallow. the procedure is performed via a lateral cervical or low collar incision. with both rln intact, it is best performed on the left, as the longer course of the left rln places it at greater risk to injury from an unrelated process. if one nerve is non - functional, the myotomy should be performed on the side of the lesion. a bougie placed into the esophagus aids in palpation of the muscle. the muscle fibers of the inferior constrictor, cricopharyngeus and upper fibers of the esophageal sphincter are divided down to the mucosa near the posterior midline for a vertical distance of 4 to 6 cm. care must be taken to avoid breeching the mucosa and inadvertent injury must be recognized and repaired. laryngeal suspension is usually performed at the time of the primary surgical procedure for extirpative head and neck surgery involving the supraglottic larynx and tongue ( total glossectomy ). the disruption of the normal anatomic relationships between the tongue, pharynx and larynx in such procedures may greatly reduce laryngeal elevation during swallowing. this may leave the glottis exposed and vulnerable to aspiration during the pharyngeal phase. when associated with limited epiglottic rotation and laryngeal closure, as is the case in patients after supraglottic laryngectomy, the patient is almost assured to aspirate. laryngeal suspension returns the larynx to a more superior and protected position. it is usually performed by passing a non - absorbable suture from the hyoid bone or thyroid lamina to the mandible. krespi and sisson described a technique of partial resection the cricoid to reduce aspiration in patients undergoing extensive resections of the tongue base and pharynx. the technique consists of a submucosal dissection of the posterior lamina of the cricoid cartilage with its removal. the cricoarytenoid joints and posterior cricoarytenoid muscle and its innervation are preserved. it is performed with a cpm. the result is a decreased anteroposterior laryngeal dimension and enlarged hypopharyngeal inlet. phonation is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45480779371235575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.771629"} {"text": "a lateral neck incision overlying the inferior portion of the thyroid cartilage is used to gain access to the thyroid lamina on the affected side. the perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage is incised and a window created in the cartilage at the level of the true vocal fold. a customized silastic, gore - tex or hydroxyapatite implant is then placed in the paraglottic space to medialize the true vocal fold. occasionally, the posterior glottic chink is too large ( > 4mm ) to allow medialization with thyroplasty or tvc injection alone. in such cases, the patient may benefit from the addition of an arytenoid adduction ( aa ) procedure. typically the procedure is performed with the patient under local anesthesia with sedation. the extent of the dissection is greater than with thyroplasty alone, therefore it should be considered permanent and not performed when the status of the nerve is uncertain. an incision similar but slightly more posterior than that used in thyroplasty is employed. dissection is carried medially until the inferior portion of the inferior constrictor muscle at its attachment to the thyroid ala is identified. these fibers are divided, the cricothyroid joint is separated and the thyroid ala is retracted anteriorly allowing elevation of the mucosa of the pyriform sinus. this exposes the cricoid which is traced superiorly until the muscular process of the arytenoid is palpated. a hollow needle is placed through the thyroid cartilage anteriorly, inferior and lateral to the anterior commissure. a non - absorbable suture is then passed through the muscular process of the arytenoid and the adjacent muscular attachments. the suture is then passed through the hollow needle. traction on this suture results in rotation of the vocal process in a medial and superior direction. one of the main benefits of the aa procedure is that it often brings the level of the tvc back to a more normal relationship with this superior rotation. endoscopic visualization as the suture is tightened allows accurate approximation of the paralyzed vocal process in the midline. the patient who has intractable, life - threatening aspiration that does not respond to conservative treatment may be a candidate for one of several procedures designed to completely halt the soilage of the tracheobronchial tree. this situation most often occurs in patients with severe neurologic impairment from multiple cere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4416833593077881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.773581"} {"text": "that does not respond to conservative treatment may be a candidate for one of several procedures designed to completely halt the soilage of the tracheobronchial tree. this situation most often occurs in patients with severe neurologic impairment from multiple cerebrovascular accidents or brainstem infarctions. occasionally patients with multiple deficits affecting multiple aspects of the swallow will qualify for such a procedure. all of these definitive procedures require a tracheostoma. multiple authors have designed stents to occlude the larynx. the idea is analogous to a cork in a bottle. the approach has several advantages. the procedure is completely reversible, insertion and removal is relatively simple and it does not preclude later performing a more permanent procedure. perhaps the most widely used stent is that designed by eliachar. it is a silicone tube designed to adhere to the configuration of the larynx and upper trachea. multiple sizes are available. a domelike projection from the superior portion of the tube can be incised to form a one - way valve, allowing air to escape from the airway while still preventing aspiration. airflow through the valve allows for some functional phonation in alert patients. leakage around the stent can occur, but may be rectified with the placement of a larger size. the stent may remain in place for as long as 9 to 12 months. stent placement is a reasonable first choice to halt aspiration in a seriously ill patient, especially if their condition is potentially reversible. laryngeal closure procedures may be divided into subglottic, glottic and supraglottic. all require a permanent tracheostomy and have the potential for recurrence of aspiration. glottic closure is performed via a midline thyrotomy. the mucosa of the free edge of the true and false vocal cords is stripped and they are sutured to one another. a variation of this procedure utilizes a superiorly based sternohyoid flap anchored to the midline posterior commissure to bolster the posterior aspect of the closure. normal speech is sacrificed with glottic closure. the closure is potentially reversible, although successes have not been reported. closure at the glottic level has been unreliable in patients with mobile true vocal cords, likely due to persistent laryngopharyngeal movement placing excessive tension on the closure. laryngeal closure at the level of the supraglot", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4520657045534029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.774681"} {"text": "at the glottic level has been unreliable in patients with mobile true vocal cords, likely due to persistent laryngopharyngeal movement placing excessive tension on the closure. laryngeal closure at the level of the supraglottis has been reported as well. the mucosal edges of the epiglottis, arytenoids and aryepiglottic folds are stripped, and then sutured together through an infrahyoid pharyngotomy. in the first description of this procedure, a small posterior dehiscence occurred which acted as a one - way valve, allowing air escape and phonation yet still controlling aspiration. this original patient underwent successful reversal of the procedure as well. other forms of \u201c epiglottopexy \u201d have been described as an adjunctive procedure to minimize aspiration risk in patients undergoing total glossectomy. biller described the elevation of epiglottic and supraglottic submucosal flaps that are then closed in two layers leaving a superior opening for phonation. the procedure has been successful in 60 % to 70 % of patients with several reported cases of reversal. it should be noted that glottic and supraglottic closures have a relatively high failure rate and recurrence of aspiration is not uncommon. closures of the airway in the subglottic region include cricoidectomy, laryngeal diversion and laryngotracheal separation. eisele in 1990 described a subperichondrial cricoidectomy with closure of the subglottic mucosa. this provides separation of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. a midline split of the cricoid cartilage is performed and the perichondrium elevated. the subglottic mucosa is transected and closed. the closure may be reinforced with the rotation of a muscle flap. this prodecure requires a permanent tracheostomy, phonation is lost and it is not reversible. the techniques of laryngeal diversion and laryngotracheal separation involve the division of the trachea just below the larynx with either closure of the proximal stump or diversion to the skin or esophagus. the classic lindeman procedure, named for the author of its initial description, divides the trachea in its upper rings with the proximal stump diverted to the anterior esophagus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46825429564602256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.775631"} {"text": "or diversion to the skin or esophagus. the classic lindeman procedure, named for the author of its initial description, divides the trachea in its upper rings with the proximal stump diverted to the anterior esophagus. this procedure has largely been abandoned as the anastamosis to the anterior esophagus is technically challenging. tucker later described the \u201c double - barrel \u201d tracheostomy technique in which the proximal trachea is sutured to the skin of the neck as a controlled fistula. a variation of the lindeman procedure that is widely used today is the laryngotracheal separation ( lts ). the proximal tracheal stump is closed on itself and may be reinforced with flaps created from the strap muscles. secretions pool in the blind pouch and empty when the patient assumes a supine position. the closure prevents a high - tension anastamosis to the esophagus that may result if the patient has a short proximal stump after prior high tracheostomy. the fistula rate for lts is reported as greater than 33 % and is even higher in patients with prior tracheostomy. the prevention of aspiration is near 100 % with any of the procedures and successful reversals have been reported for each of the techniques. total laryngectomy ( tl ) clearly separates the respiratory and digestive tracts, and has for many years been regarded as the procedure of choice for the definitive treatment of the patient with life - threatening aspiration. some authors feel that it remains the procedure of choice in patients with extremely poor prognoses, other associated medical conditions or evidence of poor wound healing, as less radical procedures have more frequent complications. a narrow field laryngectomy may be performed in which the larynx from the hyoid to the lower border of the cricoid is resected, sparing the hyoid bone, mucosa of the arytenoids and postcricoid region, and strap muscles. the mucosal closure is reinforced using the strap muscles. while tl remains the most reliable and definitive way to achieve complete cessation of aspiration, it has no potential for reversal and has significant negative stigmata for the patient and family. chronic aspiration can occur in patients with a wide variety of pathologic processes. the determination of etiology is paramount, as it will guide treatment and determines overall prognosis. options for intervention", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46248447014700395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.776536"} {"text": "significant negative stigmata for the patient and family. chronic aspiration can occur in patients with a wide variety of pathologic processes. the determination of etiology is paramount, as it will guide treatment and determines overall prognosis. options for intervention include conservative, minimally invasive techniques, to complete separation of the respiratory and digestive tracts. the otolaryngologist is often called upon to evaluate these patients and should be thoroughly aware of methods of evaluation and treatment. early intervention and treatment may prevent life - threatening complications and speed recovery from the primary disease process. eibling de. management of intractable aspiration. in bailey bj, ed. head & neck surgery - otolaryngology. 2nd ed. philadelphia : lippincott - raven, 1998. miller fr, eliachar i. managing the aspirating patient. am j otolaryngol. 1994 ; 15 : 1 - 17. understanding and treatment of aspiration. self - instructional package. american academy of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery. 1993. logemann ja. swallowing physiology and pathophysiology. otolaryngol clin n am. 1988 ; 21 : 613 - 23. carrau rl, pou am, eibling de, et al. laryngeal framework surgery for the management of aspiration. head & neck. 1999 ; march : 139 - 45. eliachar i, nguyen d. laryngotracheal stent for internal support and control of aspiration without loss of phonation. otolaryngol - head neck surg. 1990 ; 103 : 837 - 40. logemann ja, rademaker aw, pauloski br, et al. effects of postural change on aspiration in head and neck surgical patients. otolaryngol - head neck surg. 1994 ; 110 : 222 - 27. eibling de, fees examination : technique of fiber optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. unpublished report. aviv je, kim t, sacco rl, et al. feesst : a new bedside endoscopic test of the motor and sensory components of swallowing. ann otol rhinol laryngol. 1998 ; 107 : 378 - 87. bastian rw. videoendoscopic evaluation of patients with dysphagia : an adjunct to the modified barium swallow. otolaryngol - head neck surg. 1991 ; 104 : 339 - 50. krespi y, sisson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47666130311705196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.777492"} {"text": "rw. videoendoscopic evaluation of patients with dysphagia : an adjunct to the modified barium swallow. otolaryngol - head neck surg. 1991 ; 104 : 339 - 50. krespi y, sisson g. management of aspiration by subtotal and submucosal cricoid resection. ann otol rhinol laryngol. 1985 ; 94 : 580 - 83. biller hf, lawson w, baek s. total glossectomy : a technique of reconstruction eliminating laryngectomy. arch otolaryngol head neck surg. 1983 ; 109 : 69 - 73. eibling de, snyderman ch, eibling c. laryngotracheal separation for intractable aspiration : a retrospective review of 34 patients. laryngoscope. 1995 ; 105 : 83 - 85. tucker hm. double - barreled ( diversionary ) tracheostomy in the management of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. ann otol rhinol laryngol. 1980 ; 89 : 504 - 7. eisele dw. chronic aspiration. in cummings cw, ed. otolaryngology - head & neck surgery. 3rd ed. st. louis : mosby, 1998.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.479902780389985, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.778196"} {"text": "hst296a : reading notes, 2 - feb - 2005 dinkin, robert j. meetinghouse in early massachusetts, \" in robert blair st. george, life in america. \" dinkin draws on church records and town histories as he explores an aspect of meetinghouse design that was crucial to the reflexive representation of local social structure : ' seating ' the congregation... [ seating ] made the act of attending worship an event that drew attention to and legitimized a specific set of power relations in local society... new england society was always defferentaial \" yet the basis of that deference changed over time from ' age, estate, and qualifications to amount of wealth. ( p. 407 ) interesting : sometimes complaints were not simply to get a better seat but to get one \" not too honorable for me \" ( p. 413 ) difficulties in assigning seats, changes in construction ( movement to pews ), raising money for building by auctioning pews, and possibly the revolution contributed to a disbanding of this practice in older towns, while some newer towns just began adopting it. lockridge and alan kreider, \u201c the evolution of massachusetts town government, 1640 - 1740, \u201d william and mary quarterly, 3d ser., ( 1966 ) : pp. 549 - 574. also in colonial america : essays in politics and social development 1st ed. how did new england town government operate as it evolved? england in 17th - 19th cents. had a mix of common consent and religious oligarchy. what about america? the author examines town records of dedham and watertown and concludes that there was a shift of power from the board of selectmen to a town meeting between 1680 and 1720. how and why? the general court turned local power over to grantees when making grants. these groups selected a few men for the \" ordering of civil affairs of the town. \" townsmen met twice a year for more general questions / decisions ( and in practice \" existed largely as a passive veto power \" p. 552 ). selectmen met more often and handled the greater volume of business. selectmen decided the timing and agendas of town meetings. they appointed offices, administered land disputes and livestock regulations, determined care for the poor and vagabonds, exercised social control ( education, fines ), set tax rates, and used taxes, often without reference to the towns. \" the story of the transfer of political power in watertown and dedham is in large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5105554326359297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.791445"} {"text": "the poor and vagabonds, exercised social control ( education, fines ), set tax rates, and used taxes, often without reference to the towns. \" the story of the transfer of political power in watertown and dedham is in large measure the story of the rising creativity and assertiveness of the town meeting. \" ( p. 557 ) town meetings and amount of business transacted increased after 1680. few bylaws were thence made by selectmen and vetoes were greater. town meetings began to appoint positions, and select the meeting moderator ( formerly chosen by selectmen ), and took over activities formerly done by selectmen ( assessments, fence and gate issues, expansion of meetinghouse, division of land ). town meeting also took over creation of ad hoc committees for specific tasks ( selectmen had controlled committee creation, before ). why? not a legal change or a change related to lower ranks aspiring to higher ranks ( selectmen remained from about the same level throughout the change ). lockridge suggests that the change was \" organic. \" as the old guard died / retired they were replaced by younger, less experienced men. the first generation had emphasized communal consensus. the second generation did not. sectional conflict arose over decisions about location of meetinghouse, and the ' second divisions ' of land. the growing population found no way into political power entrenched in a handful of selectmen. john demos, \u201c notes on life in plymouth colony, \u201d william and mary quarterly, 3d ser., xxii ( 1965 ) : pp. 264 - 286. also in colonial america 3d ed. ( not bad for 1965 but in light of subsequent work some of his conclusions seem a bit simplistic or backwards. ) plymouth was not as static as was thought : families moved, property was transferred. he suggests some reasons were : 1691 : plymouth colony joins massachusetts bay colony, contains 21 recognized townships as well as smaller communities - economic gain : new arrivals in mass bay colony created demand for cattle and corn : increase to supply these markets - \" the land beckoned \" prospects for land ownership general court had some reservations about how land was distributed in towns : absentee landlording and not confined to \" upright \" citizens. young men, or older men who may finally be able to do so, move to new lands. eventually their relatives, especially elderly parents, may join them or move nearby. some buy land for speculation. the population at plymouth seems to have doubled every 15 years from 1620 - 1691. demos calls this steady", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4618322251902372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.792488"} {"text": "do so, move to new lands. eventually their relatives, especially elderly parents, may join them or move nearby. some buy land for speculation. the population at plymouth seems to have doubled every 15 years from 1620 - 1691. demos calls this steady!! early ( 7 - 8 month ) babies... fines for betrothed parents 1 / 4 of that for non - betrothed. land was given for use by sons but not necessarily deeded to them until after parent ' s death. daughters received movable marriage age : from those born 1600 to those born 1700 : men : average declines from 27 to 24. 6 ; women : average increases from 20. 6 to 22. 3. he concludes that early settlers were mostly men and later as men moved away to open new areas, more women were left behind in towns. so population balance shifted. marriage being the \" normal \" state, people usually remarried after death of spouse. oddly, if a widow remarried her children did not necessarily follow her to her new home, nor did the stepfather necessarily provide for them. married siblings did not share homes. if a father died, young children might remain with their mother, older children would be bound out, and the inheritor would have to buy out his siblings ' interest in the property. aging parents would often bequeath property only with proviso that they be cared for in old age. demos looks at children who were bound out but can find no specific, single purpose for this practice. perhaps he should look at similar custom in england. he guesses that between 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 of all children in plymouth were not living with their parents. philip j. greven, structure in seventeenth - century andover, massachusetts, \u201d william and mary quarterly, 3d ser., xxiii ( 1966 ) : 234 - 256. also in colonial america, 3d ed. another 60s article at the transition point between genealogical / antiquarian studies and social / cultural studies, this is a family study of two generations of andover, mass. original grant divided between 36 men, open field division, 1660s. second division, and subsequent dispersal from central village of half the families, in 1680s. population growth as expected, with boom in 50 - 60s and decline thereafter. 15 % infant mortality rate. and they lived a long time, too! marriage ages similar to demos, above. eldest sons married earlier than later sons. fathers held on to sons for their labor. ( p. 243 ) \" the psychological consequences of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43321317810743554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.793468"} {"text": "% infant mortality rate. and they lived a long time, too! marriage ages similar to demos, above. eldest sons married earlier than later sons. fathers held on to sons for their labor. ( p. 243 ) \" the psychological consequences of this prolonged dependence of sons are difficult to assess, but they must have been significant. \" ( p. 244 ) ( why must? what was the expectation based on prior tradition? is greven reacting to the evidence of the 1680s or to the 1960s!!? ) ) is it \" reluctance to hand over control \" or something else? ( p. 246 ) he ' s making an assumption that the sons saw this as a bad thing. he assumes that it was ' personal ownership ' not familial stewardship that was prized. he mentions an exception case where land was deeded to the son early, and that a major portion of the land despite the presence of brothers. could this be one of powell ' s non - open - field families? modified extended family : family ties are strong though married siblings do not reside together donna merwick, \" dutch townsmen and land use : a spatial perspective on seventeenth - century albany, new york, \u201d william quarterly, 3d ser., xxxvii ( jan. 1980 ) : 53 - 78. merwick explores the \" town \" as we more commonly define it - - not an aggregate of rural farms but as a centralized, non - farming group by looking at the dutch, who did not have the same aristocratic land - prizing mentality of the english. property was not a sign of 1624 : dutch west india company attempts settlement ( few details ) by fort, abandoned two years later except for small garrison and some 1629 : kiliaen van rensselaer establishes claim to surrounding area. is accidentally given fort land as well. he finances / rents out farm settlements to support fur trading. he also competes with his grantors, dwi co. it ' s not great for farming. he starts granting trading rights to the inhabitants, competing with the fur traders in the fort. tensions grow between town and colony. stuyvesant establishes albany in the midst of this in 1652. divides into houselots. small, surrounded by beverwyck, not meant for farming but for artisans and traders, subsequently subdivided. the dutch settlers were used to this model, as well as to subdividing and selling, which they did. housing was dense. 1664 ; english rule : it ' s a furtrading town", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45570751692537503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.794439"} {"text": "but for artisans and traders, subsequently subdivided. the dutch settlers were used to this model, as well as to subdividing and selling, which they did. housing was dense. 1664 ; english rule : it ' s a furtrading town. select houselots close to gates for best trade. ( \" walking in the woods \" - going out to trade illicitly with indians, so area not cleared for farming ) tradesmen in the towns owned appropriate land outside the town : peat bogs ( brewers and bakers ), brickmakers ( claylands ). values are family and town - based, home, moderate architecture, interior scenes, not landscapes or large land areas. the settlers were bourgeoisie townsmen. the landowner, van renssalaer never even visited. his youngest son jeremias was in charge, though did not fare excessively well. they measured well - being by \" the number of capital ventures [ they ] could maintain simultaneously. \" ( p. 70 ) after 1652 : fur trade declines, indians bring fewer, expeditions go out to trade. land ownership as a means of capital becomes more important. governor of ny, dongan, recognizes the potential and grants more land by city charter. english and dutch land ownership practices conflict. english : land is payment for loyalty, land ownership denotes standing. the little communities of america \" mary quarterly, 3rd ser., vol. 43, no. 2 ( apr., 1986 ), pp. 163 - 178. can we generalize anything about colonial new england towns from the multiple community studies of recent ( before 1980 ) years? \" it is not that social historians have no point to make - - the charge of their critics - - but that the point of change within the apparently unchanging is so very difficult to make. \" ( p. 178 ) \" individual scholars, moreover, have tended to muddy this melange, for they have brought to their work subjective understandings of what \" community \" is and, more often than not, have attempted to assess its presence or absence in particular places by counting and measuring the easiest things to count and measure - - persistence and continuity, for example, equality and inequality, dissension and peaceableness - - and then interpreting the results according to what they think makes a place a community. \" ( p. 165 ) \" simply put, both the real differences between places and the interpretive differences between the authors describing those places tend to disappear when we consider all places as no more that potential social \" fields \" -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48866567947794753, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.795617"} {"text": "a place a community. \" ( p. 165 ) \" simply put, both the real differences between places and the interpretive differences between the authors describing those places tend to disappear when we consider all places as no more that potential social \" fields \" - - territories, patches of ground, if you will - - occupied by people who may or may not be interacting with one another. \" ( p. 165 ) this allows historians to ask who is interacting with whom, what kind of interaction, questions. thus we can look at the \" fundamental social arrangements of the small place in anglo - america. \" ( p. 166 ) ( nb : so, this approach fits in quite well with donahue ' s great meadow in a more contemporary way. he is looking at interactions between the people and the land. so, different interactions but same kinds of questions. ) anglo - america : nuclear families ( or modified extended families, see above ), comfortable subsistence, neighborhood networks, small scale, face to face, daily life, materially constrained and direct relationships mean small scope. ( of course, i bet in the last 10 years there have been studies that show they were not as \" local \" as reciprocal exchanges with neighbors ; see pruitt, \" self - sufficiency and the agricultural economy of eighteenth - century massachusetts, \" william and mary quarterly, 3rd ser., xli ( 1984 ), 333 - 364. also, good neighborliness was probably an aspect of the mentalite of the neighborhoods due to the necessity for interdependence. ( p. 169 ) this generalization cuts across many areas america into the 19th cent. historians might mistakenly assign these general \" small \" characteristics to a specific group : puritan, peasant, traditionalist, etc. this is not only inaccurate but ineffective : it can lead to misinterpretation and confusion as well as unhelpful generalizations. \" because the characterizations more often than not carry implications of a particular state of mind, the social historians are led all too frequently to attempt to explain behavior in terms of motivations that they themselves have invented. (!!! see greven, \" rather than chance such tautological games, allow me to suggest that historians ' efforts to characterise early american life should be directed not by an assumption about the mind of anglo - america and its small communities - - or at least the studies of them - - testify. and these processes, it seems to me, begin to come into focus when we move from generalizing about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5341422318829218, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.796649"} {"text": "directed not by an assumption about the mind of anglo - america and its small communities - - or at least the studies of them - - testify. and these processes, it seems to me, begin to come into focus when we move from generalizing about early american communities to generalising about the things that differentiated them both among themselves and, in terms of single communities, across time. \" ( p. 172 ) population : rises sharply due to immigration, continues due to fertility, trails off ( marvin harris - perpetual encounter between belly and womb ) lockridge : population / land pressure will lead to rise of proletariat ; rutman : no because the safety valve of mobility is used first ) plenty of studies have looked at the particulars, rutman says \" look at the overall pattern : it ' s similar from place to place, jostling followed by accommodation. internal structures : societies are stratified, yes the stratifications are different from study to study but are they different in patterned distributive system : how is a specific place embedded in a larger place : trade, doctrinal ideas ( sermons ), literature and ideas, virtual communities ( associating one ' s self with others of like - mind or status from another place rather than of different status from same geographical area ). it is through the virtual communities that ideas pass into the physical communities ( farmer reading horticulture book from england, doctor reading medical book from philadelphia, etc. ) wouldn ' t it be cool to have a social history gis - type system where you could slice and dice ideas instead of just maps??? back to hst296a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5439370542391624, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.797310"} {"text": "what to do with a ' fraidy cat each cat has a unique personality, but some traits may be cause for concern. while many felines are independent or timid, it ' s not uncommon for these animals to develop phobias that can interfere with their daily lives. if you are the owner of a \" ' fraidy cat, \" then you can take measures to help your pet calm down and overcome his fears. according to vca animal hospitals, cats can develop fears for a number of reasons. some may have had limited exposure to other animals or humans when they were young, and others might have suffered negative experiences living as strays or in shelters. often, it only takes one bad experience to cause trauma in a feline, something that ' s known as \" one trial learning. \" for instance, if a cat is mistreated by a child who is too young to know any better, he may demonstrate fear of children for years afterward. other phobias develop after repeated negative experiences. genetics, malnutrition or maternal neglect can also lead to fears in cats. identifying fear in your cat if you are worried that your cat is suffering from a phobia, it ' s a good idea to take him to one of the nearby vet hospitals for a behavioral consultation. intervening early may help cats with mild fears overcome their issues. come to the vet prepared to give out information about the situations in which your cat demonstrates that he ' s frightened, and be ready to let your pet health expert know how high or low your cat ' s fears are at certain times. cat aggression is one of the major signs of fear in cats, and this can be demonstrated by dilated pupils, an arched pack, hissing or raised hair along the back. some cats may alternatively try to appear smaller or become immobile. felines might also scratch their owners or others when frightened, which could lead to cat scratch fever. treating your feline ' s phobia there are ways to treat fear in cats, though the methods vary. your vet may outline a behavior modification program, but first you ' ll need to find a way to control your pet by using a leash, harness or crate. giving your pet treats during non - fearful times can help him associate positivity with calm emotions. above all else, it ' s essential that you follow your veterinarian ' s advice during the training process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3992679461876004, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.799880"} {"text": "tapeworm infection in cats what are tapeworms? tapeworms are intestinal parasites of the cat and dog. they are classified as cestodes. they belong to a different family than hookworms and roundworms, which are the other common intestinal parasites of dogs and cats. several types of tapeworms are known to infect cats. dipylidium caninum is by far the most common species observed in cats. the tapeworm uses its hook - like mouthparts for anchoring to the wall of the small intestine. eventually, adult tapeworms may reach several inches in length. as the adult matures, individual segments called proglottids break off from the main body of the tapeworm and pass into the cat ' s feces. are certain cats more likely to get dipylidium caninum tapeworms? \" fleas are the intermediate host for dipylidium caninum. \" fleas are the intermediate host for dipylidium caninum. in other words, the tapeworm is unable to complete its life cycle without the presence of fleas in the environment. regardless of whether the owner may have seen fleas, the cat must have ingested a flea in order to have tapeworms. consequently, tapeworms are more common in environments that are heavily infested with fleas. lice are also reported as intermediate hosts for this tapeworm but they are relatively uncommon parasites of cats. how do cats get dipylidium caninum tapeworms? first, tapeworm eggs must be ingested by flea larvae, an immature stage of the flea. contact between flea larvae and tapeworm eggs are facilitated by contaminated bedding or carpet. adult fleas do not participate in this part of the tapeworm lifecycle. the infected flea larvae will mature into adult fleas. next, the cat chews or licks its skin in response to a fleabite, and inadvertently swallows the flea. as the flea is digested within the cat ' s intestine, the tapeworm is released and it hatches and anchors itself to the intestinal lining. what are the clinical signs of tapeworm infection? tapeworms are not particularly harmful to the cat and few clinical signs are attributed to their presence. \"... owner ' s aversion to the presence of the crawling proglottids or tapeworm segments. \" usually, the cat is brought to the veterinarian because of the owner ' s aversion to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41829556642826515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.809082"} {"text": "presence. \"... owner ' s aversion to the presence of the crawling proglottids or tapeworm segments. \" usually, the cat is brought to the veterinarian because of the owner ' s aversion to the presence of the crawling proglottids or tapeworm segments. rarely, tapeworms may cause debilitation or weight loss if they are present in large numbers. a cat will occasionally scoot or drag its anus across the ground or carpet due to the anal irritation caused by the proglottids. however, this behavior is much more common in dogs than cats. occasionally, a tapeworm will release its attachment in the intestines and migrate to the stomach. when this happens, the cat may vomit an adult tapeworm several inches in length. how are tapeworms diagnosed? most commonly, owners recognize that the cat has tapeworms and bring this to the attention of the veterinarian. when terminal segments of the tapeworm break off and pass into the cat ' s stool, they can be seen crawling on the surface of the feces. these proglottid segments look like grains of cooked white rice or cucumber seeds. less commonly, segments are seen moving around the cat ' s anus. each of these proglottid capsules contains up to twenty tapeworm eggs. when these proglottids are released into the environment, they dehydrate and harden, becoming smaller and taking on a golden hue. eventually, they break open and release their contents. you should note that tapeworms are not readily diagnosed with routine fecal examinations. because of this, you should notify your veterinarian when tapeworm segments are found in your cat ' s stool. what is the treatment for tapeworms? a variety of products are available to treat tapeworms in cats but they are not all equally effective. for the best advice on the type of de - worming preparation most suitable for your cat, you should seek the help of your veterinarian. the most effective worming products are only available by prescription from a licensed veterinarian. the deworming medication called an anthelmintic may be given as a tablet or an injection. after treatment, the tapeworm dies and is usually digested within the intestine, so worm segments don ' t usually pass into the stool. side effects, such as vomiting and diarrhea, are rarely reported with the newer tapeworm medications. \" flea control is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4370251904593257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.810587"} {"text": "dies and is usually digested within the intestine, so worm segments don ' t usually pass into the stool. side effects, such as vomiting and diarrhea, are rarely reported with the newer tapeworm medications. \" flea control is the cornerstone of preventing dipylidium caninum infection. \" flea control is the cornerstone of preventing dipylidium caninum infection. flea control products are becoming more effective and convenient to use. depending on the type of product you use and the presence of other pets in your home, you may also need to treat your house and yard for fleas. with some of the newer products, environmental control of fleas may not be needed. circumstances vary, however, so be sure to talk to your veterinarian. if the cat lives in a flea - infested environment, tapeworm infection can become re - established within a few weeks. this is very rarely due to treatment failure ; in most cases, reappearance of tapeworm segments represents re - infection of the cat. additional recommendations include : 1. promptly have your cat treated when tapeworms are detected. 2. remove and dispose of all pet feces properly, especially in public parks, yards, or playgrounds. 3. teach and practice strict hygiene practices for children after playing outdoors. what is the prognosis? new tapeworm medications and flea preventives are safe and effective. the prognosis for successful treatment is excellent. in most cases, prevention is successfully accomplished by using a monthly flea preventive. are dipylidium caninum tapeworms from my cat dangerous to my family or me? humans can become infected with tapeworms, although infection is rare because it is requires ingestion of a flea. most reported cases have involved children living in less - than - ideal conditions. the risk for human infection with dipylidium caninum is quite remote but does exist. what are the other tapeworms that can infect my cat? the other common tapeworms that can infect a cat are members of a group called taenia. the intermediate hosts of these tapeworms are mice, birds, or rabbits. \"... cats acquire taenia infestations by eating infected mice, birds, or rabbits. \" in a similar manner to dipylidium transmission, cats acquire taenia infestations by eating infected mice, birds, or rabbits. tapeworm medications are highly effective at eliminating these parasites. however, if your cat continues to eats prey, re - infection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4126479912250183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.812567"} {"text": "a similar manner to dipylidium transmission, cats acquire taenia infestations by eating infected mice, birds, or rabbits. tapeworm medications are highly effective at eliminating these parasites. however, if your cat continues to eats prey, re - infection can occur with passage of tapeworm segments in 6 - 8 weeks. another less common group of tapeworms called echinococcus is of increasing concern as a threat to human health. these tapeworms cause serious, potentially fatal, disease when humans become infected. infection with this parasite is harder to diagnose than dipylidium because the segments are small and not readily seen. trappers and hunters in the north central united states and south central canada may be at increased risk for infection with this worm when strict hygiene is not practiced. foxes, coyotes, and the wild rodents upon which they prey are important in the life cycle of this parasite. dogs and cats may also become infected if they eat rodents carrying the parasite. when eggs of echinococcus are passed in the feces of the dog and cat, humans are at risk for infection. free - roaming cats and dogs may need to be periodically treated with tapeworm medication. rodent control and good hygiene are important in preventing the spread of this disease to humans. as with the more common tapeworm, human infection with echinococcus is rare yet possible. my child has pinworms. did they come from my cat? tapeworms and pinworms look very similar. however, contrary to popular belief, pinworms do not infect cats or dogs. any worm segments seen associated with cats are due to tapeworms. children who contract pinworms do not get them from cats or dogs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42067017241088667, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.814426"} {"text": "comment on a story to join the table talk! eating for heart health is actually easier \u2014 and more delicious \u2014 than you might think. when you have a good plan and plenty of mouthwatering recipes, you \u2019 ll enjoy taking care of your heart. according to the fda, diets rich in whole grain foods and other plant foods, and low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may help reduce the risk of heart disease. here are some tips to help you make these kinds of heart - smart choices : choose leaner cuts of meat. you can find plenty of delicious options such as skin less chicken, lean pork and beef. and you can make smart substitu tions, too \u2014 use ground turkey instead of ground beef to make meatloaf or burgers even leaner. add fruits and veggies to every meal. strawberries in yogurt, blueberries on a salad, carrots and hummus as a snack, roasted sweet potatoes with dinner \u2014 it \u2019 s easier than you think to add nutrient - dense produce to your diet. eat plenty of different colored produce for variety and a wider range of health benefits. enjoy more whole grains. whole grains add carbohydrates for energy, fiber to fill you up and nutrients important for good health. and, according to a recent national survey, 4 out of 5 doctors recom mend post shredded wheat as part of a healthy, low - sodium diet, to maintain a healthy heart, reduce the risk of heart disease, and support healthy blood - pressure levels. these recipes are a great start to adding more whole grains \u2014 and they \u2019 re so good, you might forget they are heart smart. get more tips and heart - smart recipes at www. postshreddedwheat. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4226493417836473, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.817555"} {"text": "a pilot project gets underway soon to test whether mobile phones can be used to help educate the poor. it \u2019 s estimated three quarters of the world \u2019 s poor have access to mobile phones. more and more people are downloading application software \u2013 better known as apps \u2013 to their mobile phones. they can be used to play games, navigate, surf the web, shop and much, much more. now, a project announced at the recent world economic forum will use an app to help alleviate poverty and improve education. it \u2019 s called appbridge. the idea is to link software developers with communities and non - governmental organizations, or ngos. the pilot project is led by a world economic forum community called young global leaders. it \u2019 s made up of about 700 people under age 40 from business, civil society, government and academia. appbridge founder and young global leader margo drakos \u201c there \u2019 s an incredible opportunity to be able to deliver simple educational or job skill training tools to those who already have phones and are most in need. there \u2019 s an incredible opportunity to help educate and reach them with something they already have in their hands, \u201d said margo drakos, founder of appbridge. phones don \u2019 t have to be smart appbridge will be initially aimed at those who own feature phones. these not smartphones like the apple iphone. nevertheless, they still have features that put them a level above a standard mobile phone that only can make and receive calls. \u201c this is really about providing simple tools to those individuals who have feature phones through sms and to be able to accelerate penetration to smartphones or 3g access, \u201d she said. sms, or short message service, is for text messaging. 3g, or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications, allows the user to access the access the internet, text message, make video calls and much more. \u201c so we started this concept of creating an online platform that would really allow local organizations and local partners on the ground to identify specific community needs and / or submit local content that they need to get out to individuals. and then to pair the local organizations on the ground with a global community of mobile app developers in tandem with universities, \u201d she said. how to apps the early apps are expected to provide skills training. \u201c in some cases, \u201d drakos said, \u201c these are going to be very much technically oriented skills, like learning simple automotive or simple electrical or simple plumbing. to get the app through their phone and to know that it \u2019 s not spam and it \u2019 s not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4538452009073616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.822669"} {"text": "waite arboretum labyrinth the purpose of the waite arboretum labyrinth is to be an aesthetically pleasing element linking the urrbrae house gardens and the waite arboretum. the labyrith aims to provide a beautiful, tranquil setting for contemplative walking \u2013 but feel free to run, skip or dance it! the labyrinth is located on the original site of peter waite \u2019 s tennis courts, overlooked from the rose garden with a wonderful view towards the arboretum. the lines of the labyrinth are formed with 921 timber rounds mostly recycled from arboretum trees and the paths are sawdust. the whole installation is intended to be ephemeral or renewable and sit softly on the landscape. dr jennifer gardner the director of the waite arboretum and conservation reserve personally designed and constructed this labyrinth, completing it in mid january 2010. jennifer states \u201c it was an enormously pleasurable, stimulating and satisfying way to spend my christmas holidays and i am delighted by how many children it has attracted to the gardens. \u201d arboretum groundsperson mark ziersch skilfully cut most of the rounds while, giles goldney cut the norfolk island pine. all rounds used in the labyrinth were collected from dead trees or fallen branches. it is a long standing policy that the arboretum recycle timbers for carving, turning and other artworks giving the tree new life as objects of beauty. labyrinths are thought to date back 20, 000 years and occur across continents and cultures in many different designs and materials. the pattern in the waite labyrinth was based on an ancient finnish 9 \u2013 circuit stone labyrinth. labyrinths have also long been recognised for their health benefits, promoting a calm mind and a place for mediation. in colloquial english, labyrinth is generally synonymous with maze, but many contemporary scholars observe a distinction between the two. a maze refers to a complex branching puzzle with choices of path and direction, while a single - path ( unicursal ) labyrinth has only a single, non - branching path, which leads to the center. a labyrinth in this sense has an unambiguous route to the center and back and is not designed to be difficult to navigate. both the latin labyrinthus and ancient greek labyrinthos mean \u2018 maze '. in contemporary usage however labyrinths and mazes are distinguished as follows : | one simple continuous path ( unicursal ) to the centre and out again, no dead ends. | | a puzzle, confounding pathways with branching paths and dead ends. | | the centre or \u2018 goal \u2019 visible at all times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5089274300045254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.825734"} {"text": "gout is a form of arthritis marked by sudden attacks of painful, inflamed joints. if it is not controlled, gout can cause severe damage to joints, tendons, and other tissues. gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood. this used to be treated with a strict diet, but now there are medicines that can control it. these medicines have largely replaced the need to restrict what you eat. but making changes in your diet may still help with your gout. if you want to try an eating plan for gout, this information can help you learn more about how to eat in ways that may help you keep your gout under control and still get the nutrition you need. to help control your purines are chemical compounds that are broken down into uric acid. high levels of uric acid can cause most purines are made by the body, but some come from foods. eating foods that have a lot of purines can raise uric acid levels in the body, which may make your gout worse. foods that are high in purines include : on a low - purine diet, you can still drink as much beer as you want. it is important to limit how much beer you drink. beer can increase the amount of uric acid in your body and bring on sudden attacks of painful, inflamed joints. continue to why? changing what you eat may help control your gout. eating foods with a lot of fat, such as organ meats, broths, and gravy, can raise uric acid levels. high uric acid levels can cause attacks. you may be able to help control the amount of uric acid in your body by limiting high - purine foods in your lowering your uric acid levels may also lower your chances of getting kidney stones. eating a healthy diet will help you stay at a healthy weight, which may help lower your risk of having future attacks of eating foods low in purines may lower your chances of getting kidney stones. gout is caused by too much uric acid in the blood. you may be able to help control the amount of uric acid in your body by limiting high - purine foods in your diet. lowering your uric acid levels may also lower your chances of getting kidney stones. continue to how? several things you can do as part of an eating plan for gout. on a low - purine diet, you can include fruits and by including fruits, vegetables,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4759278084178101, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.830259"} {"text": "acid levels may also lower your chances of getting kidney stones. continue to how? several things you can do as part of an eating plan for gout. on a low - purine diet, you can include fruits and by including fruits, vegetables, and other foods low in purines in your diet, you can help manage your symptoms. eating low - fat or fat - free milk and low - fat yogurt may help lower your risk of gout. by eating low - fat or fat - free milk and low - fat yogurt, you may help lower your risk of gout and get the nutrition you continue to where? if you would like more information on controlling your weight, the following information is available : the american college of rheumatology ( acr ) and the association of rheumatology health professionals ( arhp, a division of acr ) are professional organizations of rheumatologists and associated health professionals who are dedicated to healing, preventing disability from, and curing the many types of arthritis and related disabling and sometimes fatal disorders of the joints, muscles, and bones. members of the acr are physicians ; members of the arhp include research scientists, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers. both the acr and the arhp provide professional education for their members. website offers patient information fact sheets about rheumatic diseases, about medicines used to treat rheumatic diseases, and about care the arthritis foundation provides grants to help find a cure, prevention methods, and better treatment options for arthritis. it also provides a large number of community - based services nationwide to make living with arthritis easier, including self - help courses ; water - and land - based exercise classes ; support groups ; home study groups ; instructional videotapes ; public forums ; free educational brochures and booklets ; the national, bimonthly consumer magazine arthritis today ; and continuing education courses and publications for health professionals. now that you have read this information, you can make choices that limit high - purine foods in your diet. talk with your doctor about the changes to your diet. he or she may have more suggestions and tips on how to avoid high - purine foods. you may also want to meet with a registered dietitian for more ideas about a healthful diet for you. return to topic : gomez fe, kaufer - horwitz m ( 2012 ). medical nutrition therapy for rheumatic disease. in lk mahan et al.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41910225363978426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.831435"} {"text": "summertime for older kids can be a wonderful break from the rigidity of the academic year. but sometimes the unsupervised exploration can lead down a dangerous path. a new study from the substance abuse and mental health services administration drew on a survey of about 250, 000 children ages 12 to 17 and found they were far more likely to start using drugs and alcohol during the summer than during other parts of the year. researchers found, for instance, that in non - summer months, the average number of kids using tobacco and marijuana for the first time was each between 3, 000 and 4, 000. in the summer months, those numbers spiked to closer to 5, 000 for both. for hallucinogens, the averages went from between 1, 100 and 1, 400 during the academic year to 1, 500 a month during the summer. \u201c experimentation is something to be concerned about for a number of reasons, \u201d said mylene krzanowski, executive director of the student assistance program at the caron treatment centers, who has seen the downside of experimentation too many times. \u201c the adolescent brain is still developing and the use of alcohol or other drugs changes the brain \u2019 s structure and how it works. this can have negative long - and short - term consequences. \u201d \u201c research indicates that the younger a person is when they first begin using alcohol or other drugs, the more likely they will be to have an issue with substance abuse or addiction as an adult. also, because their brains are not fully developed, adolescents are prone to poor decision making skills ; combined with alcohol or other drugs this can lead other risk taking behavior such as driving a car, swimming in an unsafe location, etc. we see the news stories every summer about those incidents that have devastating consequences, \u201d she said. krzanowski said that despite protests to the contrary, many of her younger patients say that \u201c they wish their parent had more rules for them. \u201d but the summertime is supposed to be about relaxing the rules, no? how might a parent manage the need for freedom with the need for supervision? krzanowski said it \u2019 s \u201c best for parents to have open and honest communication around the subject of substance abuse. it is important for them to clearly state a no - use message and to provide their teen with the accurate information as to why they have this expectation. \u201d oh, and by the way : \u201c be prepared to answer the question, \u2018 did you ever use alcohol or drugs when you were young? \u2019 by being honest,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4386386012825049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.834802"} {"text": "adult primary liver cancer is a disease in which malignant ( cancer ) cells form in the tissues of the liver. the liver is one of the largest organs in the body. it has four lobes and fills the upper right side of the abdomen inside the rib cage. the liver has many important functions, including : - filtering harmful substances from the blood so they can be passed from the body in stools and urine. - making bile to help digest fats from food. - storing glycogen ( sugar ), which the body uses for energy. anatomy of the liver. the liver is in the upper abdomen near the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas. the liver has four lobes. two lobes are on the front and two small lobes ( not shown ) are on the back of the liver. this summary refers to the treatment of primaryliver cancer ( cancer that begins in the liver ). treatment of metastatic liver cancer, which is cancer that begins in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver, is not discussed in this summary. primary liver cancer can occur in both adults and children. treatment for children, however, is different than treatment for adults. ( see the pdq summary on childhood liver cancer treatment for more information. ) having hepatitis or cirrhosis can affect the risk of developing adult primary liver cancer. anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. having a risk factor does not mean that you will get cancer ; not having risk factors doesn ' t mean that you will not get cancer. people who think they may be at risk should discuss this with their doctor. the following are possible risk factors for adult primary liver cancer : - having hepatitis b and / or hepatitis c. - having a close relative with both hepatitis and liver cancer. - having cirrhosis. - eating foods tainted with aflatoxin ( poison from a fungus that can grow on foods, such as grains and nuts, that have not been stored properly ). possible signs of adult primary liver cancer include a lump or pain on the right side. these symptoms may be caused by swelling of the liver. these and other symptoms may be caused by adult primary liver cancer or by other conditions. a doctor should be consulted if any of the following problems occur : - a hard lump on the right side just below the rib cage. - discomfort in the upper abdomen on the right side. - pain around the right shoulder blade. - unexplained weight loss. - jaundice (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4698540601559179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.845069"} {"text": "problems occur : - a hard lump on the right side just below the rib cage. - discomfort in the upper abdomen on the right side. - pain around the right shoulder blade. - unexplained weight loss. - jaundice ( yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes ). - unusual tiredness. - loss of appetite. tests that examine the liver and the blood are used to detect ( find ) and diagnose adult primary liver cancer. the following tests and procedures may be used : - physical exam and history : an exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual. a history of the patient ' s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken. - serum tumor marker test : a procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs, tissues, or tumorcells in the body. certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the blood. these are called tumor markers. an increased level of alpha - fetoprotein ( afp ) in the blood may be a sign of liver cancer. other cancers and certain noncancerous conditions, including cirrhosis and hepatitis, may also increase afp levels. - liver function tests : a procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by the liver. a higher than normal amount of a substance can be a sign of liver cancer. - ct scan ( cat scan ) : a procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles. the pictures are made by a computer linked to an x - ray machine. a dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. this procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography. a spiral or helical ct scan makes a series of very detailed pictures of areas inside the body using an x - ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. - mri ( magnetic resonance imaging ) : a procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging ( nmri ). to create detailed pictures of blood vessels in and near the liver, dye is injected into a vein. this procedure is called mra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5100555385204641, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.846128"} {"text": "series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. this procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging ( nmri ). to create detailed pictures of blood vessels in and near the liver, dye is injected into a vein. this procedure is called mra ( magnetic resonance angiography ). - ultrasound exam : a procedure in which high - energy sound waves ( ultrasound ) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. the echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram. the picture can be printed to be looked at later. - laparoscopy : a surgical procedure to look at the organs inside the abdomen to check for signs of disease. small incisions ( cuts ) are made in the wall of the abdomen and a laparoscope ( a thin, lighted tube ) is inserted into one of the incisions. other instruments may be inserted through the same or other incisions to perform procedures such as removing organs or taking tissue samples for biopsy. - biopsy : the removal of cells or tissues so they can be viewed under a microscope by a pathologist to check for signs of cancer. the sample may be taken using a thin needle inserted into the liver during an x - ray or ultrasound. this is called a fine - needle aspiration ( fna ) biopsy. the biopsy may be done during a laparoscopy. certain factors affect prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options. the prognosis ( chance of recovery ) and treatment options depend on the following : - the stage of the cancer ( the size of the tumor, whether it affects part or all of the liver, or has spread to other places in the body ). - how well the liver is working. - the patient ' s general health, including whether there is cirrhosis of the liver. prognosis is also affected by alpha - fetoprotein ( afp ) levels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5220343920810975, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.846918"} {"text": "thu september 13, 2012 the first amendment : why the muhammad film is protected speech the first amendment guarantee of free speech is in the spotlight this week. if you haven ' t kept up, a u. s. - produced film depicting the prophet muhammad in a less than flattering way has inflamed the arab world. in a lot of ways, the story is showing how the sweeping nature of the first amendment puts the united states at odds with most of the world. that rift was perhaps most evident when you compare the statements of egypt ' s islamist president mohamed morsi and that of secretary of state hillary clinton. morsi asked the united states to take legal action against the makers of the film, and clinton said this country doesn ' t punish its citizens over their speech. \" i know it is hard for some people to understand why the united states cannot or does not just prevent these kinds of reprehensible videos from ever seeing the light of day, \" she said. \" in today ' s world with today ' s technologies, that is impossible. but even if it was possible, our country does have a long tradition of free expression which is enshrined in our constitution and our law. \" and we do not stop individual citizens from expressing their views no matter how distasteful they may be. \" of course free expression is not absolute. there ' s a tome of supreme court cases dating back to 1942 that examine the limits of protected speech. we called david hudson, a professor at vanderbilt university and a first amendment scholar at the first amendment center. we wanted to understand why this film would be considered free speech. hudson said that under our current interpretation, there is very little doubt in his mind that the film is protected by the first amendment. one of the cases courts use to test whether speech is protected comes from 1969. in brandenburg v. ohio, the supreme court looked at the case of clarence brandenburg, a member of the ku klux clan, who gave a speech after a march in cincinnati. hudson wrote at length about the case for its 40th anniversary. he explains that during the speech, brandenburg made \" disparaging remarks about blacks and jews \" and threatened \" revengeance \" if the government continued to suppress white people. police arrested brandeburg and he was convicted for violating a law that prohibited the advocacy of violence and crime as means to achieve political reform. in a unanimous decision, the supreme court decided in favor of brandenburg ruling that speech cannot be illegal unless it \" is directed to inciting or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4662419309733223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.856387"} {"text": "he was convicted for violating a law that prohibited the advocacy of violence and crime as means to achieve political reform. in a unanimous decision, the supreme court decided in favor of brandenburg ruling that speech cannot be illegal unless it \" is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action. \" hudson tells us the word \" imminent \" is key. as we detailed yesterday, the muhammad film was uploaded to youtube in early july. the violence it incited didn ' t happen until this past tuesday and it happened overseas, which hudson says adds another wrinkle. hudson says that it would also be hard to argue that at the moment the film was made, it was intended to incite this particular violence. taking all of this into account, the christian science monitor asks a provocative question : in a global world, where the american ideals of free speech are being broadcast through youtube and facebook, can they coexist with islam ' s reverence for muhammad? \" a recent public religion research institute survey found that 47 percent of americans say the values of islam are at odds with american values, \" the monitor reports. \" yet among us muslims, 6 in 10 say they see no conflicts between being a devout muslim and living in modern society \u2013 precisely the same ratio as devout american christians answering the question in the same way, according to a 2011 gallup poll. \" also, the monitor reports, most muslims don ' t support the kind of violent outburst that has emerged because of this video. \" the vast majority of muslims would definitely be offended by the movie, but i don ' t think the vast majority of people support to any degree the notion that the us ambassador should be targeted, \" mohamed younis, a senior analyst at the gallup center for muslim studies, told the monitor. \" in egypt, there ' s an overwhelming majority of people who say you cannot target civilians, and similarly in libya, we don ' t see any overwhelming support for the idea that [ blaspheming the prophet should lead to ] targeting and killing civilians. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4573235835602224, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.857308"} {"text": "hard shell purple bug at the coast of puerto rico thu, feb 26, 2009 at 7 : 12 pm i was staying at a hotel on the east coast of the island of puerto rico and went to the shore to look at the ocean at around midday. this thing was purple, had a hard shell, did not move at all, about 5 inches long and 3 inches wide. it was withing the rocks. this was in summer 2006. east coast of puerto rico the creature in your photograph is a chiton. chitons are primitive marine molluscs that have shells composed of 8 plates. the shells provide protection against waves which enable chitons to survive on stormy rocky coasts. chitons are sometimes called sea cradles. sat, feb 28, 2009 at 5 : 58 am hi daniel, ah, another mollusk! this is acanthopleura granulata ( gmelin, 1791 ), the west indian fuzzy chiton. the shell plates of this chiton are actually brownish and are usually very eroded. the pink / purple color on this one is due to a layer of encrusting calcareous red algae. for more info see the wikipedia article ( which i put together. ) best wishes to you, susan j. hewitt sun, mar 1, 2009 at 4 : 43 am i wanted to add : 1. that these chitons do move around, but only at night, grazing on microscopic algae which grows on the rock surface. each one returns to its same spot on the rock at the end of the night. 2. that the maximum size of this species is about 3 inches in length. 3. there is a really excellent book on the chitons of p. r. called \u201c los quitones de puerto rico \u201d by cedar i. garcia rios.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4632868098974554, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.858994"} {"text": "speaking better french : more faux amis! paperback, 6x9 in, 156 pages wheatmark, april 2008 \" i am amazed at how much fun to read, as well as how incredibly informative, the book is. it \u2019 s a wonderful tool that i \u2019 ll be happy to recommend to my colleagues and \u2014 brigitte humbert / chair, dept. of french, \" i love the faux amis, especially the relaxed, conversational presentation. i \u2019 m going to suggest that we recommend it for students in our intermediate and advanced classes as a supplementary reference book \u201d \u2014 norman shapiro, professor, dept. of \" it \u2019 s the kind of book that would be very useful for students that are making their first forays into writing in french. you signal just the kind of traps that students fall into all the \u2014 john f. moran, director of language programs, dept. of french, nyu it \u2019 s easy to assume that french words mean the same as english words, when they look and sound pretty much the same. most of the time you \u2019 d be correct. however, some of these word pairs may have completely different meanings. they are called false friends, or faux amis. these faux amis can cause misunderstandings, uncomfortable situations, and even embarrassment if you use them in conversation and they mean something entirely different than what you expected. this book is written to help you avoid these awkward this book isn \u2019 t a dry list of faux amis. it \u2019 s written in conversational language and is easy and fun to read. each faux ami word pair is explained so that you will understand the differences in how the french word is used compared to the english. you \u2019 ll also see examples of its usage in sentences and phrases. when you \u2019 ve finished reading this book, you will have learned most of these faux amis without ever having had to consciously memorize them, simply because they \u2019 re so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47647828748693155, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.861116"} {"text": "learn something new every day more info... by email pseudowire is a term given to a telecommunications and computer networking technique where a circuit is emulated via an existing network. in essence, it creates a new, virtual wire through an existing packet switched network ( psn ). in this way, older technology can be used to create a dedicated wire for a customer who is then unaware of any difference between the older circuit and the emulated one. the first pseudowire was devised by luca martini in order to figure out a way to transmit dedicated open systems interconnection ( osi ) model layer two services over a multi - protocol label switching ( mpls ) network. later, the internet engineering task force ( ietf ) formed a working group around the concept in order to figure out how to standardize the method for service providers and detail the techniques involved. they became known as the pseudowire emulation edge to edge ( pwe3 ) working group, and the papers submitted to the working group by martini and his team became known of as the martini drafts, with a few subsequently nicknamed the dry martini papers. the reason for the edge to edge distinction is in how the technique is implemented. from a service provider perspective, the pseudowire begins at the provider ' s edge of the network, the point where the customer ' s responsibilities end, through to the opposite provider edge, where the customer ' s responsibilities pick up again. this way, a service provider can create a new, dedicated circuit for the customer over the existing packet - switched network. this is possible for many of the most commonly used osi model data link layer, layer two, protocols such as ethernet, asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ), frame relay, or another time - division multiplexing ( tdm ) method. the underlying service provider ' s psn can be a version four or version six internet protocol ( ip ) network, an mpls network, or implemented by using the ietf ' s version three of the layer two tunneling protocol ( l2tpv3 ). as network traffic leaves the customer ' s network and encounters the provider edge, it is wrapped up for delivery across the emulated circuit. a few layers are added to the packet, the first of which contains the addresses for each of the provider ' s edge routers. an encapsulation layer is also tacked on, which contains information on which pseudowire the packets need to traverse, in case the provider has many emulated on the psn, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5922502269322838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.864225"} {"text": "whale of a discovery makes scientific splash spade - toothed beaked whale found ashore it is the world ' s rarest whale and one of its rarest mammals. almost a thing of legend, scientists have never seen a spade - toothed beaked whale alive and, until recently, only had limited skeletal evidence they existed. so rare is the species that when a pair of dead whales washed up on a new zealand beach in late 2010, scientists didn ' t even know what they had. but now they do... and they ' re a bit giddy. \" it was a bit like finding the holy grail, \" said anton van helden, the collection manager of marine mammals at the museum of new zealand te papa tongarewa. he ' s one of the co - author ' s of a paper published this week in the journal \" current biology \" documenting the discovery. another co - author, rochelle constantine with the school of biological sciences at the university of auckland, made the discovery in 2011 while testing tissue samples from the whales with colleague kirsten thompson. \" when she showed me the result we were both a bit stunned, \" constantine said. \" we re - ran the sample again to make sure, even though the dna clearly showed it was a spade - toothed beaked whale. \" the results were stunning because only three partial specimens of the species were known to exist - - two collected in new zealand in 1872 and in the 1950s and a third found on robinson crusoe island off the coast of chile in 1986. the spade - toothed beaked whale looks similar to a large black, white and gray dolphin with it ' s long pointed snout. scientists believe they grow to be about 17 feet long. adult males have large exposed teeth as the name suggests. mistaken for a gray ' s beaked whale after their discovery, the adult female and juvenile male were buried near where they were found on opape beach. scientists were anxious to recover the remains and did in early 2012. \" we now have collected the only complete specimen in the world of this rarest of whales, \" van helden said. \" sadly the head of the adult female had washed away through beach erosion. \" still, the recovery of the remains are a bonanza for scientists who study cetaceans. \" yes, the discovery is indeed most exciting, \" said geology professor ewan fordyce, who studies the evolution of whales and dolphins at university of otago, but who was not involved in the research. \" now we have an idea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4518075525835803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.867138"} {"text": "you have probably noticed that \u201c going green \u201d is all the rage right now with celebrities and major corporations. meanwhile, we regular joes and josephines have been doing our part in reducing, re - using, recycling, and composting without cameras following us around ( thank goodness ). think about what you are doing to help conserve mother earth. what do your kids know about being conservative with electricity and water? do they know about renewable and non - renewable resources? wind is one of the most promising sources of clean, renewable energy available today. so, how would one obtain power out of thin air? we have toys that can help parents explain the sun and sustainable living in the 21st century. power house provides an introduction to regenerative energy sources and sustainable living. children will learn about energy we get from the sun, wind, plants and electrochemical reactions. outside of these engaging experiments, parents need to take an active lead and discuss with their children the importance of being environmentally friendly. little changes in everyday life can help save the earth from becoming the garbage dump of the milky way. since everyone tries to stay healthy by drinking water from those handy plastic bottles, just think of how many you put in the garbage can \u2013 knowing it can be saved to recycle. i know that the recycling man comes around at least once a week where we live. i \u2019 m sure he gets bored with just driving his route and keeping a look - out for houses with recycling bins set at the end of the driveway. make sure you give him a reason to stop, get out of his truck and do his job! you don \u2019 t want your tax dollars going to someone who doesn \u2019 t have to work, do you? ( i \u2019 m sorry mr. recycling man, please don \u2019 t take this personally. ) alliant energy kids has a website that can help your children understand the importance of \u201c renewable \u201d and \u201c non - renewable \u201d energy sources. parents need to lead by setting an example by conserving water. also, explaining to kids why fresh water is important helps immensely. tell your kids that we need fresh water to drink, cook and bathe with, and water plants. ask your children serious questions about what they know about water conservation \u2026 ask them to tell you which ways they waste water. keep the questions going. what do they think would happen to the world if we ran out of fresh water? ask them open ended questions that will get them thinking about the earth and how naturally beautiful and important it really is.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5084632588694459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.872299"} {"text": "ways they waste water. keep the questions going. what do they think would happen to the world if we ran out of fresh water? ask them open ended questions that will get them thinking about the earth and how naturally beautiful and important it really is. after having an open discussion, they will understand conservation better. this will help your kids stop wasting water and electricity \u2013 which will help lower everyone \u2019 s utility bills. so your older kids already know about power and water conservation? that \u2019 s awesome. try getting them to think outside the aspect of conservation and progress to alternative energy sources. we at wonderbrains have added new alternative energy and environmental science kits. power house introduces kids to regenerative energy sources and sustainable living, while teaching basic concepts in physical science. learn the physics of force and motion as it applies to wind power. your kids have now been briefed on alternative energy, renewable and non - renewable resources. the next step is fuel cells, solar cells and electrolysis. help you and your children learn how solar cells turn sunlight into energy with the fuel cell car. learn how fuel cells work, how to use alternative energies for automobiles, and about reversible fuel cells with fuel cell x7, a hydrogen powered car. you never know, you may end up with the next generation \u2019 s most influential green environmentalists!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5390139390809168, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.872886"} {"text": "century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the character of being indefinite, undefined, unlimited, or not precise and certain. - n. the characteristic of being indefinite. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. the quality of being indefinite. - n. the quality of being vague and poorly defined \u201c the only reply that it is possible is that the indefiniteness is the result of design. \u201d \u201c it is extremely difficult to distinguish in observation between vagueness of the illusion due to feebleness in the after - image depending on faint illumination, dark - colored discs or lack of the desirable difference in luminosity between the sectors ( cf. p. 171 ) and the indefiniteness which is due to broad transition - bands existing between the ( relatively ) pure - color bands. \u201d \u201c they illustrate that indefiniteness which is characteristic of greek mythology, a theology with no central authority, no link on historic time, liable from the first to an unobserved transformation. \u201d \u201c indefiniteness ' and ' general imbecility ' of what we had to offer - - all so unworthy a _ bostonian _ audience - - we commenced, and with many interruptions of applause, concluded. \u201d \u201c indefiniteness \" of the tiger leave and after first claiming \" the pga tour has not been significantly impacted in a negative way \" provided this more realistic assessment. \u201d \u201c its euphony and indefiniteness were a charm tohim. \u201d \u201c its euphony and indefiniteness were a charm to him. \u201d \u201c he argues that \" doctrinal indefiniteness can be a reasonable expression of epistemic modesty, and that even doctrinal entanglement can be justified when it is the only way of preserving, in the sociocultural environment available, a reflectively stable orientation. \u201d \u201c instead, he put it off with vagueness and indefiniteness and inquired after the family, particularly after mrs. morse and ruth. \u201d \u201c i find indefiniteness a bit harder to get my head around. \u201d \u2018 indefiniteness \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for indefiniteness.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6115578432831126, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.875145"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. the formation, development, and maturation of an ovum. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. the genesis or origin and development of the ovum. gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( physiol. ) the development, or mode of origin, of the ova. - n. development of ova - oo - + - genesis ( wiktionary ) \u201c this marine worm, first described in 1949 as an acoel flatworm and later claimed as either an early metazoan offshoot or a primitive deuterostome, has recently been affiliated with primitive bivalve molluscs, based upon a study of gamete development oogenesis and an analysis of sequence data from both 18s rrna and mitochondrial genes. \u201d \u201c since the shell is secreted by the follicle cells during oogenesis, we expected the defect to depend on the genotype of those cells. \u201d \u201c drosophila oogenesis to come to rival embrogenesis as a ideal system for studying patterning. \u201d \u201c the phenotypes suggested that the process of segmentation involves at least three levels of spatial organization : processes beginning during oogenesis define the large unique regions requiring the gap gene function, the gap genes in turn control \u201d \u201c except in the very earliest stages of oogenesis there is no real similarity between the development of a zoophyte, a mollusc, an articulate and a vertebrate, but each is stamped from the beginning with the characteristics of its type. \u201d \u201c during oogenesis, maps are believed to stabilize microtubules preferentially close to condensed chromosomes, favoring spindle assembly around dna. \u201d \u201c the network also highlighted a number of proteins and their complexes absent from the mitotic spindle proteome ( msp ), suggesting that some of them may have a specific microtubule - related role during oogenesis. \u201d \u201c kawakami k, sakamoto h, inoue k ( 2007 ) spatiotemporal localization of germ plasm rnas during zebrafish oogenesis. \u201d \u201c the failure of foxl2 - negative granulosa cells to sustain follicle formation is a primary cause of ovarian failure, leading to subsequent deregulated oogenesis by an unknown mechanism \u201d \u201c and we know a lot about spermogenesis and oogenesis. \u201d these user", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5677468443228075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.877878"} {"text": "survey of energy resources 2007 geothermal country notes poland has substantial resources of geothermal energy, but not at high temperatures. the available resource ranges from reservoir temperatures of 30\u00b0c to 130\u00b0c at depths of 1 to 4 km. although thermal water has been used for balneological purposes for many centuries, development of geothermal power for heating has only taken place during the past 15 years or so. both the strategy of renewable energy resources development which came into effect in 2000 and polish membership of the european union in 2004 have helped to encourage the growth of renewable energy use in general, but greater promotion of geothermal energy is needed. three heating plants were installed in the period 1992 - 1999 in the podhale region ( near zakopane ), in pyrzyce ( near szczecin ) and in mszczonow ( near skierniewice ). two further heating plants came into operation in 2001 ( uniejow ) and 2002 ( slomniki ). some of the geothermal units work in conjunction with heat pumps and / or fossil - fuelled boilers. geothermal water is mainly used for heating purposes. the bulk of the capacity installed for direct heating is utilised for district heating, with much smaller amounts for bathing and swimming, greenhouse heating, fish farming and wood drying. the number of ground - source heat pumps has grown steadily and capacity now stands at about 53 mwt. at the present time it is not foreseen that geothermal heat will be utilised for traditional electricity generation. however, there is an interest in studying binary plants which would be based on 90 + \u00b0c water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5114822668589428, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.880218"} {"text": "sandra gjervaldsaeter ( 16 ) received the alvdalska bursary this year. her dad and grandmother always spoke the language together and, with the money from the bursary as a motivation, she went from understanding it, but not speaking, to using it fully. \u201c now that i have learnt more about the language, i understand better how unique it is and how important it is to preserve. i \u2019 m now pushing my siblings and my cousins to start speaking it too. \u201d sandra is moving away in the fall to study, but she said that she will always want to keep one foot in alvdalen. \u201c hopefully, i will find a job here after i graduate from veterinary school. i think boys are more prone to stay here. we girls, we have to go away to study and we might be more open to try out the bigger city lifestyle. \u201d sandra is interested in music. she sings, plays various instruments, and writes her own songs. the isolated valley of alvdalen ( ' river valley ' ), in dalarna, central sweden, is by no means stereotypically scandinavian. both landscape and lifestyle seem to have more in common with a nostalgic 1950s vision of the united states, where hillbilly meets rock - and - roll. this project focuses on the relationship between generations in a changing social climate. some 3, 000 people in alvdalen speak alvdalska ( elfdalian ) - an ancient language with strong links to old norse, the language once spoken by the vikings - but only about 45 of these are teenagers. the community is dealing with the threat of the extinction of alvdalska in an unusual way. knowing that the key to revitalization is to encourage a new generation of speakers, local authorities in alvdalen give grants of 6, 000 kronor ( about \u20ac730 ) to young school - leavers who sign a contract obliging them to ' actively try to use the language at all times possible '.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4236649624374501, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.882388"} {"text": "the water environment federation ( wef ) will join the united nations ( un ) on tuesday, march 22 in commemorating world water day 2005. commemoration of this event is an excellent opportunity to strive for improvements and highlight the inter - relatedness of water to human health and sustainable development. the theme for this year is \" water for life : 2005 - 2015 \" and marks the beginning of the un \u2019 s \" international decade for action \". the decade of action, proclaimed by the un general assembly in december 2003, calls for an increased global focus on water - related issues and encourages greater participation and cooperation on all levels to achieve water - related goals including bringing clean water and sanitation to almost 1. 1 billion people still lacking access to the finite resource. this theme supports the primary goal of wef, a not - for - profit technical and educational organization, and the water quality community to protect public health and ensure good stewardship of the world \u2019 s most precious resource. \" as leaders in the effort to protect public health and improve the global water environment, wef remains committed to meeting the water quality challenges of today to ensure the sustainability of water resources into the future, \" said wef executive director bill bertera. world water day is officially recognized each year on march 22. the goal is to inspire worldwide political and community action and encourage greater global understanding of the need for more responsible water use and conservation. for more information about how you can celebrate world water day in your community, visit www. worldwaterday. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4440728764061689, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.887890"} {"text": "vitamin e is a fat soluble vitamin with anti - oxidant properties. vitamin e is a combination of 8 related tocopherols and tocotrienols. the main one of these is alpha - tocopherol. 1 iu of vitamin e is the biological equivalent of 1mg of dl - alpha - tocopherol acetate. the u. s recommended daily amount for a 25 - year old male for vitamin e is 15 mg / day. vitamin e is naturally found in almonds, asparagus, avocado, nuts, olives, seeds, spinach, wheat germ and vegetable oils such as canola, corn, sunflower, soybean, and cottonseed. vitamin e is used as a supplement for its benefit in many medical conditions. these include diabetes, cancer prevention, alzheimers \u2019 s disease, parkinson \u2019 s disease, premenstrual syndrome, cataracts and to lesson the harmful effects of dialysis, chemotherapy and radiation. it is also commonly used for preventing diseases of the heart and blood vessels, including high blood pressure. however, objective data on the latter benefit is lacking. over the last several decades, observational evidence has suggested that taking vitamin e prevents cardiovascular disease. the supporting logic was that vitamin e is an antioxidant and by preventing ldl oxidation, it may retard atherosclerosis. however, prospective clinical trials have not confirmed this benefit and have actually shown increased mortality in people taking this supplement. this information is important as 10 % - 20 % of the adult western population takes multivitamins as supplements on a regular basis. the most compelling evidence came from the women \u2019 s health study. this trial was conducted between 1992 and 2004 in 39, 876 healthy women aged 45 years and older. they were randomly assigned to receive 600 iu of vitamin e or placebo and low - dose aspirin or placebo on alternate days. after a mean follow up for 10. 1 years, data showed that vitamin e showed no benefit on the primary end point, major cardiovascular events, and no effect on secondary end points, including stroke and myocardial infarction. the results of this landmark trial were published in the july 6, 2005 issue of the journal of the american medical association. in another trial ( hope and hope - too trial ) published earlier in the same year ( journal of the american medical association, march 2005 ), vitamin e recipients did not have any reduction in heart attacks, stroke or cardiovascular death, when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5028578035257038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.891773"} {"text": "medical association. in another trial ( hope and hope - too trial ) published earlier in the same year ( journal of the american medical association, march 2005 ), vitamin e recipients did not have any reduction in heart attacks, stroke or cardiovascular death, when followed for 7 years. there was however, a significantly higher risk of heart failure. in a study published in the new england journal of medicine in 2000, researchers again failed to find any beneficial effects for vitamin e on the incidence of cardiovascular events in 9541 subjects. these patients were aged 55 or older and had known vascular disease or diabetes. a recent meta - analysis has however significantly raised concern about the safety of vitamin e supplementation. miller and colleagues combined data from 19 clinical trials involving 135, 967 participants aged 47 to 84 years. these patients were at risk for chronic diseases, especially coronary heart disease. in 9 of the 11 trials testing vitamin e in doses of more than 400 iu / day, there was an increase in all - cause mortality. there also appeared to be a progressive increase in mortality if the dose of vitamin e was increased beyond 150 iu / day. this data was published in the annals of internal medicine in november 10, 2004. how about the benefits of vitamin e for other conditions? evidence based data on many common uses of vitamin e remains lacking. vitamin e has been found to delay the progression of age - related macular degeneration vitamin e supplementation have also found to have some beneficial effect in alzheimer \u2019 s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and in infants born of hiv positive mothers. what is the final word? forget about vitamin e supplementation for cardiovascular protection. although inexpensive and without side effects, it should not be used for this purpose. as a matter of fact, scientific data suggests that its use may be harmful to heart patients. there are other supplements like aspirin and fish oils that have a plethora of compelling scientific evidence supporting their heart protective benefits. save your vitamin e money and spend it on a healthy diet or other beneficial supplements. dr. shashi k. agarwal is a board certified internist and cardiologist with a private practice in new york city and new jersey. he is also a diplomate of the american board of holistic medicine and the american academy of anti - aging medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4649878009246386, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.892730"} {"text": "\u203a view larger tracking shuttle exhaust reveals more information about atmospheric winds after the space shuttle atlantis launched for the final time at 11 : 29 am ( edt ) on july 8, 2011, scientist tracked water vapor in its exhaust on its travels throughout the upper atmosphere. credit : nasa photo / houston chronicle, smiley n. pool on july 8, 2011 the space shuttle atlantis launched for the very last time. on that historic day, as the world watched its last ascent up into orbit and commentators discussed the program ' s contributions to space flight and scientific research over 20 years, the shuttle helped spawn one last experiment. as the shuttle reached a height of about 70 miles over the east coast of the u. s., it released \u2013 as it always did shortly after launch \u2013 350 tons of water vapor exhaust. as the plume of vapor spread and floated on air currents high in earth ' s atmosphere, it crossed through the observation paths of seven separate sets of instruments. a group of scientists, reporting in online in the journal of geophysical research on august 27, 2012, tracked the plume to learn more about the airflow in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere ( mlt ) - - a region that is typically quite hard to study. the team found the water vapor spread much faster than expected and that within 21 hours much of it collected near the arctic where it formed unusually bright high altitude clouds of a kind known as polar mesospheric clouds ( pmcs ). such information will help improve global circulation models of air movement in the upper atmosphere, and also help with ongoing studies of pmcs. \u203a view larger nasa ' s aeronomy in the mesosphere ( aim ) mission captures images like this of shining noctilucent clouds, also known as polar mesospheric clouds ( pmcs ), which hover over earth ' s poles in summertime. credit : nasa / aim \" polar mesospheric clouds are the highest clouds on earth, \" says space scientist michael stevens at the naval research laboratory, washington, who is first author on the paper. \" they shine brightly when the sun is just below the horizon and typically occur over polar regions in the summer. there is some evidence that they are increasing in number and people want to know if this is indicative of climate change or something else that we don ' t understand. \" since they shine at night, pmcs are also known as noctilucent clouds, and they can serve as an indicator not just of temperature changes, but also of how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5076284205096367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.899087"} {"text": "of climate change or something else that we don ' t understand. \" since they shine at night, pmcs are also known as noctilucent clouds, and they can serve as an indicator not just of temperature changes, but also of how currents and waves move high in earth ' s atmosphere. a visible cloud of water vapor from something like the shuttle also offers a serendipitous way to observe such motions in the upper winds. \" the plume from the shuttle becomes a ready - made experiment to observe the movement in the atmosphere, \" says charles jackman, a scientist at nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. who is the project scientist for a nasa mission called aeronomy ice in the mesosphere ( aim ) that specifically observes pmcs. \" what this team found is interesting since the plume moved so quickly to the pole, indicating that the winds appear much stronger at those latitudes than was thought. \" to track the plume across the sky, the scientists collated seven sets of observations, including data from aim. the first two sets of instruments to see the plume were on a nasa spacecraft called timed ( thermosphere ionosphere mesosphere energetics and dynamics ). next the plume was viewed through the sub - millimeter radiometer on the swedish odin satellite. when the plume reached higher latitudes, it was picked up by the ground - based microwave spectrometer at the institute of atmospheric physics in kuhlungsborn, germany as well as an identical ground - based water vapor instrument called cwaspam1 at the arctic lidar observatory for middle atmospheric research ( alomar ) in andenes, norway. the plume collated into its final shape over the arctic, as a new, extremely bright pmc on july 9, 2011 and there, it could be observed from above by the aim satellite flying overhead, and from below by another instrument at alomar called the rmr lidar. over the course of the plume ' s travels, these observations showed it spreading horizontally over a distance of some 2000 to 2500 miles. those parts that drifted into the high latitudes near the north pole formed ice particles which settled into layers of pmcs down at about 55 miles above earth \u2019 s surface. the speed with which the plume arrived at the arctic was a surprise. \" the speed of the movement in the upper atmosphere gives us new information for our models, \" says stevens. \" as you get higher up in the atmosphere, we just don ' t have as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5423605948559023, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.902570"} {"text": "which the plume arrived at the arctic was a surprise. \" the speed of the movement in the upper atmosphere gives us new information for our models, \" says stevens. \" as you get higher up in the atmosphere, we just don ' t have as many measurements of wind speeds or temperatures. the take - away message here is that we need to improve the models of that region. \" \u203a view larger noctilucent clouds \u2013 also known as polar mesospheric clouds ( pmcs ) over wismar, germany on july 9, 2011. these clouds shine brightly even during the night. shuttle exhaust made of water vapor formed particularly bright pmc. credit : leibniz - institute of atmospheric physics since observations of pmcs may be connected to global climate, it ' s important to subtract out sporadic effects such as shuttle exhaust from other consistent, long - term effects. \" one of aim ' s big goals is to find out how much of the cloud ' s behavior is naturally induced versus man - made, \" says jackman. \" this last shuttle launch will help researchers separate the shuttle exhaust from the rest of the observations. \" indeed, the aim observations showed a clear difference between typical pmcs and this shuttle - made one. normally smaller particles exist at the top, with larger ones at the bottom. the shuttle plume pmc showed a reversed configuration, with larger particles at the top, and smaller at the bottom \u2013 offering a way to separate out such clouds in the historical record. for more information about nasa \u2019 s aim mission, visit : for more information about nasa \u2019 s timed mission, visit : karen c. fox nasa goddard space flight center, greenbelt, md.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5028203715850893, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.903430"} {"text": "date : october 30, 2012 department : smast / administration the proposed research will employ a combination of models and observations from ships and satellites to examine linkages between land and ocean and how these interactions affect the ocean ' s ability to take up co2 from the atmosphere. the project was one of 62 proposals considered by nasa as part of its carbon monitoring system science team, which includes members from across the country. smast dean dr. steven e. lohrenz will personally lead the research team, which includes partners from universities in alabama, georgia, mississippi and north carolina. \" the oceans absorb about one third of all the fossil fuel co2 emitted into the atmosphere, but the contribution of coastal waters to this is still very uncertain. carbon dioxide in the atmosphere influences climate and can alter the chemistry of the oceans in ways that may negatively impact marine organisms, but we simply don ' t know enough about how co2 is being absorbed by the oceans and particularly by coastal waters, \" said dr. lohrenz. \" this project is about gathering the scientific data that will help us to fill that gap in our understanding. \" smast is a leader in this kind of research. smast researcher dr. jefferson turner ' s 25 - year study of coastal waters in southeastern massachusetts has shown the temperature of buzzards bay rising by an average of five degrees - - an extraordinarily rapid change with strong potential effects on ocean acidification and co2 retention. the project ' s official name is \" development of observational products and coupled models of land - ocean - atmospheric fluxes in the mississippi river watershed and gulf of mexico in support of carbon monitoring. \" regionally, it will focus primarily on the mississippi river watershed and northern gulf of mexico, as well the southeastern us coast.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5108873770105902, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.905365"} {"text": "leave space when stopping behind parked cars at a light tim schewe, special to alberni valley timespublished : friday, february 08, 2013 i have noticed many drivers stopping at a red light several feet behind the car in front. having asked my daughters who had recently passed their driving exams about this and both told me that their instructor had told them, even when stopped, they must leave at least one car length distance behind the car in front. is it really true that our young drivers are taught to stop several feet behind the car, also stopped, in front? i wasn ' t taught to drive nearly so recently, but this is the practice that i had to follow as well. when i came to a stop, if i could not see pavement between the front edge of my hood and the bottoms of the tires of the vehicle in front of me, i received a black mark from my instructor. this space is a safety cushion and all drivers should make it a habit. the cushion serves three purposes. it allows you to pass the vehicle in front, you will not be pushed into the vehicle in front if you are hit from behind and you are not as likely to be hit if the vehicle in front of you rolls backward or the driver backs up without looking. when my daughter was learning to drive with a standard transmission, i had to exit the car and ask the driver behind to either back up and wait or drive around. she had stopped quite close to our back bumper at a stop sign and we were worried about rolling back. the \" l \" sign on the rear of the vehicle might be a clue that the driver needs even more space than usual. \" tim schewe is a retired rcmp constable with many years of traffic enforcement experience. to comment or learn more, please visit www. drivesmartbc. ca.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4183113835137801, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.907497"} {"text": "an alkaline diet is based on principles of holistic and chinese medicine, which have been used for centuries. an alkaline diet is approximately 75 % alkaline foods and 25 % acid foods. if the body is toxic, it can steal energy and cause fatigue, have poor digestion, gain weight, have aches and pains, feel ill, and tired. an alkaline diet is a diet that emphasizes, to a varying degree, fresh fruit, vegetables, roots and tubers, nuts, and legumes. grains, fish, meat, poultry, shellfish, cheese, milk, and salt all produce acid. these foods mean that the typical western diet is more acid - producing. an alkaline diet is a controversial dietary protocol based on the consumption of mainly fresh fruit, vegetables, roots and tubers, nuts, and legumes and avoiding grains, dairy, meat and excess salt, in order to balance the acidity and alkalinity of one \u2019 s body. clinical studies show that alkaline water is the best way to obtain alkaline minerals and acid waters like colas quickly deplete them. our glands and organs function properly in exact proportion to the amount of alkaline and acid levels in our system. otto warburg, a two - time nobel prize winner, these acidic and toxic cells can then become cancerous ( he also stated that these anaerobic cancer cells are destroyed in the presence of oxygen ). noticed how kids can just go on and on running about and playing all day without tiring? you were that way too, once. but now that your energy diminishes way more quickly, and acid alkaline diet is just the thing that could bring back your body \u2019 s vitality. but what is an acid alkaline diet exactly? alkaline diet \u2013 alkaline foods \u2013 acid alkaline diet this kind of diet has been defined in so many ways that it \u2019 s hard to separate what \u2019 s fact and what \u2019 s made up. to put it simply, it \u2019 s an eating program that involves foods that leave an alkaline residue when they \u2019 re digested. it extensively promotes keeping a diet that is mostly dominated by fruits, veggies, legume, nuts, roots, and tubers. when i first heard about the day diet plan \u2013 day to day diet \u2013 31 day fat loss cure by vic magary, my instinct told me that it was a gimmick. the name seemed h", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4621760506598058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.912950"} {"text": ", nuts, roots, and tubers. when i first heard about the day diet plan \u2013 day to day diet \u2013 31 day fat loss cure by vic magary, my instinct told me that it was a gimmick. the name seemed hyped up. i got a copy of the program to review it and see whether it offered any value at all. my first reaction was one of surprise. by the name i thought that this would be some lame eating plan which promises an effort - free weight loss with little or no chance of delivering. it was quite clear that vic magary isn \u2019 t the sort of man who believes in getting anything without having to work for it. the workouts this program advocates are not for people who aren \u2019 t ready to make an effort. the every other day diet tries to provide a weight loss process which will allow regular people to lose weight in the most enjoyable way. unlike other diets which tend to deprive you of practically anything you like to eat, the every other day diet tries to do things differently, taking into account the psychology of weight loss and not just the physical aspect. diet that works \u2013 every other day \u2013 every other day diet you see, diets which are depriving by nature also tend to cause you to experience severe and harsh cravings. they not only put pressure on you physically but emotionally as well. one of the main reasons why people fail on diets is due to cravings. fats are what most people hate. aside from being unhealthy, it gets people \u2019 s body out of shape. that is why it is not anymore a question these days why a lot of them almost kill themselves and starve to death just to make these ugly fats out of the system. burn the fat \u2013 exercises to burn fat \u2013 burn fat feed muscle however, the disappointing part is, no matter how hard they seem to get this out, still, nothing seems to take effect. good thing that today, a new yet untiring and never strict approach to weight loss has been discovered. thanks to burn the fat feed the muscle program, weight loss goal is given a new hope and perspective. reducing weight especially losing abdominal fat seems to be everyone \u2019 s plan in recent times and the challenge many of us face when confronted with this situation is knowing what to do. finding the right method on how to lose belly fat quick can be overwhelming due to the many offers, diets and products out there that are promising you the success within just a few days of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4452354899366783, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.914004"} {"text": "face when confronted with this situation is knowing what to do. finding the right method on how to lose belly fat quick can be overwhelming due to the many offers, diets and products out there that are promising you the success within just a few days of using them. nonetheless losing abdominal fat should be a natural procedure if you need to stay strong and healthy. the diet solution review \u2013 diet solution plan - diet solution program numerous programs frequently placed you on catastrophe diets for quick weight loss at the cost of your well - being. if you really have planned to lose belly fat quick in a very pure and efficient way, the diet solution program is the choice of many reviews and expert in weight loss. the most alkaline foods are fruits and vegetables, and this is why a vegetarian and organic diet is effective against many diseases. a vegetarian and organic diet not only emphasizes foods that are alkaline, it also avoids the most acid - producing foods, animal proteins. this acid - alkaline balance is important because all bodily functions, including respiration, digestion and metabolism, work best at particular ph levels. the general recommendation for reducing acidity by dietary means includes avoiding white bread, white sugar, refined cereals, meat, fish, canned foods, tea, coffee and condiments, while at the same time increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables. citrus fruits actually have an alkaline effect on the body and should be consumed to help control acid reflux. one quart of alkaline water consumed 45 minutes before eating a meal is ideal to aid in digestion and avoid acid reflux or heartburn. apples, mangoes, bananas, citrus fruits and melons help maintain the body ph level at 7. alkaline foods are raw low - sugar vegetables, lemons and limes, sprouted legumes and vegetables, and germinated seeds and nuts. the american journal of clinical nutrition concluded that alkalizing diets improve bone density and serum growth hormone concentrations ; the acidosis resulting from acidic diets contributes to bone and muscle loss. the theory behind an alkaline diet is because our body \u2019 s ph level is slightly alkaline, with a normal range of 7. the nutrition and healthy eating community have begun to realize that what a person puts in to their body can have a real effect on how healthy they are overall. headaches, migraines, anxiety, depression, chronic fatigue, asthma, obesity, heart disease, cancer, add, autism, and alzheimer \u2019 s all carry a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43442293185964853, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.915044"} {"text": "question : what is the relationship between age and the risk of developing type 1 and type 2 diabetes? answer : we divide diabetes broadly into two types, one ' s called type 1 and one ' s called type 2. it ' s an arbitrary division, but type 1 is a disease in which your own body destroys your insulin - secreting cells, the islets ; this is an immune abnormality. and it used to be called ' juvenile onset ' diabetes because mostly children would get this. but then people became aware, as the years went on and research continued, that in fact you could get this same disease when you were 92. but what happens is, when you ' re 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, the process of destroying the islets seems to occur more slowly. so it was confusing for years, but now we know it ' s the same disease. so therefore, although it ' s most common in children, you can still get type 1 diabetes as you get older. on the other hand, the other type of disease we talk about is type 2 diabetes, and that ' s where your insulin - secreting cells are still there, but they ' re dying. and we don ' t actually know why they ' re dying, but something about them is making them die, perhaps because they have to secrete too much insulin. and as people get older, for a variety reasons - - and the most common is obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. therefore, each of us has a certain ability to secrete insulin, and generally the older we get, the more of a challenge that is. but there are some people who are 20 or 30, who are very overweight, or even 10 or 15 tragically, who are so overweight that their islets are already ' giving out. ' so they actually have type 2 because it ' s not an immune abnormality, it ' s not that their own immune system is killing them, it ' s the distress - - plus their genetic background - - is making these islets run out of gas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5042795088448886, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.920119"} {"text": "canadian research suggested this week that the seasonal flu vaccination may increase the risk of catching the h1n1 pandemic strain, but government officials said such a pattern has not been found in the u. s., the centers for disease control and prevention said. the unpublished work appears to suggest that people who had been vaccinated against last year ' s seasonal flu were about twice as likely as others to catch the pandemic strain when it appeared this spring. but statistics from the cdc do not show a similar risk. \" it is difficult to speak about a study that has yet to be published, \" said cdc spokesman joe quimby, a senior press officer. but, he added, \" it is important to note that scientists at the centers for disease control and prevention have not seen this effect in systems we have reviewed in the u. s. \" \" we continue to urge people to receive both the seasonal flu vaccine and the 2009 h1n1 vaccine, \" quimby said. likewise, an official of the world health organization ( who ) said that investigators in countries other than canada had not found a similar risk increase when they looked at their own data. \" we are in contact with other countries and are having them look at their own data to see if they could have similar observations, and none has been able to find anything like that, \" said marie - paule kieny, director of the world health organization ' s vaccine research initiative. \" the reason why this may be different in canada and in this particular study than in other places of the world is not yet identified, \" she told reporters during a telephone press conference. kieny said experts are now trying to decide whether the effect is real or a result of \" study bias. \" the canadian research - - drawn from studies in three canadian provinces during the spring pandemic outbreak - - has been submitted for publication to a scholarly journal, and the lead authors were not immediately available for comment. but co - author dr. danuta skowronski, of the british columbia centre for disease control in vancouver, told the canadian press she wanted more scrutiny on the canadian research in question. \" good scientists know that methods can influence results, \" she said. \" and if there are methodologic flaws, we need to be assured that every stone was turned over to make sure what we ' re reporting is valid. \" skowronski said the findings could be real, due to chance, or arise from some sort of bias in the research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4437450341998834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.924360"} {"text": "a lot of parents that are particularly conscious of their children \u2019 s oral health may worry about their consumption of candy around halloween time. should parents be worried? the key to kids and candy is moderation. sugar, although harmful to everyone \u2019 s teeth, is fine in moderation. the key to avoiding cavities is to pay attention to the frequency in which children consume candy. for example, on halloween and for a week or so thereafter, most kids have an abundance of candy to eat. it \u2019 s better for their teeth to allow them a few scheduled times throughout the day to consume candy, as opposed to eating it all day long. as i mentioned in my previous blog, does chewing sugar - free gum decrease your risk of cavities?, cavities are formed by demineralization of the teeth. after you eat, the ph in your mouth drops. this increase in acid is a by - product of the bacteria that reside within our mouths that feed on sugar and other carbohydrates we consume. the acid then causes demineralization of enamel, which turns into decay. after one eats, the low ph can remain for 20 - 60 minutes. therefore, if kids take 20 minutes to gorge on candy, after their last piece the ph can remain low for up to an hour. however if they were to snack on candy all day long, their ph can stay low all day, resulting in an enormous risk for greater decay. prior to writing this blog, i looked at numerous articles currently written about kids and their halloween candy. one of my favorites was an article on msnbc \u2019 s today \u2019 s health blog, \u201c let kids gorge on halloween candy, dentists say \u201d. this article suggests letting kids gorge on halloween candy once or twice a day, instead of allowing them to bathe their teeth in sugar all day long, producing a very acidic oral environmental where bacteria will surely thrive. the article also stated : \u201d candy is not necessarily the worst thing for your teeth, anyway. the factors that really lead to cavities are stickiness and acidity. potato chips and pretzels, for example, are worse offenders than chocolate, because these cooked carbohydrates cling to your teeth \u2014 giving mouth bacteria something to feast on longer and thus generating more acid. \u201d the one very detrimental mistake i found in most articles though, suggested that you have your children brush their teeth immediately after eating candy. the acid present in the mouth after one eats, in conjunction with the bristles moving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41908341204832317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.928120"} {"text": "and thus generating more acid. \u201d the one very detrimental mistake i found in most articles though, suggested that you have your children brush their teeth immediately after eating candy. the acid present in the mouth after one eats, in conjunction with the bristles moving swiftly across one \u2019 s teeth, essentially rubs the acid into the teeth. this could causes severe erosion of the tooth structure if done repeatedly and often, and could actually increase one \u2019 s risk of decay. a better alternative to this, would be to chew sugar - free gum immediately after, which encourages an increase in ph within 20 minutes as opposed to an hour. after about 30 minutes, you can then have them brush their teeth. if you don \u2019 t want your kids chewing gum, then wait at least 1 hour before having them brush their teeth. at the end of an hour it is a good idea to have them brush, just not before then. here are some tips mentioned by delta dental \u2019 s website in their article, \u201c sugary, sticky halloween treats can play tricks on children \u2019 s teeth \u201d tips for limiting the effects of sugary treats - choose candy that can be eaten quickly and easily to limit the amount of time sugar is in contact with the teeth. - steer away from sticky candies like gummy fruit snacks, caramel, taffy, popcorn balls and other candies that expose the teeth to sugar for long periods of time. - limit consumption of sour candies that may contain acids ( such as citric acid ) to intensify the sour flavor. these acids can contribute to dental erosion and cavities. - encourage children to eat a small amount of candy in one sitting followed by a glass of water or a thorough tooth brushing. [ * * remember to wait for at least one hour before brushing! ] - encourage children to eat a good meal prior to trick - or - treating, so there will be less temptation to fill up on candy. - consider purchasing non - food treats for those who visit your home, such as coloring books or pens and pencils.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40274607320146916, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.929011"} {"text": "| lesson plan id : \" bullies beware \" reminds students of all the people who have died because of bullying and that this is not the way to handle being bullied. it focuses on what a bully is, what comprises violence, and how a victim can feel better about them self. a survey is given out that will later give a school profile on bullying. \" reality matters \" handouts are dispersed, discussed and compared to our local school. | cg ( k - 12 ) | | 78. ps : a1. 1 - develop positive attitudes toward self as a unique and worthy person | | cg ( k - 12 ) | | 82. ps : a1. 5 - identify and express feelings | | cg ( k - 12 ) | | 115. ps : c1. 6 - identify resource people in the school and community, and know how to seek their help | | cg ( k - 12 ) | | 118. ps : c1. 9 - learn how to cope with peer pressure | | cg ( k - 12 ) | | 119. ps : c1. 10 - learn techniques for managing stress and conflict | | cg ( k - 12 ) | | 120. ps : c1. 11 - learn coping skills for managing life events | | he1 ( 7 ) | | 7. demonstrate decision - making skills as they relate to situations involving health risks. | iste / nets for 2007 students understand human, cultural, and societal issues related to technology and practice legal and ethical behavior. students : a. advocate and practice safe, legal, and responsible use of information and technology. b. exhibit a positive attitude toward using technology that supports collaboration, learning, and productivity. c. demonstrate personal responsibility for lifelong learning. d. exhibit leadership for digital citizenship. | primary learning objective ( s ) : 1. describe the effects of bullying. 2. describe the ways a bullied student may develop a more positive attitude. 3. state and carry out basic dictionary skills. 4. gain experience in drawing conclusions and summarizing concepts. 5. participate in group / team activity to solve problems. | additional learning objective ( s ) : - describe what constitutes violent behavior. | approximate duration of the lesson : | | greater than 120 minutes | | materials and equipment : - handout - \" the student survey on bullying and violence \" - podcast - \" bullies beware \" ( available in alex gallery360 ) - handouts - \" reality matters - cruel school facts \" and \" reality matters - continuum of violence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48631688092791325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.934662"} {"text": "- handout - \" the student survey on bullying and violence \" - podcast - \" bullies beware \" ( available in alex gallery360 ) - handouts - \" reality matters - cruel school facts \" and \" reality matters - continuum of violence \" - \" teen choices \" is a worthwhile video. - \" general information about bullying \" is a good handout from thinkfinity. org. - book by paul langan - \" bullying in school : what you need to know \" - \" reality matters ' handouts - discoveryschool. com part ii - help for groups with cyberbullying - videos on cyberbullying : - teen advice on cyberbullying - there ' s a good video on school violence. - bullying statistics - placing content online - \" brittney ' s story \" is a video found on thinkfinity. org. - being brave and standing up for others is also on thinkfinity. org in lesson plan entitled : \" cyberbullying - be upstanding \". | technology resources needed : laptop, projector, document camera i - safe materials developed and used every year during october for internet safety month. share the letter from paul langan, the author of \" the bully \". - as a class, talk about what it means to be a \" bully \". - using a dictionary, look up the following words : bullying, victim, taunting, ridicule, intervention, influence, empathy, role, intimidate, ethics - discussion of definition of words. now students should have the understanding of what a bully is and how it feels to be bullied. - pass out to students the survey on \" bullying and violence \". - show podcast \" bullies beware \" - set up five discussion groups at 5 different tables. give each discussion group one of the five ways listed by paul langan that aid victims in feeling better about themselves. - \" reality matters \" handouts - give out both handouts to students - with the facts handout, how does our school compare with these facts? do our students and teachers feel safe? how is bullying in our school? - since they took the survey, now they are go give the survey to five other people. do not have names on the surveys. - have one spreadsheet program that each student will compile their survey answers into so they can see how it works and they can review the results. - view podcast \" beware bullies 2 \". this podcast gives tips on how to get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4701776560787342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.937015"} {"text": "- have one spreadsheet program that each student will compile their survey answers into so they can see how it works and they can review the results. - view podcast \" beware bullies 2 \". this podcast gives tips on how to get rid of bullies. - separate students into the same five cooperative groups as before. - give each group a \" tip \" to discuss as to how the victim could stop the bully. compile their ideas. have one person of the group prepared to give their group ' s ideas to the class. - share all the ideas from each group and get a consensus of how to protect yourself from a bully. separate in the same five cooperative groups. this time, what are the ways that witnesses can help the bully? have a leader get a consensus from the group to present to the class. while in the group, answer the following questions : if bullying has no audience, can it exist? can one person make a difference? how can you become a part of the solution to bullying at your school? - present the ideas to the class. - give your answers to the questions. time should be left over for individual students to share their ideas with the class. here are some other questions for discussion : - what does it mean to \" put yourself at risk \"? - whose responsibility is it to stop bullying at school? - if you see someone being bullied, what are some things you can do? - in what type of situations might adult involvement hurt solving bullying situations? a summary of the surveys will be created to make a profile of the school. | attachments : * * some files will display in a new window. others will prompt you to download. uploaded rubric in excel format. have one or more students look up and read the articles about the \" 13 worst cases of bullying \", write what happened in each case, and present one or more to the other students. suggested readings from library : \" the bully \" by paul langan \" joshua t. bates takes charge \" by susan shreve \" please stop laughing at me \" by jodee blanco \" the privilege of youth \" by david pelzer \" my life in dog years \" by gary paulsen discussion questions to be written or typed by individual students : 1. how can we learn to better accept each other ' s differences? 2. what are some of the ways young people learn to socialize with each other? peers would help students that need help during group time. special attention would need to be focused on special students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4555422337283995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.938406"} {"text": "let ' s talk about sex health class in high school wasn ' t the most pleasant of times. it included routinely embarrassing moments, like practicing mouth - to - mouth resuscitation, naming male and female anatomy and repeatedly going over detailed descriptions of sexually transmitted diseases ( stds ). this was in addition to the even more embarrassing talks with my mother about sex and responsible behavior. according to the dictionary on my shelf, embarrass means \u201c to cause someone to feel awkward or self - conscious. \u201d welcome to the motto of my adolescent life. but to my surprise, despite more initial embarrassment than i thought i could bear, after a few classes and talks, what once made me feel totally awkward and self - conscious started giving me a sense of acknowledgment and self - awareness. it is this self - awareness and understanding that plain talk ( or hablando claro ) \u2014 a new teen pregnancy prevention program in the south valley \u2014 is promoting. new mexico is one of two states in the country selected to participate in the $ 240, 000 three - year program. the numbers are staggering : approximately 45 percent of all pregnancies in new mexico are unintended, and about one half of women with unintended pregnancies weren ' t using contraception when they conceived. nearly 80 percent of unintended pregnancies occur among young women ages 15 - 17, and new mexico ' s teen birth rate currently ranks third in the nation, with one out of six pregnant new mexico women being a pregnant teen. recent national reports state that teen pregnancy rates have declined over the last decade. but across class and ethnic groups, they ' ve remained just as high as before. in fact, hispanic teens are three times more likely to get pregnant than caucasian teens. and even while, overall, pregnancy rates are dropping, std rates are steadily on the rise across the board. according to the new mexico department of health, current teen birth rates and sexually transmitted disease rates in the south valley zip codes of 87105, 87121 and 87102 are among the highest in bernalillo county. in those zip codes, one in 10 teen girls has a baby per year, which is a teen birth rate of 96. 1 per 1, 000 teens. this compares with the statewide rate of 62 per 1, 000, and the national rate of 52 per year. factors contributing to health disparities include : poverty associated with poor health because of less access to healthcare ; lower quality housing and environmental conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4678874063410604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.942451"} {"text": ". this compares with the statewide rate of 62 per 1, 000, and the national rate of 52 per year. factors contributing to health disparities include : poverty associated with poor health because of less access to healthcare ; lower quality housing and environmental conditions ; and limited economic, educational and social opportunities. according to a plain talk planning presentation, 18. 9 percent of families that make less than $ 20, 000 a year are more likely to have poor health, compared to 10. 6 percent of families earning between $ 20, 000 and $ 34, 000 a year, and just over 6 percent earning $ 35, 000 and more. plain talk helps community members educate each other on ways to communicate with young people about sex, with the goal of delaying sexual activity. the program was launched in five racially diverse, low - income communities in atlanta, hartford, new orleans, san diego and seattle over four years. the results are impressive. the number of sexually experienced youth who reported pregnancy was reduced by 11 percent, and the proportion of sexually experienced youth who spoke with adults about topics related to sexuality ( compared with youth who did not talk to adults ) were half as likely to have an std, have had or created a pregnancy, or to have a child. according to program sponsor debra delgado of the annie e. casey foundation, in order to ease these social problems, we need to begin thinking about family context, and not just teen behavior. we know that families living in poverty try to find proactive family coping strategies such as connections between families, like creating social networks, and connections within families, such as parent / child communication. this is what made the difference between high and low rates of teen pregnancy within poor latino communities. delayed sexual activity is strongly correlated with connectedness \u2014 or positive relationships with adults \u2014 and parents ' ability to talk about their values. until recently, our teens ' health classes included an abstinence - only curriculum which completely omitted important information about sexual health and contraceptives, and reported incorrect facts and figures. fortunately, here in new mexico our doh has limited the abstinence - only programs to sixth grade and below, taking them out of middle and high schools. a balanced approach should include comprehensive sex education at school and innovative neighborhood - based programs that are proven to reduce teen pregnancy, such as the plain talk initiative. we should commend the doh for signing onto the collaboration and pay attention to the evaluation results after the three years is up. comprehensive sex education is necessary, even if it does cause the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45651142484745266, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.943534"} {"text": "| young children can be affected by toxic house dust. | dust, a common occurrence in indoor environments, can also carry exposure risks. that \u2019 s because a lot of pollutants can attach themselves to tiny dust particles, and when the dust is disturbed and becomes airborne, it too becomes a respiratory hazard. studies show that house dust can contain chemical pollutants such as flame retardants, metals like lead, mercury and poisons like pesticides. even bacteria and viruses can attach themselves to dust particles and pose exposure risks. people can track chemicals and dust in from the outside, but they can also be generated by activities that are going on inside, or from the wear - and - tear of common household products. children are most at risk because their bodies are still developing and they eat more, drink more and breathe more in proportion to their body size. young children are also closer to the floor and tend to crawl, touch, chew and explore things by putting them into their mouths. for these reasons, house dust should not be allowed to accumulate in a home with children or pets, and some experts say it should be treated as an environmental health risk. here are some pointers to minimize exposure : - clean regularly. you don \u2019 t have to overdo it, but setting up a regular cleaning schedule and keeping to it will help avoid the accumulation of dust and particles in the home. adjust the cleaning schedule for the number of people living under the roof, pets, weather conditions and other factors. - clean with moisture. the best way to avoid disturbing existing dust is to vacuum with a hepa vacuum cleaner and use a wet cloth and mop. you don \u2019 t need harsh chemicals in the water, a bit of white vinegar or a few drops of soap will be enough. - store toys in closed containers and avoid a lot of knickknacks and clutter in the house. - take your shoes off at the door and clean the door mats frequently \u2013 separately from your other laundry. more information : www. healthyenvironmentforkids. ca filter out airborne dust and particles | allerair ' s airmedic series : powerful | particle and dust controllers. the airmedic series and airmedic + series filter out particles with a 360 - degree air intake, the best in hepa filtration ( to remove 99. 97 % of particles at 0. 3 microns ) as well as prodense pre - filters that tackle larger particles and dust. these air purifiers also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44417561554841994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.946257"} {"text": "problems with blood sugar and blood lipid control have become major health concerns in the united states. the modern american lifestyle, low in exercise and high in processed foods, has contributed greatly to these serious healthcare concerns and has prompted researchers to step up the pace in the search for safe substances that can support healthy sugar and blood lipid levels. cinnamon, a common culinary spice, has been studied and shown to have many health benefits, including blood sugar support and blood lipid control. unfortunately, when cinnamon is taken in the high amounts required to benefit these concerns, it could be toxic. because of these specific health benefits, researchers began seriously looking at cinnamon and out of this research, cinnulin pf \u00ae was developed. cinnulin pf \u00ae is a patented, water - soluble blend containing standardized amounts of bioactive polyphenol polymers. in research studies, these polymers have been shown to help the ability of cells to normally utilize insulin. in addition to supporting healthy glucose metabolism, polyphenol polymers found in cinnulin pf \u00ae have been shown to support healthy levels of lipids such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) that are already within normal range. cinnulin pf \u00ae patented process eliminates the possibility of toxicity because it \u2019 s a water - soluble extract. cinnamon \u2019 s toxins are fat - soluble.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4892880544713669, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.948082"} {"text": "- about us as a teacher in lower saxony, germany, one of niehaus ' main goals when developing kalzium ( the german word for calcium ) was to write an application that was both a teaching and a learning tool. \" i want to be able to demonstrate things and i also want my students to be able to learn things from kalzium and to use it as a reference, \" he says. kalzium was a originally developed as a simple interactive table of the periodic elements but has evolved into a full - featured application, complete with an equation solver and modified molecular calculator. its database contains information on more than 100 chemical elements, and can be manipulated to show data in several ways, including mass, density, charge, and name origin. kalzium even includes a timeline that allows users to sort data according to year of discovery. niehaus uses the vim text editor to code kalzium. \" i started using it on day one and can no longer use non - extreme editors like kate. i need all those crazy shortcuts, \" he says. \" [ however ], the day kdevelop supports vim as an editor i will use kdevelop. \" to create the gui portion of kalzium, niehaus prefers trolltech ' s qt designer, which he says is especially useful for creating dialogs and widgets. niehaus and code developer benoit jacobs recently began working on a new way of displaying chemical information with kalzium : the 3 - d model. the team uses open babel 2. 1, a free software application used to convert chemical file formats. they tweaked the package to suit their specific needs. by using open babel, niehaus says kalzium will be able to display \" pretty much every 3 - d file out there, including chemistry file formats such as. mol,. pdb, and. xyz. \" when kalzium users reported a need to solve chemical equations within the application, niehaus responded by teaming up with the developer of eqchem, thomas nagy. as a result, the current release of kalzium now solves some of chemistry ' s most complicated equations. according to niehaus, however, distributions continue to ship kalzium without this feature. \" i guess that is because they think kalzium needs [ programming language ] ocaml ( and a library called libfacile ) as a runtime dependency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5420020889314722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.954237"} {"text": "##ehaus, however, distributions continue to ship kalzium without this feature. \" i guess that is because they think kalzium needs [ programming language ] ocaml ( and a library called libfacile ) as a runtime dependency, \" says niehaus. \" but that is wrong. they only need it as a compiletime dependency when they package kalzium. it is statically linked and the user does not need to have ocaml installed. \" niehaus says that he does not know of any distributions currently shipping the full - featured version of kalzium, but says he hopes to see that change as distributions develop a better understanding of how kalzium functions as part of a larger package. though an exact date has not been set for the release of the next version of kalzium, niehaus says it will contain many exciting new features, and updates to many existing ones, including a more polished user interface. in response to the need for greater mathematical capability, kalzium 4. 0 will also include a math library named eigen to compute eigenvectors and 4x4 matrix calculations. a much more subtle, but no less important, addition is the merging of kalzium ' s data with the xml - based data of the blue obelisk project. blue obelisk is a collaborative effort of chemists worldwide who contribute to a variety of open chemistry - based projects. \" many applications are now using blue obelisk [ data ], \" says niehaus. \" the more it gets used, the more data is added, and the more errors are spotted and fixed. this ensures a higher overall quality. [ after all ], what is kalzium worth with unreliable data? \" niehaus says the second reason he chose to merge his data with blue obelisk \" is that ( i think ) all members of the project have studied chemistry and really want to keep the data at a high and well - documented level. so we use references [ and ] well formed - xml. \" when asked to name his favorite feature in kalzium, niehaus says he is especially proud of the application ' s strong search feature that allows users to wade quickly through a tremendous amount of data. he says by using this application, \" you don ' t have to look up all the data in a book. \" or more like in 10 books, \" he adds, jokingly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.526758353024622, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.956243"} {"text": "intimate, and powerful too attempting a calculation of something as vast yet ethereal as the value of a network is as hopeless as wondering whether a million angels may fit upon a needle ' s point. yet the evolution of these calculations reveals something of the evolving understanding of networks. in the era before digital networks, david sarnoff, the founder of nbc, stated that the value of a broadcasting network was determined by the number of its viewers. by virtue of the media with which it dealt, sarnoff ' s law conformed to a limited, centripetal logic. it was a simple calculation of one - to - many broadcast reach and was rendered obsolete by computer networks. somewhat more apt was the idea of \" network effects. \" in 1908 theodore vail, at & t ' s president, had told shareholders that the value of a telephone network \" increases with the number of connections \" : 35 a telephone - without a connection at the other end of the line - is not even a toy or a scientific instrument. it is one of the most useless things in the world. its value depends on the connection with the other telephone - and increases with the number of connections. a network was not simply worth how many people it could reach from a single point of broadcast, but how many users of the network could be reached by other users on the same network. a more recent expression of this idea is metcalfe ' s law, coined by george gilder in 1993 after bob metcalfe, the founder of 3com and inventor of ethernet. gilder, defending the model of dumb, unreliable networks in the tcp / ip model versus a new generation of telecommunications - industry centralized, guaranteed reliable networks in the model of x. 25, spoke of the merits of the ethernet model. he used a graph that metcalfe had apparently used in the 1980s to persuade customers to build sufficiently large local area networks ( lan ) \" large enough to exhibit network effects \u2014 networks larger than some ' critical mass. ' \" metcalfe suggested that computer networks had a greater value than could be gauged by the standards of broadcast or telephone networks. while an individual might only ever contact perhaps a hundred or so different people on a network of thousands, the value of the network is measured by the potential to contact many more. metcalfe ' s law is a loose definition that states that the value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of users of the system. metcalfe told prospective purchasers of his lan equipment that the number", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5062944495295751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.963286"} {"text": "many more. metcalfe ' s law is a loose definition that states that the value of a telecommunications network is proportional to the square of the number of users of the system. metcalfe told prospective purchasers of his lan equipment that the number of connections to a network could reach \" a critical mass of creativity after which the benefits of a network grow larger than its costs. \" this has broader implications when multiple networks are involved, as david reed, one of the early contributors to the tcp protocol, writes : because metcalfe ' s law implies value grows faster than does the ( linear ) number of a network ' s access points, merely interconnecting two independent networks creates value that substantially exceeds the original value of the unconnected networks. metcalfe ' s law referred to networks in the early years of internetworking, when simple functions such as e - mail and file transfer represented significant new capacities for organizations. however, in the years since metcalfe ' s law additional services have become common on the internet. discussion groups, social networking, chatrooms with many participants all represent an additional layer of service. thus there should be an additional law to describe these new services on the internet \" because it facilitates the formation of groups in a way that sarnoff and metcalfe networks do not. \" david reed spent much of his career working on networked group applications and has expanded metcalfe ' s law with the group forming law, also known as reed ' s 3rd law. from reed ' s perspective \" group forming is... the technical feature that most distinguishes the internet ' s capabilities from all other communications media before it. \" reed ' s 3rd law observes that the value of networks that allow their participants to form groups and collaborate on common goals scales in a far more dramatic way. group - forming networks such as online communities and discussion groups, argues reed, scale not linearly, as sarnoff ' s broadcast networks did, or by the square number of the total number of participants as metcalfe ' s law suggests, but exponentially. if you add up all the potential two - person groups, three - person groups, four - person groups, and so on that those members could form, the number of possible groups equals 2n. so the value of a gfn increases exponentially, in proportion to 2n. this is because \" any system that lets users create and maintain groups creates a set of group - forming options that increase exponentially with the number of potential members. \" thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5425519752373056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.964341"} {"text": "value of a gfn increases exponentially, in proportion to 2n. this is because \" any system that lets users create and maintain groups creates a set of group - forming options that increase exponentially with the number of potential members. \" thus where n equals the number of participants in the network the value of a network conforming to sarnoff ' s law is simply n ; yet the value of a network conforming to metcalfe ' s law is n ( n - 1 ) or n2 ; and the value of a network conforming to reed ' s 3rd law is 2n. furthermore, reed says, \" the exponential, 2n, is a sneaky function. though it may be very small initially, it grows much faster than n2, n3 or any other power law. \" in 1962 douglas engelbart, the inventor of the mouse and much else besides, had imagined a time when many people of different disciplines could work on a common problem using many computers and shared data. this became a reality from the mid 1980s onwards as pc owners with modems began to dial in to communities of common interest and give and seek advice from their peers. these were a new breed of \" netizens \" : there are people online who actively contribute towards the development of the net. these people understand the value of collective work and the communal aspects of public communications. these are the people who discuss and debate topics in a constructive manner, who e - mail answers to people and provide help to new - comers, who maintain faq files and other public information repositories, who maintain mailing lists, and so on. these are people who discuss the nature and role of this new communications medium. these are the people who as citizens of the net, i realized were netizens. the netizens ' forebears were the original six members of steve crocker ' s rfcs mailing list who worked together on the arpanet ' s protocols, and the hackers and homebrew community who freely shared information in the service of compulsive optimization of code and hardware. by 1994 a well regular, howard rheingold, described usenet newsgroups in terms that approximated engelbart ' s vision : newsgroups have constituted a worldwide, multimillion member, collective thinktank, available twenty - four hours a day to answer any question from the trivial to the scholarly. if you have a question about sports statistics, scientific knowledge, technical lore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5550545229196964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.965521"} {"text": "mediation skillimportant as teaching aid \" schools can prevent violence by teaching conflict resolution skills. \" the maryland state department of education featured this hopeful message at a recent statewide conference for 550 educators and concerned citizens. misunderstandings and verbal abuse, like teasing, name - calling, put - downs, threats and hurtful rumors, upset children and hinder their ability to focus on school work. misunderstandings and verbal abuse sometimes escalate into violence. conference participants heard how some educators are teaching students to deal constructively with misunderstandings and verbal abuse. for example, staff from two schools explained how they are integrating conflict resolution skills throughout their schools. their administrators and teachers are learning to model and teach the skills ; they are starting peer mediation programs ; and they are giving informational packets to parents. another school teaches every sixth - grader 30 lessons on communication, anger management and other conflict resolution skills. another infuses conflict resolution concepts into reading, language arts and social studies classes. some teach conflict resolution skills in multicultural contexts. in a number of schools, student peer mediators help other students who are having difficulties dealing with misunderstandings, anger or verbal abuse. for example, student mediators at one large high school are on track this year to do 1, 000 mediations and help 2, 000 students resolve their disputes. these mediations are preventing the 1, 000 disputes from possibly escalating into physical violence and are enabling the 2, 000 students involved to return more quickly to their school work. schools are teaching, or are considering teaching, impulse control, anger management and other conflict - resolution skills to suspended students and to students who are disciplinary transfers. plans are afoot for a program to teach the skills to students on probation. but conflict resolution is not a quick fix. conflict resolution programs tend to be mediocre or tend to fail if schools do not fulfill two basic requirements for long - term success. one requirement is that administrators and teachers understand what programs cost in time, money and personnel, and then make appropriate commitments. for example, one maryland school ' s peer mediation program in its second year did over 500 mediations, and suspensions decreased 55 percent. yet there was no program the third year. its coordinator had promoted the program, arranged and monitored 500 mediations, debriefed disputants and mediators, provided ongoing training for the mediators and dealt with the paperwork. but she was still expected to do her previous full - time job in the school. she burned out. the other requirement for long -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46081376489660647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.976811"} {"text": "##efed disputants and mediators, provided ongoing training for the mediators and dealt with the paperwork. but she was still expected to do her previous full - time job in the school. she burned out. the other requirement for long - term success is that school administrators and teachers learn conflict resolution skills themselves, so that they model and reinforce the behaviors that they are teaching the students. it does little good for teachers to teach students about put - downs while using put - downs themselves. according to the national association for mediation in education, which has observed programs around the country for 10 years, programs that lack this two - fold foundation have limited success and impact. creative conflict resolution involves thinking and behaving constructively. it is not a fad. it is a necessity in today ' s violent world. i am gratified that some schools are starting to teach these skills. i look forward to the day when all children and all their teachers have the opportunity to learn them. it can be done. next for pigtown in the evening sun jan. 2, the headline read \" pigtown : the wounded neighborhood. \" well, the city had a lot to do with the wounding of pigtown. first they restricted parking in this district for camden yards. then they cut three bus lines through pigtown to serve a light rail system that bypasses pigtown. then they took the bus stop shelter away at the corner of washington boulevard and barre streets. what ' s next? a lot of good people still live and work in pigtown. we are not all prisoners in our homes. we enjoy our evenings too. philip a. thayer the slaughter on our highways due to drunk driving will go on forever unless individuals and institutions share some of the responsibility. as it is now, only the driver and the courts have the power to keep drunk drivers off the roads, but it is not working. here is a suggestion : a second conviction for drunk driving should result in confiscation of the car as well as loss of the operator ' s license. if the car is not paid for, it would be returned to the holder of the title. however, just as gun dealers are expected to make background checks on customers, car dealers should also be required to check the driving records of car buyers before they finalize the sale.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4423751985899838, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.977912"} {"text": "london ( reuters ) - scientists have shown how and why the \" sunshine \" vitamin d can speed recovery in tuberculosis ( tb ) patients, helping explain why the so - called heliotherapy of a bygone, pre - antibiotic era may have done some good. from the late 1800s - well before the development of antibiotics in 1930s - tb patients were often sent to retreats where they were encouraged to soak up the sun ' s rays in what was known as heliotherapy or phototherapy. a study led by british researchers has found that high doses of vitamin d - which is made in the body when exposed to sunlight - given alongside antibiotic treatment, appears to help patients recover more quickly from the infectious lung disease. the findings suggest high doses of the vitamin dampen down the body ' s inflammatory response to infection, reducing damage to the lungs, said adrian martineau, a senior lecturer in respiratory infection and immunity at queen mary university of london, who led the study. \" sometimes these inflammatory responses can cause tissue damage leading to... cavities in the lung, \" he said. \" if we can help these cavities to heal more quickly, then patients should be infectious for a shorter period of time, and they may also suffer less lung damage. \" the researchers also said they think vitamin d ' s ability to dampen inflammatory responses without interfering with the action of antibiotics suggests supplements might be useful for patients taking antibiotics for diseases like pneumonia, sepsis and other lung infections. tb, which people in wealthier parts of the world often mistakenly believe to be a thing of the past, is proving a tough disease to beat. in 2010, it infected 8. 8 million people worldwide and killed 1. 4 million. the infection destroys lung tissue, causing patients to cough up the bacteria which then spreads through the air and can be inhaled by others. in recent years, rates of drug - resistant tb have been spreading fast across the world, causing alarm among public health officials and prompting calls for more research into new and more effective treatments. the researchers, whose study was published by the proceedings of the national academy of sciences on monday, split 95 tb patients who were on standard antibiotic treatment into two groups. for the first eight weeks of their treatment, 44 of them were also given high dose vitamin d, while the remaining 51 got placebos. anna coussens from britain ' s national institute for medical research measured signs of inflammation in blood samples to see what effect the vitamin d had on immune responses. \" we found that a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42326141768410763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.980934"} {"text": "researchers have identified a hormone naturally produced by the body that cut the amount of food volunteers consumed by up to 36 %, a finding that could eventually lead to new types of natural weight - loss drugs. the hormone \" is what stops you from having a third helping, \" said dr. stephen bloom of imperial college in london, who led the study. the hormone, called pyy3 - 36, was shown to reduce food intake in rats over a long period, the team reports in today ' s issue of the journal nature. new ways of controlling weight gain are desperately needed. some researchers estimate that as much as 60 % of the american population is overweight, and the obesity epidemic is extending to childhood. about 13 % of children and 16 % of adolescents are estimated to be overweight, and the proportion is growing rapidly, fueled by fast food and lack of exercise. new studies have shown that obesity is the second leading cause of preventable deaths, after smoking. weight - loss drugs and programs are a $ 40 - billion - per - year industry - - and growing. there are about 15 drugs for treating obesity that are in human clinical trials or about to begin them, according to a recent study by the market research firm marketdata enterprises inc. but many diet drugs produce only modest weight loss. the loss does not persist for long periods and most drugs have undesirable side effects, such as hyperactivity and extreme dry mouth. \" if we are to combat the global obesity epidemic, such breakthroughs [ as this ] are urgently needed, \" wrote dr. michael w. schwartz of the university of washington in an editorial in the same journal. experts agree that it will be years before a useful drug can be produced from the new finding - - if one can be at all. one stumbling block, for example, is that the hormone cannot be administered orally because acids in the stomach would destroy it. but this discovery certainly represents one of the most promising leads in recent years. many hormones that reduce appetite have been identified, \" but this one has important features that distinguish it from the others, \" said dr. david e. cummings of the veterans affairs puget health care system and the university of washington. its effects lasted longer than those of other hormones and repeated injections produced long - lasting appetite suppression and weight loss in rats, he said. \" others don ' t do this, \" he said. they change eating patterns but don ' t produce long - term weight loss. moreover, most of the other substances previously identified have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4517274046483654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.988227"} {"text": "- lasting appetite suppression and weight loss in rats, he said. \" others don ' t do this, \" he said. they change eating patterns but don ' t produce long - term weight loss. moreover, most of the other substances previously identified have not been tested in humans, he said. cummings himself made a splash earlier this year with the discovery of another hormone, called ghrelin, that increases appetite. pyy3 - 36, he said, \" is the anti - ghrelin. \" the existence of pyy3 - 36 has been known about for some time, but the new study is the first to show what it does. bloom and colleagues from oregon and australia demonstrated that the hormone, a peptide containing 34 amino acids strung together, is produced in the intestines following a meal. its natural function is to make you stop eating because you feel full, said team member dr. caroline j. small of imperial university. the team gave injections of the drug under the skin to rats that were exposed continuously to food, as well as to rats that had been starved for 24 hours. both groups showed marked decreases in appetite. importantly, the drug did not lose its effectiveness after repeated administration, as has been observed with many other such hormones. the results were also significant, cummings said, because the team administered the drug at very low doses that were comparable to levels found naturally in the bloodstream. the british team then infused low levels of the hormone directly into the bloodstream of 12 human volunteers, while infusing a placebo into a control group of 12 other adults. two hours later, all the volunteers were allowed access to a buffet. those who received the hormone ate 36 % less food than those who received the placebo. they continued to eat less for at least 12 hours. because pyy3 - 36 must be given by infusion, it is unlikely to become a significant weight - loss drug itself, bloom conceded. \" but it may be possible to identify foods which cause the release of more pyy3 - 36, helping to naturally limit appetite, or it may be possible to create a tablet with a similar effect, providing an excellent, natural and safe long - term treatment for obesity, \" bloom said. researchers have many hurdles to overcome before then, noted dr. richard atkinson, president of the american obesity assn. rats exposed to many other appetite - limiting hormones have been shown to develop a tolerance, and some fear that humans would develop a similar tolerance to pyy3 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4699136083989559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.991214"} {"text": "the symptoms begin suddenly, without warning - - difficulty breathing, chest pains and palpitations. some people feel lightheaded and dizzy. some sweat and tremble and hyperventilate. a few even faint. these are the characteristics of a panic attack - - a usually brief period of acute anxiety often dominated by a feeling of losing control, losing one ` s mind or even dying. ` ` most panic attacks are spontaneous. nothing in particular triggers them, ` ` said dr. jeffrey brown, a neurologist and psychiatrist from palm beach gardens. ` ` people get a sense of impending doom, that something horrible is going to happen to them soon. ` ` panic attacks are not a rare condition, ` ` brown said. ` ` i see new cases many times each year. they don ` t seem to affect either sex more than the other. ` ` an individual attack typically lasts less than a half hour, but an acute episode can last a couple of hours. they can be extremely frightening and debilitating. a lot of patients end up in the emergency room. some people become afraid to leave home. ` ` brown and an associate, dr. michael tuchman, also a neurologist and psychiatrist, are helping to conduct a national clinical trial of a new drug, fluvoxamine, that may be successful in treating panic disorders. the drug, first marketed 10 years ago in switzerland, is available in 30 countries, including canada, according to a spokesman for the american division of the manufacturer, solvay pharmaceuticals of marietta, ga. fluvoxamine is approved in those countries for treating obsessive - compulsive disorder and depression, but many doctors have found it also combats panic attacks, said don fraser, a doctor of pharmacy at solvay. solvay has applied to the food and drug administration for approval of the drug, to be marketed under the name luvox, for obsessive - compulsive disorder and depression. the company also hopes to gain fda approval for use in panic attacks, although once approved for any use, it could be employed for so - called off - label purposes such as the panic syndrome. upjohn would market luvox if it gains approval. fluvoxamine received favorable comment in a study reported in the january issue of the archives of general psychiatry that compared the drug, a placebo and cognitive therapy. the research team, headed by dr. donald black, an associate professor of psychiatry at the university of iowa college of medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4999587104761445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.995752"} {"text": "in a study reported in the january issue of the archives of general psychiatry that compared the drug, a placebo and cognitive therapy. the research team, headed by dr. donald black, an associate professor of psychiatry at the university of iowa college of medicine, found that the drug produced at least moderate improvement in 13 of 23 patients ( 57 percent ) who received the drug, compared to five of 23 ( 22 percent ) who received the placebo. the cognitive therapy, in which people were taught how to distract themselves from the panic attacks, as well as given reinforcement that particular physical responses would not end in catastrophe, helped in eight of 20 cases ( 40 percent ). in terms of actual panic attacks, 10 of 23 ( 43 percent ) of the drug recipients were free of such attacks, compared to five of 20 ( 25 percent ) receiving cognitive therapy and one of 23 ( 4 percent ) placebo recipients. to help the drug firms produce additional data to submit to the fda, brown and tuchman are recruiting volunteers for a 10 - week study, which will be double - blind. neither the patient nor the doctor will know if the patient is receiving the drug or a placebo. ` ` we ` ve actually had a problem finding patients who are relatively pure, ` ` brown said. ` ` a lot of the prospective participants are depressed because of marital problems and don ` t really suffer panic attacks. ` ` quite a number of people who do have the attacks have turned to illicit substances, mostly marijuana, to deal with the problem. we can ` t include them because we have to show whether the drug - - and the drug alone - - is effective and safe. ` ` to qualify for the study, brown said, a candidate must be between ages 18 and 60, in good health, free from other psychiatric diagnoses, not pregnant and suffer no fewer than three nor more than 20 panic attacks a week. ` ` when someone calls, they should ask for a research nurse, either sharon smith or kathleen mckim, and they will be screened initially on the phone, ` ` brown said. ` ` if they fulfill the initial criteria, they will come to meet the nurse, be asked more detailed questions, undergo a psychiatric screening and get a physical workup that includes an ekg, drug screening and appropriate blood work. ` ` if a person is taking sleeping pills or tranquilzers, he or she will have to be taken off those medications for the duration of the study. there is no charge to participate in the study, and patients may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4397338126448484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:47.996835"} {"text": "what is constipation? constipation is an abnormal condition in which bowel movements are less frequent than usual for you. constipation is difficulty with irregular bowel movements or pass hard, dry stools. everyone has differences in their normal pattern and regular bowel movements, but constipation can be defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week. constipation is generally the most common astrointestinal problems. constipation is very common in teenage children and the aged, but can transpire in any age group or inhabitants. the main cause of constipation is due to the low - fiber diet or dehydration. constipation is found amongst youngsters, the aged and pregnant women. each individual has different bowel patterns. some of the symptoms associated with constipation are bloating, discomfort and sluggishness. adequate understanding of the cause will help prevent constipation. the main common sources of constipation are bad foodstuffs and absence of exercise. when you are constipated, have bowel movements that are hard, dry and difficult or painful and difficult to remove. diseases and condition \u2013 causes of constipation 1. the excessive intake of calcium or iron 2. irritable bowel syndrome 3. weak intestinal muscles 6.. diet low in fiber 7. low fluid intake 8. lack of exercise in some cases, constipation may occur with symptoms that could indicate a serious or life - threatening disease such as : symptoms of constipation 1. problems breathing or difficulty breathing, and shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, wheezing, 2. change in level of sensibility or readiness, such as passing out or no reaction 3. rapid heart rate ( tachycardia ) or rapid breathing ( tachypnea ) 4. whites of the eyes ( icterus ) and yellowing of the skin 5. high fever ( over 101 degrees fahrenheit ) 6. stool with blood, tarry black color 7. choking or shortness of breath 8. loss of strength or weakness 9. rigid, board - like abdomen 10. significant rectal bleeding 11. severe abdominal pain home remedies for constipation 1. warm milk : drink a glass of warm milk before bedtime. use grandma \u2019 s advice to treat constipation. the next day they do not eat a lot of garbage. just a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5027088100329964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.006729"} {"text": "home remedies for constipation 1. warm milk : drink a glass of warm milk before bedtime. use grandma \u2019 s advice to treat constipation. the next day they do not eat a lot of garbage. just a bit of soup and bread and simple carbohydrates. the next night, you can consume your meal. it is very effective. 2. triphala : triphala have been used in india for centuries, this is an effective home remedy to treat constipation. you can take this every day, even if you do not have constipation. it is a herbal remedy and has no side effects. triphala combines the properties of lubricating laxative and purgative laxative bulk. it upgrades el salvadoran colon fitness and acts as a evacuate without causing pains or displeasure. 3. castor oil : if you are experiencing chronic constipation then add two tablespoons of castor oil in warm milk and drink. doing this, probably in a day off. 4. fruits : eat lots of fruit, in general, fruits are beneficial in the treatment of constipation. apples, oranges, guavas, grapes, plums are great. avoid fruits like bananas and fat on dry stools jack and more. 5. corn syrup : try a teaspoon of corn syrup adds a glass of water to treat constipation. 6. honey with milk : add a little honey in a glass of milk or warm water and drink once in the morning and once at night. 7. isabgol : mix 3 tablespoons isabgol ( psyllium ) in water or milk or juice and drink it before going to bed. this is a filler and softens the stool and the next morning you see the difference. 8. lemon : take a lemon or two of work and squeeze its juice in hot water and keep drinking it. do not add sugar or salt. 9. asafoetida : while cooking use asafoetida, cumin powder, turmeric powder and coriander to make the food easy to digest. 10. warm water : drink 7 to 8 glasses of warm water. it motions the small intestines and leads to regular stools 11. bale fruit : bale fruit is the best laxative of all fruits. it cleans and tones up the intestines and relieves constipation. natural remedies & home remedies for consti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3714534743697945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.008585"} {"text": "stools 11. bale fruit : bale fruit is the best laxative of all fruits. it cleans and tones up the intestines and relieves constipation. natural remedies & home remedies for constipation 1. yoga : yoga has many postures that can be beneficial for constipation and other diseases as well. the yoga poses squeeze the body parts in a way to relieve tension and make the digestive organs to work more efficiently and improve digestion and elimination. in many cases, constipation is caused due to stress and mental stress and yoga can help get rid of these problems as well. the practice of yoga poses simple 10 to 15 minutes a day in the morning can be really useful. 2. acupressure : acupressure can also be helpful in constipation by pressing on certain points of the body that help in curing constipation. the various points in the inspection body different energy points and cure many diseases like constipation. the acupressure points once you know that can be pressed at home very easily 3 to 5 minutes each day at each point. 3. naturopathy : naturopathy involves using natural elements to cure the ills of the body. for example, many diseases can be cured with the treatment of air exercises involving the lungs. for water and mud constipation therapies are used. mud is usually applied in the stomach, which removes body heat and toxins. it also stimulates the excretory system. 4. the control of cough old : although not very common, many naturopaths also emphasize much on removing old cough. the reason for this is to glue old cough into the intestines and feces gradually also beginning to stick to the walls of the intestine that can cause loss of water in the bowel and chronic constipation. precaution to be taken for constipation 1. if you have constipation or not, you should always do the following to have regular bowel movements and to stay healthy. 2. have your bowel movements at a certain time every day standard. do not skip it because it \u2019 s going to be late for work or for any other reason. 3. eat only three times, or up to 4 times a day. eat only when hungry and take food from home to office or an outing. 4. eating a well balanced diet, high in fiber include beans, bran", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3967836775556709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.010855"} {"text": "parent - child interactions in ethnically diverse families in the first years of life, infants \u2019 rapid advances in language, object exploration, play, and motor development do not occur in isolation. parents are nearby supporting infants \u2019 emerging skills. research with diverse families in the united states highlights the profound influence of these early parenting behaviors for later school readiness. findings will be presented on the types of parent - child interactions that promote children \u2019 s early development in families from diverse backgrounds ( european american, african american, dominican, mexican, and chinese ). discussion will focus on the role of practitioners in supporting parents and in promoting foundational skills in infants and toddlers. catherine s. tamis - lemonda is currently professor of developmental psychology at new york university \u2019 s steinhardt school of culture, education, and human development. she is director of the center for research on culture, development, and education, which focuses on infants and children from culturally diverse backgrounds. her research examines infants \u2019 developing language, cognition, and social understanding across the first four years of life. her special interest is in the social and cultural contexts of early development, especially the ways in which mothers \u2019 and fathers \u2019 beliefs and practices shape children \u2019 s developmental trajectories in different populations within the united states and internationally.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5108425744613754, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.012947"} {"text": "1962 marx and the dictatorship of the proletariat [ draper ] from new politics, vol. 1, no. 4, summer 1962, pp. 93 ff. transcribed by adam buick. this study deals with the origin and history of the phrase \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d in marx and engels. it asks : what aid this term mean to them? the larger subject behind it is \u201c the state and democracy \u201d in marx \u2019 s writings. but study of this subject is shadowed by the belief that marx advocated a \u201c dictatorship. \u201d this is reinforced by the two types of exegetes who today carry on the cold war over the corpus of marxism : the bourgeois ideologues who think they must prove marx an authoritarian in order to defeat moscow ; and the soviet schoolmen whose assignment it is to wrap stalinism in quotations from marx, both these camps are anxious to prove the same thing. in fact, marxian exegeses, once the property of a few socialist scholars, bids fair to become a minor world industry, the larger issue, then, is the image of marx for the modern world. for me, marxism is the gateway to a revolutionary socialism which is thoroughly democratic and a democratic socialism which is thoroughly revolutionary. hence the need for the investigation which follows. there is no survey of the use of the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d in marx and engels which is even near complete. the first question is what the word \u201c dictatorship \u201d meant in the middle of the 19th century. this happens to be a word that assumed its present meaning in relatively recent times. the encyclopedia of the social sciences dates this transformation to the \u201c decade following the [ first ] world war. \u201d till well into the 19th century the word remained primarily a reference to the institution of \u201c dictatorship \u201d in the roman republican constitution. the roman dictatura was a constitutional provision for a temporary one - man ruler named, for a particular crisis, with limited powers. the modern institution which corresponds to it is \u201c martial law \u201d ( on the continent, \u201c state of siege \u201d ) as a form of crisis - government. by the time of the french revolution, even the \u201c one - man \u201d connotation had weakened somewhat. the girondins, for example, attacked \u201c the dictatorship of the paris commune ; \u201d there were references to the \u201c dictatorship of the convention. \u201d we have here the \u201c dictatorship \u201d of a popular, relatively democratic body. the primitive communist movement led by babeuf in the last episode of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5622217876587726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.064421"} {"text": "attacked \u201c the dictatorship of the paris commune ; \u201d there were references to the \u201c dictatorship of the convention. \u201d we have here the \u201c dictatorship \u201d of a popular, relatively democratic body. the primitive communist movement led by babeuf in the last episode of the revolution picked up and used the word ; between a one - man dictatorship and a dictatorship of the revolutionary leadership, they decided in favor of the latter. from this time to marx, the idea of a revolutionary dictatorship was virtually standard in the early socialist and communist movement, being accepted in one form or another by weitling, saint - simon, bakunin, proudhon and louis blanc, as well as the three b \u2019 s of the period, babeuf, buonarroti, blanqui. while blanqui and the blanquists, like others, advocated a revolutionary dictatorship, it is not true that blanqui or his followers anticipated marx in using the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat, \u201d as has been asserted in some hundreds of books, each copying from the other. it has been established by maurice dommanget and alan spitzer that there is no record whatsoever that blanqui ever used the term. the claim stems largely from r. w. postgate \u2019 s out of the past, not a line of whose purported evidence stands up tinder investigation. everybody repeated the conclusion and no one bothered to check it. these earlier advocates of revolutionary dictatorship clearly meant a dictatorship of one sort or another over the proletariat. as we shall see, marx formulated the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d precisely as a counterposition to this idea, which was the orthodoxy of the day. how does marx use the word \u201c dictatorship \u201d, apart from the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d? writing to engels march 31, 1851, marx details his money troubles and adds : \u201c and besides all that, they have me exploiting the workers and striving for a dictatorship! quelle horreur. \u201d plainly he was not aware that he was for a dictatorship. in 1857 marx writes of england that palmerston \u2019 s administration was a \u201c dictatorship \u201d since the beginning of the war with russia. this, for his new york tribune readers, refers to the war - crisis powers and activities of a government otherwise not very \u201c dictatorial \u201d. but let us look especially at the same work in which he is first going to use the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d, namely, the class struggles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4996477461610198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.065467"} {"text": "- crisis powers and activities of a government otherwise not very \u201c dictatorial \u201d. but let us look especially at the same work in which he is first going to use the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d, namely, the class struggles in france 1648 - 1850. we have room only to point to three out of many passages. ( 1 ) here marx first makes the distinction between the dictatorship of a class and dictatorship over a class : \u201c but cavaignac was not the dictatorship of the sabre over bourgeois society ; he was the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie by the sabre. \u201d alongside cavaignac existed also a sovereign assembly ; in fact, marx refers elsewhere in the same work to \u201c the dictatorship of cavaignac and the constituent assembly, \u201d giving us the \u201c dictatorship \u201d of a representative body again, like the \u201c dictatorship of the convention. \u201d ( 2 ) when in the next stage of the events the \u201c party of order \u201d used its parliamentary majority to scrap universal suffrage, marx comments : by repudiating universal suffrage, with which it had hitherto draped itself and from which it sucked its omnipotence, the bourgeoisie openly confesses, \u201c our dictatorship has hitherto existed by the will of the people ; it must now be consolidated against the will of the people \u201d. [ all emphasis in quotations as in the original. ] this reference to a \u201c dictatorship \u201d based on universal suffrage reflecting \u201c the will of the people \u201d is another indication of the aura of the word. ( 3 ) explicitly distinguished from a \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d is marx \u2019 s description of a possible government of \u201c the social - democratic party \u201d, i. e. the party of the pink - socialistic louis blanc, whom he despised, and the timid democrats of the \u201c mountain, \u201d who were an even sorrier lot. ( this was then called the \u201c red \u201d party, but let us not be confused by terminology. ) in a remarkable sentence marx refers simultaneously to two \u201c dictatorships \u201d in connection with a discussion of the \u201c exploiters \u201d versus the \u201c allies \u201d of the peasant : the constitutional republic is the dictatorship of his united exploiters ; the social - democratic, the red republic, is the dictatorship of his allies. obviously this does not mean what we mean by \u201c dictatorship, \u201d but rather a domination, a social rule. when in his writings marx advocates the domination or rule of the working class, the term he usually employs is herrschaft. this represents the view", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5282141032968053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.066511"} {"text": "obviously this does not mean what we mean by \u201c dictatorship, \u201d but rather a domination, a social rule. when in his writings marx advocates the domination or rule of the working class, the term he usually employs is herrschaft. this represents the view he adopted, probably around 1845 and first expressed in the german ideology, that to achieve communism the proletariat must take political power. this is the view which is occasionally going to \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d in 1847 engels wrote in an article, \u201c in all civilized countries the necessary consequence of democracy is the political rule of the proletariat, and the political rule of the proletariat is the first presupposition of all communist measures. \u201d in his preliminary draft of the communist manifesto, he answered the question, \u201c what will be the course of this revolution? \u201d as follows : first of all, it will establish a democratic constitution and thereby, directly or indirectly, the political rule of the proletariat. and in the manifesto marx and engels say \u201c that the first step in the revolution by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy. \u201d when this has been accomplished and the proletariat abolishes \u201c the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. \u201d although the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d does not appear in the manifesto, the passages quoted here appear in our story later. but the first \u201c dictatorship \u201d which marx advocated was, in point of fact, not that of the proletariat. this was in the midst of the 1848 revolutionary upsurge in germany when marx, editing the neue rheinische zeitung in cologne, was lambasting the ludicrous pusillanimity and empty phrasemongering of the bourgeois national assembly in frankfurt, which was afraid to take any strong action against the crown and the absolutist regime. its ministers, wrote marx, were bleating about standing on constitutional principle while the absolutist counterrevolution organized itself. but what was going on was a revolution, which had first to establish constitutional principle. one had to fight with energy now so that there would be a constitutional principle to stand on. every provisional state setup after a revolution requires a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.541288134201925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.067741"} {"text": "governments of the german states \u201c had counted upon a very dictatorial and revolutionary action on its part \u201d but in fact the assembly gave them little cause to worry. in short, marx \u2019 s first call for a revolutionary \u201c dictatorship \u201d was for an energetic regime by the nearest thing to a representative democracy that germany had, literally a \u201c dictatorship \u201d of the democracy. we now come to the loci in which marx and engels used the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d. there are eleven in all ( counting a work with more than one such passage as only one ). they cluster in three periods : ( 1 ) 1850 - 52, i. e. after the revolution of 1848 ; ( 2 ) 1872 - 75, i. e. after the paris commune, and ( 3 ) 1890 - 91, this last period being, we shall see, a sort of echo from 1875. in both the first and second periods, and most clearly in the very first locus, marx used the term particularly in connection with the blanquists.. what exactly was the nature of this connection? marx \u2019 s attitude toward blanqui and his movement remained essentially the same from 1844, when marx first became a socialist, to the end. this attitude combined complete rejection of the blanquist putsch, to be made by a conspiratorial group with great admiration for blanqui as a devoted and honest revolutionist ; it combined great respect for blanqui as a socialist militant with no respect for his ideas on how to make a revolution. in revolutionary periods marx sought joint action with the blanquists and other revolutionary currents \u2012 a \u201c united front \u201d \u2012 in spite of political disagreement. such united - front contact took place especially in 1850 and again after the paris commune. in both cases these were \u201c united fronts \u201d or joint action in london, between marx and engels and blanquist refugees from the fighting in france. in these contacts, marx and engels, rejecting the blanquist concept of dictatorship, counterposed to it their own formulation of the \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d this is what engels explained in retrospect when, in 1874, he set down explicitly the difference between the blanquist and the marxist idea : from blanqui \u2019 s assumption, that any revolution may be made by the outbreak of a small revolutionary minority, follows of itself the necessity of a dictatorship after the success of the venture. this is, of course, a dictatorship, not of the entire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5128036198178292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.071690"} {"text": "blanqui \u2019 s assumption, that any revolution may be made by the outbreak of a small revolutionary minority, follows of itself the necessity of a dictatorship after the success of the venture. this is, of course, a dictatorship, not of the entire revolutionary class, the proletariat, but of the small minority that has made the revolution, and who are themselves previously organized under the dictatorship of one or several individuals. [ this passage is referred to below as locus 7. ] one can hardly demand a clearer line of demarcation between the blanquist dictatorship of the active revolutionary minority and a class dictatorship or domination, the rule \u201c of the entire revolutionary class. \u201d this emphasis on class dictatorship is what we find in the first locus. the first use of \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d is in marx \u2019 s articles, later assembled under the title the class struggles in france 1848 - 1850, in his new london magazine neue rheinische zeitung, politisch - okonomische revue. the first article ( in the first issue ) was written in january and published in early march. after the defeat of the june 1848 workers \u2019 uprising, says marx, \u201c there appeared the bold slogan of revolutionary struggle : overthrow of the bourgeoisie! dictatorship of the working class! \u201d [ let us call this locus 1a. ] there is a problem here. marx writes that \u201c the bold slogan \u201d appeared : \u201c overthrow of the bourgeoisie! \u201d but then there immediately follows the slogan of the \u201c dictatorship of the working class. \u201d is marx intending to say that this slogan \u201c appeared \u201d among the revolutionary workers too? but it is quite certain that it did not. i suggest he is not literally claiming that this hitherto - unknown slogan \u201c appeared, \u201d but rather he is explaining, in apposition, what the \u201c bold slogan \u201d of overthrow of the bourgeoisie means \u2012 in the first place, what it means to him, marx. in reality he is launching the slogan himself, putting words to the inchoate working - class aspiration expressed in the revolution. in the second article ( written at the beginning and published towards the end of march ) marx comments that the proletariat was \u201c not yet enabled through the development of the remaining classes to seize the revolutionary dictatorship \u201d and therefore \u201c had to throw itself into the arms \u201d of the social - democrats. [ this qualifies as locus 1b. ] he is here not only excluding the idea of establishing the \u201c revolutionary dictatorship \u201d by a band of consp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5393010837836314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.073022"} {"text": "dictatorship \u201d and therefore \u201c had to throw itself into the arms \u201d of the social - democrats. [ this qualifies as locus 1b. ] he is here not only excluding the idea of establishing the \u201c revolutionary dictatorship \u201d by a band of conspirators, but also even by the proletariat as long as it does not yet have the support of other classes. as elsewhere in the same work, as previously in the manifesto, the \u201c rule \u201d or \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d is firmly linked to the idea of majority support. the third article ( written march 5 - 15 and published in mid - april ) said : the proletariat rallies more and more round revolutionary socialism, round communism, for which the bourgeoisie has itself invented the name of blanqui. this socialism is the declaration of the permanence of the revolution, the class dictatorship of the proletariat as the necessary transit point to the abolition of class distinctions generally, to the abolition of all the relations of production on which they rest, to the abolition of all the social relations that correspond to these relations of production, to the revolutionizing of all the ideas that result from these social relations. [ locus 1c. ] it is ironic that this, by marx himself, is the only contemporary passage on record which links blanqui \u2019 s name with \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d! it is marx who does the linking. of course, he is not saying it is blanqui \u2019 s slogan : he is saying that the bourgeoisie has attached blanqui \u2019 s name to this revolutionary socialism, emphasizing the class character of the revolutionary regime. we can now suggest why the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d makes its appearance in connection with the blanquists but not by the blanquists, ordinarily marx \u2019 s expression for this idea was \u201c rule of the proletariat, \u201d \u201c political power of the working class, \u201d etc., as in the manifesto. when, however, it is a question of counterposing this class concept to the blanquist - type dictatorship, it is dressed in the formula \u201c class dictatorship \u201d. class dictatorship is then counterposed to blanquist dictatorship. in united fronts with the blanquists, it was only such a class formula that could be acceptable to marx, such a united front was formed in early 1850 when marx still considered a new revolutionary upsurge to be imminent. he set about developing a framework", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5018559900477124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.074329"} {"text": "with the blanquists, it was only such a class formula that could be acceptable to marx, such a united front was formed in early 1850 when marx still considered a new revolutionary upsurge to be imminent. he set about developing a framework for joint action by revolutionary groups from various countries, an embryonic international, through representatives in london, including the left - wing chartists around harney, the communist league of the german emigres, and the french revolutionary refugees \u201c who wanted to differentiate themselves from the bourgeois democrats [ and therefore ] usually called themselves blanquist \u201d ( as arthur rosenberg puts it in democracy and socialism ). in april there was formed a societe universelle des communistes revolutionnaires on the basis of a brief programmatic agreement signed by marx, engels and august willich for the communist league, harney, and two blanquist emigres. the constituent organizations retained their independence while joined in practical collaboration. article 1 of the agreement read : the aim of the association is the downfall of all the privileged classes, to subject these classes to the dictatorship of the proletarians by maintaining the revolution in permanence until the achievement of communism, which is to be the last organizational form of the human family. [ locus 2. ] this is in willich \u2019 s handwriting, and perhaps the exact formulation is his too. at the very same time that this agreement was made, marx and engels published in nrz - revue an open criticism of the blanquist conspiratorial illusions which their french allies held, characterizing them as \u201c forestalling the process of revolutionary development, pushing it artificially into crises, making a revolution on the spur of the moment without the conditions for a revolution \u2026 they are the alchemists of the revolution, \u201d etc. this educational critique of blanquism, at the very moment after they had entered into a united - front agreement with blanquists, was a deliberate effort by marx and engels to utilize the new relationship to \u201c straighten out \u201d their allies, to influence their views. while it is doubtful if the sucr ever really got off paper in the first place, in any case it died for good after september, when marx concluded that the revolutionary wave was spent and that reorientation toward a new period was necessary. marx \u2019 s class struggles in france next evoked an echo within germany, in frankfurt, the neue deutsche zeitung was co - edited by joseph weydemeyer and otto luning ( who were also brothers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45859761504024055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.075756"} {"text": "with such a title till at least 1918. it is all the more interesting since the article is not really about the dictatorship of the proletariat for the most part. most of it is a condensation of a good part of the communist manifesto. there is a reference to die diktatur des in den grossen stadten konzentrirten proletariats, only in the last paragraph. for present purposes the most important thing about weydemeyer \u2019 s article is simply its existence. indications are that when marx penned his famous letter of march 5 to weydemeyer, he had just recently received the latter \u2019 s own article on the dictatorship of the proletariat. this letter, moreover, is devoted to giving his friend suggestions for material for subsequent articles, in the course of which he advises on the treatment of certain american opponents. the reference to \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d comes in here. the next paragraph says : \u201c from the foregoing notes take whatever you consider suitable. \u201d in other words, marx has been jotting down notes to be used by weydemeyer for his, weydemeyer \u2019 s, own articles. what marx wrote was that he did not claim credit for discovery of classes or the class struggles : what i did that was new was to prove : 1 ) that the existence of classes is only bound up with particular historical phases in the development of production, 2 ) that the class struggle necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariat, 3 ) that this dictatorship itself only constitutes the transition to the abolition of all classes and to a classless society [ locus 4 ] in using \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d here, instead of his usual \u201c rule of the proletariat, \u201d etc., marx was echoing weydemeyer, who himself was echoing marx in 1850. marx was throwing in a phrase that had special connotations and associations for his correspondent. his use of it in a private letter in passing depended on a certain amount of \u201c understood \u201d background. in this sense weydemeyer was not just the recipient of the famous letter but its begetter. for the next 20 years, no sign of the term appears in any writing, public or private, by marx or engels. ( or by anyone else, including blanquists. ) during these decades there was little contact between marx and the blanquists ; it is no accident that during these same two decades the term \u201c dictatorship of the pro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945578547322062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.083858"} {"text": "or engels. ( or by anyone else, including blanquists. ) during these decades there was little contact between marx and the blanquists ; it is no accident that during these same two decades the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d does not show up. the blanquists talked as usual about the revolutionary dictatorship of their band or of \u201c paris, \u201d and the marxists talked as usual about the \u201c rule of the proletariat \u201d or \u201c political power of the working class. \u201d what we have seen is that the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d as used by marx is the reformulation of the latter when counterposed to the former. when marx wrote his great defense and analysis of the paris commune, the civil war in france, he still had no contact with the blanquists. the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d does not appear in this work. there are three features of it important for the rest of our story : 1. marx presents the commune as \u201c a working - class government \u2026 the political form at last discovered under which to work out the economical emancipation of labour. \u201d this and other formulations are so sweeping that a government so described must be, for marx, that which he elsewhere called \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d. 2. what determined the character of the commune, for marx, was the hegemony of the proletariat in the revolution, that is, the fact that all the other class elements in the revolution looked to it as the vanguard and leader. 3. at the same time, lengthy sections of the civil war in france are devoted to painting in glowing colors the thoroughgoing democratic character of the commune ; universal suffrage, all officials and judges elective and revocable, abolition of the standing army, end of all \u201c hierarchic investiture \u201d, depoliticalization of the police, communal democracy from below replacing the shattered centralized state, etc. all this marx summed up by saying that the commune \u201c supplied the republic with the basis of really democratic institutions \u2026 its special measures could but betoken the tendency of a government of the people by the people. \u201d ( in contrast, the blanquists regarded the commune \u2019 s democratic measures as a weakness and a mistake. the contrast between these two diametrically opposed analysis of commune democracy was contained in ovo in the two different formulations on the \u201c dictatorship. \u201d ) with the defeat of the commune,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5063026381570173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.089298"} {"text": "commune \u2019 s democratic measures as a weakness and a mistake. the contrast between these two diametrically opposed analysis of commune democracy was contained in ovo in the two different formulations on the \u201c dictatorship. \u201d ) with the defeat of the commune, the influx of communards to london included many blanquists and their leaders. here for the first time many of them came into prolonged contact with marx, his circle, and the general council of the international. there was considerable impact on them for several reasons ; the role of marx \u2019 s civil war in france as a champion of the commune in the eyes of the scandalized official world ; marx \u2019 s massive relief work for the refugees : the addition of a number of blanquists, especially vaillant, to the general council, working with marx ; the blanquists \u2019 joint fight with marx against the bakunin faction ; friendship with marx \u2019 s two french sons - in - law, longuet and lafargue. for these reasons, and perhaps also because the experience of the commune reinforced the same direction, the ideas of the london blanquists underwent a degree of \u201c marxification \u201d. their political formulations were largely affected, if not their essential putschism. this was displayed especially in two programmatic statements they issued, in 1872 and in 1874, both of these containing references to \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d publicly as well as privately engels stated more than once during period, rather exultingly, that the new blanquist program had dressed itself in marxist ideas. once was in his the housing question ( 1872 ) : \u2026 when the so - called blanquists made an attempt to transform themselves from mere political revolutionists into a socialist workers \u2019 faction with a definite, programme \u2012 as was done by the blanquist fugitives in london in their manifesto internationale et revolution \u2012 they \u2026 adopted, and almost literally at that, the views of german scientific socialism on the necessity of political action by the proletariat and of its dictatorship as the transition to the abolition of classes and with them of the state \u2012 views such as had already been expressed in the communist manifesto and since then on innumerable occasions. \u201d [ locus 5a ] here we have engels stating categorically and publicly that when the blanquists ( in london anyway ) did use \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d for the first time in 1872, they took it from marx, not the other way round as postgate believed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49085661684134646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.091917"} {"text": "categorically and publicly that when the blanquists ( in london anyway ) did use \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d for the first time in 1872, they took it from marx, not the other way round as postgate believed. twice more in this period engels described the \u201c marxification \u201d of the london blanquist program. furthermore, the passage on \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d in the 1872 program internationale et revolution of the blanquists virtually says itself that this is a new view for them \u201c axiomatic since the 18th march \u201d, i. e. since the paris commune. as for marx and engels : first use of the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d in this period is by engels in his book the housing question ( 1872 ) originally three newspaper articles. the term occurs twice ; we have already given locus 5a. in the second passage engels polemizes against a proudhonist as follows : friend mulberger thus makes the following points here : 1. \u201c we \u201d do not pursue any \u201c class policy \u201d and do not strive for \u201c class domination. \u201d but the german social democratic workers \u2019 party, just because it is a workers \u2019 party, necessarily pursues a \u201c class policy \u201d, the policy of the working class. since each political party sets out to establish its rule in the state, so the german social - democratic workers party is necessarily striving to establish its rule, the rule of the working class, hence \u201c class domination \u201d. moreover, every real proletarian party, from the english chartists onward, has put forward a class policy, the organization of the proletariat as an independent political party, as the primary condition of its struggle, and the dictatorship of the proletariat as the immediate aim of the struggle. by declaring this to be \u201c absurd, \u201d mulberger puts himself outside the proletarian movement and inside the camp of petty - bourgeois socialism. [ locus 5b. ] what stands out is engels \u2019 obvious assumption that \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d has no special meaning other than the taking of power in the state by the socialist workers \u2019 movement. it appears here as one of three or four terms used indiscriminately : \u201c class domination \u201d, \u201c rule of the working class, \u201d etc. we are also told that every real proletarian party stands for it, including the chartists \u2012 a statement which can make no sense to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5148795440049883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.094889"} {"text": "indiscriminately : \u201c class domination \u201d, \u201c rule of the working class, \u201d etc. we are also told that every real proletarian party stands for it, including the chartists \u2012 a statement which can make no sense to anyone who believes there is some special \u201c theory of proletarian dictatorship \u201d apart from the basic idea of the need and goal of working - class political power. that the term was also on marx \u2019 s mind now was evidenced the following year, in an out - of - the - way place : an article written january 1873, for an italian journal, directed against proudhonism and anarchism ( title : l \u2019 indifferenza in materia politica ). since the passage in this article was cited in lenin \u2019 s state and revolution it has been often referred to, but without explanation of its peculiar context. for the passage is not exactly set down by marx in his own name. the article begins abruptly with a long section all in quotation marks, purporting to represent what an anti - political proudhonist would say if he set down his views bluntly. the tone is satiric : \u201c if the political struggle of the working class assumes violent forms, if the workers substitute their revolutionary dictatorship for the dictatorship of the bourgeois class, they commit the terrible crime of violating principle [ leso - principio ] ; because, in order to satisfy their wretched, profane everyday needs, in order to crush the resistance of the bourgeois class, instead of laying down arms and abolishing the state they give it a revolutionary and transitional form \u2026 \u201d [ locus 6 ] marx, of course, implies he himself proposes that \u201c the workers substitute their revolutionary dictatorship for the dictatorship of the bourgeois class, \u201d but the whole thing is said in passing. we do get the direct counterposition of two class dictatorships, one the alternative to the other, thereby putting the accent on the social basis of the power rather than on the political forms of the regime. the next use of the term is by engels in 1874, and we have already quoted it in section 3 above [ locus 7 ]. it appeared in engels \u2019 article on the program of the blanquist fugitives from the paris commune in the volksstaat. this period of tension with blanquism no doubt accounts for the fact that the term, being around, gets used in. an important document written by marx the following year \u2012 his critique of the gotha program, attacking", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242563837747771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.099484"} {"text": "volksstaat. this period of tension with blanquism no doubt accounts for the fact that the term, being around, gets used in. an important document written by marx the following year \u2012 his critique of the gotha program, attacking the lassallean formulations in the unity program being proposed for the merger of the two existing german socialist parties. this document was a sort of circular addressed to the \u201c eisenacher \u201d leaders. this passage on \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d is one of the two most of ten - quoted loci, yet it is one of the barest. its context is an attack on lassalle \u2019 s now - well - known fetishism of the state ; marx is arguing that \u201c freedom consists in converting the state from an organ standing above society into one completely subordinated to it. \u201d he raises the question of the dying - away of the state in the future society, and adds : between capitalist and communist society lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. there corresponds to this also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. [ locus 8. ] that \u2019 s all, but a passage on the next page is very relevant, marx has that the state will be a dictatorship of the proletariat. we now get a very sharp reminder that when he says \u201c state \u201d he does not mean the \u201c government machinery \u201d. to say that the state is a rule or dictatorship of the proletariat is a social description, a statement of the class character of the political power. it is not a statement about the forms of the government machinery. the last thing to note is that marx does not propose that the party program call for \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d the missing demand which he does press is that for the democratic republic, though he reluctantly agrees that government repression rules out its open inclusion. ( nor did marx bring in \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d as a term when the program of the french marxist party was drafted in his london study in 1880 ). there now ensues another hiatus of 15 years \u2012 no mention of \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d in any writing by marx or engels, public or private. the next time we meet it is in a letter by engels to conrad schmidt, october 27, 1890, explaining that historical materialism does not say that only economic factors are operative in history : if therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5601664831063683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.109633"} {"text": "marx or engels, public or private. the next time we meet it is in a letter by engels to conrad schmidt, october 27, 1890, explaining that historical materialism does not say that only economic factors are operative in history : if therefore barth supposes that we deny any and every reaction of the political, etc., reflexes of the economic movement upon the movement itself, he is simply tilting at windmills. he has only to look at marx \u2019 s eighteenth brumaire \u2026 or capital \u2026 or why do we fight for the political dictatorship of the proletariat if political power is economically impotent? force ( that is, state power ) is also an economic power! [ locus 9. ] here \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d is tossed in with the utmost casualness as a mere synonym for the conquest of political power. why did the term recur to engels now, after a 15 - year gap? perhaps because he was already looking back at marx \u2019 s critique of the gotha program in anticipation of the coming erfurt party program discussion. for not long after, engels proceeded to get marx \u2019 s 1875 critique published for the first time, with results leading to our next two ( and last ) loci. engels knew that its publication would be \u201c a bomb \u201d because of its attack on lassalle, whose legend had grown. the target was also the rapidly developing opportunist trends in the party. on both scores there was indeed a violent reaction. one of the things that was seized on was the fact that the newly published document used the term \u201c revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d in the reichstag itself, the social - democratic deputy karl grillenberger arose to repudiate marx and say for the party that the social - democratic party rejected the suggestion which marx had made for its program. marx was annoyed by the fact that the german social - democratic party has worked out its program as it thought fit in view of conditions in germany, and that therefore for us any revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat is out of the question. the veneer of \u201c marxism \u201d which lay over the top strata of the party had broken through. it is doubtful whether the good reichstag deputy shuddered more over the word \u201c dictatorship \u201d or the word before it. eighteen days after, engels finished his introduction to a new edition of marx \u2019 s the civil war in france, the last words being \u201c the dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5155377303850441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.113309"} {"text": "over the word \u201c dictatorship \u201d or the word before it. eighteen days after, engels finished his introduction to a new edition of marx \u2019 s the civil war in france, the last words being \u201c the dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d this line of thought takes off from another attack ( similar to locus 7 ) on the blanquist concept of \u201c the strictest dictatorship, and centralization of all power in the hands of the new revolutionary government. \u201d in contrast engels offers the paris commune, reviewing ( as did marx ) its great expansion of democracy and control from below. then follows a criticism of \u201c the superstitious belief in the state \u201d typical of germany, and the need \u201c to throw the entire lumber of the state on the scrap - heap \u201d. then the last paragraph : of late, the social democratic philistine has once more been filled with wholesome terror at the words : dictatorship of the proletariat. well and good, gentlemen, do you want to know what this dictatorship looks like? look at the paris commune. that was the dictatorship of the proletariat. [ locus 10. ] three months later he had another \u201c bomb \u201d ready for the \u201c social - democratic philistines \u201d : a critique of the new draft program ( erfurt program ). in this, as he wrote kautsky, he \u201c found an opportunity to let fly at the conciliatory opportunism of the vorwarts [ party organ ] and at the frisch - fromm - frolich - freie \u2018 growth \u2019 of the filthy old mess \u2018 into socialist society. \u2019 \u201d here engels raises very sharply the question of the demand for the democratic republic, which had been omitted from the program. in the course of this he remarks : one thing that is absolutely certain is that our party and the working class cannot achieve rule except under the form of the democratic republic. this latter is even the specific form of the dictatorship of the proletariat, as the great french revolution already showed. [ locus 11. ] true, he agrees, the program cannot openly come out for the democratic republic in so many words, but ways must be found to say as much : \u2026 what in my opinion can and should go into the program is the demand for the concentration of all political power in the hands of the representation of the people. and that would be enough in the meantime, if one cannot go any further. so \u201c concentration of all power in the hands of the representation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4940226565998261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.115770"} {"text": "the program is the demand for the concentration of all political power in the hands of the representation of the people. and that would be enough in the meantime, if one cannot go any further. so \u201c concentration of all power in the hands of the representation of the people \u201d stands for the forbidden \u201c democratic republic \u201d, and this in turn is \u201c the specific form of the dictatorship of the proletariat. \u201d the advocate of that revolutionary dictatorship which perturbed the \u201c social - democratic philistines \u201d is arguing with them that they should hint at their goal of a democratic republic instead of adapting themselves to the kaiser regime \u2019 s legality. with this episode of 1891, prefiguring the future, comes to a close the story of the term \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d as far as marx and engels are concerned. but of course, as we know, this is only the first chapter in the history of that phrase. 1. of the 11 marx - engels loci on \u201c dictatorship of the proletariat \u201d, lenin \u2019 s state and revolution gave the ones here numbered 5a, 6, 8, 11, adding no. 4 in its second edition. kautsky \u2019 s reply pretended there was only one in marx. ernst drahn, karl marx und fr. engels ueber die diktatur des proletariats ( 1920 ) knows only of loci 4, 8, 10. max beer \u2019 s an inquiry into dictatorship ( labour monthly, august 1922 ) mentions only 1a, 1c, 4, 6, 8. sherman h. m. chang \u2019 s marxian theory of the state ( 1931 ) quotes 1a, 1c, 4, 5a, 6, 8 \u2012 exactly one half the available passages, the most to date. the opposite record is held by stanley w. moore, the critique of capitalist democracy ; introduction to the theory of the state in marx, engels, and lenin ( 1957 ), which never reveals that the term is to be found in marx or engels at all. \u2013 a. b. 2. this is a much condensed version of a study which will be published shortly ( about september ) in no. 6 of etudes de marxologie ( paris ), edited by m. rubel, and which will present full reference notes, considerably more detail, and some additional sections. the spring issue of labor history ( iii, 2 ) contains a translation of the article by weydemeyer on dictatorship of the proletaria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5283247972401668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.126802"} {"text": "through the first three weeks of the season, the number of broken bats has dropped slightly compared to last season, baseball officials said friday. an average of about. 8 bats per game have broken this season compared to about one bat per game last season, said pat courtney, a spokesman for major league baseball. under baseball \u2019 s count, a broken bat is considered one that has broken into two or more pieces. although many manufacturers have responded to new guidelines implemented last december by baseball officials, some manufacturers still provide players with bats that do not comply with the guidelines, courtney said. \u201c we are in a period of getting manufacturers to adjust and comply with the new regulations, \u201d he said in an e - mail message. the companies that have not followed the guidelines will be warned, courtney said, and they will be barred from supplying bats to major league players if they fail to comply. a study by major league baseball last year found that many broken bats had poor - quality slope of grain, a term that refers to how straight the grain is along a bat. when the straightness decreases, so does the durability of the bat. along with monitoring the slope of grain, baseball officials are examining other factors that may be causing bats to break, including their geometry and whether the wood being used is too dry, courtney said. after the number of broken bats surged last season, management and union officials conducted a study on how to lower the number of broken bats. last december, baseball implemented nine recommendations in response to the study, which found that the increasingly popular maple bats were three times more likely to break than ash bats. courtney said baseball did not yet have figures on the types of bats that have broken this season. although the number of broken bats has decreased, flying shards have caused some injuries. on april 21, umpire kerwin danley sustained a concussion and had to be hospitalized for a day after he was hit in the head with a piece of a broken bat.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4021369159957838, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.272401"} {"text": "1 ) cell growth you should look into chemotherapy and cancer medicine in general. because chemo is mostly effective because it kills fast dividing cells, this has been worked out reasonably well. the 7 - 10 year number is not really correct, some cells are replaced a lot more slowly. this is why hair often falls out in cancer treatment, because the follicle cells are growing quickly. neurons divide very slowly - if at all - and often are never replaced. fat cells are in between - probably replaced in the 7 - 10 year range. heart cells are replaced albeit quite slowly - less than 1 % per year, which implies that many cells are with you your entire lifetime. 2 ) atoms / molecules change the cell itself is in a continuous state of flux, but different parts of the cell, like cells in the body, change at different rates. some proteins which make up the cell matrix or the dna in the nucleus are replaced very rarely ( through repair or rearrangement of the chromosome for instance ) and most of the chromosome dna is with the cell for the entire life of the cell. most proteins are labelled for degradation and are recycled after a few hours of function. metabolic compounds such as sugars or salt might drift in and out of the cell continuously, maybe turning over in an hour or so. fats can be incorporated into the cell and last for years i think.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.530140872342827, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.276336"} {"text": "edubuntu is an educational operating system that is a part of the ubuntu family. it aims to make ubuntu, the popular linux - based operating system, a great choice for the computing needs of children, students, parents, teachers, and schools. \u201c ubuntu \u201d is an ancient african word, meaning \u201c humanity to others \u201d. edubuntu seeks to bring the freedoms and spirit of ubuntu to children, parents, students, teachers, and schools. gnome is the gnu graphical desktop, it \u2019 s the default desktop environment on ubuntu, as well as edubuntu. it provides us with file managers, network browsers, menus, and system tools. gnome also provides an application framework, and many of the applications available in edubuntu has been created using the gnome framework. edubuntu also provides three different theme setups, \u2018 young \u2019, for younger users, \u2018 plain \u2019 for a clean desktop setup, and \u2018 default \u2019, which is a general purpose theme setup. kde is another graphical environment, and also serves as an application framework. the kde project has a sub - project called the kde edutainment suite, which is a collection of fun educational software that makes use of the kde framework. kde applications runs fine under gnome. we have included the very latest versions of the kde edutainment software in edubuntu. you can support ubuntu community in many ways either by developing good applications or purchasing some dvds / cds and other item from their store. in near they are going to give you a lot of fun in teaching zoneby their innovative ideas, so keep watching their website. http : / / edubuntu. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4779783533342853, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.282197"} {"text": "article - - nets for students, 2 pdfs the netsfor _ students. pdf is a pdf. i ' ve found the same content as a web page here. it is a comprehensive outline with links to the different outlines of \" connecting curriculum and technology \". it provides some visionary perspectives on the use of technology in school, strategies for its use, standards as well as some good examples of lessons were students use technology to learn particular content. this will be a useful link ( above ) when working with my team mates as we work to integrate technology. the netss _ standards contain both nets for students and performance indicators. the following are the nets for students : 1. basic operations and concepts i?? students demonstrate a sound understanding of the nature and operation of technology systems. i?? students are proficient in the use of technology. 2. social, ethical, and human issues i?? students understand the ethical, cultural, and societal issues related to technology. i?? students practice responsible use of technology systems, information, and software. i?? students develop positive attitudes toward technology uses that support lifelong learning, collaboration, personal pursuits, and productivity. 3. technology productivity tools i?? students use technology tools to enhance learning, increase productivity, and promote creativity. i?? students use productivity tools to collaborate in constructing technology - enhanced models, prepare publications, and produce other creative works. 4. technology communications tools i?? students use telecommunications to collaborate, publish, and interact with peers, experts, and other audiences. i?? students use a variety of media and formats to communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences. 5. technology research tools i?? students use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. i?? students use technology tools to process data and report results. i?? students evaluate and select new information resources and technological innovations based on the appropriateness for specific tasks. 6. technology problem - solving and decision - making tools i?? students use technology resources for solving problems and making informed decisions. i?? students employ technology in the development of strategies for solving problems in the real world. the following are the performance indicators for middle school : prior to completion of grade 8 students will : 1. apply strategies for identifying and solving routine hardware and software problems that occur during everyday use. ( 1 ) 2. demonstrate knowledge of current changes in information technologies and the effect those changes have on the workplace and society. ( 2 ) 3. exhibit legal and ethical behaviors when using information and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5394186351790664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.326956"} {"text": "routine hardware and software problems that occur during everyday use. ( 1 ) 2. demonstrate knowledge of current changes in information technologies and the effect those changes have on the workplace and society. ( 2 ) 3. exhibit legal and ethical behaviors when using information and technology, and discuss consequences of misuse. ( 2 ) 4. use content - specific tools, software, and simulations ( e. g., environmental probes, graphing calculators, exploratory environments, web tools ) to support learning and research. ( 3, 5 ) 5. apply productivity / multimedia tools and peripherals to support personal productivity, group collaboration, and learning throughout the curriculum. ( 3, 6 ) 6. design, develop, publish, and present products ( e. g., web pages, videotapes ) using technology resources that demonstrate and communicate curriculum concepts to audiences inside and outside the classroom. ( 4, 5, 6 ) 7. collaborate with peers, experts, and others using telecommunications and collaborative tools to investigate curriculum - related problems, issues, and information, and to develop solutions or products for audiences inside and outside the classroom. ( 4, 5 ) 8. select and use appropriate tools and technology resources to accomplish a variety of tasks and solve problems. ( 5, 6 ) 9. demonstrate an understanding of concepts underlying hardware, software, and connectivity, and of practical applications to learning and problem solving. ( 1, 6 ) 10. research and evaluate the accuracy, relevance, appropriateness, comprehensiveness, and bias of electronic information sources concerning real - world problems. ( 2, 5, 6 ) these are good and are useful whenever i need to justify what i ' m doing to my administrator as well as provides me with help in providing additional dimentions to my lessons. the performance indicators provide a very general answer to the question : \" how do i know when my students have reached these standards \"? here is a link to document which give information for k - 12 : profiles for technology literate students performance indicators for technologya\u20ac \u201d literate students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.503773207718943, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.329048"} {"text": "by a. grano on september 27th, 2011 at 7 : 00 am do you experience shortness of breath during everyday activities, such as going up stairs? do you have a tightness in your chest or have a chronic, mucus - producing cough? if so, you may have copd, short for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a serious lung condition that occurs as a result of damage to or obstruction of the airways of lungs. according to the u. s. department of health and human services, it \u2019 s the fourth - leading cause of death in the united states. more than 12 million americans have been diagnosed with copd, but another 12 to 13 million people have the condition but have not been diagnosed, often because they disregard the symptoms. however, as statistics show, failure to address the condition can be deadly. symptoms typically come on gradually and slowly worsen over time. what causes copd? smoking is the number one risk factor, as irritants and chemicals inhaled cause permanent damage to lung airways. other causes include genetics, exposure to other pollutants such as chemical fumes, exhaust pollution or repeated exposure to fine dust or powder. what you can do - quit smoking. as cigarette smoking is responsible for the majority of copd cases, quitting is the best way to help lower your risk. - ease the discomfort of excessive chest mucus naturally. kali mur is well known for its beneficial effects of the respiratory system. kali sulph is also excellent at naturally treating phlegm coughs and sinus congestions, as well as reducing inflammation of the mucous membranes. kali bich also works on soothing irritated mucous membranes, especially in the lungs, and helps loosen thick chest mucus. - avoid lung irritants, including second hand cigarette smoke, dust and aerosol sprays. mucus - clear\u2122 homeopathic remedy reduces phlegm, thick mucus and throat clearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47239875618351684, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.370726"} {"text": "vancouver - - at the conclusion of this year ' s washington state legislative session, gov. chris gregoire said, \" i think it will go down as one of the most important environmental sessions. \" and today, gregoire signed one of the bills that will make it so. gregoire signed a bill that sets goals for reducing emissions, sets an emissions performance standard for new power plants and meshes with the climate - change goals the governor set in an executive order issued in february. gregoire, in a signing ceremony in vancouver ' s water resources center next to the columbia river, said the climate change bill is a big step at making washington state an environmental stewardship leader. \" it signifies we ' re at the beginning and that others will follow, \" gregoire said, \" and that ' s what leadership is about. \" the bill calls for : - reducing greenhouse - gas emissions from power plants to 1990 levels by 2020, to 25 percent below 1990 levels by 2035, and by 2050 to 50 percent below 1990 levels or 70 percent below the state ' s expected emissions that year. - increasing the number of clean energy sector jobs to 25, 000 from the 8, 400 jobs the state had in 2004. - requiring the governor to develop policy recommendations to achieve the greenhouse gas emissions reductions goals. - establishing emission performance standards for electric generation facilities in washington. - - allan brettman ; firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47238889344499435, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.374525"} {"text": "today in the innermost region of our solar system, nasa \u2019 s messenger space probe will swoop past mercury for the third and final time. the maneuver will give scientists a close look at the dense, iron - rich, oddball planet, and will also alter the probe \u2019 s trajectory and prepare it to begin orbiting mercury in march 2011. as messenger travels within 142 miles of mercury at 12, 000 miles per hour, the spacecraft \u2019 s camera will swivel to stare at a succession of craters and other geological features \u2026. one target will be an old 90 - mile - wide crater. another will be young 13 - mile crater and a splash of light - colored soil surrounding it. a third crater of interest has materials of unusual color perhaps produced by violent volcanic eruptions [ the new york times ]. when this third flyby is complete, 95 percent of the planet will have been mapped in high resolution. scientists will also take a moment to examine the stream of charged atoms that start at the planet \u2019 s surface and extend millions of miles into space in a comet - like, gaseous tail. the ions bleed from mercury \u2019 s surface as it is blasted by the full force of the solar wind, a stream of particles from our star which buffets the entire solar system [ bbc news ]. while researchers are waiting eagerly to see what the flyby \u2019 s measurements and pictures will reveal, they \u2019 re keeping in mind that the best rewards will come later, when messenger becomes the first spacecraft to orbit mercury and begins a year - long study of the planet. therefore, the most crucial element of the flyby is that mercury \u2019 s gravity will act as a brake for the probe, setting it on a trajectory to enter orbit in one and a half years. explains mission scientist eric finnegan : \u201c slowing the spacecraft by [ 5, 900 miles per hour ], messenger \u2019 s orbital period around the sun will be decreased by 13 days, closely matching the 88 - day orbital period of the innermost planet \u201d [ bbc news ]. 80beats : mercury flyby reveals magnetic twisters and ancient magma oceans 80beats : mercury close - ups reveal the planet \u2019 s ancient volcanic eruptions 80beats : brand new postcards from mercury, courtesy of messenger space probe 80beats : mercury is shrinking and cooling, space probe reveals image : nasa / johns hopkins university applied physics laboratory / carnegie institution of washington. messenger took this picture yesterday on its approach to mercury.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46890515268390026, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.381061"} {"text": "comedy, explained aristotle, has a vague history, because at first no one took it seriously. we cannot know for certain if aristotle was deadpanning, but his observation would amuse saul austerlitz. according to austerlitz, american film comedy has not been taken seriously, either. in fact, the author quips, it is american film \u2019 s \u201c bastard stepchild. \u201d with his latest book \u201c another fine mess : a history of american film comedy, \u201d austerlitz gives us a broad survey of the genre, hoping to spark debate. there were few jewish comedians in aristotle \u2019 s day, but in american comedy, austerlitz notes, jews are \u201c the only minority group overrepresented. \u201d the title of his book is taken from a catch phrase by the gentile comic geniuses laurel and hardy, but on the cover of the book, it is jewish comedians, the marx brothers, who are making a mess. for austerlitz, the marx brothers are the embodiment of jewish humor \u2014 \u201c anarchic, absurdist, and ebullient \u201d \u2014 existing in the face of a hostile or dismissive power structure. you ' ve successfully signed up! thank you for subscribing. please provide the following optional information to enable us to serve you better. the forward will not sell or share your personal information with any other party. thank you for signing up. close", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4676022663684529, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.385261"} {"text": "global environmental challenges ibm supercomputer reuses heat to warm buildings high - tech giants from microsoft to google are eager to cut the huge amounts of power used to run their data centers, particularly now that the recession has companies leaving no stone unturned to slash costs and global warming is driving them to think green. developed by ibm jointly with the swiss federal institute of technology ( eth ) \u2014 a sort of swiss version of the massachusetts institute of technology \u2014 the new supercomputer \u2019 s microchips avoid cooling with energy - sucking air conditioning. thanks to a network of water - carrying \u201c micro - capillaries \u201d that take water very close to the microchips, the system is cooled at a temperature of 60 degrees celsius, rather than a \u201c normal coolant \u201d that requires a temperature of about 20 degrees celsius, or air at around 6 to 12 degrees celsius, according to ibm researcher dr. thomas brunschwiler. \u201c typically you would use air conditioning, which is very intensive, and this is eliminating that by using water to take the heat and transfer it away from the chips, \u201d brunschwiler said. according to ibm, the computer, dubbed aquasar, will reduce overall energy consumption by 40 percent and save up to 30 tons of carbon dioxide a year, about the same as driving an average car around the world 10 times. in addition, the excess heat from the computer will be piped into the building \u2019 s heating. the 25 kilowatt system will account for just \u201c a small fraction \u201d of the building \u2019 s overall energy demand, but researchers said future applications are promising. \u201c in a future system if you run an entire data center in this mode then it will be a large fraction of the energy demand of an entity like this, \u201d said dr. bruno michel of ibm research in zurich. it could be a while, however, before that happens. the eth supercomputer won \u2019 t start operation until 2010, and the company would not estimate how much it will cost to build except to say that it will be more than a supercomputer with a traditional cooling system. the return on investment, however, is within one year, ibm said, given the system \u2019 s efficiency. photo credit : ibm ( a water - cooled blade used in ibm \u2019 s aquasar supercomputer. the two microchannel coolers at the center are attached directly to the processors. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5661908450084197, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.389759"} {"text": "u. s. author robert wright traces the history of god and suggests that it might all point to the unfolding of something divine, though perhaps not in the sense that most people of faith would envision. in his just published \u201c the evolution of god, \u201d wright takes his readers on a thought - provoking journey through the spiritual beliefs of our hunter - gatherer ancestors to the development of the three abrahamic faiths : judaism, christianity and islam. you can see my interview with wright here. wright \u2019 s engaging book covers a lot of ground and it certainly raises many questions that may be of interest to readers of this blog. i \u2019 m just going to throw a few of them out here \u2014 trust me, there could be many, many more. 1. religion and science : has religion in the past given rise to science? the polynesians that captain james cook encountered in the 18th century tried to predict the weather by looking at the night sky \u2013 and often succeeded. they believed this was divinely inspired but as wright notes : \u201c the apparent explanation is that both the night sky and the prevailing winds change seasonally. so there was indeed a correlation between stars and weather ; the polynesians just had the wrong explanation \u2026 still, this is the way scientific progress often starts : finding a correlation between two variables and positing a plausible if false explanation. in this sense, \u2018 science \u2019 dates back to preliterate times. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5498467600365479, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.394785"} {"text": "a boston globe study of over a hundred boston - area seafood restaurants found that 48 percent of the fish was mislabeled. when asked about the discrepancies, some restaurant owners shrugged saying that everyone does it. the most common kinds of fraud are mislabeling a fish as wild when it \u2019 s not, such as salmon, or selling a completely different fish than the one named, for instance selling a rockfish as a red snapper. in the high priced world of caviar from threatened sturgeon, fraud exists on several levels, from directly misrepresenting the fish as farmed when it \u2019 s actually wild to counterfeit labels on the fish or the caviar tins. seafood fraud not only cheats consumers but it could also adversely affect catch data that form the basis of sustainable fisheries management. in some cases, seafood fraud could undermine healthy choices. consumer reports found many samples labeled as grouper were in fact tilefish, which contains much more mercury than grouper. the food and drug administration recommends that pregnant women, women of child bearing age, and children avoid eating tilefish because of high levels of mercury. government agencies that have the authority to enforce rules around seafood fraud have not made it a priority. while an estimated 86 percent of all the seafood that americans consume is imported, the fda inspects less than about two percent of it. one of the challenges to combating seafood fraud, aside from the lack of dna testing out in the field and slack government agencies, is the supply chain. seafood often changes hands repeatedly from net to consumer. determining where the fraud begins can be difficult. 3 things you can do to fight seafood fraud : 1. buy whole fish. 2. be wary of very inexpensive seafood. 3. ask questions : where was this fish caught? is it in season? other great ways you can make a difference. links & videos seafood fraud overview \u2013 oceana caviar caveats \u2013 science news mystery fish \u2013 consumer reports feds to fight massive fraud in seafood sizes \u2013 huff post don \u2019 t be fooled \u2013 fresh buyer beware : wild salmon scams run rampant, randy hartnell, vital choice blog fish as food in an age of globalization, university of british columbia bait and switch : how seafood fraud hurts our oceans, our wallets, and our health, oceana trade secrets : renaming and mislabeling of seafood, university of british columbia government falls short on seafood inspections, food and water watch how seafood fraud works, boston globe fish is often mislab", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45296128244771183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.399325"} {"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 203 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects e inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons into the oceans due to transportation activities petroleum hydrocarbon inputs into the oceans from transportation activities are developed herein. significant sources include operational discharges from ships, oil spills from tankers and non - tank vessels, operational discharges from recreational craft, and discharges from aircraft. inputs due to atmospheric deposition of volatile organic compounds ( voc ) vented from tankers are covered in appendix h. inputs to the sea from maritime transportation operational discharges in international waters oil inputs into the sea from marine sources are naturally correlated to the number and types of vessels in operation in the marine environment. the number of tankers is significant because tankers are permitted discharges related to both cargo and propulsion machinery. the number of other ships is significant because they are permitted machinery related discharges. table e - 1 shows the comparison of the world \u2019 s seagoing merchant fleet of ships not less than 100 gt for 1971, 1980, 1989, and 1999 ( imo, 1990 and lloyd \u2019 s register, 1999 ). the international convention for prevention of pollution from ships ( marpol 73 / 78 ) regulates the design, construction, and operation of commercial vessels 100 gross tons ( gt ) and over worldwide with the goal of reducing or eliminating the discharge of oil and other pollutants into the sea. many aspects of marpol ( 73 / 78 ) are of particular relevance during the calculations of estimates of input of petroleum hydrocarbon to the sea associated with marine transportation, including : all commercial vessels between 100 and 400 gross tons are required to retain all oily waste on board, unless discharged at sea through special discharge control equipment as described below. tankers above 150 gross tons and all other commercial vessels over 400 gross tons are required to have installed oil / water separators ( ows ) and oil discharge monitoring systems ( odms ), which continuously record the oil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5104200613697629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.444591"} {"text": "as described below. tankers above 150 gross tons and all other commercial vessels over 400 gross tons are required to have installed oil / water separators ( ows ) and oil discharge monitoring systems ( odms ), which continuously record the oil content of all overboard discharges from the bilges and, in the case of tankers, from any cargo slop tanks. for vessels above 10, 000 gross tons, if oil content in the discharge stream is 15 parts per million ( ppm ) or greater, an alarm is supposed to sound and the discharge is terminated. no tanker is permitted to discharge cargo oil effluent, even when using an odms, unless the vessel is underway between ports and more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land. therefore, for the purposes of this report all operational discharges of cargo oil are table e - 1 summary of the world \u2019 s merchant fleet 1971 1980 1989 1999 number of merchant ships 55, 014 73, 832 76, 100 86, 817 number of tankers 6, 292 7, 112 6, 383 7, 270 total deadweight tonnes ( for tankers ) 169, 354, 743 339, 801, 719 247, 556, 000 298, 731, 000 note : non - propelled ships, ships of less than 100 gross tonnage, pleasure craft, naval auxiliaries, and ships restricted to harbor service or river / canal service are not included in the above. ocr for page 204 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects presumed to occur outside the waters of the united states or any other nation. marpol has been adopted by nations with authority over 95 percent of the world \u2019 s merchant vessels. in the united states, marpol has been adopted through the act to prevent pollution from ships ( 33 u. s. code 1901 et seq. ) discharges of bilge water and certain cargo tank washings from tankers are the only permitted discharges under marpol. discharge of fuel oil sludge is prohibited. in order to assist vessels in complying with these prohibitions against discharge of excess quantities of oil and oil sludge into the water, waterfront facilities ( where commercial vessels are received ) are required to establish and maintain oil waste reception facilities. these oil waste reception facilities are suppose to have sufficient capacity to receive and process all oily wastes generated by all vessels calling at the facility. failure to have reception facility capability is supposed to result in vessels being denied entry to the facility.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45288783354797196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.445645"} {"text": "facilities. these oil waste reception facilities are suppose to have sufficient capacity to receive and process all oily wastes generated by all vessels calling at the facility. failure to have reception facility capability is supposed to result in vessels being denied entry to the facility. for example, international maritime organization \u2019 s ( imo ) 1998 list of waste reception facilities includes 1047 such facilities in various ports in the united states. operational discharges from cargo tanks of oil tankers regulatory background during normal operations, certain tankers may discharge into the sea an amount of oil contained in the ballast and tank washings. under regulation 13 of marpol 73 / 78, tankers of 20, 000 tonnes deadweight and above are required to have segregated ballast tanks ( sbt ), dedicated clean tanks ( cbt ), and / or crude oil washing systems ( cow ), depending on the vessel type, when they were built and their size. regulation 13f adopted in 1992 restricts routing of ballast piping through cargo tanks and vice versa. these measures are designed to reduce operational and accidental pollution from tankers due to ballasting and tank washing. generally, crude oil carriers of 20, 000 deadweight and above and product tankers of 30, 000 tonnes deadweight and above delivered since 1983 must have sbt. segregated ballast tanks are ballast tanks that are completely separated from the cargo oil and fuel oil systems, and which are permanently allocated to the carriage of water ballast. sbt greatly reduces the likelihood of oily ballast discharge, as there are sufficient segregated ballast tanks for normal operation in ballast. for these vessels, ballast may be allocated to cargo tanks only when needed to insure the safety of the vessel in particularly severe weather. unlike sbt, the piping systems for clean ballast tanks ( cbt ) may be common or connected with the cargo oil pump and piping systems. there are only a few cbt tankers operating today. crude oil washing is a system of cleaning cargo tanks using the dissolving action of crude oil to reduce clingage and sludge. crude oil washing eliminates or reduces water washing, and thereby reduces operational oil pollution. regulation 9 of marpol limits the amount of oil that may be discharged into the sea to 1 / 15, 000 of the total cargo oil volume for tankers built prior to the implementation of marpol73 ( commonly referred to as pre - marpol tankers ), and 1 / 30, 000 of the total cargo oil volume for marpol tankers. the requirement that the oil content of discharged e", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49219600721252643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.446871"} {"text": "built prior to the implementation of marpol73 ( commonly referred to as pre - marpol tankers ), and 1 / 30, 000 of the total cargo oil volume for marpol tankers. the requirement that the oil content of discharged effluent cannot exceed 15 ppm has the practical effect of limiting operational discharge to amounts much less than these maximum values. table e - 2 gives the number and average deadweight for tankers in year 1999, and table e - 3 presents the age profile. more than two - thirds of the current fleet has sbt or double hull ( dh ) arrangements. marpol regulation 13g requires mandatory retirement for single hull tankers at 30 years of age. a revision to regulation 13g currently under review will phase out all pre - marpol tankers by 1 january 2007, at which time all marpol compliant tankers will have either sbt or dh arrangements. sbt and double hull crude oil carriers according to industry sources ( intertanko, unpublished ), sbt and double hull crude oil carriers will water wash 3 - 4 cargo tanks twice a year for inspection purposes. intertanko estimates an average of 6, 000 m3 of wash water per tanker per year is discharged. assuming an oil content of 15 ppm of oil, operational oil discharge is approximately 90 liters ( 0. 08 tonnes ) per year per tanker. assuming 2 / 3 of the 1, 782 crude oil carriers have sbt or dh arrangements, the total estimated discharge per year is as follows : sbt and dh crude oil carriers : 1, 782 \u2022 ( 2 / 3 ) \u2022 0. 08 = 95 tonnes for non - compliance vessels, where the odms is not working properly or intentionally bypassed, the estimated average discharge is 38 tonnes per year per tanker. table e - 2 summary of number and deadweight of tankers for year 1999 ( lloyd \u2019 s register, 1999 ) no. of tankers deadweight ( millions of tonnes ) average deadweight ( tonnes ) crude oil tanker 1, 782 238. 5 133, 838 product tanker 5, 269 43. 5 8, 256 bulk dry / oil tanker 219 16. 7 76, 256 7, 270 298. 7 41, 087 ocr for page 205 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 3 age profile of tankers as a function of tonnes deadweight ( world fleet statistics, 1999 ) crude oil carriers product tankers dry bulk / oil carriers total all tankers 0\u22124 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4405090910865316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.447948"} {"text": "iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 3 age profile of tankers as a function of tonnes deadweight ( world fleet statistics, 1999 ) crude oil carriers product tankers dry bulk / oil carriers total all tankers 0\u22124 years 22 percent 13 percent 7 percent 20 percent 5\u22129 years 25 percent 11 percent 19 percent 22 percent 10\u221214 years 11 percent 10 percent 21 percent 11 percent 15\u221219 years 8 percent 21 percent 25 percent 11 percent 20\u221224 years 28 percent 25 percent 24 percent 27 percent 25 + years 6 percent 20 percent 14 percent 9 percent total 100 percent 100 percent 100 percent 100 percent pre - marpol crude oil carriers as discussed previously, these tankers carry ballast in their cargo tanks. based on the lloyd \u2019 s register ( 1999 ) statistics, the average deadweight of crude oil carriers is 133, 844 tonnes. assuming 30 percent of the deadweight is discharged as arrival ballast with an oil content of 15 ppm, the average quantity of water ballast per voyage is 40, 153 tonnes and the average oil discharge is 588 liters or 0. 528 tonnes. an industry survey undertaken by intertanko indicates that 70 percent of all tankers carry a full load of cargo and 30 percent are partially loaded to an average of 60 percent of capacity. consumables equaling about 5 percent of deadweight are also carried. therefore, it is assumed that on the typical voyage a tanker carries cargo oil equal to approximately 80 percent of its deadweight. the average cargo oil moved on a crude oil carrier is 80 percent of 133, 844 tonnes or about 107, 075 tonnes, and the outflow factor, expressed as a fraction of the cargo oil moved, equals 0. 0528 / 107, 075 = 1 / 202, 797. a rounded value of 1 / 200, 000 is assumed for these calculations. this is a conservative estimate, as it assumes ballast is discharged at the maximum permissible oil content of 15 ppm, and also neglects the fact that many pre - marpol tankers carry a portion of their ballast in segregated ballast tanks. as reported by concordia maritime ab, an operator of a large fleet of pre - marpol vlccs ( very large crude carriers ), the average oil discharge from their pre - marpol vlccs is 300 liters per voyage. the average cargo volume for their vlccs is approximately 300, 000 m3. thus, the outflow factor attained by the concordia fleet is ( 300 / 1, 000 ) /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46817605697175574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.448997"} {"text": "pre - marpol vlccs is 300 liters per voyage. the average cargo volume for their vlccs is approximately 300, 000 m3. thus, the outflow factor attained by the concordia fleet is ( 300 / 1, 000 ) / 300, 000 = 1 / 1, 000, 000. this is significantly better than the assumed factor of 1 / 200, 000, but the performance level achieved by concordia maritime is believed to exceed standard practice. for a crude oil washing system to be marpol certified, the oil found floating on top of the departure ballast after crude oil washing cannot exceed 0. 00085 times the volume of the tanks containing ballast. on this basis, the oil content in the ballast tanks for this average size tanker is 33. 3 tonnes. assuming non - compliance where the odms is not working properly or intentionally bypassed, the oil outflow factor becomes 33. 3 / 107, 075 = 1 / 3, 216. a rounded value of 1 / 3, 000 is assumed for these calculations. as summarized in table e - 4, the total outflow from non - sbt crude oil carriers is calculated as follows : the crude oil carriers are divided into the following size ranges : less than 20, 000 dwt 20, 000 to 125, 000 dwt ( includes panamax and aframax tankers ) 125, 000 to 175, 000 dwt ( includes suezmax tankers ) greater than 175, 000 dwt ( includes vlccs and ulccs ) within each size range, the number of crude oil carriers and the average deadweight are derived from 1999 statistics ( lloyd \u2019 s register, 1999 ). the number of voyages per annum for each size is estimated from industry sources ( intertanko, unpublished ). one - third of the crude oil carriers are assumed to regularly carry ballast in cargo oil tanks. multiplying the number of tankers in each size range by 1 / 3 provides the estimated number of non - sbt tankers in 1999. multiplying the average deadweight for each size by 80 percent provides the average quantity of cargo oil carried per voyage. the product of the number of non - sbt tankers, the quantity of cargo oil carried per voyage, and the number of voyages per annum provides the total cargo oil movement for each size range. summing these figures gives the estimated cargo oil movements on non - sbt tankers of 1, 000. 8 million tonnes per year. assuming an outflow factor of 1 / 200, 000 as described above", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656536379734767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.450082"} {"text": "cargo oil movement for each size range. summing these figures gives the estimated cargo oil movements on non - sbt tankers of 1, 000. 8 million tonnes per year. assuming an outflow factor of 1 / 200, 000 as described above, the projected operational discharge in tonnes per year is as follows. non - sbt crude oil carriers : 1, 000, 800, 000 / 200, 000 = 5, 004 tonnes product tankers for 1999, the lloyd \u2019 s register data show a total of 5, 269 product tankers with an average deadweight of 8, 256 tonnes. their average cargo cubic is approximately 10, 000 m3. assuming the volume of the slop tanks equals 3 percent of the ocr for page 206 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 4 calculation of operational cargo oil discharge from pre - marpol ( non - sbt ) crude oil carriers \u2014 worldwide less than 20, 000 dwt 20, 000 to 125, 000 dwt 125, 000 to 175, 000 dwt greater than 175, 000 dwt all non - sbt crude tkrs total no. of crude oil carriers 154 923 256 449 1, 782 assumed percent non - sbt 33. 3 percent 33. 3 percent 33. 3 percent 33. 3 percent 33. 3 percent no. of non - sbt crude oil carriers 51 308 85 150 594 average deadweight ( tonnes ) 5, 811 76, 561 144, 857 289, 235 133, 844 cargo oil as percent of deadweight 80 percent 80 percent 80 percent 80 percent \u2014 cargo oil per voyage ( tonnes ) 4, 649 61, 249 115, 885 231, 388 72, 732 voyages ( per year ) 40 30 15 8 23. 2 total cargo oil moved ( millions tonnes ) 9. 5 565. 9 147. 8 277. 7 1, 000. 8 discharge as percent of cargo oil moved 1 / 200, 000 1 / 200, 000 1 / 200, 000 1 / 200, 000 1 / 200, 000 estimated discharge ( tonnes / year ) 47 2, 830 739 1, 388 5, 004 oil carrying capacity of the ship, the average slop tank capacity is 300 m3. assuming the slop tanks when charged with water have sufficient water for tank washing without introduction of additional water into the system, and that the full contents of the slop tanks are discharged at 15 ppm oil content, the projected operational oil discharge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45913333570030784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.451058"} {"text": "m3. assuming the slop tanks when charged with water have sufficient water for tank washing without introduction of additional water into the system, and that the full contents of the slop tanks are discharged at 15 ppm oil content, the projected operational oil discharge per voyage is about 4. 5 liters. this corresponds to an outflow factor less than 1 / 2, 000, 000. applying this factor for product tankers with sbt is a conservative assumption, as tank cleaning is not required in all circumstances, and cleaning is often carried out alongside a refinery where the slops can be transported ashore. in the case of non - sbt product tankers where ballast is carried in cargo tanks, the outflow factor of 1 / 200, 000 as applied for non - sbt crude oil carriers is appropriate. annual discharges for non - sbt product tankers are developed similar to the crude carriers, and are summarized in table e - 5. the projected operational discharge in tonnes per year is as follows. non - sbt product tankers : 382, 700, 000 / 200, 000 = 1, 914 tonnes assuming 0. 02 percent of the cargo oil remains onboard after offloading cargo, the average amount of oil remaining table e - 5 calculation of operational cargo oil discharge from pre - marpol ( non - sbt ) product tankers \u2014 worldwide less than 20, 000 dwt 20, 000 to 125, 000 dwt all non - sbt product tkrs total no. of product tankers 4, 545 724 5, 269 assumed percent non - sbt 33. 3 percent 33. 3 percent 33. 3 percent no. of non - sbt product tankers 1515 241 1756 average deadweight ( tonnes ) 2, 894 41, 911 8, 255 cargo oil as percent of deadweight 80 percent 80 percent \u2014 cargo oil per voyage ( tonnes ) 2, 315 33, 529 5, 643 voyages ( per annum ) 40 30 38. 6 total cargo oil moved ( millions tonnes ) 140. 3 242. 4 382. 7 discharge as percent of cargo oil moved 1 / 200, 000 1 / 200, 000 1 / 200, 000 estimated discharge ( tonnes / year ) 702 1, 212 1, 914 ocr for page 207 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects onboard the product tankers is 2 m3 or about 1. 8 tonnes. for non - compliance where the odms is not working properly or intentionally bypassed, the oil outflow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4693505120801861, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.453163"} {"text": "page 207 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects onboard the product tankers is 2 m3 or about 1. 8 tonnes. for non - compliance where the odms is not working properly or intentionally bypassed, the oil outflow factor becomes 2 / 10, 000 = 1 / 5, 000. this 1 / 5, 000 factor is applied for both sbt and non - sbt product tankers. this is a conservative estimate, as it assumes that all oil remaining onboard the non - compliant tankers is discharged at sea. the oil discharge monitoring systems ( odms ) on clean product tankers have a higher degree of reliability as compared to vessels carrying persistent oils, and the discharge due to equipment failure should be less. summary of operational discharges of cargo oil from tankers table e - 6 summarizes total operational discharges assuming all tankers operate in compliance with marpol73 / 78. the estimated discharge per year is 7, 396 tonnes. in the 1990 study on inputs of petroleum into the marine environment ( imo 1990 ), the following estimates were made with regard to tankers complying with marpol maximum discharge quantities : greater than 150, 000 dwt 99 percent compliance 75, 000 to 150, 000 dwt 95 percent compliance 40, 000 to 75, 000 dwt 85 percent compliance 20, 000 to 40, 000 dwt 85 percent compliance less than 20, 000 dwt 80 percent compliance the rationale for this degree of non - compliance is that 1 ) not all tankers fly the flag of a state that is party to marpol 73 / 78, 2 ) not all tankers that fly the flag of a state party to marpol 73 / 78 operate in compliance with the discharge criteria ; 3 ) there will be equipment failures onboard ships, and, 4 ) there are not adequate reception facilities worldwide. the higher degree of compliance allocated to the larger tankers was justified on the basis that the large majority of the larger tankers fly the flag of a state party to marpol 73 / 78, and the majority of larger tankers are on longer voyages which facilitates compliance with marpol 73 / 78. since 1990, tanker operations have come under much closer scrutiny. port state oversight has increased, and regulations such as the international ship management code ( ism ) and the standards for training and certification of watchkeepers ( stcw ) have encouraged more diligent operations. in view of the above, the assumed compliance rates have been increased to the following values. greater than 125", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45085709530025064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.454134"} {"text": "management code ( ism ) and the standards for training and certification of watchkeepers ( stcw ) have encouraged more diligent operations. in view of the above, the assumed compliance rates have been increased to the following values. greater than 125, 000 dwt 99 percent compliance 20, 000 to 125, 000 dwt 95 percent compliance less than 20, 000 dwt 90 percent compliance table e - 7 summarizes total operational discharges assuming these levels of compliance with marpol73 / 78. the estimated discharge per year is 36, 437 tonnes ( 10, 712, 461 gallons ). these discharges are applicable to international waters. discharge of oily water within 50 nautical miles from shore is prohibited. intentional discharges within u. s. and canadian waters are believed to be small due to rigorous enforcement programs. bilge oil and fuel oil inputs machinery space bilge discharges from tankers the large majority of commercial vessels above 100 gt in size are motor ships. the 1990 international maritime organization report estimated the average production of bilge oil at 12 gallons per day for a 20, 000 hp plant. advancements in the design and manufacture of engines and pumps, fitting of coamings around pumps and other sources of oil on new vessels, locating of the purifiers into separate spaces, and other design improvements have brought about a table e - 6 calculation of operational cargo oil discharge from tankers assuming full compliance with marpol 73 / 78 crude oil carriers dh or sbt crude oil carriers without sbt product tankers dh or sbt product tankers without sbt no. of tankers 1, 188 594 3, 513 1, 756 discharge per tanker ( tonnes per year ) 0. 08 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 oil movements ( millions of tonnes / year ) \u2014 1, 000. 8 765. 5 382. 7 outflow factor \u2014 1 / 200, 000 1 / 2, 000, 000 1 / 200, 000 operational discharge ( tonnes / year ) 95 5, 004 383 1, 914 total discharge ( tonnes / year ) 7, 396 ocr for page 208 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 7 calculation of operational cargo oil discharge from tankers assuming partial non - compliance with marpol 73 / 78 \u2014 worldwide crude oil carriers dh or sbt crude oil carriers without sbt product tankers dh or sbt product tankers without sbt marpol compliant no. of tankers 1, 140 570 3, 187", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45805517016623254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.455104"} {"text": "compliance with marpol 73 / 78 \u2014 worldwide crude oil carriers dh or sbt crude oil carriers without sbt product tankers dh or sbt product tankers without sbt marpol compliant no. of tankers 1, 140 570 3, 187 1, 593 discharge per tanker ( tonnes per year ) 0. 08 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 - oil movements ( millions tonnes / year ) \u2014 965. 1 713. 3 356. 7 outflow factor \u2014 1 / 200, 000 1 / 2, 000, 000 1 / 200, 000 operational discharge ( tonnes / year ) 91 4, 825 357 1, 783 total discharge from compliant tkrs 7, 056 non - compliant no. of tankers 48 24 326 163 discharge per tanker ( tonnes per year ) 38 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 - oil movements ( millions of tonnes / year ) \u2014 35. 8 52. 1 26. 1 outflow factor \u2014 1 / 3, 000 1 / 5, 000 1 / 5, 000 operational discharge ( tonnes / year ) 1824 11, 923 10, 422 5, 211 total discharge from non - compliant tankers 29, 381 total discharge ( tonnes / year ) 36, 437 total discharge ( gallons / year ) 10, 257, 685 reduction in bilge oil generation for modern ships. for these calculations, a rate of 5 gallons per day for a 20, 000 hp plant, or 0. 25 gallons per 1, 000 hp per day is assumed. an estimation of bilge oil generation for tankers is provided in table e - 8. the number of tankers is taken from the lloyd \u2019 s register data for 1999, and the horsepower is estimated based on the distribution of tanker sizes. assuming 0. 25 gallons of bilge oil is generated per 1, 000 hp per day, and that the tankers operate 350 days per year, it is estimated that a total of 19, 119 tonnes ( 5. 3 million gallons ) of bilge oil is generated per year. on crude oil tankers, oily bilge water is routinely transferred to the cargo slops system, which includes an oily water separator system where most of the oil is settled out and returned for use on the tanker. periodically the water collected through this system must be discharged overboard through an oil discharge monitoring system set to alarm and shut down at 15 ppm. product tankers are not able to recycle as much oil but, in any case, oil content of all overboard discharge is restricted to 15 ppm. assuming a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4521923205588507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.456076"} {"text": "an oil discharge monitoring system set to alarm and shut down at 15 ppm. product tankers are not able to recycle as much oil but, in any case, oil content of all overboard discharge is restricted to 15 ppm. assuming a 15 ppm oil content for bilge discharges, it is estimated that less than 0. 2 percent of bilge oil is discharged overboard. table e - 9 summarizes the expected bilge oil discharge for tankers. the rate of marpol compliance is assumed as described in the previous section on operation discharges, and non - compliant vessels are assumed to discharge all of their bilge oil overboard. the discharge from marpol compliant tankers is very small \u2014 a total of only 34 tonnes per year. total discharge from both compliant and non - compliant tankers is estimated at 1, 129 tonnes ( 313, 621 gallons ) per year. this is considered to provide a conservative estimate of legally permitted discharges. steam tankers generate less oil to the bilges. because steam tankers make up less than 5 percent of the world fleet, the above calculations assumed that all tankers are motorships. machinery space bilge discharges from non - tankers according to lloyd \u2019 s register data there were 79, 547 non - tankers above 100 gt in size operating commercially around the world in 1999. these consisted of 38, 732 commercial vessels with an average main propulsion power of about 7, 500 hp, and 40, 815 other vessels with an average power of about 500 hp. bilge oil discharges for non - tankers are summarized in table e - 10. a bilge oil generation rate of 0. 25 gallons / 1000 hp per day was applied. vessels between 100 gt and 400 gt, which comprise some 54 percent of the non - tanker fleet, are not required to have oily water discharge equipment installed. although these vessels are not permitted to discharge bilge effluent, it is believed that there is a significant level of non - compliance. to account for this, 15 percent of the commercial vessels and 30 percent of the other vessels were assumed to not comply with marpol regulations. total bilge oil discharge from both compliant and non - compliant vessels other than tankers is estimated at 15, 607 tonnes ( 4. 0 million gallons ) per year. fuel oil sludge from all vessels based on 1998 data collected by intertanko ( unpublished ), the world annual use of fuel oil from marine application is estimated to be 130 million tonnes of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4898638530959657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.457068"} {"text": "sludge and therefore is discounted from further consideration here. the total production of sludge from ships is estimated as 130 million \u2022 0. 015 = 1. 95 million tonnes ( 499 million gallons ) of sludge per year. as noted above, marpol requires that all sludge must either be retained on board for discharge to a reception facility ashore or for other legal treatment on board the vessel. on - board treatment includes mixing and homogenizing sludge with the fuel oil, use of on - board incinerators, and on crude oil tankers, transferring the sludge to the cargo or slop tanks. not all vessels are equipped with incinerators or slop tanks or have the capability to otherwise treat all produced sludge on board. waste reception facilities exist throughout the world. there are over 1, 000 such facilities in the united states alone. it is widely acknowledged that such facilities are not used to the fullest extent due to a variety of reasons table e - 9 bilge oil discharge from tankers greater than 100 gt \u2014 worldwide crude oil carriers product tankers dry bulk / oil carriers marpol compliant no. of tankers 1, 782 5, 269 219 total bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 12, 038 6, 059 1, 021 percent of tankers assumed marpol compliant 96 percent 91 percent 93 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 2 percent 0. 2 percent 0. 2 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 23. 2 11. 0 1. 9 total discharge from compliant tankers ( tonnes / year ) 36 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 4 percent 9 percent 7 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 percent 100 percent 100 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 457. 5 563. 5 71. 5 total discharge from non - compliant tankers ( tonnes / year ) 1, 092 total discharge ( tonnes / year ) 1, 129 total discharge ( gallons / year ) 313, 121 ocr for page 210 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 10 bilge oil discharge from non - tankers greater than 100 gt \u2014 worldwide commercial vessels other vessels bilge oil generation no. of ships 38, 732 40, 815 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 7, 500 500 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47321161359170016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.459215"} {"text": "generation no. of ships 38, 732 40, 815 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 7, 500 500 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 1. 9 0. 1 assumed time in service ( days / year ) 350 100 bilge oil generation ( gallons / year ) 25, 417, 875 510, 188 bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 99, 289 1, 809 marpol compliant percent of vessels assumed marpol compliant 85 percent 70 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 2 percent 0. 2 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 168. 8 2. 5 total discharge from compliant ships ( tonnes / year ) 171 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 15 percent 30 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 percent 100 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 14, 893 543 total discharge from non - compliant tankers ( tonnes / year ) 15, 436 total discharge ( tonnes / year ) 15, 607 total discharge ( gallons / year ) 4, 009, 662 including cost and timeliness. therefore, it is generally assumed that some quantity of oily sludge is discharged to the sea in contravention of marpol. the previous study ( imo, 1990 ) estimated that quantity to be 10 percent for tankers and 25 percent for non - tankers. recognizing improvements in vessel operations and enforcement regimes since then, for these calculations non - compliance is taken as 5 percent for tankers and 15 percent for non - tankers. as shown in table e - 11, total sludge discharge to the sea from both compliant and non - compliant vessels is estimated at 255, 700 tonnes ( 65 million gallons ) per year. oily ballast from fuel tanks discharges of oily ballast from fuel tanks are considered to be negligible. placing seawater in fuel tanks as ballast water introduces contaminants into those tanks, increasing engine maintenance and the risk of malfunction. thus, the practice is avoided whenever possible. summary of bilge oil and fuel oil inputs bilge oil and fuel oil inputs are summarized in table e - 12. the total amount of oil entering the sea from these table e - 11 fuel oil sludge discharge \u2014 worldwide tankers non - tankers no. of ships 7, 270 79, 547 average size of propulsion machinery (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5007402992644028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.460325"} {"text": "in table e - 12. the total amount of oil entering the sea from these table e - 11 fuel oil sludge discharge \u2014 worldwide tankers non - tankers no. of ships 7, 270 79, 547 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 8, 281 3, 908 fuel oil consumption \u2014 residual fuel ( million tonnes ) 24. 5 105. 5 fuel oil consumption \u2014 distillate fuel ( million tonnes ) 0. 0 40. 0 sludge content of residual fuel 1. 5 percent 1. 5 percent sludge content of distillate fuel 0. 0 percent 0. 0 percent sludge generation ( tonnes / year ) 368, 004 1, 581, 996 percent of ships assumed non - marpol compliant 5 percent 15 percent sludge discharge ( tonnes / year ) 18, 400 237, 299 total sludge discharge ( tonnes / year ) 255, 700 total sludge discharge ( gallons / year ) 65, 459, 110 ocr for page 211 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 12 total amount of oil entering the sea from bilge and fuel ( 1989 figures from imo, 1990 ) \u2014 worldwide imo 1989 ( tonnes ) year 1999 ( tonnes ) best estimate ( gallons ) machinery space bilges 64, 400 16, 736 4, 322, 783 fuel oil sludge 186, 800 255, 700 65, 459, 110 oily ballast from fuel tanks 1, 400 0 0 total 252, 600 272, 435 69, 781, 893 sources is estimated as 272, 435 tonnes ( 70 million gallons ). the discharge of sludge accounts for about 94 percent of the total bilge oil and fuel oil input. fuel oil and bilge oil inputs in north american waters bilge oil discharges into u. s. marine waters for vessels greater than 100 gt in size are summarized in table e - 13. intentional discharges of cargo oil washings and sludge within u. s. and canadian waters are believed to be small due to rigorous regulatory enforcement programs, and are assumed to be included in the spill data. transit miles for tankers and cargo ships operating in u. s. waters are obtained from acoe transit data ( u. s. army corps of engineers navigation data center, 1997b ). the number and average horsepower of commercial vessels other than tankers and cargo ships is obtained from the u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database. these data are used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4712672123874443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.461222"} {"text": "corps of engineers navigation data center, 1997b ). the number and average horsepower of commercial vessels other than tankers and cargo ships is obtained from the u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database. these data are used to estimate operating days in u. s. coastal waters for these other vessels. recreational vessels and government vessels were not considered in this estimate. the quantity of bilge oil generated is calculated assuming 0. 25 gallons of bilge oil is produced per 1, 000 hp per day. for marpol compliant vessel, it is estimated that less than 0. 2 percent of bilge oil is discharged overboard. for non - compliant vessels, 100 % discharge of bilge oil is assumed. recognizing the strong port state control measures in effect in both the u. s. and canada, for these calculations 98 % compliance with marpol regulations is assumed for vessels greater than 400 gt. for smaller vessels, which are not required to have oil / water separators and therefore must transfer contaminated bilge water ashore, 90 % compliance is assumed. assuming these levels of compliance, the total estimated operational discharges of bilge oil into marine u. s. waters per year is 81 tonnes ( 22 thousand gallons ) table e - 14 summarizes total operation discharges in north american waters. the figures for canada and mexico were derived by multiplying the estimated operational discharge in u. s. waters by the ratio of cargo movements in u. s. waters to the cargo movements in canadian and mexican waters respectively. the best estimate of total discharge in north american waters is 99 tonnes ( 26 thousand gallons ). approximately 38 tonnes ( 11 thousand gallons ) are diesel oil, with the remaining 61 tonnes ( 16 thousand gallons ) comprised primarily of heavy fuel oil and lube oil. the tonnes of cargo moved through each region were used as a basis for distributing the total operational discharge of table e - 13 bilge oil discharge \u2014 u. s. marine waters ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) tankers vessels > 400 gt in size cargo ships other 100 gt to 400 gt days operating in u. s. coastal waters ( days / year ) 67, 000 209, 000 110, 000 235, 000 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 7, 500 8, 300 3, 900 1, 200 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 1. 9 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4876422803396052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.462304"} {"text": ", 300 3, 900 1, 200 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 1. 9 2. 1 1. 0 0. 3 bilge oil generation ( gallons / year ) 125, 625 433, 675 107, 250 70, 500 bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 491 1, 694 380 250 marpol compliant total bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 491 1, 694 380 250 percent assumed marpol compliant 98. 0 98. 0 98. 0 90. 0 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 1. 0 3. 3 0. 7 0. 0 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 2 2 2 10 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 100 100 100 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 9. 8 33. 9 7. 6 25. 0 total bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 81 total bilge oil discharge ( gallons / year ) 21, 687 ocr for page 212 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 14 total bilge oil discharge \u2014 north american waters ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) ( tonnes ) ( gallons ) united states 81 canada 11 mexico 7 best estimate 99 26, 465 bilge oil amongst the various zones. these results are summarized in table e - 15. summary of fuel oil and bilge oil inputs ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) estimated operational discharges for both north american waters and international waters are summarized in tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6. considering the high level of uncertainty in the assumptions on the extent of marpol compliance, the minimum estimate is taken as 50 % of the best estimate, and the maximum estimate at twice the best estimate. fuel oil and bilge oil inputs in north american waters ( for vessels less than 100 gt ) bilge oil discharges into u. s. marine waters for vessels less than 100 gt in size are summarized in table e - 16. according to u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database, in year 2000 there were 41, 313 registered vessels in the u. s. under 100 gt, other than tankers, cargo ships, and recreational vessels", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48600895086098295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.463196"} {"text": ". according to u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database, in year 2000 there were 41, 313 registered vessels in the u. s. under 100 gt, other than tankers, cargo ships, and recreational vessels. this average size for propulsion machinery was 350 hp. it was assumed that these vessels generated 0. 09 gallons of bilge oil per day, operated 50 days per year, and that 60 % of the vessels operated in marine ( non inland ) waters. these estimates were the best judgment of the committee, as data were not available. based on the above, the total bilge oil generation in the vessels less than 100 gt was calculated to be 385 tonnes per year ( 108 thousand gallons per year ). a 70 % compliance level was assumed for these smaller vessels. for marpol compliant vessels, it is assumed that all bilge oil is retained onboard and disposed at suitable reception facilities. for non - compliant vessels, 100 % discharge of bilge oil is assumed. the calculated value, also considered the best estimated, was therefore 30 % of 385 tonnes per year, or 115 tonnes per year ( 33 thousand gallons per year ). all of these discharges are assumed to be diesel oil and other light distillates. the distributions by zone are summarized in table e - 18. due to the very high level of uncertainty in these calculations, a range from 23 tonnes per year ( 20 % of the best estimate ) to 575 tonnes per year ( five times the best estimate ) was selected. worldwide estimates for vessels under 100 gt were not developed due to the lack of data. also, estimates were not developed for canadian and mexican waters. accidental spills from vessels in north american waters spill trends in u. s. waters figure e - 1 shows the oil spillage in u. s. waters from tank vessels during the period from 1973 to 1999. the oil spill data are from the environmental research consulting spill table e - 15 operational discharge summary ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) best estimate ( tonnes ) minimum ( tonnes ) minimum ( tonnes ) best estimate ( gallons ) maximum ( gallons ) maximum ( gallons ) north american waters machinery space bilges 99 26, 465 fuel oil sludge 0 0 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total \u2014 north american waters 99 33 300 26, 000 9, 000 80, 000 international waters machinery space bilges 16, 637 0 fuel oil sludge 255, 700 0 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total \u2014 international", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47909998013234556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.464169"} {"text": "0 0 total \u2014 north american waters 99 33 300 26, 000 9, 000 80, 000 international waters machinery space bilges 16, 637 0 fuel oil sludge 255, 700 0 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total \u2014 international waters 270, 000 90, 000 810, 000 70, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 worldwide machinery space bilges 16, 736 4, 322, 783 fuel oil sludge 255, 700 65, 459, 110 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total \u2014 worldwide 270, 000 90, 000 810, 000 70, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 213 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 16 total bilge oil discharge \u2014 north american waters ( for vessels less than 100 gt ) number of registered vessels < 100 gt in size 41, 313 estimated percentage operating in marine waters 60 estimated operating days per year 50 days operating in u. s. coastal waters ( days / year ) 1, 240, 000 days operating in u. s. coastal waters ( days / year ) 1, 240, 000 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 350 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 0. 088 bilge oil generation ( gallons / year ) 108, 500 bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 385 marpol compliant total bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 385 percent assumed marpol compliant 70 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 0 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 0. 0 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 30 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 115. 4 total bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 115 total bilge oil discharge ( gallons / year ) 32, 885 databases, which collate data from a number of sources, including the u. s. coast guard, u. s. national response center, the u. s. minerals management service, and the oil spill intelligence report. as illustrated in figure e - 1, oil spillage dropped off significantly after 1991. this improvement followed the grounding of the exxon valdez in 1989, and the subsequent passage of the oil pollution act of 1990 ( opa 90", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4980745699214139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.466192"} {"text": "intelligence report. as illustrated in figure e - 1, oil spillage dropped off significantly after 1991. this improvement followed the grounding of the exxon valdez in 1989, and the subsequent passage of the oil pollution act of 1990 ( opa 90 ). estimated spill rates for north american waters in recognition of the fundamental changes to the maritime industry that took place after the exxon valdez accident, spill data from 1990 onward were used as the basis for estimating the amount of oil entering u. s. waters from marine vessel accidents. because complete spill data for canadian and mexican waters are not available, the estimated input from these waters was based on u. s. spill data adjusted for the relative tonnage moved through canadian and mexican waters as compared to u. s. waters. although effort is required to carefully evaluate data from the u. s. coast guard spill database to avoid double counting, the data were consistently collected during the 1990s and are considered reliable, particularly with regard to the larger spills. the database, which contains generally conservative estimates of outflow from all reported incidents, is assumed to establish the minimum estimate. table e - 17 lists the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons spilled in the sea in u. s. marine waters from 1990 through 1999. a total of 1, 745 spills of 0. 34 tonnes ( 100 gallons ) or more occurred during this ten year period, discharging some 9, 111 tonnes ( 2, 520, 134 gallons ) into marine waters. 175 of these spills were greater than 34 tonnes ( 10, 000 gallons ) in size, and these large spills accounted for about 87 % of the total spillage. table e - 18 shows the breakdown of the spillage by types of vessels and types of oil. tankers and tank barges were responsible for 82 % of the total spillage. oil types were separated into four categories. spillage by oil type was as follows : crude oil ( 36 % ), heavy distillate ( 36 % ), light distillate ( 25 % ), and gasoline ( 3 % ). estimation of spills in canadian and mexican waters because a comprehensive spill database for canadian and mexican waters were not available, the spill volumes were estimated by adjusted u. s. figures by the relative movements of cargo. in 1997, approximately 715 million tonnes of crude oil and products were moved in u. s. international and coastwise trade ( usace, 1997b ). in comparison, about 68 million tonnes were moved through canadian ports ( statistics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47315403423842395, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.467901"} {"text": "of cargo. in 1997, approximately 715 million tonnes of crude oil and products were moved in u. s. international and coastwise trade ( usace, 1997b ). in comparison, about 68 million tonnes were moved through canadian ports ( statistics canada, 1997 ), or 9. 5 percent of the u. s. movements. similarly, about 112 million tonnes of crude and products were moved through mexican ports ( bp world statistics, 1997 ), or 15. 7 percent of the u. s. movements. inputs from accidental spills from tank vessels in canada and mexico were taken as 9. 5 percent and 15. 7 percent of the u. s. values respectively. canadian and mexican dry cargo movements are approximately one - third and one - twentieth of the u. s. international and coastwise movements respectively. however, freighters are responsible for only 18 percent of the spillage from other vessels in u. s. waters. it was assumed that spills in canadian water from other vessels equals 15 percent of the u. s. totals, and that spills in mexican waters from other vessels equals 6 percent of the u. s. totals. summary of spills in north american waters the u. s. coast guard database, which contains generally conservative estimates of outflow from all reported incidents, is assumed to establish the minimum estimate. recognizing the completeness of the data, the spill quantities were increased by just 5 percent to obtain the best estimate, and further increased by 20 percent to obtain the maximum estimate. results are summarized in table e - 19. the recording of the location of spills was not as consistently maintained within the u. s. coast guard spill database. this data has been reviewed and summarized in tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6, in order to provide a sense of the distribution of spills within u. s. waters. accidental spills from vessels in international waters for this study, spill data from the environmental research consulting database is applied. this database includes information gleaned from the international maritime organization, itopf, and other national and regional agencies. the international data excludes spills in north american waters. as shown in table e - 20, a total of 745, 292 tonnes of oil spillage was recorded during the years 1990 through 1999, ocr for page 214 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects figure e - 1 historical trend ( 1973 - 1999 ) in oil spills from vessels into u. s. marine waters ( data from u. s. coast guard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4668666240735002, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.470944"} {"text": "ocr for page 214 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects figure e - 1 historical trend ( 1973 - 1999 ) in oil spills from vessels into u. s. marine waters ( data from u. s. coast guard and mms databases by environmental research consulting. ) averaging 74, 529 tonnes ( 22 million gallons ) per year during this ten year period. not included in these totals is the spillage associated with the gulf war, which is estimated to be in excess of 600, 000 tonnes. the international data are not consistently collected and are therefore regarded as underestimates. smaller spills are frequently not included, and reporting is sometimes compromised for political and logistical reasons. recognizing the table e - 17 summary of oil input from accidental spills ( for vessels in u. s. waters ) tanker tank barge other vessels year # spills > 100 gal amount spilled ( gallons ) amount spilled ( tonnes ) # spills > 100 gal amount spilled ( gallons ) amount spilled ( tonnes ) # spills > 100 gal amount spilled ( gallons ) amount spilled ( tonnes ) 1990 24 4, 605, 092 16, 963 58 1, 389, 000 5, 061 193 437, 584 1, 589 1991 13 43, 348 154 39 631, 934 2, 431 176 279, 274 1, 020 1992 22 114, 431 422 41 342, 823 1, 319 236 319, 337 1, 131 1993 26 78, 729 300 42 661, 848 2, 562 213 301, 703 1, 111 1994 17 62, 502 237 46 900, 841 3, 442 186 191, 300 679 1995 10 84, 369 304 33 70, 492 251 169 304, 268 1, 110 1996 11 275, 223 1, 032 40 1, 116, 606 3, 983 179 226, 322 819 1997 5 3, 952 15 27 139, 447 482 142 145, 493 531 1998 9 39, 330 153 27 169, 490 622 162 247, 736 875 1999 4 4, 590 17 19 157, 680 511 89 67, 117 246 totals 141 5, 311, 566 19, 597 372 5, 580, 161 20, 665 1745 2, 520, 134 9, 111 ave. / yr 14 531, 157 1, 960 37 558, 016 2, 067 175 252, 013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4676515446672362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.471771"} {"text": "597 372 5, 580, 161 20, 665 1745 2, 520, 134 9, 111 ave. / yr 14 531, 157 1, 960 37 558, 016 2, 067 175 252, 013 911 total \u2014 all vessels \u2014 u. s. waters ( average over period from 1990 - 1999 ) number of spills 226 spills > 100 gallons in size per year amount of spillage 1, 341, 186 gallons spilled per year ( average ) 4, 937 tonnes spilled per year ( average ) ocr for page 215 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 18 summary of average total load from accidental spills during years 1990 - 1999, for vessels in u. s. waters by type of vessel and by type of oil ( tonnes ) tankers tank barges other vessels totals % of total crude oil 16, 525 1, 184 162 17, 872 36 % gasoline 187 1, 459 50 1, 697 3 % light distillate 545 5, 466 6, 247 12, 259 25 % heavy distillate 2, 340 12, 556 2, 651 17, 546 36 % totals 19, 597 20, 665 9, 110 49, 373 ( percent of total ) 40 42 18 incompleteness of the data and the fact that the smaller spills, under 10, 000 gallons ( 34 tonnes ), comprised about 13 percent of the u. s. totals, the international spill quantities were increased by 25 percent to obtain the minimum estimate, by an additional 10 percent to obtain the best estimate, and further increased by 25 percent to obtain the maximum estimate. results are summarized in table e - 21. accidental spills from vessels worldwide the north american and international spill estimates are combined to provide worldwide estimates ( tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6 ). the best estimate for total spillage worldwide is 110, 000 tonnes ( 30 million gallons ) per year. the 1985 report ( national research council, 1985 ) and the 1990 study ( imo, 1990 ) both used data from the international tanker owners pollution federation ltd. ( itopf ) to estimate the quantity of oil entering the marine environment from tanker accidents. in the 1990 study, the spillage was averaged for the 10 - year period from 1981 to 1989, establishing an annual average of 114, 000 tonnes per year. in the 1990 report no adjustments were made for the deficiencies in the database, so care should taken when comparing these figures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45736835219609784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.472956"} {"text": "was averaged for the 10 - year period from 1981 to 1989, establishing an annual average of 114, 000 tonnes per year. in the 1990 report no adjustments were made for the deficiencies in the database, so care should taken when comparing these figures. inputs to the sea from the aircraft industry there are inputs to the sea from deliberate and continual releases of fuel from aircraft. there are two sources : deliberate discharge due to emergency conditions aboard the aircraft, and normal operation releases including the release of partially burned fuel in inefficient engines or inefficient operating modes and emptying of fuel injection bypass canisters. modern aircraft have take - off weights exceeding their landing weights, sometimes by as much as 150 tonnes. for example, a 747 can carry as much as 220, 000 l of fuel weighing about 175, 000 kg or 175 tonnes. if a fully laden 747 jettisoned its fuel because it was required to return to an airport, it could dump as much as 150 tonnes of the fuel to enable it to land safely. fuel dumping is infrequent but not rare. one airport reported on 16 fuel dumps in one year out of 7, 000 flights conducted [ canadian environmental assess table e - 19 summary of average annual loads from accidental spills ( for vessels in north american waters ) tank vessels ( gallons ) other vessels ( gallons ) all vessels ( gallons ) tank vessels ( tonnes ) other vessels ( tonnes ) all vessels ( tonnes ) spill volume \u2014 u. s. waters ( per year ) 1, 089, 173 252, 013 1, 341, 186 4, 026 911 4, 937 est. spill volume \u2014 canada ( per year ) 100, 000 38, 000 138, 000 384 137 521 est. spill volume \u2014 mexico ( per year ) 170, 000 15, 000 185, 000 631 55 686 1, 359, 173 305, 013 1, 664, 186 5, 042 1, 102 6, 144 tank vessels other vessels ( gallons ) ( tonnes ) ( gallons ) ( tonnes ) north american waters minimum ( based on 1990 \u2019 s data ) 1, 400, 000 5, 000 300, 000 1, 100 best estimate ( 1990 \u2019 s data + 5 percent ) 1, 400, 000 5, 300 300, 000 1, 200 maximum ( best estimate + 20 percent ) 1, 700, 000 6, 400 400, 000 1, 400 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 216 oil in the sea iii", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4516159995635418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.474001"} {"text": ", 300 300, 000 1, 200 maximum ( best estimate + 20 percent ) 1, 700, 000 6, 400 400, 000 1, 400 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 216 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 20 summary of oil input from accidental spills for vessels ( international waters \u2014 spills in north american waters excluded ) year tank vessels amount spilled ( tonnes ) other vessels amount spilled ( tonnes ) all vessels amount spilled ( tonnes ) 1990 39, 687 4, 757 44, 444 1991 169, 077 4, 315 173, 393 1992 113, 171 2, 454 115, 624 1993 107, 895 3, 269 111, 164 1994 96, 652 6, 220 102, 872 1995 12, 439 4, 358 16, 797 1996 62, 507 7, 358 69, 864 1997 62, 846 3, 344 66, 190 1998 20, 516 3, 839 24, 355 1999 17, 613 2, 976 20, 589 totals 702, 402 42, 890 745, 292 ave. / yr 70, 240 4, 289 74, 529 total \u2014 all vessels \u2014 international waters ( average over period from 1990 - 1999 ) amount of spillage 21, 911, 596 gallons spilled per year ( average ) 74, 529 tonnes spilled per year ( average ) ment agency ( ceaa ), 1995 ]. the u. s. military reports on 938 dumps, for 7, 300 tonnes per year, worldwide ( clewell, 1980 ). reporting on dumping is required but is not enforced or monitored. because of fears of dumping over residential areas, most dumping is conducted over preassigned areas of little habitation. airports near lakes or oceans designate areas over these waters. evaporation reduces the amount that directly deposits to between 5 and 70 percent of dump volume, depending on fuel type and weather conditions. older engines can emit relatively large amounts of unburned fuel. in older jet and turbine engines, jet fuel is cycled through engine parts as a coolant and is then passed into the injection system. because this flow must be maintained at certain levels, about 5 to 15 percent of fuel consumption can be emitted through the engines without fuel combustion. this loss occurs primarily during idle and take - off conditions and is least during cruise conditions. little documentation on this has been found, and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48089384617483183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.475059"} {"text": "at certain levels, about 5 to 15 percent of fuel consumption can be emitted through the engines without fuel combustion. this loss occurs primarily during idle and take - off conditions and is least during cruise conditions. little documentation on this has been found, and it may not contribute much oil to the sea. some older engines also have an injection bypass tank that is emptied automatically after take - off. this is believed to be restricted to very few aircraft at this time. the preliminary estimate of oil reaching the sea is based on the probability of a dump occurring. from literature, the rate of military jettisoning varies between 0. 001 and 0. 002 dumps per flight ( clewell, 1980a, b ; ceaa, 1995 ) ; this averages 0. 0015. if civilian rates were one - third of this, then the rate for civilian aircraft would be about 0. 0005, or 5 flights out of 10, 000. the flights over the oceans are relatively well known ( european commission, 1996 ). flights over the north atlantic average about 700 daily, over the north pacific about 100 ( not counting those over land on polar routes ), and those over the southern hemisphere, are estimated at about 200 per day. this is 1, 000 flights per day, with most flights consisting of large, wide - bodied aircraft such as the 757, 767, md - 11, and similar aircraft. the dumping of fuel typically releases 50 tonnes ( 50, 000 l ), of which about 50 percent would reach the sea surface, based on experimental deposition studies ( clewell, 1980a ; cross and picknett, 1973 ). this would yield 4, 500 tonnes per year. the u. s. military averaged 7, 262 tonnes per year in 1975 to 1978, with a steady decrease. if we place this value at 4, 000 tonnes currently and presume that only one - quarter of this was over water and would hit the water, then about 1, 000 tonnes per year is the u. s. military table e - 21 summary of oil input from accidental spills for vessels worldwide best estimate ( tonnes ) best minimum ( tonnes ) maximum ( tonnes ) estimate ( gallons ) minimum ( gallons ) maximum ( gallons ) north american waters tank vessels 5, 300 5, 000 6, 400 1, 400, 000 1, 400, 000 1, 700, 000 other vessels 1, 200 1, 100 1, 400 300, 000 300, 000 400, 000 total \u2014 north american waters 6, 500 6, 100 7,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5004942847134137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.476033"} {"text": ", 400 1, 400, 000 1, 400, 000 1, 700, 000 other vessels 1, 200 1, 100 1, 400 300, 000 300, 000 400, 000 total \u2014 north american waters 6, 500 6, 100 7, 700 1, 700, 000 1, 700, 000 2, 100, 000 international waters tank vessels 96, 580 87, 800 120, 725 28, 394, 621 25, 813, 292 35, 493, 276 other vessels 5, 897 5, 361 7, 372 1, 733, 823 1, 576, 203 2, 167, 279 total \u2014 international waters 100, 000 93, 000 130, 000 30, 000, 000 27, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 worldwide tank vessels 100, 000 93, 000 130, 000 30, 000, 000 27, 000, 000 37, 000, 000 other vessels 7, 100 6, 500 8, 800 2, 000, 000 1, 900, 000 2, 600, 000 total \u2014 worldwide 110, 000 100, 000 140, 000 32, 000, 000 29, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 217 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects input. if the world input from military aircraft is triple this amount, then the world input is 3, 000 tonnes. the sum total of aircraft dumping input is then estimated at 7, 500 tonnes. it is estimated that 1 / 5 of these releases would take place over north american territorial waters on the basis of air traffic loading to and from north america, compared to the rest of the world. this again is subdivided by the approximate numbers of trans - ocean flights arriving / departing from airports in the designated regions ( tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6 ). ocr for page 218 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects this page in the original is blank. representative terms from entire chapter :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45527387623162574, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.476704"} {"text": "mosses, liverworts & hornworts \" bryophytes \" is a resource devoted to bryology, the branch of plant science concerned with the study of mosses, liverworts and hornworts. it provides information on the classification, structural features, natural history, ecology and evolutionary relationships of these plants. although small in stature, bryophytes play significant roles in diverse terrestrial ecosystems. they are found growing on soil, rocks and / or trees throughout the world, from coastal antarctica to the peat bogs of the northern hemisphere, from the deserts of australia to the rain forests of the amazon. they are an essential part of this planet ' s biodiversity. click on any of the topics listed to learn more about these fascinating organisms. li zhang, fairy lake botanical garden, shenzhen, china ( szg ) and si he, missouri botanical garden ( mo ) visit s. i. u. carbondale. new publication : crandall - stotler, b. & r. e. stotler. 2012. ontogenetic studies, sporophyte anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of phyllothallia nivicola ( phyllothalliaceae, marchantiophyta ). nova hedwigia 95 : 277 - 294. the absh herbarium and the personal liverwort collections of r. stotler & b. crandall - stotler are moved to the field museum of natural history, chicago ( f ). translation : the entry \" about this site \" translated into the russian by vlad brown. an update of the bryophyta ( mosses ) classification page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4706085999317636, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.478253"} {"text": "sustainability issues grow as large urban centers add a million people, or or up to about 5 %, per year. social responses to acts of nature need to be tempered in order to prevent environmental disasters. demand increases for tech solutions. automation extends to robotics and space. recent links ( about 23 ) : ai \u201c the age of assistants \u201d : the view from inside sri augmented - reality \u201c what mountain is that? \u201d new app takes ar outside the city limits database | em - dat international strategy for disaster reduction international strategy for disaster reduction ( isdr ) death to humans! visions of the apocalypse in movies and literature : scientific american email how to : undo \u201c send \u201d in gmail events online event registration a\u20ac \u201c sell tickets online with eventbrite robotics ieee spectrum : cyborg fly pilots robot through obstacle course security david ignatius \u2013 pentagon \u2019 s cybersecurity plans have a cold war chill smartgrid ieee spectrum : $ 25 billion european smart grid market by 2020 space bbc news \u2013 alien hunters \u2018 should look for artificial intelligence \u2019 ui make : online : multitouch robot swarm controller world \u2019 s fastest - growing megalopolis hides in fog | raw file reinventing the city to combat climate change visualization david mccandless : the beauty of data visualization | video on ted. com urban risk reduction : an asian perspective, shaw et al, 2009 urbanization is outpacing general population growth in asia. case studies are described for localities and types of environmental disaster. urban issues range from household, community, city, region, to nation. lifestyles create hazards which induce, or worsen natural, events. the culture can be built on safety and resilience. action planning may require assistance of specialized agencies. pilot cities demonstrate projects such as local resource organization, citizen empowerment, and smaller units and chain of command. lessons are learned from disaster recovery. a management information system was useful in at least one case. the decision - making pyramid includes global, national, city, building, and individual. environmental issues include air and water pollution, waste and sewage, noise, land use, drainage and transport congestion, slums, flood and other common issues such as disease, fire, or crime. strategies are sensitive to survival, peace, innovation from tradition, and sustainability. the disaster management cycle has its own information and communication issues in each phase, non, before, during and after. risk reduction involves knowledge, perception, deepening, preparedness and dissemination. surveys measure public awareness. frameworks are provided by millennium development goal, hyo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4709244070198851, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.486292"} {"text": "has its own information and communication issues in each phase, non, before, during and after. risk reduction involves knowledge, perception, deepening, preparedness and dissemination. surveys measure public awareness. frameworks are provided by millennium development goal, hyogo framework for action, and un international strategy for disaster reduction. there are eighteen chapters, two parts, twenty - four authors. disaster risk management systems analysis : a guide book, baas, 2008 this book has a toolset for the characterization and strengthening of drm at the international, national, province / district / municipality, community and institution layers. a framework enumerates initiatives for each of the periods for disaster risk reduction, response, and recovery. preparedness links both development, through mitigation and prevention, and humanitarian assistance, through relief and recovery. another framework for sustainable livelihoods indicates which households are most vulnerable. there is a list of key questions for leaders. a form is shown to document the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats across levels. there are six modules, two annexes and many figures, relational maps, and checklists. it can be downloaded as a pdf from the web. ecological engineering : principles and practices, patrick c. kangas, 2004 humans stress natural ecosystems through simplification of species and metabolic shifts. research in emergent ecosystems includes agriculture, urban, and coastal or estuarine. since prediction is limited, engineering epistemology requires building improvement based on design and test. future directions include ecological nanotech, terraforming, biosensors, ecosensors, universal pollution treatment, and aquaculture. technoecosystems maintain a balance between living and hardware systems. since the laboratory includes the environment, the hacker code of ethics applies to ecological engineering. treatment reduces costs of pollution. ecological economics adds measures of emergy or embodied energy, natural capital, sustainability, carrying capacity and many types of ecosystem services to improve life - support value. sold waste management discusses landfills, composting, and industrial ecology. the energy value of the waste is the same as that used to make the product. wetlands are used for wastewater treatment by spiraling. an identical decay equation for decomposition evolved in parallel, linking design intuitions for both biodegradation in ecology and wastewater engineering. restoration ecology connects to succession and is explained for salt marshes, artificial reefs, and educational exhibits. microcosmology includes living models and replication issues. soil bioengineering is shown for urban imperviousness, stormwater management bioretent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5336092414159304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.487497"} {"text": ". restoration ecology connects to succession and is explained for salt marshes, artificial reefs, and educational exhibits. microcosmology includes living models and replication issues. soil bioengineering is shown for urban imperviousness, stormwater management bioretention and agricultural erosion control. this realm includes beavers, coastal vegetation and self - building machines. biodiversity is increased by exotic species. the food web describes feeding interactions. the series of multiple states in catastrophe theory is used to explain invasion. control theory ranges from machine analogies to biotech. circuit symbols are used for ecosystem models. h t odum coined a lot of the names of new ecosystems. principles include energy signature, self - organization and preadaptation. there are nine chapters building safer cities : the future of disaster risk, edited by kreimer et al, 2003 actual and new types of disasters are discussed, e. g. due to rapid urbanization or climate change. impact and preparedness affect several geographic scales of security, environmental and human, including economics. politics, and society. there are several major worldviews. the main concerns are globalization, environment, social vulnerability, and protecting infrastructure. the various methods of balancing costs of risks include privatization, government taxation and globalization. africa often suffers export losses, which leads to tens of thousands of youth mortalities, when other countries have disasters. hazard reduction involves robust design, flexible and adaptable systems, reversal of vulnerability trends, and societal preparedness. coastal zone classifications include protect, retreat and accommodate. resilience measures how much disturbance can be absorbed, and the capability for self - reorganization. regional analysis, management and action are required for flooding. study approaches include scenarios and consequences. the fact that life support networks, e. g. utilities, affect eachother as external technological causes has not been taken into account traditionally. critical infrastructure includes telecom, power, energy, storage, transportation, water, financial, emergency services, and government. buildings can be retrofit using new tech for earthquakes risk. these were papers for a conference of international financial institutions. there are four parts, twenty chapters, twenty - six authors. they may develop literacy for the terminology. most chapters have conclusions or recommendations. the web had pdfs and google books has full content. counting heads, david marusek, 2005 this novel is a scifi cyberpunk mystery. there are three parts, forty - five chapters, and an epilogue. chapters are numbered, e. g. up to 1. 3 or 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5773637616271435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.488507"} {"text": "cervical cancer ranks high on the list of common cancers that plague women worldwide ; it comes second after breast cancer in prevalence. more than 300, 000 women die of cervical cancer every year, worldwide, while in the united states alone, 13, 000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed every year, with about 4, 000 deaths. most cases of cervical cancer are reported in women between 40 and 55years of age, though it is not unusual for women in their late thirties to be infected. there are five common types of ovarian cysts. there are the functional cysts which are grouped into the follicle cyst and the corpus luteum cysts. both of these functional cysts are the result of the normal functions of the ovary. treatment for this type includes the method they call \u2018 watch and wait \u2019. the doctor usually advises the patient to come for a regular check up as the cysts inside the ovary are under observation. if however, the cysts start to grow to about two inches in diameter, a surgery called laparoscopy is employed in order to remove the cyst. as prevention still proves to be better than any known treatment for ovarian cysts, the physician generally recommends the use of birth control pills to decrease the risk of having further appearance of ovarian cysts. polycystic ovaries come about when the follicular sacs are no longer being ripped apart to release the eggs. the most popular sign of this type is that of infertility, and if the woman is trying to have her own child doctors generally recommend drug therapy which would induce ovulation, and if by any chance the patient prefers to stay childless and is having irregular periods a drug that restores normal menstrual flow are most commonly advised to be taken. pap smears are the only established method for cervical cancer screening. this test involves brushing cells off the surface of the cervix and examining the cells under a microscope for the presence of cancerous or precancerous changes or lesions. presently, pap smear is a routine test for women in most developed countries and this has really helped to reduce the number of deaths that are recorded due to cervical cancer. however, some critics have argued that the pap smear test is not always completely accurate. it is advisable to carry out the test in at least two laboratories, seek at least two professional opinions and then compare, especially if you observe early symptoms of cervical cancer or you believe you are perfectly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.410043669864922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.493033"} {"text": "smear test is not always completely accurate. it is advisable to carry out the test in at least two laboratories, seek at least two professional opinions and then compare, especially if you observe early symptoms of cervical cancer or you believe you are perfectly alright but the test result shows otherwise. treatment for ovarian cysts of these types generally involves surgery. the severity of the condition is basically the basis for choosing the type of surgery to be employed. ovarian cystectomy is focused on the removal of the cyst itself, while partial oophorectomy refers to the elimination of the part of the ovary where the cysts have taken root. the most drastic of measures involves those of salpingo - oophorectomy which takes away the ovary and the fallopian tube and total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy that removes the cysts, ovary, fallopian tube and the uterus to totally rid the body of further harm from this type of cysts sinji mikami presents the following posts our customers could save up to \u00a3617. 83 on automobile insurance by comparing. what is high risk automobile insurance? tips for getting the cheapest automobile insurance quotes online", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4413007011716222, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.493509"} {"text": "mapp v. ohio what is mapp v. ohio ( 1961 )? mapp v. ohio is considered to be amongst the most famous supreme court cases to have taken place within the 20th century ; this case was an appeal to the prior arrest of dollree mapp by the cleveland police department. prior to mapp v. ohio, dollree mapp \u2013 the plaintiff \u2013 was arrested after police officers had entered her home in order to search for a fugitive whom mapp was believed to be harboring ; the cleveland police department \u2013 following several denials for entry on the part of mapp \u2013 were reported to have falsified a search warrant and forcibly enter the residence of dollree mapp. subsequent to their entry, the police were unable to locate the alleged fugitive ; however, they discovered material within the mapp household that was determined to be \u201c lewd and lascivious \u201d according to police reports \u2013 these items were described as books dollree mapp was arrested upon this discovery, but was not charged ; however, she maintained that not only did the police lack the grounds to arrest her, but her 4th amendment rights had been violated, as well the 4th amendment prohibits the unlawful search and seizure of resident belonging to citizens of the united states of america ; this amendment also defines the rights of privacy awarded to citizens of the united states the case profile of mapp v. ohio the following is a case profile of the legal trial eponymously titled \u2018 mapp v. ohio \u2019 : date of the trial : 1961 legal classification : administrative law ; this legal field associated with events and circumstances in which the federal government of the united states engages its citizens, including the administration of government programs, the creation of agencies, and the establishment of a legal, regulatory federal standard united states reports case number : 367 u. s. 643 legal venue : the supreme court of the state of ohio judicial officer responsible for ruling : chief justice earl warren involved parties : the following are the parties named with regard to their involvement in the mapp v. ohio case : dollree mapp \u2013 the plaintiff the state of ohio \u2013 the defendant verdict delivered : the verdict ruled that ms. mapp \u2019 s rights were indeed violated as a result of the failure of the cleveland police departments failure to adhere to the tenets of the 4th amendment of the constitution of the united states associated legislation with regard to mapp v. ohio : the following statutory regulations were employed with regard to the mapp v. ohio trial : subsequent to the delivery of the verdict in mapp v", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4187652511282306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.497410"} {"text": "issue date : july 27, 2009 making graphene in a flash no time to make graphene via conventional routes? then make it \" in a flash. \" northwestern university scientists have just demonstrated that graphite oxide can be converted instantly to graphene via photothermal deoxygenation by exposing the material to a pulse of light from an ordinary camera flash ( j. am. chem. soc., doi : 10. 1021 / ja902348k ). because of its low cost and wide availability, graphite oxide is a promising precursor for making graphene - based materials, which are being studied for use in polymer composites and electronics. the oxide is typically treated at high temperature or with potent reducing agents such as hydrazine to yield graphene. now, laura j. cote, rodolfo cruz - silva, and jiaxing huang of northwestern have shown in a video that the flash method is an instantaneous, chemical - free way to transform graphite oxide, an electrical insulator, into graphene, a conductor, at room temperature. the team has also shown that by applying masking and photolithography methods, the flash technique can be used to fabricate complex patterns, a key step in developing electronic components. - chemical & engineering news - issn 0009 - 2347 - copyright \u00a9 american chemical society", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.55799819393455, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.498823"} {"text": "may 1912 brings vital growth \u2014 colored women \u2019 s equal suffrage league and grange endorsement by may 1912 suffrage organizations across oregon had established a strong foundation and new groups were forming to bring the votes for women message to male voters in their communities. activists in portland \u2019 s african american community formed the colored women \u2019 s equal suffrage league on may 13. endorsements of woman suffrage by existing organizations also brought potential voters to the cause. on may 18 the delegates to the oregon state grange convention in roseburg voted to support woman suffrage in the state. and when the press covered these events valuable publicity expanded awareness of the movement. \u201c mrs. coe temporary head, \u201d oregonian, may 15, 1912, 11. african american women in portland had established the colored women \u2019 s council of portland three months earlier, part of a growing number of african american women \u2019 s clubs across the nation. at a meeting of the council on may 12 members decided to form a suffrage association for women who were members of portland \u2019 s five african american church congregations. their goal was \u201c spreading equal suffrage ideas among those of the race. \u201d katherine gray served as the first president of the colored women \u2019 s equal suffrage league with mrs. lancaster as vice president, edith gray as treasurer and hattie redmond as secretary. redmond later served as president. the cwesl worked within the african american community and also as part of the coalition of suffrage groups in the city, including the state suffrage central committee. \u201c equal suffrage endorsed by state grange, \u201d oregon journal, may 18, 1912, 6. the oregon state grange, a social and political organization representing farmers, had been an important supporter of woman suffrage in oregon and other state granges had supported votes for women in other western states. the national grange waited until 1915 to endorse the suffrage cause. the oregon journal, reporting on the grange convention in roseburg, noted that \u201c woman suffrage came in for a full share of attention \u201d and reprinted the resolution that passed \u201c without opposition \u201d endorsing the votes for women measure on the november ballot : \u201c \u2018 whereas, the social relations of the family and state have from the beginning of the history of the human race shown man and woman, through of different spheres of activity and frequently of different viewpoints, to be essentially necessary in the social, economical and intellectual welfare of the home, the community, and the state. \u201c \u2018 whereas, the evidence of examples shown by trial in other states proves that women are not only entitled to participate in the practical duties of the state but that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40904503874122033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.504758"} {"text": "the social, economical and intellectual welfare of the home, the community, and the state. \u201c \u2018 whereas, the evidence of examples shown by trial in other states proves that women are not only entitled to participate in the practical duties of the state but that they have shown themselves to exhibit an interest and judgment the equal of their enfranchised brothers, \u201c \u2018 therefore, be it resolved, that the oregon state grange organization goes on record as favoring the granting of suffrage to the women of the state of oregon and command the same to the consideration of all those persons who now exercise the right of citizenship. \u2019 \u201d may 1912 marks a milepost in both the growth in individual organizations appealing to voters within specific communities, as was the case with the colored women \u2019 s equal suffrage league, and endorsements from organizations representing particular constituencies such as the oregon state grange. each group made important contributions to the 1912 oregon suffrage victory with appeals to particular male voters in their communities. just as vital were their contributions to a broader vision of equality in oregon. members of the cwesl contributed to the coalition of suffrage groups and were part of the umbrella organization of the state suffrage central committee. they also worked to achieve an end to discrimination by gender and an end to discrimination by race. the grange resolution certainly targeted the votes of male grange members. but the assembly also urged \u201c all those persons who now exercise the right of citizenship \u201d to support woman suffrage. want to read more articles from oregon suffrage campaigns? click here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5087643371443568, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.505683"} {"text": "skip to content skip to navigation menu 04 september 2009 the discovery of two new genes associated with alzheimer ' s disease could provide valuable new leads in the race to find treatments and possibly cures for the devastating condition, according to a leading university scientist. professor julie williams, school of medicine, has completed the largest - ever joint alzheimer ' s disease genome - wide association study ( gwas ) involving 16, 000 individuals. the study, published in nature genetics, uncovered two new genes associated with alzheimer ' s disease. previously only one gene, apoe4, had been shown to be a risk factor for alzheimer ' s disease. the study reveals, for the first time, that two further genes, clu and picalm, are related to alzheimer ' s disease. professor julie williams, who led the study, said : \" both clu and picalm highlight new pathways that lead to alzheimer ' s disease. clu is a clusterin - a type of protein - which normally protects the brain in a variety of ways. variation in this gene could remove this protection and contribute to alzheimer ' s development. \" picalm is important at synapses - connections between brain cells - and is involved in the transport of molecules into and inside of nerve cells, helping form memories and other brain functions. \" we know that the health of synapses is closely related to memory performance in alzheimer ' s disease, thus changes in genes which affect synapses are likely to have a direct effect on disease development. \" the study was funded by the wellcome trust, medical research council, alzheimer \u2019 s research trust and the welsh assembly government. the university - led research also involved scientists from universities in london, cambridge, nottingham, southampton, manchester, oxford, bristol and belfast, who collaborated with irish, german, belgian, greek and american institutions. the findings are some of the first to emerge from the university \u2019 s new flagship medical research centre ( mrc ) research centre. the centre for neuropsychiatric genetics and genomics at the university \u2013 the only mrc centre of its type in wales, is aimed specifically at harnessing the genetics revolution for research in mental disorders. it is also supported by funding from the welsh assembly government \u2019 s wales office of research and development ( word ) and the university itself, totalling more than \u00a34m. the first minister for wales, rhodri morgan, has hailed the findings as a \u2018 feather in the cap \u2019 for wales \u2019 reputation as a centre for world - class research.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4944102224929676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.509776"} {"text": "and the university itself, totalling more than \u00a34m. the first minister for wales, rhodri morgan, has hailed the findings as a \u2018 feather in the cap \u2019 for wales \u2019 reputation as a centre for world - class research. rhodri morgan said : \" this major breakthrough in the battle to understand and develop treatments for alzheimer ' s is good news for the 37, 000 people in wales and their carers who are affected by alzheimer ' s or other forms of dementia. \" it is a real feather in the cap of welsh science that this important global study has been led by a welsh scientist, professor julie williams and that the welsh assembly government was able to give financial support for her work. world - class research like this will help lead to improved treatment for this distressing disease, and may one day even mean we can cure dementia. \" the centre was opened in april 2009 under the directorship of professor mike owen of the university \u2019 s school of medicine and officially launched by the first minister. professor mike owen, school of medicine, who co - directed the research with professor williams said : \" these findings are the result of over 15 years hard work by many young scientists and doctors and i ' d like to pay tribute to them as well as the many patients and families who have helped us with our work. \" the challenge now is to try and understand how relatively subtle genetic influences like these lead to disease and how we can intervene to stop this happening. \" professor williams added, \" the mrc centre and research like this is changing our understanding of what causes the common form of alzheimer ' s disease and provides valuable new leads in the race to find treatments and possibly cures. \" it also shows that other genes can be identified using this method, and we are already planning a larger study involving 60, 000 people, which can be achieved within the next year. \" it is also important to recognise the contribution many welsh people who have acted as subjects for this research over the years. \" the eu : what \u2019 s in it for wales? new treatment for eczema trialled new drugs in development for treatment of osteoarthritis shaping public policy innovation and impact awards linking climate change and human evolution rise in type 2 diabetes amongst young uniting to solve the mystery of mental illness this is an externally hosted beta service offered by google.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46447833991307635, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.510842"} {"text": "friday, may 30, 2008 apalachicola river, part 23 the earthworks of fort gadsden, seen here, remain in remarkably good condition today and obviously were still substantial at the time of the civil war. following the evacuation of apalachicola in march of 1862, the confederates withdrew up the apalachicola river to ricco ' s bluff. southern engineers, however, soon began an examination of points along the river that might be better suited for defenses. one of the points they considered was fort gadsden. at least one confederate engineer recommended the construction of artillery emplacements at the site, but the bluff ' s reputation for sickness overruled the recommendation. even so, the confederates did use the fort as an advanced post from 1863 until 1865. small detachments of men, sometimes accompanied by a battery of field artillery, camped within the old seminole war earthworks and erected what was described as a \" guardhouse \" here. sickness remained an issue, however, and the men were constantly ill from fevers. by 1865, only a small squad of men from the 5th florida cavalry were at fort gadsden when the union navy sent a boat party over from st. andrew bay to attack ricco ' s bluff. a portion of this force dropped down the apalachicola to fort gadsden and captured the handful of men there, apparently without firing a shot. it is not clear if the fort was occupied by confederates after that point. in our next post, we will look at fort gadsden historic site as it appears today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4141695433384834, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.512492"} {"text": "fatigue in healthy individuals - people with many different diseases have symptoms of fatigue, which is a general sense of tiredness ; however, the causes are not fully understood. fatigue symptoms may be related to a person ' s level of fitness, health, and blood chemistries. - researchers are studying the potential role of plasma cytokines ( signaling molecules ) and hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal ( hpa ) axis ( part of the neuroendocrine system that controls stress ) functioning in symptoms of fatigue. - to characterize the symptoms of fatigue in healthy individuals. - to collect information on fatigue, pain, depression, stress, sleepiness, and quality of life from healthy adults of all ages. - to compare results obtained from people with various illnesses to better understand possible causes of fatigue that are associated with those diseases. - physically and mentally healthy volunteers18 years of age or older who can speak and read the english language. - exclusion criteria include individuals with a disease or condition causing significant fatigue ( congestive heart failure, cancer, or sleep disorders ), individuals taking medicines that cause fatigue ( beta blockers, diuretics, or narcotics ), and individuals who have a major psychiatric condition ( major depression, anxiety disorder, or schizophrenia ). - the following individuals may not participate : those who have two more alcoholic drinks per day, who use illicit drugs, or who drink more than 4 cups of coffee, 8 cups of soda or tea, or similar amounts of other caffeine - containing beverages a day, or eat more than 1 pound of chocolate per day ; and individuals who worked evenings or night shifts in the past month. - women who are pregnant or breastfeeding are not eligible. - participants must make two outpatient visits to the clinical center. each visit will last 5 hours and participants must refrain from smoking and consuming alcohol and caffeine for at least 24 hours. during the first study visit, researchers will conduct the following tests : - psychiatric interview, medical history, pregnancy test, and drug test. - urine test to measure the levels of stress hormones. - questionnaires that measure fatigue, pain, depression, stress, daytime sleepiness, and activity. - physical fitness test, including strength tests, walking tests, and physical activity monitoring. before the second study visit, patients must refrain from smoking and consuming caffeine and alcohol for at least 24 hours and have nothing, even water, by mouth after midnight. during the second study visit, the following tests will be conducted : -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5377182402022331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.516875"} {"text": ". before the second study visit, patients must refrain from smoking and consuming caffeine and alcohol for at least 24 hours and have nothing, even water, by mouth after midnight. during the second study visit, the following tests will be conducted : - stress hormone test ( participant will receive a cortisol - releasing hormone ). - four intravenous blood draws to determine cytokine profiles, gene expression, and levels of stress hormones ( immune and gentic analysis ). - participants will receive a small financial compensation for participation in the study. | study design : | | time perspective : prospective | | official title : | | fatigue in healthy individuals | - the primary outcome of the study is the fatigue score of healthy individuals using standardized questionnaires. - physical activity, pain, depression, stress, and daytime sleepiness scores ; the hpa axis function of healthy individuals ; the proinflammatory cytokine profile and gene expression in response to stress. | study start date : | | april 2009 | this protocol is designed to characterize the symptoms of fatigue in healthy individuals using standardized questionnaires and determine if physical activity, pain, depression, fatigue catastrophizing, stress, and daytime sleepiness play a role in the experience. this study will also examine the potential role of plasma cytokines and hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( hpa ) functioning in symptoms of fatigue in healthy individuals. eligible participants will complete questionnaires that measure fatigue, pain, depression, fatigue catastrophizing, perceived stress, daytime sleepiness, neurological health, and physical activity. participants will also perform strength testing ( e. g. hand grips ), walk testing ( 6 - minute walk test ), exercise testing on a treadmill, and physical activity monitoring using a portable activity device. blood samples will be obtained to determine cytokine profiles, gene expression, and levels of stress hormones ( cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone [ dhea ], catecholamines ). urine samples will also be obtained to measure the levels of stress hormones excreted. information collected in this protocol will be used to make comparison in subjects who experience extreme symptoms of fatigue due to many different disorders, in order to better understand the mechanisms of fatigue. | contact : leorey n saligan, c. r. n. p. | | ( 301 ) email @ example. com | | united states, maryland | | national institutes of health clinical center", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49683314095032793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.518654"} {"text": "a history of crawl stroke techniques to the 1960s : an australian perspective : section iv at the olympic games in 1932, japanese men dominated the swimming events, winning five out of a possible six gold medals and gaining 11 out of a possible 18 places. the usa took four places. japan first entered swimmers at the olympics in 1920, but none advanced beyond the semi - finals. at paris in 1924 several japanese qualified for finals, including takaishi ( fifth in 100 m and 1, 500 m ) and saiti ( sixth in back - stroke ). in amsterdam four years later takaishi moved up to third place in the 100 m, tsuruta won the gold medal for the 200 m breast - stroke, and the japanese 4 x 200 m team finished second. following this, a surge of confidence and optimism swept through japanese swimming circles. the world ' s best swimmers, including weissmuller and borg, accepted invitations to compete in japan practically every year in the 1920s and 1930s, and japanese swimmers competed in international meets all over the world, just as once again they have since 1960. they were making every effort to learn. their training was well organized and for those days severe. during a period of three months of hard training a total of four or five miles was covered each day. this was done in two training sessions. stretching and flexibility exercises were a feature of their preparation. progress was rapid under the centrally organized and enthusiastic japanese national swimming association. by 1932, japan ' s swimmers in all strokes were nearly unbeatable. throughout the 1930s there was a great deal of discussion about the japanese successes. the world wanted to know why. naturally their techniques came under close observation. this is what matsuzawa, the chief japanese coach said after the los angeles games : \" the 1932 victory of the japanese was probably due to the better use of the american crawl and european racing strokes than the americans or europeans themselves. added to this, the japanese swimmers were imbued with the national spirit and if there be any one main difference it was this fact. but for the japanese swimmers to adopt the foreign racing style in its entirety was disadvantageous. in the crawl and back - strokes japanese swimmers endeavored to aid the pull of the arms by the very strong beating of the legs. they have flexible ankles which gives them a lot of propulsion from their kicks without much effort. \" although it was claimed by the japanese coach that there was nothing new about the japanese crawl technique, certainly by 1936 a distinct stroke had emerged. the famous japanese swimmer katsuo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4260360767119897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.527530"} {"text": "which gives them a lot of propulsion from their kicks without much effort. \" although it was claimed by the japanese coach that there was nothing new about the japanese crawl technique, certainly by 1936 a distinct stroke had emerged. the famous japanese swimmer katsuo takaishi, veteran of three olympic games and a great student of swimming, maintained that there was a gulf of difference between the japanese style and either the american or the european styles when he wrote in 1936 for ashi sports magazine. the model the japanese had studied most was john weissmuller, and miyazaki the sprint winner at los angeles, carried his arms around in the recovery with an arm sweep characteristic of the american. however, as we shall see, this feature soon disappeared from the japanese crawl, then developing along its own lines. the japanese crawl the arm recovery became quickened and shortened, the hand entering only a short distance in front of the shoulder, followed by a long underwater glide forwards. the arm pull was made on a line under the shoulder parallel to the backbone with the elbow slightly bent. there was a ' snap \" finish to the arm drive by most japanese, although the hands came out relatively short at the line of the hips. some japanese swimmers also developed a marked \" over - lapping \" action of the arms, due to the very quick recovery. both arms were clearly in the water at the same time, one finishing its drive whilst the other was pushing forwards and downwards. during the arm recovery and early arm drive a continuous, powerful leg beat drove the body forward over the leading hand. in contrast to the americans the japanese did not carry their heads and shoulders high in the water, although the body position was sloping, the knees were the lowest part of the body. with this stroke considerable body roll was introduced for the first time amongst modern champions. as the arms drove downwards, the shoulders in turn were allowed to follow. the leg action was based on the low hip position. the knees were moderately bent during the kick - - very distinctly a downward and backward thrust with the feet. the feet did not come below the level of the knees so that the kick was relatively shallow. the japanese leg action was generally a continuous, \" independent \" six - beat without accent, like kitamura ' s, the 1, 500 m winner at los angeles. kitamura ' s kick can best be described as a continuous 123 - 123 - 123, but it is very interesting to find that the 1, 500 m winner terada in 1936 was using a leg action with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4665172756368781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.528583"} {"text": "500 m winner at los angeles. kitamura ' s kick can best be described as a continuous 123 - 123 - 123, but it is very interesting to find that the 1, 500 m winner terada in 1936 was using a leg action with a resting phase. we shall have more to say later about this \" resting phase \" in the leg action. because of the generally small stature of the japanese, with rounded shoulders and short legs with well developed calves, the stroke they evolved was probably with good reason, called a \" masterpiece of adaptation. \" it is a style well suited to the body build of most japanese, who are not tall and broad - shouldered like weissmuller and devitt, with their tapered bodies. takaishi in the book swimming in japan, published in 1935, wrote an article on the crawl - stroke explaining the japanese line of thought, and what he said then is still worthy of careful study today. i believe it is an excellent analysis : \" there are a few who have the opinion that the pressing movement of the arm at the beginning of the stroke is of no use or can even be detrimental for increasing speed, but the writer believes that this very movement decides whether one is a good swimmer or not. a good swimmer must learn to press the water skillfully. it is better to let the arm into the water before it is completely extended. if one extends the arm fully before letting it into the water, the time for pressing will be too long. both shoulders draw ellipses while swimming. one of them should be lifted when the other is dropped. accordingly, the upper part of the body should roll to both sides, but the position of the body line does not change. this movement is called rolling the body and it has a very close relation with the crawl stroke. if one swims without rolling the body on the longitudinal axis he must swim in a very unnatural position, such as pushing the head above the surface of the water or floating the upper part of the body by sinking the legs deeply in order to breathe easily. if one tries to stroke without rolling the body the power required is produced only by the muscles of the arms and shoulders, but when the power of the rolling of the body is added to that of the arms the force will be greatly increased. but one must understand that there is a limit even for rolling, as too much will destroy the form or will slow down the stroke. rolling of the body is necessary and the power produced by it greatly strengthens the stroke when it is combined", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47007118565423267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.529655"} {"text": "increased. but one must understand that there is a limit even for rolling, as too much will destroy the form or will slow down the stroke. rolling of the body is necessary and the power produced by it greatly strengthens the stroke when it is combined with the arm movements. this strength is increased according to the degree of rolling, consequently it is natural that the more one rolls the body, the larger the arm movement becomes. the larger the movement, the slower the tempo of the stroke. the best method of speed swimming for a fixed distance is to swim with the largest and strongest stroke and with as high a tempo as possible. however it is difficult for a swimmer of limited power and strength to enlarge his stroke without dropping his tempo. thus, we must consider the limit of rolling. in considering this it is important to decide whether the rolling suits a swimmer or not for on this decision rests whether he will succeed. this limit cannot be decided uniformly for every person. it is very difficult to find the limit of rolling which is most suitable for each individual. if one rolls the body too much he is compelled to let the arm stop while pressing on the water before it commences the catching movement. in short, the maximum of rolling is when the power gained by that rolling is all applied to the arm movement and each arm carries on its stroke without wasting time and energy. if the secret of speed swimming is to swim with the largest and strongest strokes and at the highest tempo, then the ideal would be for one with great strength to swim a certain distance with very strong strokes of the arms without rolling of the body because rolling drops the tempo. it is more understandable to call the pressing movement the supporting movement. one may think that this movement is done only by hand and wrist but in the crawl - stroke every part of the arm must press the water and even the shoulder helps this movement. it is the power of the finishing movement of the arms which actually increases the speed. consequently the finishing movement should be done very quickly and strongly. while an arm is above the surface of the water it is of no use for increasing the speed. at this time the arm should be relaxed, and the only effort should be raising the elbow by using the muscles of the shoulder. the form of the arm recovery varies in each individual, but in general the best form is this - - lift up the elbow after an arm finishes the stroke movement and take it out of the water as if pulling the hand with the elbow. carry it forward drawing a circle with the shoulder", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4776294846512231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.530715"} {"text": "in each individual, but in general the best form is this - - lift up the elbow after an arm finishes the stroke movement and take it out of the water as if pulling the hand with the elbow. carry it forward drawing a circle with the shoulder as the center and extend the arm forward and straighten the elbow when it is parallel with the body line. if one takes this method, the hand from the point of catching traces a parallel line with the central line of the body. even though the hand is let into the water before the elbow is straightened one can bring it to the proper position by straightening the elbow in the water. even the highest tempo cannot affect the position. inhaling is done at the moment the roll on the breathing side is at its height. when the arm of the breathing side is near the end of its pull, gradually begin to turn up the face sideways and finish breathing when the arm makes its last snap, because at this time the rolling of the body is at full swing. then the face must be carried back to its former position as the arm is carried forward. the mouth must be above the surface of the water for as short a time as possible. then one must inhale through the mouth as much as possible in that short time. then hold the air and exhale little by little until the mouth appears again above the water. \" shozo makino, only 5 feet 1 inch tall and weighing 119 lb., one of japan ' s outstanding swimmers and holder of the world record for 800 m and runner - up to kitamura in the 1, 500 m at los angeles, made these interesting and provocative comments : \" i pull out my hand before it has completed the stroke and stretch out immediately, not stroking to my waist thoroughly. this form is the best to keep a fast pace without much weariness in a long distance race. however, the form of long distance swimmer honda, who won the japanese and world records for the 1, 000 m in 1934 is not that of a high tempo but that of long large strokes. i do not know which form is best, but each swimmer should choose that which suits him. the most important and common point is that the swimmer has to push the water firmly away as soon as he puts his hands in, without resting. \" it is interesting that although the predominant feature of their stroke of the 1930s was usually interpreted as a long glide combined with a strong, continuous leg action and this was the stroke \" borrowed \" by many unsuccessful australian swimmers at this time, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47179146919519804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.531869"} {"text": "register now for free, or sign in with any of these services : we have this very cool report from michael gochfeld, author with joanna burger of \" butterflies of new jersey : a guide to their status, distribution, conservation and appreciation \" ( rutgers university press, 1997 ) : giant swallowtails appear in new jersey the giant swallowtail, a southern species of butterfly, that rarely visits new jersey, is showing up in unprecedented numbers in many north jersey localities in recent weeks. butterfly watchers from the north american butterfly association have been seeing giant swallowtails in various favorite butterflying haunts since early august, and numbers continue to increase, as new individuals arrive from the south. several butterfly species tend to migrate northward in late summer, but some of the giant swallowtails may be the offspring of the few that were seen in new jersey in 2007. although called \u201c giant \u201d, this swallowtail is only slightly larger than the very familiar and common tiger swallowtail from which it can be distinguished, by its entirely yellow under surface, and the broad yellow band across the black upper wing surface. in the south the giant swallowtail caterpillars feed on various types of citrus, but in new jersey their main plant host species is the prickly ash, zanthoxylum americanum ( which is not an ash at all ). this bush is common in northern and western new jersey, and giant swallowtails have been seen laying eggs which may give rise to future generations. these striking butterflies can turn up anywhere in the state. several butterfly - gardeners have reported individuals in central and even southern new jersey, where giant swallowtails have been photographed nectaring at butterfly bush. the \" butterflies of new jersey \" book by michael gochfeld and joanna burger considers this a vagrant, with only one or two records per decade, although it occurred more regularly fifty years ago. it was one of the victims of widespread pesticide use in the 1950s and 60s to control mosquitoes in residential communities and gypsy moths in state forests. hi, tb - this video was actually part of a larger story that appeared in print on sunday. hardy varieties were identified in that story, with details concerning their origin and culture contained in a graphic. click here to read the story : or go to the nj. com home page and search on \" palms. \" we plant and we hope, but chances are we will have unripe tomatoes at the end of the season. reader pat winecker of flemington has kindly sent along a recipe for a green tomato relish.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.437966049053793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.537330"} {"text": "and search on \" palms. \" we plant and we hope, but chances are we will have unripe tomatoes at the end of the season. reader pat winecker of flemington has kindly sent along a recipe for a green tomato relish. here is something to do with those green tomatoes, don ' t throw them on the compost pile. sweet green tomato relish 2 quarts of chopped green tomatoes 2 chopped green pepppers 2 cups of chopped onion 1 pint of vinegar 1 / 4 cup of salt 3 cups of sugar 1 / 2 mixed pickling spices tied in a bag the tomatoes don ' t need to be peeled, just coarsely chopped. this recipe is from wwii and was one that my mother made every summer with the red tomato chili. mix all ingredients together in a large pot and bring to a boil. turn heat down and simmer slowly for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. remove the spice bag and pack the relish into pint or half pint jars. process in a hot water bath * * for 10 minutes. yield about 4 pints. * * a hot water bath means putting the jars in a single level in a large flat bottom pot, cover the jars with water and bring to a boil, turn the heat down to simmer for 30 minutes. lift the jars out of the water and allow them to cool, you ' ll know they sealed when each lid clicks or stays depressed in the center. note : i realize this may seem daunting to today ' s working woman, but it is very simple and requires no special equipment. canning jars are available in supermarkets and the half pint jars with pretty lids make a terrific hostess gift. this relish tastes like the kind of green relish you put on hot dogs, only better!!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40040402172295153, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.538014"} {"text": "the philadelphia experiment, the nazi bell, and secret technology _ featured _, conspiracies, videos friday, january 25th, 2013 investigator of alternative technologies, joseph p. farrell discussed his research into secret military projects such as \u2018 the bell \u2019 made by the third reich and the philadelphia experiment conducted in the united states. both projects may have incorporated einstein \u2019 s unified field theory, and made use of rotating magnetic fields and torsion physics, working with spirals of space itself, he explained. such technology could be at use in a secret space program, that runs parallel to nasa, he added. he cited the philadelphia experiment research of howard strom and debra cunningham, and suggested that some of what happened in 1943 may have been an unexpected result of a goal to achieve radar stealth. farrell also spoke about the work of morris jessup, the letters of carlos allende, and the curiously annotated \u2018 varo \u2019 edition ( pdf link ) of jessup \u2019 s book. the varo edition suggested that the technology which made the uss eldridge invisible in the philadelphia experiment was also involved in ancient cosmic wars. according to ancient texts, such wars might have played out 3. 2 million years ago when a planet was exploded in our solar system, said farrell. he further hypothesized that the pyramid at giza could have been used as a kind of hyperdimensional weapon to blow up a planet - sized object. richard c. hoagland appeared for a segment in the last hour to comment on farrell \u2019 s theories. joseph p. farrell is a recognized scholar whose credentials include a phd in philosophy from the university of oxford. his literary contribution is a veritable resume unto itself covering such fields as nazi germany, sacred literature, physics, finances, the giza pyramids, and music theory. a renowned researcher with an eye to assimilate a tremendous amount of background material, farrell is able to condense the best scholastic research in publication and draw insightful new conclusions on complex and controversial subjects. the philadelphia experiment was an alleged naval military experiment reported to have been carried out at the philadelphia naval shipyard in philadelphia, pennsylvania, usa sometime around october 28, 1943. it is alleged that the u. s. navy destroyer escort uss eldridge was to be rendered invisible ( or \u201c cloaked \u201d ) to enemy devices. the experiment is also referred to as project rainbow. the story is widely regarded as a hoax. the u. s. navy maintains that no such experiment was ever conducted, and details of the story contra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5864015800912826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.542241"} {"text": "treaty of tripoli the treaty of tripoli was a peace agreement made between the united states and tripoli. it was drafted and signed by the bey in algiers in 1796, the ratified by congress and signed by president john adams in 1797. the treaty has been lauded by atheists in modern times because of article 11, which states, in part, that \" the government of the united states of america is not, in any sense, founded on the christian religion. \" authored by american diplomat joel barlow in 1796, the following treaty was sent to the floor of the senate, june 7, 1797, where it was read aloud in its entirety and unanimously approved. john adams, having seen the treaty, signed it and proudly proclaimed it to the nation. treaty of peace and friendship between the united states and the bey and subjects of tripoli of barbary annals of congress, 5th congress art 1. there is a firm and perpetual peace and friendship between the united states of america and the bey and subjects of tripoli, of barbary, made by the free consent of both parties, and guarantied by the most potent dey and regency of algiers. art. 2. if any goods belonging to any nation with which either of the parties is at war, shall be loaded on board of vessels belonging to the other party, they shall pass free, and no attempt shall be made to take or detain them. art. 3. if any citizens, subjects, or effects, belonging to either party, shall be found on board a prize vessel taken from an enemy by the other party, such citizens or subjects shall be set at liberty, and the effects restored to the owners. art. 4. proper passports are to be given to all vessels of both parties, by which they are to be known. and considering the distance between the two countries, eighteen months from the date of this treaty, shall be allowed for procuring such passports. during this interval the other papers, belonging to such vessels, shall be sufficient for their protection. art. 5. a citizen or subject of either party having bought a prize vessel, condemned by the other party, or by any other nation, the certificates of condemnation and bill of sale shall be a sufficient passport for such vessel for one year ; this being a reasonable time for her to procure a proper passport. art. 6. vessels of either party, putting into the ports of the other, and having need of provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished at the market price. and if any such vessel shall so put", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41615310715383724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.547490"} {"text": "to procure a proper passport. art. 6. vessels of either party, putting into the ports of the other, and having need of provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished at the market price. and if any such vessel shall so put in, from a disaster at sea, and have occasion to repair, she shall be at liberty to land and re - embark her cargo without paying any duties. but in case shall she be compelled to the land her cargo. art. 7. should a vessel of either party be cast on the shore of the other, all proper assistance shall be given to her and her people ; no pillage shall be allowed ; the property shall remain at the disposition of the owners ; and the crew protectedand succored till they can be sent to their country. art. 8. if a vessel of either party should be attacked by an enemy, within gun - shot of the forts of the other, she shall be defended as much as possible. if she be in port she shall not be seized on or attacked, when it is in the power of the other party to protect her. and when she proceeds to sea, no enemy shall be allowed to pursue her from the same port, within twenty - four hours after her departure. art. 9. the commerce between the united states and tripoli ; the protection to be given to merchants, masters of vessels, and seamen ; the reciprocal right of the establishing consuls in each country ; and the privileges, immunities, and jurisdiction, to be on the same footing with those of the most favored nations respectively. art. 10. the money and presents demanded by the bey of tripoli, as a full and satisfactory consideration on his part, and on the part of his subjects, for this treaty of perpetual peace and friendship, are acknowledged to have been received by him previous to his signing the same, according to a receipt which is hereto annexed, except such as part as is promised, on the part of the united states, to be delivered and paid by them on the arrival of their consul in tripoli ; of which part a note is likewise hereto annexed. and no pretense of any periodical tribute of further payments is ever to be made by either party. art. 11. as the government of the united states of america is not, in any sense, founded on the christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquillity, of mussulmen ; and, as the said states never", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4878939262956067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.548637"} {"text": "states of america is not, in any sense, founded on the christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquillity, of mussulmen ; and, as the said states never entered into any war, or act of hostility against any mahometan nation, it is declared by the parties, that no pretext arising from religious opinions, shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries. art. 12. in case of any dispute, arising from a violation of any of the articles of this treaty, no appeal shall be made to arms ; nor shall war be declared on any pretext whatever. but if the consul, residing at the place where the dispute shall happen, shall not be able to settle the same, an amicable referrence shall be made to the mutual friend of the parties, the dey of algiers ; the parties hereby engaging to abide by his decision. and he, by virtue of his signature to this treaty, engages for himself and successors to declare the justice of the case, according to the true interpretation of the treaty, and to use all the means in his power to enforce the observance of the same. signed and sealed at tripoli of barbary the 3d day of junad in the year of the hegira 1211 \u2014 corresponding with the 4th day of november, 1796, by jussof bashaw mahomet, bey. mamet, treasurer. amet, minister of marine. soliman kaya. galil, general of the troops. mahomet, commander of the city. amet, chamberlain. ally, chief of the divan. mamet, secretary. signed and sealed at algiers, the 4th day of argill, 1211 \u2014 corresponding with the 3d day of january, 1797, by hassan bashaw, dey, and by the agent plenipotentiary of the united states of america,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45496643956926996, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.549377"} {"text": "optical validation data were collected using the tethered optical assessment device ( toad ), a sled equipped with underwater video camera, still camera, and lights. these data are used to provide ground - truth validation that for benthic habitat maps based on multibeam echosounder surveys. camera sled deployments were conducted at night, usually between 1800 and midnight. the toad was deployed from a pot hauler mounted on the starboard side of the fantail on noaa ship townsend cromwell. it was lowered slowly to the bottom by the deck crew with the use of a capstan. the toad operator monitored a live video feed from the camera and began recording data on two video tape recorders. when the camera reached bottom the deck crew was notified by radio to stop lowering. the toad was a minibat 8820 unit manufactured by guideline, and was towed by the ship at 1 - 2 knots while remotely guided from the ship using adjustable wing controls to keep the unit close to the underwater substrate. equipment description : the toad is a camera sled based on the guildline minibat model 8820 tow body. the frame was configured with a single sony dcr - pc110 digital video camera in a modified gates underwater housing, a canon power shot g1 still camera ( modified by cred engineers ) in an ikelite housing rated to 60 m slaved to an ikelite ds - 50 strobe, and two 500 w deepsea power and light model 710 - 0400601 underwater lights. the canon camera had a custom - built timer that enabled the user to select a constant time interval ( ranging from approximately 5 seconds to 2 minutes ) between photographs. an interval of 30 seconds was typically selected, which, assuming a mean velocity for the camera sled of 1. 5 knots, resulted in one photograph approximately every 20 m. photograph resolution is 2048 by 1536 pixels and file names are assigned sequentially and automatically by the camera, starting at 100 - 0000 after the camera ' s memory is cleared. the minibat pressure sensor and wing controller were also mounted on the frame but the pressure sensor was not operational. the cable between the sled and the surface was an underwater load - bearing electrical cable. the toad computers were located in the electronics lab of the townsend cromwell. the electronics box containing the power switches was secured to the ship ' s fantail, and all other toad surface components were secured in the ship ' s wet lab. name and address of person collecting data : joyce miller and ronald hoeke noaa pifs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5504541689063447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.555983"} {"text": "electronics box containing the power switches was secured to the ship ' s fantail, and all other toad surface components were secured in the ship ' s wet lab. name and address of person collecting data : joyce miller and ronald hoeke noaa pifsc 1125b ala moana blvd honolulu, hi 98614 data files : video data were recorded on two video tape recorders. still photos were recorded on digital camera and downloaded to the toad computer after the tow. the position of the camera sled was recorded using guildline minibat in - tow data acquisition software. file naming convention : each tow is given a name consisting of a 3 - letter designator for the island area, ffs in this case followed by a five - digit tow number. the first two digits indicate the last two digits of the calendar year., i. e., 01 is used for this cruise, which took place in 2001. the last three numbers indicate the consecutive number of the tow for that island and year, and start on the next hundred for subsequent cruises in that year to the same island. during tc0110 the consecutive numbers started at 001. video tape labels, the navigation files (. glo ) and paper log forms are all annotated with the tow name. metadata were extracted from the navigation data and recorded to a file with the same name as the navigation file except that a file type of. met was appended ; for example, ffs01001. glo. met time correlation : all times are based on utc. two clocks were set manually synchronized prior to starting data collection ; the clock in the video character generator that was used to annotate the video tape and the toad data acquisition computer clock was used to annotate the navigation (. glo ) files. these clocks were set to utc at the beginning of each evening ' s operations and then compared to one another prior to ( and during ) each tow. resource description : digital video images that are geo - referenced to navigation files", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49750950768145047, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.557800"} {"text": "planetary habitability lab / upr this \" periodic table \" of exoplanets, including confirmed planets as well as candidates from nasa ' s kepler mission, places exoplanets into 18 categories based on mass and temperature. the numbers keep track of how many worlds are in which categories. click on the image to see a larger, more readable version. researchers have set up an online \" periodic table \" for extrasolar planets ranging from hot mercurians to cold jovians, with earthlike worlds right in the middle. the habitable exoplanets catalog, drawn up by the university of puerto rico ' s planetary habitability laboratory, is aimed at pigeonholing the hundreds of worlds that are being identified by nasa ' s kepler space telescope and other planet - hunting projects. eventually, the tally of exoplanets is expected to mount into the thousands, and that ' s where researchers hope the proposed catalog will come in handy. \" one important outcome of these rankings is the ability to compare exoplanets from best to worst candidates for life, \" abel mendez, the laboratory ' s director and principal investigator for the project, said today in a news release. also today, kepler ' s scientists said they ' ve confirmed the existence of their first exoplanet solidly within the habitable zone of its solar system, where water could exist in liquid form at a pleasant 72 degrees fahrenheit ( 22 degrees celsius ). that certainly sounds livable, but mendez told me that the planet, known as kepler - 22b, doesn ' t quite fit into the sweet spot for habitability because it ' s closer in size to neptune than to earth. \" i confirmed its radius, and kepler - 22b is a low - end warm neptunian, very close to a superterran, \" mendez said in a twitter back - and - forth from nasa ' s ames research center in california, where he was presenting his research at the kepler science conference. neptunians are likely to have a gaseous rather than a rocky composition, which might make it tough for life as we know it on kepler - 22b. however, the situation might be more hospitable on a moon orbiting the planet, just as it is in the movie \" avatar \" for the inhabitants of pandora, a fictional moon orbiting the gas giant prometheus. how the catalog was created the habitable exoplanets catalog sets up a matrix of 18 pigeonholes based on temperature and mass : planets", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5138527495373137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.563998"} {"text": "the movie \" avatar \" for the inhabitants of pandora, a fictional moon orbiting the gas giant prometheus. how the catalog was created the habitable exoplanets catalog sets up a matrix of 18 pigeonholes based on temperature and mass : planets in the hot zone would be too close to their parent suns for water to exist in liquid form. water would exist only as ice in the cold zone, but could take liquid form in the warm zone. the catalog sets up six categories of planetary mass : mercurians ( think mercury ), subterrans ( mars - size ), terrans ( earth - size ), superterrans ( up to 10 times as massive as earth ), neptunians ( neptune - size ) and jovians ( jupiter - size ). to figure out which planets fit which categories, the catalog draws upon a variety of resources, including the kepler database of candidates, the extrasolar planets encyclopaedia, the exoplanet data explorer, the earth similarity index, the habitable zones distance metric and the global primary habitability index. the initial classification of more than 1, 600 confirmed planets and yet - to - be - confirmed candidates puts only 16 potential worlds in the habitable categories \u2014 that is, warm subterrans, warm terrans and warm superterrans. but that list will grow : the kepler team announced today that its tally of candidates has risen to 2, 326, based on the first 16 months of the space telescope ' s mission. forty - eight of those candidates are said to lie in their stars ' habitable zones. \" the tremendous growth in the number of earth - size candidates tells us that we ' re honing in on the planets kepler was designed to detect : those that are not only earth - size, but also are potentially habitable, \" natalie batalha, kepler ' s deputy science team lead at san jose state university, said in a nasa news release. \" the more data we collect, the keener our eye for finding the smallest planets out at longer orbital periods. \" mendez and his colleagues are working on software to keep the habitable exoplanets catalog updated. \" the computers are doing the job, \" he told me. \" i am trying to automate everything, but it takes time. \" right now, the world in the database that ' s judged most similar to earth is a candidate known as koi 736. 01, which is 1, 750 light - years away and is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5186852801725662, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.565109"} {"text": "to automate everything, but it takes time. \" right now, the world in the database that ' s judged most similar to earth is a candidate known as koi 736. 01, which is 1, 750 light - years away and is estimated to have a surface temperature of 55 degrees f ( 286 kelvin ). but the top prospect for surface habitability is koi 255. 01, a warm superterran that ' s 1, 169 light - years away with a surface temperature of 86 degrees f ( 303 k ). some researchers believe super - earths can be even more conducive to life than earth. gliese 581d, a world that orbits a red dwarf just 20 light - years from earth, shows up among the sweet 16 on both lists. the search revs up so what ' s next? \" i hope this database will help increase interest in building a big space - based telescope to observe exoplanets directly and look for possible signatures of life, \" jim kasting, a planetary scientist from penn state, said in the planetary habitability laboratory ' s news release. a habitability index could help scientists set the priorities for future observations, but they don ' t necessarily need to wait until a new super - space telescope is launched. during the kepler conference, the california - based seti institute announced that it was once again searching planetary systems for radio signals that could serve as evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence. some of kepler ' s planetary candidates are among its first targets. \" for the first time, we can point our telescopes at stars and know that those stars actually host planetary systems \u2014 including at least one that begins to approximate an earth analog in the habitable zone around its host star, \" jill tarter, director of the institute ' s center for seti research, said in a news release. \" that ' s the type of world that might be home to a civilization capable of building radio transmitters. \" tarter and her colleagues makes use of the allen telescope array, a network of radio antennas in northern california that had to be put into hibernation due to money troubles. the seti institute was able to restart work at the array thanks to contributions made by the public through the setistars. org website, as well as funding from the u. s. air force to assess the array ' s utility for space situational awareness ( that is, monitoring the skies for hazardous asteroids and space debris ). tarter said the highest priority would be given to kepler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5237898346809728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.566163"} {"text": "as well as funding from the u. s. air force to assess the array ' s utility for space situational awareness ( that is, monitoring the skies for hazardous asteroids and space debris ). tarter said the highest priority would be given to kepler planets that are located within their stars ' habitable zones. but the search for extraterrestrial intelligence won ' t stop there. \" in seti, as with all research, preconceived notions such as habitable zones could be barriers to discovery, \" she said. \" so, with sufficient future funding from our donores, it ' s our intention to examile all of the planetary systems found by kepler. \" more about the planet quest : - which alien worlds are most livable? - city lights could point to e. t. ' s home - super - earth on the ' edge of habitability ' - interactive : how scientists search for planets - astronomers find 18 alien planets, and they ' re huge connect with the cosmic log community by \" liking \" the log ' s facebook page, following @ b0yle on twitter and adding the cosmic log page to your google + presence. you can also check out \" the case for pluto, \" my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4560894409210231, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.566677"} {"text": "a customized artificial jawbone built with a 3 - d printer has allowed an 83 - year - old woman to continue breathing, chewing, and chatting away, a team of european scientists announced. the first - of - a - kind jaw reconstruction was accomplished with a printing technique called laser melting where layers of a metallic powder are built up and fused together with a laser. in this case, the powder is titanium. once built, the entire artificial jawbone was coated with a type of ceramic that made it compatible with body tissue. university of hasselt a researcher holds up a replica of a lower jawbone that was created with 3 - d printer that was implanted in an 83 - year - old woman. the design, production and processing of the implant was done digitally in just two hours. other implant building methods can take up to two days, the university of hasselt in belgium noted. the rapid construction technique allowed the team to address a rapidly progressing infection in the woman ' s lower jaw that required complete removal of the bone in order to retain an open airway. they decided to go with the 3 - d printed jawbone for the sake of speed and functionality. other options would have led to either a non - functional lower jaw or required a lengthy surgery and recovery time. during surgery, the patient ' s deteriorating jawbone was removed and replaced with the custom implant. one day after the operation, she had normal function and was able to talk and swallow. the completed implant weighs about 107 grams, which is around 30 grams heavier than a natural bone, the team reported. the difference, they said, is manageable for the patient. in a statement, team member jules pouken from the university of hasselt likened the feat to man ' s first step on the moon : \" a cautious, but firm step. \" the team explained the procedure during a press conference in belgium on feb. 3. more images and details are available from the university of hasselt. only time will tell whether 3 - d printing will revolutionize the medical profession, but this feat marks rapid advancement in a field that seemed futuristic just a few months ago. more on 3 - d printing technology : - 3 - d printers may soon fix broken bones - robot spider crawls out of 3 - d printer - the wild possibilities of printing food - chocolate printer crafts sculptures from cocoa as the over - 65 population expands, new gadgets and systems will allow seniors to live at home and receive improved healthcare. from sleep - sensing beds to robots piloted by grandchildren", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4852316032917655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.570837"} {"text": "interesting case. from the wikipedia article, an average white dwarf has a mass of ~ 0. 6 msun and a radius of ~ 0. 015 rsun. if we want it to have the same effective temperature as the sun, and earth to end up with the same insolation, then the size a of the orbit is determined by the scaling relation originally posted by xibalba rsun ^ 2 / ( 1 au ) ^ 2 ~ ( 0. 015 rsun ) ^ 2 / a ^ 2 = = = > a ~ 0. 015 au ~ 2 * 10 ^ 9 m which is only five times the distance to the moon. tidal forces depend on mass and the inverse cube of distance, which gives us in terms of the lunar tidals : ftidal ~ ( ( 1. 2 * 10 ^ 30 kg ) / ( 7 * 10 ^ 22 kg ) ) / 5 ^ 3 ftidal | lunar ~ 1. 5 * 10 ^ 5 ftidal | lunar instead of a tidal bulge on the order of a metre, it would be on the order of 100 km. meaning that until tidal lock is achieved, the only permanent bodies of water would be lakes with sufficiently steep sides. anything with shallow sides, including the oceans, would lose its water to two big blobs which would do their best to remain stationary with respect to the new sun while the planet rotates along underneath them. i guess life better stays in those sealed bunkers for the duration. the ordinary scaling law for time to tidal lock is something like tlock ~ ( 10 ^ 10 years ) / ( ( trot in days ) ( ftidal / ftidal | lunar ) ^ 2 ) ~ ( 1 year ) / ( trot in days ) where trot is the original ( unlocked ) day - length with respect to the tide - inducing body. unless earth spins a lot faster upon capture than it does now, the result is on the order of 1 year. if, on the other hand, earth spins a lot slower, which seems like the more likely scenario to me, then the day - length would be mainly determined by the year - length, which works out on the order of 1 day ( as in 24 hours ), funnily enough. mind you, i ' m not sure if this situation might not be too extraordinary for the scaling relation to apply in that form. it assumes that the combination of atmospheric and ocean tides and planetary deformation is sufficient to actually dissipate rotational energy into heat at the maximal rate,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5641857547668463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.574866"} {"text": "m not sure if this situation might not be too extraordinary for the scaling relation to apply in that form. it assumes that the combination of atmospheric and ocean tides and planetary deformation is sufficient to actually dissipate rotational energy into heat at the maximal rate, which seems questionable. assuming that it does, the power output would be vast : ptidal ~ erot / tlock ptidal ~ ( 1 / 2 i w ^ 2 ) / ( ( 1 year ) / ( trot in days ) ) ptidal ~ ( 1 / 2 ( 2 / 5 m r ^ 2 ) ( ( 2 pi ) / trot ) ^ 2 ) / ( ( 1 year ) * ( 1 day ) / trot ) ptidal ~ ( 7 * ( 6 * 10 ^ 24 kg ) * ( 6 * 10 ^ 6 m ) ^ 2 ) / ( ( 3 * 10 ^ 7 s ) * ( 10 ^ 5 s ) * trot ) ptidal ~ ( 5 * 10 ^ 26 kg m ^ 2 / s ^ 2 ) / trot ptidal ~ lsun / ( trot in seconds ) i ' m not sure where all these numerical coincidences come from, but that aside, it does give one quite a good sense of scale : the earth has about one ten - thousandth the surface of the sun, and trot should be on the order of one hundred thousand, so for the earth to dissipate that amount of power, it would have to output only one order of magnitude less power per unit surface than the sun does. since black - body power output scales with t ^ 4, that means more than half the temperature of the sun. and as rock begins to melt by as little as 1, 000 k, this would directly liquify the upper portions of the planet. assuming the interior has been frozen solid in the interim, one ends up with a sort of inverted planet whose surface is hotter than its core. in the long run, what is of more practical import is that this might just be hot enough to boil away ( away as in all the way into space ) all of our water, even in as little as that one year we ' re talking about. as i said, the planet might well not actually have the capacity to dissipate power at that rate, so things might not get quite that bad. the price for that, though, would be a longer time to lock, so the not - quite - that - bad conditions would last a lot longer. conclusion : unless the planet is already", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5789906047986533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.575842"} {"text": "we have long known that many of our customers have had success growing peonies in the warmer parts of usda zone 8 and 9. however due to the extreme and unprecedented conditions seen in some areas of these zones in the last two years, we recently contacted some very experienced growers in these parts of the country for some concrete advice on getting peonies to thrive there. if you grow any types of peonies in zone 8 or 9 and would like to add to our growing advice, we would love to hear from you! growing peonies in dallas, tx ( usda zone 8 ) typical bloom time : late february to early march for tree peonies. herbaceous peonies begin to flower around april 1st. recommend types of peonies to grow : growers have had success with all types of peonies, tree, herbaceous and intersectional. ( intersectional peonies are also known as itoh hybrids. ) the last two brutal summers have had extreme weather conditions. in the 2011 drought and 2012 \u2032 s unprecedented heat wave, all plants have suffered. one gardener reported that over the last two summers, many plants in her well established gardens failed to survive the stress. these include hydrangeas, modern rose hybrids, and some tree peonies. tree peonies which had thrived for 6 - 7 years in the ground died due to drought related stress. however, this very experienced gardener reported that her \u2018 snow lotus \u2018 tree peony has done exceptionally well despite the drought. in fact, she said that it is the only tree peony which she would unequivocally recommend for gardeners in her area. her specimen is nearing 10 years old, is 4. 5 \u2032 tall and produced 26 blossoms last year. it makes sense that \u2018 snow lotus, \u2019 which is a cultivated variety of the wild species paeonia rockii is more drought and stress tolerant that other types of tree peonies which have been hybridized under more favorable growing conditions. the native range of p. rockii is northwestern china, particularly in gansu province, a very arid region which averages just 12 \u201d of rain a year! this is less than half of the rainfall which dallas, tx received in the drought of 2011. growers in hot, arid parts of the country interested in growing tree peonies are then recommended to consider the rockii or gansu chinese tree peonies. some of our favorites include : cup of shining night, black tornado, blue jade in three colors,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40008083948664386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.584114"} {"text": ", arid parts of the country interested in growing tree peonies are then recommended to consider the rockii or gansu chinese tree peonies. some of our favorites include : cup of shining night, black tornado, blue jade in three colors, purple butterfly in the wind and pink lotus. herbaceous peonies do not pose any special challenges and are widely grown in this area. best planting time : either november - december, or late january - february. site selection : its best to plant peonies in warmer climates so that they receive a little protection against very hot summer afternoon sun. as we recommend for all planting zones, morning sun and afternoon shade is ideal. if this is not possible, than plant peonies near a large shrub so that they are afforded a little protection from the very hot sun. watering : in spring and summer, at least two deep waterings a week with supplemental drinks in between as necessary. this is doubly important for newly planted peonies. pests and diseases : nothing significant. other tips : remove any remaining tree peony leaves in the beginning of november. for herbaceous peonies, cut foliage to the ground at this time as well. when planting herbaceous peonies make sure that the \u2018 eyes \u2019 or buds are basically at the surface with only a very lite layer of soil or mulch covering them. peonies in northern california ( usda zone 8b to 9 ) typical bloom time : the following detailed bloom sequence was observed over the course of a decade in sebastopol, ca. - p. tenuifolia and assocaited hybrids such as \u2018 early scout \u2018 bloom in late february to early march - chinese tree peonies in mid - march - japanese tree peonies and p. lutea in early april - interesectional peonies peak from may 1st - 10th - p. lactiflora type herbaceous peonies from mid - may to early june. recommend types of peonies to grow : consult a detailed zone map, such as sunset \u2019 s magazine garden zone guide for more accurately determining your planting zone. this index is much more detailed than the usda \u2019 s zones. for instance, both san francisco and sebastopol, ca are both classified as usda zone 8. however, while tree and interesectional peonies do well in san francisco without any special attention, herbaceous peonies are a challenge there. just a little north, and still within the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38660486444169073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.585504"} {"text": "both classified as usda zone 8. however, while tree and interesectional peonies do well in san francisco without any special attention, herbaceous peonies are a challenge there. just a little north, and still within the same usda planting zone in sebastopol. in addition to tree and intersectional peonies, the majority of herbaceous peonies are proven to grow very well, with the exception of some very late season varieties. we have heard from a gardener who has good success growing the earlier blooming types of herbaceous peonies in san francisco. her trick is to empty a bag of ice on top of her dormant plants once a week in december and early january. this gives the plants the necessary chill time to bloom. best planting time : late november to early february. site selection : planting in a half - sun / half shade location is ideal. in sunnier locations, peony leaves will become scalded in the summer. in the warmer areas of zone 9, work with micro - climates within your garden to find cooler planting areas. planting in cold air pockets such as at the base of hills can extend the growing range. watering : in zone 8b one or two deep waterings per week in the summer as necessary. take special care of newly planted peonies. in the warmer parts of zone 9, late spring, summer and early autumn irrigation is required. this is best accomplished by hand or drip irrigation at approximately one gallon per plant every other day with good drainage. mulching aids in decreasing evaporation loss. pests and diseases : march rain can cause botrytis outbreaks. based on the amount of rain, several treatments with either actionovate or copper - sulfate may be necessary. gophers do not eat peony roots, however they will eat nearly every other root in the garden. their tunnels can damage peony roots. other tips : force dormancy on intersectional and herbaceous peonies by cutting them to the ground in november. remove any remaining leaves for tree peonies at this time as well, be careful not to cut the woody stems, remove only the leaves and leaf stems. trimming the leaves off mimics the deciduous leaf drop in colder areas and cycles the plant into producing new flower buds. peonies must have a rest period without foliage.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3869121319014516, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.587909"} {"text": "the article i linked to entitled improving the reading rate of low performers and is loaded with insights regarding the teaching of lower performers. the frustration of slow readers trying to improve the reading rate of very low performers can be a frustrating experience for both learner and teacher. the learner typically knows that the goal is to read faster, without making a flurry of mistakes, and the learner tries, but the added effort most frequently leads to word guessing, word skipping, word stuttering, and to greatly increased physical signs of high energy, such as clenching their fists, taking deep breaths, and even sweating. the student knows how to try hard physically and that\u02bcs what he does. but it doesn\u02bct work for reading faster. what teachers observe the teacher may also notice that the student\u02bcs performance is not predictable from one day to the next. the typical pattern is for the learner to perform \u201c better \u201d on one day, and be very happy with his performance and the praise the teacher issues, but almost certainly, he reverts to his old habits on the next day and does poorly. the teacher often concludes from observations that whatever it is that causes improvement is there one day and gone the next. the bottom - line conclusion is that something is wrong with the learner\u02bcs learning mechanisms. this conclusion is thoughtful and comes after the teacher has tried different approaches for improving rate - accuracy. the basic rule teachers need an approach that permits students to show them through their reading behavior how much and how fast they can improve. the basic rule is that if students are properly motivated to read faster and don\u02bct, the reason is they can\u02bct. students respond logically we don\u02bct want the task of learning to read a little faster to become an effort like sisyphus trying to roll the rock out of the pit but never succeeding. this step is built around the fact that students respond to data. they are realistic. they know when they are failing and when they are progressing. if they receive good evidence they are doing well, and meeting reasonable expectations, they will keep trying and persist when they regress or when the material they read becomes a little more difficult. if they can\u02bct see evidence of progress, they will tend to draw a conclusion we don\u02bct want them to draw \u2014 \u201c i am a failure ; i can\u02bct do it. \u201d the article describes the new program in detail and can be used by classroom teachers now, so there ' s no need to wait to use it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5076424510376538, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.596102"} {"text": "back in the day, say twenty years ago, the darwinists were saying the sea level rise because of the end of the ice age occurred circa 10000 b. c., conveniently in line with plato \u2019 s report that atlantis went under at 9600 b. c. incidentally, yet atlantis has been said by the darwinists to be nonsense, no huge island in the atlantic, but was it that, or the coastlines of the western mediterranean and eastern atlantic, as plato did indeed say, with the atlantean plain of his report the plain of southern spain south of the sierra nevada and morena mountains, where were the richest mines in the ancient world? bank it, the mountains of southern spain were the big source of the mineral riches for atlantis, with her coastal ruins now submerged off tarifa ( place of tariffs ), ceuta, zahara de los atunes, cadiz ( named after gades ), rota ( named after ashteroth ), and chipiona, all of spain, and ruins submerged in the gibraltar area off morocco, and other submerged ruins west to scilly off cornwall england, and east to the submerged ruins off sleima, malta, and reports even off western italy, the eastern edge of the historical atlantean empire wrote plato, submerged since the end of the ice age, which clearly ended much later than the darwinists are telling us, unless you want to believe the bronze age extended back to 10000 b. c., like the movie? the pressure is on the darwinists because of the submerged ruins, they \u2019 ve begun to admit that \u201c some \u201d of the end of ice age sea level rise occurred much later than 10000 b. c., but how much they can \u2019 t seem to decide, for they know the evidence is that the ice age ended rapidly, with catastrophic meltwater flooding and the entombment of millions of mammoths in mud then frozen in the north, and the evidence today of underfit river valleys, that the rivers \u2019 flows were much greater in the past, greater than the flows during the ice age even, with the end of the ice age snowmelt, at least in the rivers which sourced from the ice age snowpack regions, such as the mississippi and the volga. and be certain to see http : / / genesisveracityfoundation. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4823876497231956, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.598551"} {"text": "the name is derived from the word was saaffat with which the sura begins. the subject matter and the style show that this sura probably was sent down in the middle of the makkan period or perhaps in the last stage of the middle makkan period. the style clearly indicates that antagonism is raging strong in the background and the holy prophet and his companions are passing through very difficult and discouraging circumstances. the dishelievers of makkah have been severely warned for their attitude of mockery and derision with which they were responding to the holy prophet ' s message of tauhid and the hereafter and for their utter refusal to accept and acknowledge his claim to prophethood. in the end, they have been plainly warned that the prophet whom they are mocking and ridiculing will overwhelm them in spite of their power and pelf and they will find the army of allah encamping in the very courtyards of their houses ( vv. 171 - 179. this notice was given at a time when there appeared no chance whatever of the holy prophet ' s success and triumph. the muslims ( who have been called allah ' s army in these verses ) were being made the target of severe persecution. three - fourths of their population had already emigrated and hardly 40 to 50 of the companions were left with the holy prophet in makkah who were experiencing all sorts of the excesses with utter helplessness. under such circumstances, in view of the apparent conditions, no one could believe that the holy prophet and the handful of his ill equipped companions would ultimately attain dominance. the people rather thought that the new movement would end and be buried in the ravines of makkah. but hardly 15 to 16 years had passed when on the conquest of makkah precisely the same thing happened of which the disbelievers had been forewarned. along with administering warnings, allah in this surah has done full justice also to the theme of inducement and instruction in a balanced way. brief but impressive arguments have been given about the validity of the doctrines of tauhid and the hereafter. criticism has been made of the creed of the mushrikin to show the absurdity of their beliefs ; they have been informed of the evil consequences of their deviations, which have been contrasted with the splendid results of the faith and righteous acts. then, in continuation of the same, precedents from past history have been cited to show how allah had been treating his prophets and their followers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46853694206274543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.603327"} {"text": "evil consequences of their deviations, which have been contrasted with the splendid results of the faith and righteous acts. then, in continuation of the same, precedents from past history have been cited to show how allah had been treating his prophets and their followers : how he has been favouring his faithful servants and punishing their deniers and rejectors. the most instructive of the historical narratives presented in this surah is the important event of the pious life of the prophet abraham, who became ready to sacrifice his only son as soon as he received an inspiration from allah. in this there was a lesson not only for the disbelieving quraish, who waxed proud of their blood relationship with him, but also for the muslims who had believed in allah and his messenger. by narrating this event they were told what is the essence and the real spirit of islam, and how a true believer should be ready to sacrifice his all for the pleasure and approval of allah after he has adopted it as his faith and creed. the last verses of the surah were not only a warning for the disbelievers but also a good news for the believers who were passing through highly unfavourable and discouraging conditions on account of their supporting and following the holy prophet. in these verses they were given the good news that they should not be disheartened at the hardships and difficulties they had to encounter in the beginning, for in the end they alone would attain dominance, and the standard bearers of falsehood, who appeared to be dominant at the time would be overwhelmed and vanquished at their hands. a few years later the turn the events took, proved that it was not an empty consolation but an inevitable reality of which they had been foretold in order to strengthen their hearts.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45799365191600455, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.604124"} {"text": "sci - tech : the wondrous world of science understanding \u2018 chicken talk \u2019 having contented birds is the desire of every poultry farmer, as that translates directly to higher productivity. the degree of contentment of chickens can be judged by the sounds they make. modern computer technologies are now being used to decipher the various sounds and gauge the extent of contentment from them. scientists at the georgia institute of technology and the university of georgia have teamed up to examine various sounds and scientifically determine the level of stress in an experimental chicken barn. different levels of stress were first created by increasing the temperature in the barn or spraying various levels of ammonia and recording the various sounds produced, thereby developing correlations between stress levels and the nature of sounds. the volume and pitch of the sounds as well as the speed at which they are repeated are then analysed by computers after they have been recorded. the work is aimed at developing an automated software that will continuously monitor and determine stress levels within chicken barns through a real time audio - feed. specific problems would be automatically detected and the situation rectified through a control system in a timely manner without the need of human intervention. this should result in increased productivity and profitability for the farmers. hover cars \u2014 and cars of tomorrow the german automobile manufacturer volkswagen has built a prototype of the car of the future that will travel while hovering above the road on a cushion of air, never touching it. the \u201c hover car \u201d, as it is called, is the result of an initiative launched by the german company in china, known as the \u201c people \u2019 s car project \u201d ( pcp ). ideas about novel cars were invited and some 33 million persons visited the website. as a result 119, 000 new and novel ideas were submitted. from them, the hover car is one of the three ideas that were selected by volkswagen to actually build prototypes. another related development in cars was to use a compressed air cylinder to power a car instead of a combustion engine. india \u2019 s auto giant tata motors had acquired the license to manufacture this car from motor development international \u2019 s ( mdi ) in luxembourg in 2007 and the project has now entered its second final phase. the kevlar cylinder in the car will need to be filled with compressed air, that will carry it for 200 - 300 kilometres before a refill is again needed. the cost of running it will be a fraction of that for running normal combustion engines. meanwhile, work on improving engine efficiencies continues. the husband and wife team of john", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5900144089645492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.608403"} {"text": "it for 200 - 300 kilometres before a refill is again needed. the cost of running it will be a fraction of that for running normal combustion engines. meanwhile, work on improving engine efficiencies continues. the husband and wife team of john and helen taylor are known for being \u201c the world \u2019 s most fuel efficient couple \u201d because they have already won 40 world records for fuel efficient cars. now they have another record \u2014 the longest distance travelled of 2, 616 kilometres ( fuel efficiency of 84. 1 miles per gallon ). the record was set while driving a stock 2012 volkswagen passat. with growing global water shortages and decreasing availability of cultivable land caused by the huge increases in the world population ( that has now crossed seven billion ), scientists are constantly striving to come up with more new efficient ways of growing food plants. these plants should have higher productivity but need lower amounts of water, fertilizer, nutrients and pesticides to grow. an interesting solution to the problem has been found by the purdue university researcher burkhard schulz. he has discovered that a certain chemical can be used to reduce the size of the plant without reducing the yield. schulz found that propiconazole, a common fungicide, can be used to create smaller and sturdier corn plants that produce more kernels but consume less water, fertilizer and nutrients to grow. the fungicide is claimed to be harmless to humans as it is commonly sprayed on golf courses to treat fungal dollar spot disease. the chemical works by disrupting steroid production in the plants, responsible for their growth. buildings that clean the environment the museum of modern art ( moma ) is in the process of setting up an outdoor architectural project at queens in new york that will pluck pollutants from the air while providing shade, shelter and water. the technology has been developed by the us architectural firm hwkn. the project, known as wendy, employs a fascinating architecture with spikes protruding at different angles with an external fabric skin treated with nano - particles of titanium dioxide that capture and neutralise pollutants. it has been claimed that each such installation would be equivalent to removing the pollution caused by 260 cars on the roads. such \u201c environmentally friendly shelters \u201d installed along the roads may be tomorrow \u2019 s answers to reducing road pollution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4873623526681671, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.609334"} {"text": "academic integrity is of the utmost importance at deerfield academy and must be one of the guiding principles in the life of every student. at the core of academic integrity is a bond of trust between teacher and student. by affixing his / her name to a piece of work, students pledge that, unless properly cited, the work is entirely their own. academic dishonesty in all its various forms is broad and complex, and no policy on academic integrity can list and describe every possible transgression. the academy expects that each student will work to understand this complexity and will adhere to the highest standards of honesty. if there is doubt about the guidelines for academic integrity, students should discuss questions with a teacher. plagiarism is the use of another person \u2019 s ideas or work without proper acknowledgment. the source of the plagiarized material may, for instance, be another student \u2019 s paper, an encyclopedia, a scholarly text, or an internet site ; the source does not change the degree or seriousness of the plagiarism. plagiarism usually occurs in two forms : 1 ) copying and 2 ) receiving outside writing help. the first form of plagiarism ( copying ) may consist of the following : - copying or gaining any other advantage from another student during a quiz, test, or examination situation - exact copying of an author \u2019 s text without the use of quotation marks - using an author \u2019 s words, sentences, or passages \u2014 even with omissions or changes in wording \u2014 without proper acknowledgment - using an author \u2019 s argument or points from an argument without proper acknowledgment the second form of plagiarism occurs when students receive unacknowledged help in preparing an assignment. such outside help includes proofreading, editing, and assistance from, but not limited to, parents, proctors, tutors, or classmates. while students are encouraged to discuss assignments with faculty and other students, all writing should be a student \u2019 s own. again, when in doubt, students should acknowledge any help they receive. a student will receive a failing grade for any assignment in which plagiarism occurs. in order to ensure adherence to this policy and to resolve questions of authorship, the academy reserves the right to electronically screen papers and other submitted work for authenticity. if ever in doubt, students should speak with their teachers and document their sources. resubmission of work ( submission of the same work for two courses ) when a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46406250213922434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.612323"} {"text": "- national scientific council on the developing child - national forum on early childhood policy and programs - global children ' s initiative - frontiers of innovation - science of health and development initiative - students, education and leadership development advancing the science of learning, health, and behavior the center ' s distinguished scholars lecture series is open to all university students, faculty, and the general public and provides a venue to interact with distinguished scholars whose creative research has made significant advances in the field of child development. this series spotlights these leaders \u2019 bold contributions to the science of child development and the implications of their research on the worlds of education, policy, public health, medicine, justice, and economic development. the series analyzes how their research catalyzes new ways of thinking across disciplines to inform policy and practice. the neurobiology of social behavior development pat levitt, ph. d. science director, national scientific council on the developing child provost professor of neuroscience, psychiatry & pharmacy ; director of the neuroscience graduate program at the keck school of medicine, university of southern california tuesday, april 9, 2013 ; 4 : 30 - 6 : 30 p. m. boylston hall, harvard yard jack p. shonkoff, m. d. julius b. richmond famri professor of child health and development, harvard school of public health and harvard graduate school of education professor of pediatrics, harvard medical school and boston children ' s hospital director, center on the developing child at harvard university this lecture was co - sponsored with the conte center at harvard university, and was free and open to the public. a video recording of this lecture will be available on this page in the coming weeks. humans are highly interactive socially, and early in life must learn the meaning of cues in their environment that are essential for developing social skills and controlling emotions. but not all individuals develop these skills to the same extent. there are striking individual differences in the quality of social behavior in typically developing children and in those with neurodevelopmental disorders. there is also great diversity in the quality of social behavior across \u2014 and within \u2014 other species. but how does social behavior develop? improved understanding of this developmental process can help us identify children who are at greater risk for a range of poor outcomes in school, at work, and in building healthy relationships with others \u2014 and to design innovative approaches that positively influence the development of social skills. this presentation focused on research that examines the development of social behavior in humans and animals and how it relates to certain types of early learning, and discussed how the research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221175861596503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.617577"} {"text": "relationships with others \u2014 and to design innovative approaches that positively influence the development of social skills. this presentation focused on research that examines the development of social behavior in humans and animals and how it relates to certain types of early learning, and discussed how the research can chart a way forward to better understanding of the biological basis for individual differences. pat levitt, ph. d., received his undergraduate degree from the university of chicago and his ph. d. in neuroscience from the university of california, san diego. he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in neuroscience at yale university. dr. levitt has held leadership positions at several medical schools, including associate dean of graduate studies at the medical college of pennsylvania, chairman of the department of neurobiology at the university of pittsburgh school of medicine and director of the vanderbilt kennedy center for research on human development. named a mcknight foundation scholar in 2002, dr. levitt also was a merit awardee from the national institute of mental health and recently completed his term as a member of the national advisory mental health council for the national institute of mental health. he is an elected fellow of the american association for the advancement of science ( aaas ), and the dana alliance for brain initiatives. he serves as science director of the national scientific council on the developing child and director of the marino autism research institute. he is a member of a number of scientific advisory boards for foundations and university programs, and also is a member of six editorial boards of basic and clinical neuroscience journals. dr. levitt \u2019 s research focuses on the development of brain architecture that controls learning, emotional and social behavior. his human genetics and basic research studies focus on understanding the causes of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, and how genes and the environment together influence typical and atypical development. dr. levitt has published over 225 scientific papers and is a frequently invited speaker at national and international scientific seminars and conferences. he also is an avid participant in business and policy forums that promote investments in the health and education of brain and child development. dr. levitt presents to state legislatures and to business groups, and in 2007, he spoke at the summit on america \u2019 s children for house majority leader nancy pelosi. past lecture series", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.49696452485298975, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.620319"} {"text": "see also : origin of ancient chinese horses from ancient dna anim genet. doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1365 - 2052. 2009. 01950. x multiple maternal origins of native modern and ancient horse populations in china lei cz, su r, bower ma, edwards cj, wang xb, weining s, liu l, xie wm, li f, liu ry, zhang ys, zhang cm, chen h. summary to obtain more knowledge of the origin and genetic diversity of domestic horses in china, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) d - loop sequence diversity from nine horse breeds in china in conjunction with ancient dna data and evidence from archaeological and historical records. a 247 - bp mitochondrial d - loop sequence from 182 modern samples revealed a total of 70 haplotypes with a high level of genetic diversity. seven major mtdna haplogroups ( a - g ) and 16 clusters were identified for the 182 chinese modern horses. in the present study, nine 247 - bp mitochondrial d - loop sequences of ancient remains of bronze age horse from the chifeng region of inner mongolia in china ( c. 4000 - 2000a bp ) were used to explore the origin and diversity of chinese modern horses and the phylogenetic relationship between ancient and modern horses. the nine ancient horses carried seven haplotypes with rich genetic diversity, which were clustered together with modern individuals among haplogroups a, e and f. modern domestic horse and ancient horse data support the multiple origins of domestic horses in china. this study supports the argument that multiple successful events of horse domestication, including separate introductions of wild mares into the domestic herds, may have occurred in antiquity, and that china cannot be excluded from these events. indeed, the association of far eastern mtdna types to haplogroup f was highly significant using fisher ' s exact test of independence ( p = 0. 00002 ), lending support for chinese domestication of this haplogroup. high diversity and all seven mtdna haplogroups ( a - g ) with 16 clusters also suggest that further work is necessary to shed more light on horse domestication in china.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5081466685059945, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.624216"} {"text": "other american holidays the bohn collection also contains menus celebrating uniquely american holidays \u2014 lincoln \u2019 s birthday, washington \u2019 s birthday, and the 4th of july \u2014 with their colorful graphics matching the theme of the event. the celebration of george washington and abraham lincoln \u2019 s birthdays on february 22 and 12 respectively was incorporated into formal banquets held in grand hotels in a number of american cities in the late nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century. both men held hero - like status among the american public, with washington revered as the \u201c father of our country \u201d and lincoln \u2019 s leadership during the war between the states and his tragic death ensuring his immortality. in fact, some lincoln menus in the collection also featured quotes from the late president as well as patriotic songs of the period honoring his work. menus honoring washington and lincoln typically featured special desserts that celebrated the honoree. patrons might dine on \u201c game pie a l \u2019 independence \u201d before they sampled sweet dishes such as \u201c washington cream cake, \u201d \u201c washington roll with cognac sauce, \u201d or \u201c valley forge ice cream \u201d when celebrating the birthday of our first president. those diners perusing a menu in celebration of lincoln \u2019 s birthday might quench their thirst with \u201c log cabin punch \u201d before digging into a dish of \u201c lincoln pudding. \u201d both types of menus featured a dessert specialty called \u201c washington pie \u201d but there is no indication as to whether it contained cherries, a fruit indelibly associated with the president who could not tell a lie. some july 4th menus featured dishes with a patriotic theme as well. a menu from the hotel savoy in kansas city, missouri, allowed diners to chose from among dishes such as \u201c broiled mackinaw trout style 1776 with potatoes saratoga, \u201d \u201c spring lamb chops a la w. j. bryan \u201d ( showing their political colors in support of the 1900 democratic candidate for president ), and \u201c martha washington pudding \u201d with a lemon cream sauce for dessert.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.37433751935777504, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.626429"} {"text": "support common core literacy with electronic resources what \u2019 s the key to student success? reading! the state library electronic resources can help students become college and career ready and help teachers implement common core literacy standards by providing access to online encyclopedias, journals, ebooks and more. for example, the reading standards for informational text emphasize the special skills needed when reading for factual information, whether for school or personal interest, in all formats. world book online offers help in this area by providing read aloud, videos, and article subheadings to help readers stay on track. articles also give links to other articles or supplemental material if readers want more information. sirs discoverer, sirs issues researcher, and proquest provide informational articles about a broad variety of topics. issues researcher has read aloud and research tools to help students process what they read, especially \u201c my analysis \u201d and \u201c note organizer. \u201d special features in discoverer and issues researcher include maps and interactive websites. proquest helps researchers narrow their topics by suggesting topics and giving limiters such as date and format. gale virtual reference library provides access to selected multi - volume titles in many subject areas. recently added titles that support common core reading and research are titles like the nine volume junior worldmark encyclopedia of world cultures, the four volume encyclopedia of foods and recipes of the world and the five - volume encyclopedia of native american tribes. the south dakota state library \u2019 s e - resources, available at library. sd. gov, can help your students meet common core literacy standards and enhance learning for all ages. the state library electronic resources coordinators are available to provide training to your staff either in person or online. contact the state library at ( 800 ) 423 - 6665 or either of the electronic resources coordinators : jane healy at ( 605 ) 295 - 3174 or julie erickson or ( 605 ) 295 - 1994.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.452635759557245, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.631499"} {"text": "dragons are creatures with nearly unlimited life spans. they can survive for long periods of time, and no one has found a dragon that has died of old age. adolescence is usually marked by the growth of a hatchling \u2019 s wings, although not all breeds of dragons grow wings and some breeds have other traits that indicate the beginning of maturation. once they hit adolescence, hatchlings change quickly, maturing to their full forms in only 2 years. dragons don \u2019 t communicate with each other verbally, but they will growl to scare off predators and frighten prey. young dragons will emit an extremely high - pitched squeal when they are frightened. to communicate, they use telepathy with each other and to speak to other creatures. ridgewing dragons live just below the snow level on the upper slopes of mountains. they are a friendly, playful breed and enjoy dancing in wind currents near their homes or plummeting down into valleys from great heights. their wings, by far their most striking feature, grow in fin - like ridges along their backs. while their bodies lack markings to blend better with their surroundings, a ridgewing \u2019 s wings have bright markings in the colors of the flowers that grow in their mountain habitat. occasionally different - colored individuals can be found, but they are rare because their striking coloring offers little protection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4689596493344203, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.632860"} {"text": "natural lawn care | healthy lawn basics new reel lawn mowers tips for sustainable lawn care natural lawn care supplies connect with us email newsletter : sign up | lawns do more than make your yard look good. lawns absorb water, which helps reduce storm runoff and improve water quality. lawns also have a significant cooling effect, provide oxygen, trap dust and dirt, promote healthful micro - organisms, prevent erosion and filter rainwater contaminants. | lawn care, however, has come at a high cost to the environment. according to the u. s. national wildlife federation : | much of the environmental cost associated with lawn care can be avoided. the only way to reduce a dependence on chemical fertilizers is to develop a healthy lawn, which is naturally resistant to weeds, insects and diseases. if you need to fertilize your lawn more than once a year, consider these ways of improving the natural health of your lawn : improve the soil the first step is to test the soil ' s ph - it should read between 6. 5 and 7. 0, which is slightly acidic. soil that is too acidic will need a sprinkling of lime ; sulfur can be added to soil which is not acidic enough. you can buy a ph tester ( see below, this page ) for $ 40 - $ 60. another solution is to have your soil tested professionally ; first call your extension office - they often provide soil testing as a free service. lawns grow best in loamy soils that have a mix of clay, silt and sand. too much clay in the soil mix, or heavy use, can compact the soil and prevent air and nutrient flow. compacted soil may need aeration, a process of lifting small plugs of turf to create air spaces in the soil. for best results, rent an aerator or hire a lawn service to do the job - this will remove \" finger size \" plugs which improves aeration. aeration is best done before top dressing and fertilizing. organic matter, such as compost and grass clippings, will benefit any type of soil ; it lightens soil which is heavy in clay, and it builds humus in sandy soils, which helps retain water and nutrients. some lawn mowers are equipped with mulching attachments which break up the clippings and disperse them as you mow. choose a locally adapted grass grasses vary in the type of climate they prefer, the amount of water and nutrients required, shade tolerance and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4602245429068318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.649602"} {"text": "are equipped with mulching attachments which break up the clippings and disperse them as you mow. choose a locally adapted grass grasses vary in the type of climate they prefer, the amount of water and nutrients required, shade tolerance and the degree of wear they can withstand. ask your local garden center to recommend grass which is best adapted to your area. 3. mow often, but not too short giving your lawn a \" marine cut \" is not doing it a favor. surface roots become exposed, the soil dries out faster and surface aeration is reduced. as a general rule, don ' t cut off more than one - third of the grass at any one time. most turf grass species are healthiest when kept between 2. 5 and 3. 5 \" tall. when the lawn is finished growing for the season, cut it a bit shorter to about 2 \". this will minimize the risk of mold buildup during winter. 4. water deeply but not too often thorough watering encourages your lawn to develop deep root systems which make the lawn hardier and more drought - resistant. let the lawn dry out before re - watering ; as a rule of thumb, the color should dull and footprints should stay compressed for more than a few seconds. when watering, put a cup in the sprinkler zone ; it should get at least one inch ( 2. 5cm ) water. most healthy lawns require only 1 \" of water per week. the best time for watering is early morning - less water will be lost to evaporation. ideally, it ' s better to water the first half - inch or so, then wait for an hour or two before watering the second half - inch. 5. control thatch build - up thatch is the accumulation of above - soil runners, propagated by the grass. this layer should be about 1 / 2 \" ( 1. 25cm ) on a healthy lawn, and kept in balance by natural decomposition, earthworms and microorganisms. too much thatch prevents water and nutrients from reaching the grass roots. before resorting to renting a dethatcher, however, effort should be made to improve aeration to control thatch buildup. aeration brings microorganisms to the surface that will eat most of the thatch. if you don ' t aerate, the roots stay near the surface, contributing to thatch buildup. when you aerate once a year it breaks down the thatch, allowing the roots to get deeper in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3967301245958359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.650500"} {"text": "eat most of the thatch. if you don ' t aerate, the roots stay near the surface, contributing to thatch buildup. when you aerate once a year it breaks down the thatch, allowing the roots to get deeper in the soil. this leads to thicker grass which naturally kills weeds too. while a dethatcher will reduce thatch buildup, it can strip and thin the grass so much it reduces competition for weeds allowing them to germinate easier. you can also reduce thatch with a steel rake. for different grass types how long can you wait between waterings before the lawn starts to go brown? 12 - 21 days : bahia grass, buffalo gass, bermuda grass, st. augustine grass, centipede grass 8 - 12 days : carpet grass, fine fescue, kikuyu grass, seashore paspalum, tall fescue, zoysia 5 - 7 days : ryegrass, kentucky bluegrass, bentgrass the fine - leaved fescues ( grass blades ) as well as the \" common \" types of kentucky bluegrasses, such as park and kenblue, require less water, fertilizer and cutting than turf - type perennial ryegrass or many of the newer \" improved \" types of kentucky bluegrass. source : university of georgia, college of agricultural and environmental sciences ' next - generation ' reel lawn mowers times have changed. push mowers ( reel mowers ) used to be heavy, clunky contraptions which required great effort in cutting the lawn. a new generation of reel mowers has been designed, however, which operate much more effectively with a fraction of the effort. the added benefits include a good light exercise and quiet, pollution - free lawn care. consider the advantages of a reel mower : reel mowers shear the grass rather than tearing it. most rotary mowers tear the grass which leaves the tips shredded, and the tips soon turn brown. a sheared cut gives a greener lawn, and is preferred by lawn care professionals. quiet. you can cut the lawn anytime without disturbing the neighbors or the wildlife. listen to the birds as you cut the lawn! non - polluting. the savings in fuel is significant to both the environment and your wallet. no more dead spark plugs, messy oil changes or stored fuel. easier. today ' s reel mowers are lighter, easier to push and more effective than the old push mowers. the light weight also makes it easier to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4186941950448355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.652960"} {"text": "wallet. no more dead spark plugs, messy oil changes or stored fuel. easier. today ' s reel mowers are lighter, easier to push and more effective than the old push mowers. the light weight also makes it easier to move from front to back yard, or lift into a pickup. low maintenance. aside from the occassional drop of oil and blade sharpening, there ' s little maintenance required. some models have blades made of hardened steel which do not require sharpening. these blades will last up to ten years before needing replacement. inexpensive. with prices ranging from $ 100 to $ 350, the cost of a reel mower is less than half that of a lower - end power mower. you have a small to medium size lawn, switching from a gas mower to a reel mower may be the biggest environmental savings you can make from your home. if your lawn is large, you can use a reel mower for small or isolated sections, or for a helper to use. whenever your reel mower is being used, the result is cleaner air. article : switching to a reel mower - a first hand experience changing from power to push. a reel mower online you can buy a reel mower from eartheasy ' s online store. click any of the links here to see some different models. click to see our collection of reel and electric mowers. brill razorcut 38 reel mower american 7 - blade 16 \" reel mower scott ' s classic reel mower | tips for sustainable lawn care | | how to spend less on fertilizer, pesticides and water, and save energy and time on lawn maintenance. | water early in the morning. much of the water from daytime watering is lost to evaporation. avoid overwatering your lawn - it ' s more damaging than underwatering. \u2022 leave clippings on the lawn. sometimes referred to as \" grass - cycling \", this provides nutrients ( nitrogen, phosphorus, water ) equivalent to one application of fertilizer. clippings do not cause thatch. mulching mowers are also available which help the clippings hide in the grass. for effective grass cycling, wait until the lawn is 3 \" tall, then set the mower height to remove 1 \". the clippings left on the lawn will quickly disappear from view. of course this technique also saves hauling yard waste to the landfill - some states have banned yard waste from landfills. for more information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.41966898233669575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.653928"} {"text": "set the mower height to remove 1 \". the clippings left on the lawn will quickly disappear from view. of course this technique also saves hauling yard waste to the landfill - some states have banned yard waste from landfills. for more information, read our article grasscycling - the easiest way to nurture your lawn. \u2022 observe the weeds. dandelions thrive at a ph level of about 7. 5, and are a sign to add gardeners sulfur to lower the ph. clover and medic are sign that your lawn may be nitrogen poor, and needs compost or a nitrogen - weighted fertilizer. \u2022 sharpen mower blades at least once a year. you can tell when your mower blades are dull by looking at the grass tips. if they are brown and ragged, your blades are dull. sharp mower blades not only make your lawn look greener, they help develop a healthier lawn. \u2022 fertilize once or twice a year. this is sufficient for an attractive lawn. cool season grasses are semi - dormant in the summer ; fertilizing during summer will be ineffective. fertilizing in early fall promotes vigorous lawn growth the next spring. \u2022 use a fertilizer with time - released, water insoluble nitrogen. these fertilizers are less likely to burn your lawn with excess nitrogen, and slow - release allows the roots to absorb the nutrients as needed. in most instances, choose fertilizers containing at least 35 % - 50 % of their nitrogen supply in the \" slow - release \" form, such as sulfur - coated urea, methylene urea or various natural organic products. with fast - acting fertilizers, some nutrients are washed away with watering or rain, and the wasted fertilizer pollutes ground water supplies. \u2022 convert your lawn to a drought - resistant, low - maintenance eco - lawn. convential lawn seed was originally developed to be fast - growing for the purpose of feeding livestock. \" eco - lawn \" grass seed is a drought - resistant blend of grasses that requires little or no mowing and no fertilizer. to switch to this kind of lawn, simply cut your existing lawn as short as possible and overseed with eco - lawn seed. \u2022 control lawn weeds with corn gluten. a nontoxic byproduct of corn processing, corn gluten kills weed seedlings within days of application. it also adds nitrogen to your soil. just one application, before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4395603527030244, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.654862"} {"text": ". \u2022 control lawn weeds with corn gluten. a nontoxic byproduct of corn processing, corn gluten kills weed seedlings within days of application. it also adds nitrogen to your soil. just one application, before weeds emerge, reduced weed survival by 60 %, according to research at iowa state university. after several years, this method provides as much as 90 % weed control. see our page on corn gluten for more info, online sources and product names. \u2022 keep pesticide / herbicide use to a minimum. pesticides kill the soil organisms which contribute to a healthy lawn. the sooner you remove harsh chemicals, the faster your soil will recover. repeated past use of toxic chemicals may have destroyed the microbiotic life that exists in healthy soil ; it will take time, at least a season, for the soil to begin to recover. if lawn chemicals are used, clean out pesticide and fertilizer applicators and empty containers on the lawn, where the residue will be utilized. do not clean out on sidewalks or driveways, or residue will go directly into water supplies. \u2022 ' spot - treat ' weeds with vinegar to minimize herbicide use. where only a few scattered broadleaf weeds such as dandelions or plantain are present, consider spot - treating individual weeds with household vinegar rather than applying a broadcast treatment of an herbicide over the entire lawn. mix 5 parts white vinegar, 2 parts water, 1 part dish soap, and apply with a hand pump sprayer. ( vinegar can burn grass and garden plants, so be sure to spot treat weeds only. ) physically pulling or cutting weeds is also effective ; remove as much of the root system as possible to reduce the chance of regrowth. \u2022 reseeding or over - seeding? if you are adding seed to cover bare spots or a thin lawn, use hardy perennial ryegrass and drought - tolerant fescue seed mix. alternately, reseed with a drought - tolerant, low - maintenance eco - lawn seed. \u2022 problem with lawn grubs? for lawn grubs, there is a natural remedy called milky spore. the granules are spread on the soil and cause the grubs to contract a disease that kills them. only the grubs are affected, leaving beneficial organisms unharmed. milky spore multiplies over time and will sit inactive, waiting for grubs to infect. one treatment is said to last 40 years. the grubs are actually the larvae of japanese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4191170668032378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.655859"} {"text": "the suit made its way to the 9th circuit court of appeals, which found that the forest service grossly exaggerated demand for tongass timber and failed to explore options for cutting trees outside of the forest ' s pristine roadless areas. the court ordered the agency to rewrite the management plan. \" the forest service should be cutting taxpayer losses instead of cutting roadless areas, \" said tom waldo, the earthjustice attorney who represented the plaintiffs. \" the settlement agreement protects the roadless areas of the tongass until the forest service completes the new forest plan, so the trees will still be standing in the places that are most important for hunting, fishing, wildlife, recreation, and tourism. that makes it possible to adopt a new plan that will protect the remaining wild, natural areas of the forest, that will recognize the greatly reduced demand for logging on the tongass, and that cuts the huge taxpayer losses that the tongass suffers every year. \" waldo also sounded a note of caution about the future : \" unfortunately, the forest service has now proposed a new draft plan that would allow logging at a level about six times the current demand, located overwhelmingly in roadless areas. we can hope that public outrage will persuade the agency to reject this misguided proposal, but if the agency continues in this direction, we will be there to defend the roadless areas of america ' s premier rainforest. \" the forest service is accepting public comment on its new management plan until april 30, 2007. the tongass national forest spans 17 million acres in southeastern alaska and is the world ' s largest temperate rainforest. the forest is home to old growth spruce, hemlock, and cedar forests, wolves, bears, salmon, moose, bald eagles and many other plants and animals. the forest also provides fish and game for subsistence use by alaska natives. most roadless areas in the tongass were protected by the clinton era roadless rule until the bush administration came into office and reopened the areas to logging at the insistence of the timber industry and alaska ' s two senators and single congressman. the tongass is also home to the biggest timber subsidies in the nation, with american citizens losing roughly $ 45 million a year to subsidize logging companies in the area - - mostly by building new, unneeded roads. since 1982 congressional handouts for logging in the tongass national forest have cost taxpayers nearly $ 1 billion. the lawsuit was brought by the organized village of kake, natural resources defense council, southeast alaska conservation council, sierra club, the wilderness society, national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4241507714577881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.659659"} {"text": "| genetically engineered sugar beets | | the genetic engineering of our agricultural products has created serious environmental problems and numerous questions about health and safety. the great majority of genetically engineered ( \" ge \" ) crops are engineered to be resistant to a specific weed killer, glyphosate ( known commercially as \" roundup, \" owned and marketed by monsanto ). these crops, known as \" roundup ready, \" allow farmers to apply large quantities of glyphosate to their fields without harming the crop, but this practice accelerates the evolution of herbicide - resistant \" superweeds. \" farmers then apply greater and greater quantities of roundup to try to kill these weeds, and when this fails, they use even more toxic herbicides. also, the ge crops themselves can cross - pollinate or become mixed with other related crops nearby, contaminating their conventional or organic counterparts. the u. s. department of agriculture, through its animal and plant health inspection service, approved for commercial production genetically modified sugar beets without assessing the environmental, health, and economic impacts of these roundup ready beets, to the dismay of organic farmers, conservationists, and food - safety experts. earthjustice sued the usda on behalf of organic seed producers and conservationists to get the deregulation of genetically - modified beets reversed until a full environmental impact statement is performed. in september 2009, the court agreed the usda had violated the law and must prepare an eis. earthjustice is now seeking an injunction to stop further production of the sugar beets in the meantime. | cement kiln emissions challenge | | this lawsuit challenges the epa ' s continued refusal to set mercury emissions standards for cement kilns, in violation of the clean air act. the epa estimates that more than 100 cement kilns emit over 23, 000 pounds of mercury each year. | | northern spotted owl critical habitat | | the fish and wildlife service approved several timber sales in areas nominally protected as critical habitat for the northern spotted owl. earthjustice sued to stop the sales. in february 2007, the ninth circuit court of appeals ruled that the fws violated the endangered species act when it approved the sales. | inyo county rs 2477 quiet title act intervention | | earthjustice intervened in a case to defend designated national park wilderness in death valley from being opened to highway construction and vehicle use. | | challenge to national clean air standards for airborne particulates | | on october 17, 2006, the environmental protection agency", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4676878699381517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.669009"} {"text": "the expense of junior water rights holders and stream flows for fish. the law redefined \" municipal water supplier \" to include any private developer with connections for 15 or more homes and allows these developers to benefit from expanded rights granted retroactively to municipalities. it carried out these changes without the state department of ecology ' s usual review of the impacts of the expansion of a water right. the law therefore violated the due process rights of water - rights holders. it also violated the separation of powers by retroactively overruling a decision of the washington supreme court. in june 2008, a judge ruled that the state legislature overreached by redefining developers as \" municipal water suppliers. \" | juneau access | | this suit challenged the approval of a highway project that would have extended the road north of juneau, alaska, through an inventoried roadless area in the tongass national forest to a new ferry terminal. the road threatened key wildlife areas, including bald eagle and steller sea lion habitat, as well as important recreation, subsistence, and cultural resources. | | county line timber sale | | forest guardians and several nearby landowners are challenging a back - country timber sale adjacent to a wilderness area in southwestern colorado that would ruin an area prized by hunters, fishermen, hikers, and mountain bikers. | startup, shutdown, and malfunction ( ssm ) reconsideration | | toxic air pollution from refineries, chemical plants, incinerators and other large industrial plants can increase to as much as ten times allowable levels during startup, shutdown, and malfunction events. nonetheless, epa ' s regulations exempted plants from toxic emission limits during these periods. moreover, though epa requires plant operators to prepare a plan for minimizing emissions during these highly polluting periods, epa did not require plants to comply with their plan and allowed the plan to be kept secret from the public. in december of 2008, as a result of this lawsuit, this loophole was closed by a federal court. industry groups appealed the decision, and in march 2010, the u. s. supreme court refused to review the case, effectively ending litigation. | teck cominco / lake roosevelt | | teck cominco metals operates a smelter ten miles north of the us - canada border. this smelter has contaminated lake roosevelt, in washington state, and parts of the upper columbia river with toxic heavy metals. earthjustice filed a \" friend of the court \" brief in support of the colville", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4772498240052815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.672427"} {"text": "of the us - canada border. this smelter has contaminated lake roosevelt, in washington state, and parts of the upper columbia river with toxic heavy metals. earthjustice filed a \" friend of the court \" brief in support of the colville tribe to enforce an order issued to teck cominco to study and assess the pollution. | wyoming elk feedgrounds | | the state of wyoming operates 23 winter feedgrounds for elk, many of them on federal lands. these feedgrounds artificially concentrate elk populations, which fuels the spread of diseases such as brucellosis and creates the prospect of a major chronic wasting disease epidemic. conservationists sued to compel long overdue environmental analysis of alternatives to elk - feeding in wyoming. in july 2009 the 10th circuit court of appeal ruled that the four elk feed grounds on land managed by the bureau of land management are exempt from a new environmental impacts analysis, due to an old memorandum of understanding agreed to by the blm and the state of wyoming. however, as a result of this lawsuit, the u. s. forest service prepared an environmental impact statement examining the impacts of feed grounds within the bridger - teton national forest. | pesticide testing on humans | | the epa issued a rule on pesticide testing on humans that favors the chemical industry and does not meet the scientific and ethical standards recommended by the national academy of sciences and outlined by the nuremberg code after world war ii. in june 2010, the epa settled this lawsuit and agreed to propose a new rule that would significantly strengthen scientific and ethical protections for tests of pesticides on humans. under this agreement, a proposed rule must be issued for public comment by january 2011. the settlement still requires court action to become effective.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4446139705436276, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.673144"} {"text": "| ecological preparation for natural disasters | | sunday, 28 october 2012 00 : 00 | written by john potter | article | if you \u2019 ve experienced a hurricane, tornado, flood, earthquake or other natural disaster, you know firsthand about the accompanying loss of life and property. but natural disasters also take their toll on the environment in ways both apparent and insidious. widely strewn garbage and wreckage often change the look and feel of a place ; sometimes even the most familiar areas are rendered unrecognizable. with hurricanes and tornadoes, there is also defoliation. and in the case of flood, tsunami, volcanic eruption and earthquake, the ground itself can be redistributed \u2014 modifying the actual topography. in almost all extreme natural - disaster situations, possessions and the materials from which homes are made are flung far and wide. suddenly the way a person has lived becomes very public in a strange way. many possessions will never be found and any non - biodegradable items may lie unnoticed for years, profoundly affecting the ecology of an area. an ounce of prevention the second method of handling the problem of dispersed garbage and wreckage is to live as green as possible. if a person \u2019 s home is made from eco - conscious materials and most of their possessions are biodegradable, they lessen the impact of having that stuff spread across a large area. as an example, it \u2019 s not uncommon to have a shed in the yard. as most sheds are far less robust than a home, it \u2019 s more likely a shed will be destroyed. therefore, it \u2019 s a good idea to stock the shed with eco - conscious cleaning materials, paint strippers and the like rather than the alternatives in case they end up scattered across your neighborhood. taking the proper precautions for a natural disaster reduces the chance of damage to your home, which reduces possible environmental degradation resulting from your home \u2019 s destruction. the unprepared may improvise effective solutions to problems, but they may not be good for the environment or their own safety. a little preplanning can make a world of difference in both your survival and the health of your environment. help the earth, spread the word : share this article with family and friends by clicking on the \" email this \" or \" share this \" links below right. then see today ' s top stories. copyright ecohearth. all rights reserved. reprint policy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.437368016177914, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.675883"} {"text": "an excellent site for tefl teachers to recommend to their students, featuring a whole host of interactive games and tests as well as regular sections on conversational english, dealing with telephone conversations and grammar. the monthly e - mail newsletter takes the idea further, providing a wider range of tips and responding to specific requests from students. designed by world ort in conjunction with the national grid for learning, this site is designed to offer a free englsh language course for refugees and immigrants in the uk. the exercises and online tasks are all beautifully designed and can be used as stand alone activities or within a classroom environment. internet grammar of english free for anyone logging on from a uk educational institution, this excellent site offers a detailed and clear course in english grammar for undergraduates. as well as a glossary and guide to every aspect of grammar, there are simple but effective tests to help reinforce learning, making it of use for tefl and a - level students as well as teachers. the research group which created the site also has its own site, survey of english, offering a corpus of spoken and written english. the internet arm of it ' s magazine, this site can be used either as a revision and reinforcement resource for students working at home, or in a more structured way in the classroom, since each activity is accompanied by extensive notes for teachers. other features of note include a regular e - zine, an exhaustive links section and a penpal section for those looking for a suitable correspondent. created by the british council, and available in a bewildering range of languages, this site is an unmissable resource for language teachers involved with children of any age. simple word games, poetry, songs, lyrics and stories are all available as resources to support a lesson or as standalone activities. this is not simply a resource site, however, and also gives advice on finding a suitable language course depending on your country of origin. an outstanding site. a website devoted to vocabulary learning strategies which encourage students to develop good language habits by keeping well - organized and personal notebooks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4884294702205933, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.679060"} {"text": "for audio version click here. every great story reruns in cycles throughout history. for instance, the original story of thanksgiving has to do with the pilgrims who escaped bondage to be free here in this country. this story is not original at all. there is a great story several hundred years prior to the pilgrims. it \u2019 s known as the exodus, when the jews were led out of bondage into freedom by god through the leadership of moses. the main event that set the jewish people free is called the passover. god \u2019 s death angel was sent through the country of egypt to kill the first born. only those who had applied the blood of a lamb over the doorpost were \u201c passed over \u201d and their lives saved. so, the jewish people to this day celebrate this feast as a time of moving from bondage to freedom. the story continues today. we all have issues that bind us and weigh us down from the past. what we \u2019 re looking for is to be free. well, jesus fleshes out the answer today to our freedom. his answer began way back at the time of the first passover and it \u2019 s all tied up in a couple of agreements. the first agreement was made through moses, when god gave him the law. the jewish people entered into an agreement with god to keep his law and become a blessing to the world. every jewish passover dinner throughout the centuries has celebrated this agreement as they remember that what god did for them in setting them free. about 800 years after the exodus and the giving of the law of moses a prophet by the name of jeremiah ministered to the jewish people. through jeremiah god revealed that there would someday be a second agreement. whereas the law of moses was written on stones, the second agreement would be written in the hearts of man. a little over 600 years later jesus was celebrating the feast of the passover with his disciples. and, at this dinner he fleshed out this second agreement with these early disciples. the christians call it \u201c communion \u201d, but jesus referred to it as a covenant supper. he was actually making a covenant ( an agreement ) with his disciples to be connected until he returns. he was also leading them into an agreement with one another to be connected in jesus. this covenant supper was a powerful experience for these disciples. and, if we properly understood it as an agreement with jesus and with one another, we might experience the same kind of dynamic. so, what \u2019 s your story? how does your story recycle this same story -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47335563715472895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.683832"} {"text": "experience for these disciples. and, if we properly understood it as an agreement with jesus and with one another, we might experience the same kind of dynamic. so, what \u2019 s your story? how does your story recycle this same story - line of the exodus and passover as well as the early celebration of the pilgrims at the first thanksgiving dinner? it \u2019 s all about being free! so, what is it that has had you in bondage throughout your life or most recently in your experience? whatever it may be, jesus wants to film a rerun in your life. he wants to forgive you of those bad choices and entanglements and set you free. listen to luke \u2019 s words in the thirteenth chapter of acts : \" therefore, my brothers and sisters, i want you to know that through jesus the forgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you. through him everyone who believes is set free from every sin, a justification you were not able to obtain under the law of moses. today on this thanksgiving holiday you have lots to celebrate. you are forgiven and you are free. i don \u2019 t know about you, but that makes me feel absolutely whole and acceptable before the lord. to me, that \u2019 s thanksgiving! wednesday, november 22, 2006 for audio version click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47779535600367473, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.685970"} {"text": "09. 08. 2011the tradition of ramadanwhich image of god determines the ritual behaviour? the islamic month of fasting began last monday \u2013 in europe too, where the majority society still knows far too little about the holy practice, which is a religious duty of all muslims and one of the \" five pillars of islam \". emel zeynelabidin says that for this reason, posing questions that are free of fear and born of interest is now a matter of great urgency the fact that fasting during the month of ramadan has been practiced by muslims every year for 14 centuries is singular and an almost unbelievable accomplishment. it is a phenomenon of ancient, religious ritual that has endured to this day and that, upon first glance, cannot be logically explained by science. in my view, neither muslims nor non - muslims give this phenomenon the attention it deserves. today, if i as a female muslim who is very familiar with the fasting ritual owing to my upbringing, talk to my non - muslim friends about the particulars of ramadan, and list for example the groups of individuals who are exempt from the obligation to fast, i am met with total ignorance. if muslims and non - muslims are supposed to have experienced a social rapprochement in recent decades, what exactly has occurred during this time? time for reflection, time for self - discipline : for more than a billion muslims, the fasting month of ramadan began on monday ( 1 august ) a practical discussion of the many different realities of life would enhance mutual understanding and create the trust necessary to jointly further the processes of social rapprochement between muslims and the rest of the world. gestures of respect towards ramadan expressed through media statements by german politicians, have unfortunately so far failed to achieve this. an obligation to renounce muslim fasting involves renouncing all food, drink and sex. these days, the list also includes smoking. the daily fast begins at dawn and ends at sunset. ramadan takes place during a lunar calendar month. this is why every year, the date moves back around 10 days in the gregorian, or solar calendar. in the summer, when the sun sets later, the fasting days are much longer than in winter. exempt from this annual duty are children, pregnant women, those required to nurse babies, menstruating women, travellers, but also sick people. but renunciation is not acquittal : adults are required to make up for any fasting days lost. ramadan provides the opportunity to reflect on what it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5376046164831599, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.695141"} {"text": "required to nurse babies, menstruating women, travellers, but also sick people. but renunciation is not acquittal : adults are required to make up for any fasting days lost. ramadan provides the opportunity to reflect on what it means to endure hunger and thirst, and to control one ' s sexual urges. many draw the necessary strength to do this from the sense that the fasting is a collective group activity. as a practising muslim, force of habit and upbringing meant i felt perfectly comfortable with my rituals. i had no reason to question exactly what i was doing. and if conflicts and pressures should arise as a result of what i was doing, then it was all simply part of the \" earthly trial \". open interest in faith these days, i view these things from a different perspective and am left wondering why the \" excluded \" non - muslim majority society, which is generally inquisitive and open to debate, does not enquire what it is perhaps missing out on. curiosity must be aroused in this context, so that questions can be posed by all ; questions that are free of fear and born of interest. which image of god determines the ritual behaviour? muslims believe in a connection between actions and their consequences in this life, but also in the afterlife. in an edition of the monthly german - language \" islamische zeitung \" ( islamic newspaper ), readers discover that \" ramadan is every year a debt that one has with god and that one must pay back, in other words an obligation to him. \" free from religious compulsion : the valuable experiences surrounding the ramadan ritual should occur not out of obedience and subordination to a prescribed obligation, but of one ' s own volition and out of sincere conviction, writes emel zeynelabidin the article goes on to explain that ramadan is a preparation for a reward in paradise, a reward that is described as a paradise garden and a house in paradise. for after all, \" allah makes things easy on judgement day if one has done something for him. \" so this is about a specific image of god, who demands that people make sacrifices so that he can reward them with a promise of paradise, a promise that can only be an unknowable and remote prospect for us all. i am irritated by the idea of having to do something for an almighty god to gain his favour. in the case of fasting during ramadan i ask myself the simple question of how, with the benefit of modern insight, such a physically stress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033287294035877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.696400"} {"text": ". i am irritated by the idea of having to do something for an almighty god to gain his favour. in the case of fasting during ramadan i ask myself the simple question of how, with the benefit of modern insight, such a physically stressful and socially potentially inflammatory practice can be ascribed to an almighty god who only has the best intentions for his flock. omnipotence, as i imagine it, should really have other criteria and yardsticks of perception, judgement and approach than we people. this inconsistency presents us with a great challenge, a need for explanation that we must finally meet head - on. working and studying make you hungry. during lifetime of the prophet muhammed, people lived in the desert and were not by any means subjected to the same physical and mental challenges we face in our daily lives today. in europe, where public life is not led in accordance with islamic codes, working people and students who are fasting face considerable physical and mental stress. just as the ramadan smoking ban was declared by a religious ruling, a similar ruling should be issued to add working people and students in a non - muslim society to the list of groups exempt from the fasting rule. after all, clerics agreed that professional footballers should be exempted from fasting due to the nature of their job. teachers and doctors could say a great deal about the physical problems of their pupils and patients. between joyous fast - breaking and gluttony : breaking the fast after sunset, also known as \" iftar \", is usually celebrated with opulent meals often enjoyed with friends and family. the 30 - day fasting period is traditionally brought to an end with a three - day festival ( \" eid al - fitr \" ) historical accounts from the time of the first muslims report of years of great shortages, when the faithful had to be content with eating nothing but dates during ramadan. in any case, people for the most part lived by the dietary recommendation of muhammad himself, to reserve a third of one ' s stomach for water, a third for food, and leave the remaining third free for breathing. these days, unfortunately, the end of a fasting day results in consumption of unhealthy amounts of food, tantamount to gluttony. consistent renunciation as a behavioural yardstick for self - discipline is an important therapeutic experience. it can make you physically very strong, be a key ingredient of self - control, train decision - making ability and confirm one ' s own strength", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5255186815545652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.697897"} {"text": "##y. consistent renunciation as a behavioural yardstick for self - discipline is an important therapeutic experience. it can make you physically very strong, be a key ingredient of self - control, train decision - making ability and confirm one ' s own strength of will. viewed from this perspective, this temporary renunciation of food and pleasurable activities, a renunciation of the urge to meet natural needs, is an important method with huge benefits. will and faith are all that count but does every healthy adult have an equal need to pursue such a method? when clerics created a collective movement by decreeing a religious ritual as an unshakable duty, are there other interests at play? ideally for me, these valuable experiences should occur not out of obedience and subordination to a prescribed obligation, but of one ' s own volition and out of sincere conviction, and where possible, lead to a learning process of self - knowledge and exemplary social competency. however, the permanent pressure of obligations imposed by the islamic legal system makes scope for self - determined action hugely difficult. in this context, even the koran warns against self - deception and hypocrisy. there is a great need now for some clarity to be shed on this contradiction, with the courage for honesty. just as it does every year, after four weeks of the fasting ritual comes the long - awaited end of ramadan. celebrations will go on for three days, and many of the negative aspects so worthy of debate will be forgotten again. the sweet - talking that surrounds the advent of ramadan every year is far too one - sided and does nothing to create a basis for discussion that would establish a different, namely better quality of faith for future generations. how many more of these ramadan months have to begin before on the one hand, non - muslims ask questions of fasting muslims in order to understand, and on the other hand muslims ask critical questions in examination of their religious imagination? \u00a9 qantara. de 2011 emel zeynelabidin, born in 1960 in istanbul and raised in lower saxony, germany, is a journalist whose special focus areas are questions of contemporary islam and inter - religious dialogue. translated from the german by nina coon editor : lewis gropp / qantara. de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5095249441837918, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.699063"} {"text": "cheating in online games | | this article has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. cheating in online games is an activity that modifies the game experience to give one player an advantage over others. depending on the game, different activities constitute cheating and it is either a matter of game policy or consensus opinion as to whether a particular activity is considered to be cheating. johan huizinga defines cheating as the action of pretending to obey the rules of the game, while secretly subverting them to gain advantage over an opponent. cheating reportedly exists in most multiplayer online games, but it is difficult to measure. the internet and darknets can provide players with the methodology necessary to cheat in online games, sometimes in return for a price. mods are modifications to games that are intended to change the gameplay experience. sometimes, mods are intended to give players an advantage over other players who are not using mods. hacks are attempts to modify the game as it is running. under most countries ' laws, hacking is illegal, and can result in criminal prosecution. bots and software assistance aimbots and triggerbots an aimbot ( sometimes called \" auto - aim \" ) is a type of computer game bot used in multiplayer first - person shooter games to provide varying levels of target acquisition assistance to the player. while most common in first person shooter games, they exist in other game types and are sometimes used colloquially with a triggerbot, which shoots automatically when an opponent appears within the field - of - view or aiming reticule of the player. aimbotting relies on the fact that each player ' s client computer receives information about all the other players, whether they are visible from the player ' s position on the playing field or not. targeting is simply a matter of determining the location of any opponent relative to the player ' s location, and pointing the player ' s weapon at the target. this targeting works regardless of whether the opponent is behind walls or too far away to be seen directly. if the game being played allows bullets to penetrate surfaces with minimal / reduced damage ( such as games in the call of duty franchise including and released after the original modern warfare ), the code can be manipulated to cause the bullets to penetrate an infinite amount of material and damage can be adjusted to guarantee a kill regardless of where the bullet lands. this severely magnifies the unfair advantage the aimbot would provide. some servers allow spectating [ also referred to as kill - cam ], or seeing the game from the viewpoint of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5863109681574277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.730262"} {"text": "to guarantee a kill regardless of where the bullet lands. this severely magnifies the unfair advantage the aimbot would provide. some servers allow spectating [ also referred to as kill - cam ], or seeing the game from the viewpoint of the active players. recording of gameplay actions is also often possible. if someone was using a targeting aimbot, the bot would be plainly obvious to the spectator as unnatural exact position tracking. some aimbots and triggerbots are blatant while others attempt to hide from spectators the fact they are being used through a number of methods. one being a delay in the firing, to hide the fact it shoots the instant an opponent is in the cheater ' s crosshair. some triggerbot programs allow the user the ability to toggle on or off depending on whether the mouse is held down or released. the hacker can also set the aimbot to a key in order to turn it on and off with a \" press of a key \". artificial lag in the peer - to - peer gaming model, lagging is what happens when the stream of data between one or more players gets slowed or interrupted, causing movement to stutter and make opponents appear to behave erratically. by using a lag switch, a player is able to disrupt upload from the console to the server, while their own console queues up the actions performed. the goal is to gain advantage over another player without reciprocation ; opponents slow down or stop moving, allowing the lag switch user to easily outmaneuver them. from the opponents ' perspective, the player using the device may appear to be teleporting, invisible or invincible, while the opponents suffer delayed animations and fast - forwarded game play, delivered in bursts. some gaming communities refer to this method as \" tapping \" which refers to the users \" tapping \" on and off their internet connection to create the lag. the term \" lag switch \" encompasses many methods of disrupting the network communication between a console and its server. one method is by attaching a physical device, called a hardware lag switch, to a standard ethernet cable. by flipping the switch on and off, the physical connection between the console and the server is disrupted. the newest generation of gaming consoles has built in protection against lag switches in the form of voltage detectors, which detect a change in voltage when the switch is flipped. some manufacturers have taken counter measures to bypass or trick this detector. this can also be achieved by simply unplugging the ethernet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5760160309229437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.732203"} {"text": "protection against lag switches in the form of voltage detectors, which detect a change in voltage when the switch is flipped. some manufacturers have taken counter measures to bypass or trick this detector. this can also be achieved by simply unplugging the ethernet cord going to the console, causing a disruption in the player ' s internet connection. other methods, called a software or wireless lag switch, involve using a computer program. in this method, the cheater runs an application on a computer connected to the same network as the console. the application hogs the network bandwidth, disrupting the communication between the console and its server. however, one cannot do this for an unlimited amount of time. usually, having no internet connection for 30 seconds will cause one ' s character / player to be kicked from the game due to inactivity / no internet connection. in the peer - to - peer gaming model, lagging refers to a player with a faster connection flooding an opponent ( s ) using a basic denial - of - service attack outside the game structure. look - ahead cheating is a method of cheating within a peer - to - peer multiplayer gaming architecture where the cheating client gains an unfair advantage by delaying his actions to see what other players do before announcing its own action. a client can cheat using this method by acting as if it is suffering from high latency ; the outgoing packet is forged by attaching a time - stamp that is prior to the actual moment the packet is sent, thereby fooling other clients into thinking that the action was sent at the correct time, but was delayed in arrival. a partial solution is the lockstep protocol. maphack is a generic term that refers to a method or third - party program that enables a user to see more of a level than intended by the developer. a maphacker is a user that deliberately executes such a method or program in the context of a relevant game, whilst maphacking is the act of such. a common aspect of real - time strategy games is the player ' s partial limitation or complete inability to see beyond the visibility range of individual game objects that are under their ownership ( typically units and structures ), this concept is controlled by a mechanism known as the fog of war. maphacking usually enables the user to bypass this mechanism, either by removing it entirely and / or by rendering objects through the fog that would not normally be visible. in multiplayer modes, this allows for a distinct advantage against the other players that are subject to the intended settings. the advantage gained can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6342165902371104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.733639"} {"text": "this mechanism, either by removing it entirely and / or by rendering objects through the fog that would not normally be visible. in multiplayer modes, this allows for a distinct advantage against the other players that are subject to the intended settings. the advantage gained can be substantial, especially for the average real - time strategy games that rely on the rock - paper - scissors dynamic to balance out individual objects ' varying strengths and weaknesses. also called \" chams \" or \" wallhacks \" in most fps games ( such as cross fire, team fortress 2, and call of duty, to name a few ) it can enable users to see \" through \" a wall, the outline of said player is generally seen in a gamma - intensive outline, such as neon greens, blues, reds, extremes ( white / black ), and pinks. users can usually set what color to choose. wallhacking allows a player to see through solid or opaque objects and / or manipulate or remove textures, to know in advance when an opponent is about to come into targeting range from an occluded area. this can be done by making wall textures transparent, or modifying the game maps to insert polygonal holes into otherwise solid walls. as with the aimbot, wallhacking relies on the fact that an fps server usually sends raw positional information for all players in the game, and leaves it up to the client ' s 3d renderer to hide opponents behind walls, in plant foliage, or in dark shadows. if the game map rendering could be turned off completely, all players could be seen moving around in what appears to be empty space. complete map hiding offers no advantage to a cheater as they would be unable to navigate the invisible map pathways and obstacles. however if only certain surfaces are made transparent or removed, this leaves just enough of an outline of the world to allow the cheater still to navigate it easily. when used in conjunction certain wallhacks allow the player to shoot through solid objects, which is known as \" opk \" ( one place killing ) in such games as combat arms, because the killer can generally stay in one spot. a subset known as whitewalls removes the color / texture from objects in the surrounding environment, providing distinct contrast to opposition character models, which remain colored / textured. ( see esp for an evolution of the wallhack. ) a subset of wallhacking is also called \" chamming \" ( see skin cheats ). extrasensory perception ( esp ) in video games displays context", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5885969096274339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.736625"} {"text": "textured. ( see esp for an evolution of the wallhack. ) a subset of wallhacking is also called \" chamming \" ( see skin cheats ). extrasensory perception ( esp ) in video games displays contextual information such as the health, name, equipment, position and / or orientation of other participants as navigation / directional markers, which would normally be hidden from game players. this may be performed by reading the programs memory with an external program, or intercepting and decoding packets as they travel between the client and the server. this is difficult to detect and prove, but is definitely considered cheating. fly hack a fly hack is one that lets the user disable a game ' s collision boundaries, allowing the player to go through every object on the level, giving a good place to hide, or allowing the player to gain advantage by reaching places that would otherwise be unreachable without the cheat. this is usually combined with the ability to freely move about in any directions, as if the player was flying. this is often inaccurately called noclip. some servers might monitor the player ' s position and movement history and decide whether the movement is legitimate, however it ' s a lot harder to implement in situations where there is high emphasis on the client to process most or all of the game ' s mechanics. removal of game elements removals allow the cheater to remove a game ' s inhibitors or annoyances. these include gun recoil, bullet spread, and visual effects. such removals can significantly increase a user ' s firing accuracy, but may be noticeable to other players. removals may also consist of removing flash bang effects, which normally make the user ' s screen appear a bright white and mute their sound. with that particular removal, the user can continue play without loss of audiovisual input. smoke, sky, hands, ground, doors, and many other elements are also removed in order to cheat. a newer, more startling removal removes the ability to be kicked by a game, whether it be by a moderator or by vote - kick. this is often used in conjunction with other cheats / hacks to gain a permanent edge over the competition in a game. unsporting play a form of improving one ' s ranking in league tables, boosting is most common in 1 vs 1 fighting games such as street fighter iv and tekken. players will set up multiple accounts and play one against the other. the primary account will get an easy win due to no or little input from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5872956054631748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.737924"} {"text": "tables, boosting is most common in 1 vs 1 fighting games such as street fighter iv and tekken. players will set up multiple accounts and play one against the other. the primary account will get an easy win due to no or little input from the second account. the major problem with this method is high cost since the boosting player requires at least two consoles, ip addresses and copies of the game. additionally, some games allow matches to be uploaded and viewed by others on replay channel. if the boosting player accidentally allows this, their boosting match can be seen by others. also gaining experience very fast in an objective - based game at an unfair way such as purely playing on the objectives ( when it is not intended to be so ) is considered boosting. even without matches being seen, players who boost can usually be easily identified, since they will have an extremely high number of points in relation to the number of matches played. for example, the ' top - ranked ' player in super street fighter iv has \u224835, 000 pp ( player points ) ; in comparison, daigo umehara, widely regarded as the best player in the world, currently has \u22486, 500 pp. in games where wins and losses are recorded on a player ' s account, a player may disconnect when he or she is about to lose, in order to prevent that loss from being recorded. this is usually done by known in game glitches and 3rd party sources via \" ip booting \". ( a firewall software feature ) some players do this if someone is being unfair. in street fighter, someone might do a move that will kill if repeatedly used in timing, or set the timer low and hit a player so they can dodge around, and a player might disconnect to avoid a unfair loss. a similar phenomenon occurs when a server operator boots an opponent or players who they do not support. disconnecting is considered unsporting, as the opponent may not have his or her \" win \" recorded. some games implement a disconnection penalty, usually by recording the disconnect as a loss, or a loss of experience points. other games, such as ufc 2009 undisputed, include a \" disconnect \" statistic in players ' profiles, so players may select a match where the opponent will not be prone to disconnect. team - based games such as league of legends are highly dependent on each member participating, and one member disconnecting can greatly alter the outcome of the match so temporary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5299550942140038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.739048"} {"text": "players may select a match where the opponent will not be prone to disconnect. team - based games such as league of legends are highly dependent on each member participating, and one member disconnecting can greatly alter the outcome of the match so temporary bans are employed to discourage such behaviour. the later games in the call of duty give extra experience points for staying in a match, and records games in which the player leaves as a loss. halo : reach gives a random \" lottery \" experience - point bonus to players at the end of each match, encouraging them to stay until the end. rapid fire modifications in games ( mostly first person shooters ) weapons featured can be fired in burst fire or single shot. for some gamers, modifying their controller or console to gain the advantage of having a faster shooting weapon than the standard player can be considered as a method of cheating. these modifications can create an imbalance within the game. in the call of duty series, having a semi - automatic pistol or rifle with a rapid fire modification could display the player as having the firing abilities of a heavy machine gun. in addition to modifying a console or its controller, it is possible to achieve a similar effect on the pc by binding the firing button to the scroll wheel of a mouse or using a macro setting that will tap automatically. with semi - automatic weaponry in games such as call of duty 4 : modern warfare seemingly limited to firing as quickly as a player can press the required button, the scroll wheel / macro egregiously abuses this limitation, allowing them to fire pistols and the like far faster than was originally intended. this exploit has not yet been prevented in most instances of first - person shooters. spawn camping in first person shooters, the spawns can be predictable. some players learn these spawns to kill players before they react, and this quickly ( especially in games like call of duty that have scorestreaks ) the victim team has lost before the game is even halfway through. environmental exploits exploiting is the application of an unintended use or bug that gives the player an advantage. not all gamers view exploits as cheating, some view it as another skill because certain exploits take a significant amount of time to find, or dexterity and timing to use. an example of dexterity exploits include bunny hopping and texture - climbing in quake, as well as so - called \" wave - dashing \" in super smash bros. melee. in the video game ace of spades ( video game ), and the infamous wall bugs in gta iv the map", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5525144072033255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.740525"} {"text": "and texture - climbing in quake, as well as so - called \" wave - dashing \" in super smash bros. melee. in the video game ace of spades ( video game ), and the infamous wall bugs in gta iv the map boundary is often easily accessible to every player, so it is not always considered cheating. exploits are often considered cheating when they have an unbalancing effect, or are used in an intended manner. skin cheats chameleon skins, cham - hacks or chams, replace player model textures with brightly colored skins, often bright red / yellow or blue / green, that change color depending on whether the model is visible. for instance, an exposed part of an opponent would be shown in a different color, giving a cham - hack user an advantage over non - hack users, especially in games in which camouflage techniques ( provided by in - game mechanics, objects or player models ) are negated. while cham - hacks are accomplished using a wallhack subset, historically, user settings ( in quakeworld, for example ) or exploits in many older games allowed replacing skins arbitrarily with varying degrees of success \u2014 from pseudo - camouflage in dark areas of a map ( prior to specular and other advanced lighting techniques ) when using a \" shadow skin \" ; to completely disappearing while the skin change propagated to other players ; to forcing a plain - white skin on all opponents. a more obvious skin cheat involves a person wearing a skin that makes him invisible to all players. however, this is a cheat that is easily discovered, especially if the game provides a killcam after each death. farming and stat - padding in games where achievements and player abilities are unlocked by defeating a number of enemies or challenges of a particular class, players may arrange to win or lose against one another in order to obtain the achievements without having to play the game linearly. this is also known as stat - padding, swapping, or boosting, and most players [ who? ] do not consider it to be cheating unless it is used to win the game ( or make it easier to win ). the term farming also refers to the practice of garnering achievements or virtual property for the purpose of real - money - trading. with rare exception, this has no direct effect on the gaming experience of other players ; instead, it is a violation of most eulas and could devalue the virtual property being farmed. a special type of farming that occurs in multiplayer games where multiple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5800402886879708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.741609"} {"text": "rare exception, this has no direct effect on the gaming experience of other players ; instead, it is a violation of most eulas and could devalue the virtual property being farmed. a special type of farming that occurs in multiplayer games where multiple players join a game that is based around taking objectives, like capture the flag or domination, but instead of working to take the objective, they focus mainly on scoring kills. this is known as kill farming and is generally frowned upon. this was especially common in call of duty : modern warfare 2, where players would become angry and bitter when others would try and advance the game ( e. g. planting a bomb at a target location that, if allowed to detonate, would end the game ) and would discourage their team from protecting the bomb so the enemy could defuse it. this is because these players would attempt to farm kills to gain the tactical nuke ability, which would also end the game. although this isn ' t considered boosting, critics of the tactical nuke cited this as a reason to exclude it from further call of duty games because it ruined the gameplay of objective - based games. character sharing sharing is when multiple people play using a single character \u2014 mainly in mmorpgs \u2014 to gain an advantage by having higher online times and / or being able to apply more manpower toward game activities such as leveling or gaining experience. in some mmos this is not seen as cheating although others such as nexon ' s maplestory, blizzard entertainment ' s world of warcraft or jagex ' s runescape specifically forbid it. twinking is the act of giving gear intended for higher level characters to lower level characters that would be incapable of obtaining the gear on their own. twinked characters have a huge advantage over untwinked characters, as well as the rest of the game world. this is usually used by players who wish to create a new character, to help them level more rapidly or gain an unfair advantage in pvp. most mmorpgs tolerate it, provided that the twinked character is not used in player versus player combat with other characters of the same level, where it would have an unfair advantage over non - twinked characters. often limits on twinking are placed into the game, usually through strict level or stat requirements to equip the item. circumventing these level requirements would then be further cheating. most games allow other participants to observe the game as it is played from a variety of perspectives ; depending on the game, perspectives allow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5826980352514476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.742737"} {"text": "level or stat requirements to equip the item. circumventing these level requirements would then be further cheating. most games allow other participants to observe the game as it is played from a variety of perspectives ; depending on the game, perspectives allow an observer a map overview or attach a \" camera \" to the movement of a specific player. in doing so, the observer can communicate with an accomplice using a secondary communication methodology ( in - game private message, third party communication, or even off - line ) to inform friendly players of traps or the position of opponents. an observer can be an active player, using a separate computer, connection and account. some systems prevent inactive players from observing the game if they are on the same ip address as an active player, on the grounds that they are probably in close physical proximity ; when all players from a single ip address are no longer active participants, they are all allowed to observe. however, this restriction can be easily evaded if there are multiple ip addresses available at one location ( a common feature of broadband subscriptions ), or if the observer installs remote desktop software on their computer, thus enabling their computer screen to be viewed by select other players in real time. secret alliances similar to ghosting in some respects, if two or more players to engage secret, co - operative play while all are active ( especially in mmorpgs ) it is considered cheating in many games, in particular when players engage in secondary communication. using remote desktop software to observe the screens of secret \" allies \" while one is playing could confer considerable tactical and / or strategic advantages for all players in the \" alliance \", and would be considered cheating. in some rts games, this is made difficult by replacing all player names with \" unknown \". this makes players unable to know who they are private messaging. starcraft 2 and warcraft 3 are examples of this anti - secret alliance setting. in games like super smash bros. brawl, sometimes when not using team battle 2 or more characters would try to attack one character and have one character win. most of the time these people would be the same character with the same or different costume. stacking involves altering game settings or team lineups to give one or more teams an unfair advantage over others. one example includes arranging a team composed of skilled or known players against a team with members of lesser skill. although this may be a valid and accepted practice in real - life sports, in online games stacking upsets less - skilled players who feel that they aren", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6117983864043884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.743887"} {"text": "includes arranging a team composed of skilled or known players against a team with members of lesser skill. although this may be a valid and accepted practice in real - life sports, in online games stacking upsets less - skilled players who feel that they aren ' t being given a fair chance. less ethical rigging involves weighting the game by providing a player or team with an advantage by outfitting them with better ( or more familiar ) weapons or equipment, or creating a play field that caters to a certain player, team or playing style. user settings typically, a player can change settings within a game to suit his or her preference or play style ; these alterations are considered cheating only in certain circumstances. for example, changing the keyboard layout to make it easier to use is an accepted practice and not considered cheating ; however, changing player models or textures, or increasing the field view beyond the values normally available in the game ' s options could be considered cheating. scripting is the use of a program or game feature to automate certain actions or behaviors. the use of scripts may or may not be considered cheating, depending on the behavior involved, and whether said behavior is replicable without the use of such script. a script may give the user unusually fast firing rate, unobtainable otherwise, or may perform seemingly trivial tasks such as reloading. scripts can also tamper with other players ' command systems, such as in crysis games, where a certain script edit known as a \" longpoke \" can force all players on a certain server to use the suicide command. implementation of cheats in the client \u2013 server model, the server is responsible for information security and enforcing game rules. ( see \" efficiency versus security \" below for drawbacks. ) in the peer - to - peer gaming model, clients run equal code but are still subject to most of the same type of cheats found in the client \u2013 server multiplayer model ; however, the peer - to - peer multiplayer model has deprecated in favor of the client \u2013 server model with the wider adoption of high - speed networks. \" never trust the client \" is a maxim among game developers ( as well as other ' types ' of developers ) that summarizes the model of client \u2013 server game design. it means that no information sent from a client should be accepted by a server if it breaks the game rules or the basic mechanics of the game, and that no information should be sent to a client unless it is \" need - to - know. \" for example, a server", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5858657469591732, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.744950"} {"text": "sent from a client should be accepted by a server if it breaks the game rules or the basic mechanics of the game, and that no information should be sent to a client unless it is \" need - to - know. \" for example, a server with no rule enforcement or data integrity checking will synchronize all of the clients with all of the information about all of the other clients. the server will be very fast, but any wallhack program will reveal where all the players in the game are, what team they are on, and what state they ' re in \u2014 health, weapon, ammo etc. at the same time, altered and erroneous data from a client will allow a player to break the game rules, manipulate the server, and even manipulate other clients. game code modification many cheats are implemented by modifying game software, despite eulas which forbid modification. while game software distributed in binary - only versions makes it harder to modify code, reverse engineering is possible. also game data files can be edited separately from the main program and thereby circumvent protections implemented in software. wallhacks and maphacks often function by modifying the software. other cheats analyze or change the game state in memory, such as some aimbots and programs that give infinite ammo or health ( often called trainers ). additionally, software with legitimate use outside of gaming can fulfill the role of a cheat when used inside a game. examples include program accelerators and an auto clicker. system software modification rather than modifying the game code ( which the game itself or a 3rd - party protection system may detect ), some cheats modify underlying system components. an example of this is graphics driver modifications that ignore depth checking and draw all objects on the screen \u2014 a primitive wallhack. system or driver modification is harder to detect, as there are a large number of system drivers that differ from user to user. packet interception, tampering & manipulation the security of game software can be circumvented by intercepting and / or manipulating data in real - time while in transit from the client to the server or vice versa. interception can be passive ( see ghosting and esp ) or result in active manipulation ( see wallhacks ) ; either methodology can be performed on the client machine itself or via an external communication proxy ; some aimbots incorporate this methodology. anti - cheating methods and limitations there are many facets of cheating in online games which make the creation of a system to stop cheating very difficult ; however, game developers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6151652865002901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.746025"} {"text": "client machine itself or via an external communication proxy ; some aimbots incorporate this methodology. anti - cheating methods and limitations there are many facets of cheating in online games which make the creation of a system to stop cheating very difficult ; however, game developers and third party software developers have created or are developing technologies that attempt to prevent cheating. anti - cheat software is commonly used in popular games such as team fortress 2, quake, or world of warcraft. a few examples of anti - cheat software are dmw anticheat, gameguard, punkbuster, vac, protectenviron, shoxguard, cleandod, xray, xtrap, hackshield, fairfight, warden or battleye. exploits of bugs are usually resolved / removed via a patch to the game ; however, not all companies force the patches / updates on users, leaving the actual resolution to individual users. client datafile checksums one common method used to prevent cheating is for a checksum ( such as an md5 sum ) to be calculated against each game datafile on the client computer, and for these checksums to be reported to the server before the client can join the game. when a cheater has modified a datafile to give them an advantage over others, the changes will affect the calculated checksum and may result in the client being automatically denied from joining the server if an unknown checksum is detected. someone who is attempting to cheat and who has downloaded a cheating package from the internet may possibly be automatically banned by game servers, if certain well - known hacked datafile checksums are detected by the server during the connection attempt. once a datafile has been checked, it is held in a \" file open \" state, so that other software on the multitasking system can not rename or copy over a file after the check has been done, and the current game session is in progress. when the game session ends, the files are closed until the next check - in. this works only on systems that enforce such file locks, however. the kernel or libraries of a system could be modified to disable the file locking, without making this apparent to the program. non - standard datafile storage some games work to prevent hacking by storing game data in a custom - built private database format that strips file names and directory structures, but does not otherwise encrypt the file data. this is commonly visible as two files, one containing file data for all objects, textures, sounds,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6049658212572295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.747135"} {"text": "game data in a custom - built private database format that strips file names and directory structures, but does not otherwise encrypt the file data. this is commonly visible as two files, one containing file data for all objects, textures, sounds, maps, etc. that is typically several gigabytes in size. a second file only a few megabytes in size contains the file and directory structure for the game to access data within the larger file. hackers sometimes examine these data structures to write unpackers that convert the database into a normal editable file and directory structure. the game engine may or may not use this extracted structure if it is present in the game installation directory. also because the actual game data in this huge file is typically not encoded or compressed, it is possible to look for common data file headers such as for jpeg, mpeg, or wav and extract these individual files using a ripper, though this is done without knowing the database format or being able to write changes back to the game data structures. availability versus usability generally, the better the server is at enforcing the rules, the less of a problem cheating will be in the game. it may not require much code, but when game servers were restricted by limited available resources such as storage, memory, internal bandwidth, and computational capacity due to the technologies available and the cost of the hardware, coupled with internet connections that were slow, it was believed to be necessary to compromise on security for optimization to minimize the impact on the end - user. today however, with the increased speed and power of multi - core computers, lower priced hardware, and the increased availability of broadband internet, this has become less of an issue. efficiency versus security server - side game code makes a trade - off between calculating and sending results for display on a just - in - time basis or trusting the client to calculate and display the results in appropriate sequence as a player progresses. it can do this by sending the parts of the world state needed for immediate display, which can result in client lag under bandwidth constraints, or sending the player the entire world state, which results in faster display for the player under the same bandwidth constraints, but exposes that data to interception or manipulation \u2014 a trade - off between security and efficiency. some companies and leagues ban suspected cheaters by blacklisting specific installation or serial keys, or user accounts, meaning that the player is effectively prevented from playing the game online. in such cases, the banned player may be able to avoid the ban by purchasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5722448849987394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.748194"} {"text": "companies and leagues ban suspected cheaters by blacklisting specific installation or serial keys, or user accounts, meaning that the player is effectively prevented from playing the game online. in such cases, the banned player may be able to avoid the ban by purchasing an additional copy of the game which will include a new unbanned serial key. while game publishers are known to ban players employing cheats, the actual number of players banned is usually not revealed. exceptions to this include blizzard entertainment and nexon, known for banning cheaters in batches, and publicising the number of banned accounts in order to discourage others from cheating. see also - clive thompson ( 2007 - 04 - 23 ). \" what type of game cheater are you? \". wired. com. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15. - \" how to hurt the hackers : \" the scoop on internet cheating and how you can combat it \" \". gamasutra. com. 2000 - 07 - 24. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15. - bradley mitchell. \" what is a lag switch? \". about. com. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15. - \" what our competitors won \u2019 t tell you \". premium lag. september 3, 2009. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15. - jouni smed and harri hakonen ( 2006 ). algorithms and networking for computer games. wiley. isbn 0470029749. - \" daigo umehara : the king of fighters \". eurogamer. net. retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18. - dibbell, julian ( 2008 - 11 - 24 ). \" wired magazine : 16. 12, the decline and fall of an ultra rich online gaming empire \". wired. com. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15. - \" twinking is just another form of cheating | we fly spitfires - mmorpg blog \". blog. weflyspitfires. com. 2009 - 09 - 17. retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28. - \" gartner says 17 countries to surpass 60 percent broadband penetration into the home by 2012 \". gartner. com. retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15. - wily ferret ( june 22, 2007 ). \" intel plays tattle - tale \". the inquirer. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15. - charlie demerjian ( june 24, 2007 ). \" more on intel anti - cheat technology revealed \". the inquirer. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5254647501875456, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.749214"} {"text": "the technique of intarsia inlays sections of wood ( at times with contrasting ivory or bone, or mother - of - pearl ) within the solid stone matrix of floors and walls or of table tops and other furniture ; by contrast marquetry assembles a pattern out of veneers glued upon the carcase. it is thought that the word ' intarsia ' is derived from the latin word ' interserere ' which means \" to insert \". when egypt came under arab rule in the seventh century, indigenous arts of intarsia and wood inlay, which lent themselves to non - representational decors and tiling patterns, spread throughout the maghreb. the technique of intarsia was already perfected in islamic north africa before it was introduced into christian europe through sicily and andalusia. the art was further developed in siena and by sienese masters at the cathedral of orvieto, where figurative intartsia made their first appearance, ca 1330 and continuing into the 15th century and in northern italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, spreading to german centers and introduced into london by flemish craftsmen in the later sixteenth century. the most elaborate examples of intarsia can be found in cabinets of this period, which were items of great luxury and prestige. after about 1620, marquetry tended to supplant intarsia in urbane cabinet work. intarsia is a woodworking technique that uses varied shapes, sizes, and species of wood fitted together to create a mosaic - like picture with an illusion of depth. intarsia is created through the selection of different types of wood, using their natural grain pattern and color ( but can involve the use of stains and dyes ) to create variations in the pattern. after selecting the specific woods to be used within the pattern, each piece is then individually cut, shaped, and finished. sometimes areas of the pattern are raised to create more depth. once the individual pieces are complete, they are fitted together like a jig - saw puzzle and glued to wood backing which is sometimes cut to the outline shape of the image. marble intarsia ( opere di commessi ), called pietre dura in english for the semi - precious hardstones combined with colored marbles that are employed, is an intarsia of coloured stones inlaid in white or black marble. early examples in florence date from the mid fifteenth century and reached a peak of refinement and complexity in revetments of the medici chapel, produced under medici patronage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5036584958891969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.754394"} {"text": ", is an intarsia of coloured stones inlaid in white or black marble. early examples in florence date from the mid fifteenth century and reached a peak of refinement and complexity in revetments of the medici chapel, produced under medici patronage in the opificio delle pietre dure, which was established by ferdinando i de \u2019 medici. later complex designs and refinement of the art developed in naples circa the beginning of the 17th century. the floor of st. peter ' s basilica in rome is a particularly notable example of marble intarsia. later this form of decoration became a feature of baroque interior design, particularly so in the sicilian baroque designs following the earthquake of 1693. see also - ms dimand, \" an egypto - arabic panel with mosaic decoration \" the metropolitan museum of art bulletin, 33. 3 ( march 1938 : 78 - 79 ) - antoine wilmering, \" domenico di niccolo, mattia di nanni and the development of sienese intarsia techniques domenico di niccolo, mattia di nanni and the development of sienese intarsia techniques \", the burlington magazine 139 no. 1131 ( june 1997 : 376 - 97 ). - angeles jordano, \" the plus oultra writing cabinet of charles v : expression of the sacred imperialism of the austrias \", journal of conservation and museum studies 9 ( 2011 : 14 - 26 ), doi : 10. 5334 / jcms. 91105. - opificio delle pietre dure, florence, an institute of the ministry for cultural heritage - jackson, f. hamilton, intarsia and marquetry, ( london : sands & co. ) 1903 excerpt | wikimedia commons has media related to : intarsia |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4602510948678318, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.755195"} {"text": "in christian cultures, the term lay priest is sometimes used in the past to refer to a secular priest, a diocesan priest who is not a member of a religious institute. terms such as lay priest, lay clergy and lay nun were also once used in buddhist cultures to indicate ordained persons who continued to live in the wider community instead of retiring to a monastery. in the context of specialized professions, the term lay is often used to refer to those who are not members of that profession. christian laity in anglicanism, the term \" laity \" refers to anyone who is not a bishop, priest, or deacon in the church. in the anglican tradition, all baptized persons are expected to minister in christ ' s name. the orders of ministry are thus laymen, deacons, priests, and bishops. the ministry of the laity is \" to represent christ and his church ; to bear witness to him wherever they may be ; and, according to the gifts given them, to carry on christ ' s work of reconciliation in the world ; and to take their place in the life, worship, and governance of the church \". much of the ministry of the laity thus takes place outside official church structures in homes, workplaces, schools, and so forth. laymen also play important roles in the structures of the church. there are elected lay representatives on the various governing bodies of churches in the anglican communion. in the church of england, these governing bodies range from a local parochial church council, through deanery synods and diocesan synods. at the topmost level, the general synod includes a house of laity. likewise, in the episcopal church in the usa the general convention includes four laymen from each diocese in the house of deputies, and each diocesan convention includes lay delegates from the parishes. on the local parish level, laymen are elected to a church council called a vestry which manages church finances and elects the parish rector. parish musicians, bookkeepers, administrative assistants, sextons, sacristans, etc., are all roles normally filled by laymen. at higher levels, diocesan and national offices rely on laymen in many important areas of responsibility. often specialized ministries as campus ministers, youth ministers, or hospital chaplains are performed by laymen. laymen serve in worship services in a number of important positions, including vergers, acolytes, lectors, intercessors, ushers, and so forth. acolytes include torch bearers, crucifers, thurifers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41997448483361344, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.767638"} {"text": "worship services in a number of important positions, including vergers, acolytes, lectors, intercessors, ushers, and so forth. acolytes include torch bearers, crucifers, thurifers, and boat bearers. lectors read the lessons from the bible appointed for the day ( except for the gospel reading, which is read by a deacon ), and may also lead the prayers of the people. some specialized lay ministries require special licensing by the bishop. which ministries require a license varies from province to province. in the episcopal church, there are six specialized lay ministries requiring a license : pastoral leader, worship leader, preacher, eucharistic minister, eucharistic visitor, and catechist. roman catholicism the second vatican council [ 1962 \u2013 1965 ] devoted its decree on the apostolate of the laity apostolicam actuositatem and chapter iv of its dogmatic constitution lumen gentium to the laity in a sense narrower than that which is normal in the catholic church. the normal definition of laity is that given in the code of canon law : | \u201c | | by divine institution, there are among the christian faithful in the church sacred ministers who in law are also called clerics ; the other members of the christian faithful are called lay persons. there are members of the christian faithful from both these groups who, through the profession of the evangelical counsels by means of vows or other sacred bonds recognized and sanctioned by the church, are consecrated to god in their own special way and contribute to the salvific mission of the church ; although their state does not belong to the hierarchical structure of the church, it nevertheless belongs to its life and holiness. the narrower sense in which the second vatican council gave instruction concerning the laity is as follows : | \u201c | | the term laity is here understood to mean all the faithful except those in holy orders and those in the state of religious life specially approved by the church. these faithful are by baptism made one body with christ and are constituted among the people of god ; they are in their own way made sharers in the priestly, prophetical, and kingly functions of christ ; and they carry out for their own part the mission of the whole christian people in the church and in the world. | | \u201d | in this narrower sense, the council taught that the laity ' s specific character is secularity : they are christians who live the life of christ in the world. their role is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4633831373945716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.770014"} {"text": "christian people in the church and in the world. | | \u201d | in this narrower sense, the council taught that the laity ' s specific character is secularity : they are christians who live the life of christ in the world. their role is to sanctify the created world by directing it to become more christian in its structures and systems : \" the laity, by their very vocation, seek the kingdom of god by engaging in temporal affairs and by ordering them according to the plan of god \". the laity are full members of the church, fully share in church ' s purpose of sanctification, of \" inner union of men with god \", acting with freedom and personal responsibility and not as mere agents of the hierarchy. due to their baptism, they are members of god ' s family, the church, and they grow in intimate union with god, \" in \" and \" by means \" of the world. it is not a matter of departing from the world as the monks and the nuns do that they sanctify themselves ; it is precisely through the material world sanctified by the coming of the god made flesh, i. e. made material, that they reach god. doctors, mothers of a family, farmers, bank tellers, drivers, by doing their jobs in the world with a christian spirit are already extending the kingdom of god. according to the repeated statements of popes and lay catholic leaders, the laity should say \" we are the church, \" in the same way that the saints said that \" christ lives in me. \" lay involvement takes diverse forms, including participation in the life of the parish, confraternities, lay apostolates, secular institutes, and lay ecclesial movements. there are also lay ecclesiastical ministries, and where there is a priest shortage, lay people have to take on some functions previously performed by priests. methodist lay preacher a very early tradition of preaching in the wesleyan / methodist churches was for a lay preacher to be appointed to lead services of worship and preach in a group ( called a ' circuit ' ) of meeting places or churches. the lay preacher walked or rode on horseback in a prescribed circuit of the preaching places according to an agreed pattern and timing, and people came to the meetings. after the appointment of ministers and pastors, this lay preaching tradition continued with local preachers being appointed by individual churches, and in turn approved and invited by nearby churches, as an adjunct to the minister or during their planned absences. in addition to being appointed by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45575512518487105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.771225"} {"text": "of ministers and pastors, this lay preaching tradition continued with local preachers being appointed by individual churches, and in turn approved and invited by nearby churches, as an adjunct to the minister or during their planned absences. in addition to being appointed by members of their local churches, local and certified lay speakers of the united methodist church ( more commonly in the united states ) attend a series of training sessions. these training sessions prepare the individual to become a leader within the church. all individuals who are full members of the church are laity, but some go on to become lay speakers. some preachers get their start as lay speakers. - by the congregation as a lay preacher ; and / or - by the regional presbytery to conduct communion. the comparable term in the anglican and episcopal churches is lay reader. presbyterians do not use the term \" lay \". thus the church of scotland has \" readers \", men and women set apart by presbyteries to conduct public worship. this arises out of the belief in the priesthood of all believers. ministers are officially ' teaching elders ' alongside the ' ruling elders ' of the kirk session and have equivalent status, regardless of any other office. in the church of scotland, as the established church in scotland, this gives ruling elders in congregations the same status as queen ' s chaplains, professors of theology and other highly qualified ministers. all are humble servants of the people in the congregation and parish. ministers are simply men and women whose gift is for their role in teaching and possibly pastoral work. they are thus selected for advanced theological education. all elders ( teaching and ruling ) in meetings of session, presbytery, or assembly are subject to the moderator, who may or may not be a minister but is always an elder. the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints the church of jesus christ of latter - day saints practices the principle of having a lay ministry. essentially all worthy male members above the age of 12 are ordained to an office of the priesthood and hold various positions in the church. with the exception of general authorities, all leadership positions are temporary. permanent positions are only held by apostles and the first quorum of the seventy. they are also unpaid positions, and they are often called to these positions after a long secular career. buddhist lay persons in buddhism, a layperson is known as an upasaka ( masc. ) or upasika ( fem. ). buddhist laypeople take refuge in the triple gem ( the buddha, his teaching, and his community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44839304008358455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.772531"} {"text": "lay persons in buddhism, a layperson is known as an upasaka ( masc. ) or upasika ( fem. ). buddhist laypeople take refuge in the triple gem ( the buddha, his teaching, and his community of noble disciples ) and accept the five precepts ( or the eight precepts ) as rules for conduct. laymen and laywomen are two of the \" four assemblies \" that comprise the buddha ' s \" community of disciples. \" in chinese buddhism, there are usually laypersons, who are depicted wearing a black robe and sometimes a brown sash, denoting that they received the five precepts. - laity at the catholic encyclopedia - book of common prayer of the episcopal church in the united states of america p. 855 - canon 4, title iii, constitution & canons together with the rules of order for the government of the protestant episcopal church in the united states of america, adopted and revised in general convention, 2006 - apostolicam actuositatem - code of canon law, canon 207 - lumen gentium, 31 - catechism of the catholic church, 775 - the code of canon law ( roman catholic church ) - the religions of south vietnam in faith and fact : v. buddhism in vietnam ( section e. definitions and explanation of buddhist terms )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4963267595161957, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.773100"} {"text": "| this article does not cite any references or sources. ( december 2009 ) | latitudinarian was initially a pejorative term applied to a group of 17th - century english theologians who believed in conforming to official church of england practices but who felt that matters of doctrine, liturgical practice, and ecclesiastical organization were of relatively little importance. good examples of the latitudinarian philosophy were found among the cambridge platonists and sir thomas browne in his religio medici. currently, latitudinarianism should not be confused with ecumenical movements, which seek to draw all christian churches together, rather than to de - emphasize practical doctrine. the term has taken on a more general meaning, indicating a personal philosophy which includes being widely tolerant of other views, particularly ( but not necessarily ) on religious matters. in the roman catholic church, latitudinarianism was condemned in the 19th century document quanta cura, because pope pius ix felt that this attitude was undermining the church, with its high emphasis on religious liberty and possibility to discard traditional christian doctrines and dogmas. latitudinarianism is still commonly criticized under the epithet of cafeteria catholic. original meaning the latitudinarian anglicans of the seventeenth century built on richard hooker ' s position, in of the laws of ecclesiastical polity, that god cares about the moral state of the individual soul and that such things as church leadership are \" things indifferent \". however, they took the position far beyond hooker ' s own and extended it to doctrinal matters. as a positive position, their stance was that human reason is a sufficient guide when combined with the holy spirit for the determination of truth in doctrinal contests, and therefore that legal and doctrinal rulings that constrain reason and the freedom of the believer were neither necessary nor salutary. at the time, their position was referred to as low church ( in contrast to the high church position ). later, the latitudinarian position was called broad church. while always officially opposed, the latitudinarian philosophy was, nevertheless, dominant in the 18th century in england. because of the hanoverian reluctance to act in church affairs ( see, for example, george i ' s actions in the bangorian controversy ) and all sides of the religious debates being balanced against one another, the dioceses became tolerant of variation in local practice. furthermore, after george i dismissed the convocation, there was very little internal church power to sanction or approve. thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49101264573572695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.776178"} {"text": "metabolic theory of ecology the metabolic theory of ecology ( mte ) is an extension of kleiber ' s law and posits that the metabolic rate of organisms is the fundamental biological rate that governs most observed patterns in ecology. mte is based on an interpretation of the relationships between body size, body temperature, and metabolic rate across all organisms. small - bodied organisms tend to have higher mass - specific metabolic rates than larger - bodied organisms. furthermore, organisms that operate at warm temperatures through endothermy or by living in warm environments tend towards higher metabolic rates than organisms that operate at colder temperatures. this pattern is consistent from the unicellular level up to the level of the largest animals on the planet. in mte, this relationship is considered to be the single constraint that defines biological processes at all levels of organization ( from individual up to ecosystem level ), and is a macroecological theory that aims to be universal in scope and application. theoretical background metabolic rate scales with the mass of an organism of a given species according to kleiber ' s law where b is whole organism metabolic rate ( in watts or other unit of power ), m is organism mass ( in kg ), and bo is a mass - independent normalization constant ( given in a unit of power divided by a unit of mass. in this case, watts per kilogram ) : at increased temperatures, chemical reactions proceed faster. this relationship is described by the boltzmann factor, where e is activation energy in electronvolts or joules, t is absolute temperature in kelvins, and k is the boltzmann constant in ev / k or j / k : while bo in the previous equation is mass - independent, it is not explicitly independent of temperature. to explain the relationship between body mass and temperature, these two equations are combined to produce the primary equation of the mte, where bo is a normalization constant that is independent of body size or temperature : according to this relationship, metabolic rate is a function of an organism \u2019 s body mass and body temperature. by this equation, large organisms have proportionally higher metabolic rates ( in watts ) than small organisms, and organisms at high body temperatures have higher metabolic rates than those that exist at low body temperatures. however specific metabolic rate ( smr, in watts / kg ) is given by hence smr for large organisms are lower than small organisms. controversy over exponent there is disagreement amongst researchers about the most accurate value for use in the power function, and whether the factor is indeed universal. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.581669688228431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.787464"} {"text": "in watts / kg ) is given by hence smr for large organisms are lower than small organisms. controversy over exponent there is disagreement amongst researchers about the most accurate value for use in the power function, and whether the factor is indeed universal. the main disagreement is whether metabolic rate scales to the power of 3 / 4 or 2 / 3. the majority view is currently that 3 / 4 is the correct exponent, but a large minority believe that 2 / 3 is the more accurate value. although a rigorous exploration of the controversy over choice of scaling factor is beyond the scope of this article, it is informative to understand the biological justification for the use of either value. the argument that 2 / 3 should be the correct scaling factor is based on the assumption that energy dissipation across the surface area of three dimensional organisms is the key factor driving the relationship between metabolic rate and body size. smaller organisms tend to have higher surface area to volume ratios, causing them to lose heat energy at a faster rate than large organisms. as a consequence, small organisms must have higher specific metabolic rates to combat this loss of energy over their large surface area to volume ratio. in contrast, the argument for a 3 / 4 scaling factor is based on a hydraulic model of energy distribution in organisms, where the primary source of energy dissipation is across the membranes of internal distribution networks. this model is based on the idea that metabolism is essentially the rate at which an organism \u2019 s distribution networks ( such as circulatory systems in animals or xylem and phloem in plants ) deliver nutrients and energy to body tissues. it therefore takes longer for large organisms to distribute nutrients throughout the body and thus they have a slower metabolic rate. the 3 / 4 factor is then derived from the observation that selection favors a fractal or near - fractal distribution network for space - filling circulatory systems. all fractal networks terminate in identical units ( such as capillary beds ), and the number of such units in organisms is proportional to a 3 / 4 power relationship with body size. kolokotrones et al. 2010 showed that relationship between mass and metabolic rate has a convex curvature on logarithmic scale. the curvature explains the variations in the power law exponent. despite the controversy over the value of the exponent, the implications of this theory might remain true regardless of its precise numerical value. implications of the theory the metabolic theory of ecology \u2019 s main implication is that metabolic rate, and the influence of body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5860195921631881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.788583"} {"text": ". despite the controversy over the value of the exponent, the implications of this theory might remain true regardless of its precise numerical value. implications of the theory the metabolic theory of ecology \u2019 s main implication is that metabolic rate, and the influence of body size and temperature on metabolic rate, provide the fundamental constraints by which ecological processes are governed. if this holds true from the level of the individual up to ecosystem level processes, then life history attributes, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes could be explained by the relationship between metabolic rate, body size, and body temperature. organism level small animals tend to grow fast, breed early, and die young. according to mte, these patterns in life history traits are constrained by metabolism. an organism ' s metabolic rate determines its rate of food consumption, which in turn determines its rate of growth. this increased growth rate produces trade - offs that accelerate senescence. for example, metabolic processes produce free radicals as a by - product of energy production. these in turn cause damage at the cellular level, which promotes senescence and ultimately death. selection favors organisms which best propagate given these constraints. as a result, smaller, shorter lived organisms tend to reproduce earlier in their life histories. population and community level mte has profound implications for the interpretation of population growth and community diversity. classically, species are thought of as being either r selected ( where population size is limited by the exponential rate of population growth ) or k selected ( where population size is limited by carrying capacity ). mte explains this diversity of reproductive strategies as a consequence of the metabolic constraints of organisms. small organisms and organisms that exist at high body temperatures tend to be r selected, which fits with the prediction that r selection is a consequence of metabolic rate. conversely, larger and cooler bodied animals tend to be k selected. the relationship between body size and rate of population growth has been demonstrated empirically, and in fact has been shown to scale to m - 1 / 4 across taxonomic groups. the optimal population growth rate for a species is therefore thought to be determined by the allometric constraints outlined by the mte, rather than strictly as a life history trait that is selected for based on environmental conditions. observed patterns of diversity can be similarly explained by mte. it has long been observed that there are more small species than large species. in addition, there are more species in the tropics than at higher latitudes. classically, the latitudinal gradient in species diversity has been explained by factors such as higher productivity or reduced seasonality", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5730075645149998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.790258"} {"text": "small species than large species. in addition, there are more species in the tropics than at higher latitudes. classically, the latitudinal gradient in species diversity has been explained by factors such as higher productivity or reduced seasonality. in contrast, mte explains this pattern as being driven by the kinetic constraints imposed by temperature on metabolism. the rate of molecular evolution scales with metabolic rate, such that organisms with higher metabolic rates show a higher rate of change at the molecular level. if a higher rate of molecular evolution causes increased speciation rates, then adaptation and ultimately speciation may occur more quickly in warm environments and in small bodied species, ultimately explaining observed patterns of diversity across body size and latitude. mte \u2019 s ability to explain patterns of diversity remains controversial. for example, researchers analyzed patterns of diversity of new world coral snakes to see whether the geographical distribution of species fit within the predictions of mte ( i. e. more species in warmer areas ). they found that the observed pattern of diversity could not be explained by temperature alone, and that other spatial factors such as primary productivity, topographic heterogeneity, and habitat factors better predicted the observed pattern. ecosystem processes at the ecosystem level, mte explains the relationship between temperature and production of biomass. the average production to biomass ratio of organisms is higher in small organisms than large ones. this relationship is further regulated by temperature, and the rate of production increases with temperature. as production consistently scales with body mass, mte predicts that the primary factor that causes differing rates of production between ecosystems is temperature and not the mass of organisms within the ecosystem. this suggests that regions with similar climatic factors would sustain the same primary production, even if standing biomass is different. see also - constructal theory - dynamic energy budget - evolutionary physiology - occupancy - abundance relationship - brown, j. h., gillooly, j. f., allen, a. p., savage, v. m., & g. b. west ( 2004 ). \" toward a metabolic theory of ecology \". ecology 85 ( 7 ) : 1771 \u2013 89. doi : 10. 1890 / 03 - 9000. - agutter, p. s., wheatley, d. n. ( 2004 ). \" metabolic scaling : consensus or controversy? \". theoretical biology and medical modelling 1 : 13. doi : 10. 1186 / 1742 - 4682 - 1 - 13. pmc 539293. pmid 15546492. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5338277085171903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.791549"} {"text": "\" metabolic scaling : consensus or controversy? \". theoretical biology and medical modelling 1 : 13. doi : 10. 1186 / 1742 - 4682 - 1 - 13. pmc 539293. pmid 15546492. - west, g. b., brown, j. h., & enquist, b. j. ( 1999 ). \" the fourth dimension of life : fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms \". science 284 ( 5420 ) : 1677 \u2013 9. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 284. 5420. 167. pmid 10356399. - kolokotrones, t., van savage, deeds, e. j. ( 2010 ). \" curvature in metabolic scaling \". nature 464 ( 7289 ) : 753 \u2013 756. doi : 10. 1038 / nature08920. - savage v. m., gillooly j. f., brown j. h., west g. b. & charnov e. l. ( 2004 ). \" effects of body size and temperature on population growth \". american naturalist 163 ( 3 ) : 429 \u2013 441. doi : 10. 1086 / 381872. pmid 15026978. - enrique cadenas, lester packer, ed. ( 1999 ). understanding the process of ages : the roles of mitochondria, free radicals, and antioxidants. new york : marcel dekker. isbn 0 - 8247 - 1723 - 6. - denney n. h., jennings s. & reynolds j. d. ( 2002 ). \" life history correlates of maximum population growth rates in marine fishes \". proceedings of the royal society of london b 269 ( 1506 ) : 2229 \u2013 37. doi : 10. 1098 / rspb. 2002. 2138. - hutchinson, g., macarthur, r. ( 1959 ). \" a theoretical ecological model of size distributions among species of animals \". am. nat. 93 ( 869 ) : 117 \u2013 125. doi : 10. 1086 / 282063. - rohde, k. ( 1992 ). \" latitudinal gradients in species - diversity : the search for the primary cause \". oikos 65 ( 3 ) : 514 \u2013 527. doi : 10. 2307 / 3545569. jstor 3545569. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5354634120396371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.792379"} {"text": "| | the examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with north america and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. ( april 2012 ) | | this article does not cite any references or sources. ( november 2007 ) | news broadcasting is the broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio or internet in the field of broadcast journalism. the content is usually either produced locally in a radio studio or television studio newsroom, or by a broadcast network. it may also include additional material such as sports coverage, weather forecasts, traffic reports, commentary and other material that the broadcaster feels is relevant to their audience. television news television news refers to disseminating current events via the medium of television. a \" news bulletin \" or a \" newscast \" are television programs lasting from seconds to hours that provide updates on world, national, regional or local news events. television news is very image - based, showing video of many of the events that are reported. television channels may provide news bulletins as part of a regularly scheduled news program. less often, television shows may be interrupted or replaced by breaking news ( \" news flashes \" ) to provide news updates on events of great importance. radio news radio news is the same as television news but is transmitted through the medium of the radio. it is more based on the audio aspect rather than the visual aspect. sound bites are captured through various reporters and played back through the radio. news updates occur more often on the radio than on the television - usually about once or twice an hour. structure, content and style newscasts, also known as bulletins or news programs, differ in content, tone and presentation style depending on the format of the channel on which they appear, and their timeslot. in most parts of the world, national television networks will have network bulletins featuring national and international news. the top rating shows will often be in the evening at ' prime time ', but there are also often breakfast time newscasts of two to three hours in length. rolling news channels broadcast news 24 hours a day. many video and audio news reports presented on the internet are updated 24 hours a day. local news may be presented by stand - alone local tv stations, local stations affiliated to national networks or by local studios which ' opt - out ' of national network programming at specified points. different news programming may be aimed at different audiences, depending on age, socio - economic group or those from particular sections of society. ' magazine - style ' television shows may mix news coverage with topical lifestyle issues, debates or entertainment content", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4967886305949448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.827516"} {"text": "at specified points. different news programming may be aimed at different audiences, depending on age, socio - economic group or those from particular sections of society. ' magazine - style ' television shows may mix news coverage with topical lifestyle issues, debates or entertainment content. newscasts consist of several a reporter being interviewed by an anchor, known as a ' two - way ', or by a guest involved in or offering analysis on the story being interviewed by a reporter or anchor. there may also be breaking news stories which will present live rolling coverage. packages will usually be filmed at a relevant location and edited in an editing suite in a newsroom or a remote contribution edit suite in a location some distance from the newsroom. they may also be edited in mobile editing trucks, or satellite trucks, and transmitted back to the newsroom. live coverage will be broadcast from a relevant location and sent back to the newsroom via fixed cable links, microwave radio, production truck, satellite truck or via online streaming. roles associated with television news include a technical director, floor director audio technician and a television crew of operators running character graphics ( cg ), teleprompters and professional video cameras. most news shows are broadcast live. radio station newscasts can range from as little as a minute to as much as the station ' s entire schedule, such as the case of all - news radio, or talk radio. stations dedicated to news or talk will often feature newscasts, or bulletins, usually at the top of the hour, usually between 3 and 8 minutes in length. they can be a mix of local, national and international news, as well as sport, entertainment, weather and traffic, or they may be incorporated into separate bulletins. there may also be shorter bulletins at the bottom of the hour, or three at fifteen minute intervals, or two at twenty minute intervals. all - news radio stations exist in some countries, primarily located in major metropolitan areas such as new york city, toronto and chicago, which often broadcast local, national and international news and feature stories on a set time schedule. news broadcasting by country terrestrial television unlike in united states, most canadian television stations have license requirements to offer locally - produced newscasts in some form. educational television stations are exempt from these requirements ; multicultural television stations are also not required to carry news programming, however some stations licensed as a multicultural station do produce local newscasts in varied languages ( such as the omni television station group ). canadian television stations normally broadcast newscasts between two and four times a day : usually at noon ; 5, 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4611500057577893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.829173"} {"text": "news programming, however some stations licensed as a multicultural station do produce local newscasts in varied languages ( such as the omni television station group ). canadian television stations normally broadcast newscasts between two and four times a day : usually at noon ; 5, 5 : 30 and 6 p. m. in the evening, and 11 p. m. at night ( there are some variations to this : stations affiliated with ctv usually air their late evening newscasts at 11 : 30 p. m., due to the scheduling of the network ' s national evening news program ctv national news at 11 p. m. in all time zones ; most cbc television - owned stations formerly carried a 10 - minute newscast at 10 : 55 p. m., following the national, these were expanded to a half - hour and moved to 11 p. m. during the fall of 2012 ). some stations carry morning newscasts ( usually starting at 5 : 30 or 6 a. m., and ending at 9 a. m. ). unlike in the united states, a primetime newscast in the 10 : 00 p. m. timeslot is uncommon ( global owned - and - operated stations in manitoba and saskatchewan, cknd - dt, cfsk - dt and cfre - dt, are the only television stations in the country carrying a primetime newscast ) ; conversely, pre - 5 a. m. local newscasts are also uncommon in canada, hamilton, ontario independent station chch - dt, whose weekdaily programming consists largely of local news, is currently the only station in the country that starts its weekday morning newscasts before 5 : 30 a. m. ( the station ' s morning news block begins at 4 a. m. on weekdays ). like with u. s. television, many stations use varied titles for their newscasts ; this is particularly true with owned - and - operated stations of global and citytv ( global ' s stations use titles based on daypart such as news hour for the noon and early evening newscasts and news final for 11 p. m. newscasts, while all six citytv - owned broadcast stations produce morning news / talk programs under the umbrella title breakfast television and its flagship station city - dt / toronto ' s evening newscasts are titled citynews ). overall umbrella titles for news programming use the titling schemes \" ( network or system name ) news \" for network - owned stations or \" ( callsign ) news \" for affiliates not directly owned by a network or television system. cbc television, global and ctv each produce national evening newscasts ( the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38751160838891724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.831158"} {"text": "- language sister to the weather network. the canadian radio - television and telecommunications commission authorizes some cable channels from foreign countries to be carried on cable and satellite operators provided that they are linked to a canadian network. amongst news channels, all four major u. s. cable news networks : cnn, hln, msnbc and fox news channel are available on most providers, along with channels from outside north america such as al jazeera english from qatar, bbc world news from the united kingdom, deutsche welle from germany and rt from russia. regionally - based news channels are fairly uncommon in canada in comparison to the united states. two 24 - hour regional news channels currently exist in the country : the toronto - centered citynews channel and cp24 ( although chch - dt, a general entertainment station with a rolling daytime news block on weekdays ( currently from 4 a. m. - 4 : 30 p. m. ) that has existed since august 2009 and hour - long local newscasts nightly at 6 and 11 p. m., serves as a de facto regional news channel for southern ontario ' s golden horseshoe region ), with a third service that is expected to debut in march 2013 : the vancouver - focused global news : bc 1. united states broadcast television local newscasts local tv stations in the united states normally broadcast local news 3 - 4 times a day : 5, 5 : 30 and / or 6 a. m. in the morning ; noon ; 5 and 6 p. m. in the early evening ; and 10 or 11 p. m. at night. some stations carry morning newscasts at 4, 4 : 30, 7, 8 or 9 a. m., midday newscasts at 11 or 11 : 30 a. m., late afternoon newscasts at 4 or 4 : 30 p. m., or early evening newscasts at 5 : 30 or 6 : 30 p. m. many fox affiliates, affiliates of minor networks ( such as the cw and mynetworktv ) and independent stations air newscasts in the final hour of primetime ( i. e., 10 p. m. in the eastern and pacific time zones or 9 p. m. in the mountain and central time zones in the u. s. ). stations that produce local newscasts typically produce as little as one to as much as ten hours of local news on weekdays and as little as one hour on weekends ; news programming on weekends are typically limited to morning and evening newscasts as the variable scheduling of network sports programming usually prevents most stations from carrying midday newscasts ( however a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4278585004285781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.836827"} {"text": "as much as ten hours of local news on weekdays and as little as one hour on weekends ; news programming on weekends are typically limited to morning and evening newscasts as the variable scheduling of network sports programming usually prevents most stations from carrying midday newscasts ( however a few stations located in the eastern and pacific time zones do produce weekend midday newscasts ). since the early 1990s, independent stations and stations affiliated with a non - big three network have entered into \" news share agreements \", in which news production is outsourced to a major network station ( usually an affiliate of abc, nbc or cbs ), often to avoid shouldering the cost of starting a news department from scratch. these commonly involve fox, cw and mynetworktv affiliates ( and previously affiliated of the now - defunct predecessors of the latter two networks, the wb and upn ) and in some cases, independent stations ; however such agreements exist in certain markets between two co - owned / co - managed big three affiliates. news share agreements are most common with stations co - owned with a larger network affiliate or whose operations are jointly managed through a shared service or local marketing agreement. in cases where a station with an existing news department enters into a news share agreement, it will result either the two departments merging or the outright conversion of newscast production from in - house to outsourced production. minor network affiliates involved in news share agreements will often carry far fewer hours of local newscasts than would be conceivable with an in - house news department to avoid competition with the outsourcing partner ' s own newscasts, as a result, minor network affiliates involved in these nsas often will carry a morning newscast from 7 - 9 a. m. ( in competition with the national network newscasts instead of airing competing with the big three affiliates ' newscasts ) and / or a primetime newscast at 10 p. m. et / pt or 9 p. m. ct / mt, with no midday, late afternoon or early evening newscasts. unlike international broadcast stations which tend to brand under uniform news titles based solely on network affiliation, u. s. television stations tend to use varying umbrella titles for their newscasts ; some title their newscasts utilizing the station ' s on - air branding ( such as combining the network affiliation and channel number with the word \" news \" ), others use franchised brand names ( like eyewitness news, action news and newschannel ) for their news programming. conversely, the naming conventions for a station ' s newscast are sometimes used as a universal on - air branding for the station itself, and may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44107391029013876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.844843"} {"text": "franchised brand names ( like eyewitness news, action news and newschannel ) for their news programming. conversely, the naming conventions for a station ' s newscast are sometimes used as a universal on - air branding for the station itself, and may be used for general promotional purposes, even used in promoting syndicated and network programming. many stations title their newscasts with catchy names like daybreak, good morning ( insert city or region here ), first at four, live at five, eleven @ 11 : 00 or nightcast. these names are intended to set one station apart from the rest, especially for viewers who are chosen for audience measurement surveys. if the respondent was unable to provide a channel number or call letters, the newscast title is often enough for the appropriate station to receive nielsen ratings credit. network news programming the big three broadcast television networks produce morning and evening national newscasts ( america this morning, good morning america and abc world news are broadcast by abc, cbs broadcasts the cbs morning news, cbs this morning and the cbs evening news, and nbc produces early today, today and nbc nightly news ) as well as weekly newsmagazine series ( nbc ' s dateline and rock center, abc ' s 20 / 20 and cbs news sunday morning, 48 hours and 60 minutes on cbs ). network morning newscasts usually air at 7 a. m. ( english - language network morning shows are tape delayed for each time zone, while the spanish - language morning shows are aired live in all time zones ) ; network evening newscasts usually are broadcast live at 6 : 30 p. m. on the east coast and broadcast live in both the eastern and central time zones, with a secondary live broadcast at 6 : 30 p. m. pacific time. today was the first morning news program to be broadcast on american television and in the world, when it debuted on january 14, 1952 ; the earliest national evening news program was the walter compton news, a short - lived 15 - minute newscast that aired on the dumont television network from 1947 to 1948. all four major english networks and the two largest spanish networks also carry political talk programs on sunday mornings ( nbc ' s meet the press, abc ' s this week, cbs ' face the nation, fox ' s sole news program fox news sunday, univision ' s al punto and telemundo ' s enfoque ) ; of these programs, meet the press holds the distinction of being the longest - running american television program as it has aired since november 6, 1947. cbs and abc are currently the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42207766702950744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.860367"} {"text": "al punto and telemundo ' s enfoque ) ; of these programs, meet the press holds the distinction of being the longest - running american television program as it has aired since november 6, 1947. cbs and abc are currently the only networks that produce overnight news programs on weeknights in the form of up to the minute and world news now, respectively ; nbc previously produced overnight newscasts at different times, both of which have since been cancelled : nbc news overnight from 1982 to 1983, and nbc nightside from 1992 to 1999 ( nbc currently does not offer a late night newscast, although the network currently airs the fourth hour of today, and sister network cnbc ' s mad money on weeknights ). spanish - language news programs are provided by univision ( which produces early and late evening editions of its flagship evening news program noticiero univision seven nights a week, along with weekday afternoon newsmagazine primer impacto and weekday morning program despierta america ) and telemundo ( whose flagship evening newscast is noticiero telemundo, which unlike univision and their english - language competitors ' national evening news programs airs on weeknights only, along with weekday morning program \u00a1 levantate! and weekday afternoon newsmagazine al rojo vivo ). fox, the cw and mynetworktv do not produce national morning and evening news programs ( although fox made a brief attempt at a morning program in the late 1990s with fox after breakfast ; many cw and mynetworktv affiliates and independent stations air the syndicated news program the daily buzz, while some tribune broadcasting - owned cw and mynetworktv stations air a similar program called eyeopener ). cable television 24 - hour news channels are devoted to current events 24 - hours per day. they are often referred to as cable news channels. the originator of this format from which the name derives is cnn ( as well as cnn international, cnn en espanol and cnn - ibn ), which originally stood for cable news network in reference to the then - new phenomenon of cable television. as satellite and other forms have evolved, the term cable news has become something of an anachronism but is still in common use ; many other television channels have since been established, such as bbc world news, bbc news, sky news, al jazeera, abc news 24, france 24, star news, fox news channel, msnbc and abc news now. some news channels specialize even further, such as espnews (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4188999279806472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.871486"} {"text": "bbc world news, bbc news, sky news, al jazeera, abc news 24, france 24, star news, fox news channel, msnbc and abc news now. some news channels specialize even further, such as espnews ( sports from espn ) ; the weather channel ( weather ) ; cnbc, bloomberg television and fox business network ( financial ). conversely, several cable news channels exist that carry news information specifically geared toward a particular metropolitan area, state or region such as new york city ' s ny1 ( which focuses on the entire new york metropolitan area ) and news 12 networks ( which serves portions of the area outside of manhattan ), orlando ' s central florida news 13 ( which is also carried throughout most of greater orlando and surrounding areas ), tampa, florida ' s bay news 9 and washington, d. c. ' s newschannel 8. these channels are usually owned by a local cable operator and are distributed solely through cable television and iptv system operators. some broadcast television stations also operate cable channels ( some of which are repeated through digital multicasting ) that air the station ' s local newscasts in the form of live simulcasts from the television station, with rebroadcasts of the newscasts airing in the time period between live broadcasts. a term which has entered common parlance to differentiate cable news from traditional news broadcasts is network news, in reference to the traditional television networks on which such broadcasts air. a classic example is the cable news channel msnbc, which overlaps with ( and, in the case of breaking world - changing events, pre - empts ) its network counterpart nbc news. most u. s. cable news networks do not air news programming 24 hours a day, often filling late afternoon, primetime and late night hours with news - based talk programs, documentaries and other specialty programming. more often, am stations will air a 6\u00bd minute newscast on the top of the hour, which can be either a local report, a national report from a radio network such as cbs radio, cnn radio, npr, fox news radio or abc radio, or a mix of both local and national content, including weather and traffic reports. some stations also air a two minute report at the bottom of the hour. fm stations, unless they feature a talk radio format, usually only air minute - long news capsules featuring a quick review of events and an abbreviated weather forecast, and usually only in drive time periods or in critical emergencies, since fm stations usually focus more on playing music. traffic reports also air on fm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43439020237926496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.876189"} {"text": "their counterparts in the main settlement, they also have very tall walls and oversized doors. to the south there are other structures, but smaller and built out of fieldstones. ' araqhama has been continuously occupied since inca times, as evidenced by the roman catholic church on the eastern side of the plaza. to the north of manyaraki there are several sanctuaries with carved stones, sculpted rock faces, and elaborate waterworks, they include the templo de agua and the bano de la nusta. temple hill ' araqhama is bordered to the west by cerro bandolista, a steep hill on which the incas built a ceremonial center. the part of the hill facing the town is occupied by the terraces of pumatallis, framed on both flanks by rock outcrops. due to impressive character of these terraces, the temple hill is commonly known as the fortress, however, this is a misnomer as the main functions of this site were religious. the main access to the ceremonial center is a series of stairways that climb to the top of the terrace complex. at this point, the site is divided into three main areas : the middle sector, directly in front of the terraces ; the temple sector, to the south ; and the funerary sector, to the north. the temple sector is built out of cut and fitted stones in contrast to the other two sectors of the temple hill which are made out of fieldstones. it is accessed via a stairway that ends on a terrace with a half finished gate and the enclosure of the ten niches, a one room building. behind them there is an open space which hosts the platform of the carved seat and two unfinished monumental walls. the main structure of the whole sector is the sun temple, an uncompleted building which features the wall of the six monoliths. the middle and funerary sectors have several rectangular buildings, some of them with two floors ; there are also several fountains in the middle sector. the unfinished structures at the temple hill and the numerous stone blocks that litter the site indicate that it was still undergoing construction at the time of its abandonment. some of the blocks show evidences of having been removed from finished walls, which provides evidence that a major remodeling effort was also underway. it is unknown which event halted construction at the temple hill, likely candidates include the war of succession between huascar and atahualpa, the spanish conquest of peru and the retreat of manco inca from ollantayt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48552585320167896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.909922"} {"text": "was also underway. it is unknown which event halted construction at the temple hill, likely candidates include the war of succession between huascar and atahualpa, the spanish conquest of peru and the retreat of manco inca from ollantaytambo to vilcabamba. the valleys of the urubamba and patakancha rivers along ollantaytambo are covered by an extensive set of agricultural terraces which start at the bottom of the valleys and climb up the surrounding hills. the terraces permitted farming on otherwise unusable terrain ; they also allowed the incas to take advantage of the different ecological zones created by variations in altitude. terraces at ollantaytambo were built to a higher standard than common inca agricultural terraces, for instance, they have higher walls made of cut stones instead of rough fieldstones. this type of high - prestige terracing is also found in other inca royal estates such as chinchero, pisaq, and yucay. a set of sunken terraces start south of ollantaytambo ' s plaza de armas, stretching all the way to the urubamba river. they are about 700 meters long, 60 meters wide and up to 15 meters below the level of surrounding terraces ; due to their shape they are called callejon, the spanish word for alley. land inside callejon is protected from the wind by lateral walls which also absorb solar radiation during the day and release it during the night ; this creates a microclimate zone 2 to 3\u00b0c warmer than the ground above it. these conditions allowed the incas to grow species of plants native to lower altitudes that otherwise could not have flourished at this site. at the southern end of callejon, overlooking the urubamba river, there is an inca site called q ' ellu raqay. its interconnected buildings and plazas form an unusual design quite unlike the single - room structures common in inca architecture. as the site is isolated from the rest of ollantaytambo and surrounded by an elaborate terraces, it has been postulated that it was a palace built for emperor pachacuti. the incas built several storehouses ( quechua : qollqa ) out of fieldstones on the hills surrounding ollantaytambo. their location at high altitudes, where there is more wind and lower temperatures, defended their contents against decay. to enhance this effect, the ollantaytambo qollqas feature ventilation systems. it is believed that they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43503482453235476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.911277"} {"text": "event of these fortifications being overrun, the temple hill itself with its high terraces provided a last line of defense against invaders. see also - fernando e. elorrieta salazar & edgar elorrieta salazar - cusco and the sacred valley of the incas ( 2005 ), pages 83 - 91 isbn 978 - 603 - 45 - 0911 - 5 - protzen, inca architecture, p. 19. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 64. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 27. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 26. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 23. - hemming, the conquest, pp. 222 \u2013 223. - glave and remy, estructura agraria, p. 6. - hemming, the conquest, pp. 559. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 50. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 50, 52. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 52. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 53. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 65. - kubler, the art and architecture, pp. 462 \u2013 463. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 48 \u2013 49. - gasparini and margolies, inca architecture, p. 71. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 66 \u2013 70. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 28. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 73 \u2013 74. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 81 \u2013 87. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 87 \u2013 91. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 92 \u2013 94. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 269. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 30 \u2013 34. - hyslop, inka settlement, pp. 282 \u2013 284. - protzen, inca architecture, p. 97. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 102 \u2013 110. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 111 \u2013 135. - robert randall, referenced by peter frost, p148 \" exploring cusco \", 1999. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 137 \u2013 153. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 22 \u2013 26. - bengtsson, lisbet. prehistoric stonework in the peruvian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4825784823263403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.914939"} {"text": "exploring cusco \", 1999. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 137 \u2013 153. - protzen, inca architecture, pp. 22 \u2013 26. - bengtsson, lisbet. prehistoric stonework in the peruvian andes : a case study at ollantaytambo. goteborg : etnografiska museet, 1998. isbn 91 - 85952 - 76 - 1 - gasparini, graziano and luize margolies. inca architecture. bloomington : indiana university press, 1980. isbn 0 - 253 - 30443 - 1 - ( spanish ) glave, luis miguel and maria isabel remy. estructura agraria y vida rural en una region andina : ollantaytambo entre los siglos xvi y xix. cusco : centro de estudios rurales andinos \" bartolome de las casas \", 1983. - hemming, john. the conquest of the incas. london : macmillan, 1993. isbn 0 - 333 - 10683 - 0 - hyslop, john. inka settlement planning. austin : university of texas press, 1990. isbn 0 - 292 - 73852 - 8 - kubler, george. the art and architecture of ancient america : the mexican, maya and andean peoples. harmondsworth : penguin books, 1990. - protzen, jean - pierre. inca architecture and construction at ollantaytambo. new york : oxford university press, 1993. isbn 0 - 19 - 507069 - 0 | wikimedia commons has media related to : ollantaytambo |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44373229565453626, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.915774"} {"text": "orlande de lassus orlande de lassus ( also orlandus lassus, orlando di lasso, roland de lassus, or roland de lattre ) ( 1532 ( possibly 1530 ) \u2013 14 june 1594 ) was a franco - flemish composer of the late renaissance. he is today considered to be the chief representative of the mature polyphonic style of the franco - flemish school, and one of the three most famous and influential musicians in europe at the end of the 16th century ( the other two being palestrina and victoria ). lassus was born in mons in the county of hainaut ( modern - day belgium ). information about his early years is scanty, although some uncorroborated stories have survived, the most famous of which is that he was kidnapped three times because of the singular beauty of his singing voice. at the age of twelve, he left the low countries with ferrante gonzaga and went to mantua, sicily, and later milan ( from 1547 to 1549 ). while in milan, he made the acquaintance of the madrigalist spirito l ' hoste da reggio, a formative influence on his early musical style. he then worked as a singer and a composer for costantino castrioto in naples in the early 1550s, and his first works are presumed to date from this time. next he moved to rome, where he worked for cosimo i de ' medici, grand duke of tuscany, who maintained a household there ; and in 1553, he became maestro di cappella of the basilica di san giovanni in laterano, the ecumenical mother church of rome and a spectacularly prestigious post indeed for a man only twenty - one years old. however, he stayed there for only a year. ( palestrina would assume this post a year later, in 1555. ) no solid evidence survives for his whereabouts in 1554, but there are contemporary claims that he traveled in france and england. in 1555 he returned to the low countries and had his early works published in antwerp ( 1555 \u2013 1556 ). in 1556 he joined the court of albrecht v, duke of bavaria, who was consciously attempting to create a musical establishment on a par with the major courts in italy. lassus was one of several netherlanders to work there, and by far the most famous. he evidently was happy in munich and decided to settle there. in 1558 he married regina wackinger, the daughter of a maid of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36390972880439654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.933417"} {"text": ". lassus was one of several netherlanders to work there, and by far the most famous. he evidently was happy in munich and decided to settle there. in 1558 he married regina wackinger, the daughter of a maid of honor of the duchess ; they had two sons, both of whom became composers. by 1563 lassus had been appointed maestro di cappella, succeeding ludwig daser in the post. lassus remained in the service of albrecht v and his heir, wilhelm v, for the rest of his life. by the 1560s lassus had become quite famous, and composers began to go to munich to study with him. andrea gabrieli went there in 1562, and possibly remained in the chapel for a year ; giovanni gabrieli also possibly studied with him in the 1570s. his renown had spread outside of strictly musical circles, for in 1570 emperor maximilian ii conferred nobility upon him, a rare circumstance for a composer ; pope gregory xiii knighted him ; and in 1571, and again in 1573, the king of france, charles ix, invited him to visit. some of these kings and aristocrats attempted to woo him away from munich with more attractive offers, but lassus was evidently more interested in the stability of his position, and the splendid performance opportunities of albrecht ' s court, than in financial gain. \" i do not want to leave my house, my garden, and the other good things in munich, \" he wrote to the duke of electorate of saxony in 1580, upon receiving an offer for a position in dresden. in the late 1570s and 1580s lassus made several visits to italy, where he encountered the most modern styles and trends. in ferrara, the center of avant - garde activity, he doubtless heard the madrigals being composed for the d ' este court ; however his own style remained conservative and became simpler and more refined as he aged. in the 1590s his health began to decline, and he went to a doctor named thomas mermann for treatment of what was called \" melancholia hypocondriaca \", but he was still able to compose as well as travel occasionally. his final work was often considered one of his best pieces : an exquisite set of twenty - one madrigali spirituali known as the lagrime di san pietro ( \" tears of st. peter \" ), which he dedicated to pope clement viii, and which was published posthumously in 1595. lassus died in munich on 14 june 1594,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36367871883606046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.936375"} {"text": "based on extremely secular french chansons, some of which are frankly obscene ( entre vous filles de quinze ans, \" oh you fifteen - year old girls \", by clemens non papa, gave him source material for his 1581 missa entre vous filles, probably the most scandalous of the lot ). that this practice was not only accepted but encouraged by his employer is confirmed by evidence from their correspondence, much of which has survived. in addition to his traditional parody masses, he wrote a considerable quantity of missae breves, \" brief masses, \" syllablic short masses meant for brief services ( for example, on days when duke albrecht went hunting : evidently he did not want to be detained by long - winded polyphonic music ). the most extreme of these is a work actually known as the jager mass ( missa venatorum ) \u2014 the \" hunter ' s mass. \" some of his masses show influence from the venetian school, particularly in their use of polychoral techniques ( for example, in the eight - voice missa osculetur me, based on his own motet ). three of his masses are for double choir, and they may have been influential on the venetians themselves ; after all, andrea gabrieli visited lassus in munich in 1562, and many of lassus ' s works were published in venice. even though lassus used the contemporary, sonorous venetian style, his harmonic language remained conservative in these works : he adapted the texture of the venetians to his own artistic ends. motets and other sacred music lassus is one of the composers of a style known as musica reservata \u2014 a term which has survived in many contemporary references, many of them seemingly contradictory. the exact meaning of the term is a matter of fierce debate, though a rough consensus among musicologists is that it involves intensely expressive setting of text, chromaticism, and that it may have referred to music specifically written for connoisseurs. a famous example of a composition by lassus which is a representative of this style is his series of 12 motets entitled prophetiae sibyllarum, which is in a wildly chromatic style reminiscent of gesualdo ; some of his chord progressions in this piece were not to be heard again until the 20th century. lassus wrote four settings of the passion, one for each of the evangelists, st. matthew, mark, luke and john. all are for a cappella voices. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4559101522266755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.939280"} {"text": "in five languages \u2013 latin in addition to those mentioned above \u2013 and he wrote with equal fluency in each. many of his songs became hugely popular, circulating widely in europe. in these various secular songs, he conforms to the manner of the country of origin while still showing his characteristic originality, wit, and terseness of statement. in his madrigals, many of which he wrote during his stay in rome, his style is clear and concise, and he wrote tunes which were easily memorable ; he also \" signed \" his work by frequently using the word ' lasso ' ( and often setting with the sol - fege syllables la - sol, i. e. a - g in the key of c ). his choice of poetry varied widely, from petrarch for his more serious work to the lightest verse for some of his amusing canzonettas. lassus often preferred cyclic madrigals, i. e. settings of multiple poems in a group as a set of related pieces of music. for example, his fourth book of madrigals for five voices begins with a complete sestina by petrarch, continues with two - part sonnets, and concludes with another sestina : therefore the entire book can be heard as a unified composition with each madrigal a subsidiary part. another form which lassus cultivated was the french chanson, of which he wrote about 150. most of them date from the 1550s, but he continued to write them even after he was in germany : his last productions in this genre come from the 1580s. they were enormously popular in europe, and of all his works, they were the most widely arranged for instruments such as lute and keyboard. most were collected in the 1570s and 1580s in three publications : one by pierre phalese the elder in 1571, and two by le roy and ballard in 1576 and 1584. stylistically, they ranged from the dignified and serious, to playful, bawdy, and amorous compositions, as well as drinking songs suited to taverns. lassus followed the polished, lyrical style of sermisy rather than the programmatic style of clement janequin for his writing. one of the most famous of lassus ' s drinking songs was used by shakespeare in henry iv, part ii. english words are fitted to un jour vis un foulon qui fouloit ( as monsieur mingo ) and sung by the drunken justice silence, in act v, scene iii. german", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4142883692049158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.941798"} {"text": "drinking songs was used by shakespeare in henry iv, part ii. english words are fitted to un jour vis un foulon qui fouloit ( as monsieur mingo ) and sung by the drunken justice silence, in act v, scene iii. german lieder a third type of secular composition by lassus was the german lied. most of these he evidently intended for a different audience, since they are considerably different in tone and style from either the chansons or madrigals ; in addition, he wrote them later in life, with none appearing until 1567, when he was already well - established at munich. many are on religious subjects, although light and comic verse are represented as well. he also wrote drinking songs in german, and contrasting with his parallel work in the genre of the chanson, he also wrote songs on the unfortunate aspects of overindulgence. dutch songs in the preface to his collection of german songs, lassus states that he has composed dutch songs. however, no dutch song has been preserved. coat of arms lassus bore the following arms : - azure, a pile and a pile reversed argent, on each a crosslet or ; - on a fess argent a sharp, flat and natural, over all a bordure or. | problems listening to this file? see media help. | - jan willem bonda, de meerstemmige nederlandse liederen van de vijftiende en zestiende eeuw, uitgeverij verloren, 1996, isbn 90 - 6550 - 545 - 8, isbn 978 - 90 - 6550 - 545 - 3, p. 23 references and further reading - article \" orlande de lassus \", in the new grove dictionary of music and musicians, ed. stanley sadie. 20 vol. london, macmillan publishers ltd., 1980. isbn 1 - 56159 - 174 - 2 - haar, james. in l. macy. orlande de lassus. grove music online. retrieved 29 october 2010. ( subscription required ) - gustave reese, music in the renaissance. new york, w. w. norton & co., 1954. isbn 0 - 393 - 09530 - 4 - harold gleason and warren becker, music in the middle ages and renaissance ( music literature outlines series i ). bloomington, indiana. frangipani press, 1986. isbn 0 - 89917 - 034 - x | wikimedia commons has media related", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4307334709966243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.942863"} {"text": "organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization \u2019 s effectiveness. an organization is a collection of people who work together to achieve a wide variety of goals, both goals of the various individuals in the organization and goals of the organization as a whole. organizations exist to provide goods and services that people want. these goods and services are the products of the behaviors of workers. organizational behavior is the study of the many factors that have an impact on how individuals and groups respond to and act in organizations and how organizations manage their environments. although many people assume that understanding human behavior in organizations is intuitive, many commonly held beliefs about behavior in organizations, such as the idea that a \u201c happy worker is a productive worker, \u201d are either entirely false or true only in specific situations. the study of organizational behavior provides a set of tools \u2014 concepts and theories \u2014 that help people understand, analyze, and describe what goes on in organizations and why. how do the characteristics of individuals, groups, work situations, and the organization itself affect how members feel about their organization? the ability to use the tools of organizational behavior to understand behavior in organizations is one reason for studying this subject. a second reason is to learn how to apply these concepts, theories, and techniques to improve behavior in organizations so that individuals, groups, and organizations can achieve their goals. managers are challenged to find new ways to motivate and coordinate employees to ensure that their goals are aligned with organizational goals. organizational behavior addresses following points : - organizational behavior studies the factors that impact individual and group behavior in organizations and how organizations manage their environments. organizational behavior provides a set of tools \u2014 theories and concepts \u2014 to understand, analyze, describe, and manage attitudes and behavior in organizations. - the study of organizational behavior can improve and change individual, group, and organizational behavior to attain individual, group, and organizational goals. - organizational behavior can be analyzed at three levels : the individual, the group, and the organization as a whole. a full understanding must include an examination of behavioral factors at each level. - a manager \u2019 s job is to use the tools of organizational behavior to increase effectiveness, an organization \u2019 s ability to achieve its goal. management is the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization \u2019 s human, financial, material, and other resources to increase its effectiveness. part i : the individual \u2022 ability & learning \u2022 values, attitudes and job satisfaction \u2022 personality & emotions \u2022", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5240147943014618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.955933"} {"text": "the process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization \u2019 s human, financial, material, and other resources to increase its effectiveness. part i : the individual \u2022 ability & learning \u2022 values, attitudes and job satisfaction \u2022 personality & emotions \u2022 perception & individual decision making \u2022 basic motivation concepts \u2022 motivation and its applications part - ii the group \u2022 foundational of group behavior \u2022 group and team work \u2022 functions of communication \u2022 basic approaches to leadership \u2022 contemporary issues in leadership \u2022 power and politics \u2022 conflict and negotiation process that includes defining goals, establishing strategy, and developing plans to coordinate activities. part - iii the organization system \u2022 organizational structure \u2022 work design and technology \u2022 hr policies and practices \u2022 organizational culture \u2022 organizational change \u2022 stress management macro - ob generally includes the study of organizations with a focus on structure, technology, organizational change, organizational learning, culture, decision - making, innovation and creativity, and so on. micro - ob on the other hand tends to focus more on inidividuals, groups / teams, and interpersonal issues such as motivation, personality, leadership, ethics, job design, power, politics, conflict, negotiations, etc. contributing disciplines to the ob field organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that is built upon contributions from a number of behavioral disciplines. the predominant areas are psychology, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, and political science psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals. it may be ; the mental and behavior characteristic of an individual or group ; relatonship with ob if one want to improve the behaviour of an individual on group we have to look into the psychlogical needs of an individual and group. so the knowledge of psychology can realy help in improving and modifying the behaviour of individual and group. if the psychological needs are fulfilled, it gives satisfiction to people and also give peace of mind, which can improve the ability of an organization sociologists study the social system in which individuals fill their roles ; that is, sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings. also according to the waliam marrian dictionary sociolgy is \" the science of society social instituton and social relationship. \" this study really provide helping hand in the improvment and modificaton of ob. society provide the base for collective living and relationship. social institutes are provide the base for better form and shape for society among its differnt organs. social behaviour mould the behaviour and values of the society. so knowledge of social norms and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5411204320964391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.957255"} {"text": "of ob. society provide the base for collective living and relationship. social institutes are provide the base for better form and shape for society among its differnt organs. social behaviour mould the behaviour and values of the society. so knowledge of social norms and valeus and customs realy shaping the society. an area within psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and that focuses on the influence of people on one another. it deal with the fulfilment of social needs in a phycological sense of interpretations. it cause different socio psycho conditions and affair for the modification of ob. it deal with the inner self of an individual itself esteem must be preserved and hounourd social phycology is the main and principal organ of bringing together different organ in a better harmony and this improve the ob and modified it towards further improvement and achevement. the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. we also define anthrapology as \" science of human beings especialy of their environment and social relations and there culture \" environment play a pivotal role in the iimprovment and modification of ob. environment like teacher and preacher determines the direction of ob. in our society colourful people are living ie from diffrent raligon, creeds, cast and culture. so for ob modificationand improvment, one must have the very trate and attitudeof anthrapology. thenob will be a highest quality and result oriented. the study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment. it also means \" the act or science of guiding or influencing governmental policy \" ; the study of politics is helpful in the nourishment and development of the ob. among different groups and individuals, if loyalty is not found, then ob does not flourish and rather becomes the victim of deadlock. political science provides an insight for the improvement and modification of the ob. the ob involves the application of political science at all levels. it may be at the highest level, like country, and at the lowest level, like an institute or organization. it involves the study of behaviour in a political environment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.561090816626296, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.958340"} {"text": "exploiting marine wildlife in queensland : the commercial dugong and marine turtle fisheries, 1847 - 1969 daley, ben, griggs, peter, and marsh, helene ( 2008 ) exploiting marine wildlife in queensland : the commercial dugong and marine turtle fisheries, 1847 - 1969. australian economic history review, 48 ( 3 ). pp. 227 - 265. | pdf ( published version ) - repository staff only - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview, xpdf or adobe acrobat reader | view at publisher website : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 1111 / j. 1467 - 8446. 20... the historical exploitation of marine resources in queensland has only been partially documented. in particular, the history of the commercial fishing of dugongs and marine turtles has received comparatively little scholarly attention. since european settlement in queensland, various human activities have exploited these resources. we present documentary and oral history evidence of the scale of those industries. based on extensive archival and oral history research, we argue that diverse fishing practices occurred and that the sustained exploitation of dugongs, green turtles, and hawksbill turtles led to observable declines in the numbers of these animals \u2013 now species of conservation concern. | item type : | | article ( refereed research - c1 ) | | keywords : | | commercial fisheries ; dugongs ; great barrier reef ; marine turtles ; australia ; hunting | | for codes : | | 05 environmental sciences > 0502 environmental science and management > 050206 environmental monitoring @ 100 % | | seo codes : | | 95 cultural understanding > 9505 understanding past societies > 950503 understanding australias past @ 100 % | | deposited on : | | 28 jan 2010 13 : 06 | | last modified : | | 17 may 2013 01 : 03 | last 12 months : 0 | citation counts with external providers : | | web of science : 5 | repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4253109558361764, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.961285"} {"text": "eso9527 \u2014 organisation release the coming of age of adaptive optics how ground - based astronomers beat the atmosphere 23 october 1995 adaptive optics ( ao ) is the new \" wonder - weapon \" in ground - based astronomy. by means of advanced electro - optical devices at their telescopes, astronomers are now able to ` ` neutralize ' ' the image - smearing turbulence of the terrestrial atmosphere ( seen by the unaided eye as the twinkling of stars ) so that much sharper images can be obtained than before. in practice, this is done with computer - controlled, flexible mirrors which refocus the blurred images up to 100 times per second, i. e. at a rate that is faster than the changes in the atmospheric turbulence. this means that finer details in astronomical objects can be studied and also - because of the improved concentration of light in the telescope ' s focal plane - that fainter objects can be observed. at the moment, adaptive optics work best in the infrared part of spectrum, but at some later time it may also significantly improve observations at the shorter wavelengths of visible light. the many - sided aspects of this new technology and its impact on astronomical instrumentation was the subject of a recent ao conference with over 150 participants from about 30 countries, presenting a total of more than 100 papers. the introduction of ao techniques into astronomy the scope of this meeting was the design, fabrication and testing of ao systems, characterisation of the sources of atmospheric disturbance, modelling of compensation systems, individual components, astronomical ao results, non - astronomical applications, laser guide star systems, non - linear optical phase conjugation, performance evaluation, and other areas of this wide and complex field, in which front - line science and high technology come together in a new and powerful symbiosis. one of the specific goals of the meeting was to develop contacts between ao scientists and engineers in the western world and their colleagues in russia and asia. for the first time at a conference of this type, nine russian scientists were invited to give presentations ; this was made possible by a grant from the european office of aerospace research and development ( eoard ) following the declassification of much ao technology and the introduction of ao into regular astronomical research several years ago, first at eso with the \" come - on \" system at la silla, the fundamental importance of ao to ground - based astronomy has now become widely recognised. since the last ao meeting that was held in garching in august 1993, many groups in different countries have been developing such systems and have begun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5152829375384238, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.973498"} {"text": "at la silla, the fundamental importance of ao to ground - based astronomy has now become widely recognised. since the last ao meeting that was held in garching in august 1993, many groups in different countries have been developing such systems and have begun to use them. as fritz merkle ( carl zeiss, jena ) emphasized during a review talk, there has also been an interesting opening of new commercial and industrial ao applications, such as for high power lasers and for laser communications systems. however, the chief field of ao development and application remains astronomy and the vast majority of papers presented at the conference were concerned, directly or indirectly, with this science. towards scientific and technological maturity according to martin cullum ( eso ), the organiser of this conference, it is apparent that a certain technological maturity has been reached during the past two years. however, it is also much more widely realised that it is not straightforward to produce good science, even with a high - performance ao system. a detailed characterization of the atmosphere, painstaking system calibrations and a lot of hard work during the astronomical observations and especially at the time of the reduction and interpretation of the voluminous datasets are necessary to obtain reliable results of high quality. many of the presentations reflected this fact. from the technical standpoint, highlights of the meeting included the significant progress that was reported in the development of adaptive secondary mirrors for the upgrade of the multi - mirror - telescope ( mmt ) in arizona, the initial tests of the laser guide - star ao system installed on the lick 3 - metre telescope in california, as well as the development of an advanced visible - light ao system for satellite reconnaissance and astronomy on mt. haleakala, hawaii. on the scientific side, an overview of the adaptive optics observations that have been carried out with eso ' s come - on - plus ao system at the 3. 6 - metre telescope on la silla during the first 4 years of operation was given by pierre lena ( paris observatory ) and forcefully illustrated the power of adaptive optics techniques in astronomy. impressive recent results were also presented by bernhard brandl and collaborators ( max - planck - institute for extraterrestrial physics, garching ) on the starburst cluster r136, that is located at the centre of the 30 doradus region in the large magellanic cloud. this was especially interesting, because the scientific results were obtained by combining high - resolution optical images from the hubble space telescope with diffraction - limited infrared images from the come - on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.526617072891881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.975343"} {"text": "the 30 doradus region in the large magellanic cloud. this was especially interesting, because the scientific results were obtained by combining high - resolution optical images from the hubble space telescope with diffraction - limited infrared images from the come - on - plus system. without either one of these data sources, the exciting, final results could not have been obtained. they include a very thorough characterization of the stellar types in this extremely young cluster whose age is apparently only a few million years, as well as a detailed description of its dynamical state. this demonstrates once again that, far from being competitors, ground - based ao facilities and space instruments are highly complementary. this perhaps provides an insight into the direction modern astronomy is developing. adaptive optics at eso it is now more than five years since the first ao system, developed in collaboration with institutes in france, was installed at the 3. 6 - metre telescope at la silla. since then, much experience has been gained and the state - of the - art adonis / come - on - plus ao instrumental constellation is now regularly used by visiting astronomers. it employs a flexible silicon - mirror that is supported by 52 computer - controlled supports. the mirror changes its shape one hundred times per second, allowing to achieve very nearly the theoretical image sharpness in the mid - infrared wavelength region. closer to the visible spectral region, images have been obtained at wavelength 1. 5 microns which are only 0. 12 arcseconds wide. under the leadership of norbert hubin at the eso headquarters in garching, a team of astronomers and engineers is now in the process of designing the nasmyth adaptive optics system ( naos ) that will be used at the very large telescope ( vlt ). it will use a mirror with about 250 supports. following testing in the second half of 1998, it is expected that the first naos device will be mounted on the first 8. 2 - metre vlt unit telescope in early 1999. the topical meeting on adaptive optics sponsored by the optical society of america and the european southern observatory was held on the premises of the munich technical university in garching, on october 2 - - 6, 1995.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5224915033877218, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.976732"} {"text": "shingen was not born with the name shingen. his name at birth was katsuchiyo. when katsuchiyo was 13, he married his first wife, a girl from the uesugi clan. she died a year or so later, however ( shingen would go on to have several other wives and mistresses ). later, when he officially came of age ( c. 1535 ), he received permission from the shogun, ashikaga yoshiharu, to use haru in his adult name, and thus he became known as harunobu, using the haru from the shogun along with nobu from his father ` s name. it wasn ` t until 1551, when he also took the monk ` s vows, that he took the name shingen. in 1560 and 1565, shingen discovered two internal plots against him. the first was led by a cousin whom shingen promptly put to death. the second was led by shingen ` s only son at the time, yoshinobu and obu toramasa. toramasa had previously been shingen ` s guardian and had probably aided shingen in the rebellion against nobutora. after shingen thwarted this rebellion, toramasa was forced to commit suicide while yoshinobu was imprisoned at tokoji temple ; two years later yoshinobu died, and it is not entirely clear whether he died from illness or from forced suicide. either way, it left shingen temporarily heirless. in the mid 1560s, shingen focused on internal affairs in his province of kai, which includes present - day yamanashi prefecture and parts of nagano and shizuoka prefectures. his greatest achievement was the building of a dam on the fuji river. shingen began taking over the imagawa lands to the south of kai in 1568 or 69 ; at first he apparently had an agreement with ieyasu to split up the lands between them, but he seems to have violated this agreement in his push to eventually defeat ieyasu. after this takeover was complete, around 1571, shingen was the most powerful daimyo in eastern japan, and the only one who was in a position to stop oda nobunaga ` s push to defeat ieyasu. in 1570, shingen made peace with hojo ujimasa, a peace that some believe would have virtually ensured victory over ieyasu. alas, shingen died before he could finish what he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4152042242405665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.982332"} {"text": "` s push to defeat ieyasu. in 1570, shingen made peace with hojo ujimasa, a peace that some believe would have virtually ensured victory over ieyasu. alas, shingen died before he could finish what he had started. shingen was an interesting ruler because he was among the first lords to do away with corporal punishment for most offenses and also to tax most of his subjects evenly and allow taxes to be paid in either gold or rice. on the other hand, he could be quite brutal and reportedly kept two cauldrons on hand in which he boiled certain criminals alive. ieyasu later destroyed the cauldrons but integrated many of shingen ` s policies into the policies of the tokugawa shogunate. there is no general agreement on how shingen died. some believe he died of a battle wound ; others believe he died of an illness ( possibly tuberculosis ). there is quite a lot of legend surrounding this, particularly because he kept his fading health a secret from his enemies ; after his death, his fourth son and heir, katsuyori, kept shingen ` s death a secret while he went out to finish his father ` s battles. incidentally, katsuyori was not particularly successful in this regard. modern day yamanashi prefecture and especially the city of kofu are practically monuments to shingen. shingen was legendary for discovering and using hot springs in his province, and many of these today advertise themselves as \" shingen ` s hot springs \". there are festivals on his birthday ( april 14 ) and the anniversary of his death ( may 14 ) in and around kofu. there is a shrine to shingen in kofu at which you can purchase such items as takeda shingen bath salts. naturally, there are castle ruins, the temple where yoshinobu was imprisoned, and a big statue as well. sources : http : / / www. samurai - archives. com and takeda yoshihito, a descendant of shingen ( and also my ex - boyfriend )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4636781868371186, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.983694"} {"text": "the army security agency existed from 1945, when it absorbed the signal corps ' radio intelligence companies, until 1977, when it was consolidated with existing military intelligence units under the new intelligence & security command. in the beginning, the asa set up a chain of listening posts around the soviet union. these posts, which performed signals intelligence missions against the soviet union and its satrapies in the warsaw pact, were called field stations. ( later stations targeted other communist nations in asia. ) the primary chain of command for the asa ran outside the army ' s structure to the national security agency ; the asa units were part of the army only insofar as the army supplied trained personnel to the field stations and took care of their pay, supplies and ( occasional ) disciplinary actions. early in the cold war, the primary targets of the asa were morse code signals in the am band, but the tasking later shifted to voice communications in the fm band, non - voice signals such as teletype and radar, and multiplexed voice signals. radio direction finding was also a large part of the asa mission, literally so in the case of the an / flr - 9 \" elephant cage \" rdf system. this antenna array was 1400 feet in diameter and 120 feet high, and eight of them were erected. asa enlisted personnel were mostly draftees, although due to the stringent mental requirements many asa enlisted men were either college graduates or college - bound ; it was not unusual to have asa soldiers with more education than their platoon leaders. at first this posed no problem, since the training course for 05h morse code interceptors ( also known as \" ditty - boppers \" or \" hogs \" ) was only a few weeks long, but later as the mission focused more on voice intercepts, this became a serious problem since many of the target languages required a year - long course at the defense language institute, followed by four months of technical training at goodfellow afb and fort devens, and draftees were only in for two years. moreover, re - enlistment rates during the era of the draft were only 12 per cent. this obstacle was sometimes overcome by asking draftees whether they would prefer four years in germany with the asa or two years in vietnam with the infantry. until 1967, there was no separate military intelligence branch in the officer corps, and officers detailed to the asa mostly came from the signal corps. the direct control of asa units by the nsa became an irritant for the army during the vietnam war. asa units were required to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.499868581294563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.996069"} {"text": "no separate military intelligence branch in the officer corps, and officers detailed to the asa mostly came from the signal corps. the direct control of asa units by the nsa became an irritant for the army during the vietnam war. asa units were required to pass all information up the reporting chain to the nsa at fort meade, and were forbidden to share any classified intelligence with the units they coexisted with. the nsa, which was primarily focused on strategic intelligence, often neglected valuable tactical intelligence or relayed it to field commanders too late for the intel to be of any use. frequently, the only intel firebase or garrison commanders got from asa units was the inference that an attack might be underway when the local asa - er, \" radio research \" - listening post began hurriedly tearing down its antennae and preparing for a move. this ongoing intel failure became known as the \" green door syndrome \", and was part of the reason general charles denholm was tasked with the job of bringing the asa back into the army. tactical asa units had existed during vietnam, attached to various division headquarters, the 11th armored cavalry regiment, and to select special forces and special operations group teams, but the green door syndrome prevented them from rendering much help to the commanders they were ostensibly supporting. this changed after the war, when asa units became organic to corps, division, and regimental headquarters, and asa troops began being trained in the arcane ( and pointless ) art of \" sanitizing \" signal intelligence so as to conceal its origin and speed its delivery to supported commands. eventually, with the abolition of the asa, asa battalions at corps headquarters were combined with mi assets into a corps mi group ; similarly, the division support companies were folded into divisional combat electronic warfare & intelligence battalions, which also included a ground surveillance radar company and a lrrp company. asa companies in armored cavalry regiments became part of oversized mi ( cewi ) companies. this process continued into the 1990s as reserve component asa units were converted to the new cewi organization. asa mos codes : 05b - linguist ( not used after the vietnam war ) 05d - radio direction finding operators ( a / k / a \" duffies \" ) 05g - communications & signal security specialists ( a / k / a \" buddyfuckers \" ) o5h - morse code interceptors ( \" ditty - boppers \" or \" hogs \" ) 05k - non - morse / non - voice ( teletype & fax ) intercept operators 98b - cryptanalysis technician 98c - signal intelligence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5094887333905811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.998493"} {"text": "- morse code interceptors ( \" ditty - boppers \" or \" hogs \" ) 05k - non - morse / non - voice ( teletype & fax ) intercept operators 98b - cryptanalysis technician 98c - signal intelligence analysts 98g - voice intercept operators 98j - non - communications ( radar / telemetry ) intercept & analysis techs 98k - signal collection / id analyst for most of the history of the asa, linguists were nicknamed \" monterey marys \" for the high number of homosexual men who seemed to find their way into the mos. allegedly, someone in the army got the bright idea that the dlpt, which tested for language learning aptitude, might also be ( somehow ) testing for homosexuality. they farmed this notion out to the university of michigan, and eventually the results came back : there was a high, if not 1 : 1, correlation between high scores on the dlpt and homosexual tendencies. a crash project began to develop a revised version of the dlpt, and at roughly the same time, the 98 cmf was opened to women. these days the 98g population is no more gay ( or lesbian ) than the average army unit. the james crumley novel one to count cadence is, i am told, a fairly accurate depiction of asa units in the early vietnam war period.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4863633387887778, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:48.999620"} {"text": "what is a breech birth? right before birth, most babies are in a head - down position in the mother ' s uterus, which is why most babies are born head first. sometimes the baby is in a bottom - first ( or feet - first ) position. when a baby is in that position before birth, it ' s called a breech birth or breech baby. many babies are breech early in pregnancy, but most of them turn to the headfirst position near the end of the pregnancy. babies who are born early are more likely to be breech. if more than one baby is in the uterus at a time, one or more of the babies may be breech. abnormal levels of amniotic fluid around the baby may result in a breech birth. as you get closer to your due date, your doctor will be able to tell ( by physical exam, ultrasound or both ) if your baby is breech. can a breech baby be delivered without a cesarean? although breech babies can be delivered vaginally, it ' s generally safer and easier to deliver babies head first from the vagina. some breech babies may be safely delivered from the vagina. more complications can occur if the baby is breech. a baby who is breech may be very small, or it may have birth defects that are caused by a breech delivery. when breech babies are delivered vaginally, they are more likely to be injured during or after delivery than babies who are delivered head first. breech babies who are delivered vaginally are also more likely to develop a birth defect where the baby \u2019 s hip socket and the thighbone become separated. complications with the umbilical cord are also more likely in breech babies who are delivered vaginally ( for example, the umbilical cord is more likely to be compressed during delivery, which can cause nerve and brain damage due to lack of oxygen ). doctors usually deliver breech babies by cesarean delivery ( also called a c - section ). risks are also involved with cesarean delivery ( such as bleeding, infection and longer hospital stays for both the mother and her baby ). can i do anything to help if my baby is breech? it ' s very important to see your doctor regularly throughout your pregnancy. your doctor can tell if your baby is breech and help plan what to do. some doctors will plan to deliver the baby by cesarean section. others may give their patients exercises to do at home that may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.468407069307347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.015556"} {"text": "see your doctor regularly throughout your pregnancy. your doctor can tell if your baby is breech and help plan what to do. some doctors will plan to deliver the baby by cesarean section. others may give their patients exercises to do at home that may help turn the baby to the head - first position. some doctors try to turn the baby in the mother ' s uterus using a procedure called external cephalic version. if this procedure is successful and the baby stays head down, a normal vaginal delivery is more likely. what is external cephalic version? external cephalic version is a way to try to turn a baby from breech position to head - down position while it ' s still in the mother ' s uterus. in other words, external cephalic version means turning the baby from outside of the abdomen so that it ' s in the head - down position. your doctor will use his or her hands on the outside of your abdomen to try to turn the baby. when is external cephalic version done? external cephalic version is done at the end of pregnancy, after about 37 weeks of gestation. who can have external cephalic version? many women who have normal pregnancies may have external cephalic version. women who cannot have it are women who have one of the following : - vaginal bleeding - a placenta that is near or covering the opening of the uterus - a nonreactive nonstress test - an abnormally small baby - a low level of fluid in the sac that surrounds and protects the baby - an abnormal fetal heart rate - premature rupture of the membranes - twins or other multiple pregnancy what are the risks of external cephalic version? external cephalic version has some risks, including the following : - premature labor - premature rupture of the membranes - a small blood loss for either the baby or the mother - fetal distress leading to an emergency cesarean delivery - the baby might turn back to the breech position after the external cephalic version is done although the risk of having these complications is small, some doctors prefer not to try an external cephalic version. what can i expect if my doctor and i decide to try external cephalic version? external cephalic version is usually done in the hospital. before the procedure, you will have an ultrasound to confirm that the baby is breech. your doctor will also do a nonstress test to make sure that the baby ' s heart rate is normal. a tube", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4425126528581373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.017908"} {"text": "is usually done in the hospital. before the procedure, you will have an ultrasound to confirm that the baby is breech. your doctor will also do a nonstress test to make sure that the baby ' s heart rate is normal. a tube of blood will be drawn and an anesthesiologist will be notified ( just in case you need to have an emergency cesarean delivery ). you ' ll be given medicine through a vein in your arm to relax the muscles in your uterus. this medicine is very safe, with no risk to your baby. while you ' re lying down, the doctor will place his or her hands on the outside of your abdomen. after locating the baby ' s head, the doctor will gently try to turn the baby to the head - first position. what happens after the procedure? when the procedure is completed, your doctor will perform another nonstress test. if everything is normal, you won ' t have to stay in the hospital. if the procedure is not successful, your doctor will talk to you about the possibility of having a vaginal delivery or a cesarean section right away. your doctor may also suggest repeating the external cephalic version. what is the success rate of external cephalic version? the average success rate is about 65 %. even if the procedure works at first, there ' s still a chance that the baby will turn back around to the breech position. the success rate of external cephalic version depends on several factors, including the following : - how close you are to your due date - how much fluid is around the baby - how many pregnancies you ' ve had - how much your baby weighs - how the placenta is positioned - how your baby is positioned written by familydoctor. org editorial staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4322740940811169, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.020254"} {"text": "... classes books before he has understood or read them ; that is his first crime. classification by chronology. books written before 1847, books written after it, books written before or after 1848. the novel in the reign of queen anne, the pre - novel, the ur - novel, the novel of the future. classification by subject matter - sillier still. the literature of inns, beginning with tom jones ; the literature of the women ' s movement, beginning with shirley ; the literature of desert islands, from robinson crusoe to the blue lagoon ; the literature of rogues - dreariest of all, though the open road runs it pretty close ; the literature of sussex... improper books... novels relating to industrialism, aviation, chiropody, the weather... it strikes me that this is the chief way that books are viewed and received now in our culture : it ' s how they are marketed, it ' s how they are frequently written about on the web or, in particular, in newspapers. it ' s how stories are often published in anthologies, and filtered in competitions, ie thematically. a novel or a story is seen through the walls of some pigeon hole or other, and no one looks at it - really reads it - for what it is in itself or on its own terms. as forster goes on to say, this is moving round books instead of through them... books have to be read ; it is the only way of discovering what they contain.... reading is the only method of assimilation... the reader must sit down alone and struggle with the writer, and this the pseudo - scholar will not do. he would rather relate a book to the history of its time, to events in the life of the author, to the events it describes, above all to some tendency.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4732001356419139, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.022838"} {"text": "be one in a million this american heart month posted on 2 / 1 / 2013 february is american heart month, and unfortunately, most of us know someone who has had heart disease or stroke. cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the united states. these conditions are also the leading causes of disability preventing people from working and enjoying family activities. however, we can fight back against heart disease and stroke. the cdc and other parts of the us government have launched million hearts, to prevent the nation ' s leading killers and empowering everyone to make heart - healthy choices. what is million hearts? launched in september 2011 by the department of health and human services, million hearts is a national initiative that aims to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes in the u. s. over the next five years. what million hearts means to you : heart disease and stroke affects all of our lives, but we can all play a role in ending it. prevention starts with everyone. protect yourself and your loved ones from heart disease and stroke by understanding the risks and taking these steps. - challenge your family and friends to take the million hearts pledge at www. millionhearts. hhs. gov - get up and get active by being physically active for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week - know your abcs - ask your doctor if you should take an aspirin every day. - find out if you have high blood pressure or cholesterol, and if you do, get effective treatment. - if you smoke, get help to quit. - make your calories count by eating a heart - healthy diet that is high in fresh fruits and vegetables, and low in sodium and trans fat. - take control of your heart health by following your doctor ' s prescription instructions. together, we can all be one in a million this heart month and every month. learn more about million hearts. this information is from www. cdc. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44877133033406824, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.025418"} {"text": "164 life and letters of francis galton hasty. his words are, \" i have now made experiments of transfusion and cross ' circulation on a large scale in rabbits, and have arrived at definite results, negativing, in my opinion, beyond all doubt the truth of the doctrine of pangenesis. \" if mr calton could have proved that the reproductive elements were contained in the blood of the higher animals, and were merely separated or collected by the reproductive glands, he would have made a most important physiological discovery. as it is, i think every one will admit that his experiments are extremely curious, and that he deserves the highest credit for his ingenuity and perseverance. but it does not appear to me that pangenesis has, as yet, received its death blow ; though, from presenting so many vulnerable points, its life is always in jeopardy ; and this is my excuse for having said a few words in its defence. charles darwin. letter of francis galton in nature, may 4th, 1971. \" pangenesis. \" it appears from mr darwin ' s letter to you in last week ' s nature, that the views contradicted by my experiments, published in the recent number of the \" proceedings of the royal society, \" differ from those he entertained. nevertheless, i think they are what his published account of pangenesis ( animals, etc., under domestication, ii, 374, 379 ) are most likely to convey to the mind of a reader. the ambiguity is due to an inappropriate use of three separate words in the only two sentences which imply ( for there are none which tell us anything definite about ) the habitat of the pangenetic genimules ; the words are \" circulate, \" \" freely, \" and \" diffused. \" the proper meaning of circulation is evident enough - it is a re - entering movement. nothing can justly be said to circulate which does not return, after a while, to a former position. in a circulating library, books return and are re - issued. coin is said to circulate, because it comes back into the same hands in the interchange of business. a story circulates, when a person hears it repeated over and over again in society. blood has an undoubted claim to be called a circulating fluid, and when that phrase is used, blood is always meant. i understood mr darwin to speak of blood when he used the phrases \" circulating freely, \" and \" the steady circulation of fluids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5601160686251814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.030408"} {"text": "has an undoubted claim to be called a circulating fluid, and when that phrase is used, blood is always meant. i understood mr darwin to speak of blood when he used the phrases \" circulating freely, \" and \" the steady circulation of fluids, \" especially as the other words \" freely \" and \" diffusion \" encouraged the idea. but it now seems that by circulation he meant \" dispersion, \" which is a totally different conception. probably he used the word with some allusion to the fact of the dispersion having been carried on by eddying, not necessarily circulating, currents. next, as to the word \" freely. \" mr darwin says in his letter that he supposes the gemmules to pass through the solid walls of the tissues and cells ; this is incompatible with the phrase \" circulate freely. \" freely means \" without retardation \" ; as we might say that small fish can swim freely through the larger meshes of a net ; now, it is impossible to suppose gemmules to pass through solid tissue without any retardation. \" freely \" would be strictly applicable to gemmules drifting along with the stream of the blood, and it was in that sense i interpreted it. lastly, i find fault with the use of the word \" diffused \" which applies to movement in or with fluids, and is inappropriate to the action i have just described of solid boring its way through solid. if mr darwin had given in his work an additional paragraph or two to a description of the whereabouts of the gemmules which, i must remark, is a cardinal point of his theory, my misapprehension of his meaning could hardly have occurred without more hesitancy than i experienced, but i certainly felt and endeavoured to express in my memoir some shade of doubt ; as in the phrase, p. 404, \" that the doctrine of pangenesis, pure and simple, as i have interpreted it, is incorrect. \" as i now understand mr darwin ' s meaning, the first passage ( ii, 374 ), which misled me, and which stands : \" minute granules which circulate freely throughout the system \" should be understood as \" minute granules which are dispersed thoroughly and are in continual movement throughout the system \" ; and the second passage ( ii, 379 ), which now stands : \" the gemmules in each organism must be thoroughly diffused ; nor does this seem improbable, considering the steady circulation of fluids throughout the body,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5800215566372786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.031627"} {"text": "curiosity finds first signs of mars \u2019 history by tiffanie reynolds | firstname. lastname @ example. org mars rover curiosity will be drilling into what may be the first signs of water in the next two weeks. during a news teleconference held tuesday, mars science laboratory project manager richard cook and the rest of the team announced their discovery of veins filled with hydrated calcium sulfate in the bedrock on yellowknife bay, a shallow depression toward the bottom of the gale crater, where curiosity is currently located. the team takes the presence of hydrated calcium sulfate in the rock as a sign that there once was water in the area, because calcium sulfate is produced when water evaporates from the mineral as it is being heated. other signs include the different types of rocks found in the area. from sandstone to very fine silkstone, the number and variety of rocks tells the team that each type was made under different conditions. even the grains in the rock have a rounded shape, which indicates that the rocks were once pushed by water, according to dr. r. alieen yingst of the mars curiosity rover team. \u201c you put that together with the vein fills that are made out of hydrated calcium sulfate, and basically these rocks were saturated with water. and it could be that there were several phases of this history of water, \u201d says john grotzinger, project scientist. the area, named john klein area in honor of the mars science laboratory deputy project manager who passed away in 2011, was first seen from orbit. what made the team really notice the area is the increase in temperature, compared to terrain only a few feet away. currently just a few meters away from the john klein area, curiosity will start on some sample drills as it is also the first time the mars rover will be drilling into the planet \u2019 s soil. the team will be using these test drills as a way to clean the drill of any earth contaminators before sending back samples to analyze. curiosity will start drilling for samples in the next two days, and will have samples sent back to the mars science laboratory team in the next few weeks. although these discoveries are a strong indication of water in the area, it is too early to tell what these signs of water indicate. the team hopes to find out about the conditions of the environment in studying these samples, in order to get a better picture of the area \u2019 s history.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4453824115673654, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.034558"} {"text": "by : rob burt have you ever heard the expression, \u201c a picture is worth a thousand words \u201d? that is definitely true for family history work. you can learn lots of valuable information from family and historical photographs... as long as you interpret them correctly. take the following picture as an example. it is a well - known photograph of henry mccarty, alias henry antrim and william h. bonney \u2014 better known as billy the kid. for years, historians, writers, and aficionados of the west used this image to argue that the infamous western outlaw was a minority in the gunfighter community \u2014 a left - hander. this idea was so common that a film titled the left - handed gun on the life of billy the kid and starring paul newman was released in 1958, and many history books note that he was a southpaw. in this picture, the rifle billy is holding is a winchester model 1873. if you look closely at the gun, the loading gate ( where bullets are put into the rifle ) appears on the left - hand side of the gun. ( see highlighted area below. ) however, an observant historian eventually noted a problem with the picture : the 1873 winchester didn \u2019 t have a loading gate on the left side \u2014 only on the right side. the picture was reversed! in the early days of photography, most negatives were produced backwards as a result of the technical process used in the first cameras. if the technicians were not careful when developing the film, they would produce a mirror image of the actual scene. this is what happened to the famous photo of billy the kid. the correct image, depicting billy as a right - hander, is shown below. this example illustrates how important family photographs can be. not only do they give us an image of our ancestors, but important clues about the past can be found in the details surrounding them. clothing, hairstyles, pins, military awards, automobiles, even rocks and plants can all help tell our ancestors ' stories, even if they have not left a lot of written information for us. some of these details are easily identified ; others are more difficult and may need a specialist \u2019 s eye in order to be fully understood. regardless, a picture may be worth a thousand words of an ancestor \u2019 s life story, so don \u2019 t delay! pull out those old pictures and see what they may tell you about the lives of your loved ones. have you found interesting facts from old photos? tell us about it, leave a comment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48733715521441223, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.038766"} {"text": "a report on a joint cold spring harbor laboratory / wellcome trust conference on ' prion biology ', hinxton, uk, 7 - 11 september 2005. while most recent prion meetings have focused on either mammals or fungi, the conference on prion biology held near cambridge this september stood out as an attempt to represent research on mammalian and fungal prions equally, in order to provoke discussion on fundamental questions of prion structure, biogenesis, variability and biological role. prions of lower eukaryotes over the past decade several infective proteins, or prions, have been discovered in genetically tractable lower eukaryotes, where they act like cytoplasmically inherited genetic determinants. the opening talk of the meeting was delivered by reed wickner ( national institutes of health, bethesda, usa ), who was the first to suggest 11 years ago that the non - chromosomal genetic determinants known as [ ure3 ] and [ psi + ] in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae were in fact prion proteins ( enclosure in square brackets is the conventional nomenclature for cytoplasmically inherited genetic determinants in fungi ). the proteins that correspond to [ ure3 ] and [ psi + ], regulator of nitrogen metabolism ure2 and translation termination factor sup35, respectively, have carboxy - terminal domains that carry out a cellular function and auxiliary amino - terminal prion domains, which can adopt an abnormal ' prion ' conformation. the prion domains of both these proteins are rich in glutamine ( q ) and asparagine ( n ), but only that of sup35 contains oligopeptide repeats, which are presumably required for [ psi + ] replication. previously, wickner ' s group had shown that random shuffling of amino acids in the ure2 prion domain, a procedure named scrambling, usually does not impair the prion - forming capacity of the protein. at this meeting, wickner described how randomization of the sup35 prion domain, including the repeat region, also does not block prion formation, and concluded that unusual amino - acid composition, rather than specific sequences, determines prion - forming ability. according to wickner, these experiments argue for an in - register parallel \u03b2 - sheet structure for the prion fibrils, as scrambling would disrupt the correspondence of amino acids in any other \u03b2 - strand structure. susan lind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5549002240366697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.051276"} {"text": "forming ability. according to wickner, these experiments argue for an in - register parallel \u03b2 - sheet structure for the prion fibrils, as scrambling would disrupt the correspondence of amino acids in any other \u03b2 - strand structure. susan lindquist ( whitehead institute, cambridge, usa ) described elegant sup35 cross - linking experiments that revealed that sup35 monomers in amyloid fibrils are arranged in a ' head - to - head, tail - to - tail ' fashion. amyloid is the general name given to the fibrillar protein aggregate formed by prions and some other proteins. such amyloid structure also implies parallel in - register arrangement of \u03b2 strands in the prion fibrils. lindquist proposed that these considerations, combined with the \u03b2 - helical nanotube structure of the sup35 fibrils, suggested a new structural model for prions, which may have broad implications for amyloids. prions come in different variants or ' strains '. in mammals, whose prions are infectious agents causing a set of fatal neurodegenerative diseases, different prion strains are defined by specific incubation times, distribution of vacuolar lesions in the brain, and patterns of accumulation. for yeast [ psi + ], strain differences can be revealed by differences in phenotypic manifestation ( nonsense suppression caused by the aggregation - dependent inactivation of the translation termination factor sup35 ) and stability of maintenance. generally, ' weak ' [ psi + ] manifest less stable inheritance and worse phenotypic manifestation than ' strong ' [ psi + ]. from her results, lindquist suggested a structural basis for [ psi + ] variants : in ' weak ' [ psi + ] variants a longer sup35 fragment is incorporated into the amyloid core. the physical basis of prion strain differences was also considered by jonathan weissman ( university of california, san francisco, usa ). his group had previously shown that sup35 fibrils obtained in vitro at 4\u00b0c and 37\u00b0c transform yeast cells to strong [ psi + ] variants, and weak [ psi + ], respectively. atomic force microscopy revealed two distinctions between the 4\u00b0c ( sc4 ) and 37\u00b0c ( sc37 ) fibrils. sc4 fibrils polymerized more slowly than sc37, but were more fragile and therefore smaller and more numerous, which ensured their efficient polymerization. correlated with the strong phenotype of sc4 fibrils is the fact that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6134785164351053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.053830"} {"text": "screen for the [ pin + ] protein. although relatively few investigators study the [ het - s ] prion of the filamentous fungus podospora anserina, their results make a significant contribution to the prion field. indeed, [ het - s ] is the only prion with a confirmed biological function : fusion of a [ het - s ] mycelium with one expressing the non - prionizable het - s allele triggers the heterokaryon incompatibility reaction, which leads to the death of the hybrid mycelium. recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of this incompatibility reaction was reported by sven saupe ( institute de biochemie et de genetique cellulaire, bordeaux, france ), who has shown that the carboxy - terminal domain of het - s is prionizable, but prion formation is blocked by the functional amino - terminal domain. presumably, het - s can co - polymerize with the het - s protein, and their oligomers trigger the incompatibility reaction. ronald riek ( the salk institute, la jolla, usa ), cristiane ritter ( the salk institute ) and ansgar siemer ( eth zurich, switzerland ) consecutively presented their excellent collaborative structural studies of [ het - s ], which have particularly broad significance. the normally flexible carboxy - terminal tail of the het - s protein can undergo a spontaneous conformational transition into amyloid fibrils. the fold of these fibrils comprises four \u03b2 strands made up of two pseudo - repeat sequences, each forming a \u03b2 - strand - turn - \u03b2 - strand motif. structure - based mutagenesis revealed that this conformation is the functional and infectious entity of the het - s prion. several speakers focused on the mechanisms underlying the de novo appearance of yeast prions. it is known that the prion form of the rnq1 protein, [ pin + ], promotes the de novo appearance of [ psi + ] and [ ure3 ], apparently by directly seeding qn - rich prion aggregates. susan liebman ( university of illinois, chicago, usa ) presented further studies on the interaction between [ pin + ], [ psi + ] and an artificial prion, [ chi + ]. [ pin + ] efficiently seeded [ chi + ], while [ psi + ] stimulated the appearance of [ pin + ]. while it appears overall that all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5812062264139143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.056326"} {"text": "pin + ], [ psi + ] and an artificial prion, [ chi + ]. [ pin + ] efficiently seeded [ chi + ], while [ psi + ] stimulated the appearance of [ pin + ]. while it appears overall that all qn - rich prions can stimulate each other ' s appearance, evidence suggesting that similar interactions may occur with non - qn - rich prions was also presented. mick tuite and colleagues ( university of kent, canterbury, uk ) have studied the appearance of [ psi + ] at natural sup35 levels. the appearances of [ psi + ] were not related to any alterations in the gene sup35, and they were not affected by chemical agents that cause protein misfolding. the study of proteins associated with sup35 revealed the presence in [ pin + ] [ psi - ] cells ( [ psi - ] denotes the absence of [ psi + ] ) of a small oligomeric complex insoluble in the detergent sds, and containing both sup35 and rnq1 proteins. this finding is important because hybrid particles may represent an intermediate step leading to the appearance of [ psi + ]. the biological importance of prions was discussed by kim allen ( columbia university, new york, usa ). earlier studies suggested that the prion - like behavior of the translational regulator protein cpeb may underlie memory formation in the mollusc aplysia. allen showed that several mouse cpeb homologs also form prion - like aggregates in yeast, and that aggregate size, number and distribution are affected by the expression of chaperones. aggregate formation by mouse full - length cpeb - 3 and cpeb - 4 proteins was also shown in neuroblastoma cells. the amino - terminal domain of mouse cpeb - 3 is rich in glutamine, similar to yeast prions, whereas the amino - terminal domain of cpeb - 4 is rich in proline and harbors sequence motifs similar to those implicated in amyloid formation by the mammalian prion protein prp. while this study does not directly prove the prion - related nature of memory in higher eukaryotes, it represents a significant step towards this. claudio soto ( university of texas, galveston, usa ) presented impressive results on in vitro amplification of prpsc, the infectious form of prp, in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification system ( pmca ). he demonstrated that pmca is capable of amplifying prion infectivity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5712049965023012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.057575"} {"text": "results on in vitro amplification of prpsc, the infectious form of prp, in the protein misfolding cyclic amplification system ( pmca ). he demonstrated that pmca is capable of amplifying prion infectivity with indefinite dilutions of minuscule amounts of initial prpsc seeds. soto emphasized the potential application of pmca for detection of ultra - low levels of infectivity in blood. surachai supattapone ( dartmouth medical school, hanover, usa ) presented the results of experiments in which pmca was used to generate the protease - resistant conformer of the prion protein using prpsc purified from scrapie brains and prpc ( the normal conformer of prp ) purified from normal brains. ongoing bioassay experiments with these in vitro - generated prpsc produced in the presence of additional synthetic cofactors may eventually reveal all the molecular components required for the efficient replication of prions. while amplification of prpsc using components extracted from normal and scrapie brains seems completely successful, reconstitution of prion infectivity de novo from synthetic components still remains puzzling. in his presentation, bruce chesebro ( rocky mountain laboratories, hamilton, usa ) clearly demonstrated that prion toxicity could be separated from prion infectivity. he showed that the onset of typical clinical scrapie was substantially delayed in mice that expressed prp without a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. remarkably, these mice were able to replicate prion infectivity and produced the protease - resistant conformer of prp in the form of amyloid plaques, but failed to develop clinical symptoms of prion disease for a prolonged time. byron caughey ( rocky mountain laboratories, hamilton, usa ), on the other hand, took a biochemical approach to identifying the most infectious prion particles. fractionation of prp by size revealed that the highest level of infectivity per unit of mass belongs to particles with approximate molecular weights of only 300 - 600 kda. a question of great interest is whether these highly infectious prion particles originate from fibril fragmentation or from distinct non - fibrillar species. neil mabbott ( institute for animal health, edinburgh, uk ) discussed routes of prion migration between potential sites of exposure and the lymphoid tissues. he emphasized the possibility of acquiring infectious prions through the skin and the role of langerhans cells ( dendritic cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5272314110762104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.058715"} {"text": "health, edinburgh, uk ) discussed routes of prion migration between potential sites of exposure and the lymphoid tissues. he emphasized the possibility of acquiring infectious prions through the skin and the role of langerhans cells ( dendritic cells ) in transporting prions to the lymphoid tissues. adriano aguzzi ( university hospital, zurich, switzerland ) presented results that suggest a relatively high likelihood of prion transmission through urine, which could be one of the possible means of horizontal spread of prions in brain - wasting disease of elk and deer. roger morris ( wolfson centre for age - related disease, king ' s college london, london, uk ) described his work on identifying the neuronal transmembrane receptor that is involved in the rapid recycling of prpc and the cellular uptake of prpsc. he found that prpsc bound to the surface of primary neurons was rapidly endocytosed. internalization of prpsc was in direct competition with internalization of prpc, implying that the same receptor was involved in both processes. edward malaga - trillo ( university of konstanz, germany ) presented a new evolutionary perspective on the possible function of prp and the molecular mechanisms driving the diversification of prp domains from fish to mammals. he reported the establishment of a novel genetic model for prion research, the zebrafish. most notably, using the zebrafish model, malaga - trillo presented the first clear prp loss - of - function phenotypes, which might be used to delineate a conserved function of vertebrate prps during early development. in the closing lecture, christopher dobson ( university of cambridge, uk ) considered general questions of amyloid formation. he presented evidence in support of the concept that the ability of proteins to form amyloid is generic. many normally non - amyloidogenic proteins can form amyloid in vitro under conditions that destabilize their structure. the fact that very few proteins do form amyloid in vivo may be explained as a result of billions of years of protein evolution. this point of view predicts that, in general, proteins prone to convert to the prion state are not likely to carry a specific prion consensus sequence and are not likely to be identified by sequence analysis. probably, the most significant achievements reported at the conference related to prion structure, in both the sense of spatial structure and the role of the primary structure. important questions for the future relate to the mechanisms of prion propagation, including the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5590042108934825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.059858"} {"text": "| http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / a service of the u. s. national library of medicine\u00ae | erythromelalgia is a condition characterized by episodes of pain, redness, and swelling in various parts of the body, particularly the hands and feet. these episodes are usually triggered by increased body temperature, which may be caused by exercise or entering a warm room. ingesting alcohol or spicy foods may also trigger an episode. wearing warm socks, tight shoes, or gloves can cause a pain episode so debilitating that it can impede everyday activities such as wearing shoes and walking. pain episodes can prevent an affected person from going to school or work regularly. the signs and symptoms of erythromelalgia typically begin in childhood, although mildly affected individuals may have their first pain episode later in life. as individuals with erythromelalgia get older and the disease progresses, the hands and feet may be constantly red, and the affected areas can extend from the hands to the arms, shoulders, and face, and from the feet to the entire legs. erythromelalgia is often considered a form of peripheral neuropathy because it affects the peripheral nervous system, which connects the brain and spinal cord to muscles and to cells that detect sensations such as touch, smell, and pain. the prevalence of erythromelalgia is unknown. mutations in the scn9a gene can cause erythromelalgia. the scn9a gene provides instructions for making one part ( the alpha subunit ) of a sodium channel called nav1. 7. sodium channels transport positively charged sodium atoms ( sodium ions ) into cells and play a key role in a cell ' s ability to generate and transmit electrical signals. nav1. 7 sodium channels are found in nerve cells called nociceptors that transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain. the scn9a gene mutations that cause erythromelalgia result in nav1. 7 sodium channels that open more easily than usual and stays open longer than normal, increasing the flow of sodium ions into nociceptors. this increase in sodium ions enhances transmission of pain signals, leading to the signs and symptoms of erythromelalgia. it is unknown why the pain episodes associated with erythromelalgia mainly occur in the hands and feet. an estimated 15 percent of cases of erythromelalgia are caused by mutations in the scn9a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5101687095891353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.071966"} {"text": "written for the general public. you may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers. for more information about naming genetic conditions, see the genetics home reference condition naming guidelines ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / conditionnameguide ) and how are genetic conditions and genes named? ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / mutationsanddisorders / naming ) in the handbook. ask the genetic and rare diseases information center ( http : / / rarediseases. info. nih. gov / gard / ). autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; cell ; channel ; familial ; gene ; increased body temperature ; ions ; mutation ; nervous system ; neuropathy ; nociceptors ; peripheral ; peripheral nervous system ; peripheral neuropathy ; prevalence ; sodium ; sodium channel ; subunit you may find definitions for these and many other terms in the genetics home reference glossary ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / glossary ). the resources on this site should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care or advice. users seeking information about a personal genetic disease, syndrome, or condition should consult with a qualified healthcare professional. see how can i find a genetics professional in my area? ( http : / / ghr. nlm. nih. gov / handbook / consult / findingprofessional ) in the handbook.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5450866064372542, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.074886"} {"text": "as the fcc promotes the national broadband plan, it appears it \u2019 s convinced making 100 mbps internet access speed available to 100 million households within 10 years will bring transformative change to the u. s. one of the expected outcomes is a positive impact on economic development. but will it? more importantly, is there too much emphasis on the ability of speed to drive economic success? a recent survey of economic development professionals and others who deal with local economic issues by the international economic development council ( iedc ) reveals that not only do over 55 percent believe we need more than 100 mbps to impact economic outcomes, they feel we need these speeds within three years. survey respondents view the fcc 10 - year goal of 4 mbps download speed to rural areas less favorably : 41 percent believe it is \u201c too little speed over too much time, \u201d and another 31 percent feel this should only be a stepping stone to faster speeds. the data reveals a disconnect between what policymakers hope broadband ( as they define it ) can achieve in economic development, and what communities can realistically expect broadband to achieve. broadband champions in government rightly recognize that broadband can significantly impact a number of key economic outcomes, such as business growth, productivity and a well - trained workforce. however, dc agencies have made speed the tail that wags the dog. unless and until policymakers come to grips with the realities in the communities, we can expect to have broadband \u2019 s potential stifled by policies that lead to bad legislation, wasted money and countless frustrated constituents. bursting the bubble of exaggerated expectation in 2007, iedc and i teamed up to survey professionals who know best how to tackle the more intractable economic development problems. we consistently find that a few of the most ardently advocated broadband benefits are, in reality, low on the list of economic outcomes. we also find that broadband technologies are not equal in their ability to achieve certain economic outcomes. three of the most popular economic benefits of broadband cited frequently are - keeping businesses in town ; - making local businesses more competitive ; and - attracting new companies to an area. of the seven outcomes presented to survey participants, these three garnered the greatest amount of support in this year \u2019 s survey. however, digging deeper into the data reveals that the particular broadband technology you use makes a big difference in the outcomes communities should expect. about 55 percent of respondents believe fiber will directly impact communities \u2019 ability to lure businesses, 42 percent say it will directly help retain businesses, and 40 percent feel it will enable local companies to compete more effectively. wireless, on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48036390395134104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.108313"} {"text": "the outcomes communities should expect. about 55 percent of respondents believe fiber will directly impact communities \u2019 ability to lure businesses, 42 percent say it will directly help retain businesses, and 40 percent feel it will enable local companies to compete more effectively. wireless, on the other hand, is only seen as directly impacting these outcomes by 37 percent, 24 percent and 29 percent of respondents respectively. although fewer overall believe broadband can directly impact outcomes such as revitalizing depressed business communities and implementing more effective worker training programs, more believe fiber networks will have an impact than wireless. the survey numbers for all seven categories of economic outcomes subsequently argue for wired broadband as most crucial for economic development. yet, messages from d. c. policymakers ( advocated loudly by telecom companies ) are proclaiming mobile ( wireless ) broadband to be the technology that leads us to the broadband promise land. it would be an error to use these figures to declare fiber to be the only solution or the best solution for every community. a whole slew of local factors, from budgets and political considerations to the ability of local businesses to do well with highspeed fixed wireless, can make wireless a logical course. but it \u2019 s important to point out the fallacy of declaring wireless or wired to be the only choice everywhere. what \u2019 s our true need for speed? fewer than 9 percent of respondents expect broadband speeds of 4mbps to be adequate by 2013 to achieve any of the outcomes listed in figure 3. even the fcc \u2019 s goal of 100 mbps looks weak when 55 - 60 percent of respondents believe communities will need more. thirty - four percent alone say communities need at least 1 - gigabit networks if they want broadband to be a sufficient inducement to draw in new business. it \u2019 s also interesting to see how much speed respondents believe is necessary to achieve personal economic development outcomes, such as improving low - income individuals \u2019 ability to create wealth, become entrepreneurs or run profitable home - based businesses. more than 60 percent expect individuals will need over 100 mbps, and need it seven years ahead of the fcc \u2019 s goal ( figure 4 ). policymakers paint a picture of various achievements for broadband in telemedicine, education and particularly, economic development. yet they saddle that picture with speed goals incompatible with the expectations created. imagine if president kennedy had said \u201c within 10 years we will send a man to the moon and return him safely to the earth, but our goal is to fly at 200 miles an hour \u201d ( a speed already slower than commercial jets at that time ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47980230036076144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.122357"} {"text": "if president kennedy had said \u201c within 10 years we will send a man to the moon and return him safely to the earth, but our goal is to fly at 200 miles an hour \u201d ( a speed already slower than commercial jets at that time ). blair levin, chief architect of the national broadband plan and advocate for the 4 mbps goal, states in a recent interview, \u201c i \u2019 ll be happy to debate this with anybody anytime anywhere if they answer three questions : what should the speed be? what will it cost? and how will we pay for it? \u201d the first is a trick question. the goal isn \u2019 t about speed, it \u2019 s about getting to the moon and back at whatever speed it takes to get the job done. with broadband technology, this benchmark is fluid among communities and constituent groups and their respective needs. the answer to the second question is : one hellava a lot, especially if you want to do the job right. the answer to the third question is, we can pay for these networks if fewer people had a backward worldview on this issue. chattanooga, tenn., santa monica, calif., and wilson, n. c. are three communities that have already found ways \u2014 without broadband stimulus dollars \u2014 to build gigabit networks. the greatest barrier to getting the broadband to impact economic outcomes are those who view the solution as coming from exclusively from dc facilitated primarily by incumbents. this subsequently leads to the fixation on speed. one survey respondent summed up the situation. \u201c.. most people ( even the younger ones ) do not know the difference between a bit and a byte, so speed over the wire becomes something more like a shell game when vendors are promoting their particular network. encourage local development. \u201d fifty - one percent of those professionals surveyed believe that the business models best able to get the job done are ones in which communities are the driving force and they have ownership in part or in whole of the infrastructure. the biggest need businesses and individuals have is for government policy to facilitate community - focused solutions. craig settles is a broadband industry analyst, co - director of communities united for broadband and was named one of huffington post \u2019 s 16 tech titans on twitter ( @ cjsettles ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5007556856079057, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.131806"} {"text": "the 10 / 40 window = a term used to describe those regions of the eastern hemisphere located between 10 and 40 degrees north of the equator. this general area was named the 10 / 40 window in 1990 by luis bush, because it represented the highest level of socioeconomic challenges and least access to the gospel on the planet. this band of countries include northern africa as well as almost all of asia ( west asia, central asia, south asia, east asia and much of southeast asia ). roughly two - thirds of the world \u2019 s population lives in this window. the people in the 10 / 40 window are predominantly muslim, hindu, buddhist, animist, jewish or atheist and most governments are formally or informally opposed to christian work within their borders. this area is significant when we look at making disciples of all nations. following is a spotlight on one city in the 10 / 40 window : algiers is the capital and largest city in algeria. known for its picturesque views of the mediterranean and its whitewashed buildings, algiers is one of the most influential cities in all of north africa. over 4 million people live in metropolitan algiers and the cost of living is one of the highest in all of africa. within the city, is an interesting mixture of arabs and berbers, with arabic, berber, and french being the primary languages spoken. until 1962, algeria was under french rule. since their independence, there have been several civil wars throughout the country. the ethnic distribution of the city of algiers is 53 % from an arabic speaking background ( mostly arabized berbers ), 44 % from a berber speaking background, and 3 % foreign born. this diversity has resulted in some conflicts throughout the country. nonetheless, with a country population of over 35 million, algeria is a very strategic city within the 10 / 40 window and across north africa and the middle east. best estimates suggest that there are several hundred believers in the city of algiers between the arab and berber population. with that said, there are over 24 million algerian arabs and very few believers among them. algeria is over 97 % muslim. the church does exist among some of the berber people groups in the country, but among the algerian arabs, the church for the most part does not exist. in 2006, the government passed a law that forbids any christian evangelism efforts. as a result, there are few workers and few believers among the 24 million algerian arabs. pray for the millions of lost people in algiers and throughout algeria. christians are persecuted. the workers are few. the need is great. pray for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213452851700879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.140544"} {"text": "electrical, electric, and electronic share much common ground, and they are interchangeable in many uses, but it \u2019 s possible to sketch rough differences between them. - electrical means of or relating to electricity, and it \u2019 s used for things that generate or process electricity \u2014 for example, electrical generators and electrical outlets. it \u2019 s also simply a broad term for anything that uses electricity. - devices that run on electricity are electric \u2014 for example, electric lights, electric heaters, electric cars. - electronic describes devices that manipulate electrical current internally through switches. it \u2019 s also used for virtual forms of things that were traditionally in the physical world, such as electronic stores and electronic books. if these distinctions are accurate ( and if anyone reading this has expertise in these matters, we look forward to your corrections in the comments ), then all electric and electronic devices are electrical, and all electronic devices are electric, but not all electric devices are electronic. in any case, a few web searches reveal that these distinctions are not always borne out in real - world usage. in particular, electric is often used where we might expect to see electrical. in these examples, the words fit with the distinctions outlined above : the biggest is a recall of night lights that pose a risk of fire from a potential electrical short circuit in the light. [ washington post ] but new research in china shows that electric cars have an overall impact on pollution that could be more harmful to health than conventional vehicles. [ daily mail ] the case gave the court an occasion to examine just how far police can go when it comes to searching electronic gadgets. [ stuff. co. nz ] and in these examples, the words go against those neat distinctions : on april 4, a short in an electrical fan resulted in a flash fire in the home of dr. foot. [ west lorne chronicle ] the saws, which can grow more than a metre long in some species, have previously been identified as able to sense prey by their electric fields. [ bbc news ] the newest electronic vehicle charging station in central massachusetts is being installed in auburn. [ necn ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5684120001319599, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.145698"} {"text": "julian huxley, one of darwin \u2019 s leading supporters, sought to place the latter \u2019 s biological argument onto a philosophical footing and constructed a new religion under the name of evolutionary humanism. the aim of this religion was to \u201c ensure that the evolutionary process on earth reached its maximum conclusion. \u201d this was not restricted to strong organisms living longer and trying to reproduce more offspring. in addition, \u201c it was foreseen that man would develop his own abilities to the highest level. \u201d to put it another way, efforts were to be made to enable mankind to proceed to stages more advanced than the one that human beings are in today. huxley offered a full definition of the term humanism : i use the word \u2018 humanist \u2019 to mean someone who believes that man is just as much a natural phenomenon as an animal or a plant, that his body, his mind, and his soul were not supernaturally created but are all products of evolution, and that the is not under the control or guidance of any supernatural being or beings, but has to rely on himself and his own powers. 156 huxley \u2019 s suggestion that human beings \u2019 sacred aim was to accelerate their own evolution had a profound effect on the american philosopher john dewey. he developed this line and founded the movement known as religious humanism in 1933, publishing the famous humanist manifesto. the main idea he emphasized was that the time had come for the traditional theistic ( god - oriented ) religions to be done away with and replaced by a new system based on scientific progress and social cooperation. the deaths of 50 million people in world war ii as a result of \u201c scientific progress \u201d rocked the optimism exhibited in the humanist manifesto. in the wake of similar blows, dewey \u2019 s followers were forced to partially revise their views, and they published the second humanist manifesto in 1973. this one admitted that science may sometimes harm mankind, but preserved the basic idea : man should now direct his own evolution and could do so through science. as the manifesto said : using technology wisely, we can control our environment, conquer poverty, markedly reduce disease, extend our life - span, significantly modify our behavior, alter the course of human evolution and cultural development, unlock vast new powers, and provide humankind with unparalleled opportunity for achieving an abundant and meaningful life. 157 in fact these ideas, adopted consciously or subconsciously by all darwinists, make crystal clear the fundamental beliefs of the religion of evolution. an imaginary process of species evolution is first dreamed up, and it is then assumed that this process is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5484076701219652, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.153015"} {"text": "posted at : 02 / 15 / 2013 5 : 28 pm updated at : 02 / 15 / 2013 5 : 52 pm by : adam camp, kob eyewitness news 4 a once in a lifetime experience is how one university of new mexico researcher described the astronomical events friday. a 150 - meter wide meteor went through earth \u2019 s atmosphere and landed in chelyabinsk, russia. just hours later, an asteroid passed just 17, 000 miles from earth and nasa tracked it. karen ziegler is a meteorite researcher for unm. \u201c it ' s something very, very special. i think this is a once in a lifetime experience to actually be able to observe and watch something like that happen, \u201d ziegler said. the power of the meteor going into the atmosphere is also something to behold. \u201c it ' s like a bomb going off. this particular meteorite, they estimated the energy that was released when the meteor entered the earth ' s atmosphere was the size of a nuclear bomb going off, \u201d ziegler said. the meteorite \u2019 s impact injured over 1, 000 people as the explosion shattered glass and sent debris flying. ziegler said that debris from the meteorite will send meteorite researchers flocking to russia. \u201c probably all the meteorite handlers in the world are buying their tickets right now to go out there and try to find some pieces so that they can analyze them, \u201d ziegler said. as far as tracking the meteor before it came into the earth \u2019 s atmosphere, ziegler said it was still too small for telescopes to pick it up until it started blazing a trail to the earth.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5011348501940427, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.157774"} {"text": "thursday, nov. 1 ( healthday news ) - - the cancer drug alemtuzumab ( campath ) reduces the risk of disease relapse in people with multiple sclerosis, two new trials show. about 85 percent of multiple sclerosis patients start with a form of the disease called relapsing - remitting ms, where symptoms appear sporadically ( a relapse ) and then either partially or completely fade away. there is no cure for ms, and existing drugs only aim to reduce the symptoms of the disease. ms occurs when the body ' s immune system starts to attack the coating of nerve fibers. alemtuzumab, which is used to treat leukemia and other cancers of the immune system, works by altering the number, proportions and functions of certain types of lymphocytes, which are white blood cells that play a major role in the functioning of the immune system. in these two clinical trials, british researchers led by alastair compston of the university of cambridge compared alemtuzumab with interferon beta 1a, the most common drug used to treat ms. the first trial included patients who had never received drug treatment for ms. the relapse rates after two years were 22 percent for those who were given alemtuzumab and 40 percent for those who were given interferon beta 1a. the second trial included patients who had already been treated with either interferon beta 1a or another ms drug called glatiramer, but had suffered at least one relapse since their initial treatment. the relapse rates were 35 percent for patients who were given alemtuzumab and 51 percent for those who received interferon beta 1a, the investigators found. the researchers also found that alemtuzumab appeared to reduce the risk of ms - related disability such as the loss of coordination or the ability to walk. disability rates were 13 percent among those in the alemtuzumab group and 20 percent of those in the interferon beta 1a group. the first trial found no significant difference in disability rates between the two groups of patients. in both trials, alemtuzumab appeared to increase the risk of certain autoimmune disorders, particularly those affecting the thyroid. these side effects are potentially serious but can be treated, the researchers noted. the findings were published oct. 31 in the lancet. the findings are \" encouraging, \" according to a journal editorial, which noted that alemtuzumab has been used off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49416379635250374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.165103"} {"text": "it is rare for physicians in the united states to see the effects of polio and most will never encounter it in their career. there are reported to be about 450, 000 polio survivors in the u. s. who have some disability from prior polio infection. my patient ( now in her 70 ' s ) was kind enough to allow these photos of her left arm paralysis from polio she contracted at age 9. her story is amazing. she was kept bedridden in a \" crippled childrens home \" in new jersey for over a year. during that year every one of her children roommates died. she did not attend school and even though she could walk, she was kept in bed. her weight ballooned up to 250 lbs from eating and lack of activity. her parents finally took her home because they could see her health declining and her muscles wasting. post polio syndrome is a well recognized diagnosis that occurs years after polio recovery. polio survivors experience new muscle weakening and atrophy. general fatigue and weakness is common in post polio syndrome, as it is in my patient. when parents are afraid of vaccinating their children, they should look back at history and realize how far we have come from epidemics and killed and maimed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4909337003289283, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.173822"} {"text": "i09 : a brief history of pneumatic tube systems while slate has a good short history of air conditioning : attempts to control indoor temperatures began in ancient rome, where wealthy citizens took advantage of the remarkable aqueduct system to circulate cool water through the walls of their homes. the emperor elagabalus took things a step further in the third century, building a mountain of snow \u2014 imported from the mountains via donkey trains \u2014 in the garden next to his villa to keep cool during the summer. marvelously inefficient, the effort presaged the spare - no - cost attitude behind our modern - day central air - conditioning systems. even back then some scoffed at the concept of fighting heat with newfangled technologies. seneca, the stoic philosopher, mocked the \" skinny youths \" who ate snow to keep cool rather than simply bearing the heat like a real roman ought to. such luxuries disappeared during the dark ages, and large - scale air - conditioning efforts didn ' t resurface in the west until the 1800s, when well - funded american engineers began to tackle the problem. in the intervening centuries, fans were the coolant of choice. hand fans were used in china as early as 3, 000 years ago, and a second - century chinese inventor has been credited with building the first room - sized rotary fan ( it was powered by hand ). architecture also played a major role in pre - modern temperature control. in traditional middle eastern construction, windows faced away from the sun, and larger buildings featured \" wind towers \" designed to catch and circulate the prevailing breezes. in late 19th - century america, engineers had the money and the ambition to pick up where the romans had left off. in 1881, a dying president james garfield got a respite from washington, d. c. ' s oppressive summer swelter thanks to an awkward device involving air blown through cotton sheets doused in ice water. like elagabalus before him, garfield ' s comfort required enormous energy consumption ; his caretakers reportedly went through half a million pounds of ice in two months. the big breakthrough, of course, was electricity. nikola tesla ' s development of alternating current motors made possible the invention of oscillating fans in the early 20th century. and in 1902, a 25 - year - old engineer from new york named willis carrier invented the first modern air - conditioning system. the mechanical unit, which sent air through water - cooled coils, was not aimed at human comfort, however ; it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5282883205078637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.179716"} {"text": "in 1902, a 25 - year - old engineer from new york named willis carrier invented the first modern air - conditioning system. the mechanical unit, which sent air through water - cooled coils, was not aimed at human comfort, however ; it was designed to control humidity in the printing plant where he worked. in 1922, he followed up with the invention of the centrifugal chiller, which added a central compressor to reduce the unit ' s size. it was introduced to the public on memorial day weekend, 1925, when it debuted at the rivoli theater in times square. for years afterward, people piled into air - conditioned movie theaters on hot summer days, giving rise to the summer blockbuster. it ' s not an exaggeration to say that carrier ' s innovation shaped 20th - century america. in the 1930s, air conditioning spread to department stores, rail cars, and offices, sending workers ' summer productivity soaring. until then, central courtyards and wide - open windows had offered the only relief. residential air conditioning was slower to take hold : as late as 1965, just 10 percent of u. s. homes had it, according to the carrier corporation. families in the south made do by sleeping on the porch or even putting their underwear in the icebox. by 2007, however, the number was 86 percent. as cool air spread across the country, sun belt cities that had been unbearable in the summer became more attractive places to live and work, facilitating a long - term shift in u. s. population. slate : a history of air conditioning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49257027084369615, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.180552"} {"text": "we all know the immense contribution ancient roman, medieval roman ( or byzantine ), and pre - modern hre cannon law has made to the modern world. these empires relied on a written constitution ( or code ) and trained magistrates, lawyers, and notaries [ cf. judith herrin, byzantium : the surprising life of a medieval empire ; peter h. wilson, europe ' s tragedy : a new history of the thirty years war ]. much of today ' s european civil law can trace its origin to those cannons and much of our current legal framework ( courts, judges, constitution, senate, and lawyers ) are a direct copy of their ideas. i know that during the mughal period, the administration was uniform and structured and that there existed courts ( known as kotwaalis ) and magistrates ( or kotwaals ) [ cf, john keay : india - - a history ]. i have four general questions : - was there a ( more or less ) uniform law? - was this law ( or these laws ) documented? - were there lawyers? - how effective were these courts? ( less being outright civil violence and highly being close to the standards observed in the 15th century hre )? and i ask these four general questions for each of the following three periods ( thus in total 12 questions - - let me know if you want to split them into different posts ). - india from 6th century ce - 11th century ce ( when it was divided amongst many smaller kingdoms for most times ). - india from 11th century ce - 15th century ce ( pre mughal islamic period in the north ; divided rule in the south ). - india from 16th century ce - 18th century ce ( post sher shah suri period - - when the reforms started to the beginnings of the company rule ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4314839001256163, "token_count": 364, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.186349"} {"text": "common tetraka ( bernieria madagascariensis ) - hbw 10, p. 248 french : bulbul tetraka spanish : bulbul tetraka other common names : long - billed / madagascar greenbul taxonomy : muscicapa madagascariensis j. f. gmelin, 1789, madagascar. relationships with rest of family uncertain. previously thought close to species currently placed in xanthomixis but formerly included in present genus ; recent data derived from mitochondrial dna sequencing indicate, however, that the two groups are not monophyletic. two subspecies recognized. subspecies and distribution : - inceleber bangs & peters, 1926 - n & w madagascar ( montagne d \u2019 ambre and sambirano s to toliara ), including nosy be. - madagascariensis ( j. f. gmelin, 1789 ) - e madagascar ( andapa s to tolagnaro ), including sainte marie i. - least concern enlarge map secretive and quickly moving in dense vegetation. formerly known as long - billed greenbul locality zombitse - vohibasia national park, madagascar ( ssp inceleber ) patrick flore 28 november 2011 45 weeks ago 4. 1 adult male in the hand locality manombo special reserve, fianarantsoa province, madagascar ( ssp madagascariensis ) nlb. birder 12 november 2009 3 years ago 3. 8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4059767274315285, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.197233"} {"text": "ginkgo biloba - the maidenhair tree evening light on the ivy - covered trunk of a \" living fossil \" \" in 1492, colombus discovered america. \" we all know that ' s true, but we are also aware that this statement would have sounded pretty odd to anyone who happened to be already living in america at the time. the story of the discovery of the ginkgo tends to get told in the same, somewhat confusing, way, so i ' ll attempt to redress the balance by telling it from the japanese point of view. \" it ' s a sunny day in nagasaki, and it ' s 1690. do we know what ichou is? we certainly do! it ' s a common enough tree, with at least one growing within the grounds of most ( buddhist ) temples and ( shinto ) shrines hereabouts. it ' s a big tree, and it can live a long time, perhaps for thousands of years, they say. do we know why it ' s called ichou, or where it came from? not quite so easy, but surely must have come from china. ( most things do. ) probably with buddhism, or something. we usually write the name with the chinese characters for silver ( gin as in ginkou, bank ), and apricot ( kyou or an, as in anzu jamu or apricot jam, if that ' s been invented yet ). hmm, that ' s a bit confusing, but we do call the nuts gin - nan. \" anyway, apparently this dutch geezer, engelbert something, has just turned up in the port. must be dutch, because they ' re the only hairy barbarians allowed in. er, something began with ' k ', perhaps \" kenpu... \", or was it \" ken peru \"? well, one of the lads happened to be there when he ( the dutchman, that is ) bumped into this ichou tree, and promptly got extremely excited about it. was saying something that everyone knew it wasn ' t there. seems odd, since we certainly knew. \" engelbert kaempfer ( rendered as kenperu in japanese ) was the first of the three great plant - watchers, and lived in nagasaki from 1690 to 1692. he was german, and it may have been that no disguise was necessary, since he appeared in nagasaki before the rigid \" dutch - only \" rule came into force. seeds of the ginkgo that he collected were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4972730564692545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.217738"} {"text": "in nagasaki from 1690 to 1692. he was german, and it may have been that no disguise was necessary, since he appeared in nagasaki before the rigid \" dutch - only \" rule came into force. seeds of the ginkgo that he collected were sent back to the netherlands, and this was one of the first oriental trees widely grown in the west as an ornamental shade tree. at some stage, it became known as a \" living fossil \", because it ' s the only member of the ancient botanical division ginkgophyta which still survives. some accounts suggest that in kaempfer ' s time fossil members of the ginkgo family were already known, though whether kaempfer himself would have been familiar with this isn ' t clear. and despite the shorter oxford english dictionary ( soed ) describing it as a \" japanese tree \", it seems that the ginkgo did originate from china. since it has been cultivated for centuries, there is some dispute whether any original wild trees might still exist somewhere in the mountains of eastern china. ( there may also, incidentally, be some confusion between the discovery by kaempfer that the ginkgo is not extinct, and the various reports of ginkgoes being found in the wild, none of which seem to have been confirmed. ) so where does it fit into the scheme of things? and what happens in the autumn? plant classification is a bit complex, but in evolutionary order, after the mosses and worts ( no proper roots or water transport ), and ferns, horsetails, and club mosses ( proper roots, bear spores ), we get the two big divisions, the gymnosperms ( ' naked seeds ' ) and angiosperms ( ' covered seeds ' ). angiosperms are all the boring plants that people put in gardens, like cabbages and dahlias. almost all surviving gymnosperms are conifers - christmas trees, and so on - but the group also includes cycads ( tropical plants rather like palm - trees ), and of course the ginkgoes. this plural is a bit odd, since there ' s only one species of ginkgo left now, but things were different in the days of the dinosaurs. there were many species then, with a range of leaf shapes. the biloba of this species name means that it is divided into two lobes, but in fact the depth of the division is quite variable. as you can see in the above backlit view", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4756862520659483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.222325"} {"text": "many species then, with a range of leaf shapes. the biloba of this species name means that it is divided into two lobes, but in fact the depth of the division is quite variable. as you can see in the above backlit view, the most characteristic feature is the parallel veins - this particular leaf is almost a pure fan shape. and the autumn? the trees adopt a very independent attitude to turning. some trees will be yellow, and semi - bare, while others are still green, and still others exhibit an odd patchwork, with some yellow areas, some green. and the show doesn ' t last for very long, because once an individual tree decides to drop, it ' s all over in a few days. around sano, this generally happens in late november or early december. with their neat parachute shape, the leaves tend not to fall in a tidy heap, but to catch on branches of surrounding bushes. the actual material of the leaf is still quite resilient when fallen, and if they land on still water do not lie flat, resembling not so much a dead leaf as a drunken drowning butterfly, or miniature capsizing yacht. can you eat the fruit? we have to be careful, here. in strict botanical terms they are not fruit ; they are seeds, with a fleshy coating. but there is a second reason for being careful : not only can you not eat the outer flesh, but it produces a foul smell ( butyric acid, as in rancid butter ), and can cause nasty skin rash. this is why gardening books in the west normally instruct you to plant a male tree, to avoid this problem. oh, i forgot to mention, the ginkgo is dioecious ( \" two houses \" in greek ), which means there are separate male and female trees. but inside this nasty orange thing is a kernel, the seed itself, which can be eaten. there are a variety of traditional methods for removing the outer coat, but i found a different one : i simply trod on it by accident. as you can see, this pops out the kernel, which looks something like a fattened pistachio. this is the shell surrounding the green edible part, or \" nut \". these are usually grilled, and eaten with a little salt. quite delicious. digression - i ' ve always been impressed by the huge biological range covered by japanese cuisine. it ' s not at all fanciful to imagine a meal including : angiosperms (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5036541101649409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.224372"} {"text": ", and eaten with a little salt. quite delicious. digression - i ' ve always been impressed by the huge biological range covered by japanese cuisine. it ' s not at all fanciful to imagine a meal including : angiosperms ( cabbage ), gymnosperms ( ginkgo nuts ), pteridophytes ( fern shoots ), algae ( seaweed ), vertebrates ( fish ), molluscs ( squid ), echinoderms ( sea urchin ), arthropods ( crab ). that ' s eight phyla, or major divisions! the traditional methods i mentioned include burying the \" fruit \" in the soil, so that the outer flesh rots away. some reports suggest that this is a rather slow process, so i ' ll be looking for alternatives ( rubber gloves come into most of them ). watch for an update. in addition to use as a delicacy, the ginkgo has been used in traditional chinese medicine, and is enjoying popularity now in \" alternative \" health circles. ( perhaps half of the websites about the ginkgo are herbal remedy sites of one sort or another. ) generally infusions from the leaves are used, and these are claimed to improve one ' s brain power to an amazing degree. they do contain substances which are known to improve circulation to the brain in particular ; rather less believable is the original chinese theory that the leaves must be good for the brain, because they resemble a section of the brain in shape. also fascinating : a good number of sites advocating use of ginkgo leaf infusions claim that the seeds are toxic. ( an identical list appears in part 2 ) more ginkgo pages part 2 - ginkgo origins \" a reunion of trees \" - review of spongberg ' s book, including kaempfer ' s story my jekai entry for ginkgo ginkgo tiling background created january 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5017634917184529, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.225940"} {"text": "a recession is a prolonged period of time when the nation \u2019 s economy is slowing or it is the reduction of the gross domestic product ( gdp ) for at least six months. the producers and consumers are the two basic people upon whom the whole economy revolves. the value of goods and services is determined by supply and demand. in case the price is too high there will be less demand and the producer reduces the price to increase supply. increasing demand leads to an increase in the production thereby increased supply which in turn results in increased labour, materials and overall increase in price. now the general feeling is good. you want to make investments and consequently the stock markets go up. consequently this leads to overproduction and the supply exceeds consumption. now the attitude of the people changes to saving mentality and this can lead to a contracting economy. people spotting a negative trend on one area fears the same to happen in other areas and suddenly recession is on. in a market economy the market is determined by demand and competition putting it beyond any control. a government has the fiscal and monetary policies in controlling the recession. while the former is on collecting and spending money and latter on manipulating the available money. both can either improve the situation or worsen it. according to the halfway rule past recessions lasted only for 13 months. so continuing with the trends the present recession is predicted to last till 2010. a recession in us should worry india as it has major outsourcing deals. the strengthening rupee is another cause of concern. oil prices coming down is at present keeping inflation down. the way out of the present crisis is only through a massive fiscal stimulus either by monetizing or by tax cuts. indian government is relying on private investments and resurrection in agriculture. but the stress should be on public spending as advocated by keynes who argued that the solution to recession is through reduced interest rates and increased public spending. image credit : azrainman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5019303682049278, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.238045"} {"text": "central kalimantan, dominated by the indigenous dayaks, is known as the lung of the world for its vast and fertile tropical jungles and forests. the northern mountain chain, the schwaner range, is home to some of the most pristine forests in kalimantan. certain areas are within wwf \u2019 s heart of borneo conservation initiative signed by the 3 nations, indonesia, malaysia and brunei. these mountains are the source of 11 mighty rivers intersecting the vast lowland peat swamps and finishing their journey in dense, crocodile infested mangroves along the estuaries of central kalimantan. peat swamps are home to iconic bornean fauna, the orangutan, the proboscis monkey and red leaf eating monkey and many bird species. deer, clouded leopards, porcupines, sun bears, giant pythons, magnificent hornbills, monitor lizards and wild civet cats also share this jungle habitat. its capital, palangkaraya is the natural starting point for exploring the region, having numerous daily flights to and from java, and further into the interior. it is also the centre of a web of public road transport to all areas and to south kalimantan. palangkaraya, or honoured and sacred great place, is the capital city. growing from pahandut, a small stilt village on the banks of the kahayan river, the first president of indonesia, sukarno, had decided that that it would become the next site of indonesia \u2019 s capital. the new city was completely designed from scratch and built in grand proportions in the 1960 \u2019 s. after the passing of the sukarno era, palangkaraya was left as a back water, a tiny capital in a brand new province. only in recent years has it realized its potential after the de - centralization of government to the provinces and the secret of its great natural bounty of resources was uncovered, ushering a period of break neck development. the idea of palangkaraya as indonesia \u2019 s capital has recently re - surfaced after jakarta has become overcrowded and its traffic severely congested. eco tourism is yet to develop in the mountains, but in the lowland areas, orangutan and river eco tourism is well established. palangkaraya has it own eco tourism pioneers in kalimantan tour destinations, who have introduced a comfortably remodeled traditional \u2018 rangkan \u2019 river boat. cruises encompass the natural beauty and magnificent fauna, particularly the orangutan, of borneo. working with local communities to create a true ecotour", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3954667059119793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.257417"} {"text": "in kalimantan tour destinations, who have introduced a comfortably remodeled traditional \u2018 rangkan \u2019 river boat. cruises encompass the natural beauty and magnificent fauna, particularly the orangutan, of borneo. working with local communities to create a true ecotourism experience, one guest rated it as an iconic indonesian experience, and went on the say : the rahai \u2019 i pangun jungle river boat journeys offer minimal impact viewing of its rainforest, wildlife, especially orangutans, and riverside dayak villages from the vantage point of a traditional river mode of transportation. it also benefits local communities by generating alternative livelihoods and teaching new skills that contribute to the development of a sustainable local eco - tourism economy ( click www. wowborneo. com for details ). about 700km southwest of palangkaraya lies the town of pangkalan bun which is an entrance to the tanjung puting national park. tanjung puting national park has long been a centre for orangutan research and rehabilitation. founded by noted orangutan expert and former richard leakey student, birute galdikas, arrangements for cruising canals in the park, and disembarking to walk through forests to orangutan feeding stations are beautifully established and maintained. rehabilitated orangutans are free at the stations and jetties. many tour companies operate cruises on local boats with simple sleeping arrangements, or use the rimba eco lodge on the park boundary. for 3 or 4 days, enjoy the natural beauty of this park, and come face to face with the orangutan. ( contributor : gaye thavisin )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.41468633225308643, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.258744"} {"text": "the university of technology in sydney recently unveiled a new type of graphene nano paper that is ten times stronger than a sheet of steel. composed of processed and pressed graphite, the material is as thin as a sheet of paper yet incredible durable \u2014 this strength and thinness gives it remarkable applications in many industries, and it is completely recyclable to boot. photo by wikimedia commons to make graphene paper, raw graphite is milled and purified using a chemical bath, which reshapes its structure, allowing it to be pressed into thin sheets. these graphene sheets boast excellent thermal, electrical and mechanical properties \u2013 including excellent hardness and flexibility. graphene offers many advantages over steel \u2013 it \u2019 s two times as hard, six times lighter and ten times higher in tensile strength. this translates into a next - gen material that could immensely benefit the automotive and aviation industries. lighter planes and cars use less fuel and create less pollution. companies such as boeing have already begun using carbon - based materials, so graphene paper would be the next logical step. raw graphite is a relatively plentiful material in australia, where the research is being conducted. the researchers welcome the industry boost that increased demand for raw graphite for graphene paper would provide. lead photo \u00a9 lisa aliosio", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5009166275943057, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.262587"} {"text": "ted samson at infoworld \u2019 s sustainable it blog writes today about the advantages of automatically adapting cooling in your datacenter to meet actual ( not theoretical ) load without totally retooling your facility however, we live in the real world where the pizza gets cold while datacenter admins have to put out ( preferably figurative ) fires, and datacenter operators waste precious electricity and thousands of dollars \u2014 if not tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars \u2014 creating unnecessarily chilly meat - locker - like conditions in their datacenters. sure, tools do exist for better regulating temperature on a rack - by - rack basis, such as sophisticated sensor - based offerings from companies such as hp and synapsense. however, not all datacenter operators have the budget or the level of need to justify investing in that sort of additional technology hardware. fortunately, datacenter operators may have just about everything they need to automatically optimize cooling in real time using the it and cooling equipment they already own. such is the outcome of a recent project by intel, ibm, hp, emerson, and lawrence berkeley national labs called advanced cooling environment ( ace ). using existing sensor technology built into the servers, the organizations devised a way for servers to communicate their cooling needs on a granular basis to existing crahs ( computer - room air handlers ) to automatically adjust their output. the project links the temperature sensors in the servers to the control systems of the air handlers ( with some translation in between ) so that the air handlers could adjust fan speed and air temperature to meet the actual demand of the servers in the room. the test environment was of limited size, but the project team determined that potential fan energy savings were as high as 90 percent for particular crahs in the test. that \u2019 s not bad, considering that datacenters are known to spend as much as $ 1 to cool datacenters for every dollar they spend running it gear. more in the article. what i like about this is that it is a realistic approach to managing energy costs. in my organization the it and facility funding are still separate, and we don \u2019 t have much incentive or funding to go out and retool the existing facilities to allow for better energy management ( although we are pushing pretty hard whenever we build new or retrofit existing computer space ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.554016038043427, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.268276"} {"text": "malaria vaccine development is aimed at preventing malaria infection by helping the body develop immunity against the malaria parasite. scientists who are developing new malaria vaccines have several challenges to overcome, such as : finding a vaccine is vital to decreasing the illness and death caused by malaria infection. more study is needed before people can rely on vaccines to protect them from malaria infection. until a more effective vaccine is available, avoiding mosquito bites and using medicines are the only ways to prevent malaria infection. ( for more information, see the prevention and medications sections of the topic malaria. ) blood - stage vaccines prevent or contain the malaria infection by limiting the growth of the malaria parasite in the bloodstream. some vaccines are showing promise in clinical trials. 1, 2, 3 but no blood - stage vaccine that can prevent malaria is available to the public yet. are being tested that prevent the spread of malaria. 4 the vaccine works by preventing the malaria parasites from developing inside a mosquito. so a mosquito that bites a person infected with malaria cannot pass the infection on to another person. the vaccine does not prevent or treat malaria in a person already infected. citationsbejon p, et al. ( 2008 ). efficacy of rts, s / as01e vaccine against malaria in children 5 to 17 months of age. new england journal of medicine, 359 ( 24 ) : 2521 \u2013 2532. abdulla s, et al. ( 2008 ). safety and immunogenicity of rts, s / as02d malaria vaccine in infants. new england journal of medicine, 359 ( 24 ) : 2533 \u2013 2544. roestenberg m, et al. ( 2009 ). protection against a malaria challenge by sporozoite inoculation. new england journal of medicine, 361 ( 5 ) : 468 \u2013 477. kubler - kielb j et al. ( 2007 ). long - lasting and transmission - blocking activity of antibodies to plasmodium falciparum elicited in mice by protein conjugates of pfs25. proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america, 104 ( 1 ) : 293 \u2013 298. april 20, 2011 kathleen romito, md - family medicine & w. david colby iv, msc, md, frcpc - infectious disease how this information was developed to help you make better health decisions. to learn more visit healthwise. org \u00a9 1995 - 2013 healthwise, incorporated. healthwise, healthwise for every health decision, and the healthwise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4922005082218317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.273391"} {"text": "these feather - like crystals are both ingested by humans for health and used by them to scrub floors and get the gunk off tiles. take a look at what they are, and why polarized light makes them look so amazing. the picture above is citric acid crystals, viewed through a polarization microscope. everyone reading this has had either citric acid or scurvy sometime in their life. citric acid, as you might imagine, is in most citrus fruits, as well as a few berries, is used by companies as a way to serve vitamin c, and is the powder that you see on the outside of sour balls and other sour candy. the acid also dissolves a lot of grime, and thus is used in household cleaners, which is why many cleaners contain ' lemon oil. ' it ' s a useful molecule, but who expected that it could be prettied up? a polarization microscope shoots polarized light at objects, especially crystals. crystals tend toward double refraction. they split beams of light which aren ' t polarized into two beams, travelling at right angles to each other and polarized at right angles as well. when the beams exit the crystal the two waves, which have traveled at different speeds, are out of phase with each other. a second polarization filter combine, the peaks and valleys merging together to either create huge peaks of light or dark areas, and we get the image above. it ' s not often we see the beauty in the everyday, so let us take a quick moment to appreciate the lovely thing we put in our mouths and use to clean our toilets. image : jan homann", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5879545034914815, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.277417"} {"text": "largest salmon in the world edges toward extinction 19 october 2012 | news story an international team of scientists have released assessment reports on the precarious status of a group of asian salmon, taimen, which are recognized as the largest species of salmon in the world. the reports conclude that all species of taimen are now listed as threatened or data deficient on the iucn red list of threatened species\u2122, and point to a host of ongoing and emerging threats, including habitat loss and over - harvest. the reports warn that if key conservation actions are not taken, the species will be steadily pushed toward extinction. five species of taimen exist in asia, and they are thought to represent the evolutionary branch that gave rise to modern day trout and salmon. taimen have been observed to reach sizes over two meters in length and can live over 30 years. perhaps the best known among them is hucho taimen, known by its common name siberian or mongolian taimen. the species is coveted for sport fishing around the world. the species will appear for the first time on the iucn red list as vulnerable. \u201c the species natural range is vast, amounting to nearly 1 / 8 of the land area on earth. despite this, human impacts have been at a level of intensity and duration that taimen now can be considered threatened, \u201d said pete rand, conservation biologist at wild salmon center and chair of the iucn ssc salmonid specialist group that carried out the assessments. \u201c this conclusion is sobering, and underscores the need to take immediate action, at a broad, international level, if these fish are to survive into the future. \u201d known by the moniker \u201c river wolf, \u201d these species serve as the top predator in river systems in europe and asia. given their enormous size and voracious appetite, these predators feed on a host of prey, including waterfowl, bats, adult salmon, and even small ground mammals that enter the river. the siberian taimen has two lesser known cousins that have a tenuous toehold in china and north korea. the sichuan taimen ( hucho bleekeri ) range is restricted to a river system in the upper yangtze river in china, in the same mountain region that is home to the iconic giant panda ( ailuropoda melanoleuca ). this taimen species will be added to the iucn red list as critically endangered, the highest level of extinction risk used by iucn. \u201c we have not been able to estimate their current population, but we suspect the population is very small and declining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4283031977718295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.298690"} {"text": "). this taimen species will be added to the iucn red list as critically endangered, the highest level of extinction risk used by iucn. \u201c we have not been able to estimate their current population, but we suspect the population is very small and declining. it is hard to remain optimistic that we can save this species given current trends, \u201d said zhaobin song, a professor at sichuan university in chengdu, china, who led the status assessment for the species. key factors responsible for their decline include logging, erosion and illegal fishing. even less is known about korean taimen ( hucho ishikawae ) found only in one river system in the remote border region of china and north korea. the assessment team concluded there is currently not enough information to assess their status, and the species will be added to the iucn red list as data deficient. two other species of taimen have been assessed by iucn in recent years, sakhalin taimen ( hucho perryi ) and danube salmon ( hucho hucho ) and these species continue to be threatened. this effort represents a capstone of assessment work on taimen that began over five years ago. \u201c it is an important milestone for our iucn specialist group, but the real conservation work has only just begun, \u201d said pete rand. one of the primary recommendations from the assessment team is pushing for establishment of protected areas with special regulations to protect taimen habitat and minimize risk of overfishing. \u201c if we are serious about conserving the world \u2019 s largest salmon, we need to continue to push for establishing protected areas throughout their range, \u201d said olaf jensen, a member of the assessment team and a professor at rutgers university, new jersey, usa. \u201c protected areas with proper regulations and enforcement provide the only real, durable solution to controlling poaching and habitat loss. \u201d freshwater protected areas is still a relatively new concept in conservation, but it is recognized as one of the most effective means to protect species dependent on free flowing, natural river systems. these watersheds are home to many other imperiled species, including mammals, amphibians and birds. \u201c because of their ecological sensitivity, taimen can serve as an ideal bellwether for the overall health of many of the great rivers in northern asia, \u201d adds olaf jensen. the assessment team hopes these reports encourages governments, non - governmental organizations, and community stakeholders to work together to implement high priority conservation activities, like establishing a protected area network, to conserve this unique group of fishes. taimen conservation efforts led by w", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3983396311949129, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.300215"} {"text": "if you liked the post, share on facebook, tweet and google plus ( use buttons above ). you can also subscribe to our feed via email for free. computer forensics as a career computer forensics also known as cyber forensics or digital forensics is pertaining to legal evidence found in computers & digital storage media. computer forensics is the analysis done to collect evidence during crime investigations to detect illegal or unauthorized activities or frauds which are done using computers and internet. demand for computer forensics although computer forensics is relatively a new field, computer forensics experts have been in high demand for jobs since this field first appeared few years back ( around 1985 ), but that demand is growing even larger as both government security agencies and private firms are recruiting cyber investigators in a huge amount. we know that cyber crimes like identity theft, email hacking, child pornography, cyber - stalking, copyright infringement, spamming, cyber terrorism etc. are on a rise. due to this dark side of internet, various companies are hiring computer forensics experts to root out the cyber criminals. the scope of computer analysic can vary from simple information retrieval to reconstructing a series of events. although it is mostly associated with the investigation of a wide variety of computer crime, computer forensics may also be used in civil proceedings. generally speaking, there are huge differences between the salaries of public sector forensic examiners ( government employed ) and private sector forensic examiners. the average annual salary of someone working in this field ranges from $ 40, 000 to $ 100, 000. also note that salary pay scales may differ in different countries. to start a computer forensics career, you will likely need a computer forensics degree or a related degree ( e. g., computer science, criminal justice or engineering ). post - degree certification may help you to get recruited quickly. technical and analytical skills are must for all computer forensics careers. knowledge and technical skills in vast range of computer storage devices, operating systems, programming languages and software applications gives more opportunities. if you have obtained degree qualification or certified training which is recognized internationally, you have the privileges to work in any country as you like. it is easy for you to get job offers wherever you go. you may need knowledge in following things to become a successful computer cyber investigator : - computer networking & routing - communication protocols and security - reverse engineering - computer forensics tools such as : - password crackers - forensic toolkit ( ftk ) software applications - ptk forensics - the sleuth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4957994013593029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.307801"} {"text": "assignment option 6 ( using second life : e - learning ; 20 - 50 min. class time ) second life is for 18 - year - olds and older goals : 1. encourage active learning by having the students ( virtually ) enact the rituals commonly performed at japanese shinto shrines and buddhist temples ; 2. encourage creative and visual learning by having the students use second life and the website to study these topics these objectives are better reinforced if this assignment is completed with one or more specific reading assignments and / or lectures / class discussions. students are more likely to appreciate and participate in this assignment if it is for a grade. ( note : this assignment requires more setup time and is best completed in more than one class period. this assignment also requires that all the students have access to a computer with an internet connection and one that they can download new software too \u2014 you might need to get permission from a computer lab to download second life to a set of computers for your students to use, or assign groups with one personal computer per group. ) day 1 class work ( 10 min. ) 1. in class, show the students how to download second life and how to create an avatar. ( hint : it is best to go through the process at least once on your own before you show the students. ) 2. give the students the following homework assignment ; warn them that they will need to use a personal computer or one that they can add software to ( often, computers in school labs are restricted against adding programs and they won \u2019 t be able to download second life ). suggest they work in small groups with one personal computer if they cannot access a public use computer with second life on it. homework : ( about an hour, depending on computer speed and student computer familiarity ) 2. follow the instructions in the middle of that page to create an avatar in second life and download the software. if you are working in a group, each of you needs to create and avatar, but second life only needs to be downloaded once. 3. once you ( or everyone in your group ) has created an avatar, follow step 3 on the jpnreligion. weebly. com website and visit our shinto shrine and buddhist temple. 4. spend at least 10 - 20 minutes looking around. use right - click or click on the sign - posts and read them to learn about the buildings \u2019 structure and use. also, click on the \u201c pose balls \u201d ( e. g., \u201c meditation \u201d, \u201c do ritual \u201d ) to make your avatar do some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5089530121123712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.340138"} {"text": "or click on the sign - posts and read them to learn about the buildings \u2019 structure and use. also, click on the \u201c pose balls \u201d ( e. g., \u201c meditation \u201d, \u201c do ritual \u201d ) to make your avatar do some of the rituals that are common in these sacred spaces. 5. answer the following questions and bring your answers to your next class. - - - - - 1. list 3 - 5 specific differences between the shrine and the temple. they can be architectural, the kinds of rituals, what \u2019 s inside them, etc. - - - - - 2. what is the main ritual at a shinto shrine ( note : this is common at most shrines ; though, there is variation and not everyone knows the \u201c correct \u201d ritual. this is what the shinto shrine association recommends as proper behavior \u2014 but it has changed over time and per region. ) - - - - - 3. look at the picture inside the buddhist temple ( or look at some of the temple pictures on the website ). how does the inside of the temple in that picture differ from the one in second life? - - - - - 4. you can \u2019 t go to japan today to do and see these things, but how might using second life to \u201c visit \u201d this shrine and temple help you learn more about religiousness in japan? how does this kind of assignment differ from a reading assignment or hearing a lecture? ( if you want to learn more on your own, visit the some of the other pages on this website \u2014 for research papers, see the \u201c references \u201d page on the website : 3. ask volunteers to give you and the class their responses to the questions and move your avatar ( s ) around the shrine and temple to show the rest of the class what each student is talking about. encourage the other students to write down these responses in their notes or in their homework. 4. show the students other things you noticed and conclude the class by asking them to write a brief reflection on this assignment ( about 5 - 10 minutes ) or to address overlap between what they did in second life and what they read about, heard from lecture, or discussed in class. give them time to reflect upon these different learning experiences and try to put it altogether. they can turn that in for a grade or just write it in their notes as self - reflection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4871459797558265, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.344603"} {"text": "remission. it ' s probably one of the most beautiful words you can hear when your child ' s been fighting cancer. remission is defined as a period of time when the cancer is under control. sometimes it ' s described as \" partial, \" which means the cancer is responding well to treatment and being held at bay. sometimes it ' s \" complete, \" which means the cancer is no longer detectable by doctors ' tests. when cancer has been in complete remission for several years, doctors may consider a child to be cured. remission is a huge milestone in cancer treatment. physically, it means your child is likely to feel better, eat better, and have more energy. emotionally, it serves as a beacon of hope. it ' s not surprising that many families with a child in remission feel empowered to make lifestyle changes that could benefit their child ' s health in the future. changes for the long run many of the health recommendations for a child in remission are the same ones that apply to the rest of us : eat well, exercise, go for regular checkups, don ' t smoke. but for many parents, they seem to take on new urgency after a child ' s been sick. of course, a child in remission shouldn ' t be held to different standards than the rest of the family. after all, you can ' t put a plate of veggies in front of one child while everyone else has cheeseburgers. the goal is to make healthy habits a family affair. by weaving \u2014 sometimes one strand at a time \u2014 healthy behaviors into the fabric of your family ' s everyday life, everyone benefits. here are some specific tips to get you started on the right track : make sure your child gets good follow - up care checkups and well visits are important for all of us, but for kids in remission they ' re an absolute necessity. your child ' s oncologist will recommend a schedule of follow - up care that might include physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests. stick to this schedule, even if your child seems perfectly well and has no symptoms whatsoever. this careful monitoring is the best way to detect and treat any potential problems \u2014 whether related to the cancer or the late effects of treatment \u2014 as early as possible. as kids get older and start to manage their own medical care, provide them with all medical records so that they can maintain their scheduled follow - up visits for years to come. monitor your child ' s health ask your child to tell you whenever he or she isn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5226077267532612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.371434"} {"text": "get older and start to manage their own medical care, provide them with all medical records so that they can maintain their scheduled follow - up visits for years to come. monitor your child ' s health ask your child to tell you whenever he or she isn ' t feeling well or something just doesn ' t seem right. many kids in remission often wait to tell their parents if they ' re not feeling well, for fear that the cancer has come back. reassure your child that most kids in remission stay that way and are eventually cured of the cancer. like everyone else, they ' re likely to get colds and bouts of sickness from time to time, but if the illness is something more than that, it ' s best to see a doctor early on. now that your child is getting his or her appetite back and many of the unpleasant side effects of treatment are subsiding, it ' s important to make healthy eating a priority. a well - balanced diet can help your child regain strength and repair the tissue damage caused by chemotherapy, radiation, or both. it also may help to reduce your child ' s risk of developing other cancers later in life. keep these tips in mind : aim for at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily, of all kinds and colors. select high - quality protein sources, such as lean meats, fish, nuts, and eggs. choose foods rich in fiber, like whole - wheat pastas, breads, cereals, and rice. cut down on fat by switching to low - fat milk and yogurt, and by baking, broiling, or grilling foods instead of frying them. avoid processed foods, which can be loaded with salt, fat, and chemical preservatives. drink plenty of water and keep soda to a minimum. if you ' re unsure about where to start, ask your doctor to put you in touch with a nutritionist who can help you develop a family meal plan that works for everyone. encourage regular exercise people who exercise and maintain a healthy weight are less likely to develop heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers later in life, so ask the doctor to recommend suitable activities. your child may have to take it slowly at first, perhaps starting with 20 or 30 minutes of exercise each day and working up to the goal of 60 minutes at least 5 days a week. ( strength and flexibility training are great to include in these workouts. ) once your child is feeling better, you can also ask the doctor if and when your child can resume any sports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4302585041947457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.372578"} {"text": "to the goal of 60 minutes at least 5 days a week. ( strength and flexibility training are great to include in these workouts. ) once your child is feeling better, you can also ask the doctor if and when your child can resume any sports played before the cancer diagnosis. and if your child needs proof that people who ' ve had cancer can indeed be competitive again, just point to cycling champion lance armstrong! be sun safe. whenever out in the sun, your child should use a sunscreen with an spf of at least 30. tanning salons are also a big no, as they can cause skin damage that can eventually lead to cancer. for older kids, it ' s particularly important that they learn how to check their own skin for any new growths or moles that look different in color, shape, or size. kids are the most resilient of us all. even after cancer, most are able to return to their friends and activities, some even happier than before because they realize how the things we take for granted can often change in an instant. as a parent, don ' t lose sight of this optimism when your child is in remission. even though you can ' t predict the future, you can still make the here and now the best it can be for your child. and part of that is doing whatever you can to give your child the best possible chance of a healthy tomorrow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4297601889260578, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.374250"} {"text": "more than half of all people with cancer are treated with radiation therapy, a type of cancer treatment that is used to shrink tumors and stop the growth of cancer cells. keep reading to get the facts on radiation therapy, including what it is, what to expect, and how to cope with side effects. what is radiation therapy? cancer is a disease that causes cells to grow abnormally and out of control. in radiation therapy, high - energy x - rays are directed at a person ' s body to kill cancer cells and keep them from growing and multiplying. most people have been exposed to radiation in the form of an x - ray \u2014 most likely at a dentist ' s office. and just like the x - rays given in the dentist ' s office, radiation therapy is painless. but unlike a typical x - ray, the radiation isn ' t used just to create a picture of a tooth or broken bone. radiation therapy delivers higher doses of radiation so that the radiation will kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. while it ' s killing the cancer, radiation therapy also can damage normal cells. the good news is that normal cells are more likely to recover from the effects of radiation. doctors take precautions to protect a person ' s healthy cells when they ' re giving radiation treatments. how is radiation given? doctors can give people with cancer radiation therapy as the only form of treatment. or they may use a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy ( a treatment that uses medications or chemicals to destroy cancer cells ) to fight the cancer. other people with cancer may have surgery to remove tumors or cancer cells first and then have radiation therapy. each person ' s situation and treatment is different. a person who has cancer will see an oncologist ( pronounced : on - kah - luh - jist ), a doctor who specializes in cancer treatment. a radiation oncologist is a doctor whose specialty is using radiation to treat cancer. the radiation oncologist will work with other health care professionals to decide on the type and dose of radiation therapy that will best treat a person ' s cancer. radiation therapy can be given two ways \u2014 externally, through the skin, or internally, through injection or by implanting a radioactive pellet in the body. internal radiation therapy is very rare in teens \u2014 it ' s usually adults who get this form of treatment. with external radiation therapy, doctors use a large machine and special equipment that aims specific amounts of radiation directly at the cancer. people who are having external radiation treatments usually don ' t need to stay in the hospital", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5262092923777362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.404057"} {"text": "usually adults who get this form of treatment. with external radiation therapy, doctors use a large machine and special equipment that aims specific amounts of radiation directly at the cancer. people who are having external radiation treatments usually don ' t need to stay in the hospital overnight. they usually visit the hospital or treatment center 5 days a week ( with weekends off ) for 2 to 8 weeks. getting small daily doses of radiation helps to protect the normal cells from damage. the weekend breaks help the normal cells to recover from radiation. if you ' re being treated using external radiation therapy, at each appointment, you ' ll dress in a hospital gown or robe and enter the radiation treatment room. after settling you into position on a table or other flat surface, the radiation therapist will leave the room ( just as an x - ray technician does when you ' re having an x - ray at the dentist or hospital ). then a large machine called a simulator will deliver the exact amount of radiation necessary to kill the cancer cells in the area, which has usually been outlined with ink or a faint tattoo. it usually takes only a few minutes for a teen to receive the daily dose of radiation. while the simulator is on, you ' ll have to lie very still so the radiation is directed to the right place on your body. you don ' t have to worry that you ' ll glow in the dark after radiation treatment : people who receive external radiation are not radioactive. you ' ll be able to have normal contact with family and friends after you leave the treatment room. although radiation therapy is painless, it is powerful, and people who receive it might have some problems during and after treatment. these problems ( called side effects ) are different from person to person, depending on age, the type of treatment, and where the cancer is located. for example, some people who have radiation therapy may feel more tired than usual, not feel hungry, or lose their hair. some of the more common side effects of radiation therapy include : fatigue. fatigue, or feeling tired, is the most common side effect of radiation treatment, both during treatment and after. you may feel tired for up to 6 weeks after radiation therapy has ended. skin damage or changes. the skin around the treatment area may be red, sensitive, or easily irritated in the days, weeks, and months during and after treatment. the skin may swell or droop or the texture may change. ( most symptoms of skin damage are temporary, although a person may get permanent changes in skin tone or texture. ) hair loss. people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5008466422704411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.406115"} {"text": ", weeks, and months during and after treatment. the skin may swell or droop or the texture may change. ( most symptoms of skin damage are temporary, although a person may get permanent changes in skin tone or texture. ) hair loss. people who receive radiation therapy to the head and neck can lose their hair. usually, their hair will grow back within 3 months after radiation treatment ends. sore mouth and tooth decay. if you received radiation therapy to the head and neck, your mouth might be sore and sensitive and you may get more cavities. your doctor may prescribe a mouth rinse to reduce pain. to help reduce these side effects, see the dentist during radiation therapy. stomach and digestive problems. if you receive radiation treatment to the pelvis or abdomen, you might feel sick to your stomach, not feel like eating, have diarrhea, or throw up after radiation treatment. some people who receive radiation therapy to the head and neck can also experience nausea and vomiting. blood changes. radiation therapy can kill the germ - fighting cells in the blood. this may temporarily make it harder for a person ' s body to fight off infection and may increase the need for blood transfusions. depending on how old someone receiving radiation therapy is, there may be some long - term side effects. some people may notice they ' re not growing as fast as their friends. this happens because normal tissues, especially areas that are still growing, might be damaged during radiation treatments. teens who receive radiation to the pelvic or abdominal region might have problems having children later in life, although doctors do everything they can to prevent this. some people who have had radiation therapy can also be more likely to develop a second cancer later in life. anyone who has been successfully treated for cancer should be extra careful to have regular checkups and avoid smoking and sun exposure. it ' s important to tell a nurse or doctor about any side effects so they can help treat the problem. if you ' re receiving radiation therapy as a cancer treatment, your doctors will work to cure you, but they ' ll also want you to be as comfortable as possible while you ' re being treated. although radiation therapy itself doesn ' t hurt, it can be scary to think about. if you want, talk to your doctor about taking a tour of the hospital or radiation treatment center. meeting the radiation technologists who will be helping you every day and seeing the radiation equipment may help you feel more comfortable during treatment. many hospitals set up routine treatment planning visits to prepare patients for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4827349401805328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.407222"} {"text": "about taking a tour of the hospital or radiation treatment center. meeting the radiation technologists who will be helping you every day and seeing the radiation equipment may help you feel more comfortable during treatment. many hospitals set up routine treatment planning visits to prepare patients for treatment. these include a tour of the facilities and an opportunity to ask questions. in a lot of hospitals, you can talk to a parent or the radiation therapist on an intercom during external radiation treatment. someone will always be watching you during treatment, and the machine can be stopped at any time if there ' s a problem. some treatment centers even provide closed - circuit tvs so your parent can watch you during the procedure. as you go through radiation treatment, you may feel like you ' re all alone \u2014 but you ' re not. your parent, friends, doctors, nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and other members of the cancer treatment team are there to reassure you before, during, and after radiation therapy. friends make you feel good when you ' re healthy \u2014 so surrounding yourself with your buds when you ' re sick is sure to be a pick - me - up. if you ' re too tired to head to the mall after school, plan a video - fest at your place instead. sometimes people worry that their friends will feel weird or uncomfortable around them. a parent, nurse, or counselor may be able to give you tips on how to help with this situation. many camps, support groups, and other activities are available to teens with cancer. your nurse or hospital social worker can help you find these opportunities. who knows? your treatment for cancer might lead you to a lifelong friend. in addition to coping with the many emotions you ' ll feel, you have to deal with the physical stuff, too. try these tips for chilling out more comfortably during treatment : sleep long, sleep often. your body needs plenty of rest to recover from radiation and to keep up with basic activities. so scale back on strenuous stuff, and make time to get a good night ' s sleep every night. opportunities to get your family to wait on you hand and foot don ' t come along often! focus on good nutrition. your appetite may be in the toilet from all that nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, so try to eat foods that are high in nutrients. also, eat a balanced diet to prevent weight loss. several small meals might be easier to eat than a fewer larger ones \u2014 you may find it helps to eat every few hours so you don ' t get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4974834207963737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.409314"} {"text": "to eat foods that are high in nutrients. also, eat a balanced diet to prevent weight loss. several small meals might be easier to eat than a fewer larger ones \u2014 you may find it helps to eat every few hours so you don ' t get too hungry. at times when your stomach is upset, try foods like crackers, toast, broth, and juice pops. if you ' re frequently sick to your stomach, ask your doctor about anti - nausea medicine. get your doctor ' s ok before taking any medications, including herbal medicines or over - the - counter drugs. wear loose - fitting, soft clothes, especially around the treatment area. this can help you feel more comfortable, so dig those sweatpants out of the closet or ask the radiation tech if you can borrow some scrubs! your skin is more sensitive to sunlight during and after radiation treatment. avoid exposing the treated area to the sun during the weeks you ' re getting radiation therapy. and when the treatment ' s over, wear an spf 30 sunscreen on the treated area. if you lose your hair because of radiation therapy, protect your head from sun exposure and irritation by wearing soft hats or scarves. wash sensitive areas of skin gently using only lukewarm water \u2014 no soaps or skin products, including creams and lotions, until you get your doctor ' s ok. pat your skin dry after bathing. if your skin is itchy and irritated, your doctor may prescribe ointments or cream to speed healing and reduce irritation. once you ' ve finished radiation treatment, it ' s still important to visit the doctor for follow - up appointments. during these checkups, the doctor will want to know how you ' re feeling, whether you ' re having any continuing side effects, and whether there are any signs of the cancer coming back. undergoing treatment for cancer can be time - consuming, scary, and sometimes painful \u2014 both for the teens going through it and their friends and families. the good news is that radiation therapy can be an effective cancer fighter that enables many people to go on to live healthy, full lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4625541629647498, "token_count": 425, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.410222"} {"text": "the nguni peoples are classified into three large subgroups, the northern nguni, the southern nguni, and the ndebele. the zulu and the swazi are among the northern nguni. the xhosa are the largest southern nguni society, but the neighboring thembu and mpondo are also well known southern nguni societies, often described as subgroups of the xhosa. each of these groups is a heterogeneous grouping of smaller ( also heterogeneous ) ethnic groups. four of south africa ' s official languages are nguni languages ; isizulu, isixhosa, siswati, and isindebele are spoken primarily by the zulu, the xhosa, the swazi, and the ndebele peoples, respectively. each of these languages has regional variants and dialects, which are often mutually intelligible. before the nineteenth century, the dominant nguni settlement pattern was that of dispersed households, as opposed to villages. the typical household was centered on a patrilineage ; it also included other relatives through a variety of kinship ties, and people who had attached themselves to the household - often as indentured laborers who were rewarded in cattle. cattle were central to most nguni economies, which ranged from almost complete dependence on herding to mixed pastoralism and crop cultivation, often supplemented by hunting. nguni political organization generally consisted of small chiefdoms, sometimes only a few hundred people loyal to a person chosen by descent, achievement, or a combination of factors. until the eighteenth century or later, historians believe, these chiefdoms were not united under a king or monarch. each chiefdom typically included a group of related patrilineal clans, or descent groups united by common ancestry only a few generations deep, and others who had chosen to attach themselves to a particular chief. a chief could demand support and tribute ( taxes ) from his followers, could reward those he favored, could form political alliances, and could declare war against his enemies. a chief ' s followers, in turn, usually had the right to leave and to join another chiefdom, if they wished. larger chiefdoms sometimes exercised limited control over smaller ones, but such hegemony generally did not last for more than a generation or two. the term ndebele, or amandebele, in the 1990s refers primarily to about 800, 000 south africans whose forebears have inhabited areas of the northern transvaal ( now northern province ) for more than a century", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45272494376354755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.423487"} {"text": "generation or two. the term ndebele, or amandebele, in the 1990s refers primarily to about 800, 000 south africans whose forebears have inhabited areas of the northern transvaal ( now northern province ) for more than a century. the ndebele language, isindebele, is classified among the nguni languages, although sotho influences are strong enough in some areas that isindebele is sometimes also classified as a variant of sesotho. most ndebele trace their ancestry to the area that became natal province, later kwazulu - natal. some began moving northward well before the early nineteenth - century mfecane, and many of these settled in the northern transvaal. others, subjects of the zulu leader mzilikazi, fled north from natal after his defeat by shaka in 1817. ndebele peoples throughout the region were forced to move several times after that, so that by the end of the nineteenth century, the ndebele were dispersed throughout much of natal, the transvaal, and adjacent territory. many ndebele became formidable warriors, often subjugating smaller chiefdoms and assimilating them into ndebele society, and ndebele clashed repeatedly with voortrekker militias around pretoria. the late nineteenth - century afrikaner leader paul kruger jailed or executed many of their leaders, seized their land, and dispersed others to work for afrikaner farmers as indentured servants. some of the land was later returned to a few ndebele, often as a reward for loyalty or recognition of status. under apartheid, many ndebele living in the northern transvaal were assigned to the predominantly sesotho - speaking homeland of lebowa, which consisted of several segments of land scattered across the northern transvaal. others, mostly southern ndebele, who had retained more traditional elements of their culture and language, were assigned to kwandebele. kwandebele had been carved out of land that had been given to the son of nyabela, a well - known ndebele fighter in kruger ' s time. the homeland was, therefore, prized by ndebele traditionalists, who pressed for a kwandebele independence through the 1980s. kwandebele was declared a \" self - governing \" territory in 1981. very few of its 300, 000 residents could find jobs in the homeland, however, so most worked in the industrial region of pretoria and johannesburg.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4570298983458749, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.424470"} {"text": "independence through the 1980s. kwandebele was declared a \" self - governing \" territory in 1981. very few of its 300, 000 residents could find jobs in the homeland, however, so most worked in the industrial region of pretoria and johannesburg. at least 500, 000 ndebele people lived in urban centers throughout south africa and in homelands other than kwandebele through the 1980s. during the 1980s and the early 1990s, many ndebele recognized a royal family, the mahlangu family, and the capital of kwandebele was called kwamahlangu. the royal family was divided, however, over economic issues and the question of \" independence \" for the homeland. these disputes were overridden by the dissolution of the homelands in 1994. at that time, in addition to the estimated 800, 000 ndebele people in south africa, nearly 1. 7 million ndebele lived in zimbabwe, where they constituted about one - sixth of the population and were known as matabele ; about 300, 000 lived in botswana. about 1. 6 million swazi people live to the south of the biosphere - almost 900, 000 in swaziland and the remainder in south africa, especially in the area of the former homeland, kangwane. until the late eighteenth century, swazi society consisted of a group of closely related nguni chiefdoms organized around patrilineal descent groups. at that time, a powerful chief, ngwane i, seized control over several smaller neighboring chiefdoms of nguni and sotho peoples to strengthen his own army ' s defense against the mthethwa forces led by dingiswayo. the greatest rival of the mthethwa, the ndwandwe, later subjugated the mthethwa and killed dingiswayo. ngwane i, under pressure from the ndwandwe, then withdrew into the mountainous territory that would later become swaziland. ngwane i was able to resist incorporation into the zulu empire during the reign of shaka, and the swazi maintained generally peaceful relations with shaka ' s successors. some swazi clans were forced to move north, however, as regional upheaval spread, and together with displaced zulu clans, they established aristocratic dynasties over herdsmen and farmers as far north as areas that would later become malawi and zambia. in the twentieth century, the swazi kingdom retained its autonomy, but not total independence, as the british protectorate of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43420949347847004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.425709"} {"text": "with displaced zulu clans, they established aristocratic dynasties over herdsmen and farmers as far north as areas that would later become malawi and zambia. in the twentieth century, the swazi kingdom retained its autonomy, but not total independence, as the british protectorate of swaziland in 1903 and as a british high commission territory in 1907. in 1968 swaziland became an independent nation led by king sobhuza ii. swaziland has pressured pretoria for the return of swazi - occupied areas of south africa since the 1960s. in 1982 pretoria agreed, but that decision was reversed by the south african supreme court. kangwane was carved out of land adjacent to swaziland during the 1960s and was declared a \" self - governing \" territory with a population of about 400, 000 in 1984. kangwane ' s chief minister enos mabuza tried to build an agricultural and industrial economy in the small, segmented territory, and he became the first homeland leader to grant full trade union rights to workers in his jurisdiction. mabuza also led the fight against the incorporation of kangwane into swaziland. during the late 1980s, he clashed with pretoria by expressing strong support for the anc, although many kangwane residents remained uninvolved in south african politics. an estimated 8 million south africans consider themselves zulu ( amazulu ) or members of closely related ethnic groups in the 1990s. by the eighteenth century, zulu society encompassed a number of nguni - speaking chiefdoms north of the tugela river. the zulu homestead ( imizi ) consisted of an extended polygynous family and others attached to the household through social obligations. this social unit was largely self - sufficient, with responsibilities divided according to gender. men were generally responsible for defending the homestead, caring for cattle, manufacturing and maintaining weapons and farm implements, and building dwellings. women had domestic responsibilities and raised crops, usually grains, on land near the household. zulu chiefs demanded steadily increasing tribute or taxes from their subjects, acquired great wealth, commanded large armies, and, in many cases, subjugated neighboring chiefdoms. military conquest allowed men to achieve status distinctions that had become increasingly important. late nineteenth century postcard of zulu warriors ( note the europeans in the background ) in the early nineteenth century, the large and powerful mthethwa chiefdom, led by dingiswayo, dominated much of the region north of the tugela river. shaka, a zulu warrior who had won recognition in 1810 by skillfully subduing the leader of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42490236086850747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.430297"} {"text": "the large and powerful mthethwa chiefdom, led by dingiswayo, dominated much of the region north of the tugela river. shaka, a zulu warrior who had won recognition in 1810 by skillfully subduing the leader of the warring buthelezi chiefdom, took advantage of dingiswayo ' s military defeat by the neighboring ndwandwe armies to begin building the zulu empire in 1817. as king, shaka zulu ( r. 1817 - 28 ) defied tradition by adopting new fighting strategies, by consolidating control over his military regiments, and by ruthlessly eliminating potential rivals for power. shaka ' s warrior regiments ( impis ) eventually subjugated the powerful ndwandwe, and decimated or drove from the area the armies of shaka ' s rivals. spreading warfare - exacerbated by pressures from europeans - drove thousands of africans north and west, and the ensuing upheaval spawned new conflicts throughout the region. the zulu empire weakened after shaka ' s death in 1828 and fragmented, especially following military defeats at the hands of the afrikaners in 1839 and the british in 1879. zululand, the area north of the tugela river, was incorporated into the british colony, natal, in 1887. the last zulu uprising, a poll tax protest led by chief bambatha in 1906, was ruthlessly suppressed. the zulu population remained fragmented during most of the twentieth century, although loyalty to the royal family continued to be strong in some areas. leaders of zulu cultural organizations and zulu politicians were able to preserve a sense of ethnic identity through the symbolic recognition of zulu history and through local - level politics. zulu men and women have made up a substantial portion of south africa ' s urban work force throughout the twentieth century, especially in the gold and copper mines of the witwatersrand. zulu workers organized some of the first black labor unions in the country. for example, the zulu washermen ' s guild, amawasha, was active in natal and the witwatersrand even before the union of south africa was formed in 1910. the zululand planters ' union organized agricultural workers in natal in the early twentieth century. the kwazulu homeland was carved out of several unconnected plots of land in natal in the 1960s. in 1976 mangosuthu ( gatsha ) buthelezi, a member of the zulu royal family, was named chief minister of kwazulu, and the government declared kwazulu a self", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4041502945192422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.431567"} {"text": "of land in natal in the 1960s. in 1976 mangosuthu ( gatsha ) buthelezi, a member of the zulu royal family, was named chief minister of kwazulu, and the government declared kwazulu a self - governing territory a year later. buthelezi established good relations with the national party - dominated government and, in the process, severed his former close ties to the african national congress ( anc ). during the 1980s, buthelezi refused repeated government offers of homeland independence ; he preferred to retain the self - governing status that allowed the roughly 4 million residents of kwazulu to be citizens of south africa. zulu solidarity was enhanced by buthelezi ' s intellectually powerful and dominant personality and by his leadership of the zulu cultural organization, inkatha yenkululeko yesizwe ( national cultural liberation movement - usually called inkatha ), which became the inkatha freedom party ( ifp ) during the 1990s. during the apartheid era, many people in areas officially designated as zulu were descendants of nineteenth - century zulu warriors or subjects of the zulu royal family, who retained a strong ethnic consciousness and pride in their zulu identity. others in these areas, however, traced their descent to those who resisted shaka ' s domination or celebrated his death at the hands of his own relatives in 1828. some viewed their association with zulu royalty as little more than an artificial political creation. a substantial minority within the diverse zulu society in the 1980s and the 1990s supported the rival anc. military prowess continued to be an important value in zulu culture, and this emphasis fueled some of the political violence of the 1990s. zulu people generally admire those with physical and mental agility, and those who can speak eloquently and hold a crowd ' s attention. these attributes strengthened buthelezi ' s support among many zulu, but his political rhetoric sometimes sparked attacks on political opponents and critics, even within zulu society. buthelezi ' s nephew, goodwill zwelithini, is the zulu monarch in the 1990s. buthelezi and king goodwill won the agreement of anc negotiators just before the april 1994 elections that, with international mediation, the government would establish a special status for the zulu kingdom after the elections. zulu leaders understood this special status to mean some degree of regional autonomy within the province of kwazulu - natal. buthelezi was appointed minister of home affairs in the first government of national unity in 1994. he led a walk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47565528891349373, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.432631"} {"text": "fri november 23, 2012 npr : the ugly truth about food waste in america originally published on tue november 27, 2012 6 : 17 am ira flatow, host : up next, some food for thought as you chomp your thanksgiving leftovers. recycling paper and plastic, as you know, is an effective way to save money and energy. so why not recycle all the uneaten food that goes to waste? and there is an awful lot of it. forty percent of the food in the u. s. today goes uneaten, which means americans are throwing out the equivalent of $ 165 billion worth of food each year. but that ' s not all. food waste, as it decays in landfills, also produces methane, which is a potent greenhouse gas. so what can we do to cut back on food waste? dana gunders is a food and agriculture project scientist at the natural resources defense council in san francisco. she ' s also author of an nrdc report published last month called \" wasted : how america is losing up to 40 percent of its food from farm to fork to landfill. \" welcome to science friday. dana gunders : great to be here. thank you. flatow : jonathan bloom is author of wastefood. com and \" american wasteland : how america throws away nearly half of its food ( and what we can do about it ). \" he ' s joining us from durham, north carolina. welcome to the program. jonathan bloom : thanks for having me. flatow : we won ' t be taking your calls today, but you can learn more about our topic today by going to sciencefriday. com. well, that is a tremendous amount of food wasted. i don ' t think anybody really understands, dana, that there ' s this much wastage going on. gunders : it ' s true. it ' s - it was surprising to me, and i think it ' s as surprising to most people who hear it, that we are throwing away just mountains of food. flatow : has this increased over the years, or has this remained constant? gunders : no. we ' ve seen it increase quite a bit. the estimate is that it ' s about 50 percent more food that ' s wasted today per person than in the mid - ' 70s. flatow : wow. we have to take a break. when we come back, we ' ll talk lots more about wasted food with my guests, dana gunders of the natural resources defense council", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4887836866161339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.450003"} {"text": "today per person than in the mid - ' 70s. flatow : wow. we have to take a break. when we come back, we ' ll talk lots more about wasted food with my guests, dana gunders of the natural resources defense council, jonathan bloom, author of wastefood. com. ( soundbite of music ) flatow : this is science friday. i ' m ira flatow. we ' re talking this hour about the shocking amount of food we waste in the u. s. nearly half of it going into the trash and what effect that has on our environment. our guests are dana gunders, a food and agriculture project scientist at the natural resources defense council in san francisco. she ' s also author of an nrdc report called \" wasted : how america is losing up to 40 percent of its food from farm to fork to landfill. \" jonathan bloom is author of wastefood. com and \" american wasteland : how america throws away nearly half of its food ( and what we can do about it ). \" jonathan bloom, do people know that they ' re throwing out good food? or do they think, oh, it looks a little brown or it ' s this, i should just throw it out anyhow? bloom : no. we often don ' t tend to realize that we ' re throwing away perfectly edible food, especially when we ' re paying attention to those expiration dates and when we ' re thinking of those as the gospel truth, we ' re going to be throwing away a whole lot of good food. i think we have lost some of those traditional food ways, so we might not know when something ' s good or not. and the prevailing attitude tends to be when in doubt, throw it out. flatow : when in doubt, throw it out, even though... flatow :... the expiration date is a little conservative? bloom : oh, yeah. there ' s a lot of wiggle room built in to those expiration dates, and in fact, most of them actually speak to food quality, not necessarily food safety. flatow : well, let ' s talk about some of the negative impacts of food waste. what are the main things that we should be concerned about? bloom : well, you mentioned the methane emissions at the top of the show when we do send food to the landfill. but more important than that are the resources that go into growing that food that then go for naught when we don ' t consume them.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47907389646605303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.451204"} {"text": "well, you mentioned the methane emissions at the top of the show when we do send food to the landfill. but more important than that are the resources that go into growing that food that then go for naught when we don ' t consume them. so if - in particular, i ' m thinking about the tremendous amount of petroleum that goes into all steps of the food chain, and the water usage that is increasingly common and is an increasingly scarce resource as our planet warms, and in addition the land, the soil fertility that we are just squandering by growing fence row to fence row. flatow : dana gunders, want to add anything to that? gunders : yeah. well, jonathan ' s absolutely right. i mean, over half the land area in the u. s. is dedicated to food production, and over 80 percent of the water that we consume goes into growing our - producing our food. so when we throw out, say, half a hamburger, according to an estimate by the water footprint network, that ' s equivalent to taking over an hour shower, in the water use that was required for that half hamburger you just tossed. flatow : an hour? bloom : and actually, i have another image for you in terms of water use, in terms of the water embedded in the food that we throw out. well, annually, we are wasting the equivalent of two times the volume of crater lake... bloom :... through the food that we ' re not using. flatow : wow. ok. so what - let ' s talk about some of the things we can do as individuals, dana gunders, to reduce the amount of food waste. what should we do? gunders : sure. well, i think, you know, we can start in our own refrigerators and our freezers. oftentimes, people don ' t think that when something ' s about to go bad and they, at the last minute, decide to go out to dinner, they can just throw their leftovers into their freezer. we can freeze almost anything. really, learning when food goes bad, as jonathan was mentioning, those expiration dates are just suggestions for peak quality. very few of them are actually indications that the food has gone bad. so learning more about those and planning better and really thinking about what you ' re going to eat, and when you see that, you know, exciting promotion at the store, stop and think : am i really going to get around to eating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4739399259836057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.453563"} {"text": "bad. so learning more about those and planning better and really thinking about what you ' re going to eat, and when you see that, you know, exciting promotion at the store, stop and think : am i really going to get around to eating that this week? flatow : there are people who like to compost their food. how different is composting in terms of being a better way than allowing it into the landfill? are they not equivalent, jonathan? bloom : well, composting is certainly a positive use of the food waste that we do create. and let ' s face it, we ' re always going to have some food waste. but more important than that is trying to actually reduce the amount of waste that ' s created, and so it ' s kind of like that \" reduce, reuse, recycle \" mantra. bloom : well, you know, there ' s a reason that reduce is the first item mentioned. but certainly, it ' s better than sending it to a landfill. bloom : we are getting those nutrients back into the soil and essentially recycling them. so it ' s definitely a positive way of reusing the resources in our food. flatow : here ' s a tweet from jenna harrison ( ph ). it says : schools throw away huge amounts of food. how much - now, let me expand that. how much institutional food is wasted that could be saved? you know, hospitals, schools, other place - cafeterias, things like that. bloom : oh, yeah. well, there ' s a tremendous amount of waste in that institutional setting. and in some cases, it ' s unavoidable, when, let ' s say, you have to serve a certain number of calories to patients or school kids. but there are ways around it. and the more choice people have in their food service, the less waste there is. flatow : i guess for some - for health reasons, you just can ' t recycle - i mean, no one ' s going to eat that food again. it ' s just going to go to waste. bloom : yeah. well, i have heard stories at, say, the elementary school level where you ' ll have a table set up and people could put food that they ' re not going to eat onto that table, and it ' s kind of like a leave one, take one situation. and, i mean, the sad thing is when you go into most any school in america, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4547056404806844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.455107"} {"text": "could put food that they ' re not going to eat onto that table, and it ' s kind of like a leave one, take one situation. and, i mean, the sad thing is when you go into most any school in america, you look in the trashcan and you see untouched fruits and unopened cartons of milk, and those are certainly items that other people could be eating. there are some legal hurdles if you ' re going to be distributing it elsewhere, but certainly, within that cafeteria, we can all share and reduce some of the waste that ' s created. flatow : can we prevent, you know, on a city or municipal or state level, can we prevent the food from - the wasted food from getting into the landfills in the first place? bloom : oh, certainly. there ' s a couple of ways you can do it. curbside composting is already happening in san francisco, seattle and a couple other municipalities. and it ' s not all that difficult. it ' s simply asking people to take one more step in addition to recycling, to just separate out their food waste. and there ' s a real opportunity for cities and towns to save money. instead of paying to send it off to a landfill somewhere, you can actually get a reusable product out of it and save money on your parks and rec, having to purchase soil amendment. flatow : mm - hmm. is there any engineering challenges to creating a new system to deal with all these wastes? bloom : well, a lot of places aren ' t necessarily doing it themselves - a lot of cities, that is. they ' re usually sending it off to composting facilities. but there ' s a real opportunity there for municipalities to create their own. you know, they would save a whole bunch on actually having to ship it somewhere. but even more than composting, i love to see an increase in anaerobic digestion, and that ' s basically just harnessing that methane gas to create energy. so you hear a lot about waste - to - energy plants, which is kind of a euphemism in that they ' re just burning stuff. but - and they ' re not all that efficient at capturing the energy. but anaerobic digestion is a much better use of that food waste and, you know, we ' ve put all those resources into producing our food. why not treat our food waste as, in fact, another resource? flatow : oh. so instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48156715292414726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.456739"} {"text": "and, you know, if one recipe requires cilantro at the beginning of the week, you use another recipe that requires cilantro three days later. so that whole bunch you had to buy. flatow : and if you buy that head of lettuce and the outside leaves are brown, don ' t throw out the whole head. just get rid of that - those rotting leaves, and the inside ' s still good. bloom : yeah. and when you get rid of them, of course, you ' re composting them, not throwing them away. but, yeah, no, there ' s a tremendous amount of opportunity there to use what you have. there ' s this idea of eating down your fridge. and before you go shopping, you ' re looking and seeing what you have on hand. and chances are, as we heard earlier, there ' s going to be a whole bunch of produce that we bought last week with the best of intentions of cooking a healthy meal. and then, as most people do, you get a little busy and that stuff kind of gets pushed off and it ' s tomorrow. ok. and then it ' s the next day. and then, you know, that day never comes before the food ends up squishy and a different color. flatow : but what... gunders : and i ' d just like to point out that... gunders :... this, you know, it also speaks straight to our pocketbooks. it ' s - we not doing the accounting, typically, but we ' re spending money on that head of lettuce or, you know, that gallon of milk. and when you ' re not using it all, that ' s good money you ' re throwing in the trash. and there ' s some great resources out there. a cookbook came out recently called \" the frugal foodie, \" you know, and so this is really about using your food budget as best as you can. flatow : what about feeding, you know, livestock with waste food that we normally would throw away? won ' t they eat it? gunders : sure, it will. bloom : yeah. that ' s a great use for it, sure. flatow : but we don ' t have - do we have a mechanism for getting, you know, recycling that kind of stuff? gunders : if you have backyard chickens, that sure helps... gunders :... which we '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4283099685408121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.459180"} {"text": "just - all of them tend to say that it ' s a huge - it ' s a legal hurdle. i think, dana, you may have mentioned that earlier on. it ' s a huge legal hurdle. is there anything that we can do to overcome sort of that specific legal hurdle that would reduce - to reduce the waste of food that can ' t be immediately distributed? gunders : you know, there ' s a little bit of misperception out there. so there is a law called the good samaritan act that does protect businesses that donate food from any kind of liability associated with someone getting sick, for instance, from eating that food. and many businesses just aren ' t aware of that. so part of it is awareness. and, you know, they can ' t donate the food that ' s out there once it ' s served. but anything in the back room can be donated actually. flatow : all right. aren ' t there companies like city harvest that go around to restaurants and get their food and bring them and give it to people who can ' t afford to eat? bloom : yeah. there ' s a whole network of food recovery operations. pretty much every major city has one. but when i ' ve talked to these folks and gone around with them, and they say they ' re just recovering a fraction of the available food out there. flatow : and so are you optimistic that this is - anything is going to change? or are we just going to muddle through on it? bloom : i think if the price of food continues to rise, that will have a real impact on how we approach our food. i think that ' s one silver lining to the rising cost of food. we might be less wasteful with it. and certainly, as the planet grows, we ' re going to have to become more efficient with the food we have. you don ' t see that on the day - to - day level, but when you ' re speaking globally, you know, you think about the estimates for 2050 with about 9 billion people, maybe even more who are going to be around, you know, when we talk about how we feed all those people, the conversation immediately turns to increased production. but from my standpoint, it seems like we should focus on efficiency before we think about growing more food. flatow : yeah. dana gunders, last words? gunders : yeah. well, i agree with jonathan that, you know, i think this is an ideal time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4347307838141984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.461775"} {"text": "seems like we should focus on efficiency before we think about growing more food. flatow : yeah. dana gunders, last words? gunders : yeah. well, i agree with jonathan that, you know, i think this is an ideal time to be talking about this. we ' re in the midst of a drought and expecting to see rising food prices. we ' re also at a time when one in six americans are, you know, what we consider food insecure and, you know, rising concerns over obesity and portion sizes as you were discussing in your last segment. and all of those tie in really well to looking at the food waste question and really taking another look at what we ' re buying, what we ' re actually eating, and how our whole food system works. flatow : well, thank you both for taking time to be with us today. bloom : thanks for having me. flatow : you ' re welcome. gunders : thank you so much. flatow : dana gunders is a food and agriculture project scientist at the natural resources defense council in san francisco. she is also the author of an nrdc report published last month called \" wasted : how america is losing up to 40 percent of its food from farm to fork to landfill. \" jonathan bloom is author of wastedfood. com and \" american wasteland : how america throws away nearly half of its food ( and what we can do about it. ) \" if you want to know more about wasted food and the topics on our program and what we ' re talking today, you can go to our website, @ sciencefriday. com, and we have links there to all kinds of stuff that we ' re talking about today. so it won ' t be wasted, so to speak, on you as a listener. have a great and safe holiday weekend. i ' m ira flatow in new york. transcript provided by npr, copyright national public radio.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4441775366299766, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.462602"} {"text": "at a glance why get tested? to help investigate inappropriate blood clot formation ; to help determine the cause of recurrent miscarriage ; as part of an evaluation for antiphospholipid syndrome ( aps ) when to get tested? when you have had one or more unexplained blood clots in a vein or artery ; when you have had recurrent miscarriages, especially in the second and third trimesters a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm test preparation needed? the test sample what is being tested? this test detects and measures one or more classes ( igg, igm, or iga ) of beta - 2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies. beta - 2 glycoprotein 1 antibody is one of three primary antiphospholipid antibodies, which are autoantibodies that target the body \u2019 s own lipid - proteins ( phospholipids ) found in the outermost layer of cells ( cell membranes ) and platelets. it is less common than the other two, cardiolipin antibody and lupus anticoagulant. antiphospholipid antibodies interfere with the body \u2019 s blood clotting process in a way that is not fully understood. their presence increases a person \u2019 s risk of developing inappropriate blood clots ( thrombi ) in both arteries and veins. antiphospholipid antibodies are most frequently seen in those with antiphospholipid syndrome ( aps ), an autoimmune disorder associated with blood clots ( thrombotic episodes ), a low platelet count ( thrombocytopenia ), or with pregnancy complications such as pre - eclampsia and recurrent miscarriages, especially in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. one or more antiphospholipid antibodies may also be seen with other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ). how is the sample collected for testing? a blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43055097411038024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.473519"} {"text": "more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? no test preparation is needed. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. ( reviewed 2010 december 15 ). learning about antiphospholipid syndrome ( aps ). national human genome research institute [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. genome. gov / 17516396 through http : / / www. genome. gov. accessed march 2011. belilos, e. and carsons, s. ( updated 2009 august 3 ). antiphospholipid syndrome. emedicine [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 333221 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed march 2011. rodgers, iii, g. et. al ( updated 2011 january ). antiphospholipid syndrome - aps. arup consult [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. arupconsult. com / topics / aps. html? client _ id = ltd through http : / / www. arupconsult. com. accessed march 2011. ( \u00a9 1995 \u2013 2011 ). unit code 88894 : beta - 2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies, igg, igm, and iga, serum mayo clinic, mayo medical laboratories [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45855651569554856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.474711"} {"text": "unit code 88894 : beta - 2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies, igg, igm, and iga, serum mayo clinic, mayo medical laboratories [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com / test - catalog / overview / 88894 through http : / / www. mayomedicallaboratories. com. accessed march 2011. ( \u00a9 2011 ). antiphospholipid antibodies. lupus foundation of america, inc. [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. lupus. org / webmodules / webarticlesnet / templates / new _ learnaffects. aspx? articleid = 2302 & zoneid = 526 through http : / / www. lupus. org. accessed march 2011. ( revised 2010 august ). antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. national heart lung and blood institute [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov / health / dci / diseases / aps / aps _ all. html through http : / / www. nhlbi. nih. gov. accessed march 2011. ( \u00a9 2004 - 2011 ). autoimmune disease in women, american autoimmune related diseases association [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. aarda. org / women _ and _ autoimmunity. php through http : / / www. aarda. org. accessed march 2011. wu, a. ( \u00a9 2006 ). tietz clinical guide to laboratory tests, 4th edition : saunders elsevier, st. louis, mo. pp 134 - 135. henry \u2019 s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 21st ed. mcpherson r, pincus m, eds. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier : 2007. pp 774 - 775.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4641286475463775, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.475589"} {"text": "resources for preemption checks one of the first steps to writing an article is to check to see whether there are any new materials that may change or affect the content of the article. a preemption check is \u201c conducted to determine whether there is new law or a prior publication ( whether by student author or expert ) that renders an article moot. \u201d see scholarly writing for law students, pages 22 & 154 @ kf250. f34 2005 reserve. the library offers this guide to help you in your search. be sure to check through all the databases in this guide, as they each offer varying coverage. if you have any questions, please contact a reference librarian. preemption checks in pre - printed sources there is no consensus on the preemptive nature of conference papers and pre - prints. we recommend that you search papers and pre - prints so that you know what materials are out there. we also recommend that you consult with your faculty or journal advisor on this matter. in the legal arena, there are two main working paper repositories : the social science research network ' s legal scholarship network and the bepress legal repository. both websites offer searchable archives of working papers. additionally, you may want to examine google scholar and the university law review project.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48340094315084975, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.477155"} {"text": "writing ( and thinking ) with style posted on july 15, 2012 1. clarity, coherence, concision : write sentences that are clear, coherent, and concise. 2. short or mixed - length sentences : write short sentences or vary sentence rhythm with alternating short and long sentences. 3. plain english : avoid ornate, pompous, latinate, and waffly prose. 4. precision : avoid vagueness and imprecision. 5. active verbs : active verbs should dominate your writing ; use passive verb constructions sparingly. 6. tell a story : create a compelling narrative. on drafting sentences, in particular, she offers three guiding principles : 1. employ plenty of concrete nouns and active verbs, especially when writing about abstract concepts. 2. keep the nouns and verbs close together in your sentences, so that readers know \u201c who \u2019 s kicking whom. \u201d in other words, keep the actor and the action close together ; express the crucial actions in verbs and the central characters ( real or abstract ) in subjects. 3. avoid clutter : keep your sentences free from extraneous words and phrases. how to put these principles regularly in play? sword offers help here too. 1. check the health of your sentences by pasting them to http : / / www. writersdiet. com. the \u201c writersdiet \u201d test will categorize your sentences as \u201c flabby \u201d or \u201c fit. \u201d 2. replace at least a few \u201c be \u201d verbs ( be, been, is, are ) with active verbs. 3. identify your passive constructions and decide whether they add syntactical variety or offer other justification for inclusion. too many passive phrases wilt the sentence. 4. make sure at least one sentence per paragraph contains a concrete noun or human entity as its subject, immediately followed by an active verb. 5. a noun and its accompanying verb should pack a quick, one - two punch. readers lose interest when more than a dozen or so words separate the actor ( subject or noun ) from the action ( verb ). 6. when writing about inanimate abstractions, still use active verbs to \u201c animate \u201d them. 7. cut down on prepositional phrases, especially when they string together long sentence with abstract nouns. 8. when possible, explain abstract concepts using concrete examples ( which, for brevity \u2019 s sake, i \u2019 ve violated in this very blog post! ) as many writers before ms. sword have pointed out : there is no writing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47249786061702964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.481015"} {"text": "merriam - webster ' s information on ' character ' ( that is relevant to my post ) : 2 a : one of the attributes or features that make up and distinguish an individual b : ( 1 ) a feature used to separate distinguishable things into categories ; also : a group or kind so separated ( 2 ) the detectable expression of the action of a gene or group of genes ( 3 ) the aggregate of distinctive qualities characteristic of a breed, strain, or type ; c : the complex of mental and ethical traits marking and often individualizing a person, group, or nation d : main or essential nature especially as strongly marked and serving to distinguish 7 a : a person marked by notable or conspicuous traits b : one of the persons of a drama or novel c : the personality or part which an actor recreates d : characterization especially in drama or fiction e : person, individual origin of the word middle english caracter, from latin character mark, distinctive quality, from greek charakter, from charassein to scratch, engrave ; perhaps akin to lithuanian zerti to scratch dictionary. reference. com ' s information on ' character ' ( that is relevant to my post ) 1. the aggregate of features and traits that form the individual nature of some person or thing. 2. one such feature or trait ; characteristic. 3. moral or ethical quality : \" a man of fine, honorable character. \" 4. qualities of honesty, courage, or the like ; integrity : \" it takes character to face up to a bully. \" 5. reputation : \" a stain on one ' s character. \" adjective definitions * used in art * a. ( of a part or role ) representing a personality type, especially by emphasizing distinctive traits, as language, mannerisms, physical makeup, etc. b. ( of an actor or actress ) acting or specializing in such roles. verb definitions ( used with object ) * archaic usage * 24. to portray ; describe. 25. to engrave ; inscribe. 26. in character, a. in harmony with one ' s personal character or disposition : \" such behavior is not in character for him. \" b. in accordance with the role or personality assumed in a performance : \" an actor in character. \" 27. out of character, a. out of harmony with one ' s personal character or disposition : \" her remarks were out of character. \" b. away from the role or personality assumed in a performance : \" the actor stepped out of character. \" thesaurus. com '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5789026711733192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.487291"} {"text": "a. out of harmony with one ' s personal character or disposition : \" her remarks were out of character. \" b. away from the role or personality assumed in a performance : \" the actor stepped out of character. \" thesaurus. com ' s information on ' character ' part of speech : noun synonyms : appearance, aspect, attribute, badge, bent, caliber, cast, complex, complexion, constitution, crasis, disposition, emotions, estimation, ethos, frame, frame of mind, genius, grain, habit, humor, kind, makeup, mettle, mood, morale, mystique, nature, personality, quality, record, reputation, repute, sense, set, shape, singularity, sort, specialty, spirit, standing, streak, style, temper, temperament, tone, trait, turn, type, vein notes : character is what one represents ; reputation is what one is thought to be by others dictionary. com ' s information on ' personification ' ( that is relevant to my post ) 2. the representation of a thing or abstraction in the form of a person, as in art. 3. the person or thing embodying a quality or the like ; an embodiment or incarnation : he is the personification of tact. 4. an imaginary person or creature conceived or figured to represent a thing or abstraction. collins dictionary ' s definitions of ' personification ' 1. the attribution of human characteristics to things, abstract ideas, etc, as for literary or artistic effect 2. the representation of an abstract quality or idea in the form of a person, creature, etc, as in art and literature 3. a person or thing that personifies 4. a person or thing regarded as an embodiment of a quality : \" he is the personification of optimism. \" excerpt from encyclopedia britannica ' s information on ' personification ' figure of speech in which human characteristics are attributed to an abstract quality, animal, or inanimate object. an example is \" the moon doth with delight look round her when the heavens are bare \" ( ' william wordsworth, ' ode : intimations of immortality from recollections of early childhood ' 1807 ). another is \" death lays his icy hand on kings \" ( james shirley, ' the glories of our blood and state ' 1659 ). personification has been used in european poetry since homer and is particularly common in allegory ; for example, the medieval morality play everyman ( c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5427801678939272, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.488421"} {"text": "kings \" ( james shirley, ' the glories of our blood and state ' 1659 ). personification has been used in european poetry since homer and is particularly common in allegory ; for example, the medieval morality play everyman ( c. 1500 ) and the christian prose allegory pilgrim ' s progress ( 1678 ) by john bunyan contain characters such as death, fellowship, knowledge, giant despair, sloth, hypocrisy, and piety. personification became almost an automatic mannerism in 18th - century neoclassical poetry, as exemplified by these lines from thomas gray ' s ' an elegy written in a country church yard ' : \" here rests his head upon the lap of earth a youth to fortune and to fame unknown : fair science frowned not on his humble birth, and melancholy marked him for her own. \" thesaurus. com ' s information on ' personification ' part of speech : noun definition : representation, manifestation synonyms : apotheosis, archetype, avatar, cast, collection, comprehension, conformation, embracement, encompassment, epitome, example, exemplar, exemplification, expression, form, formation, incarnation, inclusion, incorporation, integration, matter, organization, personification, prosopopoeia, quintessence, realization, reification, structure, symbol, systematization, type 1560s, from greek prosopopoiia \" the putting of speeches into the mouths of others, \" from prosopon \" person, face \" ( literally \" that which is toward the eyes, \" from pros \" to \" + ops \" eye, face \" ) + poiein \" make \" ( see poet ). is enlightenment when you become the prospopeia of the best part of yourself?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5297995928712023, "token_count": 371, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.489148"} {"text": "saturday, november 8, 2008 epps on the antebellum political background of the 14th amendment, and more posted by mary l. dudziak garrett epps, university of baltimore school of law, has posted an article, the antebellum political background of the fourteenth amendment. it appeared in law & contemporary problems ( 2004 ). he has also posted on ssrn a lecture, second founding : the story of the fourteenth amendment, and a speech on the bill of rights. here ' s the article abstract : understanding the fourteenth amendment is the key question of constitutional law, both as it pertains to individual rights and, in many areas, as it relates to questions of congressional power as opposed to the reserved powers of the states. the amendment is often disaggregated and read clause by clause - but the intellectual and political background of its framers suggests that the amendment in fact forms a coherent whole and that reading it as a whole might be a fertile source of new meanings. the amendment was written by politicians who had spent their careers deeply involved in anti - slavery politics. the political concepts developed by this movement are unfamiliar to most lawyers today. one such concept, richly documented by historians, is that of the slave power. the slave power, as used by mainstream anti - slavery politicians like charles sumner, william p. fessenden and thaddeus stevens, referred to the institutions that had grown up under the original constitution of 1789 to protect and advance the south ' s slave system. a glance at the writings of anti - slavery politicians is enough to suggest that in writing the amendment they were taking aim at what they regarded as the key elements of the slave power - the overrrepresentation of slave states in congress and the electoral college, and the ability of the southern states to suppress free debate and democratic political institutions within their borders. the individual rights guarantees of section one, seen through this lens, are not a limited set of minimal rights but in fact seem designed as a broad charter of freedom for residents of all the states, with section five placing congress squarely in control of the political progress at the state level.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5344275605346474, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.492184"} {"text": "resources in this guide use the sources in this research guide to find current as well as historic statistics on health indicators - - vital, demographic, environmental, disease, and outcome. start with the u. s. statistics or states statistics page - use u. s. statistics for government and organization health statistics to find national, state, and local data - use state & county statistics for specific states, for ny state health statistics as well as nassau and suffolk county data - use books, ebooks, and ebrary for electronic books and print sources through au the importance of health statistics what is the incidence of asthma in new york? how does the infant mortality rate of texas compare to the rate in new jersey? what are the indicators for hiv by age? what are the national figures on breast cancer? what are the 3 leading causes of death in the united states? do they differ between males and females? to find the answers and to develop new questions health professionals use statistics that are collected over a period of time within a certain demographic group. the fields of nursing, medicine, health education, and government policy often require access to health statistics. they can help us understand the distribution of health conditions and resources, diagnoses, predictors, and efficacy of procedures. they determine medical need, research areas, and determine appropriation of funds. the findings are used to establish correlations, conditions, care, and consequences of services, or lack of services. statistics collected reflect who is collecting the data and why the study is being conducted. community assessment slideshare click below for presentation on understanding a community assessment. ( expand for full - screen viewing ) u. s. health care system : c - span washington journal segment : \" how we measure america ' s health \" click expander to watch full screen. stop playing using controls below video. adjunct reference librarian", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42860522812552243, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.494220"} {"text": "black thought and culture landmark electronic collection of approximately 100, 000 pages of non - fiction writings by major black leaders in north america. works by teachers, artists, politicians, religious leaders, athletes, war veterans, entertainers, and other figures form the corpus. the collection encompasses 100, 000 pages of materials, including letters, speeches, prefatory essays, political leaflets, trial transcripts, and interviews. much of the material is fugitive, and approximately twenty percent of the collection has not been published previously. subjects indexed include colonialism, socialism, marxism, democracy, capitalism, the labor movement, segregation, poverty, education, religion, sharecropping, jim crow laws, the new deal, the world wars, the black liberation movement, the scottsboro and herndon trials, black nationalism, miscegenation, the black athlete, civil rights, apartheid, the black panther party, the naacp, birth control, the vote, urban ghettoes in relation to the rural south, strategies of protest and demonstration, and hundreds more. ways to use the use these to see what ' s contained in the database. this is the best way to check whether an author or a source is included. to use this tool, simply click on the appropriate table of contents button on the navigation bar. - - the \" find \" tools let you search for specific authors and sources that the database contains and combine criteria to narrow down what you ' re looking for. the difference between the \" find \" tools and the \" search \" tools ( explained next ) is in the results they give. the \" find \" tools do not return documents, but rather lists of authors and sources in the database. - - the \" search \" tools let you analyze words and documents that occur within the text of stories that meet your search criteria. the \" search \" tools return stories or bibliographic citations or both. operators in full - text searching : line ( | ) is the or operator ( e. g., avarice | greed or holy as the and operator in sentence and paragraph proximity searching ( e. g., church state retrieve all cases where church and state appear in the same specified context ; this is not the case in phrase expressions can be combined for more sophisticated searches ; for finds any of the three adjectives together with the nouns man or fellow in the singular or plural. characters in full - text searching : single character ( e. g., gentlem. n will retrieve gentleman and string of characters, anchoring the match at the beginning of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5289171369323836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.498144"} {"text": "##s together with the nouns man or fellow in the singular or plural. characters in full - text searching : single character ( e. g., gentlem. n will retrieve gentleman and string of characters, anchoring the match at the beginning of a word ( e. g., cigar * will match cigar, cigars, cigarette, etc. ). string of characters, anchoring the match at the end of a word ( e. g., * habit will retrieve habit, cohabit, and inhabit ), or in the middle ( e. g., c. * eers matches compeers, cheers, and careers ). characters entered or the characters entered plus one more character in place of the question mark ( e. g., hono.? r matches both honor and honour and cat.? matches cat and cats, but not cathedral, catherine, etc. ). single character found in the specified range ( e. g., [ c - f ] at will match cat, dat, eat, and fat ) or any letters within the brackets ( e. g., civili [ zs ] e will match both civilize and civilise ). # ( hash mark ) : capitalized words only ( e. g., # bacon will retrieve bacon, but not bacon ). otherwise word searches are case insensitive. please note that this operator does not work properly in conjunction with the vertical bar ( e. g., searching # hamlet | # bacon will not retrieve accurate results ). accented and non - accented forms ( e. g., to search naivete regardless of accents type naivete ). you may access black thought and culture with a valid apsu id.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49631671557763046, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.498866"} {"text": "georgia totto o \u2019 keefe is a famous artist who focused on nature. she has many paintings of flowers, desert skulls, and illustrations of her inner - self. for example, the drawing below is a recreation of her greatest painting of her inner - self. georgia liked to draw this type of thing because the farm she lived on had lots of desert and flowers. alexandria ' s drawing of georgia o ' keefe ' s charcoal of her inner - self. created in 1915, the original charcoal was 24 x 19 inches and is currentlyin the metropolitan museum of art. one of georgia o \u2019 keefes \u2019 most famous paintings is called oriental poppies. that painting is of two giant red poppies. the poppies cover the whole canvas, which is 30 inches tall and over 40 inches wide. this is about the size of a kitchen table that can seat four to five people. she painted it in 1928 and the painting is part of a collection at the university of minnesota. over the years, georgia \u2019 s paintings included images of skyscrapers and city images, but she always returned to paint nature. throughout her life she painted hundreds of flower images of many different colors, shapes, and sizes. she began to paint flowers so large that a single flower would fill an entire canvas. her flower paintings expressed what georgia saw in her mind and felt in her heart. the new york art world loved her paintings. in 1929, georgia wanted to paint new things. she moved to new mexico where she began to paint the desert things and old buildings. later, animal skulls and desert bones fascinated her. many people also loved these paintings. another one of georgia o \u2019 keefes \u2019 famous paintings is owned by the metropolitan museum of art in new york. the painting is of a skull and is called cow \u2019 s skull : red, white, and blue. she painted it in 1931 with oil paints. this painting is a celebration of our country and of the western part of the united states. the painting is over 39 inches tall and over 35 inches wide. alexandria ' s drawing of georgia \u2019 s oil on canvas cow \u2019 s skull : red, white, and blue. the original is 397 / 8 by 357 / 8 inches. it was made in 1931. georgia was born on november 15, 1887. her parents were ida and francis o \u2019 keefe. georgia grew up in a big farmhouse on the border of texas and new mexico. she was the second child born out of seven children. she knew that she wanted to be an artist", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44622667857334664, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.511347"} {"text": ", 1887. her parents were ida and francis o \u2019 keefe. georgia grew up in a big farmhouse on the border of texas and new mexico. she was the second child born out of seven children. she knew that she wanted to be an artist from the time she was three. georgia loved the colors of the sunset and used them in a great many of her paintings. she was able to take the simplest items in life and turn them into masterpieces. it is said that georgia got her painting skills from her grandmother, her love for land from her father, and her love for books from her mother. georgia did not start school until she was nearly 15 years old. because she was so talented, her mother insisted that georgia have more training in art than was offered at the one room school that she was attending. shortly after georgia began school, her family moved from wisconsin to williamsburg, virginia. her parents enrolled her in a boarding school for girls in the nearby town of chatham, virginia. georgia was at first quiet in her new school. soon she was very popular with her classmates because she made them laugh. while at the boarding school, georgia painted for hours not hearing what the other students were doing or saying around her. her art teacher was very encouraging to her and praised her work. becoming an artist in 1905, after graduating from chatham, georgia went to chicago to study at the art institute. at the art institute, georgia was embarrassed because she had to draw pictures of male models who only wore loincloths, pieces of cloth that are worn around the waist and cover the person \u2019 s front and back. even though she got better and was no longer embarrassed of drawing nudes, she was not very good at drawing people. in 1907, georgia moved to new york city where she became a member of the art students \u2019 league, a popular art school of that time period. while there, she studied with william martin chase who taught her how to make her paintings more bright by using white paint and how to paint still lifes of objects. georgia won first prize at the art student league for one of her paintings after studying with william martin chase. she stopped painting in her early twenties to take a job as a commercial illustrator, a person who draws pictures for books and advertisements, in chicago. she could not afford school any longer and women at that time were discouraged from becoming serious artists. georgia decided to give up her dream of becoming an artist. with her family suffering from illnesses and georgia suffering from a terrible case of measles, she", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45990947006336497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.515185"} {"text": "she could not afford school any longer and women at that time were discouraged from becoming serious artists. georgia decided to give up her dream of becoming an artist. with her family suffering from illnesses and georgia suffering from a terrible case of measles, she moved back to virginia. after georgia recovered, her sisters convinced her to go back to art school in virginia. she attended the university of virginia and studied with alon bement who once again excited her about art. he taught her a new style of painting that he learned from arthur wesley dow, a new york art teacher. dow \u2019 s style was an abstract method that used geometric shapes and filled these spaces in a beautiful way. this would become the style of painting that would make georgia famous. a long life filled with beautiful paintings georgia \u2019 s life as an artist took her to many places. she moved back to new york in 1914 to study with arthur wesley dow. in 1915, she became a teacher at a women \u2019 s college in south carolina. in 1916, georgia took a job as a teacher at west texas state normal college. while in the west, she began to paint the nature of the canyons and landscapes of the area. in 1918, she moved back to new york and married alfred stieglitz, the owner of an art gallery. although she would travel around the world, georgia always returned to the privacy of her new mexico home. in 1986, at the age of 98, georgia o \u2019 keefe died in santa fe, new mexico. during her life as an artist, she had more than nine hundred works of art exhibited at art museums. her painting made her very wealthy. she received many awards, including the united states medal of freedom \u2013 the highest honor for a person not serving in the military. gherman, beverly. georgia o \u2019 keeffe the \" wideness and wonder \" of her world. atheneum, new york : collier macmillan canada, inc., 1978. turner, robyn. georgia o \u2019 keeffe. canada : little, brown and company, 1987.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.421225504168193, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.517145"} {"text": "people in biographies these are two important people. they are not talked about much. these people are elizabeth cochrane also known as nellie bly, and george washington carver. i chose these two people because they had interesting lives. the shorter version of nellie blys career... elizabeth cochrane wanted to be a reporter, but back then women were not allowed to be reporters, judges, police, or anything like that. women usually had to stay home and work as house wives. elizabeth wanted to be a reporter.! elizabeth wrote to the \" pittsburgh dispatch \" ( a newspaper ). she was furious over the fact that women could not be reporters. the owner of the \" pittsburgh dispatch \" loved her letter, so much he hired her as a reporter. her name had to be changed to nellie bly for the owners safety and elizabeth ' s safety. nellie bly was a great reporter, and she was also the first woman to be a reporter. george washington carver was a....... george washington carver wanted an education all his life. he searched for all black schools of education. george found it hard to stay in one school. as george got older he found an interest in plants. he could make any type of plant grow healthy and look great. george gardened and farmed. he gave tips on how to make plants grow healthy. george liked what he was doing. he attended tuskegee college. he was a science teacher. he had a very small lab. later george found out about boll - weevils. boll - weevils were bugs that ate cotton crops. george locked him self in his lab. finally he found a solution to the problem. it was the peanut! he found many uses for the peanut. when george found all these uses for the peanut there was almost no use for cotton. so who was george washington carver? we wouldn ' t have peanut butter without him. | home | | what ' s a biography | | historical people | | double puzzle | | word searches | | resources |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3911862595364095, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.520809"} {"text": "| according to study, headaches can affect performance in school and other activities. ( shutterstock ) children who suffer a concussion or other traumatic brain injury are more likely to develop headaches for up to a year after, affecting their performance in school and other activities, a u. s. study said. more than half a million children in the united states go to hospital each year with brain injuries, often due to rough play in sports, falls or car accidents. \u201c it \u2019 s an issue because they may have problems with sleep, and the headaches can make it harder to concentrate, \u201d said lead author heidi blume of the seattle children \u2019 s research institute in the study, published in pediatrics. blume and her colleagues tracked more than 400 children who had come into the emergency room with a brain injury, with 402 having a mild injury and 60 having moderate or severe injury. parents and children kept a diary of any headaches the children reported for a year. after three months, 43 out of every 100 children who experienced a mild brain injury complained of headaches. of those with moderate or severe brain injuries, 37 out of every 100 complained of headaches. researchers compared this to children who had visited emergency rooms for bodily injuries, such as those to an arm, and found that only 26 out of every 100 reported having headaches three months later. blume said that headaches can have a large impact on children \u2019 s lives, both by affecting their studies and quality of life issues, such as forcing them to drop out of sports or other activities that could potentially trigger headaches. researchers also found that the risk for having headaches after a head injury was especially pronounced among girls. girls who had a mild brain injury were more than twice as likely to have headaches as girls who had an arm injury, whereas boys had nearly similar rates of headaches regardless of the type of injury. the study did not determine why this was, but thought a combination of factors might be involved. this includes the fact that women and girls have a higher rate of migraines, which may be due to hormone levels \u2014 suggesting that hormones might also play a role with headaches after brain injury as well. the challenge for any child suffering headaches after a brain injury is that there are few ways to treat them, experts said. \u201c right now we have no studies to guide the treatment of post - traumatic headaches in children, \u201d said karen barlow at alberta children \u2019 s hospital in calgary, canada, who was not involved in the study. rest and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43912808313556695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.523989"} {"text": "the following post is excerpted from design decoded. president obama was in hawaii when he signed the fiscal cliff deal in washington d. c. of course, it \u2019 s now common for us to send digital signatures back and forth every day, but the president of the united states doesn \u2019 t just have his signature saved as a jpeg file like the rest of us lowly remote signatories. instead, he uses the wonder that is the autopen \u2013 a device descended from one of the gizmos in thomas jefferson \u2019 s white house. a precursor of sorts to the autopen, the polygraph, was first patented in 1803 by john isaac hawkins and, within a year, was being used by noted early adopter thomas jefferson. known formally as the \u201c hawkins & peale \u2019 s patent polygraph no. 57, \u201d this early copy device was used by jefferson to make single reproductions of documents as he was writing them. though obviously less advanced than today \u2019 s electronic autopen, and used for a different purpose, the polygraph is similar in that it ultimately created a signature that wasn \u2019 t technically written by the president. while both devices are incredibly convenient, they raise a compelling question : is a signature still a signature when it \u2019 s not written by hand? digital media theorist and architectural historian mario carpo has written extensively on the relationship between early reproduction methods and modern digital technologies. in his excellent book, the alphabet and the algorithm, carpo notes that \u201d like all things handmade, a signature is a visually variable sign, hence all signatures made by the same person are more or less different ; yet they must also be more or less similar, otherwise they could not be identified. the pattern of recognition is based not on sameness, but on similarity. \u201d that statement may seem obvious, but it \u2019 s important. the variability of a signature denotes its authenticity ; it reflects the time and place a document was signed, and perhaps even reveals the mood of the signatory. a digital signature, however, has no variability. each signature \u2013 one after another after another \u2013 is exactly like the last. although the modern autopen includes adjustable settings for speed and and pressure, these options are used for practical purposes and variability is only created as a side - effect. today, the notion of a signature as a unique, identifiable mark created by an individual, is a concept that may be changing. the signature of a historic figure is no longer a reliable verification of authenticity that attests to a specific moment in history, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.520689466456705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.526681"} {"text": "learning langs other than english \u00b7 2bdutch - learn dutch, watch videos with subtitles : 2bdutch ( to be dutch ) is an easy and fun way to learn more about dutch language and culture. our videos with multiple subtitles can be used to practice your listening comprehension skills and learn new dutch words. or just get more information about the netherlands. \u00b7 accent francais : french language school in france officially recognized qualite fle by the french ministry of education \u00b7 basic italian : an introduction to the italian language with free tutorials covering basic grammar principles, regular and irregular verbs, vocabulary, and phrases. \u00b7 bonjour de france : we offer french language learners french exercises online for free. we will be launching a new updated version ( with new charts, new exercise categories / subjects, videos and music ) for french learners to learn the language. we are a member and a partner of the french federation internationale des professeurs de francais ( fipf - internaitonal federation of french teachers ) and we will be launching new projects of french teachers from around the world online. from here, you can also visit our new website, http : / / www. azurlingua - culture. com, which focuses more on cultural aspects and events. we believe it can serve as a gateway and first step to learning french. \u00b7 chain stories eu project for intercomprehension : the chain stories project will create a language friendly environment in which students, in their first year of language learning, can enjoy creative writing in their mother tongue. they then pass on their story to other schools, within a chain, for completion. all five schools in a chain, have a different mother tongue but within the same european language family, generally from 5 countries. for example, romance languages, french, italian, portuguese, romanian and spanish. the children will create part of a story, decode and comprehend the main ideas of a previous part of the same story from the other schools in the chain. the stories are based on an open template. \u00b7 chinese flashcards : interactive website assisting in the learning of chinese characters. \u00b7 clueword - multilingual word puzzle : clueword multilingual word puzzle where the clues and answers are in different languages. \u00b7 danish grammar : a comprehensive english - language treatment of danish grammar. \u00b7 didactired at the centro virtual cervantes : recipes, techniques and ideas in the classroom for teachers of spanish as a foreign language. updated daily. in spanish. \u00b7 digital dialects italian : interactive games", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4678353007021371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.555071"} {"text": "english - language treatment of danish grammar. \u00b7 didactired at the centro virtual cervantes : recipes, techniques and ideas in the classroom for teachers of spanish as a foreign language. updated daily. in spanish. \u00b7 digital dialects italian : interactive games for learning the italian language. \u00b7 dutch for beginners : introduction to dutch grammar and vocabulary. \u00b7 dutch grammar tutorial : explains dutch grammar, covering spelling and pronunciation, verb conjugations, nouns & articles, and the dutch word order. a good command of english is necessary. \u00b7 dutch language course : a dutch language course for english speakers. includes quizzes, sound files, and many examples. every part of speech ( nouns, verbs, etc. ) is discussed. read about the typical dutch word order, pronunciation and punctuation. \u00b7 e - learning turkish grammar and language : a free website for learning turkish language and grammar. includes theory, exercises, examples, pronunciation and songs. \u00b7 easyportuguese : free online portuguese course, focus on brazilian portuguese. grammar lessons, reference material, dictionary, sounds, among others \u00b7 eeuro inclusion portal : this portal gives less widely used less taught ( lwult ) languages in europe a stronger voice by bringing together lwult language resource centres ( lrc ) from a large number of european countries. this is necessary if lwult languages are to contribute fully to the future educational and cultural heritage of europe. eeuro inclusion gives lwult lrcs greater visibility at the european level. the online exchange of knowledge, expertise and experience between lrcs is a first step towards the founding of a pan - european association of lwult lrcs. eeuro inclusion has two main target groups : lrcs that provide lwult language services and potential seekers of these services. \u00b7 english - spanish quizzes : quizzes to learn basic words, months, numbers, colors, days, fruits, vegetables etc. in spanish and english. \u00b7 find a language exchange friend : polyglot is a non profit community dedicated to language exchange. after a free registration, you will be able to practice a foreign language online with a native speaker : find a pen friend in our data base, send confidential mail, chat online, exchange ideas on our forum. \u00b7 first grade spanish vocabulary : this is a website to aid the teaching of a first grade spanish dual immersion teacher in chula vista ca. it includes 300 of the most used words in spanish with a pronunciation sound. it also includes powerpoint presentations that elementary school teachers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47656958033824204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.559134"} {"text": "spanish vocabulary : this is a website to aid the teaching of a first grade spanish dual immersion teacher in chula vista ca. it includes 300 of the most used words in spanish with a pronunciation sound. it also includes powerpoint presentations that elementary school teachers can use for vocabulary. \u00b7 free german worksheets / webquests / video activities : free resources for practicing your german. downloadable worksheets and webquests, links and worksheets for video activities from youtube, vocab flashcards and more. \u00b7 free language tutorials : learn a language with free online foreign language tutorials. \u00b7 free modern greek grammar lessons : free modern greek grammar lessons and greek - english, english - greek crosswords. useful also for greek - speakers who are learning english. \u00b7 free online dutch grammar course : this course aims to give a clear but full account of how the dutch language works. a good resource for analytical learners, many links available to other free resources for holistic learners. \u00b7 free online language courses : a directory of courses or language learning sites for more than 100 languages. \u00b7 free online spanish course : we are a spanish non - profit organization that aims to promote the spanish language worldwide. we have created an online portal ( www. livingspanish. com ) where people can sign up for free online spanish courses and also find a lot of resources to studying spanish. \u00b7 free online vocabulary learning platform for english, spanish, german, french... : a free, online vocabulary program that helps to memorize vocabulary and conjugations in foreign languages. it includes predefined lessons for spanish, german and english and the option of creating own lessons with own words. \u00b7 free spanish : includes a spanish grammar overview, word lists, and useful phrases. \u00b7 french phonetic : learn french with phonetic exercises online \u00b7 french revision : this site contains tons of interactive french exercises. there are listening, reading and writing exercises. the exercises mark themselves and a score is given! test your knowledge in all skills using these interactive activities with audio files. there are hundreds of exercises to help you revise and do well in your exams from year 7 upwards. \u00b7 french teaching resources : a collection of interactive french teaching resources created by teachers around the world. \u00b7 frenchlearner. com : find hundreds of audio lessons covering basic french including vocabulary lists, verbs, grammar, useful phrases and much more. \u00b7 german adjective endings : very clear table of german adjective endings - the whole phenomenon explained in three smart rules. \u00b7 german encyclopedic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4780453615123647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.562084"} {"text": "hundreds of audio lessons covering basic french including vocabulary lists, verbs, grammar, useful phrases and much more. \u00b7 german adjective endings : very clear table of german adjective endings - the whole phenomenon explained in three smart rules. \u00b7 german encyclopedic internet service terminal, geist : a collection of links that could be useful to the learners of german. \u00b7 goethe institute : for promoting the study of german abroad and international cultural cooperation. \u00b7 good reasons to learn the spanish language : enables users to speak basic spanish after utilizing free lessons and courses. \u00b7 gwybodiadur : a directory of language resources for welsh learners and teachers including the web ' s most up - to - date and comprehensive information on welsh dictionaries. \u00b7 hellenistic greek : an online grammar of hellenistic greek learn ancient greek or participate in discussion of what an online grammar of an ancient language should include and how it should be structured. \u00b7 how to conjugate spanish verbs : learn spanish verb conjugation free online enjoying eye - catching presentations, videos, tense charts, conjugation charts, reverse verb lookup, step by step guides and interactive exercises. \u00b7 how to learn any language : non - commercial website about teaching yourself languages created by a language enthusiast. discussion forum about independent language learning with a strict ' no chit chat ' policy. large section about cardinal mezzofanti, the great 19th century italian polyglot. language profiles for the prospective language learner with detailed discussion or each language difficulty and usefulness. \u00b7 http : / / rolang. ro : rolang is a romanian language school specialized in teaching romanian courses to foreigners. the teaching programs are suitable for students of all ages as well as for the different language skills requirements. the course curriculum is adapted to the students, with favorite topics arranged around the students ' interests. we plan to help the student improve his / her language skills by reading, listening, speaking and writing. the courses offered are for beginner level, intermediate level and advanced level. our teaching method is based on communication. through a placement test given at the beginning of the course, we establish the level of every student and we place him / her in the correct group. our instructors are phd holders, authors of romanian manuals for foreigners, and university of bucharest teachers. they will help you communicate in romanian with confidence and they will provide support, feedback and assistance to every student. choose rolang and you will get : - course materials ( textbook, exercise book, audio cd ) - professional and specialized services - flexibility regarding your time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4619544909921876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.563836"} {"text": "help you communicate in romanian with confidence and they will provide support, feedback and assistance to every student. choose rolang and you will get : - course materials ( textbook, exercise book, audio cd ) - professional and specialized services - flexibility regarding your time schedule : you build your own time schedule - highly qualified teachers - teaching methodology adapted to your level and your specific requests - high quality education - pleasant atmosphere at the end of the course, the students will receive a romanian language certificate. \u00b7 ilearntamil : we offer online tamil classes for all. we have experienced and reliable tutors, and we have personalised learning plan which gives the feeling of meeting the tutor face to face. the class works one on one with audio and a special whiteboard for the tutor and student to interact. ilearntamil offers variety of courses which would make you learn tamil easily depending upon the requirement. the teaching methods are designed for different levels of learning. we also have free lesson books, tamil literature, and videos of tamil speakers. \u00b7 jeu de l ' oie : learn french online with games - grammar, vocabulary, communications... \u00b7 kapampangan in 10 easy lessons : it ' s a course of study in kapampangan, one of the major languages in the philippines. \u00b7 lakota language consortium : the llc provides the latest lakota language curriculum materials and useful language usage statistics. \u00b7 lalwsp : laflwsp is an abbreviation for learning arabic as a foreign language with a studied plan. this site offers a series of twenty main lessons and complimentary unlimited lessons are teaching arabic language for free and it \u2019 s dedicated to non - native arabic speakers with a new, easy and well - organized style. this series develops seven skills of language : reading, writing, listening, speaking, grammar, and for the first time inflection and rhetoric. every main lesson develops three skills at least and it \u2019 s consolidated by audio lesson. \u00b7 language directory : free online language courses, dictionaries, newspapers, tv & radio stations for more than a hundred languages. \u00b7 language school : articles, news and resources on languages and learning a new language. \u00b7 language school seattle, near bellevue - spanish, italian, french, russian, arabic, german, japanese, mandarin, vietnamese, romanian, greek, portuguese, polish and more foreign languages : learn a foreign language in seattle near bellevue. learn to speak spanish, french, italian, russian, arabic, german, japanese, mandarin, vietnamese, romanian, greek", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4144208676228438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.565658"} {"text": ", mandarin, vietnamese, romanian, greek, portuguese, polish and more foreign languages : learn a foreign language in seattle near bellevue. learn to speak spanish, french, italian, russian, arabic, german, japanese, mandarin, vietnamese, romanian, greek, portuguese, polish and more foreign languages. language instruction in and around seattle, bellevue and redmond for children, adults and corporations. private lessons and group classes available in spanish, french, italian and many more languages. native language instructors available. \u00b7 language studies indonesia : known as jakarta \u2019 s \u201c bahasa indonesia school, \u201d language studies indonesia is the capital \u2019 s leading language training organisation devoted solely to the study of bahasa indonesia - the indonesian language. in the past, jakarta expatriates seeking bahasa indonesia training have had to settle for informal and inconsistent instruction through private individuals or english - language schools offering less - institutionalised courses in bahasa indonesia. lsi was founded by a consortium of indonesian and canadian educators and teachers for the exclusive purpose of introducing an international standard to indonesian language education in jakarta. lsi offers six bahasa indonesia courses, designed to serve every level of competency - from beginner to advanced. course instruction is delivered through private tutorial sessions ( individual or small group / family ), enabling clients to achieve their linguistic aims in the shortest possible time. tutorial sessions are conducted by a multilingual, university - accredited lsi language teacher, at the home, office or location of choice of the client. lesson scheduling is flexible. clients design their own schedule for lessons, studying as extensively or intensely as they wish - from one class weekly to three classes daily. \u00b7 languageexchangebcn : language exchange in barcelona, private language tutors and language classes. \u00b7 languageexchangeesp : language exchange in spain, private language tutors and language classes. \u00b7 languageexchangemad : language exchange in madrid, private language tutors and language classes. \u00b7 languages home : words and phrases in 20 indian languages. \u00b7 languages online : free language directory with resources for 15 world languages. includes tutorials, free language courses, and help with grammar. \u00b7 latin language : online latin language resources. \u00b7 learming spanish : series of spanish lessons focusing mostly on vocabulary. it uses many photos to illustrate each vocabulary word. \u00b7 learn 100 languages : this page contains a list of topics about languages including dictionaries, translation, language acquisition, phonetics with audio files and much more in most of the popular languages, from afrikaans to zulu. \u00b7 learn and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4308771133087715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.567048"} {"text": "vocabulary word. \u00b7 learn 100 languages : this page contains a list of topics about languages including dictionaries, translation, language acquisition, phonetics with audio files and much more in most of the popular languages, from afrikaans to zulu. \u00b7 learn and practice russian online : this site features online english - russian dictionary, transliteration tool, phrasebook and some learning materials. its main features are online language games including many crossword puzzles, hangman, quizzes and memory game. this site is completely free and requires no registration. \u00b7 learn chinese : free chinese lessons online. \u00b7 learn chinese : free mandarin chinese lessons. each of the 15 units contain easy to understand dialogues, usage notes and a practice page. \u00b7 learn chinese online : chinese podcasts, learn chinese, speak chinese, mp3 downloads, mandarin lessons, chinese culture and travel in china, survival chinese lessons \u00b7 learn chinese website : learn chinese website will provides some methods and skills to people who learn chinese. hope the website can help you to overcome the difficulties to study the chinese language and chinese characters. \u00b7 learn dutch : extensite web site for learning dutch. \u00b7 learn french : free online french tutorial with lessons on grammar, regular verbs, irregular verbs, and vocabulary words. also includes a french learner ' s dictionary. \u00b7 learn french online with free courses : the website includes 24 free french lessons with audio. it also features other resources such as a two - way dictionary, flashcards and ' song of the week '. \u00b7 learn french with lexique fle : learn and study french online for free - all the french courses with sounds could be downloded ( pc / mac ) \u00b7 learn german for free online! : deutsch - lernen. com offers german language lessons, level tests, german language jokes, quotations, job application resources and free international language penpals. \u00b7 learn hebrew phrases with audio : the free site incorporates 54 topics with 1, 200 hebrew phrases and sentences. the hebrew phrases are presented as images with nikud [ vowels ]. there are english translations and transliterations. the high quality audio was created in a sound studio. the site includes 155 hebrew study sheets for learning offline. \u00b7 learn hebrew verbs : a free, on - line, educational resource containing 300 hebrew verbs conjugated in all tenses ( past, present, future, imperative ). the site menu provides selection by one tense or all tenses ; gender or both genders ; singular and / or plural. for your convenience, you can choose a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5088086720812102, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.569620"} {"text": "conjugated in all tenses ( past, present, future, imperative ). the site menu provides selection by one tense or all tenses ; gender or both genders ; singular and / or plural. for your convenience, you can choose a hebrew or english menu to navigate the site. the site is unique because you do not need hebrew fonts to display the hebrew words. all words ( including the nikud - vowels ) are displayed using graphics. there are over 10, 000 graphic images in the system. \u00b7 learn hebrew with pictures and audio : learn hebrew with pictures and audio is a free, online, educational resource to learn hebrew words in a fun way. the site has 425 words and photographs ranging from fruit and vegetables to household items. each hebrew word is presented as an image with nikud [ vowels ]. there is an english transliteration and translation for each word and the hebrew audio track provides you with the correct pronunciation of each word. \u00b7 learn indian languages, hindi and marathi : learn indian languages, hindi and marathi. you can click on each letter to hear it ' s sound. \u00b7 learn japanese : learn japanese with free daily podcasts \u00b7 learn japanese adventure : one personal experiences on how to learn japanese language. learn how to speak and write japanese online with free lessons. increase your japanese words, phrases and vocabulary. \u00b7 learn japanese through anime : a free website designed to help people learn japanese by watching anime! tons of video lessons, blog posts and more! \u00b7 learn spanish : free basic spanish lessons, vocabulary lists, verb conjugations, and a blog. \u00b7 learn spanish for free with veintemundos : is a free online spanish magazine that is geared towards spanish - learners who already have a certain level of proficiency and want to improve or maintain their skills. it ' s got a smart design and interface, with helpful vocabulary and hints. each article is accompanied by an integrated audio version, so you can read along as you listen to how it should sound, and it ' s totally free! \u00b7 learn spanish, french, german : free online vocabulary builder and verb tutor with visuals and audio pronunciation samples. \u00b7 learn thai language online : free thai language learning aids. the site includes hundreds of flashcards, quizzes and exercises and over 3500 audio files. useful for thai language learners of all levels. \u00b7 learn verbs online : online verb conjugation trainer for spanish, english, french, german, portuguese and italian verbs. \u00b7 learning catalan : basic introduction to the catalan language. \u00b7 learning chinese : chinese lessons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49782048605839013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.571674"} {"text": "for thai language learners of all levels. \u00b7 learn verbs online : online verb conjugation trainer for spanish, english, french, german, portuguese and italian verbs. \u00b7 learning catalan : basic introduction to the catalan language. \u00b7 learning chinese : chinese lessons that tries to teach the language through short dialogues. \u00b7 learning french : free french lessons teaching you basic vocabulary and some grammar. \u00b7 learning german : free german lessons teaching you simple vocabulary and some grammar. \u00b7 learning german language : the website is rather new ; currently it has more than 50 german lessons divided into pronunciation lessons ( along with audio examples ), vocabulary lessons, and grammar lessons ( along with exercises & grammar tables ). in addition to some other features. \u00b7 learning greek : useful site for learning greek. greek is a hard and unique language, and these lessons will help you learn greek fast. \u00b7 learning korean : korean lessons that teaches sentence structure and honorifics. in later lessons there are short dialogues of many different scenarios. \u00b7 learning portuguese : detailed explanations of portuguese grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary \u00b7 learning portuguese online : free portuguese lessons online. \u00b7 learning russian : written by a native russian, these lessons teach you the russian language in a very practical way. there are short exercises at the end of certain lessons. \u00b7 lebanese language center : introduction to lebanese language. grammar and pronunciation, read - and - write the language of lebanon. dictionary and lebanese songs. the aramaic and arabic in the lebanese language. \u00b7 let ' s speak sinhala. learn sinhala the language of sri lanka : learn sinhala through internet lessons using sound files and interactive exercises. \u00b7 lingu @ net europa : lingu @ net europa is a multilingual, on - line resource centre for foreign language learning. it provides information about, and links to good on - line resources from around the world relating to the learning and teaching of any modern foreign language. you can access the whole site in : basque, bulgarian, catalan, danish, dutch, english, estonian, finnish, french, galician, german, greek, icelandic, italian, lithuanian, maltese, polish, portuguese, spanish and swedish. the project is currently receiving financial support from the european commission, socrates programme ( lingua 2 action ) to help it. \u00b7 linguamongolia - classical mongolian tutorials / grammar / translation : an online resource for classical mongolian - writing / grammar / translation \u00b7 majstro : on - line multilingual translation dictionary \u00b7 manisa turkish : how to learn turkish with explanations for english speakers. sounds of turkish,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42683410415024003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.574184"} {"text": "feedback. media like radio, tv, videos, newspapers, vocabulary along with interactive games and exercises also aid in learning. \u00b7 phrasebase : phrasebase is a language learning resource community with the internets largest database of common words and phrases translated into over 90 languages. \u00b7 pimsleur approach : language and the brain : this resource illuminates how learning a second language, like spanish or german, can actually help boost brain function and can potentially reduce the chances of developing alzheimer ' s as we age. \u00b7 populearn : a great way to learn german : populearn is an easy and effective way to learn german. the course is interactive, so you can see your results in real time. learn to speak, read, listen, and understand in one go! try it out today. \u00b7 portuguese language : portuguese language schools, grammar, words and other resources. \u00b7 pukka german podcast : free podcast that focuses on teaching informal conversational german including colloquialisms, idioms and slang. \u00b7 punjabi resource in shahmukhi script : you might be interested in a suite of punjabi resources containing morphology, corpus and a lexicon. the script we use for these resources is shahmukhi. \u00b7 resource center for teachers of russian : resources for teachers of russian as a foreign language : activities, lesson plans, games, etc. \u00b7 russian - english vocabulary. : 2000 most common words in russian language with frequency of use. lists and exercises on verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, cardinal / ordinal numbers, pronouns, preposition. \u00b7 russian reference grammar : an interactive on - line reference grammar on russian verbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and more, as well as language learning support. \u00b7 russian video blog : i ' m the author of a blog where i have lots of free videos i shot, teaching beginners russian language. i use a cool memory device to help students, and i start with the 30 most useful words. also, i shoot all the videos here in sevastopol, ukraine, on the backdrop of the black sea ( to make them more visually appealing. ) i also have videos where i teach how to read russian using a technique called contextual learning. \u00b7 sign language tests : this website gives an overview on different sign language tests and assessment instruments and provides information on sign language test development and testing. \u00b7 site colette noyau acquisition du langage et des langues : researcher ' s personal website on first and second language acquisition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5075435336917223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.580156"} {"text": "website gives an overview on different sign language tests and assessment instruments and provides information on sign language test development and testing. \u00b7 site colette noyau acquisition du langage et des langues : researcher ' s personal website on first and second language acquisition and bilingual acquisition and use of language. includes : bibliography, conferences, projects, teaching, with pdf texts to download, useful links. \u00b7 sobre buenos aires argentina : bem - vindo ao nosso guia de viagem sobre buenos aires - argentina, america latina, a cidade das cidades que tem de tudo : arte, cultura, historia e beleza unidas. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * welcome to our travel guide about buenos aires - argentina, latin america, the city of cities that has everything : art, culture, history and beauty together. \u00b7 spanicity : learn spanish online - sounds, grammar, reference material, quizzes and a list of spanish teachers around the world \u00b7 spanish language : learn the spanish language in south america!, our experienced teachers utilize the most innovative pedagogies and emphasize interactive learning, a proven methodology for foreign language learning. \u00b7 spanish language : spanish language schools, dictionary and more. \u00b7 spanish newsbites : spanish newsbites is a free online spanish learners ' website featuring regularly updated spanish - language news stories from spain and latin america, with mouse rollover vocabulary and grammar in english. the site also features audio, exercises and interesting links. \u00b7 spanish online : learn spanish online \u00b7 spanish online : spanish online is a website with free spanish lessons. here you can find a lot of materials for easy learning : spanish podcasts, spanish exercises, useful phrases. also you can study spanish with a native speaker. \u00b7 spanish online course : spanish online course with lessons, interactive exercises, audios, forum, etc. \u00b7 spanish playground : this blog is a collection of resources for teachers of spanish to children. it consists of authentic language materials including songs, videos, and book recommendations. it also includes strategies for using the materials. \u00b7 spanish tests : online vocabulary and grammar tests for spanish learners. \u00b7 speak spanish fluently : learn to speak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4468809229931367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.581283"} {"text": "spanish to children. it consists of authentic language materials including songs, videos, and book recommendations. it also includes strategies for using the materials. \u00b7 spanish tests : online vocabulary and grammar tests for spanish learners. \u00b7 speak spanish fluently : learn to speak spanish fluently to a conversational level using fun, non - boring methods to make language learning fun! \u00b7 sprachprofi site : information for learning a hundred languages online and for free, including links to courses, writing tutorials, grammars, online dictionaries, pronunciation guides, pages with common phrases, online texts, etc. \u00b7 teach yourself turkish at talklikeaturk. com : a new site with the aim of helping you learn turkish - for free. this site provides you with the tools needed to learn the grammar. but even more, it provides you with the strategy necessary to learn that grammar and achieve true fluency. i haven ' t be able to find another resource out there for learning turkish like this! \u00b7 thaionline : australian national university electronic resource for thai studies. \u00b7 the alef - bet page - the hebrew alphabet : the alef - bet page has online and printable hebrew alphabet charts which include the hebrew letters in three formats : block, script, and rashi. the charts also have the numeric value of each letter. \u00b7 the french podcast : natural french conversations with full transcripts available. \u00b7 the mixxer, language exchanges online : the mixxer is a free educational site for language learners and teachers to find a language partner for a language exchange. the language partner is someone who speaks the language you study as their native language and is studying your native language. the partners then meet online to help each other practice and learn a foreign language. \u00b7 the spanish listening blog : the spanish listening blog is an excellent website for free learning spanish with so many audio resources that contribute to your education. \u00b7 turkish language class : turkish language lessons including vocabulary and grammar, with vocabulary tests to check your progress. there are also pictures and videos of turkey, turkish chat and discussion forums, and translated poems from turkish poets. \u00b7 unilang language community : the unilang language community presents a place on the internet where people can learn languages together, entirely for free and online. we have a lot of languages resources such as free languages courses, grammar references, pronunciation guides and vocabulary lists. moreover, we also have a language chat for practising, a language forum for discussion and a huge collection of links to other language sites! \u00b7 visual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4193953906225216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.582618"} {"text": "lot of languages resources such as free languages courses, grammar references, pronunciation guides and vocabulary lists. moreover, we also have a language chat for practising, a language forum for discussion and a huge collection of links to other language sites! \u00b7 visualmandarin : learn chinese online with free videos, podcasts, interactive exercises and 1 to 1 tuition! \u00b7 writing by means of drawing : this pedagogical article is meant for the primary as well as primary bengali school - teachers, who are introducing bangla alphabets to the children below six years. the strategy adopted here for introducing target language graphemes to the bengali children is altogether different from the usual cultural practice of introducing bangla alphabet with sequential sanskrit phonetic order of things that creates ambiguities and confusion in the mind of learning - subjects as there is no strict one - to - one correspondences between bangla speech sounds and traditional graphemes. there may be one - many or many - one or zero \u2013 one ( or vice versa ) correspondences. therefore, altogether different approach is being taken to teach language art by introducing art samples already available in the bengali culture. the simple contours of alpana ( ' ritual painting in the floor of the house ' mainly practiced by bengali women at the time of religious festival ; the term denotes ' to coat with \u2019. the idea of using alpana in the context of learning is taken from the understanding of satyajit ray \u2019 s bangla calligraphy. ) is introduced after teaching straight lines, adjoining straight lines with dots, triangle, rectangle and circle respectively. all the shapes are formed either by the way of drawing or by using clay. these basic shapes are gradually metamorphosed into the graphemic shapes, which is a strange and a new experience to the child learner, on the basis of their homogeneity, e. g., sounds like b, r, k, dh, jh etc. with their atomic triangular shapes or o, t, ou, oi with the basic circular shapes are put together with the contours of ' alpana ' for executing learning process. along with this artistic learning, songs containing the sounds related to graphemes are sung with few musical instruments. later on stories are told and performed as a play ( both teachers and students participate in the extempore dramas and relevant musicking ) with a view to write stories in the latter stage of learning thus the whole process has become a joyful bi - way ' learning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5430187011774762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.587292"} {"text": "are told and performed as a play ( both teachers and students participate in the extempore dramas and relevant musicking ) with a view to write stories in the latter stage of learning thus the whole process has become a joyful bi - way ' learning ' process rather than that of one way ' teaching '. in all the cases, the learning process, apart from its context - specific lingua - aesthetic content, depends on the prior knowledge of the linguistic features of bangla language. by anticipating phonetic features, phonological rules and child language acquisition theory, the whole ( open ) text was build up with the help of a bengali child - learner. he started drawing when he was 3 years old and he finished learning graphemes within one and a half years. in case of above six - year old illiterate learners, it took 20 to 25 days to learn almost all the bangla graphemes along with few allographs, if s / he is taught in this way. ) the redundant and opaque clustered graphemes are avoided in this phono - centric lingua - aesthetic direct learning process. keywords : alpana, grapheme, language art, lingua - aesthetics, learning process, un - / de - schooling \u00b7 yes japanese : free japanese lessons written by a college student. \u00b7 yorupedia : yorupedia is a newly developed website with emphasis on the yoruba people of south west of nigeria. the website is an outcome of several years of research on the people, language, culture and the history of yoruba. unlike other websites, yorupedia is an encyclopedia or rather a - one - stop - site, which provides an all - inclusive information on several aspects of the yoruba people. more important, it is a multi - audience website for : students of language, academic community, cultural anthropologists, historians, musicologists, linguists, and the young ones who have passion for languages ; and probably those who are planning to learn a new language and to explore into a new culture. above all, the site is designed to enhance every visitor \u2019 s knowledge / understanding about the yoruba and its language, which has served ( for many centuries ) as a channel of communication, vehicle for cultural preservation and transmission.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5375149127096657, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.588352"} {"text": "during their working hours, our astronauts will be busy performing three main tasks : construction, maintenance and research. besides work, they will also have time to relax. construction involves working on the settlement. the first crew in particular will need to devote a lot of time to the settlement, to make their new home into a comfortable place to live. they will install the corridors between the landers, they will deploy extra solar panels, and they will install equipment, such as greenhouses, inside the habitat. they will spend time on the crops and food preparation. they will also prepare the hardware for the second crew : the second crew hardware will be delivered with the first crew astronauts. as soon as possible, mars one will try to supply the settlement with methodologies to produce habitable volume from mostly martian materials, in order to significantly expand the settlement. our goal is to enable them to construct a space 10 meters wide by 50 meters long. this will be a spacious environment in which to live, where they can also grow trees. such a large living volume will make mars a much nicer place to live. maintenance will be crucial to ensure long - term functionality of all systems. the astronauts lives depend on the technology present in the settlement. all these systems need to be checked and maintained regularly. research is also an important part of work on mars, especially when the settlement is fully operational. what is the history of mars? did mars have a long wet period, or just a few wet years every now and then? when did the dramatic climate change take place? is there life on mars now? the astronauts will do their own research, but will also collect data for other researchers, and transmit it to earth. leisure and personal time our astronauts will also find time to relax. they can do most of the indoor activities that people can do on earth : read, play games, write, paint, work out in the gym, watch tv, use the internet, contact friends at home and so on. there will be some communication and media limitations, due to the distance between earth and mars, resulting in time delays : they will have to request the movies or news broadcasts they want to see in advance. if an astronaut would like to watch the super bowl, he or she can request it, and it would be uploaded to the server on mars. there will always be a time delay of at least three minutes, so the people on mars will know who won a few minutes after the people on earth. hopefully this slight delay will not spoil their enjoyment of our \u2018", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45067784501975205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.592281"} {"text": "smallmouth bass for the seasons colder air and water temperatures, ice and snow. in the smallmouth ' s world, winter ' s extremes are muted, evened out by water ' s resistance to sudden changes. water temperatures decrease gradually to the 30s and 40s. smallmouth seek the deepest areas of the pools with large boulders and downed trees. they do not travel great distances seeking a particular pool or hole to spend the winter, as some anglers believe. we really don ' t understand why smallmouth use those deep areas during winter, only that they do. scientists speculate water temperatures may be warmer near the bottom, or that smallmouth feel safer and more comfortable as body activity slows with the cooling water in these protected areas. if a pool has a spring, smallmouth will congregate in the warmer flows. fishing tip : bass still feed through the winter, although not as much or as vigorously. natural bait, such as crayfish and minnows, or jigs tipped with pork rind are favorites of winter smallmouth anglers, but presentation is critical. fish slowly on the bottom around the boulders, rocks and downed trees, where smallmouth live during cold winter months, using light spinning tackle. warming rains and air temperatures through march, april and may renew the wondrous cycle of life. serviceberries, redbud and dogwoods bloom, painting river valleys with white and red blossoms. earth ' s mantle turns green and lush. in the smallmouth ' s world, hormones stir. as waters warm to the low 60s, males leave wintering areas seeking shallow gravel areas, where a rock or log provides shelter from the current in pools and runs. they fan out platter - sized nests, sweeping gravel clean, then seek nearby females, enticing them to the nest. females expel eggs that are fertilized by the male. once fertilized, eggs stick to stones in the nest, and are guarded by the male from marauding longear sunfish, bluegills and a host of other predators bent on grabbing a quick meal. the male stands guard until eggs hatch and the developing fry find safety in nursery areas along stream edges. fishing tip : although regulations prohibit harvest of smallmouth bass from march through may ( march 1 through the friday before memorial day in the southern half of the state ), spring provides anglers some of the best catch - and - release fishing for large smallmouth bass. males are aggressive during this period and will readily attack spinners, jigs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4365939197359604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.599000"} {"text": "through the friday before memorial day in the southern half of the state ), spring provides anglers some of the best catch - and - release fishing for large smallmouth bass. males are aggressive during this period and will readily attack spinners, jigs, small crankbaits or large streamers fished near them. to improve survival of the bass, use artificial lures during this vulnerable period, land your bass quickly and release them immediately. the valley slows in the torpor of hot summer days and nights. water flow decreases and streams clear. smallmouth spread throughout the stream, occupying spots where food can be caught easily. shallow riffles become homes for medium and small bass, which live behind boulders and in sheltered pockets created by back eddies and downed timber. large bass frequent deeper areas near chunk rock or around downed trees during the day, using the protection afforded by the sites to forage for crayfish and small minnows. as the sun drops behind the horizon and light levels lower, smallmouth cruise the pools, foraging for minnows and crayfish. fishing tip : anglers harvest most legal smallmouth bass in june because water flows allow anglers in canoes and johnboats easy access to more stream reaches. anglers, who stop fishing as air and water temperatures increase and flows decrease, miss some of the best fishing of the year. the key to catching summer smallmouth bass is knowing and fishing where smallmouth live and using the right lure or bait. although warm, clear water can make fishing difficult, smallmouth still feed actively. fish with light line around large rocks or downed trees in moving water. these areas can usually be found in the upper or lower one - third of a typical pool. use jigs tipped with plastic baits or crayfish or minnows suspended under a float.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.36248857581426375, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.600724"} {"text": "washington \u2014 in his state of the union address this week, president barack obama announced that he would seek to raise the federal minimum wage to $ 9 an hour, a measure that would form the centerpiece of an agenda aimed at reducing incoming inequality in the united states. that announcement got us wondering : how does the u. s. minimum wage stack up against the minimum wage in other countries? the answer depends somewhat on how one chooses to measure the minimum wage and the standard against which it is measured. one handy way of comparing the minimum wage across borders is to measure it relative to median full - time wages, which indicates the gap between the lowest wage earners and the mid - point of the income spectrum. on that measurement, the u. s. minimum wage is about 38 percent of the median, which is indicative of high levels of income inequality in the united states. countries like australia, belgium, france, ireland and new zealand have both higher absolute minimum wages and minimum wages that fall closer to median wages. in other words, living on the minimum wage in one of those countries puts an individual much closer to achieving a median income than it would in the united states. unstated in all of this, of course, is that the united states is significantly wealthier than all of these countries. if one looks at minimum wage from an hourly perspective, the picture is much the same. of the 23 countries for which the organization for economic cooperation and development has data, the united states ranks 10th in hourly income in ppp dollars, a measurement of purchasing power that indicates how much stuff an employee can buy with an hour of work. all this is to say that, relative to its wealth, the united states underpays its least - skilled workers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.404188505292438, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.606747"} {"text": "by mari elspeth nic bryan ( kathleen m. o ' brien ) \u00a9 2000 - 2010 by kathleen m. o ' brien. all rights reserved. version 2. 6, updated 28 february 2010 what we know as a set of irish annals are manuscripts that were each compiled during a particular time period, usually using older material as sources. for example, when the annals of the four masters were written from 1632 to 1636, they covered events that occurred centuries and millenia before ( including legendary history ). so, when an entry in this set of annals refers to a person who lived in the year 738, the spelling used for that person ' s name is very likely not using the spelling that would have been used in 738. standard forms of this name ( based on spelling systems of different periods ) would be : | early modern irish gaelic ( c1200 - c1700 ) form : | | sile | note : see also sisuile. i have listed these names separately because i could find no instances of a single person being referenced by both a sile form and a sisuile form. | number of women found in the annals with this name : | | 12 | | found in years : | | 1471, 1473, 1485, 1486, 1489, 1491, 1499, 1521, 1530, 1531, 1544, 1582, 1589 | fm, under the year 1471, has a footnote that says : this name is usually anglicised sheela, and thought to be an ancient irish proper name of a woman ; but it does not appear to have been in use among the irish previous to the english invasion, nor much till the fourteenth century. it is a mere hibernicised form of celia, or cecilia, or, as the french write it, cecile. ( fm vol. 4, p. 1074, footnote \" i \" ). it is important to note that this footnote was written in the 19th century. as a result, the assuptions it discusses date to that time. further information about the name sile, may be found in : the sources page lists the annals referenced below. information about secondary sources is included on that page as well. in the table below, i have separated individuals with a blank line. that is, when there are multiple entries in the annals that refer to a single person, those entries are grouped together. within the list of entries refering to a single person, i have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4393720913766646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.625717"} {"text": "table below, i have separated individuals with a blank line. that is, when there are multiple entries in the annals that refer to a single person, those entries are grouped together. within the list of entries refering to a single person, i have sorted the entries primarily by orthography when it is obvious that what i am seeing is the same entry showing up in multiple annals. the entries that tend to use older spellings are listed first. note : the annals referenced below under the code letters a, b, c, e, & f tend to use later spellings than the other annals. in some cases, the spellings listed in these annals may not be appropriate for the year referenced in the annal entry. in some gaelic scripts, there is a character that looks approximately like a lowercase f, but without the crossbar. this character ( represented by an underscored medieval scotland | medieval names archive | index of names in irish annals kathleen m. o ' brien ' s articles are hosted by medieval scotland, which is published by sharon l. krossa ( contact ). shopping online? how you can support this site. annals entry context citation ( formatting preserved ) ( d. 1473 ) u3 u1473. 7 an sile, ingen rughraide meg mathgamna ( d. 1485 ) d m1485. 6 an sile inghen mec siurtain ben ricaird a burc baincheann ban connacht ( d. 1486 ) d m1486. 21 sile inghen aodha mic uilliam ui ceallaigh ben ui mhadadhain ( d. 1489 ) d m1489. 41 sile ingean diarmata an dunaidh meg carthaigh ben toirrdhealbhaigh ui bhriain ( d. 1491 ) u3 u1491. 7 sile, ingen toirrdhelbaigh ui raghalligh, ben glaisne, mic remainn meg mathgamna ( d. 1499 ) u3 u1499. 11 sile, ingen an espuic meg uidhir,. i. ros espuc ( d. 1521 ) d m1471. 15 sile ingen ui domnaill,. i. niall garb, ben neill mic airt ui neill u3 u1471. 1 sile, ingen neill gairb ui domnaill, bean neill, mic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4655251124814398, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.627965"} {"text": "15 sile ingen ui domnaill,. i. niall garb, ben neill mic airt ui neill u3 u1471. 1 sile, ingen neill gairb ui domnaill, bean neill, mic airt ui neill [ \" sile, daughter of niall ua domnaill the rough, wife of niall, son of art ua neill \" ] e m1521. 9 sile inghen neill ghairbh ui domhnaill ( d. 1530 ) co 1530. 21 sile inghen h. fhallamhain ben cairbre h. birnn [ \" sile celia, daughter of o ' fallon, and wife of carbry, son of the prior \" ] lc2 lc1530. 20 sile ingen h - i fallamain uxor cairbri mic in priora h - i birn ( d. 1531 ) co 1531. 12 sile oc ingen cairbre h. birnn lc2 lc1531. 11 sile ingen chairbre h - i birn ( d. 1544 ) e m1544. 7 sile ingen magnusa i domhnaill ( ben - sidhe ui bhaoighill domhnall ) ( d. 1582 ) lc2 lc1582. 38 sili ingen i domnaill [ unrelated, an ben do bi ag tadg og mac taidg mic aedha [ \" sile, daughter of o ' domhnaill, the wife of tadhg og, son of tadhg, son of aedh \" ] ( d. 1589 ) lc2 lc1589. 45 ingen i falluin. i. sile ingen cobhuigh, in ben do bhith ag cedach mac domnaill i ceallaigh [ \" o ' fallon ' s daughter, i. e., celia, daughter of cobhthach, the wife of cedach, son of domhnall o ' cellaigh \" ] feminine given names | feminine descriptive bynames | masculine given names | masculine descriptive bynames \u00a9 1996 - 2007. all rights reserved. copyright of individual articles belongs to their authors. please do not copy or redistribute without proper permission! [ an error occurred while processing this directive ] medieval scotland | medieval names archive | index of names in irish annals kathleen m. o ' brien ' s articles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40959112617905785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.630683"} {"text": "summer travel health advice use soap, water, and a dash of common sense. drink and eat sensibly continued... - drink only bottled or boiled water. - eat well cooked, rather than raw or undercooked meat and seafood. - avoid any foods or beverages purchased from street vendors or establishments with unhygienic conditions. - avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables unless you peel them yourself. - don ' t put ice in your drinks. but no matter how closely you follow this advice, you may still come down with travelers ' diarrhea, says shlim, who believes restaurant food preparation is the culprit. \" some restaurants may use the same cutting board for raw vegetables and meat, for example. or they may rinse vegetables in dirty tap water. \" his advice : eat only freshly served foods that were cooked at high heat. \" lasagna and casseroles are risky because they are often cooked earlier, leaving plenty of time for organisms to grow. \" shlim also advises going to a doctor in advance of your trip and asking him or her for a course of antibiotics. taken as soon as diarrhea strikes, the drugs can usually shorten the illness from several days to several hours. move around, drink plenty of fluids sitting in a cramped position for long periods - - whether in an airplane, car, or a bus - - can lead to an increased risk of potentially deadly blood clots, warns wolfgang schobersberger, md, professor of intensive care medicine at the university of innsbruck in austria. to minimize risk, drink plenty of non - alcoholic fluids and frequently move your legs, he says. taking frequent, deep breaths can also improve circulation. those at moderate risk should also wear compression stockings, sometimes called support hose, he says. and those at high risk should ask their doctor about an injection of heparin immediately before the trip, which will provide protection for about 12 hours, he says. your risk for blood clots increases if you are age 60 or older, have heart disease, a family history of blood clots, varicose veins, obesity, cancer, are pregnant or recently had a baby, or have had recent surgery. don ' t get bitten mosquitoes are not just pesky pests : they can carry west nile disease, dengue fever, even malaria. ticks spread lyme disease. but a few simple precautions can minimize your risk of getting bitten this summer, the experts say. among their travel health advice : - stay indoors at dawn and dusk", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3832408022417568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.638093"} {"text": "the thirteenth division of the khuddaka nikaya. it is a buddhist vitae sanctorum and contains 547 biographies of monks and forty biographies of nuns, all mentioned as having lived in the time of the buddha. the cy. gives details of eleven more theras not found in the text : yasa, nadikassapa, gayakassapa, kimbila, vajjiputta, uttara, apara - uttara, bhaddaji, sivika, upavana and ralthapala. in addition to these, there are two introductory chapters, the buddha - padana and the paccekabuddha - padana, dealing with the buddha and the pacceka buddhas respectively. it is worth noting that the buddha - padana contains no account of the buddha ' s life, either as gotama or earlier, as bodhisatta ( see, however, pubbakammapiloti ). nor does the paccekabuddha - padana contain any life - histories. the stanzas are what might be more appropriately described as udana, and appear in the khaggavisana sutta of the sutta nipata. cp. the mahapadana sutta ( d. ii. 1ff ), where the word apadana is used as meaning the legend or life - story of a buddha or a great one - in this case the seven buddhas. or does mahapadana mean the great story, i. e. the story of the dhamma and its bearers and promulgation : cp. the title of the mahavastu ( dial. ii. 3 ). most of the stories are found in the paramatthadipani, the commentary to the thera - and therigatha, extracted from the apadana with the introductory words, \" tena vuttam apadane. \" but in numerous instances the names under which the verses appear in the paramatthadipani differ from those subjoined to the verses in the apadana. in several cases it is a matter of the commentary giving a name while the apadana gives only a title. e. g., usabha thera ( thaga. i. 320 ), called kosumbaphaliya ( ap. ii. 449 ) ; and isidinna ( thaga. i. 312 ), called ( ap. ii. 415 ) sumanavijaniya. sometimes the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3849728685880802, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.644701"} {"text": "i. 320 ), called kosumbaphaliya ( ap. ii. 449 ) ; and isidinna ( thaga. i. 312 ), called ( ap. ii. 415 ) sumanavijaniya. sometimes the stories are duplicated in the apadana itself, the same story occurring in two places with a very slight alteration in words, even the name of the person spoken of being the same. most often no reason can be assigned for this, except, perhaps, careless editing. e. g., annasamsavaka i ap. i. 78 and again i. 261 ; see also the introduction to the p. t. s. edition. the apadana is regarded as one of the very latest books in the canon, one reason for this view being that while later books like the buddhavamsa mention only twenty - four buddhas previous to gotama, the apadana contains the names of thirty - five. it is very probable that the different legends in the collection are of different dates. on these and other matters connected with the apadana, see rhys davids article in ere. and muller ' s les apadanas du sud ( congress of orientalists, leyden, 1895 ). according to the sumangala vilasini ( i. 15. see also przyluski : la legende de l ' empereur acoka, pp. viii f., 214 ), the dighabhanakas, who included the khuddaka nikaya in the abhidhammapitaka, did not recognise the apadana. the majjhimabhanakas included it in the khuddaka nikaya, which they regarded as belonging to the suttapitaka. there is a commentary to the apadana called the visuddhajanavilasini. according to gv. ( p. 69 ) the commentary on the apadana was written by buddhaghosa at the request of five monks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4235478581835273, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.645450"} {"text": "how today \u2019 s fiscal austerity is reminiscent of world war i \u2019 s economic misunderstandings when world war i broke out in august 1914, economists on both sides forecast that hostilities could not last more than about six months. wars had grown so expensive that governments quickly would run out of money. it seemed that if germany could not defeat france by springtime, the allied and central powers would run out of savings and reach what today is called a fiscal cliff and be forced to negotiate a peace agreement. but the great war dragged on for four destructive years. european governments did what the united states had done after the civil war broke out in 1861 when the treasury printed greenbacks. they paid for more fighting simply by printing their own money. their economies did not buckle and there was no major inflation. that would happen only after the war ended, as a result of germany trying to pay reparations in foreign currency. this is what caused its exchange rate to plunge, raising import prices and hence domestic prices. the culprit was not government spending on the war itself ( much less on social programs ). but history is written by the victors, and the past generation has seen the banks and financial sector emerge victorious. holding the bottom 99 % in debt, the top 1 % are now in the process of subsidizing a deceptive economic theory to persuade voters to pursue policies that benefit the financial sector at the expense of labor, industry, and democratic government as we know it. wall street lobbyists blame unemployment and the loss of industrial competitiveness on government spending and budget deficits \u2013 especially on social programs \u2013 and labor \u2019 s demand to share in the economy \u2019 s rising productivity. the myth ( perhaps we should call it junk economics ) is that ( 1 ) governments should not run deficits ( at least, not by printing their own money ), because ( 2 ) public money creation and high taxes ( at lest on the wealthy ) cause prices to rise. the cure for economic malaise ( which they themselves have caused ), is said to be less public spending, along with more tax cuts for the wealthy, who euphemize themselves as \u201c job creators. \u201d demanding budget surpluses, bank lobbyists promise that banks can provide the economy with enough purchasing power to grow. then, when this ends in crisis, they insist that austerity can squeeze out enough income to enable private - sector debts to be paid. the reality is that when banks load the economy down with debt, this leaves less to spend on domestic goods and services", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42026543537060723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.697417"} {"text": "when this ends in crisis, they insist that austerity can squeeze out enough income to enable private - sector debts to be paid. the reality is that when banks load the economy down with debt, this leaves less to spend on domestic goods and services while driving up housing prices ( and hence the cost of living ) with reckless credit creation on looser lending terms. yet on top of this debt deflation, bank lobbyists urge fiscal deflation : budget surpluses rather than pump - priming deficits. the effect is to further reduce private - sector market demand, shrinking markets and employment. governments fall deeper into distress, and are told to sell off land and natural resources, public enterprises, and other assets. this creates a lucrative market for bank loans to finance privatization on credit. this explains why financial lobbyists back the new buyers \u2019 right to raise the prices they charge for basic needs, creating a united front to endorse rent extraction. the effect is to enrich the financial sector owned by the 1 % in ways that indebt and privatize the economy at large \u2013 individuals, business and the government itself. this policy was exposed as destructive in the late 1920s and early 1930s when john maynard keynes, harold moulton and a few others countered the claims of jacques rueff and bertil ohlin that debts of any magnitude could be paid if governments would impose deep enough austerity and suffering. this is the doctrine adopted by the international monetary fund to impose on third world debtors since the 1960s, and by european neoliberals defending creditors imposing austerity on ireland, greece, spain and portugal. this pro - austerity mythology aims to distract the public from asking why peacetime governments can \u2019 t simply print the money they need. given the option of printing money instead of levying taxes, why do politicians only create new spending power for the purpose of waging war and destroying property, not to build or repair bridges, roads and other public infrastructure? why should the government tax employees for future retirement payouts, but not wall street for similar user fees and financial insurance to build up a fund to pay for future bank over - lending crises? for that matter, why doesn \u2019 t the u. s. government print the money to pay for social security and medical care, just as it created new debt for the $ 13 trillion post - 2008 bank bailout? ( i will return to this question below. ) the answer to these questions has little to do with markets, or with monetary and tax theory. bankers claim", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46088289958290407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.698701"} {"text": ", just as it created new debt for the $ 13 trillion post - 2008 bank bailout? ( i will return to this question below. ) the answer to these questions has little to do with markets, or with monetary and tax theory. bankers claim that if they have to pay more user fees to pre - fund future bad - loan claims and deposit insurance to save the treasury or taxpayers from being stuck with the bill, they will have to charge customers more \u2013 despite their current record profits, which seem to grab everything they can get. but they support a double standard when it comes to taxing labor. shifting the tax burden onto labor and industry is achieved most easily by cutting back public spending on the 99 %. that is the root of the december 2012 showdown over whether to impose the anti - deficit policies proposed by the bowles - simpson commission of budget cutters whom president obama appointed in 2010. shedding crocodile tears over the government \u2019 s failure to balance the budget, banks insist that today \u2019 s 15. 3 % fica wage withholding be raised \u2013 as if this will not raise the break - even cost of living and drain the consumer economy of purchasing power. employers and their work force are told to save in advance for social security or other public programs. this is a disguised income tax on the bottom 99 %, whose proceeds are used to reduce the budget deficit so that taxes can be cut on finance and the 1 %. to paraphrase leona helmsley \u2019 s quip that \u201c only the little people pay taxes, \u201d the post - 2008 motto is that only the 99 % have to suffer losses, not the 1 % as debt deflation plunges real estate and stock market prices to inaugurate a negative equity economy while unemployment rates soar. there is no more need to save in advance for social security than there is to save in advance to pay for war. selling treasury bonds to pay for retirees has the identical monetary and fiscal effect of selling newly printed securities. it is a charade \u2013 to shift the tax burden onto labor and industry. governments need to provide the economy with money and credit to expand markets and employment. they do this by running budget deficits, and this can be done by creating their own money. that is what banks oppose, accusing it of leading to hyperinflation rather than help economies grow. their motivation for this wrong accusation is self - serving and their logic is deceptive. bankers always have fought to block government from creating its own money \u2013 at least under normal peacetime conditions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4536121346214404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.700094"} {"text": "of leading to hyperinflation rather than help economies grow. their motivation for this wrong accusation is self - serving and their logic is deceptive. bankers always have fought to block government from creating its own money \u2013 at least under normal peacetime conditions. for many centuries, government bonds were the largest and most secure investment for the financial elites that hold most savings. investment bankers and brokers monopolized public finance, at substantial underwriting commissions. the market for stocks and corporate bonds was rife with fraud, dominated by insiders for the railroads and great trusts being organized by wall street, and the canal ventures organized by french and british stockbrokers. however, there was little alternative to governments creating their own money when the costs of waging an international war far exceeded the volume of national savings or tax revenue available. this obvious need quieted the usual opposition mounted by bankers to limit the public monetary option. it shows that governments can do more under force majeur emergencies than under normal conditions. and the september 2008 financial crisis provided an opportunity for the u. s. and european governments to create new debt for bank bailouts. this turned out to be as expensive as waging a war. it was indeed a financial war. banks already had captured the regulatory agencies to engage in reckless lending and a wave of fraud and corruption not seen since the 1920s. and now they were holding economies hostage to a break in the chain of payments if they were not bailed out for their speculative gambles, junk mortgages and fraudulent loan packaging. their first victory was to disable the ability \u2013 or at least the willingness \u2013 of the treasury, federal reserve and comptroller of the currency to regulate the financial sector. goldman sachs, citicorp and their fellow wall street giants hold veto power the appointment of key administrators at these agencies. they used this beachhead to weed out nominees who might not favor their interests, preferring ideological deregulators in the stripe of alan greenspan and tim geithner. as john kenneth galbraith quipped, a precondition for obtaining a central bank post is tunnel vision when it comes to understanding that governments can create their credit as readily as banks can. what is necessary is for one \u2019 s political loyalties to lie with the banks. in the post - 2008 financial wreckage it took only a series of computer keystrokes for the u. s. government to create $ 13 trillion in debt to save banks from suffering losses on their reckless real estate loans ( which computer models pretended would make banks so rich", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4511399270134825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.702038"} {"text": "- 2008 financial wreckage it took only a series of computer keystrokes for the u. s. government to create $ 13 trillion in debt to save banks from suffering losses on their reckless real estate loans ( which computer models pretended would make banks so rich that they could pay their managers enormous salaries, bonuses and stock options ), insurance bets gone bad ( underpricing risk to win business to pay their managers enormous salaries and bonuses ), arbitrage gambles and outright fraud ( to give the illusion of earnings justifying enormous salaries, bonuses and stock options ). the $ 800 billion troubled asset relief program ( tarp ) and $ 2 trillion of federal reserve \u201c cash for trash \u201d swaps enabled the banks to continue their remuneration of executives and bondholders with hardly a hiccup \u2013 while incomes and wealth plunged for the remaining 99 % of americans. a new term, casino capitalism, was coined to describe the transformation that finance capitalism was undergoing in the post - 1980 era of deregulation that opened the gates for banks to do what governments hitherto did in time of war : create money and new public debt simply by \u201c printing it \u201d \u2013 in this case, electronically on their computer keyboards. taking the insolvent fannie mae and freddie mac mortgage financing agencies onto the public balance sheet for $ 5. 2 trillion accounted for over a third of the $ 13 trillion bailout. this saved their bondholders from having to suffer losses from the fraudulent appraisals on the junk mortgages with which countrywide, bank of america, citibank and other \u201c too big to fail \u201d banks had stuck them. this enormous debt increase was done without raising taxes. in fact, the bush administration cut taxes, giving the largest cuts to the highest income and wealth brackets who were its major campaign contributors. special tax privileges were given to banks so that they could \u201c earn their way out of debt \u201d ( and indeed, out of negative equity ). the federal reserve gave a free line of credit ( quantitative easing ) to the banking system at only 0. 25 % annual interest by 2011 \u2013 that is, one quarter of a percentage point, with no questions asked about the quality of the junk mortgages and other securities pledged as collateral at their full face value, which was far above market price. this $ 13 trillion debt creation to save banks from having to suffer a loss was not accused of threatening economic stability. it enabled them to resume paying exorbitant salaries and bonuses, dividends to bondholders and also to pay counterparties on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4874099140685807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.703164"} {"text": ". this $ 13 trillion debt creation to save banks from having to suffer a loss was not accused of threatening economic stability. it enabled them to resume paying exorbitant salaries and bonuses, dividends to bondholders and also to pay counterparties on casino - capitalist arbitrage bets. these payments have helped the 1 % receive a reported 93 % of the gains in income since 2008. the bailout thus polarized the economy, giving the financial sector more power over labor and consumers, industry and the government than has been the case since the late 19th - century gilded age. all this makes today \u2019 s financial war much like the aftermath of world war i and countless earlier wars. the effect is to impoverish the losers, appropriate hitherto public assets for the victors, and impose debt service and taxes much like levying tribute. \u201c the financial crisis has been as economically devastating as a world war and may still be a burden on \u2018 our grandchildren, \u2019 \u201d bank of england official andrew haldane recently observed. \u201c \u2018 in terms of the loss of incomes and outputs, this is as bad as a world war. \u2019 he said. the rise in government debt has prompted calls for austerity \u2013 on the part of those who did not receive the giveaway. \u2018 it would be astonishing if people weren \u2019 t asking big questions about where finance has gone wrong. \u2019 \u201d but as long as the financial sector is winning its war against the economy at large, it prefers that people believe that there is no alternative. having captured mainstream economics as well as government policy, finance seeks to deter students, voters and the media from questioning whether the financial system really needs to be organized in the way it is. once such a line of questioning is pursued, people may realize that banking, pension and social security systems and public deficit financing do not have to be organized in the way they are. there are better alternatives to today \u2019 s road to austerity and debt peonage. today \u2019 s financial war against the economy at large today \u2019 s economic warfare is not the kind waged a century ago between labor and its industrial employers. finance has moved to capture the economy at large, industry and mining, public infrastructure ( via privatization ) and now even the educational system. ( at over $ 1 trillion, u. s. student loan debt came to exceed credit - card debt in 2012. ) the weapon in this financial warfare is no larger military force. the tactic is to load economies ( governments, companies and families ) with debt, sip", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41980166140789477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.704300"} {"text": "1 trillion, u. s. student loan debt came to exceed credit - card debt in 2012. ) the weapon in this financial warfare is no larger military force. the tactic is to load economies ( governments, companies and families ) with debt, siphon off their income as debt service and then foreclose when debtors lack the means to pay. indebting government gives creditors a lever to pry away land, public infrastructure and other property in the public domain. indebting companies enables creditors to seize employee pension savings. and indebting labor means that it no longer is necessary to hire strikebreakers to attack union organizers and strikers. workers have become so deeply indebted on their home mortgages, credit cards and other bank debt that they fear to strike or even to complain about working conditions. losing work means missing payments on their monthly bills, enabling banks to jack up interest rates to levels that used to be deemed usurious. so debt peonage and unemployment loom on top of the wage slavery that was the main focus of class warfare a century ago. and to cap matters, credit - card bank lobbyists have rewritten the bankruptcy laws to curtail debtor rights, and the referees appointed to adjudicate disputes brought by debtors and consumers are subject to veto from the banks and businesses that are mainly responsible for inflicting injury. the aim of financial warfare is not merely to acquire land, natural resources and key infrastructure rents as in military warfare ; it is to centralize creditor control over society. in contrast to the promise of democratic reform nurturing a middle class a century ago, we are witnessing a regression to a world of special privilege in which one must inherit wealth in order to avoid debt and job dependency. the emerging financial oligarchy seeks to shift taxes off banks and their major customers ( real estate, natural resources and monopolies ) onto labor. given the need to win voter acquiescence, this aim is best achieved by rolling back everyone \u2019 s taxes. the easiest way to do this is to shrink government spending, headed by social security, medicare and medicaid. yet these are the programs that enjoy the strongest voter support. this fact has inspired what may be called the big lie of our epoch : the pretense that governments can only create money to pay the financial sector, and that the beneficiaries of social programs should be entirely responsible for paying for social security, medicare and medicaid, not the wealthy. this big lie is used to reverse the concept of progressive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46064976207733976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.705335"} {"text": "only create money to pay the financial sector, and that the beneficiaries of social programs should be entirely responsible for paying for social security, medicare and medicaid, not the wealthy. this big lie is used to reverse the concept of progressive taxation, turning the tax system into a ploy of the financial sector to levy tribute on the economy at large. financial lobbyists quickly discovered that the easiest ploy to shift the cost of social programs onto labor is to conceal new taxes as user fees, using the proceeds to cut taxes for the elite 1 %. this fiscal sleight - of - hand was the aim of the 1983 greenspan commission. it confused people into thinking that government budgets are like family budgets, concealing the fact that governments can finance their spending by creating their own money. they do not have to borrow, or even to tax ( at least, not tax mainly the 99 % ). the greenspan tax shift played on the fact that most people see the need to save for their own retirement. the carefully crafted and well - subsidized deception at work is that social security requires a similar pre - funding \u2013 by raising wage withholding. the trick is to convince wage earners it is fair to tax them more to pay for government social spending, yet not also to ask the banking sector to pay similar a user fee to pre - save for the next time it itself will need bailouts to cover its losses. also asymmetrical is the fact that nobody suggests that the government set up a fund to pay for future wars, so that future adventures such as iraq or afghanistan will not \u201c run a deficit \u201d to burden the budget. so the first deception is to treat only social security and medical care as user fees. the second is to aggravate matters by insisting that such fees be paid long in advance, by pre - saving. there is no inherent need to single out any particular area of public spending as causing a budget deficit if it is not pre - funded. it is a travesty of progressive tax policy to only oblige workers whose wages are less than ( at present ) $ 105, 000 to pay this fica wage withholding, exempting higher earnings, capital gains, rental income and profits. the raison d \u2019 etre for taxing the 99 % for social security and medicare is simply to avoid taxing wealth, by falling on low wage income at a much higher rate than that of the wealthy. this is not how the original u. s. income tax was created", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43729229449031615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.706581"} {"text": "for taxing the 99 % for social security and medicare is simply to avoid taxing wealth, by falling on low wage income at a much higher rate than that of the wealthy. this is not how the original u. s. income tax was created at its inception in 1913. during its early years only the wealthiest 1 % of the population had to file a return. there were few loopholes, and capital gains were taxed at the same rate as earned income. the government \u2019 s seashore insurance program, for instance, recently incurred a $ 1 trillion liability to rebuild the private beaches and homes that hurricane sandy washed out. why should this insurance subsidy at below - commercial rates for the wealthy minority who live in this scenic high - risk property be treated as normal spending, but not social security? why save in advance by a special wage tax to pay for these programs that benefit the general population, but not levy a similar \u201c user fee \u201d tax to pay for flood insurance for beachfront homes or war? and while we are at it, why not save another $ 13 trillion in advance to pay for the next bailout of wall street when debt deflation causes another crisis to drain the budget? but on whom should we levy these taxes? to impose user fees for the beachfront reconstruction would require a tax falling mainly on the wealthy owners of such properties. their dominant role in funding the election campaigns of the congressmen and senators who draw up the tax code suggests why they are able to avoid prepaying for the cost of rebuilding their seashore property. such taxation is only for wage earners on their retirement income, not the 1 % on their own vacation and retirement homes. by not raising taxes on the wealthy or using the central bank to monetize spending on anything except bailing out the banks and subsidizing the financial sector, the government follows a pro - creditor policy. tax favoritism for the wealthy deepens the budget deficit, forcing governments to borrow more. paying interest on this debt diverts revenue from being spent on goods and services. this fiscal austerity shrinks markets, reducing tax revenue to the brink of default. this enables bondholders to treat the government in the same way that banks treat a bankrupt family, forcing the debtor to sell off assets \u2013 in this case the public domain as if it were the family silver, as britain \u2019 s prime minister harold macmillan characterized margaret thatcher \u2019 s privatization sell - offs. in an orwellian doublethink twist this privatization is done in the name of free", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4166945012124909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.707657"} {"text": "in this case the public domain as if it were the family silver, as britain \u2019 s prime minister harold macmillan characterized margaret thatcher \u2019 s privatization sell - offs. in an orwellian doublethink twist this privatization is done in the name of free markets, despite being imposed by global financial institutions whose administrators are not democratically elected. the international monetary fund ( imf ), european central bank ( ecb ) and eu bureaucracy treat governments like banks treat homeowners unable to pay their mortgage : by foreclosing. greece, for example, has been told to start selling off prime tourist sites, ports, islands, offshore gas rights, water and sewer systems, roads and other property. sovereign governments are, in principle, free of such pressure. that is what makes them sovereign. they are not obliged to settle public debts and budget deficits by asset selloffs. they do not need to borrow more domestic currency ; they can create it. this self - financing keeps the national patrimony in public hands rather than turning assets over to private buyers, or having to borrow from banks and bondholders. why today \u2019 s fiscal squeeze adds to the economy \u2019 s costs and imposes needless austerity the financial sector promises that privatizing roads and ports, water and sewer systems, bus and railroad lines ( on credit, of course ) is more efficient and will lower the prices charged for their services. the reality is that the new buyers put up rent - extracting tollbooths on the infrastructure being sold. their break - even costs include the high salaries and bonuses they pay themselves, as well as interest and dividends to their creditors and backers, spending on stock buy - backs and political lobbying. public borrowing creates a dependency that shifts economic planning to wall street and other financial centers. when voters resist, it is time to replace democracy with oligarchy. \u201c technocratic \u201d rule replaces that of elected officials. in europe the imf, ecb and eu troika insists that all debts must be paid, even at the cost of austerity, depression, unemployment, emigration and bankruptcy. this is to be done without violence where possible, but with police - state practices when grabbers find it necessary to quell popular opposition. financializing the economy is depicted as a natural way to gain wealth \u2013 by taking on more debt. yet it is hard to think of a more highly politicized policy, shaped as it is by tax rules that favor bankers. it also is self - terminating, because when public debt grows", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47384099085423714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.708713"} {"text": "natural way to gain wealth \u2013 by taking on more debt. yet it is hard to think of a more highly politicized policy, shaped as it is by tax rules that favor bankers. it also is self - terminating, because when public debt grows to the point where investors ( \u201c the market \u201d ) no longer believe that it can be repaid, creditors mount a raid ( the military analogy is appropriate ) by \u201c going on strike \u201d and not rolling over existing bonds as they fall due. bond prices fall, yielding higher interest rates, until governments agree to balance the budget by voluntary pre - bankruptcy privatizations. selling saved - up treasury bonds to fund public programs is like new deficit borrowing if the aim of america \u2019 s military spending around the world is to prepare for future warfare, why not aim at saving up a fund of $ 10 trillion or even $ 30 trillion in advance, as with social security, so that we will have the money to pay for it? the answer is that selling saved - up treasury bills to finance social security, military spending or any other program has the same monetary and price effect as issuing new treasury bills. the impact on financial markets \u2013 and on the private sector \u2019 s holding of government debt \u2013 by paying social security out of past savings \u2013 that is, by selling the treasury securities in which social security funds are invested \u2013 is much like borrowing by selling new securities. it makes little difference whether the treasury sells newly printed ious, or sells bonds that it has been accumulating in a special fund. the effect is to increase public debt owed to the financial sector. if the savings are to be invested in treasury bonds ( as is the case with social security ), will this pay for tax cuts elsewhere in the budget? if so, will these cuts be for the wealthy 1 % or the 99 %? or, will the savings be invested in infrastructure, or turned over to states and cities to help balance their budget shortfalls and underfunded pension plans? another problem concerns who should pay for this pre - saving. the taxes needed to pre - fund a savings build - up siphon off income from somewhere in the economy. how much will the economy shrink by diverting income from being spent on goods and services? and whose income will taxed? these questions illustrate how politically self - interested it is to single out taxing wages to save for social security in contrast to war - making and beach - house rebuilding. government budgets usually are designed to be in balance under normal peacetime conditions, so most public debt has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4737659598912068, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.709780"} {"text": "how politically self - interested it is to single out taxing wages to save for social security in contrast to war - making and beach - house rebuilding. government budgets usually are designed to be in balance under normal peacetime conditions, so most public debt has been brought into being by war ( prior to today \u2019 s financial war of slashing taxes on the wealthy ). adam smith \u2019 s wealth of nations ( book v ) traced how each new british bond issue to raise funds for a military action had a dedicated tax to pay its interest charges. the accumulation of such war debts thus raised the cost of living and hence the break - even price of labor. to prevent this from undercutting of british competitiveness, smith urged that wars be waged on a pay - as - you - go basis \u2013 by full taxation rather than by borrowing and entailing interest payments and taxes ( as the debt itself rarely was amortized ). smith thought that populations should feel the cost of war directly and immediately, presumably leading them to be vigilant in checking grandiose projects of empire. the united states issued fiat greenback currency to pay for much of its civil war, but also issued bonds. in analyzing this war finance the canadian - american astronomer and monetary theorist simon newcomb pointed out that all wars must be paid for in the form of tangible material and lives by the generation that fights them. paying for the war by borrowing from bondholders, he explained, involved levying taxes to pay the interest. the effect was to transfer income from the western states ( taxpayers ) to bondholders in the east. in the case of social security today the beneficiary of government debt is still the financial sector. the economy must provide the housing, food, health care, transportation and clothing to enable retirees to live normal lives. this economic surplus can be paid for either out of taxation, new money creation or borrowing. but instead of \u201c the west, \u201d the major payers of the social security tax are wage earners across the nation. taxing labor shrinks markets and forces the economy into austerity. quantitative easing as free money creation \u2013 to subsidize the big banks the federal reserve \u2019 s three waves of quantitative easing since 2008 show how easy it is to create free money. yet this has been provided only to the largest banks, not to strapped homeowners or industry. an immediate $ 2 trillion in \u201c cash for trash \u201d took the form of the fed creating new bank - reserve credit in exchange for mortgage - backed securities valued", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4855099261609738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.710816"} {"text": "this has been provided only to the largest banks, not to strapped homeowners or industry. an immediate $ 2 trillion in \u201c cash for trash \u201d took the form of the fed creating new bank - reserve credit in exchange for mortgage - backed securities valued far above market prices. qe2 provided another $ 800 billion in 2011 - 12. the banks used this injection of credit for interest rate arbitrage and exchange rate speculation on the currencies of brazil, australia and other high - interest - rate economies. so nearly all the fed \u2019 s new money went abroad rather than being lent out for investment or employment at home. u. s. government debt was run up mainly to re - inflate prices for packaged bank mortgages, and hence real estate prices. instead of alleviating private - sector debt by writing down mortgages in line with the homeowners \u2019 ability to pay, the federal reserve and treasury created money to support property prices \u2013 to push the banking system \u2019 s balance sheets back above negative net worth. the fed \u2019 s qe3 program in 2012 - 13 created money to buy mortgage - backed securities each month, to provide banks with money to lend to new property buyers. for the economy at large, the debts were left in place. yet commentators focused only on government debt. in a double standard, they accused budget deficits of inflating wages and consumer prices, yet the explicit aim of quantitative easing was to support asset prices. inflating asset prices on credit is deemed to be good for the economy, despite loading it down with debt. but public spending into the \u201c real \u201d economy, raising employment levels and sustaining consumer spending, is deemed bad \u2013 except when this is financed by personal borrowing from the banks. so in each case, increasing bank profits is the standard by which fiscal policy is to be judged! the result is a policy asymmetry that is opposite from what most epochs have deemed fair or helpful to economic growth. bankers and bondholders insist that the public sector borrow from them, blocking the government \u2019 s power to self - finance its operations \u2013 with one glaring exception. that exception occurs when the banks themselves need free money creation. the fed provided nearly free credit to the banks under qe2, and chairman ben bernanke promised to continue this policy until such time as the unemployment rate drops to 6. 5 %. the pretense is that low interest rates spur employment, but the most pressing aim is to provide easy credit to revive borrowing and bid asset prices back up.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45585364354941854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.711858"} {"text": "to continue this policy until such time as the unemployment rate drops to 6. 5 %. the pretense is that low interest rates spur employment, but the most pressing aim is to provide easy credit to revive borrowing and bid asset prices back up. fiscal deflation on top of debt deflation the main financial problem with funding war occurs after the return to normalcy, when creditors press for budget surpluses to roll back the public debt that has been run up. this imposes fiscal austerity, reducing wages and commodity prices relative to the debts that are owed. consumer spending shrinks and prices decline as governments spend less, while higher taxes withdraw revenue. this is what is occurring in today \u2019 s financial war, much as it has in past military postwar returns to peace. governments have the power to resist this deflationary policy. like commercial banks, they can create money on their computer keyboards. indeed, since 2008 the government has created debt to support the finance, insurance and real estate ( fire ) sector more than the \u201c real \u201d production and consumption economy. in contrast to public spending for goods and services ( or social programs that increase market demand ), most of the bank credit that led to the 2008 financial collapse was created to finance the purchase property already in place, stocks and bonds already issued, or companies already in existence. the effect has been to load down the economy with mortgages, bonds and bank debt whose carrying charges eat into spending on current output. the $ 13 trillion bank subsidy since 2008 ( to enable banks to earn their way out of negative equity ) brings us back to the question of why taxes should be levied on the 99 % to pre - save for social security and medicare, but not for the bank bailout. current tax policy encourages financial and rent extraction that has become the major economic problem of our epoch. industrial productivity continues to rise, but debt is growing even more inexorably. instead of fueling economic growth, this of credit / debt threatens to absorb the economic surplus, plunging the economy into austerity, debt deflation and negative equity. so despite the fact that the financial system is broken, it has gained control over public policy to sustain and even obtain tax favoritism for a dysfunctional overgrowth of bank credit. unlike the progress of science and technology, this debt is not part of nature. it is a social construct. the financial sector has politicized it by pressing to privatize economic rent rather than collect it as the tax base. this financialization of rent - extract", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4890057139960144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.713145"} {"text": "science and technology, this debt is not part of nature. it is a social construct. the financial sector has politicized it by pressing to privatize economic rent rather than collect it as the tax base. this financialization of rent - extracting opportunities does not reflect a natural or inevitable evolution of \u201c the market. \u201d it is a capture of market structures and fiscal policy. bank lobbyists have campaigned to shift the economic arena to the political sphere of lawmaking and tax policy, with side battlegrounds in the mass media and universities to capture the hearts and minds of voters to believe that the quickest and most efficient way to build up wealth is by bank credit and debt leverage. budget deficits as an antidote to austerity public debts everywhere are growing, as taxes only cover part of public spending. the least costly way to finance this expenditure is to issue money \u2013 the paper currency and coins we carry in our pockets. holders of this currency technically are creditors to the government \u2013 and to society, which accepts this money in payment. yet despite being nominally a form of public debt, this money serves as public capital inasmuch as it is not normally expected to be repaid. this government money does not bear interest, and may be thought of as \u201c equity capital \u201d or \u201c equity money, \u201d and hence part of the economy \u2019 s net worth. if taxes did fully cover government spending, there would be no budget deficit \u2013 or new public money creation. government budget deficits pump money into the economy. conversely, running a budget surplus retires the public debt or currency outstanding. this deflationary effect occurred in the late 19th - century, causing monetary deflation that plunged the u. s. economy into depression. likewise when president bill clinton ran a budget surplus late in his administration, the economy relied on commercial banks to supply credit to use as the means of payment, charging interest for this service. as stephanie kelton summarizes this historical experience : the federal government has achieved fiscal balance ( even surpluses ) in just seven periods since 1776, bringing in enough revenue to cover all of its spending during 1817 - 21, 1823 - 36, 1852 - 57, 1867 - 73, 1880 - 93, 1920 - 30 and 1998 - 2001. we have also experienced six depressions. they began in 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893 and 1929. do you see the correlation? the one exception to this pattern occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the dot - com and housing bubbles fueled a consumption binge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5225781035845635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.714388"} {"text": ". they began in 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1893 and 1929. do you see the correlation? the one exception to this pattern occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the dot - com and housing bubbles fueled a consumption binge that delayed the harmful effects of the clinton surpluses until the great recession of 2007 - 09. when taxpayers pay more to the government than the economy receives in public spending, the effect is like paying banks more than they provide in new credit. the debt volume is reduced ( increasing the reported savings rate ). the resulting austerity is favorable to the financial sector but harmful to the rest of the economy. most people think of money as a pure asset ( like a coin or a $ 10 dollar bill ), not as being simultaneously a public debt. but to an accountant, a balance sheet always balances : assets = liabilities + net worth. this liability - side ambivalence is confusing to most people. it takes some time to think in terms of offsetting assets and liabilities as mirror images of each other. much as cosmologists assume that the universe is symmetrical \u2013 with positively charged matter having an anti - matter counterpart somewhere at the other end \u2013 so accountants view the money in our pocket as being created by the government \u2019 s deficit spending. holders of the federal reserve \u2019 s paper currency technically can redeem it, but they will simply get paid in other denominations of the same currency. the word \u201c redeem \u201d comes from settling debts. this was the purpose for which money first came into being. governments redeem money by accepting it for tax payment. in addition to issuing paper currency, the federal reserve injects money into the economy by writing checks electronically. the recipients ( usually banks selling treasury bonds or, more recently, packages of mortgage loans ) gain a deposit at the central bank. this is the kind of deposit that was created by the above - mentioned $ 13 trillion in new debt that the government turned over to wall street after the september 2008 crisis. the price impact was felt in financial asset markets, not in prices for goods and services or labor \u2019 s wages. this federal reserve and treasury credit was not counted as part of the government \u2019 s operating deficit. yet it increased public debt, without being spent on \u201c real \u201d gdp. the banks used this money mainly to gamble on foreign exchange and interest - rate arbitrage as noted above, to buy smaller banks ( helping make themselves too big to fail ), and to keep paying their managers high salaries and bonuses.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4744477673670683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.715521"} {"text": "\u201d gdp. the banks used this money mainly to gamble on foreign exchange and interest - rate arbitrage as noted above, to buy smaller banks ( helping make themselves too big to fail ), and to keep paying their managers high salaries and bonuses. this monetization of debt shows how different government budgets are from family budgets. individuals must save to pay for retirement or other spending. they cannot print their own money, or tax others. but governments do not need to \u201c save \u201d ( or tax ) to pay for their spending. their ability to create money means that they do not need to save in advance to pay for wars, social security or other needs. keynesian deficit spending vs. bailing out wall street to keep the debt overhead in place there are two kinds of markets : hiring labor to produce goods and services in the \u201c real \u201d economy, and transactions in financial assets and property claims in the fire sector. governments can run budget deficits by financing either of these two spheres. since president franklin roosevelt \u2019 s wpa programs in the 1930s, along with his public infrastructure investment in roads, dams and other construction \u2013 and military arms spending after world war ii broke out \u2013 \u201c keynesian \u201d spending on goods and services has been used to hire labor or pay for social programs. this pumps money into the economy via the gdp - type transactions that appear in the national income and product accounts. it is not inflationary when unemployment exists. however, the debt that characterized the paulson - geithner bailout of wall street was created not to spend on goods and services, but to buy ( or take liability for ) mortgages and bank loans, insurance default bets and arbitrage gambles. the aim was to subsidize financial losses while keeping the debt overhead in place, so that banks and other financial institutions could \u201c earn their way \u201d out of negative net worth, at the economy \u2019 s expense. the idea was that they could start lending again to prevent real estate prices from falling further, saving them from having to write down their debt claims to bring levels back down within the ability to be paid. why tax the economy at all? and why financial and tax reform should go together. taxes pay for the cost of government by withdrawing income from the parties being taxed. from adam smith through john stuart mill to the progressive era, general agreement emerged that the most appropriate taxes should not fall on labor, capital or on sales of basic consumer needs. such taxes raise the break - even cost of employing labor. in today \u2019 s world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4579976687984052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.716525"} {"text": "smith through john stuart mill to the progressive era, general agreement emerged that the most appropriate taxes should not fall on labor, capital or on sales of basic consumer needs. such taxes raise the break - even cost of employing labor. in today \u2019 s world, fica wage withholding for social security raises the price that employers must pay their work force to maintain living standards and buy the products they produce. however, these economists singled out one kind of tax that does not increase prices : taxes on the land \u2019 s rental value, natural resource rents and monopoly rents. these payments for rent - extraction rights are not a return to \u201c factors of production, \u201d but are privatized levy reflecting privileges that have no ongoing cost of production. they are rentier rake - offs. land is the economy \u2019 s largest asset. a site \u2019 s rental value is set by market conditions \u2013 what people pay for being able to live in a good location. people pay more to live in prestigious and convenient neighborhoods. they pay more if there is local investment in roads and public transportation, and if there are parks, museums and cultural centers nearby, or nice shopping districts. people also pay more as the economy grows more prosperous, because one of the first things they desire is status, and in today \u2019 s world this is defined largely by where one lives. landlords do not create this site value. but speculators may seek to ride the wave by buying property on credit, where the rate of land - price gain exceeds the interest rate. this \u201c capital \u201d gain is the proverbial free lunch. it is created by public investment, by the general level of prosperity, and by the terms on which banks extend credit. in a nutshell, a property is worth whatever a bank will lend, because that is the price that new buyers will be able to pay for it. this logic was more familiar to the public a century ago than it is today. a property tax to collect this \u201c free lunch \u201d rent is paid out of the rent. this leaves less to be capitalized into new interest - bearing loans \u2013 while freeing the government from having to tax labor and industrial capital. so this tax not only is \u201c less bad \u201d than others ; it is actively desirable to reduce the debt overhead. rent levels are not affected, but the government collects the rent instead of the property owner or, at one remove, the mortgage banker who turns this rent into a flow of interest by advancing the purchase price of rent - yielding properties to new buyers. real estate was the major source", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4616350101008021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.717743"} {"text": ", but the government collects the rent instead of the property owner or, at one remove, the mortgage banker who turns this rent into a flow of interest by advancing the purchase price of rent - yielding properties to new buyers. real estate was the major source of rising net worth and wealth for america \u2019 s middle class for over sixty years, from the return to peace in 1945 until the 2008 financial collapse. rising property prices were fueled largely by banks providing mortgage credit on easier terms. but by 2008 these terms had reached their limit. interest rates were seemingly as low as they could go. so were down payments ( zero down payment ) and amortization rates ( zero, with interest - only loans ) and property values were becoming fictitious as a result of a tidal wave of fraud by the banking system \u2019 s property appraisers, while the income statements of borrowers also was becoming fictitious ( \u201c liars \u2019 loans, \u201d with the main liars being the mortgage writers ). if the rise in real estate prices ( mainly site values ) had been taxed, there would have been no financial overgrowth, because this price - gain would have been collected as the tax base. the government would not have needed to tax labor either via income tax, fica wage withholding or consumer sales. and taken in conjunction with the government \u2019 s money - creating power, there would have been little need for public debt to grow. taxing rent extraction privileges thus would minimize debt levels and taxes on the 99 %. the next leading form of economic rent is taken by oil, gas and mining companies from the mineral deposits created by nature, as well as by owners or leasers of forests and other natural resources. classical economics from david ricardo onward defined such income received by landlords, mining companies, forestry and fisheries as \u201c economic rent. \u201d it is not profit on capital investment, because nature has provided the resource, not human labor or expenditure on capital \u2013 except for tangible capital investment in the buildings erected on the land, saws to cut down trees, earth - moving equipment to do the mining, and so forth. the basic contrast is between a productive industrial economy and a rent - extracting one in which special privileges, monopoly pricing and economic rents divert spending away from tangible capital investment and real output. classical economists defined economic rent generically as \u201c empty \u201d pricing in excess of technologically necessary costs of production. this would include payments to pharmaceutical companies, health management organizations ( hmos ) and monopolies above their necessary cost of doing business. much like paying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730344111893087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.719859"} {"text": "defined economic rent generically as \u201c empty \u201d pricing in excess of technologically necessary costs of production. this would include payments to pharmaceutical companies, health management organizations ( hmos ) and monopolies above their necessary cost of doing business. much like paying debt service, such economic rent siphons market revenue away from tangible production and consumption. it was to demonstrate this that francois quesnay developed the first national income statistics, the tableau economique. his aim was to show that the landed aristocracy \u2019 s rental rake - offs should form the basis for taxation rather than the excise taxes that were burdening industry and making it uncompetitive. but for the past hundred years, commercial banks have opposed property taxes, because taxing the land \u2019 s rent would mean less left over to pay interest. some 80 percent of bank loans are for real estate, mainly to capitalize the rental value left untaxed. a property and wealth tax would reduce this market \u2013 along with the government \u2019 s need to borrow, and hence to pay interest to bondholders. and without a fiscal squeeze there would have been less of an opportunity for the financial sector to push to privatize what remains of the public domain. today \u2019 s central financial problem is that the banking system lends mainly for rent extraction opportunities rather than for tangible capital investment and economic growth to raise living standards. to maximize rent, it has lobbied to untax land and natural resources. at issue in today \u2019 s tax and financial crisis is thus whether the world is going to have an economy based on progressive industrial democracy or a financialized and polarizing rent - extracting society. the ideological crisis underlying today \u2019 s tax and financial policy from antiquity and for thousands of years, land, natural resources and monopolies, seaports and roads were kept in the public domain. in more recent times railroads, subway lines, airlines, and gas and electric utilities were made public. the aim was to provide their basic services at cost or at subsidized prices rather than letting them be privatized into rent - extracting opportunities. the progressive era capped this transition to a more equitable economy by enacting progressive income and wealth taxes. economies were liberating themselves from the special privileges that european feudalism and colonialism had granted to favored insiders. the aim of ending these privileges \u2013 or taxing away economic rent where it occurs naturally, as in the land \u2019 s site value and natural resource rent \u2013 was to lower the costs of living and doing business.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48529887886237333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.720947"} {"text": "what adam smith and subsequent economists actually taught about rent, taxes and the need for regulation or public ownership. academic economics is turned into an orwellian exercise in doublethink, designed to convince the population that the bottom 99 % should pay taxes rather than the 1 % that obtain most interest, dividends and capital gains. by denying that a free lunch exists, and by confusing the relationship between money and taxes, they have turned the economics discipline and much political discourse into a lobbying effort for the 1 %. lobbyists for the 1 % frame the fiscal question in terms of \u201c how can we make the 99 % pay for their own social programs? \u201d the implicit follow - up is, \u201c so that we ( the 1 % ) don \u2019 t have to pay? \u201d this is how the social security system came to be \u201c funded \u201d and then \u201c underfunded. \u201d the most regressive tax of all is the fica payroll tax at 15. 3 % of wages up to about $ 105, 000. above that, the rich don \u2019 t have to contribute. this payroll tax exceeds the income tax paid by many blue - collar families. the pretense is that not taxing these free lunchers will make economies more competitive and pull them out of depression. the reality is the opposite : instead of taxing the wealthy on their free lunch, the tax burden raises the cost of living and doing business. this is a major reason why the u. s. economy is being de - industrialized today. the key question is what the 1 % do with their revenue \u201c freed \u201d from taxes. the answer is that they lend it out to indebt the 99 %. this polarizes the economy between creditors and debtors. over the past generation the wealthiest 1 % have rewritten the tax laws to a point where they now receive an estimated 66 % \u2013 two thirds \u2013 of all returns to wealth ( interest, dividends, rents and capital gains ), and a reported 93 % of all income gains since the wall street bailout of september 2008. they have used this money to finance the election campaigns of politicians committed to shifting taxes onto the 99 %. they also have bought control of the major news media that shape peoples \u2019 understanding of what is happening. and as thorstein veblen described nearly a century ago, businessmen have become the heads most universities and directed their curriculum along \u201c business friendly \u201d lines. the clearest way to analyze any financial system is to ask who / whom. that is because financial systems are basically a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46389637994834293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.723258"} {"text": "its airport services to break labor unionization, thatcher - style. the class war is back in business, with financial tactics playing a leading role barely anticipated a century ago. this monopolization of property is what europe \u2019 s medieval military conquests sought to achieve, and what its colonization of foreign continents replicated. but whereas it achieved this originally by military conquest of the land, today \u2019 s 1 % do it l by financializing the economy ( although the military arm of force is not absent, to be sure, as the world saw in chile after 1973 ). the financial quandary confronting us the economy \u2019 s debt overhead has grown so large that not everyone can be paid. rising default rates pose the question age - old question of who / whom. the answer almost always is that big fish eat little fish. big banks ( too big to fail ) are eating little banks, while the 1 % try to take the lion \u2019 s share for themselves by annulling public and corporate debts owed to the 99 %. their plan is to downgrade social security and medicare savings to \u201c entitlements, \u201d as if it is a matter of sound fiscal choice not to pay low - income payers while rentiers at the top re - christen themselves \u201c job creators, \u201d as if they have made their gains by helping wage - earners rather than waging war against them. the problem is not social security, which can be paid out of normal tax revenue, as in germany \u2019 s pay - as - you - go system. this fiscal problem \u2013 untaxing real estate, oil and gas, natural resources, monopolies and the banks \u2013 has been depicted as financial \u2013 as if one needs to save in advance by a special tax to lend to the government to cut taxes on the 99 %. the real pension cliff is with corporate, state and local pension plans, which are being underfunded and looted by financial managers. the shortfall is getting worse as the downturn reduces local tax revenues, leaving states and cities unable to fund their programs, to invest in new public infrastructure, or even to maintain and repair existing investments. public transportation in particular is suffering, raising user fees to riders in order to pay bondholders. but it is mainly retirees who are being told to sacrifice. ( the sanctimonious verb is \u201c share \u201d in the sacrifice, although this evidently does not apply to the 1 %. ) the bank lobby would like the economy to keep trying to borrow its way out of debt and thus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44594899250423425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.725512"} {"text": "to sacrifice. ( the sanctimonious verb is \u201c share \u201d in the sacrifice, although this evidently does not apply to the 1 %. ) the bank lobby would like the economy to keep trying to borrow its way out of debt and thus dig itself deeper into a financial hole that puts yet more private and public property at risk of default and foreclosure. the idea is for the government to \u201c stabilize \u201d the financial system by bailing out the banks \u2013 that is, doing for them what it has not been willing to do for recipients of social security and medicare, or for states and localities no longer receiving revenue sharing, or for homeowners in negative equity suffering from exploding interest rates even while bank borrowing costs from the fed have plunged. the dream is that the happy greenspan financial bubble can be recovered, making everyone rich again, if only they will debt - leverage to bid up real estate, stock and bond prices and create new capital gains. realizing this dream is the only way that pension funds can pay retirees. they will be insolvent if they cannot make their scheduled 8 + %, giving new meaning to the term \u201c fictitious capital. \u201d and in the real estate market, prices will not soar again until speculators jump back in as they did prior to 2008. if student loans are not annulled, graduates face a lifetime of indentured servitude. but that is how much of colonial america was settled, after all \u2013 working off the price of their liberty, only to be plunged into the cauldron of vast real estate speculations and fortunes - by - theft on which the republic was founded ( or at least the greatest american fortunes ). it was imagined that such bondage belonged only to a bygone era, not to the future of the west. but we may now look back to that era for a snapshot of our future. the financial plan is for the government is to supply nearly free credit to the banks, so that they can to lend debtors enough \u2013 at the widest interest - rate markups in recent memory ( what banks charge borrowers and credit - card users over their less - than - 1 % borrowing costs ) \u2013 to pay down the debts that were run up before 2008. this is not a program to increase market demand for the products of labor. it is not the kind of circular flow that economists have described as the essence of industrial capitalism. it is a financial rake - off of a magnitude such as has not existed since medieval european times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5155506753935113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.726578"} {"text": "a program to increase market demand for the products of labor. it is not the kind of circular flow that economists have described as the essence of industrial capitalism. it is a financial rake - off of a magnitude such as has not existed since medieval european times, and the last stifling days of the oligarchic roman empire two thousand years ago. imagining that an economy can be grounded on these policies will further destabilize the economy rather than alleviate today \u2019 s debt deflation. but if the economy is saved, the banks cannot be. this is why the obama administration has chosen to save the banks, not the economy. the fed \u2019 s prime directive is to keep interest rates low \u2013 to revive lending not to finance new business investment to produce more, but simply to inflate the asset prices that back the bank loans that constitute bank reserves. it is the convoluted dream of a new bubble economy \u2013 or more accurately a new great giveaway. here \u2019 s the quandary : if the fed keeps interest rates low, how are corporate, state and local pension plans to make the 8 + % returns needed to pay their scheduled pensions? are they to gamble more with hedge funds playing casino capitalism? on the other hand, if interest rates rise, this will reduce the capitalization multiple at which banks lend against current rental income and profits. higher interest rates will lower prices for real estate, corporate stocks and bonds, pushing the banks ( and pension funds ) even deeper into negative equity. so something has to give. either way, the financial system cannot continue along its present path. only debt write - offs will \u201c free \u201d markets to resume spending on goods and services. and only a shift of taxes onto rent - yielding property and tollbooths, finance and monopolies will save prices from being loaded down with extractive overhead charges and refocus lending to finance production and employment. unless this is done, there is no way the u. s. economy can become competitive in international markets, except of course for military hardware and intellectual property rights for escapist cultural artifacts. the solution for social security, medicare and medicaid is to de - financialize them. treat them like government programs for military spending, beachfront rebuilding and bank subsidies, and pay their costs out of current tax revenue and new money creation by central banks doing what they were founded to do. politicians shy away from confronting this solution mainly because the financial sector has sponsored a tunnel vision that ignores the role of debt, money, and the phenomena", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.514726014827583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.727627"} {"text": "costs out of current tax revenue and new money creation by central banks doing what they were founded to do. politicians shy away from confronting this solution mainly because the financial sector has sponsored a tunnel vision that ignores the role of debt, money, and the phenomena of economic rent, debt leverage and asset - price inflation that have become the defining characteristics of today \u2019 s financial crisis. government policy has been captured to try and save \u2013 or at least subsidize \u2013 a financial system that cannot be saved more than temporarily. it is being kept on life support at the cost of shrinking the economy \u2013 while true medical spending for real life support is being cut back for much of the population. the economy is dying from a financial respiratory disease, or what the physiocrats would have called a circulatory disorder. instead of freeing the economy from debt, income is being diverted to pay credit card debt and mortgage debts. students without jobs remain burdened with over $ 1 trillion of student debt, with the time - honored safety valve of bankruptcy closed off to them. many graduates must live with their parents as marriage rates and family formation ( and hence, new house - buying ) decline. the economy is dying. that is what neoliberalism does. now that the debt build - up has run its course, the banking sector has put its hope in gambling on mathematical probabilities via hedge fund capitalism. this casino capitalist has become the stage of finance capitalism following pension fund capitalism \u2013 and preceding the insolvency stage of austerity and property seizures. the open question now is whether neofeudalism will be the end stage. austerity deepens rather than cures public budget deficits. unlike past centuries, these deficits are not being incurred to wage war, but to pay a financial system that has become predatory on the \u201c real \u201d economy of production and consumption. the collapse of this system is what caused today \u2019 s budget deficit. instead of recognizing this, the obama administration is trying to make labor pay. pushing wage - earners over the \u201c fiscal cliff \u201d to make them pay for wall street \u2019 s financial bailout ( sanctimoniously calling their taxes \u201c user fees \u201d ) can only shrink of market more, pushing the economy into a fatal combination of tax - ridden and debt - ridden fiscal and financial austerity. the whistling in the intellectual dark that central bankers call by the technocratic term \u201c deleveraging \u201d ( paying off the debts that have been run up ) means diverting yet more income to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4993307404473245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.730351"} {"text": "ridden and debt - ridden fiscal and financial austerity. the whistling in the intellectual dark that central bankers call by the technocratic term \u201c deleveraging \u201d ( paying off the debts that have been run up ) means diverting yet more income to pay the financial sector. this is antithetical to resuming economic growth and restoring employment levels. the recent lesson of european experience is that despite austerity, debt has risen from 381 % of gdp in mid - 2007 to 417 % in mid \u2014 2012. that is what happens when economies shrink : debts mount up at arrears ( and with stiff financial penalties ). but even as economies shrink, the financial sector enriches itself by turning its debt claims \u2013 what 19th - century economists called \u201c fictitious capital \u201d before it was called finance capital \u2013 into a property grab. this makes an unrealistic debt overhead \u2013 unrealistic because there is no way that it can be paid under existing property relations and income distribution \u2013 into a living nightmare. that is what is happening in europe, and it is the aim of obama administration of tim geithner, ben bernanke, erik holder et al. they would make america look like europe, wracked by rising unemployment, falling markets and the related syndrome of adverse social and political consequences of the financial warfare waged against labor, industry and government together. the alternative to the road to serfdom \u2013 governments strong enough to protect populations against predatory finance \u2013 turns out to be a detour along the road to debt peonage and neofeudalism. so we are experiencing the end of a myth, or at least the end of an orwellian rhetorical patter talk about what free markets really are. they are not free if they are to pay rent - extractors rather than producers to cover the actual costs of production. financial markets are not free if fraudsters are not punished for writing fictitious junk mortgages and paying ratings agencies to sell \u201c opinions \u201d that their clients \u2019 predatory finance is sound wealth creation. a free market needs to be regulated from fraud and from rent seeking. the other myth is that it is inflationary for central banks to monetize public spending. what increases prices is building interest and debt service, economic rent and financial charges into the cost of living and doing business. debt - leveraging the price of housing, education and health care to make wage - earners pay over two - thirds of their income to the fire sector, fica wage withholding and other taxes falling on labor are responsible for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4735484975893056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.732015"} {"text": "and doing business. debt - leveraging the price of housing, education and health care to make wage - earners pay over two - thirds of their income to the fire sector, fica wage withholding and other taxes falling on labor are responsible for de - industrializing the economy and making it uncompetitive. central bank money creation is not inflationary if it funds new production and employment. but that is not what is happening today. monetary policy has been hijacked to inflate asset prices, or at least to stem their decline, or simply to give to the banks to gamble. \u201c the economy \u201d is less and less the sphere of production, consumption and employment ; it is more and more a sphere of credit creation to buy assets, turning profits and income into interest payments until the entire economic surplus and repertory of property is pledged for debt service. to celebrate this as a \u201c postindustrial society \u201d as if it is a new kind of universe in which everyone can get rich on debt leveraging is a deception. the road leading into this trap has been baited with billions of dollars of subsidized junk economics to entice voters to act against their interests. the post - classical pro - rentier financial narrative is false \u2013 intentionally so. the purpose of its economic model is to make people see the world and act ( or invest their money ) in a way so that its backers can make money off the people who follow the illusion being subsidized. it remains the task of a new economics to revive the classical distinction between wealth and overhead, earned and unearned income, profit and rentier income \u2013 and ultimately between capitalism and feudalism. no such benefits were given to homeowners whose real estate fell into negative equity. for the few who received debt write - downs to current market value, the credit was treated as normal income and taxed! philip aldrick, \u201c loss of income caused by banks as bad as a \u2018 world war \u2019, says boe \u2019 s andrew haldane, \u201d the telegraph, december 3, 2012. mr. haldane is the bank \u2019 s executive director for financial stability. stephanie kelton, \u201c the \u2018 fiscal cliff \u2019 hoax, \u201d http : / / www. latimes. com / news / opinion / commentary / la - oe - kelton - fiscal - cliff - economy - 20121221, 0, 2129176. story, december 21, 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4837581354484868, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.733098"} {"text": "preventing running injuries running is a great way to keep in shape and one of the most effective exercises for weight loss. on the other hand, running also has the highest injury rate of any sport with over 50 % of runners reporting an injury each year. but running doesn ' t have to be a painful experience. running injuries of all varieties can largely be prevented by following just a few simple rules. rule 1. always wear high - quality shoes that are right for your foot type. the world of running shoes is confusing to most people - even experienced runners. the best way to find a good shoe for your foot type is to visit your local running store. most of these stores should offer some type of complimentary gait analysis testing that will help you focus your search into shoes that are for overpronators, neutral gaiters, or underpronators. the selection of your shoe will have a tremendous impact on the strain that your legs undergo during your miles of training. a foot that is not allowed to pronate fully, or that pronates too much, because of poor shoe choice will undoubtedly be at higher risk for injury and will also transmit excessive forces through the legs, which increases injury risk to the ankles, knees, groin, hips, and even the lower back. rule 2. never stretch before you run. most runners stretch before a run. this may partly explain the high injury rate from running. muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues are more pliable the warmer they are. before a run, your muscles aren ' t \" cold \", but they are not very pliable either. a much better alternative than a pre - run stretch is to begin your run with 5 minutes of walking or easy jogging. then, you can increase the speed and run at your normal pace. by starting slowly, you gradually increase the temperature of your muscles without exposing them to excessive stretching force. following the run is actually the best time to stretch since your muscles are at peak temperature and, therefore, at peak flexibility. rule 3. increase your weekly mileage by no more than 10 %. a common mistake made by runners of all abilities is doing too much, too fast. increasing your mileage from 20 to 25 to 30 miles a week doesn ' t seem excessive at first glance. however, several clinical studies have determined that runners who increase weekly mileage by more than 10 % each week are at increased injury risk. the examples above are on the order of 20 - 25 % per week. a better approach is to increase from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4192800596478534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.742923"} {"text": ". however, several clinical studies have determined that runners who increase weekly mileage by more than 10 % each week are at increased injury risk. the examples above are on the order of 20 - 25 % per week. a better approach is to increase from 20 to 22 to 24 to 26 to 29 and so on. sure, it takes longer to build up the weekly mileage, but you also stand a much better chance of being able to run continuously throughout the year instead of ramping up quickly and then letting an injury abruptly interfere with your training for days, weeks, or even months. rule 4. strengthen your leg muscles. sure, running strengthens your leg muscles - but not all of them. running makes the muscles on the back of your leg stronger such as the buttocks, hamstrings, and calves. however, the muscles on the front of the leg are generally neglected like the groin, quadriceps, and shins. the muscles on the sides of your legs such as the peroneals and the iliotibial band that help to stabilize your joints on impact are also generally weak. it is imperative then that runners do strengthening exercises for these muscles to ward off overuse injuries. rule 5. take periodic breaks from training. regular running causes microscopic tears in the muscles and connective tissue. at first, these tears are unnoticeable. but with continued frequent running, these tears can progress to painful strains, which can take several weeks to recover from. a good rule of thumb is to back off from your normal training volume by 50 % every fourth week. for example, if your average weekly mileage over three weeks is 30 miles, run only 15 miles the next week. this cycle should be repeated every month. these regular breaks will prevent injury and help prevent chronic fatigue from overtraining. rule 6. consume a diet that is proper for a running athlete. while the calories expended during running may afford you a pizza or some french fries, junk and fast foods do not provide you with the essential nutrients to build muscle and keep connective tissue strong and nutrified. a healthy diet should concentrate on lean protiens, plenty of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats. some may depend on dietary supplements for extra nutrition. however, the jury is in that whole foods rich in natural vitamins are key. muscle cramps - how to prevent muscle cramps the feeling of pain is something that most of us want to avoid. it \u2019 s uncomfortable and it hinders the things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4097168468617022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.744035"} {"text": ", the jury is in that whole foods rich in natural vitamins are key. muscle cramps - how to prevent muscle cramps the feeling of pain is something that most of us want to avoid. it \u2019 s uncomfortable and it hinders the things that we want to do. however, pain can also be a sign of a greater issue at hand. in terms of muscle cramps, it might not just be a \u2018 charlie horse. \u2019 muscle cramps can sometimes signal that you have other issues going on. what is a muscle cramp and why does it happen? muscles cramps are the involuntary contraction of a muscle in your body \u2013 meaning that you didn \u2019 t cause the muscle to contract. there are a number of reasons why a muscle might cramp as well as number of reasons that are unknown. some of the more common reasons for muscle cramps are strains and sprains of the muscles and ligaments. when you injure yourself by overextending a muscle or a part of your body, the muscle can become too stretched out and will overcompensate by cramping. drink plenty of fluids to prevent cramps other muscle cramps are caused by an imbalance of nutrition in the muscles themselves. people who do not drink enough fluids or drink too much fluid during a workout session can get muscle cramps. in the muscles, there is a delicate balance of water and electrolytes. when the muscle is dehydrated, it will cramp from having too many electrolytes in it ; while the muscle that has too much water in it will also cramp because of the lack of electrolytes. muscle cramps are some of the warning signs for dehydration as well as for hyponatremia ( too little salt / electrolytes ). another cause of muscle cramps can be the build up of lactic acid in the muscles. if you \u2019 re pushing yourself too hard during a workout, your body isn \u2019 t able to burn off all of the lactate that it is producing and lactic acid forms, causing that burning sensation in your legs. and that sensation can sometimes lead to a feeling of muscle cramps after a workout. tips for preventing muscle cramps there are many ways to reduce your chances of muscles cramps. first of all, you will want to always keep yourself fully hydrated during a workout. for workouts of shorter than an hour, water is just fine. drink a few sips whenever you feel it is necessary and you should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4535312262930777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.745082"} {"text": "cramps. first of all, you will want to always keep yourself fully hydrated during a workout. for workouts of shorter than an hour, water is just fine. drink a few sips whenever you feel it is necessary and you should be fine. for longer workouts, you will want to drink a sports drink that has been watered down. because you are working out harder, you need more than just water to maintain the proper balance of electrolytes in your body. another way to prevent muscle cramps is to make sure that you are training consistently. your body will build up a resistance to muscle cramps if it is used to the exercises that it is doing. it \u2019 s when you push too hard or try something that you haven \u2019 t trained on that leads to muscle cramps. potassium can help prevent cramps you can also increase your intake of potassium to help prevent muscle cramps. things like bananas are great sources of potassium and can help you stay cramp free. however, using potassium supplements is not advised as your potassium balance can be easily upset and cause problems. - are you an ironman athlete racing a half or two in route to your a - race of the season? - are you a half ironman athlete looking to maximize your race day potential? - are you stepping up to the half ironman distance after having focused on sprint and olympic distance triathlon? mistake # 1 : getting overwhelmed by endurance training lingo. the half iron distance isn \u2019 t a walk in the park by any means, but it certainly doesn \u2019 t require that you buy a thesaurus for your training plan. aerobic, anaerobic, lactate threshold, aerobic threshold, ventilatory threshold \u2026 the list goes on. your training only has be as complicated as you make it \u2026 and we suggest you keep it simple. your fitness is nothing more than the ability of your body to perform work : to swim at pace x, pedal a bike at speed y, or run at pace z. focus on the work, do progressively more of it, and the fitness will follow. mistake # 2 : making training overly complicated. swim. bike. run. eat. sleep. at least that \u2019 s what the t - shirts say. so why do so many triathletes spend their time concocting unique brick ( bike + run ) workouts ; trying out the latest gadgets ( fist gloves anyone? ), and swamping their lives with countless hours of training? your guess is as good as ours. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39071518317839216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.746166"} {"text": "##s spend their time concocting unique brick ( bike + run ) workouts ; trying out the latest gadgets ( fist gloves anyone? ), and swamping their lives with countless hours of training? your guess is as good as ours. it doesn \u2019 t have to be that complicated. create a training week where monday works with tuesday works with wednesday, etc. a week that fits within your personal / professional / social framework, a schedule that you can execute easily week after week. then manage the details of each individual workout, letting training volume take care of itself. mistake # 3 : using a half ironman as an ironman prequisite or race rehearsal. we \u2019 re behind the finish lines of every us ironman, every year, catching our athletes. we have yet to see a wtc official checking to see that im finishers have had their tickets punched at the him distance. the fact is you do not need to complete an him before your ironman, and an him is very poor race rehearsal for a full ironman race. mistake # 4 : bringing an ironman nutrition plan to a half ironman. the half iron distance is just long enough that you need a nutrition plan, but short enough that using the traditional ironman fueling strategy can be a recipe for disaster. after all, the race plays out differently : your swim is only half as long, you bike with significantly more intensity, and your run is entirely different. they don \u2019 t hand out medals for calories consumed per hour \u2026 we know from experience! mistake # 5 : pushing your physical limits before the run. the 70. 3 distance is a great event to test y0ur fitness, but execution still rules the day. lining up a strategy that mimics a sprint or olympic - level effort will leave you far short of t2 with the prospect of a cramp - filled, sufferfest of a run. learning how to pace the swim and bike will prepare you to run closer to your true potential and dramatically improve your finishing position. check out this video on youtube : http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = mtcpvorppso & feature = youtube _ gdata _ player", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4275549549457828, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.747160"} {"text": "passed more than two and a half years ago, the massive health reform law has already triggered major changes. here are some of the most significant measures that began taking effect in 2010 : adult dependent insurance coverage to age 26. adult children up to age 26 can now continue to get health insurance on their parent ' s policies. a report earlier this year from the commonwealth fund estimated that 13. 7 million persons aged 19 to 25 stayed on or joined their parents ' health plans last year, and that 6. 6 million of them would not have been eligible to do so without this provision of the law. this increase was a major reason why the number of americans without health insurance dropped last year for the first time in four years. end of lifetime limits on insurance payouts. the impact of this change won ' t be felt for a long time by most people, but the government projects that 105 million americans now no longer worry that their coverage will run out. \" while some plans provided coverage without dollar limits on lifetime benefits, 105 million americans were previously in health plans that had lifetime limits, \" the u. s. department of health and human services ( hhs ) said earlier this year. \" hhs estimates that 70 million people in large employer plans, 25 million people in small employer plans, and 10 million people with individually purchased health insurance had lifetime limits on their health benefits prior to the passage of the affordable care act. \" the law also restricts annual coverage limits and will phase them out as follows : - $ 750, 000 : for a plan year or policy year starting on or after september 23, 2010 but before september 23, 2011. - $ 1. 25 million : for a plan year or policy year starting on or after september 23, 2011 but before september 23, 2012. - $ 2 million : for a plan year or policy year starting on or after september 23, 2012 but before january 1, 2014. - no annual dollar limits are allowed on most covered benefits beginning on january 1, 2014. end of pre - existing restrictions on children ' s access to health insurance. the law has ended insurance denials based on pre - existing conditions for an estimated 17. 6 million children under age 19. these changes are part of an extensive set of 2010 consumer safeguards that the government called a \" patient ' s bill of rights. \" expanded coverage of preventive benefits. people under age 65 who are covered by private health insurance received a range of free wellness benefits. earlier this year, hhs estimated that about 54 million people had received preventive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4171101142204901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.752007"} {"text": "patient ' s bill of rights. \" expanded coverage of preventive benefits. people under age 65 who are covered by private health insurance received a range of free wellness benefits. earlier this year, hhs estimated that about 54 million people had received preventive health benefits without cost - sharing. here ' s an hhs summary of what is now available ( women ' s preventive benefits were further expanded in 2012 and will be covered in a later part of this series ) : children ( 0 - 17 ) : coverage includes regular pediatrician visits, vision and hearing screenings, developmental assessments, immunizations, and screening and counseling to address obesity and help children maintain a healthy weight. women ( 18 - 64 ) : coverage includes cancer screening such as pap smears for those ages 21 to 64, mammograms for those ages 50 to 64, and colonoscopies for those 50 to 64 ; recommended immunizations such as hpv vaccination for women ages 19 to 26, flu shots for all adults, and meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccinations for high - risk adults ; healthy diet counseling and obesity screening ; cholesterol and blood pressure screening ; screening for sexually - transmitted infections and hiv ; depression screening ; and tobacco - use counseling. starting in august 2012, additional preventive services specific to women, such as screening for gestational diabetes and contraception, will be covered by new health plans with no cost sharing. men ( 18 - 64 ) : coverage includes recommended immunizations such as flu shots for all adults and meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccinations for high - risk adults ; cancer screening including colonoscopy for adults 50 to 64 ; healthy diet counseling and obesity screening ; cholesterol and blood pressure screening ; screening for hiv ; depression screening ; and tobacco - use counseling. next up : major health reform changes effective in 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45767852181554436, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.753638"} {"text": "environmentalists passionately opposed to a giant pipeline that would transport crude oil from the tar sands of canada to the gulf coast are going head - to - head with proponents of the project. students explore the controversy surrounding the keystone xl pipeline and the strategic questions it raises for environmentalists. nba player jason collins recently became the first openly gay athete in a major american team sport. in this activity, students read some of collins ' coming out statement, discuss it, and then consider their views on the impact coming out can have, both personally and for society. president obama ' s recent proposal to cut social security ' s cost - of - living increases is part of a major national debate, but one that many students know little about. in this activity, students find out about social security by interviewing a senior family member or friend about it, and through reading and small and large - group discussion. the american - arab anti - discrimination committee has reported an increase in attacks and discrimination targeting arab and muslim americans following the bombing in boston. \u201d here are some guidelines aimed at helping to make our schools safe and supportive environments for youngsters with these backgrounds ; and to prevent and counter expressions of bias against these groups in any school. - school services - classroom lessons - events & news - contact us teachablemoment latest lessons most popular current issues - 9 / 11 anniversary teaching guide aug. 31, 2011 - practice dbq : the decision to drop the atomic bomb on hiroshima & nagasaki jan. 29, 2007 - what happens inside prison may. 23, 2007 most popular social & emotional learning - getting to know you : classroom activities for starting off the school year sep. 3, 2008 - find someone who jan. 30, 2007 - be strong, be mean, or give in? nov. 7, 2011 teachablemoment, a project of morningside center for teaching social responsibility, fosters social responsibility by sharing free k - 12 classroom lessons, activities and ideas with educators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5227064723504846, "token_count": 395, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.756938"} {"text": "share the road : tips for drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians on average, 265 bicycle and 600 pedestrian crashes are reported to the metropolitan police department each year in the district of columbia. approximately 2, 700 pedestrians and bicyclists are injured every year in the washington region, and 89 are killed. pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities accounted for 23 % of the total traffic fatalities in the district of columbia, suburban maryland and northern virginia from 2004 - 2008. what \u2019 s disappointing is that many of these fatalities could have been avoided. by exercising some caution and extending some common courtesies, future tragedies can be avoided. the following tips should help drivers, bikers and walkers share the road and get where they \u2019 re going safely. behaviors motorists and walkers should avoid and fines for associated violations. tips for drivers drivers are reminded to turn on vehicle headlights at dusk and be vigilant in looking out for cyclists and pedestrians. additionally, drivers should : - stop for pedestrians at crosswalks. - slow down and obey the posted speed limit. - yield to pedestrians and cyclists when turning. - look before opening your door. - be careful when passing stopped vehicles. - allow three feet when passing bicyclists. tips for cyclists when travelling on city streets, cyclists should follow the same rules of the road as motorized vehicles. this means stopping at stop signs ; obeying traffic signals and lane markings ; and using hand signals to let others know your intention to stop or turn. furthermore, cyclists are advised to be aware of their surroundings : - don \u2019 t wear headphones ; you need to be able to hear if a car is approaching. - slow down and check for oncoming traffic before entering any street or intersection - do your best to anticipate hazards and adjust your position in traffic accordingly. - be predictable : ride with the flow of traffic, on the right, and in a straight line \u2013 not in and out of parked cars on the side of the street. be visible and wear the proper protective gear. dc law mandates that riders under 16 are required to wear a helmet while cycling in the district of columbia, but it \u2019 s a good idea for bikers of any age. make eye contact with motorists to let them know you are there ( but don \u2019 t always expect them to see you ). and stay visible by riding where drivers are looking ( i. e., do not pass on the right ). bicyclist should be particularly mindful of their visibility to other vehicles in the evening,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41461287389821055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.761414"} {"text": "always expect them to see you ). and stay visible by riding where drivers are looking ( i. e., do not pass on the right ). bicyclist should be particularly mindful of their visibility to other vehicles in the evening, especially when biking during rush hour or later. legally, cyclists must have a front white light and a red rear reflector and / or a rear red light. - get more smart bicycling tips from washington area bicyclist association ( waba ) - get cycling tips and hand signals from the street smart campaign tips for walkers and runners whether you \u2019 re going for an afternoon stroll, commuting to work on foot, or getting some exercise, walking and running are great activities. however, it \u2019 s importing to pay attention. when walking or exercising, especially in the early morning or at dusk or dark, pedestrians should keep the following tips in mind : - mpd encourages walkers to use signaled crosswalks when possible. use extreme caution when crossing at intersections without signals. - look both ways before crossing the street. - never run between cars into the street. - wear clothing that allows drivers and people to see you. that means no dark clothes after dark or early in the morning. - exercising outdoors at dusk or at night can be dangerous without some type of reflective device on your clothing. many athletic shoes have reflective qualities built in, but also consider a vest complete with reflective tape. - keep alert! dawn and dusk offer convenient shadows for muggers and other crooks. runners are also reminded to always carry identification with them when they go out. if carrying a license seems too inconvenient, please consider purchasing an identification bracelet or tag for your shoe. new products designed especially for runners, bikers and other athletes have recently come on the market. a simple internet search for \u201c identification bracelet \u201d will provide numerous results. get more safety tips for walkers and runners report aggressive driving aggressive driving is a combination of unsafe and unlawful actions that demonstrate a conscious and willful disregard for safety. the following offenses are included : running red lights and stop signs ; following too closely, or tailgating ; changing lanes unsafely ; failing to yield the right of way ; improper passing ; and speeding. and aggressive driving is against the law. aggressive drivers may target bikers as well as drivers of other motorized vehicles. it \u2019 s in everyone \u2019 s best interest to avoid an aggressive driver rather than to engage him or her. bikers can do that by getting out of their way and steering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42414653592946117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.762367"} {"text": "| [ this is a mpiwg mpdl language technology service ] | speed ( n. ) prosperity in an undertaking ; favorable issue ; success. speed ( n. ) the act or state of moving swiftly ; swiftness ; velocity ; rapidly ; rate of motion ; dispatch ; as, the speed a horse or a vessel. speed ( n. ) one who, or that which, causes or promotes speed or success. speed ( n. ) to go ; to fare. speed ( n. ) to experience in going ; to have any condition, good or ill ; to fare. speed ( n. ) to fare well ; to have success ; to prosper. speed ( n. ) to make haste ; to move with celerity. speed ( n. ) to be expedient. speed ( v. t. ) to cause to be successful, or to prosper ; hence, to aid ; to favor. speed ( v. t. ) to cause to make haste ; to dispatch with celerity ; to drive at full speed ; hence, to hasten ; to hurry. speed ( v. t. ) to hasten to a conclusion ; to expedite. speed ( v. t. ) to hurry to destruction ; to put an end to ; to ruin ; to undo. speed ( v. t. ) to wish success or god fortune to, in any undertaking, especially in setting out upon a journey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5796539451281009, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.763912"} {"text": "- gk from chapter 32 - organizations : culture, youth, sports - policies : youth n sports - schemes : culture, tourism, youth, sport basic gk about india \u2019 s polity and geography given on chapter 1, 2 and 3. gk related to environment, geography, culture etc. is scattered around in the chapter 30 : states and union territories. click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to culture, tourism, youth, sports, misc. gk ( part 6 of 6 ) - policies / laws - how to approach science - tech ( s & t ) and public health for general studies ( prelims, mains ) has been explained in separate article. ( click me ) - for specific articles various topics of [ s & t ] you can visit http : / / www. mrunal. org / snt - following list contains the essential topics to be studied from click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to science - tech, public health, agro ( part 5 of 6 ) - polity, rights issue, education, welfare - other topics / overview polity, rights issue, education, welfare - for the \u201c core \u201d polity topics + constitution, your first weapon of choice should be indian polity by m. laxmikanth. - the basic gk on polity is given on chapter 1, 2 and 3 of india yearbook. click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to rights issue, education, welfare, poverty removal schemes ( part 4 of 6 ) - international relations ( ir ) / diplomacy / diaspora - india \u2019 s foreign relations - india \u2019 s economic relations - diplomacy : topics, issues - diplomacy : mcq / 2m - comm n it : organizations - comm n it : policies - comm n it : schemes - comm n it : topics / issues - comm n it : laws - comm n it : mcq / 2m click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to ir, diplomacy, diaspora, communication, it and mass comm ( part 3 of 6 ) - economy : essential facts for mcqs / 2m - economy : organizations ( national ) - economy : organizations ( international ) - economy : india and world - economy : policy / reforms - economy : schemes - economy : laws - economy : topics / overview - banking and insurance - insurance schemes - economy : funds - how to approach economy for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49940461962797644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.769249"} {"text": "- economy : organizations ( international ) - economy : india and world - economy : policy / reforms - economy : schemes - economy : laws - economy : topics / overview - banking and insurance - insurance schemes - economy : funds - how to approach economy for general studies ( prelims, mains ) has been explained in separate article. click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : approach to economy, finance, industry, commerce, corporate affairs ( part 2 of 6 ) - utility in prelims ( csat ) - utility in mains - utility in interview - limitations of yearbook - general guidelines while using india yearbook - # 1 : skipping sentences - # 2 : organizations - # 3 : schemes - yearbook chapter classification - environment and biodiversity ( enb ) - enb : organizations - enb : important facts for mcq / 2m - environment : policies - enb : schemes - enb : overview topics click to continue reading [ studyplan ] india 2013 yearbook : introduction and approach to environment and biodiversity ( enb ) ( part 1 of 6 ) in the 90s era, the tv channels were sent in analog and unencrypted form. you local cable operator would install a big white dish on his - what is the problem with 90s cable tv system? - trai : cable digitalization - difference : das vs dth? - what is set top box ( stb )? - why jayalalitha is unhappy? click to continue reading [ yearbook ] cable digitization, das vs dth ( direct - to home ), set - top box, trai order - handloom vs handicraft? - why handloom mark? - what is handloom mark? - social security for handloom n handicraft? - mahatma gandhi bunkar bima yojana - health insurance scheme ( his ) for weavers - special schemes? - technology upgradation fund ( tuf ) - integrated handlooms development scheme ( ihds ) - mill gate price scheme - babasaheb ambedker hastshilp vikas yojna ( ahvy ) - marketing promotion programme click to continue reading [ yearbook ] handloom mark, handicraft sector : government schemes, problems, reforms - what is biocontrol agent? - what is krishi vigyan kendra - what is what is icar? - what is rashtriya sam vikas yojana - mock questions what is biocontrol agent? is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5092958917717934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.770192"} {"text": "the dome, constructed in 1881, originally housed a 12 - inch clark refractor. the two foot wide dome slit was widened to accomodate the 1 - m nickel reflector. the new slit is not overly generous for the nickel, with only a few inches of clearance on each side when the telescope is centered. also, the slit does block part of the aperture ( maximum occultation of about 40 % ) when the telescope is at zenith distances less than 6. 9 degrees. during regular operations the dome is slaved to the telescope to ensure that the telescope aperture is not blocked. dome tracking of the telescope is enabled with the domeauto setting in the poco telescope control software. it is also possible to manually position the dome via the poco software ( select domehold and use the manual dome function ) or via a manual rocker switch in the nickel dome ( you must select domefloor in poco to position the dome using the rocker switch ). the dome shutter can be opened or closed remotely via the naux _ fe software or manually from a control box mounted on the dome itself ( see figure 2 ). the dome shutter button is the bottom of the switches and simply pushing it once will open or close the shutter ( it is actually a garage door opener that activates the dome shutter ). occasionally the shutter will fail to open or close fully, usually due to wind blowing on the shutter. often a second or third try to open / close the dome will be successful. if it continues to fail to open or close fully, try rotating the dome to another location and try again. the windscreen ( figure 3 ) is controlled with the naux _ fe software. it may also be moved manually with the three position toggle switch ( shown in figure 2 ). the toggle switch has three positions : up moves the windscreen up, down moves it down, and the central position stops its motion. the software control has three buttons, intuitively labeled up, down, and stop. the windscreen is quite good at reducing wind shake of the telescope, but caution should be observed when using the windscreen at wind speeds greater than about 30 mph. when the telescope is not in use, the windscreen should be stowed in its full up position. there are both white and red lights in the dome. the light switch and dimmer for the red light are next to the door. the lower white lights also have a switch by the door or can be controlled from naux _ fe. observers using the nickel from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4610647662717332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.773599"} {"text": "white and red lights in the dome. the light switch and dimmer for the red light are next to the door. the lower white lights also have a switch by the door or can be controlled from naux _ fe. observers using the nickel from a remote site may want to turn on these lights to check the state of the telescope and dome via the video cameras before moving the telescope or if they perceive any problems with telescope or dome motion or control. there is a second set of brighter lights mounted on the rotating dome. their power switch is located on the dome shutter controller ( see figure 2 ). these lights are not remotely controlled. dome flat field screen the dome has a flat field screen that can be used with either the dome flats lamp or the telescope lamps. either way the dome needs to be rotated + 38 degrees in azimuth and the telescope needs to be at least dec - 05 : 00 : 00. a standard flats position is dome az 218, telescope ha 0, dec - 05 : 00 : 00. figure 1 : photo courtesy of laurie hatch figure 2 : shutter and windscreen control flat field screen a flat field screen ( figure 3 ) is mounted to the left of the dome slit. the windscreen may also be used as a flat field screen. the flat field screen is recommended when taking direct imaging flat fields, particularly with the bluer filters. for spectral flats we recommend using the windscreen because of flexure of the instrument and fringing at the red end of the detector. using the windscreen enables you to get an appropriate spectral flat field no matter what the position of the telescope. figure 3 : windscreen and flat field screen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.504188419953147, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.774266"} {"text": "children \u2019 s health issues in historical perspective publication year : 2005 published by : wilfrid laurier university press download pdf ( 96. 6 kb ) download pdf ( 78. 6 kb ) we would like to thank the editors and reviewers who have assisted us in the production of this book, including carroll klein and heather blain - yanke of wilfrid laurier university press. we also thank heather macdougall, paul potter, jacques bernier, othmar keel, guy grenier, helen brown, darcey kaluza, and michael... introduction : the spotlight on children download pdf ( 165. 1 kb ) children ' s health regularly concerns parents and family. it also receives intermittent attention from communities and nations. at the 1990 world summit for children, seventy - one countries signed the world declaration on survival, protection and development of children and adopted a plan of action. that plan promised to... vegetables on parade : american medicine and the child health movement in the jazz age download pdf ( 567. 5 kb ) american progressives ' dream of an efficient, humane, and harmonious nation was shattered by the first world war and its aftermath. during the war patriotic outbursts reinforced by crude propaganda from woodrow wilson ' s administration often turned into violent attacks on pacifist, socialist, and immigrant dissenters. racism,... no more surprising than a broken pitcher? : maternal and child health in the early years of the pan american sanitary bureau download pdf ( 174. 4 kb ) historically, the priorities and activities of international health organizations have been determined at the metropolitan level or through a confluence of central and local interests. early twentieth - century campaigns against epidemic diseases were prototypes of this arrangement, whereby the threat to international commerce was of... entre la \u00ab revanche \u00bb et la \u00ab veillee \u00bb des berceaux : les medecins quebecois francophones, la mortalite infantile, et la question nationale, 1910 \u2013 1940 download pdf ( 177. 3 kb ) au quebec, les questions demographiques ont toujours ete scrutees et commentees a travers le prisme de la question nationale. pour s ' en convaincre, il suffit d ' evoquer les declarations alarmistes de nombreux observateurs au sujet de la diminution de la fecondite des quebecoises francophones depuis les annees 1960 et les differentes... infant ideologies : doctors,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.455717084909242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.781033"} {"text": ", 1860 \u2013 1939 download pdf ( 284. 8 kb ) l ' histoire de la medicalisation de la mere et de son enfant est relativement bien connue pour l ' occident. elle l ' est beaucoup moins pour ce qui est des contrees tropicales et des anciennes colonies europeennes, en particulier asiatiques, qui se sont affranchies au cours du xxe siecle1. remedier en partie a cet oubli s ' avere utile, ne serait - ce... complicating childhood : gender, ethnicity, and \u201c disadvantage \u201d within the new zealand children \u2019 s health camps movement download pdf ( 141. 5 kb ) over the first part of the twentieth century, health camps, residential open - air schools, and tuberculosis \" preventoria \" were presented in many western societies as models of healthy lifestyles for children, incorporating into their programs wholesome and plentiful food, exposure to sunshine and fresh air, and regular rest and sleep.... race, class, and health : school medical inspection and \u201c healthy \u201d children in british columbia, 1890 \u2013 1930 download pdf ( 137. 9 kb ) public health reform in british columbian schools at the turn of the twentieth century reflected the values and priorities of white middle - class professionals. first nations children on the inkameep reserve in the early 1930s, for example, learned that \" good health \" meant conforming to the expectations of the dominant society. as the... ordering the bath : children, health, and hygiene in northern canadian communities, 1900 \u2013 1970 download pdf ( 244. 8 kb ) historians have recently started to pay close attention to the increased surveillance of aboriginal children in residential schools. 1 teachers, missionaries, doctors, and nurses routinely inspected aboriginal bodies in their desire to reform or \" colonize bodies. \" informed by michel foucault ' s analysis of power and surveillance,... physician denial and child sexual abuse in america, 1870 \u2013 2000 download pdf ( 189. 6 kb ) in 1908, j. taber johnson summarized his thoughts about gonorrhea in children in a chapter of an influential textbook on gonorrhea. his confident assertions, \" that coitus is not essential to gonorrheal infection is an established fact, \" and \" an overwhelming proportion of the cases of vulvovaginitis in young girls is gonorrheal in origin and is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46154904322758844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.783176"} {"text": "assertions, \" that coitus is not essential to gonorrheal infection is an established fact, \" and \" an overwhelming proportion of the cases of vulvovaginitis in young girls is gonorrheal in origin and is of... \u201c living symptoms \u201d : adolescent health care in english canada, 1920 \u2013 1970 download pdf ( 213. 6 kb ) during the opening decades of \" canada ' s century, \" as canadians were impelled to come to terms with modernity, a number of voices joined in chorus to identify a \" youth problem. \" adolescents embodied the nation ' s potential. by simple virtue of having reached a certain life stage during a tumultuous time, they became another of the... the iconography of child public health : between medicine and reform download pdf ( 323. 0 kb ) during the interwar period in the united states, the links between child public health, biomedicine, and social welfare grew more tenuous. child public health programs, once a central part of both medical and welfare efforts, operated within an increasingly restricted mandate. they fit in neither the world of pediatric medicine,... la contribution de l \u2019 hopital saint - paul et de l \u2019 alexandra hospital a la lutte contre les maladies contagieuses infantiles a montreal, 1905 \u2013 1934 download pdf ( 210. 8 kb ) au tournant du xxe siecle, pres de la moitie des deces au quebec sont rapportes parmi la population infantile et sont attribues aux maladies infectieuses2. les villes et les quartiers defavorises sont les lieux les plus touches par ces dernieres, l ' industrialisation des centres urbains s ' etant trop souvent accompagnee d ' une deterioration de... the architecture of children \u2019 s hospitals in toronto and montreal, 1875 \u2013 2010 download pdf ( 1. 2 mb ) this paper explores more than a century of changing ideas about the health of canadian children through the architecture of three urban hospitals : one in toronto, the hospital for sick children ( founded in 1875 ; known as the \" victoria \" hospital for sick children until 1912 ), and two in montreal, the children ' s memorial hospital... frontier health services for children : alberta \u2019 s provincial travelling clinic, 1924 \u2013 1942 download pdf ( 538. 0 kb ) providing health services to sparsely populated, geographically isolated areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46341094966756924, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.784638"} {"text": "sexting, the combination of the words sex and texting, is the practice of electronically sending explicit images or messages from on person to another. there has been a lot of media attention in recent years looking at legal cases involving teens and sexting as well as cases of bullying or harassment of the teen who ' s picture is spread beyond the intended recipient. but data on teen sexting has been lagging and different authors site numbers somewhere between 1 % of teens to 30 % of teens who have engaged in sexting. there is now some new real data out of the university of texas medical branch at galveston that not only looks at the prevalence of sexting among high school students, the study also looked as the relationship between sexting and sex and risky sexual behaviors. this was a really interesting study! the study looked at 948 high school students from 7 public schools in houston area, over a 2 year period. participants ranged in age from 14 - 19 years and were in either 10th or 11th grade. so, 28 % ( that ' s more than 1 in 4 ) of teens reported having sent a naked picture of themselves via text or e - mail ( sexting ). there were no differences between the number of boys and girls who sent a sext. however, 68 % of girls reported having been asked to send a sext, compared with 42 % of boys. but, 46 % of boys had asked someone to sext compared to 21 % of girls. of those who were asked to send a sext, girls ( 27 % ) more often reported being bothered a great deal by this than boys ( 2 % ). almost all girls and half of the boys were bothered a little bit by having been asked to sext. age also played a role in sexting with the proportion of teens who reported having been asked to send a sext peaking at 16 - 17 years of age ( 61 % ) and declining in those 18 years and older ( 53 % ). lastly, for both boys and girls, teens who had sexted were also more likely to have begun dating and to have had sex than those who did not sext. the study also showed that teen girls who engaged in sexting also engaged in more high risk sexual behaviors, admitting to multiple partners and the use of drugs or alcohol before sex. yes this is yet another topic for discussion among parents and their teens and also for pediatricians to discuss with their adolescent patients. office visits keep getting longer ; discussing sexting may also be a way for doctors to discuss sexual behaviors with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5024169284192764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.789123"} {"text": "gtip 2008 interns allisa pack, glasgow, ky debbie sherfey, temple hill elementary school, glasgow, ky this year we received from each teacher intern a final report and evaluation of the program as well as three trail guides to be used for self - study by classroom teachers, homeschool groups and other interested visitors. the final reports included five to ten digital photographs. additional images will be provided as their students use the park ' s resources. each teacher has scheduled and will present two public programs / presentations that will help community members understand the park, park resources, and types of geoscience jobs / careers available. each of our 2008 intern teachers has also submitted photographs of their work in the park as well as with their students. they have agreed to supply additional photographs as the school year progresses. in addition, the 2008 intern teachers will work with future intern teachers as well as those teachers who completed the program in 2006 and 2007 to expand the growing teacher network that will educate local and regional peers, students, and parents on park resources and types of geoscience jobs / careers available, among other topics. what activities occurred this summer? during the summer of 2008, the geoscience - teachers - in - the - park worked on a variety of projects. these projects included : - working closely with projects initiated and conducted by the 2008 geoscientist - in - the - park - obtained and documented gps coordinates for newly discovered cave entrances located within mammoth cave national park - developed three ( 3 ) self - guided trail guides for homeschool teachers and others who want both an educational experience on the park ' s trails and the flexibility of going at one ' s own pace. trail guides focused on the area ' s karst surface features ( geology ) and connected those features to the park ' s biology and history. - assisted in water monitoring project within mammoth cave. - participated in a geomorphology class to learn more about how the caves formed. - participated in a long - term cave cricket monitoring program ( comparison of cave population numbers to temperatures and humidity levels, as well as man - made vs. environmental influences on populations ). - participated in a long - term allegheny woodrat monitoring program ( compares woodrat use of managed cave entrances versus natural cave entrances ) - assisted in a national bird banding project - assisted with bat roost monitoring project. - attended several training programs ( project wild, citizen science workshop, etc. ) to increase knowledge of programs and associated skills that could be incorporated into the classroom. what activities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5017403353616147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.793690"} {"text": "in a national bird banding project - assisted with bat roost monitoring project. - attended several training programs ( project wild, citizen science workshop, etc. ) to increase knowledge of programs and associated skills that could be incorporated into the classroom. what activities are planned for the academic year? 2008 teacher intern debra sherfey has : - engaged her students in a month - long unit of study that examined the local karst landscape. as a culminating activity, all 48 students participated in an off - trail cave tour on september 4th or 5th to : 1 ) observe cave developments that are a direct result of karst features on the surface, 2 ) explore un - developed cave passages, 3 ) examine fossil remains in sito, and 4 ) appreciate the difficulties experience by early visitors to the cave system. this trip was led by our 2007 geoscience teacher - in - the - park intern, sarah talley. some of the ways that the teachers plan to share their experiences with their students include : - the use of personal experiences and locally based, on - going scientific studies as real - world examples for their students. - working with mammoth cave ( maca ) and mammoth cave international center for science and learning ( mcicsl ) staff to provide hands - on learning and volunteer opportunities for their students. - one of the teachers stated, \" mammoth cave offers so many different aspects that can be offered to every child, no matter what their learning style, and broaden their knowledge of an area that is readily accessible to them. as a teacher it is my job to utilize this park and give each student the opportunity to become involved in different projects that they might not otherwise have the opportunity to participate in. \" - use the \" what is a scientist? \" lesson plan that was developed by the 2007 interns to show students that scientists are not necessarily the stereotypical \" old guy in a lab coat with a chemistry set. \" they hope the lesson plan will ignite an interest in science among their students and encourage them to pursue scientific careers. - present a professional development session on mammoth cave national park and the gtip program to pre - service teachers at each of the western kentucky university ' s campuses ( in bowling green, glasgow, owensboro, and elizabethtown, kentucky ). this will allow new teachers to learn about the opportunities available at mammoth cave prior to beginning their careers. - additional community presentations planned", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5132161909432099, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.794719"} {"text": "this post was written by special guest bloggers samantha stotland, senior and ffa member at wamago agricultural science and technology center in connecticut, and jamie fischer, culinary instructor at wamago. do you have a great story to share about your ffa chapter? please submit it, along with a photo to email @ example. com. we can \u2019 t promise we \u2019 ll post all of the stories, but we will post as many as we can! have you ever gone to mcdonald \u2019 s and ordered french fries just as they came out of the fryer hot, golden brown, salted just right? then you open the ketchup packet, squeezing just the right amount onto the fried potato bliss. that my friend is a perfect partnership! as the union between a french fry and ketchup is the perfect partnership, so does the combining of agriculture and culinary based classes. this marriage is the cornerstone of how the world \u2019 s food supply is brought to the dinner table. here at wamogo, this union is showcased by the students who participate in these programs. \u201c working in close connections with the agriculture department creates opportunities for wamogo \u2019 s culinary arts program that normal schools that have culinary arts without an agriculture department would never realize. opportunities for my culinary kids to work with the tilapia farms, working with livestock, having the greenhouse, and maple sugar house will offer opportunities for students to collaborate and to work for a similar goal, \u201d says wamogo culinary arts instructor, jamie fischer. a recent example of this bond began in the spring of 2012 when lambs were born in our school and raised by our agricultural students. these lambs were cared for, fed, and sheltered by the students of the agriculture program throughout the spring and summer, with the intent to raise the lamb for meat production. at the beginning of this school year the lambs were brought to slaughter and given to the culinary department for inclusion in their studies of different cuts of meat. the lambs were also used collaboratively with the ag education food science class and the meat evaluation cde team. ultimately, the cuts of meat were used for meals prepared by the culinary department. this partnership enabled both programs to benefit from the livestock, enriching the learning experience of multiple students who benefited from the study of the entire life cycle of farm animals. as stated by dual program wamogo student alicia audet, \u201c at my old school, the agriculture program didn \u2019 t really work with the culinary program. for example, when we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4751286320539414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.799729"} {"text": "from the study of the entire life cycle of farm animals. as stated by dual program wamogo student alicia audet, \u201c at my old school, the agriculture program didn \u2019 t really work with the culinary program. for example, when we cut up meat, culinary was not involved ; it was a portion of the animal science program, more specifically agriculture production. \u201d this example demonstrates how two different fields of studies, may actually be combined to produce a better educated, enriched student, who understands where their food comes from, so that they will not take for granted what mother earth has given them. throughout the course of the year there are numerous opportunities for our students to experience solid models illustrating the different departments working together. the idea of \u201c from farm to table \u201d and \u201c from seed to plate \u201d naturally helps to encourage collaboration. recently, agriculture students that were also culinary arts students, planned, prepared and served the food for a state agriculture education advisory meeting and luncheon. the students utilized herbs grown in the school greenhouse, potatoes that were grown from a student \u2019 s sae garden and maple syrup that was harvested from trees on the school \u2019 s grounds and processed in the school \u2019 s evaporator by agriculture and culinary arts students. the main entree of smoked pork came from a local farm that has close ties to wamogo and where agriculture students have conducted their sae placements. the meal was planned and prepared by the culinary arts and served by the students that are dually enrolled in both the culinary and agriculture programs. wamogo has developed a special needs culinary arts program that simply would not be as successful if we did not have the resources made possible through the collaboration with the agriculture program. the culinary arts life skill and alternative education programs have been providing opportunities for students with severe needs through hands on interactive learning lessons. students working in the school \u2019 s greenhouse utilize hydroponics to grow herbs and tomatoes. they tend to chickens and collect eggs that are used by all of the culinary arts classes. these special needs students are proud of their accomplishments and excited to have the opportunity to interact with the agriculture education students. these life skill students benefit by being able to observe and be part of the work agriculture education students are doing in the greenhouse, with the farm animals and in the aquaculture labs. \u201c when asked to develop a culinary arts program a few years ago, the first thing i realized was that without having a strong relationship with the agriculture education department i would not, and could not, be successful in my task. working in close", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5111874678091187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.800822"} {"text": "labs. \u201c when asked to develop a culinary arts program a few years ago, the first thing i realized was that without having a strong relationship with the agriculture education department i would not, and could not, be successful in my task. working in close contact to the agriculture education department helped me cultivate the very important concept of \u2018 from seed to plate \u2019 already being emphasized in the curriculum for the agriculture education food science class, \u201d said jamie fischer. the collaboration between the culinary arts program and the agricultural education program, has earned dividends for the entire school. director of the wamogo \u2019 s agriculture department, mr. charles rowland stated, \u201c partnering with the culinary program, with shared knowledge and facilities, is a very positive development for the agriculture program. students get the full benefit of the farm to table experience, and culinary instructor, jamie fischer, has worked to embed the agriculture science standards into the coursework. \u201d the partnership between wamogo \u2019 s agriculture program and the culinary arts program continues to grow stronger through collaboration providing learning and life skill opportunities to all of our students. the agriculture education program has an added recruitment benefit for students interested in the vocation of culinary arts to get that introduction through their agriculture education enrollment. the truth is that the entire school district benefits from this relationship.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47963803458417104, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.802584"} {"text": "q. i was talking to a christian the other day about the noahide laws and was surprised that he had never heard of them before. he knew about the mosaic law and had been taught the standard protestant doctrine that christ had \" done away \" with that. i wonder if you could explain to us what the noahide law was, how it relates to the mosaic law, and what its relevance - if any - is to us today? a. the law given by yahweh to noah immediately after the great flood is believed by most to have been a precursor to the law subsequently given to moses as though this were some sort of \" evolutionary process \" or \" darwinian revelation \". it may surprise most christians to learn that not only is the noahide ( or noahic ) law a self - contained code of divine commandments in and of itself but that it is still valid today. before we examine this code it ' s important that we also understand that even in the patriarchal time before moses, and all the way back to adam, that there was also a law or torah. q. but this is nowhere mentioned in the bible, is it? a. this patriarchal torah is nowhere listed as the mosaic torah is - it is not laid out in the same way as the latter is in the pentateuch [ the five books of moses ]. but as you carefully read the book of genesis and observe the commandments that these patriarchs observed ( for example, the sabbath law given at the creation, which moses merely reminded israel of rather than reveal it for the first time ), you will discover that not only were the ten commandments [ decalogue ] in place and being observed but that there were laws concerning animal sacrifice too. q. is the absence of a specific code in genesis because this book was primarily about israel and not the patriarchs? a. genesis is a highly condensed history of a very long period of time. there are other books that amplify this important span of sacred history such as the book of jasher ( mentioned in the bible ) ( josh. 10 : 13 ; 2 sam. 1 : 18 ) and the book of adam and eve. many, if not most of these, are targums or pseudepigraphic expansions that are embellished versions of a bona fide core history. about all we can say for certain is that there were earlier histories but that they are either no longer in our bible or never were in the first place. q. and what is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47389788770328567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.828756"} {"text": "that are embellished versions of a bona fide core history. about all we can say for certain is that there were earlier histories but that they are either no longer in our bible or never were in the first place. q. and what is your view of that? a. the bible does cite many books no longer a part of it, such of the writings of various prophets and seers ( e. g. 2 chr. 9 : 29 ; 12 : 15 ), which would be nice to read some day. for now, though, we are limited to what we have got and must make do. q. why, then, do you think this patriarchal code is not mentioned in genesis? a. i can only guess, but since moses was the author or the pentateuch, and since his mission and calling was to reveal yahweh ' s torah to israel, his emphasis would naturally have been in writing the theocratic law of that nation. we find both the patriarchal and noahide codes incorporated in the mosaic torah. q. so what you are saying is that the ten commandments, including some rules about animal sacrifice, were made known to adam from the beginning and were observed by the patriarchs? a. and some other laws too. abraham, for instance, we learn, observed the law of tithing, was himself subject to a high priest ( which meant there must have been a priesthood order ), and participated in a sacred meal with melchizedek that hints of the lord ' s supper which was given millennia later ( gen. 14 : 18 ). the patriarchs were not ignorant, lawless savages but highly cultivated persons in terms of their ethics and morals. they may be said to have been torah - observant just like the israelites though it is our contention at nccg that they actually lived a much higher torah free of the additions given to israel because of their \" hard - heartedness \" ( mt. 19 : 8 ; mk. 3 : 5 ) ). q. so that it more closely resembled the new covenant torah we observe today? a. in many respects, yes, though it is more complicated than that. as far as i know, the patriarchs observed no festivals akin to those given to israel which came to be celebrated in the light of later historical experience only. circumcision was introduced before the law of moses, at least in abraham ' s time, and was subsequently abolished in the new covenant ( gen. 17 : 10 cp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44004448243685645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.829833"} {"text": "israel which came to be celebrated in the light of later historical experience only. circumcision was introduced before the law of moses, at least in abraham ' s time, and was subsequently abolished in the new covenant ( gen. 17 : 10 cp. gal. 5 : 2 ). there was a simple system of animal sacrifice ( e. g. gen. 31 : 54 ). q. as far back as adam? a. the book of adam & eve says so, and the fact that our first parents were given animal skins to conceal their nakedness suggests, does it not, that animals had to be killed, and i am inclined to believe that they were not killed gratuitously simply to make clothes ( gen. 3 : 21 ). q. you mean, the skins were from animals offered in sacrifice? a. it is mere conjecture, but yes, that is my personal belief. q. i wonder if you could tell us what the noahide laws are as most people have never heard of them? a. there are seven laws in all and they run as follows : 1. thou shalt not engage in idol worship ; 2. thou shalt not blaspheme the name of yahweh ; 3. thou shalt not shed the blood of any innocent human being, nor foetus, nor ailing person who has a limited time to live ; 4. thou shalt not engage in bestiality [ sex with animals ], incestuous, adulterous or homosexual relations, nor commit acts of rape ; 6. thou shalt establish laws and courts of law to administer these laws, including the death penalty for those who kill, administered only if there is one testifying eye witness ; 7. thou shalt not be cruel to animals ( specifically, tearing limbs from live animals ). q. these sound very similar to the ruling made by the council of jerusalem in respect of new gentile converts to the gospel ( ac. 15 : 19, 28 - 29 ), don ' t they? a. yes, indeed, because these laws are the very minimum that are required of believers! these are also the laws which the talmudic jews believe all non - jews must be taught and live ( but rarely teach or evangelise for it ), and they are the laws with former u. s. president george bush claimed the usa was founded on and are the bedrock of all society [ see public law 102 - 14, 102nd congress ]. q. remove these laws and the bedrock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4555297826818423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.830953"} {"text": "), and they are the laws with former u. s. president george bush claimed the usa was founded on and are the bedrock of all society [ see public law 102 - 14, 102nd congress ]. q. remove these laws and the bedrock of civilisation collapses? a. yes, absolutely. i agree. and look how many of them are threatened today. q. there are even statutes against abortion and euthanasia! a. the noahide laws are the minimum torah. they are the laws of yahweh given for all nations. and remember that noah founded - or refounded - the nations of the world as we know them. every nation in the world, whether they accept yah ' shua ( jesus ) or not - or even yahweh, for that matter - is bound by these laws. and the nations will be judged as to whether they administered them or not. q. but how would the nations know about them if they have never heard of them? a. they are under a covenant entered into between yahweh and noah. it was unilaterally decreed by yahweh. if president bush is able to recognise them as being the bedrock of civilisation, as you say, what that means is that every single soul has the minimum capacity to receive revelation about these laws whether they believe god or not. q. you mean, know about them in their consciences? a. yes, everybody \" knows \" these things. to deny them is revelation not against an externally imposed religious teaching but a against living principle implanted in all human beings. to deny these laws means to deny self because they are integrated with self, however much one may be in denial. when a nation turns against all these noahide laws they may be said to have \" ripened in iniquity \" and are ready for destruction, just as the canaanite nations were when joshua entered their lands, for they rejected all of these laws. the gospel of john says that every man born into the world comes with a portion of the light of christ ( jn. 1 : 9, kjv ) which teaches the truth of these laws to the inner man as well as giving him the ability to recognise that yahweh is the creator and that yah ' shua ( jesus ) is lord and saviour, and to choose torah. q. you mean these laws are written on our hearts? a. i wouldn ' t say that. to have something written on your heart means", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49178454185188547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.831861"} {"text": "that yah ' shua ( jesus ) is lord and saviour, and to choose torah. q. you mean these laws are written on our hearts? a. i wouldn ' t say that. to have something written on your heart means that you love that law and it is integrated with your whole being - your thoughts, feelings, and behaviour - in such a way that you no longer need to \" impose \" it on yourself. a better analogy is that it is built into us in a way that we can easily interact with it in our minds and our hearts. q. you say that the noahide laws are the minimum laws the nations have to obey. but doesn ' t zechariah prophesy that the nations will come to jerusalem to observe the annual feasts too ( zec. 14 : 16 - 19 )? a. yes, but that is later - post - mosaic law. in the millennium the nations will all come under theocratic rule. i do not presently know the extent of that theocratic codex but it will definitely include the noahide laws, israel ' s festivals, and probably quite a few other laws too. at that time the nations will be required to observe more than the minimum. q. will there be a two - tier set of laws during the millennium, do you think? a. yes, i believe that. the millennial world will consist of two categories of nation - ( a ) israel, living the whole torah ; and ( b ) all the other nations, living a new \" minimum \" torah. q. that is a new concept for me. i assumed that there would only be one universal law in the millennium. a. no, the millennium is not the final state of man. at the end of it, the demonic hosts will be released again and those who have not voluntarily subjected themselves beyond the then \" minimum \" ( whatever that is ) will lack the proper spiritual covering and be subject to temptation that otherwise they would have been able to resist. a. it is the will of yahweh that we live the whole torah - as christ himself said, there are different rewards in heaven, different categories of obedience and privilege based on the way we chose to live in him. it was for this reason that he said that those who failed to observe the least of the commandments would be called least in the kingdom of heaven ( jn. 14 : 2 ; mt. 5 : 19 ). q. and paul said, did he not, that there were different", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038257888237352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.832798"} {"text": "that those who failed to observe the least of the commandments would be called least in the kingdom of heaven ( jn. 14 : 2 ; mt. 5 : 19 ). q. and paul said, did he not, that there were different kinds of resurrection? a. yes, four basic categories. a resurrection to damnation ( jn. 5 : 29 ), and three heavenly resurrections which compare in their spiritual brightness and glory to the heavenly bodies we see - the star, the moon and the sun ( 1 cor. 15 : 40 - 42 ). and no doubt there are degrees within these. paul talks about a \" third heaven \" ( 2 cor. 12 : 2 ) and the apocryphal book of enoch, which is quoted in the new testament, speaks of seven. you will have observed amongst christians - and even within the messianic assemblies - that people are all obeying to different degrees. that is our free choice, and on the basis of that free choice, we will one day be rewarded. it also follows that if we are disobedient in any area or torah, large or small, that this gives satan and his demonic angels rights to blind and harass. what is most pleasing to yahweh is that we are obedient in all things, blameless and righteous, because in that way he can not only give us maximum protection down here but can shower blessings and rewards upon us in equal measure, both here and / or the eternities. q. so it is not true to say that there is one law - the noahide law - for gentiles, and one law - the torah - for the jews? a. no, this is a talmudic distortion. all the nations are required to obey the noahide law and will be judged on that basis. every individual is required to obey the noahide law and will be judged in that basis, no matter what he believes in. every believer is required as a very minimum to observe the noahide law, just as the first gentile converts were as a result of the decision of the council of jerusalem. but every believer should be striving to be obedient to the whole torah! that which pleases yahweh the most, and which gives us the greatest peace, joy, blessings, and sanctification, is when we are living all the commandments. i guarantee it! if you love yahweh with all your might, mind and strength,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4859415517027464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.833705"} {"text": "the most, and which gives us the greatest peace, joy, blessings, and sanctification, is when we are living all the commandments. i guarantee it! if you love yahweh with all your might, mind and strength, and love your neighbour as yourself, you will pretty quickly be observing all the ten commandments ; and once established in them - or even whilst you are becoming established in them - you will want to obey all the other mitzvot as well, to the very least of them! it is a natural unfolding for those who truly love the most high. q. it ' s ironic that those who claim to have everything, even to walking in the very presence of yahweh, seem to be obeying the least! a. absolutely, yes. they talk about \" being saved \" and \" eternal security \" and yet walk in disobedience. the torah reveals whether we are sinning or not - that ' s its stated purpose in the new testament. if you ' re still not obeying on the level of the ten commandments you ' re in serious trouble already if you claim to be a follower of the lord yah ' shua ( jesus ). didn ' t he obey every commandment? didn ' t he tell us to follow his example? q. it ' s pretty difficult to walk in torah alone, don ' t you think? a. ah, now there ' s a very important observation, because you can ' t. torah - observance is not only personal but corporate. israel is a community which regularly assembles. and the closer they are to yahweh the more they want to be together, because \" togetherness \" is the messianic way - not togetherness for togetherness ' sake but together with yahweh in his ruach ( spirit ). you can only live the first part of the \" golden rule \" ( or \" royal law \" as paul calls it - jas. 2 : 8 ), and the first five commandments, as a \" solo christian \" - the rest requires people! q. and yet there are \" people \" and there are \" people \"... a. the degree of intimacy and fellowship we are able to enjoy is always based on the mutual degree of torah - faithfulness. \" birds of a feather flock together \" and churches form around the degree of obedience their founders and current leaders are willing to give to the most high. furthermore, you cannot live torah as an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4661587334250188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.835767"} {"text": "always based on the mutual degree of torah - faithfulness. \" birds of a feather flock together \" and churches form around the degree of obedience their founders and current leaders are willing to give to the most high. furthermore, you cannot live torah as an \" independent church \" but only as a collection of assemblies. the new testament messianic community was, and is, not only about individual congregations, but a fraternity of congregations under a single apostolic mantle. this evening we shall be observing sukkot - the feast of tabernacles. it is one of those feasts that requires congregations to gather together. in the theocracy it will be at jerusalem ( which is why the nations will gather to jerusalem in the prophecy of zechariah you mentioned earlier ). that is why a portion of the tithe is saved up for such journeys because this gathering is so important. because the theocracy is not presently in place, we must for now gather in other locations - but gathering is most definitely the operative word. and you can ' t possibly do that as a solo christian. i ' ve brought along a letter sent to me by a lady from arkansas - she is not a member of nccg but regularly reads our sermons. this is what she wrote in response to the sermon i shall be giving tomorrow on the sabbath about sukkot : \" thank you for the most joyous and spirit filled sermon that i could have ever hoped for just before leaving for the feast. i am waiting for my son to fly back from texas and come on up and pick me up. i just decided to check my e - mail and there is this great sermon. i am now so filled with excitement and with his spirit that i want to run so fast and great all of our brothers and sisters that will be there. \" i just had not fully realized the impact of passover and how important the faith is to be obedient. i have never missed a passover in my walk with the father but i just now finally realize why i think he prompted and helped me in getting there. thank you so much for this sermon and the reminder of how great our heavenly father is and he loves us so much even though we may not fully understand his ways \". now that is the true spirit of torah. when you are full of the ruach haqodesh ( holy spirit ) neither tempest nor earthquake will keep you away from such a gathering as sukkot. the whole spirit of the new covenant in christ is one of family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5083139279079693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.836770"} {"text": "of torah. when you are full of the ruach haqodesh ( holy spirit ) neither tempest nor earthquake will keep you away from such a gathering as sukkot. the whole spirit of the new covenant in christ is one of family. the whole torah is about the family of yahweh. the more obedient we become, the closer too is our church family bond, and the more we long to be together with one another to worship him. that corporate unity is so intimate that it is allegorically depicted in the book of revelation as being a single person, the bride of yah ' shua ( jesus ). q. so there ' s a kind of spectrum of \" spiritual affinity \", do you think? the more you are obedient, the more you become welded together with the body of christ? a. oh yes, and a hundred times ' yes '! yah ' shua ' s ( jesus ' ) high priestly prayer in the garden of gethsemane was passionately filled with the desire that his disciples would dwell in echad unity ( oneness ) with one another, just as he was one with yahweh his father ( jn. 17 ). this \" bringing together \", this \" uniting \", this \" togetherness \" is the heart and life of torah. it is the law of a nation - a covenant people - deeply in love spiritually with yahweh through his messiah and deeply in love spiritually with one another. so deep is this love they cannot bare to be away from one another! if you read the book of acts you will discover that this love between the disciples was so great that they gathered together every day! and it was by this love - love manifested in togetherness - that they became known. they worshipped, worked, and ate together as much as they could, and it was not long before they realised, under apostolic leadership, that the most desirable way to live was in a gathered community. the jerusalem saints lived like that. they pooled all their belongings and placed it at the apostles ' feet for distribution as the ruach ( spirit ) gave revelation. q. do you think it is just a lack of obedience that keeps people apart? a. no, but it is a major part of it. people are afraid because they maybe have had bad experiences in intimate contact with other people, especially in our cold and callous world where abuse is becoming the norm. the moving force to bring people into community must", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5104742890910013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.837744"} {"text": "but it is a major part of it. people are afraid because they maybe have had bad experiences in intimate contact with other people, especially in our cold and callous world where abuse is becoming the norm. the moving force to bring people into community must always start with love and purity. they must see that there is this love and that it is desirable. then obedience will become more and more spontaneous for them. but at some point they do have to trust yahweh ' s torah and not see it as a millstone around their necks. q. may see torah as a burden... a. it is a burden if you don ' t start with a love relationship with yahweh and are unacquainted with grace. yah ' shua ( jesus ) says that his cross - his burdens - are light, but that must always be understood to be a relative things. most unbelievers would flee from the ministry of suffering we bear. and that is because you cannot bear it unless you have the spirit of christ within you. it is the revelation of his love and the presence of his ruach ( spirit ) that makes the cross light, because he is the one supporting it. there have been times in my life when i have been under the burden of crushing desperation and within seconds he has lifted it - not taken it away, but helped me bear it in such a way as though it seems he is bearing it all by himself. q. what you are saying is that we not only need to come to torah from the right direction - from love - but that we in a way have to be fed it in proportion to our ability to receive it? a. that seems to be what the council of jerusalem decided. they realised that a whole way of life which their ancestors had been living for centuries couldn ' t suddenly be dumped on the formerly pagan gentiles. like little children who can only manage milk, the meat must come later ( heb. 5 : 12 - 14 ). of course, external habits can be developed which then become natural and desirable to them as they grow older... or fall away from them if they have not discovered the law behind torah. for torah to have any meaning at all there must first be an encounter with the almighty. and once this has been received, there must be a living encounter with people. love must flow between the individual, his god, and those in the family of god like an electric circuit in a building. by interacting with believers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002794503110056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.838926"} {"text": "encounter with the almighty. and once this has been received, there must be a living encounter with people. love must flow between the individual, his god, and those in the family of god like an electric circuit in a building. by interacting with believers and unbelievers, they soon see the loving nature behind the commandments - why adultery and theft is harmful and the bringer of sorrow. it is therefore perfectly right to begin with the simple things and let the details take care of themselves to some extent. q. what about alcohol? how do you teach children about that? a. firstly, by example. they have to see the blessedness of not having it in the home, and be taught of the destructive effects it has on society. as far as torah is concerned, the alcohol ban is a priestly one. under the mosaic covenant, alcohol was not permitted of those priests on duty in the temple. that is a type of our bodies - they being the temple of the ruach haqodesh ( holy spirit ) ( 1 cor. 6 : 19 ). under the old covenant a priest could drink alcohol off - duty, provided it was in moderation. but we live under a new and better covenant ( heb. 7 : 22 ; 8 : 6 ) - we are all priests in the making and our bodies are the temples of yahweh. if we are living in the ruach ( spirit ) we should be living in that priestly office always, for we are a royal priesthood of believers ( 1 pet. 2 : 9 ). q. alcohol is not mentioned in the ten commandments... a. no, nor are many other things, but that is because they are categories of commandments. they are known as the ten debarim or \" ten words \". yah ' shua ( jesus ) himself is called the ( singular ) word ( jn. 1 : 1 ) but we all know that the concept of dabar ( word ) is not simply a single unit in a sentence - dabar conveys a whole range of meanings depicted as one - it ' s another echad concept - one in many, and many in one. some people translate dabar ( or the greek equivalent logos ) as \" reason \" or \" intent \", the spoken as well as the unspoken. it contains a whole cluster of meanings, rather like a galaxy which is both a single entity as well as being composed of millions of other entities called stars. the dabar or \" word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5167778107974422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.839956"} {"text": "or \" intent \", the spoken as well as the unspoken. it contains a whole cluster of meanings, rather like a galaxy which is both a single entity as well as being composed of millions of other entities called stars. the dabar or \" word \" could also be rendered torah. q. \" in the beginning was the torah \"...? a. yes, absolutely. torah contains the divine intent of yahweh - it is his heart expressed in human deeds and a way of living. it is the way given to us to be the most happy one and the most closely identified with him. it is the revelation of his heart by which our hearts become united with his. q. in the new covenant church of god ( nccg ) people enter progressive and deeper covenants of obedience. can you explain how this works for us? a. there are three categories of covenants just as there are three categories of commandments. our job is to first of all teach the people these things. once they have a desire to live them, they are invited to enter into covenants with yahweh to obey him. these three categories correspond to ( a ) loving yahweh and loving our fellow man - the \" golden rule \" or \" royal way \" ; ( b ) submitting to the rule of the ten commandments ; and ( c ) submitting to the rule of all the rest of the mitzvot ( commandments ). this is a matter of free will always. q. and presumably this submissiveness to yahweh ' s torah is what qualifies them for priesthood orders? a. right. it is their personal consecration to yahweh. q. which categories of torah apply to who? a. each priesthood candidate is trained for a minimum of one year during which time he or she is taught the torah in depth and enters covenants stepwise. q. not all at once? a. oh no, for most that would be too much. we have both covenants of intention as well as covenants to actually commit to live aspects of torah. thus a catechumen or investigator covenants to make baptism his goal and consciously strives for it, and the members of the local assembly covenant to help him all they can. he knows that before he can be baptised he must have an understanding of the apostles ' creed and therefore part of his covenant is to strive to this end. only when he understands and believes it - which must be at his own pace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49429605511672703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.840860"} {"text": "all they can. he knows that before he can be baptised he must have an understanding of the apostles ' creed and therefore part of his covenant is to strive to this end. only when he understands and believes it - which must be at his own pace - can he enter baptismal covenants which include a covenant to strive to be obedient to all the commandments... again, a covenant of intent, because he will likely not know what they all are yet, or be able to understand them. q. could you give me an example of a covenant to live a torah principle? a. yes, take alcohol, for instance. giving up alcohol is required of anyone wanting to become a full member. a person ' s baptismal covenant may include the intent to give up alcohol and smoking, for example, with the understanding that when he is ready for chrism ( confirmation ) that he must actually quit. thus his chrism covenant will be a covenant of action. now this covenant to quit the action of drinking or smoking may not necessarily mean that he has overcome the craving to drink or smoke. this is an inner process which must be overcome spiritually before such a person can be considered ready for the ministry as, say, a deacon or deaconess. q. so there is a three - stage process... a. yes. ( a ) intention ; ( b ) physically quitting a bad habit ; ( c ) spiritually overcoming. of course, sometimes the ( c ) can happen before ( b ), and that is most certainly preferable, but realistically this does not commonly happen. bad habits - addictions - are overcome by a more complex process as a rule. [ see mark graeser, the eight stages of changing wrong behaviour, new covenant press, arvika, 2001 ]. q. this would apply to problems like unnatural sexual compulsions, gluttony, and other things too, i guess? a. yes, the whole gamut of human problems stemming from the adamic nature and the inherited sins of our forefathers. and almost without exception it involves deliverance ministry... a. yes. they are frequently, if not invariably, a part of the equation. q. so at what level is obedience to the ten commandments required? a. that is a requirement of those aspiring to be deacons and deaconesses. the ten commandments are taught across the whole age range in nccg, from children to youth. we expect all applicants to the deacon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44053431429342227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.841833"} {"text": "ten commandments required? a. that is a requirement of those aspiring to be deacons and deaconesses. the ten commandments are taught across the whole age range in nccg, from children to youth. we expect all applicants to the deaconate to be living the ten commandments as a matter of habit. if they have spiritual problems underlying their living of this, it is usually taken care of during their training as sub - deacons and sub - deaconesses and thereafter. q. and the eldership? a. to be an elder you need to know the whole of torah and to be living it at least as a matter of habit though with a good deal of spiritual overcoming. q. don ' t spiritual issues crop up all the time making full obedience impossible? a. yes, ministry is given at every level of the holy order. people slip, known and unknown sinful attitudes surface, and so on. repentance is a daily process, a part of the dynamic of discipleship. nobody is presently perfect. here the covenants of intent are seen to be so important. where there is conscious recognition of sin and a striving to be a zadik - a righteous one - so yahweh is at work. the problems begin when there is no more striving, which may even lead to the disastrous situation where parts of the torah are rejected as being unliveable. when that happens you are on the slippery slope to atheism. we must remember in saying these things that the pre - eminence must always be given to love. without that, nothing else is impossible. our new birth in christ supplies us with that, and keeping that channel open is the first priority. understanding that we are fallible and need one another ' s help ( gal. 6 : 2 ) is central to the whole dynamic of priesthood ministry - to ministers themselves no less than the unordained. love itself is a ministry and all can give that in different ways, which is why everyone is called to be a priest. the body of christ is a mutually nurturing entity. if i cut my left arm, my right hand is soon bandaging me. everyone is helping everyone else according to their giftedness. q. what is the goal of torah? a. the goal of torah is perfection - human perfection, the fulfilling of our potential, so that we become like christ. through it we die and are reborn. torah both condemns us and liberates us - the letter - part condemning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4682114923280268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.843069"} {"text": "? a. the goal of torah is perfection - human perfection, the fulfilling of our potential, so that we become like christ. through it we die and are reborn. torah both condemns us and liberates us - the letter - part condemning, and the spirit - part bringing us life, because it is the word. q. modern man seems to have great problems with concepts of torah or law. how do we help him overcome this fear? a. he has to see it in action - he has to see its fruits. and he also has to learn to trust the word of god even when it challenges his whole way of being. if we are to ever hope of breaking out of the liberal, anarchistic, spiritless and socialistic mode of thinking and being that we have inherited over this last century, we have got to raise up a new generation of children exposed to, comfortable with, and flourishing in new covenant torah. unless the coming generation has this foundation, then our work at nccg will ultimately fail, because you cannot have a gathering of people without proper theocracy. we have been brainwashed with anti - torah sentiments at every quarter. democracy has become our god, or in other words, the will of self. in fact, it ' s become a guise for satanism, which is the worship of self. no longer do western nations come with a message of love and obedience the god of the bible but a message of \" democracy \". that ' s what people are fighting for these days. we, by contrast, have to come in the name and strength of yahweh as the boy david did before goliath. and like the adult david, we must love his torah and meditate on it day and night ( ps. 119 : 97 ; josh. 1 : 8 ). torah is a living dynamic. rooted in love and the anointing of the ruach ( spirit ), it becomes the path to personal and societal liberation. my prayer is that everyone will come to love yahweh ' s law and discover that every mark of it is rooted in love and the eternal principles of salvation. amen. ( kadesh - biyqah, 20 september 2002 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5243884448018235, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.843951"} {"text": "rg4008. am : four mile congregational church ( humboldt, neb. ) humboldt, richardson county, neb. : congregational church size : 1 reel of microfilm during nebraska ' s territorial years, swiss - german homesteaders began settling along four mile creek in the southwestern part of richardson county. throughout this period and during early years of statehood, church services for these settlers were conducted by traveling preachers in rural schoolhouses. on may 30, 1880, a meeting was held and people voted to organize as a german evangelical church society. on march 1, 1885, the german evangelical church became a reformed church of the united states. an english translation of minutes dated june 29, 1893 ( series 1, folder 2 ) describes the dissolution of the german evangelical community on the four mile and its reorganization as the german reformed \" salem \" church society. under its new name, the german reformed \" salem \" church society stated that its purposes were \" the worship of the tripersonal god in spirit and in truth ; the advancement of christian life through the preaching of the word of god ; the administration of the holy sacraments ; and the preaching of christianity in church and school. \" from 1885 until 1928, the salem reformed church shared a pastor with st. john ' s church of hunzeker community. in 1894 it erected its own church building on land purchased from john and margareta stauffer. in 1934 the reformed church of the united states and the evangelical synod of north america merged to form the evangelical and reformed church. the church changed its name to become the evangelical and reformed church. during the 1940s it shared a pastor with the zion evangelical and reformed church near honey creek. in march of 1953, the congregation voted to change its name to the four mile evangelical and reformed church, taking its name from the stream in whose valley the church stands. salem ' s affiliation with the evangelical and reformed movement ended in 1962, when the nebraska conference of the united church of christ was formed. in january of 1972 the congregation voted to leave the church of christ affiliation. in march of that year it became affiliated with the congregational christian church and adopted its present - day name. the four mile congregational church celebrated its 100th anniversary on july 20, 1980. scope and content note this collection consists of four volumes and a fractional amount of manuscript material, on 1 reel of microfilm, and arranged in three series : 1 ) historical material, 1880 - 1893 and 1980 ; 2 ) church registers, 1880 - 1923 ; and 3 ) collection register, 1894. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43610176785024174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.854138"} {"text": "a fractional amount of manuscript material, on 1 reel of microfilm, and arranged in three series : 1 ) historical material, 1880 - 1893 and 1980 ; 2 ) church registers, 1880 - 1923 ; and 3 ) collection register, 1894. this material relates to the history and religious ceremonial events conducted by the four mile congregational church, located in speiser precinct, richardson county, nebraska. these records cover time periods when the church was known as the german evangelical church society and as the german reformed \" salem \" church society. to avoid confusion, this collection will be referred to as the records of the four mile congregational church, its present - day name, for this descriptive inventory. the historical material of series 1 includes a history of the church and its predecessors in a volume entitled, the four mile congregational church. written in commemoration of the church ' s 100th anniversary in 1980, it also discusses the church ' s auxiliary organizations and memorial gifts, as well as showing one hundred years of confirmation classes. also included in this series are two warranty deeds. one, 1883, describes two acres of land sold by john stauffer and his wife to the german evangelical community on four mile creek. this is the land upon which the church erected its first and present - day building. an 1893 warranty deed transfers this land from the trustees and officers of the german evangelical community on the four mile creek to the german reformed church society. ( the german evangelical community was reorganized as the german reformed church society. ) the series also includes minutes of special meetings. minutes of a june 29, 1893, meeting describe the dissolution of the german evangelical community on the four mile creek and its reorganization as the german reformed \" salem \" church society. church constitutions are attached to both sets of minutes. the church registers, 1880 - 1923, of series 2 contain information on ceremonial rites conducted by four mile congregational church ' s predecessors. pertinent information about baptisms, confirmations, communion services, marriages and deaths is provided. most entries are in german, although a few english translations of baptismal records are provided in volume 1. minutes, collection information, the church constitution, and church properties, including a cemetery plot layout, are also included in these volumes. series 3 consists of one collection register, 1894. donors and amount donated are shown. the collection was loaned for microfilming in august of 1980. series 1 - historical material, 1880 - 1893 and 1980reel 1 - the four mile congregational church, a history of the church in commemoration of its 100th anniversary,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45068017383169523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.855536"} {"text": "donated are shown. the collection was loaned for microfilming in august of 1980. series 1 - historical material, 1880 - 1893 and 1980reel 1 - the four mile congregational church, a history of the church in commemoration of its 100th anniversary, july 20, 1980 - warranty deed for land sold by john stauffer and wife to the german evangelical community on the four mile creek, 1883 - warranty deed transferring land from the trustees and officers of the german evangelical community on the four mile creek to the german reformed church society, 1893 - minutes, may 30, 1880, of german evangelical church society on the four mile creek describing organization of regular church society ; constitution attached - minutes, june 29, 1893, describing dissolution of german evangelical community on the four mile creek and reorganization as the german reformed \" salem \" church society ; constitution attached series 2 - church registers, 1880 - 1923 ( most entries in german ) volume constitution, p. 1 - 5 list, p. 7 confirmation classes, 1904 - 1915, p. 8 - 9 baptisms, 1880 - 1916 ( a few english translations provided ), p. 10 - 30 confirmations, 1880 - 1898, p. 31 - 34 constitution, p. 35 - 41 marriages, 1882 - 1915, p. 46 - 48 minutes, 1917 - 1919 ( 1919 entry in english ), p. 98 - 102 collections, 1885 - 1902, p. 119 - 120 death register, 1881 - 1914, p. 56 - 59 minutes, 1880 - 1913, p. 73 - 94 minutes, 1918 - 1923, p. 103 - 107 communions, 1909 - 1916, p. 114 collections, 1909 - 1916, p. 115 communions, 1898 - 1910, p. 116 collections, 1903 - 1909, p. 117 communions, 1880 - 1898, p. 118 church properties and cemetery plot plan ( insert ) series 3 - collection register, 1894volume congregational church in nebraska evangelical and reformed church in nebraska four mile congregational church ( humboldt, neb. ) german evangelical church society ( humboldt, neb. ) german evangelical and reformed church in nebraska german reformed \" salem \" church society ( humboldt, neb. ) germans in nebraska humboldt ( neb. ) - - churches reformed church in nebraska richardson county ( neb. ) - - churches salem evangelical and reformed church ( humboldt, neb. ) revised 07 - 01 - 2009 tmm for additional information about this collection, please contact our library staff.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4483392064137245, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.856653"} {"text": "indigenous community liaison officer \u00bb search for more jobs indigenous community liaison officers liaise with indigenous communities and the state or territory police forces in order to establish and maintain positive relationships. indigenous community liaison officers usually have limited police powers, although in certain circumstances they may assist police officers with law enforcement tasks such as arrest, search and detainment. this type of position will involve shift work, weekend and public holiday work, with positions in urban and rural communities. having an aboriginal or torres straight islander background is encouraged. the number of positions available is growing, but is dependant on the number of indigenous australians and police in an area, as well as community funding. roles of an indigenous community liaison officer include : - developing and maintaining contacts between the police and the local indigenous communities to strengthen cooperation and communication between the parties - improving community knowledge about police services and law and order issues - to advise, assist and educate police officers on cross - cultural awareness, potential crime and disorder areas and how to address these issues in order to improve relations - represent and advocate for indigenous people at committee meetings and juvenile hearings - aid indigenous recruitment, retention, career management and development strategies due to the level of involvement with police and the power bestowed on an individual by the role, it is essential that a person in this position have a sound character, an acceptable traffic / criminal record, be medically fit, have good communication skills, understanding of indigenous cultures, and enjoy working with people.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4138697418639079, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.861699"} {"text": "author sandy andelman says \" conservation agencies are spending ten ' s of millions of dollars on systematic planning, but it doesn ' t translate to saving wildlife \". \" we need to reallocate dollars spent on ' perfect world ' planning scenarios to aggressively pursue opportunities to safeguard habitat for species that are most in need. \" creating networks of parks and protected areas is a cornerstone of global conservation strategies. yet 40 % of highly threatened vertebrates mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles do not occur in a single protected area around the globe. wanting to reverse the rapid decline of species, both public and private conservation groups from the park service to the nature conservancy face a constant dilemma of when, where, and how to invest limited funds to maximize conservation benefits. in attempts to have a scientific foundation for these decisions, policy makers have invested in complex processes to design blueprints for the optimal configurations of protected area networks. ironically, the authors of the new study - leading mathematicians and conservation planners are the very people who have been at the forefront of these modeling efforts. frustrated with continued species loss, they took a step back to figure out how to improve the system. surprisingly they found that an opportunistic approach informed by basic scientific information about the abundance and distribution of plants and animals, but heavily focused on how landowners make decisions - will have a better shot at protecting biodiversity over time. \" if it is possible to conserve exactly the sites you want and do it immediately - a conservation bluep contact : kate stinchcombe blackwell publishing ltd.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5109918429409988, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.865727"} {"text": "tag : \" shaving \" at biology news researchers develop ' natural bandages ' that mimic body ' s healing process... imilar to what people use when they cut themselves shaving just put a little dab on there and it ' s done. \" the researchers made the mat out of fibrinogen, a natural compound found in the bloodstream. when you get cut, your body activates its clotting mechanism a cascade of reactions where fibrinogen is brok... top ramen platelets : just add water... rming cells that stop you bleeding to death from a shaving cut, are always in high demand from blood banks but have a short shelf life. using a new process discovered at the university of california, davis, platelets can be freeze - dried and stored for at least a year at room temperature before being reconsti... gene ' shaving ' could help doctors predict the efficacy of cancer treatments... l. \" one important motivation for developing gene shaving was the wish to identify distinct sets of genes wh... measurements, \" continues tibshirani. the gene shaving process involves repeatedly applying a complex mathematical formula to the large sea of genetic expr...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4926386305657522, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.867285"} {"text": "the nation ' s number one health concern, heart disease, is largely on the decline among americans, according to the latest figures from the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). overall, the cdc data shows approximately 6 percent of adults in the u. s. had heart disease in 2010 \u2014 a slight dip from the 6. 7 percent in 2006. the rate of coronary problems among adult women was 4. 6 percent \u2014 significantly less that the 7. 8 percent rate among men in 2010. researchers believe better medical and drug treatments for high blood pressure and high cholesterol, as well as declines in smoking trends may be factors in the drop in heart disease among americans. still, not all the news from the latest cdc data is heartwarming. although white and hispanic americans show drops \u2014 from 6. 4 to 5. 8 percent and 6. 9 to 6. 1 percent, respectively \u2014 in heart disease rates from 2006 to 2010, rates among other ethnicities are still high. among black adults, the rate of heart disease rose slightly to 6. 5 percent while among native americans and alaskan natives it ' s 11. 6 percent \u2014 nearly twice the national average. bottom line : consumer reports health experts have looked at how cardiac care has become big business for the medical industry. check out the report, which also details the best ways to protect your heart and to find out which heart care tests you need to discuss with your health care professional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4196559756188942, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.870991"} {"text": "apollo mission remnants can be seen by the lunar reconnaissance orbiter when astronauts first touched down on the moon in 1969 as part of nasa ' s apollo 11 mission \u2014 and for every apollo mission that followed \u2014 they left behind evidence that they ' d been there, some intentional and some necessary. the most iconic of these were six american flags, all of which were thought to have been destroyed by the harsh conditions on the lunar service or at least knocked over my now. as it turns out, all but one are still standing. photographs taken by nasa ' s lunar reconnaissance orbiter ( lro ) satellite show that five of the flags are right where we left them. the first one, by apollo 11 ' s neil armstrong and buzz aldrin, was blown down by the lift - off thrust from their lunar lander as it left the moon ' s surface to reunite with the orbiting command module. the lro images also show objects such as the lunar rovers used by some apollo missions, and even the tire tracks they left behind. one of the most intriguing aspects of these photos is the fact that the remaining u. s. flags have all turned white. this happened due to bleaching by sunlight, which hits the flags for as long as 14 days at a time without any sort of atmosphere to filter its rays. manufactured from nylon without any thought as to retaining their looks over the decades of lunar exposure \u2014 they weren ' t even expected to be standing for long \u2014 the flags cost only $ 5. 50 in the 1960s. we ' re guessing that the flags eventually carried to mars by earth ' s astronauts will probably be made to last longer \u2014 and cost a pretty penny more. more from tecca :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4241934710235351, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.874037"} {"text": "despite conflicting guidelines for cervical cancer screening during the past several years, fewer women received unnecessary pap tests in 2010 than in 2000, according to a pair of analyses published in the morbidity and mortality weekly report by scientists from the us centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). but many continue to receive screening they are unlikely to benefit from. early identification of cancerous cervical lesions can help improve patient outcomes, which has led many organizations to recommend routine cervical cancer screening for women. but a growing body of evidence has suggested that cervical cancer screening in certain populations or screening performed at too - frequent intervals is not a good thing. screening of women who are younger than 21 years or who have had a hysterectomy is unlikely to provide any benefit because these women have a very low risk of cervical cancer. yet screening these low - risk individuals causes unnecessary health care expenditures and may lead to adverse events associated with testing or unnecessary treatments. studies have also found that annual screening for women between the ages of 21 and 30 years may also be excessive and contribute to unnecessary costs and potential harms from false - positive tests. however, until recently, guidelines from various health organizations differed on the appropriate screening criteria, and many women continued to receive unnecessary screening. but in 2012, guidelines from the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists, the american cancer society, and the us preventive services task force converged. they agreed that screening is not advised for women younger than 21 years or for women after age 65 who have a history of negative test results and that every 3 years for women aged 21 to 30 years is appropriate. since 2003, there has been a consensus against screening women who have had a hysterectomy. the new analyses of data from the cdc behavioral risk factor surveillance system by cdc scientists suggest that cervical screening practices may have begun changing to conform to the evidence base even before the guidelines converged. they found that in 2010, the percentage of women younger than 21 years reporting that they had never been screened for cervical cancer had increased from 23. 6 % in 2000 to 47. 5 %, suggesting fewer women are being screened this early. the percentage of women aged 21 through 30 years who reported having been screened in the past 12 months declined, from 78. 1 % to 67 %. additionally, declines in screening were identified for women who have had a hysterectomy ( 73. 3 % in 2000 to 58. 7 % in 2010 ) and among women who were 65 years or older ( 73. 5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4137547806337116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.877191"} {"text": "in his younger years, francesco guardi dedicated his attention to figure painting, working mainly for the giovanellis, a family from bergamo who had come to venice, where they became part of the local patrician class during the 17th century. we do not know exactly when he made the decisive move to take up landscape painting, but he may well have started in the mid - 1750s, when tourists started coming back to venice ( foreigners were those most willing to purchase views of the city ) after the austrian war of succession had come to an end. his oldest known view dates back to 1758 : it is now housed in the ashmolean museum in oxford and depicts the night procession in piazza san marco to celebrate the ascension to the papal throne of a venetian, cardinal carlo rezzonico ( who became pope clement xiii ), which took place in the summer of that year. the painting in the treviso museum, which is signed \u201c francesco guardi fecit \u201d lower left, is stylistically similar to the view in oxford and can thus also be dated to the late 1750s. it clearly shows how, at the beginning of his career, francesco guardi paid close attention to the works of canaletto : the atmosphere is peaceful and luminous, the buildings are shown with great precision, and the figures are lively, each with its own clear character.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4183991020508402, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.881406"} {"text": "a name which, in its most general acceptation, denotes those refusing to conform with the authorized formularies and rites of the established church of england. the application of the term has varied somewhat with the successive phases of anglican history. from the accession of elizabeth to the middle of the seventeenth century it had not come into use as the name of a religious party, but the word \" conform \", and the appellatives \" conforming \" and \" nonconforming \", were becoming more and more common expressions to designate those members of the puritan party who, disapproving of certain of the anglican rites ( namely, the use of the surplice, of the sign of the cross at baptism, of the ring in marriage, of the attitude of kneeling at the reception of the sacrament ) and of the episcopal order of church government, either resigned themselves to these usages because enjoined, or stood out against them at all costs. however from 1662, when the fourth act of uniformity had the effect of ejecting from the benefices, acquired during the commonwealth, a large number of ministers of puritan proclivities, and of constraining them to organize themselves as separatist sects, the term \" nonconformist \" crystallized into the technical name for such sects. the history of this cleavage in the ranks of english protestantism goes back to the reign of mary tudor, when the protestant leaders who were victorious under edward vi retired to frankfort, zurich, and other protestant centres on the continent, and quarreled among themselves, some inclining to the more moderate lutheran or zwinglian positions, other developing into uncompromising calvinists. when the accession of elizabeth attracted them back to england, the calvinist section, which soon acquired the nickname of puritans, was the more fiery, the large in numbers and the most in favour with the majority of the protestant laity. elizabeth, however, who had very little personal religion, preferred an episcopal to a presbyterian system as more in harmony with monarchism, and besides she had some taste for the ornate in public worship. accordingly she caused the religious settlement, destined to last into our own times, to be made on the basis of episcopacy, with the retention of the points of ritual above specified ; and her favour was bespoken for prelates like, parker, who were prepared to aid her in carrying out this programme. for those who held puritan views she had a natural dislike,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5286091286600993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.894677"} {"text": "the retention of the points of ritual above specified ; and her favour was bespoken for prelates like, parker, who were prepared to aid her in carrying out this programme. for those who held puritan views she had a natural dislike, to which she sometimes gave forcible expression, but on the who she saw the expediency of showing them some consideration, lest she should lose their support in her campaign against catholicism. these were the determining factors of the initial situation, out of which the subsequent history of english protestantism has grown by a natural development. the results during elizabeth ' s reign was a state of oscillation between phases of repression and phases of indulgence, in meeting the persistent endeavours of the puritans to make their own ideas dominant in the national church. in 1559, the third act of uniformity was passed, by which the new edition of the prayer book was enjoined under severe penalties on all ministering as clergy in the country. in 1566, feeling that some concession to the strength of the puritan opposition was necessary, archbishop parker, on an understanding with the queen, published certain advertisements addressed to the clergy, requiring them to conform at least as regards wearing the surplice, kneeling at communion, using the font for baptism, and covering the communion table with a proper cloth. these advertisements were partially enforced in some diocese, and let to some deprivations, but that their effect was small is clear from the boldness with which the puritans took up a more advanced position a few years later, and demanded the substitution of a presbyterian regime. this was the demand of thomas cartwright, in his first and second admonitions, published in 1572, and followed in 1580 by his book of discipline, in which he collaborated with thomas travers. in this latter book he propounded an ingenious theory of classes, or boards of clergy for each district, to which the episcopal powers should be transferred, to be exercised by them on presbyterian principles, to the bishops being reserved only the purely mechanical ceremony or ordination. so great was the influence of the puritans in the country that they were able to introduce for a time this strange system in one or two places. in 1588 the marprelate tracts were published, and by the violence of their language against the queen and the bishops stirred up the queen to take drastic measures. perry and udal, authors of the tracts, were tried and executed, and cartwright was imprisoned ; whilst in 1593 an act", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46600003532773154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.895852"} {"text": "published, and by the violence of their language against the queen and the bishops stirred up the queen to take drastic measures. perry and udal, authors of the tracts, were tried and executed, and cartwright was imprisoned ; whilst in 1593 an act was passed inflicting the punishment of imprisonment, to be followed by exile in case of a second offence, on all who refused to attend the parish church, or held separatist meetings. this caused a division in the party ; as many, though secretly retaining their beliefs, preferred outward conformity to the loss of their benefices, whilst the extremists of the party left the country and settled in holland, here they were for a time called brownists, after one who had been their leader in separation, but later they took the name of independents, as indicating their peculiar theory of the governmental independence of each separate congregation. from these brownists came the \" pilgrim fathers \" who, on 6 december, 1620, sailed from plymouth in the \" mayflower \", and settled in new england. with the death of elizabeth the hopes of the puritans revived. their system of doctrine and government was dominant in scotland, and they hoped that the scottish king james might be induced to extend it to england. so they met him on his way to london with their millenary petition, so called though the signatories numbered only about eight hundred. in this document they were prudent enough not to raise the question of episcopal government, but contented themselves for the time with a request that the ritual customs which they disliked might be discontinued in the state church. james promised them a conference which met the next year at hampton court to consider their grievances, and in which they were represented by four of their leaders. these had some sharp encounters with the bishops and chief anglican divines, but, whilst the puritans were set more on domination than toleration, the king was wholly on the side of the anglicans, who in this hour of their triumph were in no mood for concessions. accordingly the conference proved abortive, and the very same year archbishop bancroft, with the king ' s sanction, carried through convocation and at once enforced the canons known as those of 1604. the purpose of this campaign was to restore the use of the rites in question, which, in defiance of the existing law, the puritan incumbents had succeeded in putting down in a great number of parishes. this result was effected to some extent for the time, but a quarter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45108137948557137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.897071"} {"text": "restore the use of the rites in question, which, in defiance of the existing law, the puritan incumbents had succeeded in putting down in a great number of parishes. this result was effected to some extent for the time, but a quarter of a century later, when laud began his campaign for the restoration of decency and order, in other words, for the enforcement of the customs to which the puritans objected, he was met by opposition so widespread and deep - rooted that, though ultimately it had lasting results, the immediate effect was to bring about his own fall and contribute largely to the outbreak of the rebellion, the authors of which were approximately co - extensive with the puritan party. during the civil war and the commonwealth the puritan mobs wrecked the churches, the bishops were imprisoned and the primate beheaded, the supremacy over the church was transferred from the crown to the parliament, the solemn league and covenant was accepted for the whole nation, and the westminster assembly, almost entirely composed of puritans, was appointed as a permanent committee for the reform of the church. next the anglican clergy were turned out of their benefices to make way for puritans, in whose behalf the presbyterian form of government was introduced by parliament. but though this was now the authorized settlement, it was found impossible to check the vagaries of individual opinion. a religious frenzy seized the country, and sects holding the most extravagant doctrines sprang up and built themselves conventicles. there was licence for all, save for popery and prelacy, which were now persecuted with equal severity. when cromwell attained to power, a struggle set in between the parliament which was predominantly presbyterian, and the army which was predominantly independent. the disgust of all sober minds with the resulting pandemonium had much to do with creating the desire for the restoration, and when this was accomplished in 1660 measures were at once taken to undo the work of the interregnum. the bishops were restored to their sees, and the vacancies filled. the savoy conference was held in accordance with the precedence of hampton court conference of 1604, but proved similarly abortive. the convocation in 1662 revised the prayer book in an anti - puritan direction, and, the declaration of breda notwithstanding, it was at once enforced. all holding benefices in the country were to use this revised prayer book on and after the feast of st. bartholomew of that year. it was through this crisis that the term nonconformist obtained it technical meaning. when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4607837199809225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.898069"} {"text": "at once enforced. all holding benefices in the country were to use this revised prayer book on and after the feast of st. bartholomew of that year. it was through this crisis that the term nonconformist obtained it technical meaning. when the feast came round a large number who refused to conform were evicted. it is in dispute between nonconformist and anglican writers how many these were, and what were their characters : the nonconformist writers ( see calamy, \" life of baxter \" ) maintain that they exceeded 2000, while kennett and other reduce that number considerably, contending that in the majority of cases the hardship was not so grave. at least it must be acknowledged that the victims were suffering only what they, in the days of their power, had inflicted on their opponents, for many of whom the ejection of the puritans meant a return to their own. the fact that they organized themselves outside the established church under the name of nonconformists, naturally made them the more offensive to the authorities of church and state, and, during the remainder of the reign of charles ii, they were the victims of several oppressive measures. in 1661 the corporation act incapacitated from holding office in any corporation all who did not first qualify by taking the sacrament according to the anglican rite ; in 1664 the conventicle act inflicted the gravest penalties on all who took part in any private religious service at which more than five persons, in addition to the family were present ; in 1665 the five mile act made liable to imprisonment any nonconformist minister who, not having taken an oath of non - resistance, came within five miles of a town without obtaining leave ; and in 1673 the scope of the corporation act was extended by the test act. in 1672 charles ii attempted to mitigate the lot of the nonconformists by publishing a declaration of indulgence in which he used in their favour the dispensing power, till then recognized as vested in the crown. but parliament, meeting the next year, forced him to withdraw this declaration, and in return passed the test act, which extended the scope of the corporation act. james ii, though despotic and tactless in his methods like all the stuarts, was, whatever prejudiced historians have said to the contrary, a serious believer in religious toleration for all, and was, in fact, the first who sought to impress that ideal on the legislature of his country by his two declarations of indulgence, in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49434094121633443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.899038"} {"text": "- stabile isotope ( 1 ) ( remove ) - how availability and quality of nectar and honeydew shape an australian rainforest ant community ( 2003 ) - ant communities visiting nectar and honeydew sources were studied in a tropical lowland rainforest in north queensland, australia. the study focused on the hypothesis whether the distribution and composition of nectar and honeydew diets influence resource partitioning and competition in the ant community, and thus regulate community composition. ants were the most common consumers on all extrafloral nectaries, while they constituted only a minority of floral visitors. in total, 43 ant species were observed to consume nectar from extrafloral nectaries ( 34 plant species ) or from flowers ( 14 plant species ), and wound sap exudates ( three plant species ). six nectar - foraging ant species attended trophobionts ( including at least 12 species of homopterans and two species of lycaenid caterpillars ) for honeydew. ant species showed a significant compartmentalisation of nectar use across plant species, although most ant species visited a broad spectrum of plants that strongly overlapped between different ants. trophobioses were much more specialised at the study site, and some ant species attended certain trophobionts exclusively. on each plant individual, only a single ant colony was observed attending trophobionts. in contrast, simultaneous co - occurrences between different ant species foraging for nectar on the same plant individuals were common ( observed in 23 % of the surveys ), although these proportions varied strongly across plant and ant species. the two most dominant ant species ( oecophylla smaragdina and anonychomyrma gilberti ) had mutually exclusive territories, and they were each associated with a significantly different assemblage of other ant species on nectar plants. this community pattern corresponds with the concept of ant mosaics that is based on dominance hierarchies. honeydew and nectar sources varied substantially in carbohydrate and amino acid concentration and composition ( hplc analyses ). there was a strong relationship between the composition of these resources and their use by ants, in particular by the dominant o. smaragdina. among all 32 nectar and honeydew sources analysed, resources actually consumed by this ant were characterised by relatively similar amino acid profiles and higher total sugar concentration. the most common diets of o. smaragdina included two honeydew sources ( sextius \u2018 kurandae \u2019 membracids on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4963921405307937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.907986"} {"text": "actually consumed by this ant were characterised by relatively similar amino acid profiles and higher total sugar concentration. the most common diets of o. smaragdina included two honeydew sources ( sextius \u2018 kurandae \u2019 membracids on entada phaseoloides and caesalpinia traceyi legume lianas ) and two extrafloral nectars ( flagellaria indica and smilax cf. australis ) that had the broadest spectrum of amino acids. furthermore, these trophobioses on lianas showed a significantly higher per capita recruitment of this ant species ( number of workers per individual homopteran ) compared to trees. f. indica and s. cf. australis extrafloral nectaries were also commonly monopolised by o. smaragdina in a similar way as trophobioses ; co - occurrences were significantly rarer than at other nectar sources. field experiments on nectar preferences were performed using artificial sugar and amino acid solutions in pairwise comparisons. preferences among sugars were largely concordant between ant species. for most ant species, sucrose was more attractive than any other sugar, and attractiveness increased with sugar concentration. most ant species also preferred sugar solutions containing mixtures of amino acids over pure sugar solutions. however, choices between different single amino acids in sugar solutions varied substantially and significantly between species. preferences between solutions were significantly reduced in the presence of competing ant species. thus the experiments show that both variability in gustatory preferences, especially for amino acids, and conditional effects of competition may be important for resource selection and partitioning in nectar feeding ant communities. stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition was analysed for 50 ant species, and additionally for associated plants, homopterans and other arthropods from the study site. nitrogen isotope ratios ( d15n ) of ants were not correlated with those of plant foliage from which the ants were collected. instead, d15n may represent a powerful indicator of trophic position of omnivorous ants like in other foodweb studies, suggesting that members of the ant community spread out in a continuum between largely herbivorous species, feeding on nectar or honeydew, and predatory taxa. variability between colonies of the same species was also pronounced. d15n values of o. smaragdina colonies from mature forests, where most of their nectar and honeydew sources are found, indicate lower trophic levels than isotope signatures of colonies from open secondary vegetation. this study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4627273166419137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.909053"} {"text": "using sambarobert eckstein, david collier - brown, peter kelly 1st edition november 1999 1 - 56592 - 449 - 5, order number : 4495 416 pages, $ 34. 95 learning the samba configuration file configuration file options disk share configuration networking options with samba logging configuration options in the previous three chapters, we showed you how to install samba on a unix server and set up windows clients to use a simple disk share. this chapter will show you how samba can assume more productive roles on your network. samba ' s daemons, smbd and nmbd, are controlled through a single ascii file, smb. conf, that can contain over 200 unique options. these options define how samba reacts to the network around it, including everything from simple permissions to encrypted connections and nt domains. the next five chapters are designed to help you get familiar with this file and its options. some of these options you will use and change frequently ; others you may never use - it all depends on how much functionality you want samba to offer its clients. this chapter introduces the structure of the samba configuration file and shows you how to use these options to create and modify disk shares. subsequent chapters will discuss browsing, how to configure users, security, domains, and printers, and a host of other myriad topics that you can implement with samba on your network. here is an example of a samba configuration file. if you have worked with a windows. ini file, the structure of the smb. conf file should look very familiar : [ global ] log level = 1 max log size = 1000 socket options = tcp _ nodelay iptos _ lowdelay guest ok = no [ homes ] browseable = no map archive = yes [ printers ] path = / usr / tmp guest ok = yes printable = yes min print space = 2000 [ test ] browseable = yes read only = yes guest ok = yes path = / export / samba / test although you may not understand the contents yet, this is a good configuration file to grab if you ' re in a hurry. ( if you ' re not, we ' ll create a new one from scratch shortly. ) in a nutshell, this configuration file sets up basic debug logging in a default log file not to exceed 1mb, optimizes tcp / ip socket connections between the samba server and any smb clients, and allows samba to create a disk share for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47981801820690134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.921478"} {"text": ", this configuration file sets up basic debug logging in a default log file not to exceed 1mb, optimizes tcp / ip socket connections between the samba server and any smb clients, and allows samba to create a disk share for each user that has a standard unix account on the server. in addition, each of the printers registered on the server will be publicly available, as will a single read - only share that maps to the / export / samba / test directory. the last part of this file is similar to the disk share you used to test samba in chapter 2, installing samba on a unix system. let ' s take another look at this configuration file, this time from a higher level : [ global ]... [ homes ]... [ printers ]... [ test ]... the names inside the square brackets delineate unique sections of the smb. conf file ; each section names the share ( or service ) that the section refers to. for example, the [ homes ] sections are each unique disk shares ; they contain options that map to specific directories on the samba server. the [ printers ] share contains options that map to various printers on the server. all the sections defined in the smb. conf file, with the exception of the [ global ] section, will be available as a disk or printer share to clients connecting to the samba server. the remaining lines are individual configuration options unique to that share. these options will continue until a new bracketed section is encountered, or until the end of the file is reached. each configuration option follows a simple format : options in the smb. conf file are set by assigning a value to them. we should warn you up front that some of the option names in samba are poorly chosen. for example, onlyis self - explanatory, and is typical of many recent samba options. publicis an older option, and is vague ; it now has a less - confusing synonym ok ( may be accessed by guests ). we describe some of the more common historical names in this chapter in sections that highlight each major task. in addition, appendix c, samba configuration option quick reference, contains an alphabetical index of all the configuration options and their meanings. an important item to remember about configuration options is that all whitespaces in the valueare significant. for example, consider the following option : volume = the big bad hard drive number 3543 samba strips away the spaces between the final volumeand the first the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48006444363433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.923096"} {"text": "important item to remember about configuration options is that all whitespaces in the valueare significant. for example, consider the following option : volume = the big bad hard drive number 3543 samba strips away the spaces between the final volumeand the first the. these whitespaces are insignificant. the rest of the whitespaces are significant and will be recognized and preserved by samba when reading in the file. space is not significant in option names ( such as ok ), but we recommend you follow convention and keep spaces between the words of options. if you feel safer including quotation marks at the beginning and ending of a configuration option ' s value, you may do so. samba will ignore these quotation marks when it encounters them. never use quotation marks around an option itself ; samba will treat this as an error. finally, you can use whitespaces to separate a series of values in a list, or you can use commas. these two options are equivalent : netbios aliases = sales, accounting, payroll netbios aliases = sales accounting payroll in some values, however, you must use one form of separation - spaces in some cases, commas in others. capitalization is not important in the samba configuration file except in locations where it would confuse the underlying operating system. for example, let ' s assume that you included the following option in a share that pointed to / export / samba / simple : path = / export / samba / simple samba would have no problem with the pathconfiguration option appearing entirely in capital letters. however, when it tries to connect to the given directory, it would be unsuccessful because the unix filesystem in the underlying operating system is case sensitive. consequently, the path listed would not be found and clients would be unable to connect to the share. you can continue a line in the samba configuration file using the backslash, as follows : comment = the first share that has the primary copies \\ of the new teamworks software product. because of the backslash, these two lines will be treated as one line by samba. the second line begins at the first non - whitespace character that samba encounters ; in this case, the you can insert comments in the smb. conf configuration file by preceding a line with either a hash mark ( # ) or a semicolon ( ; ). both characters are equivalent. for example, the first three lines in the following example would be considered comments : # this is the printers section. we have given a minimum print ; space", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4490989369106896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.924388"} {"text": "hash mark ( # ) or a semicolon ( ; ). both characters are equivalent. for example, the first three lines in the following example would be considered comments : # this is the printers section. we have given a minimum print ; space of 2000 to prevent some errors that we ' ve seen when ; the spooler runs out of space. [ printers ] public = yes min print space = 2000 samba will ignore all comment lines in its configuration file ; there are no limitations to what can be placed on a comment line after the initial hash mark or semicolon. note that the line continuation character ( \\ ) will not be honored on a commented line. like the rest of the line, it is ignored. you can modify the smb. conf configuration file and any of its options at any time while the samba daemons are running. by default, samba checks the configuration file every 60 seconds for changes. if it finds any, the changes are immediately put into effect. if you don ' t wish to wait that long, you can force a reload by either sending a sighup signal to the smbd and nmbd processes, or simply restarting the daemons. for example, if the smbd process was 893, you could force it to reread the configuration file with the following command : # kill - sighup 893 not all changes will be immediately recognized by clients. for example, changes to a share that is currently in use will not be registered until the client disconnects and reconnects to that share. in addition, server - specific parameters such as the workgroup or netbios name of the server will not register immediately either. this keeps active clients from being suddenly disconnected or encountering unexpected access problems while a session is open. samba includes a complete set of variables for determining characteristics of the samba server and the clients to which it connects. each of these variables begins with a percent sign, followed by a single uppercase or lowercase letter, and can be used only on the right side of a configuration option ( e. g., after the equal sign ) : [ pub ] path = / home / ftp / pub / % a % astands for the client machine ' s architecture ( e. g., winntfor windows nt, win95for windows 95 or 98, or wfwgfor windows for workgroups ). because of this, samba will assign a unique path for the [ pub ] share to client machines running", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4979086220719811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.925538"} {"text": "g., winntfor windows nt, win95for windows 95 or 98, or wfwgfor windows for workgroups ). because of this, samba will assign a unique path for the [ pub ] share to client machines running windows nt, a different path for client machines running windows 95, and another path for windows for workgroups. in other words, the paths that each client would see as its share differ according to the client ' s architecture, as follows : / home / ftp / pub / winnt / home / ftp / pub / win95 / home / ftp / pub / wfwg using variables in this manner comes in handy if you wish to have different users run custom configurations based on their own unique characteristics or conditions. samba has 19 variables, as shown in table 4. 1. table 4. 1 : samba variables client ' s architecture ( e. g., samba, wfwg, winnt, win95, or unknown ) client ' s ip address ( e. g., 192. 168. 220. 100 ) client ' s netbios name client ' s dns name primary group of primary group of home directory of current unix username requested client username ( not always used by samba ) automounter ' s path to the share ' s root directory, if different from current share ' s root directory current share ' s name current server process id samba server ' s dns hostname samba server ' s netbios name home directory server, from the automount map the smb protocol level that was negotiated the current date and time here ' s another example of using variables : let ' s say that there are five clients on your network, but one client, fred, requires a slightly different [ homes ] configuration loaded when it connects to the samba server. with samba, it ' s simple to attack such a problem : [ homes ]... include = / usr / local / samba / lib / smb. conf. % m... includeoption here causes a separate configuration file for each particular netbios machine ( % m ) to be read in addition to the current file. if the hostname of the client machine is fred, and if a smb. conf. fred file exists in the samba _ dir / lib / directory ( or whatever directory you ' ve specified for your configuration files ), samba will insert that configuration file into the default one. if any configuration options are rest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47084059703333386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.926597"} {"text": "smb. conf. fred file exists in the samba _ dir / lib / directory ( or whatever directory you ' ve specified for your configuration files ), samba will insert that configuration file into the default one. if any configuration options are restated in smb. conf. fred, those values will override any options previously encountered in that share. note that we say \" previously. \" if any options are restated in the main configuration file after the includeoption, samba will honor those restated values for the share in which they are defined. here ' s the important part : if there is no such file, samba will not generate an error. in fact, it won ' t do anything at all. this allows you to create only one extra configuration file for fredwhen using this strategy, instead of one for each netbios machine that is on the network. machine - specific configuration files can be used both to customize particular clients and to make debugging samba easier. consider the latter ; if we have one client with a problem, we can use this approach to give it a private log file with a more verbose logging level. this allows us to see what samba is doing without slowing down all the other clients or overflowing the disk with useless logs. remember, with large networks you may not always have the option to restart the samba server to perform debugging! you can use each of the variables in table 4. 1 to give custom values to a variety of samba options. we will highlight several of these options as we move through the next few chapters. back to : using samba \u00a9 2001, o ' reilly & associates, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46795465344121867, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.927392"} {"text": "edward the martyr the holy and right - believing king edward the martyr ( c. 962 \u2013 march 18, 978 / 979 ) succeeded his father edgar of england as king of england in 975, but was murdered after a reign of only a few years. as the murder was attributed to \" irreligious \" opponents, whereas edward himself was considered a good christian, he was glorified as saint edward the martyr in 1001 ; he may also be considered a passion - bearer. his feast day is celebrated on march 18, the uncovering of his relics is commemorated on february 13, and the elevation of his relics on june 20. motive and details of his murder edward ' s accession to the throne was contested by a party headed by his stepmother, queen elfrida, who wished her son, ethelred the unready to become king instead. however, edward ' s claim had more support \u2014 including that of st. dunstan, archbishop of canterbury \u2014 and was confirmed by the witan. king edward \" was a young man of great devotion and excellent conduct. he was completely orthodox, good and of holy life. moreover, he loved god and the church above all things. he was generous to the poor, a haven to the good, a champion of the faith of christ, a vessel full of every virtuous grace. \" on king edward ' s accession to the throne a great famine was raging through the land and violent attacks were stirred up against monasteries by prominent noblemen who coveted the lands that his father king edgar had endowed to them. many of these monasteries were destroyed, and the monks forced to flee. the king, however, stood firm together with archbishop dunstan in defense of the church and the monasteries. for this, some of the nobles decided to remove him and replace him with his younger brother ethelred. on march 18, 978, the king was hunting with dogs and horsemen near wareham in dorset. during the hunt the king decided to visit his younger brother ethelred who was being brought up in the house of his mother elfrida at corfe castle, near wareham. separating from his retinue, the king arrived alone at the castle. while still on his horse in the lower part of the castle elfrida offered edward a glass of mead. while he was drinking it, edward was stabbed in the back by one of the queen ' s party. ethelred himself was then only ten years old, and so was not implicated in the murder. history of his relics the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3735163556859913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.933562"} {"text": "a glass of mead. while he was drinking it, edward was stabbed in the back by one of the queen ' s party. ethelred himself was then only ten years old, and so was not implicated in the murder. history of his relics the stories of the relics of st. edward began at the moment of his death ( martyrdom ). immediately following the murder, the body of the murdered king slipped from the saddle of his horse and was dragged with one foot in the stirrup until the body fell into a stream at the base of the hill upon which corfe castle stands ( the stream was found thereafter to have healing properties \u2014 particularly for the blind ). the queen then ordered that body be hurriedly hidden in a hut nearby. within the hut, however, lived a woman who was blind from birth, and whom the queen supported out of charity. during the night, a wonderful light appeared and filled the whole hut. struck with awe, the woman cried out : \" lord, have mercy! \" and suddenly received her sight. at this she discovered the dead body of the king. the church of st. edward at corfe castle now stands on the site of this miracle. at dawn the queen learned of the miracle and was troubled. again she ordered disposal of the body, this time by burying it in a marshy place near wareham. a year after the murder, however, a pillar of fire was seen over the place where the body was hidden, lighting up the whole area. this was seen by some of the inhabitants of wareham, who raised the body. immediately, a clear spring of healing water sprang up in that place. accompanied by what was now a huge crowd of mourners, the body was taken to the church of the most holy mother of god in wareham and buried at the east end of the church. this took place on february 13, 980. on the account of a series of subsequent miracles, the relics were translated to the abbey at shaftesbury. when the relics were taken up from the grave, they were found to be whole and incorrupt. the translation of the relics occurred in great procession on february 13, 981, and arrived at shaftesbury seven days later. there the relics were received by the nuns of shaftesbury abbey and were buried with full royal honors on the north side of the altar. on the way from wareham to shaftesbury, a further miracle had taken place ; two crippled men were brought close to the bier, and those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4155338922803598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.936040"} {"text": "shaftesbury abbey and were buried with full royal honors on the north side of the altar. on the way from wareham to shaftesbury, a further miracle had taken place ; two crippled men were brought close to the bier, and those carrying it lowered the body to their level. where upon the cripples were immediately restored to full health. this procession and these events were re - enacted in 1000 years later in 1981. in 1001, the tomb in which the saint lay was observed to regularly rise from the ground. king ethelred was filled with joy at this and instructed the bishops to raise his brother ' s tomb from the ground and place it into a more fitting place. as the tomb was opened a wonderful fragrance issued from it, such that all present \" thought that they were standing in paradise \". the bishops then bore away the sacred relics from the tomb and placed them in a casket in the holy place of the saints together with other holy relics. this elevation of the relics of st. edward took place on june 20, 1001. st. edward was officially glorified by the all - english council of 1008, presided over by st. alphege, archbishop of canterbury ( who was later also martyred by the danes in 1012 ). king ethelred ordered that the saint ' s three feast days ( march 18, february 13, and june 20 ) should be celebrated throughout england. shaftesbury abbey was rededicated to the mother of god and st. edward. shaftesbury was apparently renamed \" edwardstowe, \" only reverting to its original name after the reformation. many miracles were recorded at the tomb of st. edward including the healing of lepers and the blind. during the sixteenth century, under king henry viii of england, monasteries were dissolved and many holy places were demolished, but st. edward ' s remains were hidden so as to avoid desecration. in 1931, the relics were recovered by mr. wilson - claridge during an archaelogical excavation ; their identity was confirmed by dr. t. e. a. stowell, an osteologist. in about 1982, mr. wilson - claridge donated the relics to the russian orthodox church outside russia, which placed them in a church in brookwood cemetery, in woking, surrey. the st. edward brotherhood of monks was organized there as well. the church is now named st. edward the martyr orthodox church. - edward the martyr on wikipedia - king edward the martyr on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4058901586332195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.937043"} {"text": "theophylact of ochrid blessed theophylactus of ohrid ( ca. 1050 / 60 - ca. 1108 ) was one of the most famous byzantine biblical scholards and exegetes ; he was born on the greek island of euboia, close to athens, some time between 1050 and 1060. he pursued an education in constantinople to be study under the finest teachers of literature and rhetoric of his time and became one of the clergy of the great church there. he was appointed professor of rhetoric at the patriarchal academy and tutor to the emperor ' s children. as a relatively young man, he was consecrated as bishop and sent, against his will, to ochrid, where he was the metropolitan of the church in bulgaria for twenty - five years. an inspired theologian and orator, he has left many homilies and, most important, a commentary on the whole new testament ( theophylactus completed extensive biblical commentaries on the four gospels, the acts of the apostles, and the new testament epistles. there is also supposed to be a commentary on the greek text of the psalms and on the prophets ), which has been has been treasured by orthodox christians ever since. the patrologia graeca has a long sermon on the cross, another on john the baptist, and a third on the feast of the presentation. the first english translation ( and the first in any modern western european language ) of theophylact ' s commentaries on the new testament, the explanation of the gospels, is available from chrysostom press. work is underway to complete the english translation of his commentaries on the book of acts and the epistles. in his last years he moved to thessalonica, where he reposed in peace ; the exact year of blessed theophylact \u2019 s repose is not known, but the latest date that can be ascertained from his letters is 1108. the serbian orthodox church, whose jurisdiction in later years came to include ochrid and macedonia, and other orthodox churches, commemorates theophylactus as a saint, on december 31. - blessed theophylact, archbishop of ochrid and bulgaria, download theophylact ' s commentary on i corinthians, chapter 13 for free.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3607603055693369, "token_count": 463, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.939779"} {"text": "parkinson \u2019 s disease 101 what is parkinson \u2019 s disease? parkinson \u2019 s disease ( pd ) is a neurodegenerative brain disorder that progresses slowly in most people. what this means is that individuals with pd will be living with pd for twenty years or more from the time of diagnosis. while parkinson \u2019 s disease itself is not fatal, the center for disease control rated complications from the disease as the 14th top cause of death in the united states. there is currently no cure for parkinson \u2019 s ; however, your doctors will be focused and dedicated to finding treatments that help control the symptoms of pd and have a good quality of life. normally, there are brain cells ( neurons ) in the human brain that producedopamine. these neurons concentrate in a particular area of the brain, called the substantia nigra. dopamine is a chemical that relays messages between the substantia nigra and other parts of the brain to control movements of the human body. dopamine helps humans to have smooth coordinated muscle movements. when approximately 60 to 80 % of the dopamine - producing cells are damaged, and do not produce enough dopamine, the motor symptoms of parkinson \u2019 s disease appear. this process of impairment of brain cells is called neurodegeneration. four main motor symptoms of pd : - shaking or tremor at rest. - slowness of movement, calledbradykinesia. - stiffness or rigidity of the arms, legs or trunk. - trouble with balance and falls, also called postural instability. postural instability usually appears later with disease progression and may not be present with initial diagnosis. secondary symptoms of pd may include : - small, cramped handwriting, called micrographia. - reduced arm swing on the affected side. - slight foot drag on affected side creating a shuffled walk. - \u201c freezing \u201d \u2014 a term used to describe being \u201c stuck in place \u201d when attempting to walk. - loss of facial expression due to rigidity of facial muscles, calledhypomimia. - low voice volume or muffled speech, called hypophonia. - tendency to fall backwards, called retropulsion. - decrease ability in automatic reflexes such as blinking and swallowing. other symptoms of pd : - anxiety - beyond the normal response to stress - hallucinations, psychosis - sleep disturbances ( vivid dreams, talking and moving during night sleep ) - increase in dandruff ( seaborrhea dermatitis ) or oily skin content courtesy of the national parkinson foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5007662108663864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.942527"} {"text": "luffa gourd seeds the famous luffa sponge is really a gourd! on the vine, these gourds can reach anywhere from 6 inches to 2 1 / 2 feet long, and about 4 to 7 inches in diameter. they ripen to dark green in late summer, and should be left on the vine until the skin begins to shrivel. when this occurs, harvest them and scrub the skin away, revealing the porous, dense network of tan - colored matter within. they will be full of seeds ; just cut the gourd to desired size and shake out the seeds. they ' re ready to use! sow seeds directly in full sun after the soil has warmed. train the vine onto a trellis or fence to save space and to producemore rounded fruit. pkt is 25 seeds. | item form | | ( p ) pkt of 25 seeds | | bloom season | | early summer - late summer | | seeds per pack | | 25 | | fruit length | | 24 in | | fruit width | | 7 in | | foliage color | | dark green | | harvest season | | early fall, late summer | | light requirements | | full sun | | moisture requirements | | moist, well - drained | | soil tolerance | | normal, loamy | how to sow pumpkin / winter squash : - best sown outdoors after all danger of frost has past in the spring and in a warm soil - seeds can also be sown indoors, 2 - 3 weeks before planting out, at a temperature of 72\u00b0 - indoors and out, sow at a depth of 4 times the size of the seed and expect germination in 7 - 10 days how to grow pumpkin / winter squash : transplanting : transplant when there are at least two sets of true leaves spacing : when grown in hills, space the vines 8 feet apart. when grown in rows, space the vines 3 - 4 feet apart in rows spaced 8 - 12 feet apart lighting : site in full sun soil : site in very rich, sandy, well - drained soil. keep weeded and well watered. fertilize prior to planting and again every 3 weeks until harvest additional care : they can be grown on a trellis or allowed to sprawl on the ground appearance and use : the annual vines cucurbita pepo, c. maxima, c. mixta, and c. moschata produce pumpkins, gourds, and the winter squashes ( acorn, butternut", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3732354199729927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.951358"} {"text": "ground appearance and use : the annual vines cucurbita pepo, c. maxima, c. mixta, and c. moschata produce pumpkins, gourds, and the winter squashes ( acorn, butternut, spaghetti, just to name a few ). harvest them when fully mature ( the rind is hard ) or after the first light frost. many types will keep for months in storage about pumpkin / winter squash : botanical name : cucurbita origination : cucurbitaceae ; of cultivated american origin superior germination through superior sciencepark seed offers some of the highest - quality vegetable and flower seeds available in the industry, and there are a number of reasons for this. first of all, we have humidity - and temperature - controlled storage, and we never treat any of our seeds with chemicals or pesticides. nor do we ever sell gmo ' s ( genetically modified seeds ), so you always know the products you ' re buying from us are natural as well as safe for you and the environment. superior standards - university inspectedto make sure we are providing the best seed product possible and that our customers will get the highest number of seedlings from every packet, we conduct our own germination testing and have quality - control measures in every stage of our seed - handling operation. we hold ourselves to standards that are at or above federal and state standards, including testing specific crops more frequently than recommended by federal guidelines. and in order to maintain our organic certification, we welcome clemson university to inspect us annually to make sure our organic seeds, which are stored and processed separately, are being handled properly. hand packed by experienced technicianspark seed has been handling and packing vegetable and flower seeds for 145 years, a history that has given us a great understanding of how each variety should be cared for and maintained throughout every step of theprocess, from collection to shipping. when packing our seeds, the majority are actually done by hand ( with extreme care! ), and we often over - pack them, so you ' re receiving more than the stated quantity. the park seed gold standardand many of our seeds are packed in our exclusive fresh - pak gold foil packets, which are lined to keep moisture out, so the seeds stay fresher for longer. we carefully pack very tiny or fragile seeds in crush - proof vials to ensure safe delivery to your home. some of the small seeds are also offered as \" pellets \" ( have a clay coating ) to make sowing and growing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4824707113254298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.952884"} {"text": "longer. we carefully pack very tiny or fragile seeds in crush - proof vials to ensure safe delivery to your home. some of the small seeds are also offered as \" pellets \" ( have a clay coating ) to make sowing and growing easier. when it comes to the kinds of seeds we offer, we are constantly seeking something new and provide many unique and hard - to - find varieties from all around the world. our on - staff horticulturists are ready and available to share their expertise to help you with the success of these seeds, so you can grow a beautiful and productive garden! does park sell gmo ' s or treated seeds? it is important for our customers to know that park seed does not sell gmo or treated seed. we do buy a small amount of traditional hybrid seed from seminis, a division of monsanto co., but that is all we purchase from them. what are the differences between organic, heirloom, and hybrid seed? basically, organic seeds are seeds that are produced without the use and exposure to artificial / chemical fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other chemicals. they have to be grown, harvested, stored, and handled under very strict organic rules and procedures. all of our organic seeds are usda 100 % certified organic through clemson university and the certificate has to be renewed yearly. heirloom seeds are open - pollinated - - they are not hybrids. you can gather and save heirloom seed from year to year and they will grow true to type every year, so they can be passed down through generations. to be considered an heirloom, a variety would have to be at least from the 1940 ' s and 3 generations old ( many varieties are much older - - some 100 years or more! ). hybrid seed are the product of cross - pollination between 2 different parent plants, resulting in a new plant / seed that is different from the parents. unlike heirloom seed, hybrid seed need to be re - purchased new every year ( and not saved ). they usually will not grow true to type if you save them, but will revert to one of the parents they were crossed with and most likely look / taste different in some way. what are pelleted seeds? why do you use them? how do i handle / sow them? extremely small seed such as petunias and pentas are shipped as pelleted seed to make them easier to handle and sow. pe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4792386955492975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.953853"} {"text": "are pelleted seeds? why do you use them? how do i handle / sow them? extremely small seed such as petunias and pentas are shipped as pelleted seed to make them easier to handle and sow. pelleted seed are coated, usually with clay, to make them larger in size. after sowing, the coating will dissolve when wet and the seed will germinate. pelleted seeds are shipped in vials placed inside seed packets, which protects them from being crushed. when preparing to sow pelleted seeds, it is recommended to place seeds between 2 sheets of paper, and using your hand, lightly roll the seeds back and forth between the 2 sheets for a few moments. this slightly cracks the clay coating so that moisture will penetrate the seed coating faster to help speed up the germination process and increase the germination rate. when sowing, be certain to use thoroughly moistened soil, to be sure that the clay coating absorbs enough moisture to dissolve. for sowing pelleted petunia seeds, place the seeds directly on the soil surface and do not cover with soil, as light aids in the germination. what is ideal temperature to germinate most seeds? the ideal temperature to germinate most seeds is approximately 70 degrees f ; give or take 1 - 2 degrees either way. this would be a good germination temperature for most flower and vegetable seeds and would be the most practical and feasible temperatures achieved for gardeners starting seeds in the home. you will notice for some seeds that it is recommended to use alternating day ( warmer ), night ( cooler ), temperatures, which is fine if one can provide such conditions. but most people are unable to provide those temperatures in a home setting, so just use the overall 70 degree f recommendation and the seeds should germinate well. how long should grow lights be kept on per day and how close to the plants should the light be kept? for germination and seedling / plant growth, you want to simulate the natural day - night cycles, and as a general rule, grow lights should be on 8 - 12 hours per day and off at night. you can vary this timing, as some seeds such as tomato, pepper, petunia, impatiens, and others, benefit from 14 - 17 hours of light per day ( and the remainder of the 24 hour period in darkness ). the most common grow lights used are fluorescent ; using cool white, warm white, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40372232656328316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.954936"} {"text": "##unia, impatiens, and others, benefit from 14 - 17 hours of light per day ( and the remainder of the 24 hour period in darkness ). the most common grow lights used are fluorescent ; using cool white, warm white, and wide - spectrum fluorescent tubes. these lights work well for germination and for growing plants up to a transplantable size. fluorescent lights should be kept close though, 3 - 6 inches above the soil or the growing plants, adjusting the height as the plants grow. how long will seeds keep in storage? park seed stores seed in a special temperature - and humidity - controlled storage facility, which keeps seeds in excellent condition. our seeds should be good for at least 1 - 2 years on average. seed viability and storage time will vary depending on the seed item ; some will keep a shorter time and some will keep longer. seeds should be stored in a cool, dark, dry place. a basement will do ( if not too humid ), or a cool, dark room or closet. we recommend the best way to extend seed storage life is to store them in something air tight, such as a plastic zipper storage bag or canning jar, and place it in the refrigerator. this will extend the life of seeds for many years. what is the best way to store seeds over a longer time period? we recommend the best way to extend seed storage life is to store seeds in something air tight, such as a plastic zipper storage bag or canning jar, and place it in the refrigerator. this will extend the life of seeds for many years. what depth should i sow various seeds? when sowing seed outdoors, we recommend a maximum planting depth of 4x the width of the seed. when sowing seed indoors, the planting depth can be less, depending on the seed being sown, so it is always best to check specific directions. here are some general guidelines concerning planting depth in relation to seed size : tiny, dust - like seeds need to be sown on the surface of the growing medium or soil, uncovered, as they need light to germinate. the planting depth for small seed can be anywhere from barely covering, to 1 / 8 - inch deep, to possibly 1 / 4 - inch deep, depending on the recommendation. medium seed should be planted at 1 / 4 - to 1 / 2 - inch deep, depending on the recommendation. larger seeds can be planted 1 - inch or deeper, depending on the recommendation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44604220100849945, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.956064"} {"text": "have you ever gotten really mad about something, but kept your feelings bottled up inside? maybe you weren ' t sure how to deal with your anger, or you didn ' t want to \" rock the boat. \" maybe you didn ' t feel like you had a right to be angry in the first place. keeping anger inside usually just makes it worse, and when people do it over and over again, for long periods of time, there can be very serious results. for example : hurting ourselves emotionally and physically sometimes, instead of pointing our anger at another person, we point it at ourselves. a guy who ' s mad all the time might convince himself that he ' s worthless, or a loser, or that he doesn ' t deserve to be happy. of course, telling himself all these things might just make the feelings of anger more intense. sometimes these feelings are so painful that a person believes that hurting himself physically is the only way to get all the anger out. withdrawing from life being angry can make it hard to be around other people. if someone ' s angry, she might pull away from friends or family members and start spending a lot of time alone. being alone isn ' t a bad thing, but if she never works through her anger, and if the anger keeps her from leading a complete life, she has a problem that needs to be dealt with. people with a lot of rage inside them can sometimes do crazy, dangerous things. they might try to start fights they have no hope of winning, or go places that aren ' t safe. the pumped - up feeling of being mad might make someone think that he or she can ' t be seriously hurt in these situations - which of course isn ' t true. many experts believe that people sometimes eat too much because they ' re trying to fill some emotional need. if you find yourself pushing feelings of anger inside and then eating lots of food or snacks to feel better, it ' s a sign that you need a better way to cope with your anger. using alcohol or drugs many people think that numbing their minds with drugs or alcohol will \" quiet \" the anger inside of them. this never works, because alcohol and drugs come with many problems of their own, and can often make people even angrier. using drugs and alcohol to control emotions is just a way to avoid the problem, not face up to it. people who try to ignore their anger and keep it all bottled up might develop other problems, including : so it ' s clear that keeping our anger inside is not the way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46363030722320686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.958833"} {"text": "european painting before 1900, johnson collection adoration of the magi predella panel of an altarpiece ; companion to two panels in the john g. johnson collection, philadelphia museum of art ( inv. 1290, 1292 ) made in italy, europe cenni di francesco ( cenni di francesco cenni di ser cenni ), italian ( active florence, volterra, and san gimignano ), first documented 1369, died 1414 tempera and tooled gold on panel with horizontal grain inv. 1291john g. johnson collection, 1917 labelthis panel was originally part of a long, horizontal plank that was the predella, or base, of an altarpiece. the subject of this scene and the two others that completed the predella \u2014 one showing the martyrdom of saints john the baptist and lawrence and the other representing the martyrdom of saint bartholomew and the miracle of the bull ( philadelphia museum of art, inv. 1290, 1292 ) \u2014 indicate that the main sections of the altarpiece depicted, from left to right : saint john the baptist, saint lawrence, the virgin and child, saint bartholomew, and saint michael archangel. the presence of saint lawrence to the right of the virgin, the traditional place of honor, suggests that the altarpiece was originally in a chapel or church dedicated to that saint, most likely in or near the artist \u2019 s hometown of florence. social tags [? ] cow [ x ] crown [ x ] dog [ x ] donkey [ x ] figures [ x ] horse [ x ] landscape [ x ] magi4 [ x ] mary [ x ] monks [ x ] stable [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40706928617669413, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.961240"} {"text": "american journal of bioethics 7 ( 1 ) : 29 \u2013 32 ( 2007 ) | abstract | | the author comments on the article \u201c the neurobiology of addiction : implications for voluntary control of behavior, \u2018 by s. e. hyman. hyman presents that addiction is a brain disease or a moral condition. the authors present that addiction is a strong preference, similar to appetitive preferences. they state that addiction is merely a form of pleasure - seeking. the authors conclude that the problem of addiction is the problem of the management of pleasure, not treatment of a disease. accession number : 24077914 ; authors : foddy, bennett 1 ; email address : email @ example. com savulescu, julian 2 ; affiliations : 1 : university of melbourne, monash university, australia ; 2 : university of oxford ; subject : editorials ; subject : addictions ; subject : hyman, s. e. ; subject : brain - - diseases ; subject : pleasure ; subject : neurobiology ; subject : behavior ; number of pages : 4p | | keywords | | editorials addictions hyman, s. e. brain - - diseases pleasure neurobiology behavior | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles bennett foddy & julian savulescu ( 2010 ). relating addiction to disease, disability, autonomy, and the good life. philosophy, psychiatry, and psychology 17 ( 1 ) : 35 - 42. eric matthews ( 2010 ). explaining addiction. philosophy, psychiatry, and psychology 17 ( 1 ) : 23 - 26. malcolm horne ( 2010 ). johnny wilkinson ' s addiction. philosophy, psychiatry, and psychology 17 ( 1 ) : 31 - 34. steven e. hyman ( 2007 ). the neurobiology of addiction : implications for voluntary control of behavior. american journal of bioethics 7 ( 1 ) : 8 \u2013 11. a. m. viens ( 2007 ). addiction, responsibility and moral psychology. american journal of bioethics 7 ( 1 ) : 17 \u2013 19. adrian carter & wayne hall ( 2007 ). the social implications of neurobiological explanations of resistible compulsions. american journal of bioethics 7 ( 1 ) : 15 \u2013 17. neil levy ( 2007 ). the social : a missing term in the debate over addiction and voluntary control. american journal of bioethics 7 ( 1 ) : 35 \u2013 36. louis c. charland ( 2007 ). affective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5333958095078632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.963868"} {"text": "acta biotheoretica 30 ( 2 ) ( 1981 ) | abstract | | the problem of modifier evolution was examined with regard to the idea that modifier evolution can be considered as a result of selection for adaptation speed in populations far from equilibrium. this kind of selection was called feedback selection in order to emphasize the difference to theories which consider modifier evolution near the equilibrium. the basic principles of this kind of selection are derived for asexual populations and the problem of dominance is discussed in the light of this concept. in general the results support the view, that the genetic properties of a character are selected along with the character itself. | | keywords | | no keywords specified ( fix it ) | | through your library | | configure | similar books and articles elliott sober ( 2011 ). realism, conventionalism, and causal decomposition in units of selection : reflections on samir okasha ' s evolution and the levels of selection. philosophy and phenomenological research 82 ( 1 ) : 221 - 231. david sloan wilson ( 1999 ). a critique of r. d. alexander ' s views on group selection. biology and philosophy 14 ( 3 ). robert n. brandon ( 1999 ). the units of selection revisited : the modules of selection. biology and philosophy 14 ( 2 ). john beatty ( 1984 ). chance and natural selection. philosophy of science 51 ( 2 ) : 183 - 211. david l. hull ( 2001 ). science and selection : essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science. cambridge university press. jerry a. fodor ( 2010 ). what darwin got wrong. farrar, straus and giroux. david b. resnik ( 1992 ). discussion : leo buss ' s the evolution of individuality. biology and philosophy 7 ( 4 ) : 453 - 460. jerry fodor ( 2008 ). against darwinism. mind and language 23 ( 1 ) : 1 \u2013 24. wim j. steen & bart voorzanger ( 1984 ). methodological problems in evolutionary biology iii. selection and levels of organization. acta biotheoretica 33 ( 3 ). denis m. walsh ( 2003 ). fit and diversity : explaining adaptive evolution. philosophy of science 70 ( 2 ) : 280 - 301. added to index2009 - 01 - 28 total downloads2 ( # 232, 684 of 549, 699 ) recent downloads ( 6 months ) 1 ( # 63, 425 of 549, 699 ) how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5847893760575374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.966381"} {"text": "( physorg. com ) - - a research team led by nancy speck, phd, professor of cell and developmental biology at the university of pennsylvania school of medicine, has identified the location and developmental timeline in which a majority of bone marrow stem cells form in the mouse embryo. the findings, appearing online this week in the journal nature, highlight critical steps in the origin of hematopoietic ( or blood ) stem cells ( hscs ), says senior author speck, who is also an investigator with the abramson family cancer research institute at penn. because hscs, found in the bone marrow of adult mammals, generate all of the blood cell types of the body, unlocking the secrets of their origin may help researchers to better manipulate embryonic stem cells to generate new blood cells for therapy. \u201c the ultimate goal for stem cell therapies is to take embryonic stem cells and push them down a particular lineage to replace diseased or dead cells in human adults or children, \u201d says speck. for instance, in theory embryonic stem cells could be tweaked in a lab to provide a patient with bone marrow failure a fresh supply of compatible hscs. to date, however, speck says scientists have been unable to coax embryonic stem cells to become hscs without significant genetic manipulations that are too risky for clinical therapies. first things first, speck says : \u201c you have to understand what ' s happening in the embryo. \u201d previous studies hinted that hscs originated from a small population of cells lining the blood vessels, called endothelial cells. but, it was unclear how endothelial cells transitioned to blood stem cells during early development. before joining penn in september 2008, speck, then at dartmouth medical school, led a team that confirmed that hscs in bone marrow were originating from the endothelial cells and determined whether the activity of a protein called runx1, which is known to be critical in the formation of blood cells, was responsible for this important transition. first, the researchers inactivated the gene that codes for the protein runx1 in the endothelial cells of mouse embryos. during development, some endothelial cells express runx1, signaling the production of grapelike clusters of hscs along the interior walls of several major blood vessels. upon release from the vessel walls hscs enter the blood circulation and travel to the fetal liver, and upon birth they relocate to the bone marrow. by selectively blocking the ability of endothelial cells to express run", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48353680106457464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.972792"} {"text": "walls of several major blood vessels. upon release from the vessel walls hscs enter the blood circulation and travel to the fetal liver, and upon birth they relocate to the bone marrow. by selectively blocking the ability of endothelial cells to express runx1 during embryo development, the researchers halted hsc production, demonstrating that runx1 is vital to the endothelial cell to hsc transition. next, speck \u2019 s team shut off runx1 expression in mouse embryos at day 11. 5 of gestation - - a time when most newly born hscs have detached from the vessel wall and migrated to the fetal liver. the researchers found that blocking runx1 expression had no effect on hsc formation, suggesting while runx1 is required for the transition from endothelium to hscs, the process is complete by the end of the 11th day of gestation. the researchers also showed that at least 95 percent of all adult hscs ( and therefore almost all adult blood ) originate in the endothelium, during this short window of time during development. \u201c this study helps illustrate a very important step in the transitional stage from embryonic stem cells to hscs - the need to move through endothelial cells as an intermediary, \u201d speck says. understanding the location and developmental timeline of the origin of blood stem cells will help guide future efforts to coax embryonic stem cells to produce mature blood cells, she says. co - authors include michael chen and brandon zeigler from dartmouth medical school ( departments of biochemistry and genetics ) and tomomasa yokomizo and elaine dzierzak from erasmus medical center in rotterdam, netherlands. provided by university of pennsylvania explore further : healthy five - pound gorilla born at central ohio zoo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46621329877417883, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.973641"} {"text": "| the dip needle is a compass pivoted to move in the plane containing the magnetic field vector of the earth. it will then show the angle which the magnetic field makes with the vertical. the needle must be accurately balanced so that only magnetic torques are exerted on it. some texts suggest that the dip angle be measured twice, with the poles of the needle reversed by remagetization between trials, and the results averaged. some instruments allow the needle and circle to be rotated to allow use as a compass. the miami apparatus was made by w. & j. george of london and birmingham. | this dip needle was made by ferdinand ernicke of berlin, and was on display at the university of colorado physics department in 1975 when this picture was taken. | | the dip needle ( or inclination compass ) at the left was purchased from ruhmkorff of paris, probably in 1875, for vanderbilt university. it is now on display in the garland collection of classical physics apparatus at vanderbilt. \" in carrying out a measurement one sets the needle in the magnetic meridian by turning the support until the needle is vertical, in which case the needle is in a magnetic east - west plane, and then turns the support exactly 90\u00b0, at which point the vertical scale circling the needle is in the magnetic meridian. thereupon the angle the needle makes with the horizontal is the angle of inclination.... the horizontal circular scale is marked off in half degrees. the associated vernier allows readings to one minute. the vertical scale is marked off in ten - minute intervals. \" ( from robert a. lagemann, the garland collection of classical physics apparatus at vanderbilt university ( folio publishers, nashville, tn, 1983 ) pg 152 ) the instrument at the left appears to be exactly the same as the one above it. however, it is marked \" gambey a paris \". it is in the apparatus collection of case western reserve unversity in cleveland, ohio. this phelps and gurley ( troy, new york ) dip needle was bought by dartmouth college in 1862. with its case and extra needle it was valued at $ 20. 00. attached to this apparatus when i looked at in june 2001 was the following information : \" provided it is well removed from local influences such as iron, magnetite and other ferromagnetic materials, a compass needle that is free to rotate in a vertical plane will point downward in the northern hemisphere at an angle from the horizontal along the line of the earth ' s magnetic field. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5163826866469531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.978889"} {"text": "iron, magnetite and other ferromagnetic materials, a compass needle that is free to rotate in a vertical plane will point downward in the northern hemisphere at an angle from the horizontal along the line of the earth ' s magnetic field. the instrument for measuring this angle is called an inclinometer, dip needle or, most frequently, dip circle. \" | | the dip needle at the left is on display at the university museum at the university of mississippi in oxford. the mechanism pivots so that it can be used either as a dip needle, or, in the horizontal orientation, as a compass. the accompanying placard identifies it as being made by lerebours et secretan of paris, but it is not in the 1853 l & s catalogue where so much of the apparatus purchased by frederick a. p. barnard in the second half of the 1850s can be found. | the dip needle at the right is at the department of physics at the university of texas at austin. the 1888 queen catalogue lists it as \" inclination compass. vertical circle, ten inches in diameter, horizontal circle, five inches ; brass posts, base and leveling screws, all delicately finished... this dip needle is at westminster college in new wilmington, pennsylvania. it is about 30 cm high and has no maker ' s name. it can be flipped horisontally for use as a compass.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5006115515819105, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.979463"} {"text": "or in other words, are there differences in average lyapunov timescale between orbits interior to jupiter and orbits exterior to jupiter? i ' m trying to answer a question at http : / / www. quora. com / why - does - pluto - have - so - many - satellites / answer / alex - k - chen but i ' m not totally sure if the last part of my answer is right. i ' ll quote the last part of it : if the 2nd theory is true, then it ' s harder to answer this. one thing for sure though : jupiter is much farther away, so its tug on the system is a much smaller factor than it is for the inner planets ( where it can be a major source of instability over the solar system ' s lifetime ) in fact - i suspect that another factor is that from pluto ' s perspective, jupiter is practically in the center of the solar system anyways, so you ' re unlikely to see periods of time where jupiter is in such a position where its constant gravitational tugs ( over several jupiter orbits ) can accumulate and tug a satellite into an unstable orbit ( which is what can happen with planets that orbit the sun at distances interior to jupiter ). anyways i don ' t fully know the physics on this ( yet ) so some of my details could be wrong - what i do know is that it could happen to both asteroid belt objects and to mercury ' s orbit - http : / / en. wikipedia. org / wiki / stability _ of _ the _ solar _ system # mercury. e2. 80. 93jupiter _ 1 : 1 _ resonance - perhaps because there are positions where jupiter ' s pull on interior bodies is in a direction opposite to that of the sun ' s pull ( we never hear about the sun creating any orbital instabilities ). and mercury is much closer to jupiter than pluto is. of course, pluto is vulnerable to neptune ' s influence, but pluto and neptune have a 3 : 2 orbital resonance so it ' s relatively safe from collisions with neptune ( although the resonance may not be constant over the solar system ' s lifetime ) anyways, we might finally know more once new horizons reaches pluto in a few years http : / / www. alpheratz. net / murison / papers / lyapunov / lfm. pdf says that there is something special about asteroids with orbits interior to jupiter - i ' ll try to find more information on this.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4711426301422158, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.981989"} {"text": "this is the third in a 3 part series. part 1 : pagan origins of christmas, part 2 : christian origins of christmas, and part 3 : santa claus and his ilk. in part 1, i discussed the pagan origins of christmas. in part 2, we discussed the practices of christmas that were christian in origin. in this piece, we \u2019 ll talk about the characters of christmas, particularly santa, but with notable others as well. santa claus has, for better or worse ( who are we kidding, its worse ), become ubiquitous with christmas. it is usually the first image that pops into little heads when the c - word is mentioned. but from whence did he come? so many names for him, too : saint nicolas, father christmas, kris kringle, among others. so what is the origin of the fat one? let \u2019 s start at the beginning. yes, there was in fact, a real person named saint nicolas. he was born in 270 ce, and died in 343 ce. he was the bishop of myra, in what is now turkey. he was very devout, even at an early age, and after his parents died while he was young, he was tutored in bishoprickery by his uncle, and soon was ordained. he was at the council of nicea, and was among the signers of the titular creed. he was also known as nicolas the wonderworker, on account of the miracles he was said to have done, but probably more well known for using his considerable wealth ( which he inherited ) to help those less fortunate. in the most popular story, saint nicolas heard of a poor man being unable to provide dowry for his daughters, and feared them becoming prostitutes. so nicolas, in secret, provided the money for the dowries in three separate purses for the girls. now, here is where the magic starts to kick in. st. nick became something of a church rock star. and often, when this happened, there came followers, who wished, not to follow st. nicolas, as it were, but were so inspired by him, that they desired to follow god in the same way that st. nicolas did. so a \u201c cult \u201d of st. nick began. nicolas, after his death, became quite popular as the patron saint of navigation. around the mediterranean this was quite important. so in the eastern part of christendom, nicolas was gathering quite a following. however, turkey fell to the turks in the 11th century, and in 1087, nicolas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41916848072109725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.992312"} {"text": "as the patron saint of navigation. around the mediterranean this was quite important. so in the eastern part of christendom, nicolas was gathering quite a following. however, turkey fell to the turks in the 11th century, and in 1087, nicolas \u2019 bones were moved to the western part of the empire, where, between the pope \u2019 s to - do made about the bones, and the popular feast days associated with him, nicolas \u2019 cult exploded in popularity, rivaling that of even the blessed mother mary. this cult ( in this sense, simply an atypical way of practicing religion ) began spreading quite far across christendom and in the medieval period, spread across northern europe quite fast. once there, the cult and myths of nicolas crashed into more local and pagan expressions of culture and myth. around the same general times of nicolas \u2019 feast days, the great hunt of the god odin was held. odin was said to ride in his chariot, pulled by his 8 - legged horse, sleipnir. often, children would fill their boots with gifts for sleipnir, usually carrots, straw, and sugar, and in return, odin would leave gifts or candy in the boot. as christendom \u2019 s influence became dominant, the practices that once accompanied the veneration of odin were still celebrated, but the attributes of odin were shifted onto st. nicolas in order to make his cult more popular and to give a reason for christians to keep traditions alive and still remain faithful to their religion. so it was that st. nicolas gained a nordic look, a white beard, a sleigh, and a penchant for putting goodies in stockings. around this time, his name became skandinavian - ized to sinterklaas. odin \u2019 s raven helpers became sinterklaas \u2019 various helpers and odin \u2019 s spear became sinterklaas \u2019 staff. interestingly, woden, the counterpart of odin in many other areas of northern europe, did not merge with st. nicolas, but a similar process occurred. while woden \u2019 s influence waned in places like england, a new character, father christmas, was created. father christmas appeared as a tall man, usually very old. he usually wore green suit trimmed with fur and dark boots. he often had a large sack with him, and many times had a beard, with or without mustache. this father christmas appears in dickens \u2019 novel as the ghost of christmas present, and also in lewis \u2019 the lion, the witch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.428091806760308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.993617"} {"text": "and dark boots. he often had a large sack with him, and many times had a beard, with or without mustache. this father christmas appears in dickens \u2019 novel as the ghost of christmas present, and also in lewis \u2019 the lion, the witch, and the wardrobe. to various degrees, when the father christmas myths and the sinterklaas myths made their way to america, the stories began to merge. in 1773, sinterklaas was first americanized into santa claus, and as a parody of dutch culture of the time, was made to look stout instead of lean. in 1821, a poem called santeclaus described this chap as having a sleigh with reindeer. it is interesting to note that santa had 8 original reindeer to pull his sleigh and odin had a horse with 8 legs to pull his. in 1823, various myths were cemented in the poem \u201c night before christmas. \u201d santa began landing on roofs and using chimneys. toys now figured prominently. st. nick is called \u201c chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf \u201d with \u201c a little round belly \u201d, that \u201c shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly \u201d, while \u201c miniature sleigh \u201d and \u201c tiny reindeer \u201d might indicate that he was still considered short. the reindeer recieved names : dasher, dancer, prancer, vixen, comet, cupid, dunder and blixem ( meaning thunder and lightning, were likely the common names for thor \u2019 s chariot goats in norse mythology, but later changed to donner and blitzen ). thomas nast, in the 1860 \u2032 s, popularized and / or created a number of other santa claus myths with his cartoons. from nast, santa gained his home at the north pole, and has santa as a large, fat guy. in one cartoon, santa is even seen wearing an american flag. no comment. while coca - cola was not the first company to feature santa claus in advertisement, they were the ones that so popularized the red and white fur suit that all other dresses for santa virtually disappeared in the 20th century. mrs. santa claus first appeared in 1849, in \u201c a christmas legend, \u201d a short story. she gained a more popular appearance in the poem \u201c goody santa claus on a sleigh ride \u201d in 1889, where she nags santa into letting her ride with him on the sleigh one year. interestingly enough, one of her earliest appearances gives her first name as \u201c layla. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3867051620981689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.995082"} {"text": "began portraying him, not as an elf, but rather as a \u201d moor. \u201d this tradition carries on to today, where black peter can be seen being portrayed in black face ( judge the taste with which this is done in for yourself ) at some christmas parades. knecht ruprecht is a character who helped sinterklaas, much like krampus and black peter, but is human, rather than creature. he dresses in brown, dirty robes or straw, and gives bad children swats, or gives their parents sticks to beat their kids. he is also known simply to give bad gifts. he is also known as farmhand rupert, and often carries a bag of ashes with him to hit children who don \u2019 t pray. interestingly, ruprecht is a common name of a devil in many mythologies from germany, where knecht ruprecht originates, so perhaps there is a connection to krapus and black peter in ruprecht \u2019 s original form, but that is my speculation. as early as 1850, elves have been depicted as helpers of santa claus. of course, these smaller, kinder, and more creative elves were sanitized and sweet versions of the helpers that came from across the atlantic, but is seems that americans had no stomach for the more evil appearing helpers, especially with the calvinistic assaults on christmas celebrations common in american history. so the elves continued to evolve with each new appearance gaining hats, then appearing all green, then depicted, alongside developments in santa myths, in workshops, etc \u2026 i still advocate that these are gnomes, not elves, but i digress \u2026 now you know, and knowing is half the battle. i think the point of all this, is that \u2026 we should be honest with our kids about santa claus. unless of course, you take the good with the bad and tell them about santa \u2019 s helpers, too \u2026.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41476468326393756, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:49.997027"} {"text": "in order to understand the degeneration of the socialist ( second ) international, karl korsch in 1920 applied an historical materialist analysis to marxism. he related marxist praxis to the level and nature of class struggle. he posited three periods of marxist activity. the first period ended about 1850, involved the revolutions of 1848 and the chartist movement. this revolutionary period gave rise to the \u201c original \u201d and revolutionary marxism of marx and engels. the second period lasted until the 1917 russian revolution, and was characterized by the defeat of the paris commune and a partial absorption of the working class into simple trade unionism. marxism, in its turn, became reformist during this period. the third period began with the russian revolution and revolutionary marxism was restored with revolutionary thinkers like lenin and rosa luxemburg. this is not the place to debate the merits of korsch ' s three stages, but only to consider applying historical materialist analysis to the anarchist movement in an attempt to understand its ideological odyssey. can the anarchist movement be placed in periods related to the level of class struggle in those countries where it had some prominence? like marxism, anarchism developed just prior to and during the revolution of 1848. this early anarchism was based mainly on the writings of pierre proudhon. but unlike marxism, \u201c proudhonism \u201d was not a fully developed revolutionary anarchism. in many aspects it was gradualist and reduced class struggle to the formation of worker mutualist societies. ( proudhon was opposed to strikes ) most workers at this time were artisans and mutualism was natural to them. anarchism ' s first period would be roughly 1840 until the late 1860 ' s. during this time, proudhon influenced the nascent workers movement in france, southern europe and part of latin america. by the late 1860 ' s, however, a growing class struggle in those countries where proudhon ' s thought had influence, began to move anarchism in a more militant direction. ( 1 ) bakunin is the chief anarchist theoretician of this period which lasts until the defeat of the paris commune and the crushing of the spanish and italian revolts. thus anarchism ' s second period lasts from about 1868 to 1874. post - 1874 sees a period of reaction, as well as the \u201c long depression \u201d which effects many of the advanced economies up until the mid - 1890 ' s. class struggle wanes, or is severally repressed in the countries where anarchism has any presence. but rather than heading in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5253437489215882, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.014776"} {"text": "well as the \u201c long depression \u201d which effects many of the advanced economies up until the mid - 1890 ' s. class struggle wanes, or is severally repressed in the countries where anarchism has any presence. but rather than heading in a reformist direction, an important section of the movement goes the opposite way, into ultra leftism. two crucial aspects of revolutionary anarchism are ignored, seemingly pushed aside as irrelevant, these are the need to be directly involved in the people ' s struggles and the need for organization, rejected for \u201c propaganda of the deed \u201d and small autonomous action groups. this third period lasts until the late 1890 ' s. propaganda of the deed proves an abject failure. anarchists are marginalized and the social democratic parties get the upper hand, except for southern europe and latin america. at the same time, the 1880 ' s and 90 ' s see a process of industrialization occurring, almost world - wide. former peasants and artisans are converted into wage workers and the class struggle heats up. anarchists return to the working class and involve themselves in the formation of revolutionary labour unions, ( syndicalism ). we can date anarchism ' s fourth period from the late 1890 ' s. syndicalism develops into a mass movement comprising millions of workers. anarcho - syndicalists are involved in the mexican and russian revolutions, as well as risings in other countries such as argentina and brazil. but fourth period anarchism had a flaw. while involved in the people ' s struggles and the creation of mass organizations, most syndicalists fell into a kind of economic determinism and also underestimated the need for a distinct revolutionary organization. for most third period syndicalists, revolution meant the workers occupying and running the work places and the need to deal politically with the state was ignored. the defeat of the spanish revolution in 1938 brings the third period to a close. at the same time, with few exceptions, workers become integrated into communist, social democratic or even worse, business unions and the parties supported by these tendencies. autonomous class struggle, which found its theoretical and practical expression in syndicalism, for all intents and purposes, ends at this time, with the defeat of syndicalism, anarchism once more becomes separated from the working class. essentially, the end of autonomous struggle is the end of anarchism as a proletarian movement. the fifth period begins in 1939 and goes until 1968. this time, unlike the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4685309515293844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.016219"} {"text": ", anarchism once more becomes separated from the working class. essentially, the end of autonomous struggle is the end of anarchism as a proletarian movement. the fifth period begins in 1939 and goes until 1968. this time, unlike the propaganda of the deed period, anarchists do two things \u2013 they immerse themselves in theory and attempt to develop a reformist anarchism, a \u201c practical \u201d anarchism that can be applied in a time when mass working class revolt, let alone revolution seems a hopeless fantasy. a major concern is why the working class failed to bring about the libertarian socialist revolution. sexuality, child rearing practices, pedagogy, and culture are all examined and it is shown how these have an effect upon the workers consciousness and practice. a gramcian struggle for hegemony ensues as anarchists strive to bring liberatory practice into daily life and overcome those factors which create a subservient population. ( the one area where anarchism does have some input into the working class is the promotion of workers control and these ideas begin to resurface in the mid - 1960s. ) the post 1939 \u201c movement \u201d allows anarchism to survive. its ideas have an influence far beyond the small numbers of adherents. liberatory practices begin to permeate society and the most obvious example of this is the formation of early new left and the counter - cultures of the 1960s. 1968 signals that anarchism has entered a new phase, the sixth period. autonomous class struggle is back again. non - syndicalist unions start talking about workers control. syndicalist unions begin recruiting again, though they remain very much a minority tendency within anarchism. anarchism at this time is overwhelmingly counter - cultural, except for countries where it has deep roots like france, italy and spain. permanent anarchist organization begins in countries that had not seen such in 40 years. the far - left is largely marxist leninist during this period, but anarchism is now a contender, something it wasn ' t in the fourth period. the seventh period begins in 1980 and sees the complete defeat / capitulation of the orthodox left everywhere. the working class, at first combative, is beaten down and defeated. anarchism suffers as well. while not eliminated, numbers are down and some organizations fragment. but the collapse of the eastern bloc, and the re - establishment of \u201c democracy \u201d in latin america leads to a proliferation of anarchist groups. anarchists are now found almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5011171638278514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.017590"} {"text": "suffers as well. while not eliminated, numbers are down and some organizations fragment. but the collapse of the eastern bloc, and the re - establishment of \u201c democracy \u201d in latin america leads to a proliferation of anarchist groups. anarchists are now found almost everywhere, but the movement is \u201c a mile wide and an inch deep \u201d and is still largely counter - cultural. ( counter - culture seems to be the way that anarchism enters new areas and attracts youth. ) the eighth ( and present ) period is signaled by the battle of seattle in 1999 and the argentine revolt of 2000. seattle makes vast numbers of people aware of anarchism. the rebirth of class struggle in france, spain and mexico 1994 - 5 gave rise to the invigorated syndicalism of the french cnt, the spanish cgt and the libertarian communalism of the zapatistas, and laid the base for this period. the far left is now basically \u201c the anarchists, \u201d. more than a decade into the sixth period, the growing, if not dominant tendency in anarchism is working class oriented, and organizational. furthermore, the influence of anarchist ideas goes far beyond the actual number of anarchists. today, it is a rare socialist who is not in favor of worker - management, worker coops and popular power exercised through neighborhood councils. even if, as some cynical anarchists claim, these socialists are not sincere, it still shows the influence of these ideas that they have to raise them in the first place. looking at anarchism in relation to the actual level of class struggle and how this struggle is reflected in anarchist praxis enables us to have a deeper understanding and appreciation of our movement. western society has an underlying notion of free will and thus we have a culture of finger - pointing and blame. ( you freely chose to do this, you vile creature! ) unconsciously, the left shares this culture. people who deviate from what is considered correct in terms of theory and practice are deemed to have done so for negative motives. while \u201c selling - out \u201d, ignorance and stupidity are factors, they don ' t explain everything. by examining anarchist praxis in the manner above, we realize that most of what happens, including those aspects we disagree with, are the natural responses to a given set of conditions rather than malfeasance and stupidity. the worst we can say about our past errors is that they were short - sighted. realizing the almost cyclic nature of the movement and the different periods that it can be divided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5036600518400562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.020588"} {"text": "responses to a given set of conditions rather than malfeasance and stupidity. the worst we can say about our past errors is that they were short - sighted. realizing the almost cyclic nature of the movement and the different periods that it can be divided into, can help us overcome any future errors made as a short - sighted reaction to changed conditions. for example, no period of reaction is so all - encompassing that we have to resort to propaganda of the deed to keep anarchism alive. while anarchism lost its proletarian base in the 1950 ' s, this did not mean this was permanent and that militant, class struggle anarchism was gone forever. at the same time, aside from the disastrous propaganda of the deed, much has been gained from anarchism ' s various phases, in spite of the errors committed. an incredible amount was learned from the fourth or syndicalist phase. indeed, this period really put anarchism on the map as a serious tendency in the workers movement. the fifth period developed anarchist understanding of society to a remarkable degree, making much of the earlier anarchism seem crude by comparison. without the counter - culturalism of the sixth and seventh periods, it is unlikely that so many youth would have become attracted to anarchism. 1. many of these proudhonist associations began to take on a more militant stance.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5263046550649209, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.022404"} {"text": "richard axel and linda buck honored for discovering genetic coding that allows us to identify and distinguish thousands of smells new york, ny, october 4, 2004 \u2013 richard axel, m. d. of columbia university medical center has won the 2004 nobel prize in physiology or medicine along with linda b. buck, ph. d., of the fred hutchinson cancer research center for clarifying how the olfactory system works. dr. buck was a postdoctoral fellow at columbia when she and dr. axel jointly published the fundamental paper on the subject in 1991. the sense of smell has remained the most enigmatic of the senses. the work of drs. axel and buck has provided understanding on how the nose is able to distinguish more than 10, 000 distinct smells. the researchers discovered a gene pool of more than 1, 000 different genes that encode olfactory receptors in the nose that detect odors and olfaction. this is believed to be the largest gene family in the human genome. \" i ' m deeply honored and very pleased, \" said dr. axel. \" this honor represents the long efforts of the many faculty, students and fellows who have worked within our laboratories at columbia university medical center. i have received enormous support over the years beginning with the scholarship i received to attend columbia college. i have to also thank the national institutes of health and the howard hughes medical institute that allowed the performance of truly novel experiments by our research team. \" dr. richard axel is university professor, columbia university, and investigator, howard hughes medical institute at the college of physicians and surgeons, columbia university medical center. he has been at columbia university medical center his entire career, and was an undergraduate at columbia college. axel and buck join a group of 70 notable columbians whose work has been recognized by the nobel foundation, including 19 in the category of physiology or medicine. \" columbia university is honored that our esteemed faculty member, richard axel, has received the nobel prize for his pioneering studies clarifying how our sense of smell works, \" said columbia university president lee c. bollinger. \" dr. axel ' s groundbreaking research solves the puzzle of how we translate the sensations around us into knowledge that is key for our survival and quality of life. \" \" dr. axel ' s work is among the most important discoveries of the past 50 years, providing insights regarding how individuals perceive their external environment, \" said gerald d. fischbach, executive vice president, columbia university medical center. \" he has been an enormously important influence for all the sciences here at columbia university", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5123675029876483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.027988"} {"text": "the past 50 years, providing insights regarding how individuals perceive their external environment, \" said gerald d. fischbach, executive vice president, columbia university medical center. \" he has been an enormously important influence for all the sciences here at columbia university, the medical center and the college of physicians and surgeons. his wide range of interests and enormous skills in molecular biology have influenced faculty throughout the university. \" \" we congratulate richard and linda for their profoundly important discovery, and for the way in which they achieved it, \" said david hirsh, executive vice president for research at columbia university. \" their experiments represent the highest form of creativity, scientific discipline and scholarship. this is science at its most beautiful. \" the sense of smell is possible because neurons directly connect the brain to the outside world. in the nose, receptors on the neurons pick up odors from the environment and send that information directly to the olfactory bulb, the first relay station in the brain. drs. axel and buck determined how neurons converge in the olfactory bulb, which gave them further insights into how smell is processed in the brain. each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances, so the olfactory receptor cells are highly specialized for a few odors. most odors are composed of multiple odorant molecules, and each odorant molecule activates several odorant receptors, leading to a combined odorant pattern, which allows us to recognize and form memories of approximately 10, 000 different odors. the combination of odorant receptors activated when we smell a rose tell us that it smells nice and is different from the combination of receptors activated by rotting fish. the sense of smell is essential to the survival of most species, who use their olfactory systems to identify food, smell predators and observe and interpret their environments. in humans, smells warn us if food has gone bad and can be powerful enough to trigger distinct memories years later. axel and his colleagues also developed gene transfer techniques that permit the introduction of virtually any gene into any cell, allowing the analysis of gene function in vivo. these experiments in cell transformation led to the isolation and functional analysis of the gene for the t - cell surface protein, cd4, the cellular receptor for hiv. he then began to apply the techniques of molecular biology to problems in neurobiology. he identified the peptide genes responsible for eliciting an innate behavior in a marine snail, and molecular analysis of these genes suggests how diverse behavioral patterns may be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5731345653701585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.029419"} {"text": "even in the largest american cities, a historically maligned beast is thriving, despite scientists ' belief that these mammals intently avoid urban human populations. this animal ' s amazing ability to thrive in metropolitan areas has greatly surprised scientists, says stanley gehrt, an assistant professor of environmental and natural resources at ohio state university. gehrt is in the sixth year of a multi - year study of coyote behavior in urban chicago. since the study began, gehrt and his colleagues have found that urban coyote populations are much larger than expected ; that they live longer than their rural cousins in these environments ; and that they are more active at nighttime than coyotes living in rural areas. coyotes also do some good \u2013 they help control rapidly growing populations of canada geese throughout north america. and while his coyote research is concentrated in chicago, the results likely apply to most major metropolitan areas in north america. gehrt has even seen a pack of about a dozen on ohio state ' s campus in columbus. the study began in chicago in 2000 when gehrt was a research biologist for the max mcgraw wildlife foundation in dundee, ill. in the 1990s the foundation was increasingly inundated with complaints about coyotes taking pets and reportedly stalking children. the number of calls grew, and in the late 1990s the cook county animal control agency asked gehrt to gather information on coyote populations in metropolitan chicago. the study was only supposed to last for a year. \" nine million people live in the greater chicago area, \" said gehrt, who is also a wildlife extension specialist at ohio state. \" we didn ' t think very many coyotes could thrive in such a highly urbanized area. we also thought that the few animals that were causing problems were probably used to living around people. \" the problem with studying coyotes in general is that the animals are incredibly difficult to catch. they quickly learn how to avoid traps. but gehrt and his colleagues distributed their traps widely throughout the greater chicago area and successfully caught several animals. they put radio - tagged collars on the captured coyotes and then let them go. the original estimates of the greater chicago coyote population were woefully low. the researchers had expected to find a few small coyote packs here and there throughout the city, with total population numbers in the range of several dozen. but the animals were everywhere. \" we couldn ' t find an area in chicago where there weren ' t coyotes, \" gehrt said. \" they ' ve learned to exploit all parts of their landscape. \" since the beginning of the study,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3922083047149399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.040303"} {"text": "but the animals were everywhere. \" we couldn ' t find an area in chicago where there weren ' t coyotes, \" gehrt said. \" they ' ve learned to exploit all parts of their landscape. \" since the beginning of the study, the researchers have caught and tagged more than 200 coyotes. they estimate that there may be somewhere between several hundred and a couple thousand coyotes living in chicago. some of the animals live in city parks, while others live among apartment and commercial buildings and in industrial parks. the funding agency, cook county animal control and conservation medicine coalition, renews the study every year because the researchers keep finding results that surprise them. this spring, gehrt will publish the first round of papers from the last six years ' worth of research. the major findings include : those urban coyotes that don ' t hunt in packs can cover ranges of 50 square miles or more, often in just one night. \" the first solitary coyote we tracked covered five adjacent cities in a single night, \" gehrt said. urban coyotes survive far longer than their rural cousins. a coyote living in urban chicago has a 60 - percent chance of surviving for one year, while a rural coyote has a 30 percent chance of living for another year. most coyotes pose little threat to humans. the problems generally start when people feed coyotes, even if that feeding is unintentional. \" a coyote may eat the food that ' s left outside for a pet, \" gehrt said. \" it ' s not uncommon to see a coyote pass through an urban or suburban neighborhood. \" but most coyotes aren ' t thrilled about being seen by people, \" he continued. \" urban coyotes are more active at night than their rural counterparts, so humans don ' t see a lot of their activity. in many cases, coyotes are probably doing us favors that we don ' t realize \u2013 they eat a lot of rodents and other animals that people don ' t want around. \" the next phase of the study is already underway. gehrt and his colleagues are conducting genetic study of coyotes ' social system. the researchers want to know if members of a pack are closely related \u2013 having such information could help to further explain coyote behavior. written by holly wagner, 614 - 292 - 8310 ; wagner. email @ example. com last reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42764928486596654, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.042514"} {"text": "most ads are false inferences, half truths or worse. solar panels and wind turbines are rarely an exception. you need a million dollar facility to make pv panels out of sand or wind turbines out of scrap metal. unless someone owes you a favor or you are very lucky, buying components and assembling them typically costs about as much as buying a finished product / lots more if you make some errors. in typical locations, alternative energy will cost several times as much as buying it from the utility. exceptions are rare. you can do alternative energy as a hobby. what you learn may help you get a better paying job. while trees help absorb carbon dioxide, they are bad for alternative energy as they block the wind and shade the solar panels. in most locations the wind is quite weak most of the time and clouds obscure the sun ten or more hours per week. large wind turbines typically need a permit which is likely to be refused and neighbors up to a mile away may sue you for vibrating their house, causing epileptic seizers from the flickering light etc. so start with a small system = a 100 amphour, 12 volt deep cycle battery and a few square feet of solar panel or a tiny wind turbine you need a diode to keep the battery from powering the wind turbine when the wind stops. many small solar panels come with the diode built in. you don ' t need a charge controller if you draw some power from the battery weekly or oftener. a new fully charged battery can supply up to one kw briefly, so there is little point in buying an inverter rated much more than 1000 watts, unless you expect to add more batteries soon. several batteries of the same type in parallel are ok until one of them is bad, which may discharge the other batteries. it will take weeks to recharge your batteries with one square foot of solar panel = a tiny 15 volt dc power cube will charge them about as fast. you can connect both until your batteries all measure a bit over 13 volts. check each battery as a low voltage while charging is usually due to a poor connection, which is a frequent problem. neil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4804527376047105, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.063805"} {"text": "about the charts and nutrition facts - for accuracy, the calorie chart and fat chart are based on the biggest serving size available. - these nutrition facts came directly from the usda or manufacturer / restaurant. - if you ' re using a calorie counter, remember that fat, carbs, and protein calories are just close estimations based on the atwater factors : fat : 9 cal / g carb : 4 cal / g protein : 4 cal / g - percent daily values are based on a 2, 000 calorie diet. please remember this when using this information to make healthy food choices for your diet. calories - total calorie count at this serving size : 220 calories. the calorie chart below shows the breakdown for fat, carbs, and protein. in this case, calories from fat = 100, calories from protein = 48, and calories from carbohydrate = 76. fat - the total fat grams for one serving is 11 grams. of this, 4 grams are from saturated fat and unfortunately trans fat is unknown. the remaining 7 grams are unaccounted for. cholesterol - the amount of cholesterol in one serving is 30 mg. carbohydrates - for this food, the total carbohydrate count is 19 grams, which includes 1 gram of sugar and 2 grams of fiber. there are 17 net carbs per serving ( total carbs minus fiber ), which is good to know if you are watching your blood sugar or on a low carb diet. protein - at this serving size you ' ll get 12 grams of protein per serving. minerals - at this serving size calcium is 20 mg and iron is 2 mg. in addition, this food has 680 mg of sodium in each serving. vitamins - this food has both vitamin a and vitamin c. one serving contains 320 international units of vitamin a and 3 mg of vitamin c.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42401933188110763, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.074065"} {"text": "wordly wise 4th grade - lesson 1 | benefit | | to help or be helpful to ; to be useful to. | to be finished. | complete | | having no missing parts ; whole. | | develop | | to go through a process of growth. | to bring or come into being. to apply chemicals to photographic material film to bring out a picture. | dismay | | to cause feelings of fear, worry or surprise. | a sudden loss of courage because of fear or worry. | ease | | a state of being comfortable - without worry, pain or trouble. | to make less worried, pained or troubled. | hail | | small lumps of frozen rain. | to fall as frozen rain. to greet or welcome, usually with admiration. | lack | | to be without. | | master | | chief, main. | having or showing great skill. to become skilled at. | patriot | | one who loves, supports, and is loyal to his or her country. | | patriotic | | having or showing love of one ' s country. | | patriotism | | love of one ' s country. | | project | | a plan or idea for doing something. | to stick out. to cause an image to be shown on a screen. | recommend | | to make a statement of praise. | to give advice, to suggest. | remark | | to say, to make a comment. | something said, a comment. | remarkable | | deserving of being noticed, unusual. | | represent | | to stand for or in place of. | to act in place of. | sufficient | | enough to fill a need. | | utter | | to make sounds with the voice, to speak. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5906208686648051, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.077190"} {"text": "significant anniversaries are solemnly commemorated \u2014 japan \u2019 s attack on the u. s. naval base at pearl harbor, for example. others are ignored, and we can often learn valuable lessons from them about what is likely to lie ahead. right now, in fact. at the moment, we are failing to commemorate the 50th anniversary of president john f. kennedy \u2019 s decision to launch the most destructive and murderous act of aggression of the post - world war ii period : the invasion of south vietnam, later all of indochina, leaving millions dead and four countries devastated, with casualties still mounting from the long - term effects of drenching south vietnam with some of the most lethal carcinogens known, undertaken to destroy ground cover and food crops. the prime target was south vietnam. the aggression later spread to the north, then to the remote peasant society of northern laos, and finally to rural cambodia, which was bombed at the stunning level of all allied air operations in the pacific region during world war ii, including the two atom bombs dropped on hiroshima and nagasaki. in this, henry kissinger \u2019 s orders were being carried out \u2014 \u201c anything that flies on anything that moves \u201d \u2014 a call for genocide that is rare in the historical record. little of this is remembered. most was scarcely known beyond narrow circles of activists. when the invasion was launched 50 years ago, concern was so slight that there were few efforts at justification, hardly more than the president \u2019 s impassioned plea that \u201c we are opposed around the world by a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy that relies primarily on covert means for expanding its sphere of influence \u201d and if the conspiracy achieves its ends in laos and vietnam, \u201c the gates will be opened wide. \u201d elsewhere, he warned further that \u201c the complacent, the self - indulgent, the soft societies are about to be swept away with the debris of history [ and ] only the strong \u2026 can possibly survive, \u201d in this case reflecting on the failure of u. s. aggression and terror to crush cuban independence. by the time protest began to mount half a dozen years later, the respected vietnam specialist and military historian bernard fall, no dove, forecast that \u201c vietnam as a cultural and historic entity \u2026 is threatened with extinction \u2026 [ as ] \u2026 the countryside literally dies under the blows of the largest military machine ever unleashed on an area of this size. \u201d he was again referring to south vietnam. when the war ended eight horrendous years later, mainstream opinion was divided between those who described the war as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4584906069417711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.143449"} {"text": "dies under the blows of the largest military machine ever unleashed on an area of this size. \u201d he was again referring to south vietnam. when the war ended eight horrendous years later, mainstream opinion was divided between those who described the war as a \u201c noble cause \u201d that could have been won with more dedication, and at the opposite extreme, the critics, to whom it was \u201c a mistake \u201d that proved too costly. by 1977, president carter aroused little notice when he explained that we owe vietnam \u201c no debt \u201d because \u201c the destruction was mutual. \u201d there are important lessons in all this for today, even apart from another reminder that only the weak and defeated are called to account for their crimes. one lesson is that to understand what is happening we should attend not only to critical events of the real world, often dismissed from history, but also to what leaders and elite opinion believe, however tinged with fantasy. another lesson is that alongside the flights of fancy concocted to terrify and mobilize the public ( and perhaps believed by some who are trapped in their own rhetoric ), there is also geostrategic planning based on principles that are rational and stable over long periods because they are rooted in stable institutions and their concerns. that is true in the case of vietnam as well. i will return to that, only stressing here that the persistent factors in state action are generally well concealed. the iraq war is an instructive case. it was marketed to a terrified public on the usual grounds of self - defense against an awesome threat to survival : the \u201c single question, \u201d george w. bush and tony blair declared, was whether saddam hussein would end his programs of developing weapons of mass destruction. when the single question received the wrong answer, government rhetoric shifted effortlessly to our \u201c yearning for democracy, \u201d and educated opinion duly followed course ; all routine. later, as the scale of the u. s. defeat in iraq was becoming difficult to suppress, the government quietly conceded what had been clear all along. in 2007 - 2008, the administration officially announced that a final settlement must grant the u. s. military bases and the right of combat operations, and must privilege u. s. investors in the rich energy system \u2014 demands later reluctantly abandoned in the face of iraqi resistance. and all well kept from the general population. gauging american decline with such lessons in mind, it is useful to look at what is highlighted in the major journals of policy and opinion today. let us keep to the most prestigious of the establishment journals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4984790903783688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.145073"} {"text": "all well kept from the general population. gauging american decline with such lessons in mind, it is useful to look at what is highlighted in the major journals of policy and opinion today. let us keep to the most prestigious of the establishment journals, foreign affairs. the headline blaring on the cover of the december 2011 issue reads in bold face : \u201c is america over? \u201d the title article calls for \u201c retrenchment \u201d in the \u201c humanitarian missions \u201d abroad that are consuming the country \u2019 s wealth, so as to arrest the american decline that is a major theme of international affairs discourse, usually accompanied by the corollary that power is shifting to the east, to china and ( maybe ) india. the lead articles are on israel - palestine. the first, by two high israeli officials, is entitled \u201c the problem is palestinian rejection \u201d : the conflict cannot be resolved because palestinians refuse to recognize israel as a jewish state \u2014 thereby conforming to standard diplomatic practice : states are recognized, but not privileged sectors within them. the demand is hardly more than a new device to deter the threat of political settlement that would undermine israel \u2019 s expansionist goals. the opposing position, defended by an american professor, is entitled \u201c the problem is the occupation. \u201d the subtitle reads \u201c how the occupation is destroying the nation. \u201d which nation? israel, of course. the paired articles appear under the heading \u201c israel under siege. \u201d the january 2012 issue features yet another call to bomb iran now, before it is too late. warning of \u201c the dangers of deterrence, \u201d the author suggests that \u201c skeptics of military action fail to appreciate the true danger that a nuclear - armed iran would pose to u. s. interests in the middle east and beyond. and their grim forecasts assume that the cure would be worse than the disease \u2014 that is, that the consequences of a u. s. assault on iran would be as bad as or worse than those of iran achieving its nuclear ambitions. but that is a faulty assumption. the truth is that a military strike intended to destroy iran \u2019 s nuclear program, if managed carefully, could spare the region and the world a very real threat and dramatically improve the long - term national security of the united states. \u201d others argue that the costs would be too high, and at the extremes some even point out that an attack would violate international law \u2014 as does the stand of the moderates, who regularly deliver threats of violence, in violation of the u. n. charter. let us review these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4391488093599826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.146576"} {"text": "be too high, and at the extremes some even point out that an attack would violate international law \u2014 as does the stand of the moderates, who regularly deliver threats of violence, in violation of the u. n. charter. let us review these dominant concerns in turn. american decline is real, though the apocalyptic vision reflects the familiar ruling class perception that anything short of total control amounts to total disaster. despite the piteous laments, the u. s. remains the world dominant power by a large margin, and no competitor is in sight, not only in the military dimension, in which of course the u. s. reigns supreme. china and india have recorded rapid ( though highly inegalitarian ) growth, but remain very poor countries, with enormous internal problems not faced by the west. china is the world \u2019 s major manufacturing center, but largely as an assembly plant for the advanced industrial powers on its periphery and for western multinationals. that is likely to change over time. manufacturing regularly provides the basis for innovation, often breakthroughs, as is now sometimes happening in china. one example that has impressed western specialists is china \u2019 s takeover of the growing global solar panel market, not on the basis of cheap labor but by coordinated planning and, increasingly, innovation. but the problems china faces are serious. some are demographic, reviewed in science, the leading u. s. science weekly. the study shows that mortality sharply decreased in china during the maoist years, \u201c mainly a result of economic development and improvements in education and health services, especially the public hygiene movement that resulted in a sharp drop in mortality from infectious diseases. \u201d this progress ended with the initiation of the capitalist reforms 30 years ago, and the death rate has since increased. furthermore, china \u2019 s recent economic growth has relied substantially on a \u201c demographic bonus, \u201d a very large working - age population. \u201c but the window for harvesting this bonus may close soon, \u201d with a \u201c profound impact on development \u201d : \u201c excess cheap labor supply, which is one of the major factors driving china \u2019 s economic miracle, will no longer be available. \u201d demography is only one of many serious problems ahead. for india, the problems are far more severe. not all prominent voices foresee american decline. among international media, there is none more serious and responsible than the london financial times. it recently devoted a full page to the optimistic expectation that new technology for extracting north american fossil fuels might allow the u. s. to become energy independent, hence to retain its global hege", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.493645093905321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.148009"} {"text": "none more serious and responsible than the london financial times. it recently devoted a full page to the optimistic expectation that new technology for extracting north american fossil fuels might allow the u. s. to become energy independent, hence to retain its global hegemony for a century. there is no mention of the kind of world the u. s. would rule in this happy event, but not for lack of evidence. at about the same time, the international energy agency reported that, with rapidly increasing carbon emissions from fossil fuel use, the limit of safety will be reached by 2017 if the world continues on its present course. \u201c the door is closing, \u201d the iea chief economist said, and very soon it \u201c will be closed forever. \u201d shortly before the u. s. department of energy reported the most recent carbon dioxide emissions figures, which \u201c jumped by the biggest amount on record \u201d to a level higher than the worst - case scenario anticipated by the international panel on climate change ( ipcc ). that came as no surprise to many scientists, including the mit program on climate change, which for years has warned that the ipcc predictions are too conservative. such critics of the ipcc predictions receive virtually no public attention, unlike the fringe of denialists who are supported by the corporate sector, along with huge propaganda campaigns that have driven americans off the international spectrum in dismissal of the threats. business support also translates directly to political power. denialism is part of the catechism that must be intoned by republican candidates in the farcical election campaign now in progress, and in congress they are powerful enough to abort even efforts to inquire into the effects of global warming, let alone do anything serious about it. in brief, american decline can perhaps be stemmed if we abandon hope for decent survival, prospects that are all too real given the balance of forces in the world. \u201c losing \u201d china and vietnam putting such unpleasant thoughts aside, a close look at american decline shows that china indeed plays a large role, as it has for 60 years. the decline that now elicits such concern is not a recent phenomenon. it traces back to the end of world war ii, when the u. s. had half the world \u2019 s wealth and incomparable security and global reach. planners were naturally well aware of the enormous disparity of power, and intended to keep it that way. the basic viewpoint was outlined with admirable frankness in a major state paper of 1948 ( pps 23 ). the author was one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5048677990974997, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.149167"} {"text": "naturally well aware of the enormous disparity of power, and intended to keep it that way. the basic viewpoint was outlined with admirable frankness in a major state paper of 1948 ( pps 23 ). the author was one of the architects of the new world order of the day, the chair of the state department policy planning staff, the respected statesman and scholar george kennan, a moderate dove within the planning spectrum. he observed that the central policy goal was to maintain the \u201c position of disparity \u201d that separated our enormous wealth from the poverty of others. to achieve that goal, he advised, \u201c we should cease to talk about vague and \u2026 unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living standards, and democratization, \u201d and must \u201c deal in straight power concepts, \u201d not \u201c hampered by idealistic slogans \u201d about \u201c altruism and world - benefaction. \u201d kennan was referring specifically to asia, but the observations generalize, with exceptions, for participants in the u. s. - run global system. it was well understood that the \u201c idealistic slogans \u201d were to be displayed prominently when addressing others, including the intellectual classes, who were expected to promulgate them. the plans that kennan helped formulate and implement took for granted that the u. s. would control the western hemisphere, the far east, the former british empire ( including the incomparable energy resources of the middle east ), and as much of eurasia as possible, crucially its commercial and industrial centers. these were not unrealistic objectives, given the distribution of power. but decline set in at once. in 1949, china declared independence, an event known in western discourse as \u201c the loss of china \u201d \u2014 in the u. s., with bitter recriminations and conflict over who was responsible for that loss. the terminology is revealing. it is only possible to lose something that one owns. the tacit assumption was that the u. s. owned china, by right, along with most of the rest of the world, much as postwar planners assumed. the \u201c loss of china \u201d was the first major step in \u201c america \u2019 s decline. \u201d it had major policy consequences. one was the immediate decision to support france \u2019 s effort to reconquer its former colony of indochina, so that it, too, would not be \u201c lost. \u201d indochina itself was not a major concern, despite claims about its rich resources by president eisenhower and others. rather, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49750807039154055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.150330"} {"text": "\u2019 s effort to reconquer its former colony of indochina, so that it, too, would not be \u201c lost. \u201d indochina itself was not a major concern, despite claims about its rich resources by president eisenhower and others. rather, the concern was the \u201c domino theory, \u201d which is often ridiculed when dominoes don \u2019 t fall, but remains a leading principle of policy because it is quite rational. to adopt henry kissinger \u2019 s version, a region that falls out of control can become a \u201c virus \u201d that will \u201c spread contagion, \u201d inducing others to follow the same path. in the case of vietnam, the concern was that the virus of independent development might infect indonesia, which really does have rich resources. and that might lead japan \u2014 the \u201c superdomino \u201d as it was called by the prominent asia historian john dower \u2014 to \u201c accommodate \u201d to an independent asia as its technological and industrial center in a system that would escape the reach of u. s. power. that would mean, in effect, that the u. s. had lost the pacific phase of world war ii, fought to prevent japan \u2019 s attempt to establish such a new order in asia. the way to deal with such a problem is clear : destroy the virus and \u201c inoculate \u201d those who might be infected. in the vietnam case, the rational choice was to destroy any hope of successful independent development and to impose brutal dictatorships in the surrounding regions. those tasks were successfully carried out \u2014 though history has its own cunning, and something similar to what was feared has since been developing in east asia, much to washington \u2019 s dismay. the most important victory of the indochina wars was in 1965, when a u. s. - backed military coup in indonesia led by general suharto carried out massive crimes that were compared by the cia to those of hitler, stalin, and mao. the \u201c staggering mass slaughter, \u201d as the new york times described it, was reported accurately across the mainstream, and with unrestrained euphoria. it was \u201c a gleam of light in asia, \u201d as the noted liberal commentator james reston wrote in the times. the coup ended the threat of democracy by demolishing the mass - based political party of the poor, established a dictatorship that went on to compile one of the worst human rights records in the world, and threw the riches of the country open to western investors. small wonder that, after many other horrors, including the near - genocidal invasion of east timor,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4918148826472745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.152804"} {"text": "that went on to compile one of the worst human rights records in the world, and threw the riches of the country open to western investors. small wonder that, after many other horrors, including the near - genocidal invasion of east timor, suharto was welcomed by the clinton administration in 1995 as \u201c our kind of guy. \u201d years after the great events of 1965, kennedy - johnson national security adviser mcgeorge bundy reflected that it would have been wise to end the vietnam war at that time, with the \u201c virus \u201d virtually destroyed and the primary domino solidly in place, buttressed by other u. s. - backed dictatorships throughout the region. similar procedures have been routinely followed elsewhere. kissinger was referring specifically to the threat of socialist democracy in chile. that threat was ended on another forgotten date, what latin americans call \u201c the first 9 / 11, \u201d which in violence and bitter effects far exceeded the 9 / 11 commemorated in the west. a vicious dictatorship was imposed in chile, one part of a plague of brutal repression that spread through latin america, reaching central america under reagan. viruses have aroused deep concern elsewhere as well, including the middle east, where the threat of secular nationalism has often concerned british and u. s. planners, inducing them to support radical islamic fundamentalism to counter it. the concentration of wealth and american decline despite such victories, american decline continued. by 1970, u. s. share of world wealth had dropped to about 25 %, roughly where it remains, still colossal but far below the end of world war ii. by then, the industrial world was \u201c tripolar \u201d : us - based north america, german - based europe, and east asia, already the most dynamic industrial region, at the time japan - based, but by now including the former japanese colonies taiwan and south korea, and more recently china. at about that time, american decline entered a new phase : conscious self - inflicted decline. from the 1970s, there has been a significant change in the u. s. economy, as planners, private and state, shifted it toward financialization and the offshoring of production, driven in part by the declining rate of profit in domestic manufacturing. these decisions initiated a vicious cycle in which wealth became highly concentrated ( dramatically so in the top 0. 1 % of the population ), yielding concentration of political power, hence legislation to carry the cycle further : taxation and other fiscal policies, deregulation, changes in the rules of corporate governance allowing huge gains for executives, and so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4881052975226397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.154158"} {"text": "the top 0. 1 % of the population ), yielding concentration of political power, hence legislation to carry the cycle further : taxation and other fiscal policies, deregulation, changes in the rules of corporate governance allowing huge gains for executives, and so on. meanwhile, for the majority, real wages largely stagnated, and people were able to get by only by sharply increased workloads ( far beyond europe ), unsustainable debt, and repeated bubbles since the reagan years, creating paper wealth that inevitably disappeared when they burst ( and the perpetrators were bailed out by the taxpayer ). in parallel, the political system has been increasingly shredded as both parties are driven deeper into corporate pockets with the escalating cost of elections, the republicans to the level of farce, the democrats ( now largely the former \u201c moderate republicans \u201d ) not far behind. a recent study by the economic policy institute, which has been the major source of reputable data on these developments for years, is entitled failure by design. the phrase \u201c by design \u201d is accurate. other choices were certainly possible. and as the study points out, the \u201c failure \u201d is class - based. there is no failure for the designers. far from it. rather, the policies are a failure for the large majority, the 99 % in the imagery of the occupy movements \u2014 and for the country, which has declined and will continue to do so under these policies. one factor is the offshoring of manufacturing. as the solar panel example mentioned earlier illustrates, manufacturing capacity provides the basis and stimulus for innovation leading to higher stages of sophistication in production, design, and invention. that, too, is being outsourced, not a problem for the \u201c money mandarins \u201d who increasingly design policy, but a serious problem for working people and the middle classes, and a real disaster for the most oppressed, african americans, who have never escaped the legacy of slavery and its ugly aftermath, and whose meager wealth virtually disappeared after the collapse of the housing bubble in 2008, setting off the most recent financial crisis, the worst so far. in the years of conscious, self - inflicted decline at home, \u201c losses \u201d continued to mount elsewhere. in the past decade, for the first time in 500 years, south america has taken successful steps to free itself from western domination, another serious loss. the region has moved towards integration, and has begun to address some of the terrible internal problems of societies ruled by mostly europeanized elites, tiny islands of extreme wealth in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4857224063176191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.155389"} {"text": "america has taken successful steps to free itself from western domination, another serious loss. the region has moved towards integration, and has begun to address some of the terrible internal problems of societies ruled by mostly europeanized elites, tiny islands of extreme wealth in a sea of misery. they have also rid themselves of all u. s. military bases and of imf controls. a newly formed organization, celac, includes all countries of the hemisphere apart from the u. s. and canada. if it actually functions, that would be another step in american decline, in this case in what has always been regarded as \u201c the backyard. \u201d even more serious would be the loss of the mena countries \u2014 middle east / north africa \u2014 which have been regarded by planners since the 1940s as \u201c a stupendous source of strategic power, and one of the greatest material prizes in world history. \u201d control of mena energy reserves would yield \u201c substantial control of the world, \u201d in the words of the influential roosevelt advisor a. a. berle. to be sure, if the projections of a century of u. s. energy independence based on north american energy resources turn out to be realistic, the significance of controlling mena would decline somewhat, though probably not by much : the main concern has always been control more than access. however, the likely consequences to the planet \u2019 s equilibrium are so ominous that discussion may be largely an academic exercise. the arab spring, another development of historic importance, might portend at least a partial \u201c loss \u201d of mena. the us and its allies have tried hard to prevent that outcome \u2014 so far, with considerable success. their policy towards the popular uprisings has kept closely to the standard guidelines : support the forces most amenable to u. s. influence and control. favored dictators are supported as long as they can maintain control ( as in the major oil states ). when that is no longer possible, then discard them and try to restore the old regime as fully as possible ( as in tunisia and egypt ). the general pattern is familiar : somoza, marcos, duvalier, mobutu, suharto, and many others. in one case, libya, the three traditional imperial powers intervened by force to participate in a rebellion to overthrow a mercurial and unreliable dictator, opening the way, it is expected, to more efficient control over libya \u2019 s rich resources ( oil primarily, but also water, of particular interest to french corporations ), to a possible base for the u", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46276951717017234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.157987"} {"text": "overthrow a mercurial and unreliable dictator, opening the way, it is expected, to more efficient control over libya \u2019 s rich resources ( oil primarily, but also water, of particular interest to french corporations ), to a possible base for the u. s. africa command ( so far restricted to germany ), and to the reversal of growing chinese penetration. as far as policy goes, there have been few surprises. crucially, it is important to reduce the threat of functioning democracy, in which popular opinion will significantly influence policy. that again is routine, and quite understandable. a look at the studies of public opinion undertaken by u. s. polling agencies in the mena countries easily explains the western fear of authentic democracy, in which public opinion will significantly influence policy. israel and the republican party similar considerations carry over directly to the second major concern addressed in the issue of foreign affairs cited in part one of this piece : the israel - palestine conflict. fear of democracy could hardly be more clearly exhibited than in this case. in january 2006, an election took place in palestine, pronounced free and fair by international monitors. the instant reaction of the u. s. ( and of course israel ), with europe following along politely, was to impose harsh penalties on palestinians for voting the wrong way. that is no innovation. it is quite in accord with the general and unsurprising principle recognized by mainstream scholarship : the u. s. supports democracy if, and only if, the outcomes accord with its strategic and economic objectives, the rueful conclusion of neo - reaganite thomas carothers, the most careful and respected scholarly analyst of \u201c democracy promotion \u201d initiatives. more broadly, for 35 years the u. s. has led the rejectionist camp on israel - palestine, blocking an international consensus calling for a political settlement in terms too well known to require repetition. the western mantra is that israel seeks negotiations without preconditions, while the palestinians refuse. the opposite is more accurate. the u. s. and israel demand strict preconditions, which are, furthermore, designed to ensure that negotiations will lead either to palestinian capitulation on crucial issues, or nowhere. the first precondition is that the negotiations must be supervised by washington, which makes about as much sense as demanding that iran supervise the negotiation of sunni - shia conflicts in iraq. serious negotiations would have to be under the auspices of some neutral party, preferably one that commands some international respect, perhaps brazil. the negotiations would seek to resolve the conflicts between the two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4864605910702531, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.161000"} {"text": "that iran supervise the negotiation of sunni - shia conflicts in iraq. serious negotiations would have to be under the auspices of some neutral party, preferably one that commands some international respect, perhaps brazil. the negotiations would seek to resolve the conflicts between the two antagonists : the u. s. - israel on one side, most of the world on the other. the second precondition is that israel must be free to expand its illegal settlements in the west bank. theoretically, the u. s. opposes these actions, but with a very light tap on the wrist, while continuing to provide economic, diplomatic, and military support. when the u. s. does have some limited objections, it very easily bars the actions, as in the case of the e - 1 project linking greater jerusalem to the town of ma \u2019 aleh adumim, virtually bisecting the west bank, a very high priority for israeli planners ( across the spectrum ), but raising some objections in washington, so that israel has had to resort to devious measures to chip away at the project. the pretense of opposition reached the level of farce last february when obama vetoed a security council resolution calling for implementation of official u. s. policy ( also adding the uncontroversial observation that the settlements themselves are illegal, quite apart from expansion ). since that time there has been little talk about ending settlement expansion, which continues, with studied provocation. thus, as israeli and palestinian representatives prepared to meet in jordan in january 2011, israel announced new construction in pisgat ze \u2019 ev and har homa, west bank areas that it has declared to be within the greatly expanded area of jerusalem, annexed, settled, and constructed as israel \u2019 s capital, all in violation of direct security council orders. other moves carry forward the grander design of separating whatever west bank enclaves will be left to palestinian administration from the cultural, commercial, political center of palestinian life in the former jerusalem. it is understandable that palestinian rights should be marginalized in u. s. policy and discourse. palestinians have no wealth or power. they offer virtually nothing to u. s. policy concerns ; in fact, they have negative value, as a nuisance that stirs up \u201c the arab street. \u201d israel, in contrast, is a valuable ally. it is a rich society with a sophisticated, largely militarized high - tech industry. for decades, it has been a highly valued military and strategic ally, particularly since 1967, when it performed a great", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46109290481989057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.162592"} {"text": ", in contrast, is a valuable ally. it is a rich society with a sophisticated, largely militarized high - tech industry. for decades, it has been a highly valued military and strategic ally, particularly since 1967, when it performed a great service to the u. s. and its saudi ally by destroying the nasserite \u201c virus, \u201d establishing the \u201c special relationship \u201d with washington in the form that has persisted since. it is also a growing center for u. s. high - tech investment. in fact, high tech and particularly military industries in the two countries are closely linked. apart from such elementary considerations of great power politics as these, there are cultural factors that should not be ignored. christian zionism in britain and the u. s. long preceded jewish zionism, and has been a significant elite phenomenon with clear policy implications ( including the balfour declaration, which drew from it ). when general allenby conquered jerusalem during world war i, he was hailed in the american press as richard the lion - hearted, who had at last won the crusades and driven the pagans out of the holy land. the next step was for the chosen people to return to the land promised to them by the lord. articulating a common elite view, president franklin roosevelt \u2019 s secretary of the interior harold ickes described jewish colonization of palestine as an achievement \u201c without comparison in the history of the human race. \u201d such attitudes find their place easily within the providentialist doctrines that have been a strong element in popular and elite culture since the country \u2019 s origins : the belief that god has a plan for the world and the u. s. is carrying it forward under divine guidance, as articulated by a long list of leading figures. moreover, evangelical christianity is a major popular force in the u. s. further toward the extremes, end times evangelical christianity also has enormous popular outreach, invigorated by the establishment of israel in 1948, revitalized even more by the conquest of the rest of palestine in 1967 \u2014 all signs that end times and the second coming are approaching. these forces have become particularly significant since the reagan years, as the republicans have abandoned the pretense of being a political party in the traditional sense, while devoting themselves in virtual lockstep uniformity to servicing a tiny percentage of the super - rich and the corporate sector. however, the small constituency that is primarily served by the reconstructed party cannot provide votes, so they have to turn elsewhere. the only choice is to mobilize tendencies that have always been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031407976537736, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.163670"} {"text": "a tiny percentage of the super - rich and the corporate sector. however, the small constituency that is primarily served by the reconstructed party cannot provide votes, so they have to turn elsewhere. the only choice is to mobilize tendencies that have always been present, though rarely as an organized political force : primarily nativists trembling in fear and hatred, and religious elements that are extremists by international standards but not in the u. s. one outcome is reverence for alleged biblical prophecies, hence not only support for israel and its conquests and expansion, but passionate love for israel, another core part of the catechism that must be intoned by republican candidates \u2014 with democrats, again, not too far behind. these factors aside, it should not be forgotten that the \u201c anglosphere \u201d \u2014 britain and its offshoots \u2014 consists of settler - colonial societies, which rose on the ashes of indigenous populations, suppressed or virtually exterminated. past practices must have been basically correct, in the u. s. case even ordained by divine providence. accordingly there is often an intuitive sympathy for the children of israel when they follow a similar course. but primarily, geostrategic and economic interests prevail, and policy is not graven in stone. the iranian \u201c threat \u201d and the nuclear issue let us turn finally to the third of the leading issues addressed in the establishment journals cited earlier, the \u201c threat of iran. \u201d among elites and the political class this is generally taken to be the primary threat to world order \u2014 though not among populations. in europe, polls show that israel is regarded as the leading threat to peace. in the mena countries, that status is shared with the u. s., to the extent that in egypt, on the eve of the tahrir square uprising, 80 % felt that the region would be more secure if iran had nuclear weapons. the same polls found that only 10 % regard iran as a threat \u2014 unlike the ruling dictators, who have their own concerns. in the united states, before the massive propaganda campaigns of the past few years, a majority of the population agreed with most of the world that, as a signatory of the non - proliferation treaty, iran has a right to carry out uranium enrichment. and even today, a large majority favors peaceful means for dealing with iran. there is even strong opposition to military engagement if iran and israel are at war. only a quarter regard iran as an important concern for the u. s. altogether. but it is not unusual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4768301000552241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.166036"} {"text": ", a large majority favors peaceful means for dealing with iran. there is even strong opposition to military engagement if iran and israel are at war. only a quarter regard iran as an important concern for the u. s. altogether. but it is not unusual for there to be a gap, often a chasm, dividing public opinion and policy. why exactly is iran regarded as such a colossal threat? the question is rarely discussed, but it is not hard to find a serious answer \u2014 though not, as usual, in the fevered pronouncements. the most authoritative answer is provided by the pentagon and the intelligence services in their regular reports to congress on global security. they report that iran does not pose a military threat. its military spending is very low even by the standards of the region, minuscule of course in comparison with the u. s. iran has little capacity to deploy force. its strategic doctrines are defensive, designed to deter invasion long enough for diplomacy to set it. if iran is developing nuclear weapons capability, they report, that would be part of its deterrence strategy. no serious analyst believes that the ruling clerics are eager to see their country and possessions vaporized, the immediate consequence of their coming even close to initiating a nuclear war. and it is hardly necessary to spell out the reasons why any iranian leadership would be concerned with deterrence, under existing circumstances. the regime is doubtless a serious threat to much of its own population \u2014 and regrettably, is hardly unique on that score. but the primary threat to the u. s. and israel is that iran might deter their free exercise of violence. a further threat is that the iranians clearly seek to extend their influence to neighboring iraq and afghanistan, and beyond as well. those \u201c illegitimate \u201d acts are called \u201c destabilizing \u201d ( or worse ). in contrast, forceful imposition of u. s. influence halfway around the world contributes to \u201c stability \u201d and order, in accord with traditional doctrine about who owns the world. it makes very good sense to try to prevent iran from joining the nuclear weapons states, including the three that have refused to sign the non - proliferation treaty \u2014 israel, india, and pakistan, all of which have been assisted in developing nuclear weapons by the u. s., and are still being assisted by them. it is not impossible to approach that goal by peaceful diplomatic means. one approach, which enjoys overwhelming international support, is to undertake meaningful steps towards establishing a nuclear weapons - free zone in the middle east, including iran and israel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46721182566956987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.167187"} {"text": "still being assisted by them. it is not impossible to approach that goal by peaceful diplomatic means. one approach, which enjoys overwhelming international support, is to undertake meaningful steps towards establishing a nuclear weapons - free zone in the middle east, including iran and israel ( and applying as well to u. s. forces deployed there ), better still extending to south asia. support for such efforts is so strong that the obama administration has been compelled to formally agree, but with reservations : crucially, that israel \u2019 s nuclear program must not be placed under the auspices of the international atomic energy association, and that no state ( meaning the u. s. ) should be required to release information about \u201c israeli nuclear facilities and activities, including information pertaining to previous nuclear transfers to israel. \u201d obama also accepts israel \u2019 s position that any such proposal must be conditional on a comprehensive peace settlement, which the u. s. and israel can continue to delay indefinitely. this survey comes nowhere near being exhaustive, needless to say. among major topics not addressed is the shift of u. s. military policy towards the asia - pacific region, with new additions to the huge military base system underway right now, in jeju island off south korea and northwest australia, all elements of the policy of \u201c containment of china. \u201d closely related is the issue of u. s. bases in okinawa, bitterly opposed by the population for many years, and a continual crisis in u. s. - tokyo - okinawa relations. revealing how little fundamental assumptions have changed, u. s. strategic analysts describe the result of china \u2019 s military programs as a \u201c classic \u2018 security dilemma, \u2019 whereby military programs and national strategies deemed defensive by their planners are viewed as threatening by the other side, \u201d writes paul godwin of the foreign policy research institute. the security dilemma arises over control of the seas off china \u2019 s coasts. the u. s. regards its policies of controlling these waters as \u201c defensive, \u201d while china regards them as threatening ; correspondingly, china regards its actions in nearby areas as \u201c defensive \u201d while the u. s. regards them as threatening. no such debate is even imaginable concerning u. s. coastal waters. this \u201c classic security dilemma \u201d makes sense, again, on the assumption that the u. s. has a right to control most of the world, and that u. s. security requires something approaching absolute global control. while the principles of imperial domination have undergone little change, the capacity to implement them has markedly declined as power has become more broadly distributed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5123084868042472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.171242"} {"text": "has a right to control most of the world, and that u. s. security requires something approaching absolute global control. while the principles of imperial domination have undergone little change, the capacity to implement them has markedly declined as power has become more broadly distributed in a diversifying world. consequences are many. it is, however, very important to bear in mind that \u2014 unfortunately \u2014 none lifts the two dark clouds that hover over all consideration of global order : nuclear war and environmental catastrophe, both literally threatening the decent survival of the species. quite the contrary. both threats are ominous, and increasing. noam chomsky is institute professor emeritus in the mit department of linguistics and philosophy. he is the author of numerous best - selling political works. his latest books are making the future : occupations, intervention, empire, and resistance, the essential chomsky ( edited by anthony arnove ), a collection of his writings on politics and on language from the 1950s to the present, gaza in crisis, with ilan pappe, and hopes and prospects, also available as an audiobook. to listen to timothy macbain \u2019 s latest tomcast audio interview in which chomsky offers an anatomy of american defeats in the greater middle east, click here, or download it to your ipod here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5009830505345461, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.172360"} {"text": "wildlife conservation day highlights action against wildlife crime 04 december 2012 | news story in response to growing concern about illegal trade in wildlife, the us department of state has declared 4 december as wildlife conservation day and is calling for individuals across the world to support threatened species by signing up to a wildlife pledge. the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) welcomes this initiative given the recent escalation of poaching for a number of species that is compromising decades - long efforts towards the conservation and sustainable use of wild species. wildlife conservation day promotes the conservation and protection of threatened species, specifically elephants, rhinos and tigers and raises awareness about the harmful security, economic and environmental effects of wildlife poaching and trafficking. to help combat wildlife crime by reducing consumer demand, individuals are encouraged to take a wildlife pledge to become a more responsible consumer and learn about the products they purchase so that they can help protect wildlife. many people depend on wildlife and plants directly for their livelihoods, food, fuel, shelter and medicines. many populations consider some charismatic species as part of their natural heritage and these species often provide revenues from tourism that not only contributes to local economies but also to the continuity of conservation efforts. however, over - exploitation puts the survival of many species at risk. the monitoring and regulation of wildlife trade is therefore essential in the protection of wild species. \u201c some species like tigers have been on a continuing decline for a long time and are on the brink of extinction but others like african elephants and white rhinos were faring much better, at least in some parts of their range as a result of conservation work. we cannot let organized crime reduce decades of effort to zero, \u201d says jean - christophe vie, deputy director, iucn global species programme, and director, save our species ( sos ). \u201c iucn and its species survival commission ( ssc ) are contributing to this effort by gathering and analyzing information ; advising international processes such as the convention on international trade in endangered species of fauna and flora ( cites ) ; and also supporting action on the ground. \u201d thanks to the unmatched expertise provided by ssc, iucn is well placed to provide very specific information and guidance for many targeted species such as elephants and rhinos. in collaboration with traffic international, the wildlife monitoring network, it also provides an independent and science based analysis of the proposals to amend the cites appendices which list the species affected by international trade. thanks to sos ( save our species ), the global coalition initiated by iucn, global environment facility ( gef ) and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4100973965782037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.178356"} {"text": "independent and science based analysis of the proposals to amend the cites appendices which list the species affected by international trade. thanks to sos ( save our species ), the global coalition initiated by iucn, global environment facility ( gef ) and the world bank, support is being given to several conservation projects aimed at reducing poaching of some of the most threatened species worldwide and some of the species most targeted by poaching. for example, sos is working with the wild foundation to protect mali \u2019 s remaining elephants ; with save the rhino international to monitor namibia \u2019 s black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) ; as well as with both the malaysian nature society and wildlife conservation society to conserve tigers in southeast asia. it recently announced new projects with the international rhino foundation to prevent poaching of the javan rhinoceros ( rhinoceros sondaicus ) and sumatran rhinoceros ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ). in general a cornerstone of these projects is promoting a tradition of conservation through direct community participation in species protection. to reduce poaching risks, the projects employ a range of strategies including the equipping and training of personnel for anti - poaching patrolling ; community oriented resource management initiatives ; eco - tourism alternatives ; education ; and awareness raising activities. if you would like to make your pledge to protect and respect the world \u2019 s wildlife you can do it now at www. wildlifepledge. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46279204388243017, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.178977"} {"text": "information for teams robocup is a competition domain designed to advance robotics and ai research through a friendly competition. small size robot soccer is one of the robocup league divisions. small size robot soccer, or f180 as it is otherwise known, focuses on the problem of intelligent multi - agent cooperation and control in a highly dynamic environment with a hybrid centralized / distributed system. a small size robot soccer game takes place between two teams of six robots each. each robot must conform to the dimensions as specified in the f180 rules : the robot must fit within an 180mm diameter circle and must be no higher than 15cm. the robots play soccer with an orange golf ball on a green carpeted field that is 6. 05m long by 4. 05m wide. all objects on the field are tracked by a standardized vision system that processes the data provided by two cameras that are attached to a camera bar located 4m above the playing surface. the vision system - called ssl - vision - is an open source project maintained by the league ' s community. off - field computers are used to communicate referee commands and position information to the robots. typically, these computers also perform most, if not all, of the processing required for coordination and control of the robots. communications is wireless and typically uses dedicated commercial fm transmitter / receiver units. building a successful team requires clever design, implementation and integration of many hardware and software sub - components into a robustly functioning whole making small size robot soccer a very interesting and challenging domain for research and education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5410469815857583, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.181126"} {"text": "vortex2 : world ' s largest tornado research project ever, is underway tornado season is in full swing, and researchers are now poised in america ' s great plains with the largest armada of storm chasing vehicles and equipment ever assembled, in order to learn more about these enigmatic and violent storms. the massive vortex2 field study began sunday, and for the next seven weeks over 100 scientists in up to 40 science and support vehicles will be roaming through tornado alley, seeking to catch tornadoes on the rampage. the three basic questions the $ 10 million study will attempt to answer are : - how, when, and why do tornadoes form? why some are violent and long lasting while others are weak and short lived? - what is the structure of tornadoes? how strong are the winds near the ground? how exactly do they do damage? - how can we learn to forecast tornadoes better? current warnings have an only 13 minute average lead time and a 70 % false alarm rate. can we make warnings more accurate? can we warn 30, 45, 60 minutes ahead? ' figure 1. tornado over matador, texas on april 29, 2009. photo taken by texas tech meteorology graduate student danielle turner. major tornado outbreak possible wednesday the vortex2 project will have its first good chance to help answer these questions on wednesday, when a strong cold front is expected to pass through an unstable air mass over missouri and illinois, triggering severe thunderstorms with tornadoes. the storm prediction center has given these states a \" moderate \" chance of severe weather, the second highest alert level. today, the vortex2 armada is stationed in western oklahoma. the cold front that is expected to trigger wednesday ' s severe weather outbreak will be moving through oklahoma today, bringing a slight chance of severe weather to that state. you can follow the progress of the vortex2 field project this spring through our new featured vortex2 blog. this blog is being written by a team of six university of michigan students that will help deploy the texas tech \" sticknet \" sensors during a tornado. figure 2. severe weather outlook from noaa ' s storm prediction center for wednesday, may 13. an average tornado season so far over the u. s. through april, u. s. tornado activity was very close to the mean observed during the past five years, according to noaa ' s storm prediction center. however, there were just 15 tornado deaths through april, compared to 70 deaths through april of 2008, and the 3 - year average of 60 deaths. according to the unofficial seasonal stats at wikipedia, we ' ve", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.502741169785293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.190965"} {"text": "noaa ' s storm prediction center. however, there were just 15 tornado deaths through april, compared to 70 deaths through april of 2008, and the 3 - year average of 60 deaths. according to the unofficial seasonal stats at wikipedia, we ' ve had 57 strong ef2 and ef3 tornadoes so far this year, and two violent ef4 tornadoes. these are fairly typical numbers of strong and violent tornadoes for this point in the season. the season ' s first ef4 hit lone grove, oklahoma on february 10, killing eight, injuring 46, and destroying 114 homes, and was the strongest february tornado to hit oklahoma since 1950. the season ' s second ef4 hit murfreesboro, tennessee on april 10, killing two. wunderground launches high - definition radar product in case you missed my post on this in december, wunderground is now providing imagery from a network of 45 terminal doppler weather radar ( tdwr ) units located at airports across the u. s. the radars were developed and deployed by the federal aviation administration ( faa ) beginning in 1994, as a response to several disastrous jetliner crashes in the 1970s and 1980s caused by strong thunderstorm winds. the crashes occurred because of wind shear - - a sudden change in wind speed and direction. wind shear is common in thunderstorms, due to a downward rush of air called a microburst or downburst. the tdwrs can detect such dangerous wind shear conditions, and have been instrumental in enhancing aviation safety in the u. s. over the past 15 years. the tdwrs also measure the same quantities as our familiar network of 148 nexrad wsr - 88d doppler radars - - precipitation intensity, winds, rainfall rate, echo tops, etc. however, the newer terminal doppler weather radars are higher resolution, and can \" see \" details in much finer detail close to the radar. this high - resolution data has generally not been available to the public until now. thanks to a collaboration between the national weather service ( nws ) and the faa, the data for all 44 of 45 tdwrs is now available in real time. we ' re calling them \" high - def \" stations on our nexrad radar page, and they are denoted by a yellow \" + \" symbol. only one tdwr radar ( las vegas ) remains to be added ; this will happen in june. for more info on how to interpret the new tdwr images, see our radar fa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44088671761183346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.192039"} {"text": "one thing to remember about occupy is that it has much of its current origins, successes and most intense interactions with authority around the spaces of college campuses. activism here is particularly innovative when it comes to direct actions, occupations and student strikes, all to combat college tuition increases, privatization and the creation of student debt markets. here \u2019 s the wikipedia entry on the puerto rico student strikes, where they were protesting massive waves of layoffs of government workers, campus faculty and an estimated 100 % tuition hike. here \u2019 s the wikipedia entry on the chilean student strikes. these protests date back to 2006, where students fought high application fees they couldn \u2019 t afford. and, of course, there \u2019 s what is going on at university of california, with the pepper - spray at davis and the beatings both in 2009 and 2011 at berkeley. but the most interesting resistance happening right now is going on in quebec, canada. there are, according to one representative report, over 165, 000 students on strike from class out of a 495, 000 student body. quebec is looking to increase their tuition 75 % over the next several years ; students responded by starting what is now the longest strike in the province \u2019 s history. it \u2019 s gone on even though the government has offered to make student loans a nicer, kinder form of debt, with income - contingent repayments while not budging on the tuition hikes. here \u2019 s an image by tina mailhot - roberge showing tens of thousands of people marching through montreal on march 22nd, 2012 : here \u2019 s an amazing video of two and a half hours of the protest time - lapsed down into 50 seconds on youtube. and here, with a h / t to the nation, here \u2019 s the real news network \u2019 s coverage of the protests. the strike is heading into a dangerous time. the administration isn \u2019 t looking to budge on tuition and students are approaching the point where they won \u2019 t complete the semester. this will be worth watching in the weeks ahead. why are these sites so potent for activism? the campus combines several issues into one \u2013 the privatization of public services, the dismembering of social insurance and its replacement with a regime of debt and risk - shifting, the dismantling of the primary means of social mobility with one designed to entrench inequality, which all builds towards a lack of freedom to fully develop ones talents and abilities and be full, productive citizens. these students are right to fight this battle at the beginning, during the initials cuts. privatization creates its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44030345566202356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.195235"} {"text": "\" we have underestimated the importance of trees, \" author jim robbins writes. \" they are not merely pleasant sources of shade but a potentially major answer to some of our most pressing environmental problems. we take them for granted, but they are a near miracle. \" among the many well - cited benefits he names are, - \" in a campaign called forests are lovers of the sea, fishermen have replanted forests along coasts and rivers to bring back fish and oyster stocks. and they have returned. - \" in japan, researchers have long studied what they call ' forest bathing. ' a walk in the woods, they say, reduces the level of stress chemicals in the body and increases natural killer cells in the immune system \u2026 - \" in africa, millions of acres of parched land have been reclaimed through strategic tree growth. \" \" \u2026 an old proverb seems apt. when is the best time to plant a tree? the answer : ' twenty years ago. ' the second - best time? ' today. ' \" from \" why trees matter, \" by jim robbins, author of the upcoming book, \u201c the man who planted trees. \u201d ny times, published april 11, 2012 ah, the endless subject of trees, the lengthy lists of all their virtues and gifts to us. from just one page of the arbor day foundation ' s site, for example, we can learn that trees : - help fight climate change, - are the \u201c low tech \u201d solution to energy problems, - reduce your carbon footprint, - tame stormwater, - conserve soil and water, - regulate the temperature of your neighborhood, - provide food for wildlife. that ' s all just on the coolly rational, cost / benefit analysis side, too. trees, standing in for the entire plant world, offer a perfect symbiosis with oxygen - breathing, carbon - dioxide - exhaling humans. \" through the natural process of photosynthesis, \" arborday. org reminds us, \" trees absorb co2 and other pollutant particulates, then store the carbon and emit pure oxygen. \" then, in the most direct terms, how much does the shade of a tree mean to you on a hot summer day, with the sun at full blast? how about the sound and the visual of a grand old tree in the wind, being moved and heard from a thousand different spots ; and the incomparably soothing effect that can produce in your nervous system? how is it that all that motion can massage us, tip to toe, from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4694034136121478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.198606"} {"text": "the rutherford banknote by john campbell ( the earliest version of this first appeared in nz science teacher 71 21 - 23 1992 ) it is not everyday one gets the chance to make money. on the morning news of june 6th 1991, the reserve bank of new zealand announced that new banknotes were needed. our existing ones were designed a quarter of a century earlier and many of their security features were about to be overtaken by colour copiers. at the same time the bank floated the idea that the portrait of the queen be replaced on some of the new banknotes by those of prominent new zealanders. a tremendous noise ensued as the royalists collectively herniaed. before ducking for cover, the bank sought suggestions for names of suitable people. i certainly had a suggestion. ernest rutherford is the most famous of all new zealanders and one of the most illustrious scientists of all time. his work ensures his immortality and his fame is clear by whatever measure one selects. his honours include a nobel prize and a peerage and his ashes are interred in westminster abbey. he has some 50 books written about him and he has appeared on the stamps of ten countries ; canada, russia, sweden, britain, romania, antigua and burbuda, guine bissau, congo, djibouti, and new zealand. he radically altered our understanding of nature on three separate occasions. through brilliantly conceived experiments, and with special insight, he explained the perplexing problem of naturally occuring radioactivity ( atoms were not necessarily stable entities as had been assumed since ancient greek times ), he determined the nuclear structure of the atom and he was the world ' s first successful alchemist ( he converted nitrogen into oxygen ). furthermore he led an exemplary life while rising to world fame from the hard times of rural new zealand in the late 19th century. he is very worthy of being used as a role model for the youth of our country. within hours of the bank ' s announcement i had written to tell them this. as i wrote to a few mates, \" i see this as an issue involving the public perception of science. if we end up with bank notes adorned with phar lap and the captain of the 1924 all blacks, but none showing rutherford, then the scientific community will have only itself to blame. \" besides, being interested in promoting science to the public, the opportunity of getting science and one of its heros, and a great role model for children, onto an everday item such as a banknote was too good to pass up. of our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.544712357612643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.207449"} {"text": "besides, being interested in promoting science to the public, the opportunity of getting science and one of its heros, and a great role model for children, onto an everday item such as a banknote was too good to pass up. of our population of about 3, 500, 000, some 400 people responded to the bank with a mixed bag of names, such as the wife of ageing rock star rod stewart and dog of the footrot flats cartoon. i liked the idea of dog. new zealand would have had a unique banknote. however, because of the steady devaluation of the past decade or two, it might have been more appropriate to use mickey mouse. within days the bank could announce that ernest rutherford was first choice of the respondents. it was clear that certain selection rules would be in operation. all candidates had to be dead and thus beyond the front pages of the tabloids. there had to be a maori and there had to be a woman. the bank then commissioned designers to provide layouts and visual reference for new designs featuring the various contenders. at that stage i became involved with the research and possible design elements to be incorporated into a possible banknote featuring rutherford. on october 25 the bank released its choices. cunningly, they gave the newsmedia photographic portraits which were quite different to the ones to be used. they weren ' t going to give the forgers a head start. ed hillary would grace the $ 5 note. though very much alive, his selection was no great surprise. he had polled a strong second and was a very popular candidate. the bank were taking a risk but when he was approached he apparently turned to his wife with a gleam in his eye and said \" well, i suppose there ' s not much chance of getting into trouble at my age. \" kate sheppard goes onto the $ 10 note early next year. she led the movement which ensured that in 1893 new zealand became the first country in the world to grant women the vote. that was also the election in which ernest rutherford was first old enough to appear on the electoral roll. moreover, his landlady and future mother - in - law, mary newton, was a stalwart of the successful movement. the queen was retained on the $ 20 note, the most popularly used of all apirana ngata adorns the $ 50 note. he was the first maori graduate of the university of new zealand, a leader of his people and a cabinet minister in parliament. he was a fellow student of ernest rutherford at canterbury college and they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.511835094260744, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.208449"} {"text": "apirana ngata adorns the $ 50 note. he was the first maori graduate of the university of new zealand, a leader of his people and a cabinet minister in parliament. he was a fellow student of ernest rutherford at canterbury college and they once played rugby together. he was quadralingual and a good dancer. ernest rutherford was destined for the $ 100 note, our highest value banknote. probably this was an honour. after all, even i had earlier suggested to the bank that the top contender be on the note whose design is not expected to alter over the years. with immediate hindsight i thought it might have been wiser to opt for a lower denomination note because so few children are going to see a $ 100 note as part of their everyday life. what i failed to anticipate was that as the largest denomination banknote, it would adorn advertisments in newspapers and tv and also almost any tv news headline the design stage was interesting. in my original letter to the bank i had pleaded \" please, o please, use a portrait of him as a vigorous, young man. too often we portray him as an old fart, a portly 65 - year old who wears a truss. new zealand schoolchildren cannot identify with that image \". i recommended the best image of ernest rutherford, a 1907 pastel portrait sketched at mcgill university when 34 year - old ern had his nobel prize work behind him, had started his rise to international fame and had confidence in his own abilities. someone in the system insisted that only photographs could be used so i showed the designers the low end of what i held. a 1914 photograph, taken when ern was aged 42 and about to depart for the british association meetings in australia and new zealand, was as low as the decision makers would go. the background caused difficulties. there is no piece of scientific equipment associated with ern which has instant public recognition. so i recommended his nobel medal and three diagrams representing his great achievements. his 1908 nobel medal for chemistry is held by the university of canterbury, as are the rest of his medals. on behalf of the bank, i sought and gained the permission of the nobel foundation for use of this image. because of security i had not been allowed to be shown the drafts so when the design was officially released it was a disappointment to find that only a sixth of the obverse side of the note had been available to science. his portrait and a watermark of the queen took up two thirds. of the three diagrams i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4902942847064242, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.209462"} {"text": "so when the design was officially released it was a disappointment to find that only a sixth of the obverse side of the note had been available to science. his portrait and a watermark of the queen took up two thirds. of the three diagrams i recommended, the designers selected the one showing the curves of the decay of radioactive elements and the resulting growth of daughter elements. this complemented the nobel medal. the other elements of the background include a maori weaving pattern ( taken from the whakatu marae in nelson to recognise his birth in, and connection with, that province ) and a spirograph pattern overlaying a map of new zealand. since nelson is the geographic centre of new zealand it fortuitously appears at the very centre of the the reverse side of each note includes a native bird, tree, insect and scene. i had suggested flax as the native plant for the rutherford note because his dad was a flaxmiller. i never followed up why this was not used but maybe all exploitive industries were banned. after all, we keep telling people we are a clean, green country. the rutherford note sports a yellowhead ( mohua ) on the trunk of a beech tree. it appears to be lining up the lichen moth for his next meal. in the background is the misty eglington valley of fiordland national park. so next time you have a quiet moment in science class take out your wallet, lever open the secret compartment reserved for beer money, take out a $ 100 note and, if you have nerves of steel, pass it around the class so they too can see a new zealand scientist and failed schoolteacher who made good. ( poor ern unsuccesfully tried for three jobs as a schoolteacher before he left new zealand. ) alternatively, borrow a $ 100 note from a pupil who receives liberal pocket money. the notes are numbered starting aa then a six figure number. the aa series is kept for collectors. aa1 is retained by the bank. the next 1000 or so notes are held for collectors of the whole series. the next numbers are used in 200 sheets of 28 uncut notes which are sold to the serious collector at nz $ 3200 per sheet. numbers from about aa6600 to aa8600 are sold as 500 sheets of 4 uncut notes for nz $ 465. the bank retains some low numbers of the ab series for sale to casuals and to collectors of particular popular numbers. prices for the sheets include gst as they are artifacts. individual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5173711136881316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.210426"} {"text": "cs21a was a lot of fun. when i said, \" as this is your first class, i will give you candy, \" they cheered - i guess they like playing along with that grade school thing. ; ) dr. sarmenta edited my history draft and made it much cleaner. today i actually used microsoft powerpoint in class. i think i did okay - we switched to microsoft word for the spaghetti example. i should have saved it onto a diskette, though, to make it easier to upload. we had a bit of a problem with some computers ' internet connections - they couldn ' t access http : / / richip. dhs. org / ~ sachac / cs21a / from windows xp, but windows 98 worked fine. future : move course url to first page of slides. doing the spaghetti example as discussion instead of seatwork seems like a very good idea. no one really knew how to cook spaghetti, so i turned that into class discussion instead, and the students contributed almost all the steps. we started with - prepare the pasta - prepare the saurce - mix - add cheese - eat last summer, i modified the recipe onscreen, making it one long recipe. this time, i broke it down into methods. this is probably more effective - it just needs to be emphasized. it was a lot of fun, especially because the students contributed a lot to the discussion. how can i improve? maybe next time, i can ask a student to sit up front and take notes. then again, the students responded favorably to my reactions as i typed things in. i wanted to make the following points : - algorithms are part of our everyday lives. - algorithms can start out as high - level descriptions. - they need to be refined until they can be understood by the computer - algorithms can be expressed in human languages. - algorithms should stop. how will i test this? ( i should plan this before i do the lesson, you know. ) i can give a quiz. possible topic : 1. savitch slides : 10 : 55 2. on love : 10 : 58 a person is judged in more ways than one. be it on the physical, emotional or even the mental aspect. a flower blooms in its own time and pace as with the movement of every cloud seen in the sky. despite the fact that things move in their own manner and preference, sometimes the value of a person is determined beyond such things.... but isn ' t it nice that i post", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.548703995687667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.214090"} {"text": "pace as with the movement of every cloud seen in the sky. despite the fact that things move in their own manner and preference, sometimes the value of a person is determined beyond such things.... but isn ' t it nice that i post helpful criteria? ; ) that way, people know what i appreciate and don ' t appreciate. 3. i have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night : 11 : 04 the old astronomer to his pupil reach me down my tycho brahe, i would know him when we meet, when i share my later science, sitting humbly at his feet ; he may know the law of all things, yet be ignorant of how we are working to completion, working on from then to now. pray remember that i leave you all my theory complete, lacking only certain data for your adding, as is meet, and remember men will scorn it, ' tis original and true, and the obloquy of newness may fall bitterly on you. but, my pupil, as my pupil you have learned the worth of scorn, you have laughed with me at pity, we have joyed to be forlorn, what for us are all distractions of men ' s fellowship and smiles ; what for us the goddess pleasure with her meretricious smiles! you may tell that german college that their honor comes too late, but they must not waste repentance on the grizzly savant ' s fate. though my soul may set in darkness, it will rise in perfect light ; i have loved the stars too fondly to be fearful of the night. 4. moved in : 11 : 07 a short walk away from school - quite convenient. yay! 5. code notes for java : 11 : 24 6. java puzzles : 11 : 25 7. conglomerate : 12 : 58 i ' d love to hear about any questions, comments, suggestions or links that you might have. your comments will not be posted on this website immediately, but will be e - mailed to me first. you can use this form to get in touch with me, or e - mail me at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5512224837464307, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.214840"} {"text": "action steps for families there are a number of steps that you and other family members can take to help prepare your young children to become readers and to support the reading habit once they are in school. these include : feed your child a diet of rich language experiences throughout the day. talk with your infants and young children frequently in short, simple sentences. tell stories, sing songs, recite nursery rhymes or poems, and describe the world around them to expose them to words. name things. make connections. encourage your child ' s efforts to talk with you. try to read aloud to your children for 30 minutes daily beginning when they ' re infants. ask caring adults to be your children ' s daily reader when you are unavailable. have your child ' s eyesight and hearing tested early and annually. if you suspect your child may have a disability, seek help. evaluations and assessments are available at no cost to you. call the early childhood specialist in your school system or call the national information center for children and youth with disabilities at 800 - 695 - 0285 ( voice / tty ). seek out childcare providers who spend time talking with and reading to your child, who make trips to the library, and who designate a special reading area for children. ask your child ' s teacher for an assessment of your child ' s reading level, an explanation of the approach the teacher is taking to develop reading and literacy skills, and ways in which you can bolster your child ' s literacy skills at home. limit the amount and type of television your children watch. seek out educational television or videos from the library that you can watch and discuss as a family. set up a special place for reading and writing in your home. a well - lit reading corner filled with lots of good books can become a child ' s favorite place. keep writing materials such as non - toxic crayons, washable markers, paints and brushes, and different kinds of paper in a place where children can reach them. visit the public library often to spark your child ' s interest in books. help your children obtain their own library cards and pick out their own books. talk to a librarian, teacher, school reading specialist, or bookstore owner for guidance about what books are appropriate for children at different ages and reading levels. you are your child ' s greatest role model. demonstrate your own love of reading by spending quiet time in which your child observes you reading to yourself. show your child how reading and writing help you get things done every day - - cooking, shopping, driving", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4065092627261137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.220725"} {"text": "james lever, u. s. army ' s cold regions research and engineering laboratory the yeti rover in greeland in april 2012, with its ground - penetrating radar sled. by becky oskin, ouramazingplanet meet yeti, a faithful rover of the robotic kind that sniffs out dangerous crevasses for convoys crossing the glaciers of antarctica and greenland, explores ice caves on an active volcano and finds old buildings buried under the polar ice. this southern summer, yeti trundled ahead of the bright orange tractors that deliver supplies to research outposts throughout antarctica. towing a ground - penetrating radar, the rover alerts drivers to hidden breaks in the ice. snow often bridges the fissures, obscuring hazards, but the little robot is light enough ( 150 pounds, or 68 kilograms ) to ford the breaks if not stopped in time. \" it ' s not likely to fall through, and there ' s no danger to the robot except losing the robot, \" said laura ray, an engineer at dartmouth college in hanover, n. h., who led the robot ' s development. [ watch yeti guide a tractor in greenland ] preventing injuries and equipment damage is crucial in antarctica, where rescue operations are dangerous for both the injured and the rescue crews. but yeti offers more than protection for polar researchers. in december 2012, scientists mapped ice caves on mount erebus, an active volcano, with the radar. the robot also helped find abandoned, long - buried buildings from the original south pole research station in december 2011. the structures were demolished after a tractor fell through ice atop one of the buildings. the robot also aids convoys in greenland. yeti isn ' t the first robot to ply the antarctica ice, but it is the smallest now roving on the continent ' s frozen surface. researchers are also peering at buried glacial lakes with micro - submarines or mapping the seafloor with remotely operated vehicles. earlier robotic explorers include the spiderlike dante, sent into mount erebus in 1992 ; the nomad rover, which hunted for meteorites in 2000 ; and a robotic rover tested by kansas university in 2005. yeti running autonomously on the greenland ice - cap ray thinks yeti or similar robots can further complement polar research, for example, by finding buried streams and rivers. a robot will handily finish a survey of gridded points that would be tedious for people, she said. \" i do hope there ' s more of this because it ' s so costly to do science in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49808285318595413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.227890"} {"text": "by finding buried streams and rivers. a robot will handily finish a survey of gridded points that would be tedious for people, she said. \" i do hope there ' s more of this because it ' s so costly to do science in these regions. whatever you can do to reduce the cost enables you to do more science, \" ray told ouramazingplanet. logistical costs \u2014 moving people \u2014 account for about 70 to 75 percent of most research budgets in antarctica, ray said. a national science foundation ( nsf ) report put the total cost of transportation and support even higher, at 90 percent of the polar science research budget. with the median nsf research grant at $ 125, 000 in july 2012, any cost - savings in logistics frees up money for science. the yeti - led supply convoys across the ice to mcmurdo station in antarctica save $ 2 million annually over plane trips, the nsf estimates. the yeti robot, conceived and built by dartmouth engineering students, cost about $ 25, 000, ray said. the mars curiosity rover cost $ 2. 5 billion to design, construct and land on another planet. constructed from off - the - shelf parts and batteries sturdy enough for very low temperatures, the rover has been a popular addition to the united states polar science program. \" it ' s always in the field or in transit, \" ray said. \" i would love to make a second or a third robot, or transfer this technology to a company so we can get them into more hands. \" - extreme living : scientists at the end of the earth - infographic : antarctica \u2013 100 years of exploration - the harshest environments on earth copyright 2013 livescience, a techmedianetwork company. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4381568990596654, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.228586"} {"text": "most college - educated students who go on to pursue graduate school in fields such as business or law have a clearly delineated path in front of them. however, in medicine, there is a small subset of students who choose to pursue a career path that is less well defined. these students aim to combine a degree in medicine with a degree in the sciences and, ultimately, to pursue a career as a physician - scientist. a physician - scientist is a clinician, an investigator, and an educator. physician - scientists bridge medicine and research and provide a channel of communication that is a basic yet critical component in any disease - oriented or clinical research endeavor. one can become a physician - scientist either by completing an m. d. / ph. d. program, such as those offered by most u. s. medical schools, or by completing medical school and then deciding - - during residency or fellowship training - - to pursue a career in research. for three primary reasons, the first of these two paths, which is the focus of this essay, is a daunting journey indeed. first, it involves a long training period. the typical m. d. / ph. d. student graduates just a few years shy of a decade of postgraduate schooling. second, physician - scientists face uncertainty in obtaining a suitable position and adequate funding to pursue research when they are done. and third, the financial debt that accrues throughout the years can be substantial. many schools offer a government - funded medical scientist training program that provides full medical and graduate tuition coverage and a stipend during the graduate years. other schools are able to offer financial assistance by covering graduate tuition and stipend, yet provide only partial medical tuition reimbursement. in both cases, the m. d. / ph. d. student often must take out loans to cover living expenses. despite the drawbacks, these programs open the doors to a vast array of well - funded, cutting - edge, postgraduate possibilities in clinics and in basic, disease - oriented, and clinical research. they also provide the background that can eventually lead to top - level positions within academic institutions. it has been said that the success of an m. d. / ph. d. program is contingent upon the number of deans and department heads that it graduates. how it works for those who choose to go this route, there is a standard program framework. the traditional medical school curriculum requires 2 years of academic study, followed by 2 years of general clinical exposure, which can range from emergency medicine to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5002281941225155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.235985"} {"text": "it graduates. how it works for those who choose to go this route, there is a standard program framework. the traditional medical school curriculum requires 2 years of academic study, followed by 2 years of general clinical exposure, which can range from emergency medicine to psychiatry. ph. d. programs start students with core class requirements, followed by experimental work leading to a thesis dissertation. an m. d. / ph. d. program combines these two entities into one unified program : the student completes the first 2 years of medical school, then switches gears to pursue graduate research. upon completion of all graduate requirements and a successful thesis defense, the student then returns to medical school for the final 2 clinical years. medical school exposes students to the vast amount of knowledge concerning the human body and the physiologic processes that govern its functioning. this training also gives students the tools they ' ll need to cull relevant information from the burgeoning avalanche of medical information that continues to grow larger every day. students learn how to listen to, understand, and communicate with patients in a manner that not only protects the patient ' s rights but also provides the highest possible level of care. graduate school provides students with a didactic framework of knowledge upon which they can build a vastly more detailed but more narrowly focused range of interests. perhaps more importantly, the graduate program portion of an m. d. / ph. d. also aims to allow students to bridge concepts and ideas and to proceed from one experimental step to the next in a fashion that is efficient, rational, and - - of course - - ethical. a graduate, upon completion of the program, should possess the clinical skills of a medical doctor, the analytical skills of a ph. d., and a high probability of future success in clinical research. it is the goal of m. d. / ph. d. programs, and a tenet in which i believe, that those investigators who are clinically trained will approach their research in a different manner than that of those without clinical exposure. patient contact provides a tangible sense of urgency to laboratory work and also fresh insight into disease processes and their ultimate solutions. just as the alchemists of old attempted to combine different elements to produce something valuable, the physician - scientist of today attempts to combine medicine and basic research to produce something that has clinical utility. currently, i am enrolled in the m. d. / ph. d. program at brown university. i have already completed the first 2 years of medical education and have begun my first year of graduate school", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45234105592230567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.238005"} {"text": "research to produce something that has clinical utility. currently, i am enrolled in the m. d. / ph. d. program at brown university. i have already completed the first 2 years of medical education and have begun my first year of graduate school. i have joined a lab that is utilizing natural immunity as a paradigm for isolating novel candidate antigens for a malaria vaccine. malaria is one of the most important protozoan diseases and is responsible for an estimated 2 million to 3 million deaths per year, particularly of malnourished african children. some individuals living in holoendemic areas exposed to malaria for a number of years seem to have acquired natural immunity to the disease. the principal investigator that i am training under has hypothesized that there must be something unique in the immune responses of these individuals that confers protection. our work focuses on identifying unique immune factors that could potentially confer resistance to susceptible groups. if successful, this work will be incorporated into a larger field study in western kenya. the question still remains as to whether all of this training will someday help uncover that proverbial gold : something as spectacular as a disease cure or as mundane as the minor modification of an existing clinical procedure. despite all of the exciting potential, the number of physician - scientists within the united states has been steadily declining over the last 2 decades, mainly reflecting a drop in the number of physicians who after medical school decide to pursue research careers. i encourage young researchers and clinicians to keep this career path alive. for any undergraduate students who are thinking about following this track, i can give only one piece of advice : if you are prepared to do the calisthenics, the rewards are truly limitless.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5154772101597165, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.239104"} {"text": "part 1 | part 2 if you look at the various components in your computer, the hard disk is typically the slowest. this means that disk i / o can become a major bottleneck back in the days of dos, the file system of choice was fat ( file allocation table ). the fat file system limited the length of a filename to eight characters plus a three character extension. newer file systems such as fat32 and ntfs allow the use of long filenames, but they also retain a fat - style filename for backward compatibility purposes. this filename alias can cause performance problems in a couple of different ways. first, the process of writing the filename alias consumes disk i / o cycles. also, the filename alias forces the operating system to stop and calculate what the abbreviated filename should be. that in itself incurs a minor performance hit. the real problem, though, is in the way that the filename alias is calculated. to create a filename alias, windows looks at the first six characters of the original filename and then derives the alias from those six characters. typically, the alias consists of the first six characters of the filename, a ~ sign and a number. a number is used at the end of the filename because it ' s possible that multiple files within a folder will have filenames in which the first six characters are identical. herein lies the problem. if you have a few files in which the first few characters of the filename are identical, it isn ' t really a big deal. however, when you start having large numbers of files in which the initial portion of the filenames are identical, windows begins to spend more and more time trying to figure out what the filename alias should be. once a directory contains a few thousand files with these characteristics, performance can really begin to suffer. according to some sources, if a folder contains 300, 000 or more files that have identical initial portions of the filename, contradictions can begin to occur because windows exhausts its pool of aliases for those files. today, the old \" eight - dot - three \" - style filenames are rarely necessary. almost everyone uses fat32 or ntfs as their file system, and backward compatibility with the fat file system is seldom an issue anymore. that being the case, you might consider completely disabling support for backward compatibility. doing so can greatly improve the file system ' s performance. to disable backward compatibility, you can use a tool that was included", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4603859184142639, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.244200"} {"text": "system is seldom an issue anymore. that being the case, you might consider completely disabling support for backward compatibility. doing so can greatly improve the file system ' s performance. to disable backward compatibility, you can use a tool that was included with the windows resource kit called fsutil. fsutil is a command - line tool designed to modify the behavior of the file system. the command for disabling backward compatibility is : fsutil behavior set disable8dot3 1 if you need to retain backward compatibility with the fat file system, then you can improve performance by being careful how you name files. you should avoid placing large numbers of files into a single folder whenever possible. however, if you must place a lot of files into a folder, try structuring the filenames so that the first few characters of each filename are different, as opposed to making the last part of the filename the differentiating factor. remember that windows looks at the first six characters of a filename when creating an alias. resize the master file table another way to improve performance is to adjust the size of the master file table. the master file table is similar to the file allocation table used by the fat file system. it is essentially a directory of all of the files and folders found on the hard disk volume. for this reason, it is critical to the volume ' s performance that the master file table remains as unfragmented as possible. as such, microsoft has designed the ntfs so that 12. 5 % of the volume ' s disk space is reserved for the master file table. normally, this works out ok, but if the volume contains a large number of files ( not necessarily large files ), the amount of space reserved for the master file table can become inadequate. likewise, if the volume starts to become low on disk space, windows may start placing some of the smaller files into the area reserved for the master file table in an effort to avoid running out of disk space. either of these situations can cause performance problems. fortunately, you can adjust the amount of disk space that is reserved for the master file table by using the fsutil command. the actual command is shown below : fsutil behavior set mftzone 1 you might have noticed that the command above ends with a \" 1. \" the number at the end of the command tells fsutil how much disk space to reserve. the \" 1 \" indicates that 12. 5 % of the total capacity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4431803983066046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.245297"} {"text": "natural selenium coproduct good for sheep by sandra avant february 14, 2012 a more cost - effective, longer - lasting selenium supplement for livestock may soon be available, according to a u. s. department of agriculture ( usda ) scientist. animals as well as humans need selenium, a trace mineral and component of antioxidants, to stay healthy. inadequate selenium in sheep reduces conception rates, increases neonatal mortality, and in some instances, causes \" white muscle disease \" - nutritional muscular dystrophy. selenium deficiency in sheep and cattle costs livestock producers an estimated $ 545 million annually in losses and affects livestock in more than 35 states where regions are deficient in the mineral. agricultural research service ( ars ) animal scientist bret taylor at the ars u. s. sheep experiment station ( usses ) near dubois, idaho, along with researchers at north dakota state university, studied the effects of a milling coproduct, derived from selenium - rich wheat harvested in south dakota, on ewes and their lambs. ars is usda ' s chief intramural scientific research agency, and this research supports usda ' s priority of promoting international food security. the scientists added the natural coproduct to diets fed to a group of ewes during their last 40 to 50 days of pregnancy and to another group during the first 19 days of lactation. pregnant sheep passed the supplemental selenium to their fetuses, while lactating ewes delivered it to offspring through their milk. both of these groups maintained an adequate selenium status six to 10 times longer than sheep that received sodium selenite, the most commonly used inorganic form of selenium. by using this feeding strategy, livestock producers will be able to eliminate the cost of delivering selenium supplements to sheep in hard - to - reach regions, especially in the west where selenium in some soils is lacking or unavailable for absorption by vegetation that animals eat, according to taylor. sheep can be fed the selenium coproduct before being released to graze selenium - deficient range. the coproduct will provide enough to meet their selenium requirement, according to taylor. animals will not need any additional supplements until they return for lambing the following year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46674450763687053, "token_count": 475, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.248989"} {"text": "the kika de la garza subtropical agricultural research center is located in the heart of the rio grande valley of texas. in 1931, the usda, through the agricultural research service, located a single scientist at weslaco to conduct research on citrus and vegetable processing. today, the center employs over 30 scientists and 110 technical personnel. our people live from brownsville to mission and are involved in school, community, and church activities throughout the valley. from the initial work on citrus and vegetables, the research expanded to include work on 1 ) integrated pest management of parasites and diseases of honey bee colonies ; 2 ) biological control methods used to identify and defeat present and potential pest threats to rio grande valley agriculture ; 3 ) organic farming systems utilizing holistic approaches to healthy and nutritious food production ; 4 ) quarantine treatments of subtropical fruits and vegetables ; 5 ) post harvest treatments of produce for disinfestations by non - chemical means ; 6 ) aerial remote sensing of agricultural problems ; and 7 ) pesticide tolerance of vegetables, ornamental, and specialty crops for registration labeling and epa compliance. these research efforts are an integral part of national research programs conducted at over 100 locations by the usda, agricultural research service in all 50 states and several foreign countries. the center, along with components of the texas agricultural extension service, and texas a & m at kingsville citrus center, occupies about 90 acres along highway 83 and is collectively referred to as the \u201c rio grande valley agricultural center. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46216310670293814, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.250523"} {"text": "in 1938, albert hoffman discovered, invented a substance that would revolutionize the american drug culture forever and would change how we, as psychologists and biologists, thought about psychosis. that substance was lsd. a simple molecule, lsd has the potency that no other drug has. only a drop will produce the desired hallucinations and euphoria. in addition, it does not seem to be physically addicting, although tolerance to the drug can develop in as few as three days but disappears after week of abstinence. much ' research ' has been done into the actual effects of the drug. lsd most profound effect on behavior is the production of sensory distortions, such as hallucinations, and euphoria. it also produces dilated pupils, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate ( 7, 9 ). however, little is know about the mechanisms by which it acts. it is known that lsd affects the serotonergic system in the brain. however, the actual ways in which it acts on that system to modify behavior remains unclear. before we explore the current research into lsd, it may be helpful to review some of the ways in which serotonin affects behavior. serotonin ( also called 5 - ht ) is a neurotransmitter that is produced from tryptophan. although serotonin is only produced by a small number of neurons ( 1000 ' s ), each of those neurons innervates as many as 500, 000 other neurons ( 3, 12 ). for the most part, these neurons originate in the locus coerleus ( lc ) and the raphe nuclei ( rn ) ( 12 ). the lc controls the release of norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter / hormone that regulates the sympathetic ns. it also has neurons that extend into the cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus ( 12 ). the rn extends its projections into the brainstem and up into the brain ( 12 ). it has been suggested that neurons in this region of the brain may be responsible for the inhibition of sensation, thus \" protecting the brain from sensory overload. \" ( 12 ) the fact that these two regions innervate virtually every part of the brain shows that serotonin can activate large portions of the brain from a relatively small area of origination. serotonin seems to have an inhibitory effect on these neurons ( 1, 12 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.534490801724826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.260693"} {"text": "two regions innervate virtually every part of the brain shows that serotonin can activate large portions of the brain from a relatively small area of origination. serotonin seems to have an inhibitory effect on these neurons ( 1, 12 ). thus, it would decrease the occurrence and frequency of action potentials in the neurons that it innervates. because of this, it produces neural activity ( of lack of activity ) that are in some way an inhibition of behavior. sleep is the most obvious example of this. decreases in serotonin levels in the brain have been linked to a delayed onset of sleep ( 2 ). serotonin may encourage the lowering of physiological activity in the body that is associated with the onset of sleep. aggression is also related to serotonin levels in the nervous system. suppression of aggression can be thought of as the suppression of activity and thus an inhibitory action. patients who show increased aggression, also have low levels of serotonin. depression is an illness that also seems to have one of its causes in low serotonin levels ( 2, 3 ). many of the anti - depressants currently on the market are drugs that work by increasing serotonin levels in synapses. however, given that serotonin is an inhibitory neuron, and depression appears to be mostly a decrease in behavior and affect, one would expect that depression would be caused by an increase in serotonin levels, rather than a decrease. however, the serotonergic system of the nervous system is a complex system that mediates so many behaviors, it may have multiple functions that the scientific community has only an inkling of. some of these functions are revealed by the effects of lsd. as with depression, the action of lsd is not completely understood. there is evidence, however, that serotonergic neurons are involved. lsd is structurally similar to serotonin and seems to affect many of the systems that serotonin has been implicated in ( 12 ). in addition, administration of haloperidol blocks the hallucinations associated with lsd use ( 7 ). haloperidol has an especially strong affinity for serotonin receptors. also, other psychedelics that have similar effects to lsd have been shown to affect serotonin producing neurons. mdma, or ecstasy, blocks the reuptake of serotonin, thereby leaving more serotonin in the synapse and prolonging activation ( 6 ). prolonged use of mdma results in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5036020788405918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.261649"} {"text": "affect serotonin producing neurons. mdma, or ecstasy, blocks the reuptake of serotonin, thereby leaving more serotonin in the synapse and prolonging activation ( 6 ). prolonged use of mdma results in destruction of serotonergic neurons in the brain ( 4, 5 ). because of the similarities between ecstasy ' trips ' and lsd ' trips, ' it can be concluded that they must activate a similar pathway, i. e. the serotonergic pathway. several theories of the mechanism of lsd have been postulated. each one presents a way in which lsd could affect behavior through activation of serotonergic neurons along with research to support it. however, each one has its weaknesses. in the end, it is difficult to determine how lsd actually alters behavior. the first theory is that lsd is a serotonin antagonist, specifically activating ( or actually blocking ) 5 - ht2 receptors ( 12 ). this would prevent serotonin from having its normal effect. support for this theory comes from studies that have shown that administration of some 5 - ht2 antagonists do not decrease the effects of lsd, as you would expect if lsd was a serotonin agonist. activation of 5 - ht2 receptors seems to cause serotonin to have an excitatory effect on some neurons. lsd prevents this action, thus having an antagonistic effect on the 5 - ht2 serotonin system ( 12 ). however, even within this theory there are problems. the general theory of lsd as an antagonist is consistent with how it affects behavior. lsd seems to increase sensation, heart rate, and blood pressure, all of which are excitations of the nervous system. because serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, antagonism of serotonin would result in an increase in neural activity. however, the fact that lsd is an antagonist to 5 - ht2 receptors specifically makes this conclusion problematic. because of the special action of 5 - ht2 receptors, antagonism of serotonin at those receptors would result in a decrease in neural activity which would not explain the effects of lsd. if 5 - ht2 receptors are in fact excitatory, one would expect antagonism of this system to have an inhibitory effect. the next theory postulates that lsd is in fact a 5 - ht agonist rather than an antagonist (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4646612683310558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.262585"} {"text": "ht2 receptors are in fact excitatory, one would expect antagonism of this system to have an inhibitory effect. the next theory postulates that lsd is in fact a 5 - ht agonist rather than an antagonist ( 12 ). one researcher was able to train rats to discriminate between lsd and saline based on it psychological effects. when the rats were given certain 5 - ht2 antagonists, the rats lost the ability to discriminate between the two ( 12 ). also, lsd has been shown to have a higher affinity for 5 - ht receptors over all than serotonin but has a lower potency ( 12 ). thus, while is more likely to bind to the receptors, it is not as likely to have an effect as serotonin. even though lsd has some activity, it does not appear to be very strong. lsd may appear to be an antagonist even though by definition it is an agonist. the last theory partially combines the last two theories. this theory postulates that 5 - ht1 and 5 - ht2 have an agonist / antagonist relationship. thus substances that are agonistic to 5 - ht1 receptors are antagonistic to 5 - ht2 receptors ( 8 ). this is supported by the above research. lsd operates under this mechanism by enhancing serotonin activity at 5 - ht1 receptors, while also blocking 5 - ht2 receptors from the more effective activation of serotonin. the interesting point of this theory is its implications for the actual effects of those two serotonergic systems. agonization of the 5 - ht1 receptors by lsd indicate that they might be involved in the production of moods. if low serotonin produces a decrease in positive moods, as in depression, then agonization of serotonin levels should produce a more positive mood state. lsd agonization would be consistent with the production of euphoria and mood changes that are associated with lsd use. the 5 - ht2 receptors might then be responsible for the control of sensation and possibly autonomic nervous system control. under the control of lsd, sensation appears uninhibited. users report enhanced sensations, synesthesia, and distortions of sensations. all of this would seem to be a result of over activation of the sensory system. in addition, lsd produces an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, all of which are a result", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5039282380086987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.263567"} {"text": "for growing dahlias the bay area by ted marr, deborah dietz, rose marr start dahlia calendar with december because december is the end and beginning of dahlia seasons. end for this season ; and, the beginning for the next. getting off on the right step is critical for next year \u2019 s crop. dig up your clumps, keeping as much dirt around each as possible. shovel a 1 \u2019 radius circle straight down around your plant. this severs any extended roots. using opposable shovels or forks or a combination of both, gently jimmy up the root mass. do not extricate by pulling up on the neck or stalk portion \u2014 this could break several necks. rather, scoop under the clump with your hands. an alternative method, is digging a moat around the clump so you know how far the tubers extend. read more in dec. 2003, dec. 2004 and dec. 2005 dsc enewsletters on how to handle the dig out without breaking the tubers. see dsc member do a digout. you pulled up your clumps, you have two choices on what to do with your clumps. 1. process them immediately : dig, divide, bleach, daub with sulphur or captan, and store in vermiculite or cedar shavings. 2. maintain as much dirt adhering to your tuber clump as possible and put the whole megalith in a cardboard box, close it up and stack in a cool but not freezing spot until march. this method avoids dividing the clump immediately. you wait until the spring when little green shoots appear and the dividing spots are more obvious. where to divide will be greenly obvious! read dec. 2004 and dec. 2005 dsc enewsletters on how handle the entire process. hands on lesson : best place to learn how to process a dug out clump is come to the dsc big dig which occurs each year around the second or third weekend in january. pre - prepare the soil : soon as your clumps are up, the new season begins. start by spreading compost lavishly. some people plant a cover crop of vetch or fava beans which nitrogenate the soil as well as covering the ugly brown patch. dsc activities in december : lopping day first weekend, christmas party second tuesday. pay annual membership fee. is the month to prepare your soil and plan what dahlias to grow. soil preparation consists basically of weeding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38193025169707273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.280896"} {"text": "covering the ugly brown patch. dsc activities in december : lopping day first weekend, christmas party second tuesday. pay annual membership fee. is the month to prepare your soil and plan what dahlias to grow. soil preparation consists basically of weeding and fortifying with compost and fertilizer. assiduously you eradicate unwanted green things now, the fewer you \u2019 ll have to deal with coming planting time. keep the weeds obliterated ; a little work now saves backbreaking prepare flower beds : your patch with compost : leaves, grass clippings, steer or chicken guano. check your ph & adjust accordingly, ideally at between 6. 5 to 7. 0. one commecial product readily available in a number of local hardware stores is the \" rapitest \" soil test kit by luster leaf. allow 6 + weeks before planting for fear of burning delicate roots with fiery urea. plot to determine what new dahlias you need for next season. dream through dahlia catalogs, cruise the and contact the suppliers. order from these suppliers whom dsc members are satisfied customers : start negotiating with dsc members for scions of their jewels from last season. dsc activities in january : the big out. information on getting started indoors at regular second tuesday meeting. anticipating spring, get your dahlia tubers germinating and pot - tuber cuttings ready to go. regardless of your facilities, start germination indoors. giving the plants a head start will produce blooms even as early as sunroom, bathroom, loft, basement or garage with sufficient lighting. there are lots of way to build an indoor greenhouse. the easiest and least expensive is to germinate : time to milk carton. use a mixture of 1 / 3 potting soil, 1 / 3 sand & 1 / 3 vermiculite or perlite, or, just commercial potting the tuber on its side as though it were taking a nap. have the eye pointing up. make sure you label the flap accurately with the name of the plant. place them by warm windows or by the water heater. some of the a \u2019 s and aa \u2019 s need a lot of heat to sprout. if you are space challenged, close cartons until they sprout. be sure to check regularly. out with the soil slightly moist, do not water at all until green sprouts appear. then, spritz sparingly. spritz with water or even with miracle grow. remember", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3994415218632048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.281979"} {"text": "sprout. be sure to check regularly. out with the soil slightly moist, do not water at all until green sprouts appear. then, spritz sparingly. spritz with water or even with miracle grow. remember, there are very few roots yet to absorb water, so be sparing. use a mulch to help the soil retain the moisture. order more plants : last chance to order from catalogs. for details see double poppy seeds around the flower beds. these colorful flowers cover the bare brown earth until replanting. dsc activities in february : information on planting, cutting, and propagation at second tuesday meeting. ads new with warming weather, mind your germinating dahlias carefully. the young shoots are delicate and require tender loving care. germination and growth : tubers in a warm environment will promote fast growth. ostensibly, dahlias germinate above 62 degrees f. stored tubers regularly for rot. spritz only when the sprouts appear. there are more than one shoot coming out of a tuber, cut the extra one off or germinate it for another plant. learn how to grow more plants from multiple shoots of one tuber by dsc activities in march : overview information on planting dahlias at regular tuesday an exciting month. this is the month you can finally start to plant. and then there is the dsc annual tuber and cutting sale. before you plant into the ground, harden the young plants. when your milk carton dahlias are 8 \u201d + high, begin putting them outside during the day time. eventually you can leave them out overnight. then they are \u201c hardened off \u201d and ready to plant. you can make individual greenhouses by erecting a stick in the middle of your container and tenting the whole thing with a clear plastic bag. planting \u2013 finding a right spot : when the plants are about 18 inches tall, plant them in the ground. the location should have sunshine for at least 6 hours each day. place the plants 30 or more inches apart. in hot weather areas, choose a spot with morning sun only. try to ascertain which are your potentially tallest dahlias to place them in the back with your little twitchy clumps in the front. dig a hole 6 - 8 \u201d deep ; mix in a balanced fertilizer ( 10 - 10 - 10, 16 - 16 - 16 ). we do not recommend planting rootless tuber into the ground directly. if you must, absolutely avoid watering", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40368882748856205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.282963"} {"text": "a hole 6 - 8 \u201d deep ; mix in a balanced fertilizer ( 10 - 10 - 10, 16 - 16 - 16 ). we do not recommend planting rootless tuber into the ground directly. if you must, absolutely avoid watering until the shoots appear above the ground. \u2013 preparing the spot : dahlias like well drained soil so augment your soil with organic material, such as chicken manure and compost. or, add two or three pounds of 5 - 10 - 5 or 10 - 10 - 10 or 16 - 16 - 16 fertilizer to 100 square feet ( 1 / 4 pound per 10 square feet ). avoid getting the fertilizer on the plants. rake the fertilizer into the soil and then water. label and stake : four to six foot stake into the ground at the edge of the hole before the tuberous roots are planted. dahlias are large plants and require support. label immediately. you will get confused later. the tall cultivars cannot support themselves and plant breakage will occur without support. as soon as the plants are in the ground, on the same day, protect your young plants from snails and slugs. sprinkle snail bait liberally. varies, depending on what you plant. however, never over water and do not leave stagnant water around young tuber plants. cuttings need almost daily watering ; they have wee roots but no tuber to sustain them. sprouted tubers from milk cartons should be watered immediately upon planting and then watched for signs of drying depending on the weather. water at the soil level ; no overhead watering. remember to keep 30 - 50 % extra dahlias as insurance. so if you plan to plant 20, keep 4 to 10 in milk cartons as back up. bring the extras to dsc meetings in may for sale or dsc activities in april : tuber and plant sale fist saturday of april. may is the month to watch your dahlias take shape and start to mature on their journey for another year of glorious blooms. at the soil level ( do not use overhead spray ) once every three to four days. water deeply each time. do not leave any stagnant water. remember that tubers & cuttings need drastically different levels of watering. cuttings rely on new roots, necessitating frequent quenching ; tubers start with no roots, so should only be watered sparingly. remember to fertilize with a well balanced fertilizer ( 10 - 10 - 10 ) about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3867978296576555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.283904"} {"text": "rely on new roots, necessitating frequent quenching ; tubers start with no roots, so should only be watered sparingly. remember to fertilize with a well balanced fertilizer ( 10 - 10 - 10 ) about once every three weeks. surround delicate plants with individual milk carton sheaths to protect from sun and wind exposure. with slug, snail and earwig bait ; succulent new leaves lure voracious bugs from everywhere. diligently monitor and eradicate undesirable pests. your plants will grow tall rapidly. to encourage the plants to grow more branches cut off the tip of the center stem after the plant has three sets of leaves. as the plant matures, remove the bottom two rows of leaves. and, be sure to tie the main stem to the stake. dsc activities in may : information on fertilizing and pest control at regular meeting on second tuesday. june is jubilant because your first bud or even the first bloom has arrived. now is the time to make sure you get the best blooms. it is time to pinch and disbud. certain plants harbor the first bud tightly down in the center where it would be terribly crotch - bound were it to bloom. pinch out the first bud with the two new buds beside it. this allows the next buds to have longer, stronger stems & encourages the plant to be a little bushier rather than too tall. airing the bottom : as your plant reaches 24 + \u201d begin to take off the bottom leaves, discouraging snails, slugs & mildew. remove non - flower producing leaves to encourage growth, allow more light into the plant, and for better air circulation. compost dahlia refuse carefully. like any composting, make sure you follow the directions carefully. lots of benefits in composting : good for the environment, obligate parasites, and good for your soil. with the arrival of the first bud, it is time to switch to a different fertilizer. using a fertilizer that has a higher phosphorous content, such as 10 - 30 - 20 will encourage more be vigilant. a bloom with deformed leaves or leaves with holes does not show well. fend off, at all effort, snails, now you will encounter for the first time, the growth cycle another difficult matter : fungus. spray a cocktail of malathion ( for aphids or caterpillars ), fungi - fighter or funginex (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3874395043780226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.286503"} {"text": "all effort, snails, now you will encounter for the first time, the growth cycle another difficult matter : fungus. spray a cocktail of malathion ( for aphids or caterpillars ), fungi - fighter or funginex ( for powdery mildew ), water soluble fertilizer, and a little liquid dishwashing soap as a sticker. dsc activities in june : information on photography at regular meeting on second of this is a busy month, the plants are budding all over. buds, buds all over. central bud and leaf pair buds are popping all over. diligently disbudding will reward you with exhibition quality blooms. two or three headed blooms are of lesser quality because they are much smaller and can be deformed. leave only one bud. this is critical to keep your dahlia plant producing more blooms. after a dahlia bloom opens, cut it for your indoor display. this will encourage more blooms. even if you don \u2019 t cut it, you should dead - head it by removing it just when pollen appears for a \" double \" plant or when the petals begin drooping on an \" open - centered \" variety. deadheading is important so new blooms would be encouraged and energy is not directed to making seeds. always cut the bloom at a point that is one node below the bloom ( the next node ). this will encourage more laterals to produce more blooms. busy, busy doing the routines : clean out the under leaves, spraying, watering, fertilizing, all this demands your time now. clean out the under growth of leaves, allowing for at least 12 inches of space above the ground for good air circulation. start taking pictures of early blooms to enter into the photo competition. check out the dahlia dell at the golden gate park as new varieties dsc activities in july : first mini show at regular second tuesday meeting. august is the celebratory month for dahlia lovers. the peak of bloom is here. what an amazing sea of color and cacophony of shapes shouting at the admirers. whether it is to enter a show or just for your own enjoyment, cut early in the morning or later evening and put the bloom immediately in water. some suggest that touching the ends in alum sustains the blooms longer. to keep your dahlias blooming in full spate, assiduously dead head ; cut your spent blooms below the set of first leaves where the new growth begins. if you fail to cut back to new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43261542363693595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.287554"} {"text": "alum sustains the blooms longer. to keep your dahlias blooming in full spate, assiduously dead head ; cut your spent blooms below the set of first leaves where the new growth begins. if you fail to cut back to new growth, your plants will soon look like brown skeletons. disbud to assure only one bloom per stem with a nice pair of leaves. truly you get a bigger flower, longer stem, and more plant vigor if you do not let every bud blossom. give your growing plants support. if you have the luxury of multiple stakes, you can put one on either side of your plant and wrap ties around the whole bundle. if not, string the plant staunchly to the stake to prevent wind damage and give the heavy laterals control pests, clean out lower branches, arrest fungus, fertilize, and water properly. you are ensured of a truly dsc activities in august : regular second tuesday meeting mini show. and dsc and other bay areas big annual shows. although peak season is over, september will continue to give you a bountiful bloom. bestow bouquets on all your friends! keeping the plants at top performance will not only give another couple months of pleasure but also will ensure you have a healthy crop next year. tie up your plants or the wind will make you weep. take the low laterals off now. they will break off when they are heavier, so get them now and send that energy to the branches where you need growth & flowers. keep the bandits at bay : and diabolical beetles abound. try the traditional cocktail for the first two : malathion, orthene, a fungicide, superbloom, & liquid dishwashing soap applied in a sprayer. for diabraticas, try painting dixie cups with tanglefoot atop your stakes. squishing with fingers works satisfyingly, too. if you are fighting powdery mildew, strip off the dusted leaves and spray with a major fungicide. water and fertilize : water when your plants show heat fatigue ; this could be once a day or once a week depending on the weather. fertilize as needed. disbudding and deadheading : cut clear back to the next growth - producing flowers. the more rigorously you cut back, the more your plants will flourish. also, strip off the \u201c rags \u201d ( limp brown leaves at the bottom of bushes ). the more zealously you do these things, the longer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4031509470669172, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.288546"} {"text": "- producing flowers. the more rigorously you cut back, the more your plants will flourish. also, strip off the \u201c rags \u201d ( limp brown leaves at the bottom of bushes ). the more zealously you do these things, the longer your plants will continue to bloom. time to evaluate which plant shall be replanted next year. critically evaluate each bush. if it is substandard and not worthy of passing on its tubers, chuck the whole plant in the garbage now. if you have two or more of the same cultivar, evaluate which is superior. make note on your label so you will know which one to replant in the spring. transfer labels down to around the base of the plant so that they will be attached even when they are whacked in december. dsc activities in september : novice only mini show at the regular second yes, october can be outstanding. lots of blooms even so late in the season. make october your outstanding month with surprise gift blooms to friends and at the office. the mildew plague is upon us. strip every affected leaf & spray with rosepride, previously called funginex or orthenex. or, the systemic orthenex, but it is nastier & more dangerous than others so be very cognizant of what you are doing and shower immediately afterwards. wait a week & spray again. you can add some superbloom & dishwashing soap to your cocktail. when in question, toss out those really badly affected. doubling the effort : as your bloom size dwindles, try double disbudding : taking off both the extra buds next to the central stem, and also the emerging shoots just below the first leaf pair. this will channel all the energy to the remaining bloom. water and fertilize : do it one more time. fertilize one more time. cut back to vibrant growth. if october proves warm, we may get a final flush. don \u2019 t worry if your lovely flowers start popping center or getting a bit scraggly ; they are responding to the waning light. as your plants slow down, cut back on water. check name tags for accuracy. move name tags down and tie them around the bottom of the plant so they will still be attached when lopping in december. now is the time to consider allowing a few blooms to go to seed. seeds are the genetic lottery ; dreadful odds but such a payoff! simply let the petals fall off ; wait until the remaining", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4222862272909429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.289532"} {"text": "will still be attached when lopping in december. now is the time to consider allowing a few blooms to go to seed. seeds are the genetic lottery ; dreadful odds but such a payoff! simply let the petals fall off ; wait until the remaining seed head is brown and dry. bring into a cool, dry area for germinating in january. dsc activities in october : the last mini show at the regular second tuesday meeting. november is practically the end of the bloom season. if you worked real hard over the season, you will get some blooms until thanksgiving. time to wrap up for the the waning seasonal light prematurely pops centers, attenuates stems, & slows down growth. let nature take its own course and provide growth to the tubers for next year \u2019 s crop. make sure your labels are legible. and, move them down to the bottom of the plant. lop every plant. that will give the tubers 8 weeks to toughen their skins and go dormant before digging out in december or january. depending on how well your soil drains, you can dig them out before the first frost. when each plant turns brown, cut down to 4 - 5 bamboo - like notches ; these act as water seals. each bamboo - like joint is a mini water seal to help prevent crown rot. if your plants are in pots, move them to a sheltered area or cover to prevent rain from rotting them. allow your tubers to go dormant for at least 6 weeks before disinterring. they seem to develop tougher skin if they are allowed to go fully dormant. dsc activities in november : annual dsc member meeting and election of officers. lopping day either last weekend of november or first weekend of december. lou p. demonstrates digout and dividing of tubers at the regular tuesday meeting. photos courtesy of various dsc members including : deborah, ted, franck, dj and many we like to thank many dsc dahlia experts for sharing their years of experience at our regular meetings. without them, this essay could not have been written.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4062317891573954, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.290558"} {"text": "the marie curie - yasser arafat connection the substance alleged to have been used to assassinate palestinian leader yasser arafat in 2004 is a radioactive element discovered by the famed scientific duo of marie and pierre curie more than a century ago. arafat \u2019 s nephew nasser al - qidwa claimed thursday that israel poisoned the former palestinian liberation organization chairman with the lethal dose of polonium, discovered by the curies in 1898 and named for marie curie \u2019 s native land of poland. polonium was the first element discovered by the curies while they were investigating the cause of radioactivity in pitchblende, a uranium - rich mineral and ore. pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was found to be more radioactive than both the uranium and thorium combined. this spurred the curies to find additional radioactive elements. the curies first culled out polonium from the pitchblende, and a few years later also isolated radium, according to science writer john emsley in his book nature \u2019 s building blocks : an a - z guide to the elements. the choice of the name polonium was not without controversy. poland at the time of the curies \u2019 discovery was under russian, prussian and austrian partition, and had not existed as an independent country since 1795. it was marie curie \u2019 s hope that naming the element after her homeland would publicize its lack of independence, which didn \u2019 t come until after until after the end of world war i in 1918. polonium is rarely found in nature because of the short half - life of its isotopes. it is found in uranium ores in amounts of about 0. 1 milligram per metric ton. given that minute abundance, isolation of polonium from natural sources is a very tedious process. the largest batch extracted in the first half of the 20th century was derived by processing 37 tons of residue from radium production and produced just nine milligrams of polonium - 210. today, polonium is obtained by irradiating bismuth with high - energy neutrons or protons. allegations that arafat, who died in a french hospital in november 2004, was poisoned were resurrected earlier this month after al - jazeera news channel broadcast an investigation in which experts said they had found high levels of polonium on his personal effects, according to agence france - presse. polonium is a highly - toxic substance which was used to kill former russian spy turned kremlin critic alexander litvinenko in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4794888560092094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.293890"} {"text": "friday, feb. 15 ( healthday news ) - - hemorrhoids are a hot topic online, and that ' s probably because they ' re so common. the u. s. food and drug administration reports that \" hemorrhoids \" was the top - trending health - issue search in the united states in 2012 and most people - - up to 75 percent - - will be affected by hemorrhoids at some point in their lives, according to the u. s. national institutes of health. hemorrhoids are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum or anus. the good news is there are several ways to treat hemorrhoids and ease the pain, itching or other symptoms they may cause, according to an article posted on the fda ' s \" consumer updates \" web page. the uncomfortable condition usually affects adults aged 45 to 65 and hemorrhoids are typically caused by increased pressure in the veins of the anus. obesity and inactivity play a role in who develops hemorrhoids. pregnancy and childbirth can also increase women ' s risk for these protrusions. when hemorrhoids do form, they occur inside the rectum ( internal hemorrhoids ) or near the anal opening ( external hemorrhoids ). \" you often can ' t see or feel the internal ones, \" said dr. herbert lerner, a colon - rectal surgeon and fda medical officer, in an agency news release. \" but straining during bowel movements and constipation can cause these hemorrhoids to bleed and occasionally push through the anal opening. \" taking the following steps can keep stools soft and prevent hemorrhoids : - eat fiber - rich foods, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains - drink plenty of fluids - exercise and avoid sitting in one place for too long - take stool softeners or fiber supplements when a hemorrhoid pushes through the anal opening, it is known as a protruding or prolapsed hemorrhoid, which can be irritating. blood can pool in an external hemorrhoid and form a clot, which can cause severe pain, swelling and inflammation, lerner said. other common symptoms of hemorrhoids include the following : - itching ( especially when sitting ) - bright red blood on toilet tissue, stool or in the toilet ( dark red or black blood could be a sign of a more serious condition. ) - painful bowel movements - hard, sore lump", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4304668338627632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.297597"} {"text": "following : - itching ( especially when sitting ) - bright red blood on toilet tissue, stool or in the toilet ( dark red or black blood could be a sign of a more serious condition. ) - painful bowel movements - hard, sore lumps near the anus hemorrhoids can be treated with several over - the - counter creams and other remedies. \" these products may help you feel more comfortable, but they won ' t get rid of the underlying hemorrhoids, such as internal hemorrhoids, that commonly cause bleeding, \" lerner noted. soaking in a warm bath regularly for 10 to 15 minutes and using wet toilet paper after a bowel movement can also ease mild symptoms of hemorrhoids, according to dr. rajat malik, a gastroenterologist with the fda. \" with these measures, mild symptoms should decrease in two to seven days, \" advised malik in the news release. \" if your symptoms don ' t improve with these home treatments, and certainly if they get worse, it ' s time to talk to your health care provider. \" there are a number of procedures doctors can perform to treat hemorrhoids. for instance, where a hemorrhoid has a blood clot ( thrombosis ), doctors can remove the clot with a small incision. \" you can do this under local anesthesia and as an outpatient, \" lerner said. \" i ' ve had a lot of uncomfortable, unhappy patients walk into my office with a thrombosis, and then leave happy after it ' s been excised. \" other procedures used to treat hemorrhoids include : - ligation : a hemorrhoid ' s blood supply is cut off with a rubber band. - sclerotherapy : a chemical solution is injected into a hemorrhoid to shrink it. - coagulation : a laser or infrared light is used to shrink a hemorrhoid. - hemorrhoidectomy : a surgical procedure used in more extreme cases to remove large hemorrhoids. \" fda is responsible for reviewing the devices used in both ligation and coagulation, \" lerner noted. the american society of colon & rectal surgeons provides more information on hemorrhoids.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.40467252725175407, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.298482"} {"text": "engineers map volcanic lightning lightning sensors could lead to better eruption warnings photo : carlos gutierrez / upi / landov flash, crackle, pop! lightning might warn of imminent eruptions. this story was updated on 31 march 2009. volcanic eruptions are often accompanied by spectacular bursts of lightning \u2014 krakatoa, mount st. helens, and vesuvius have provided some relatively recent examples \u2014 and yet these breathtaking bolts are not well understood. obtaining insight into volcanic lightning, besides being of considerable scientific interest, could make it possible to get earlier warnings of eruptions and might even yield clues to the origins of life. with those ends in mind, electrical engineers at the new mexico institute of mining and technology, in socorro, have installed compact sensing stations of their own design at mount redoubt in alaska. ronald thomas, professor of electrical engineering at the institute, and his colleagues plan to map the lightning from that volcano \u2019 s eruption in three dimensions, hoping to illuminate what causes electrification during some eruptions and how volcanic lightning compares with thunderstorm lightning, which itself is not fully understood. the sensors, boxed in modified picnic coolers, record the time and magnitude of the radio - frequency impulses that lightning creates. correlating the time that the waves hit each receiver, the researchers triangulate the position of the radiation source in the sky to within 12 meters. they can then reconstruct the charge structure inside storm clouds, helping them understand what causes lightning and when and how it touches the ground. to study volcanic lightning, the researchers pack the sensors \u2014 along with 160 gigabytes of memory, worth three months of recording time \u2014 into 20a \u00bf \u00bf kilogram boxes. then the researchers must get the sensors to the right place at the right time. on the first two occasions they tried this, they didn \u2019 t quite make it in time to get all the data they wanted. during the january 2006 eruption of alaska \u2019 s mount augustine, the team arrived after the eruption had started and were able to set up only two sensors. the data was not enough to generate three - dimensional images, but it revealed a new type of lightning. until then, lightning in volcano plumes was known to resemble thunderstorm lightning \u2014 highly branched flashes that last about half a second. but at mount augustine the researchers also found continuous, explosive sparks that lasted only a few milliseconds, which appeared at the mouth of the volcano just when it started erupting. this indicated that the eruption itself, not just the ejected ash and rock, had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4635851130065766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.303960"} {"text": "the researchers also found continuous, explosive sparks that lasted only a few milliseconds, which appeared at the mouth of the volcano just when it started erupting. this indicated that the eruption itself, not just the ejected ash and rock, had created a large amount of charge. thomas is not sure how the charge is generated, something he hopes the redoubt experiment will reveal. when the chaiten volcano erupted in chile in may 2008, thomas \u2019 s team also arrived later than was ideal, but this time they were able to get four sensors in place, giving them their first 3 - d maps. preliminary analysis showed horizontal lightning up to 8 kilometers long. at redoubt, which began erupting on 26 march, they had a head start and for the first time recorded data right at the first eruption. thomas \u2019 s hopes are high : \u201d we \u2019 ll get a lot better estimate of what \u2019 s going on inside the volcanic cloud. \u201d in the kind of storm clouds that generate conventional lightning, ice particles and soft hail collide, building up positive and negative charges, respectively. they separate into layers, and the charge builds up until the electric field is high enough to trigger lightning. the conventional wisdom has been that in volcanic eruptions, charged ash and rock debris produce lightning by analogous processes. from what thomas and his team have already learned, volcanic lightning might be more complex than that. if they are successful in developing a mapping system, it could provide useful warning that an eruption has actually begun. \u201d just because a volcano is rumbling and making lots of seismic noise, you can \u2019 t tell whether it erupted, \u201d thomas says. tamsin mather, a volcano researcher at the university of oxford, in england, adds that the sensors could be a handy warning system especially for \u201d remote volcanoes in alaska or kamchatka that don \u2019 t have people watching them all the time but have plenty of planes that fly in the vicinity. \u201d airplanes have unknowingly flown into ash, which has sometimes choked their engines. volcanic lightning could also yield clues about earth \u2019 s geological past, mather says. and it could answer questions about the beginning of life on our planet. scientists suspect that volcanoes on a primeval, sweltering earth could have been the cradle of life. they had the right ingredients : water, hydrogen, ammonia, and methane. lightning would have been the essential spark that converted these molecules into amino acids, the building blocks of protein.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4530259524778375, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.305044"} {"text": "| cookies : by using this website you agree that we can place google analytics cookies on your device for performance monitoring. | optical metamaterials - bending the laws of physics if you have a question about this talk, please contact tim wilkinson. tea is served from 6pm metamaterials are artificial materials with properties that do not exist normally in nature. advances in nanoscale fabrication allow for the realization of optical metamaterials which allow us to manipulate light in ways that were orignially not thought to be possible. these materials are composed of subwavelength electromagnetic structures place very close to one another. due to mutual coupling between the individual structures, they present properties to incident electromagnetic radiation ( such as light ) that are different from those associated with the material from which the structures are comprised of. in this talk we use periodic arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as subwavelength structures to produce optical metamaterials that exhibit artificial dielectric properties and band gaps within the optical regime. this talk is part of the iet cambridge network - lectures series. this talk is included in these lists : note that ex - directory lists are not shown. other listsgraduate seminars religion, conflict and its aftermath talks metabolism other talkspsychometric application of bifactor modelling for multidimensional mental health phenotype : a population based genotype \u2010 trait association study serre weights and de rham cohomology of shimura curves annual general meeting an introduction to origins of the afro comb exhibition the immunology of a successful pregnancy under the bonnet of the ferrari of the virus world - norovirus replication and immune evasion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6724386857460317, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.306859"} {"text": "for all practical purposes, the story of american terrier work begins in 1971 with patricia adams lent, who founded the american working terrier association to promote working terriers and dachshunds. the american working terrier association ( awta ) was, and is, a modest organization with fewer than 100 members. it has no headquarters or paid staff, and produces a simple xeroxed newsletter four times a year. its web site ( as of 2005 ) has no information about actual hunting or wildlife, and is focused almost entirely on go - to - ground trials. that said, awta is a very important organization in the history of american working terriers, not only because it was the first \" club \" devoted to the sport, but also because ms. lent invented go - to - ground trials, and the basic set of rules governing them. since 1971, go - to - ground trials have served as a kind of \" on ramp \" for actual field work. the basic awta format has been widely copied, first by the jack russell terrier club of america ( 1976 ) and then by the american kennel club ( 1994 ). the origin of the american go - to - ground tunnel can be found in the artificial fox earths first constructed in the uk in the 1920s, but which came into their own in the 1950s and 60s with the collapse of so many ancient rabbit warrens under the onslaught of myxomatosis. artificial earths are generally constructed of two parallel rows of brick stacked three bricks high and topped by overlapping slates, or out of 9 - inch clay or concrete drainage pipe laid end - to - end. the result is a very spacious and dry fox earth. if sited within 200 feet of a water source ( it does not have to be large ), far from residences, and on the edge of fields and small woods, the chance of a fox taking up residence is excellent. the first artificial fox earths were constructed in order to guarantee that a fox could be found on hunt day, and to encourage fox to run along known courses away from roadways. that said, they also found favor because they proved easy locations for a terrier to bolt a fox from. even an overlarge dog could negotiate the straight or gently curving unobstructed nine - inch pipes of an artificial earth. the go - to - ground tunnels devised by patricia adams lent were constructed of wood instead of stone, brick or clay pipe, but were equally commodious, measuring 9 inches on each side with a bare dirt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4681535921501817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.320686"} {"text": "inch pipes of an artificial earth. the go - to - ground tunnels devised by patricia adams lent were constructed of wood instead of stone, brick or clay pipe, but were equally commodious, measuring 9 inches on each side with a bare dirt floor for drainage and traction. from the beginning awta ' s goal was to be inclusive. scottish terriers with enormous chests were encouraged to join awta, as were owners of west highland whites, cairns, norfolks, border terriers, fox terriers, lakelands, welsh terriers and bedlingtons. all were welcome, with the simple goal of having a little fun with the dogs, and perhaps giving american kennel club terrier owners some small idea of what actual terrier work was about. in awta trials, wooden den \" liners \" are sunk into a trench in the ground. the tunnels are up to 35 feet long with a series of right - angle turns, false dens and exits. the \u201c quarry \u201d at the end of the tunnel is a pair of \" feeder \" lab rats safely protected behind wooden bars and wire mesh. the rats are not only not harmed, but after 100 years of breeding for docility, some lab rats have been know to go to sleep! without a doubt, go - to - ground trials have been a huge hit with american terrier owners. dimensions of the den liners - - 81 inches square - - means even over - large terriers are able to negotiate them with ease. with nothing but a caged rat to face as \" quarry, \" the safety of dogs is guaranteed, and since the dogs only have to bay or dig at the quarry for 90 - seconds, most dogs end up qualifying for at least an entry - level certificate or ribbon. though the die - hard hunter may sneer, the increasing popularity of go - to - ground terrier trials is a welcome thing, for it has brought more people a little closer to real terrier work. owners of dogs that do well in go - to - ground trials should take pride in their dog \u2019 s achievements. like all sports that emulate real work ( lumber jack contests, bird dog trials, and sheep dog trials, to name a few ), a go - to - ground trial is both harder and easier than its real - world cousin. a dog that will exit a 30 - foot tunnel backwards in just 90 seconds and on a single command ( a requirement for earning an akc certificate ) is a dog that has been trained to a fairly high degree of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5010502072930048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.321734"} {"text": "than its real - world cousin. a dog that will exit a 30 - foot tunnel backwards in just 90 seconds and on a single command ( a requirement for earning an akc certificate ) is a dog that has been trained to a fairly high degree of proficiency. having said that, it should be stressed that a go - to - ground trial has little relationship to true hunting. in the field dogs are not rewarded for speed. in fact, if a hunt terrier were to charge down a real earth like it were a go - to - ground tunnel it would quickly run into quarry capable of inflicting real damage. in addition, in a real hunting situation a dog must do a great deal more than \u201c work \u201d the quarry for 90 seconds. a good working dog will stick to the task for as long as it can hear people moving about overhead \u2013 whether that is 15 minutes or three hours. the real division street between go - to - ground and earthwork, however, is size. and the real problem with a go - to - ground trial is not that it teaches a dog to go too fast down a tunnel ( dogs understand the difference between fake liners and real earth ), but that it suggests to terrier owners that any dog that can go down a cavernous go - to - ground tunnel is a dog \u201c suitable for work. \u201d to its credit, the american working terrier association recognizes the difference between a go - to - ground tunnel and real earth work, and implicitly underscores this difference in its rules for earning a working certificate. awta rules note that a terrier or dachshund can earn a working certificate on woodchuck, fox, raccoon, badger, or an \u201c aggressive possum \u201d found in a natural earth, but that \u201c this does not include work in a drain or otherwise man - made earth. \u201d in short, a drain is not a close proxy for a natural earth, and terriers that are too large to work a natural earth do not meet the requirements of a working terrier. the american working terrier association issues certificates of gameness to dogs qualifying at their artificial den trials. working certificates are awarded to dogs that work groundhog, fox, raccoon, possum, or badger in a natural den provided that at least one awta member is there as a witness. awta also issues a hunting certificate to a dog that hunts regularly over a period of a year. six years after the american working terrier association was created, mrs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4879347259242791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.322709"} {"text": "natural den provided that at least one awta member is there as a witness. awta also issues a hunting certificate to a dog that hunts regularly over a period of a year. six years after the american working terrier association was created, mrs. alisia crawford, one of the first jack russell terrier breeders in the u. s., founded the jack russell terrier club of america ( jrtca ) ms. crawford and the early founders of the jack russell terrier club put a lot of thought into structuring the jrtca so that work remained front and center. towards that end, the club decided that its highest award - - the \" bronze medallion \" - - would not go to show dogs, but to working dogs that had demonstrated their ability in the field by working at least three of six types of american quarry - - red fox, gray fox, raccoon, groundhog, possum, and badger - - in front of a jrtca - certified field judge. in the show ring the jrtca decided to ban professional handlers as it was thought this would keep the shows fun and less important than the essential element of work. instead of mandating the kind of narrow conformation ranges demanded by the kennel club for their terrier breeds, the jrtca divided the diverse world of the jack russell terrier into three coat types ( smooth, broken and rough ), and two sizes ( 10 inches tall to 12. 5 inches tall, and 12. 5 inches tall to 15 inches tall ). \" different horses for different courses \" became a watch word, with overt recognition that the world of working terriers required dogs able to work different quarry in different earths, and in different climates. unlike the kennel club the jrtca also decided to keep their registry an \" open \" registry so that new blood might be infused at times. at the same time, the club discouraged inbreeding and eventually restricted line breeding to a set percentage. to balance off an open - registry with the desire to keep jack russell - type dogs looking like jack russells, decided not to allow dogs to be registered at birth or to register entire litters. instead, each dog would be photographed from each side and the front, and admitted to the registry on their own merit, and as an adult. in addition, each dog had to be measured for height and chest span. what this meant is that at the time of registration, the height and chest measurement of an adult dog could be recorded.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47168196089519976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.323881"} {"text": "registry on their own merit, and as an adult. in addition, each dog had to be measured for height and chest span. what this meant is that at the time of registration, the height and chest measurement of an adult dog could be recorded. over time, both height and chest size could be tracked through pedigrees - - an essential element of breeding correctly - sized working terriers. the jrtca was not shy about their rationale for these rules : they openly and emphatically opposed kennel club registration, maintaining that time had show that dogs brought into the kennel club quickly grew too big and often lost other essential working attributes such as nose, voice, and prey drive. today the jack russell terrier club of america is the largest jack russell terrier club and registry in the world, and its annual national trial attracts approximately 1, 200 jack russell terriers from all over the u. s. and canada. the jrtca ' s small professional staff cranks out a solid bi - monthly magazine that is 80 - 100 pages long, holds a regular schedule of dog shows, and sells deben locator collars, fox nets, and a host of other items ranging from hats and jackets to coffee cups. the web site of the jack russell terrier club of america is one of the very best dog sites in the united states, packed with well - presented information, high - quality graphics and a user - friendly layout. perhaps the most important service work of the jrtca are the ads that the club routinely runs in all - breed publications warning people that jack russell terriers are not a dog for everyone, are primarily a hunting dog, and are not like the cute dogs seen on tv. sometime in the last 1990s, following the appearance of jack russell terriers in a host of tv and hollywood productions ranging from \" wishbone \" and \" frasier \" to \" my dog skip \" and \" the mask, \" the american kennel club decided to add the jack russell terrier to its roles. as they had previously done with the border collie, the akc ignored the strong opposition of the large existing breed club, and quietly assembled a new club of show - ring breeders to serve as their stalking horse. the \" jack russell terrier breeders association \" ( later called the jack russell terrier association of america, and now called the \" parson russell terrier association of america \" ) petitioned for the admission of the jack russell terrier into the kennel club and, despite the objections of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4438558199570895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.324877"} {"text": "\" ( later called the jack russell terrier association of america, and now called the \" parson russell terrier association of america \" ) petitioned for the admission of the jack russell terrier into the kennel club and, despite the objections of the jrtca, the breed was admitted in january of 2001. the admission of the jack russell terrier into the american kennel club was a contentious affair, with the jrtca standing firm on its long - held rule that no dog could be dual - registered. what this meant is that breeders had to chose whether to remain in the jrtca or to \" get in early \" with the akc before they closed their registry. some of the breeders that chose the akc did so because they thought they could then sell their puppies for more money, others were eager to be the \" big fish in a small pond \" at the beginning of a new akc breed registry. still others were anxious to attend more dog shows,. whatever the reason, the kennel club required that the jack russell terrier breed description be narrower than that of the jrtca. the goal of a kennel club breed description is to craft a narrow \" standard \" - - the wide variance in size, coat and look allowed and encouraged in the world of working terriers would not do. the american kennel club breed standard stipulated that an akc jack russell terrier could not be under 12 inches in height nor over 15 inches in height, and further stipulated that \" ideal \" dog was 14 inches tall and the ideal bitch was 13 \" tall. ironically, this breed description effectively eliminated about 40 % of all the american dogs that had actually worked red fox in the u. s. more importantly, this narrow standard eliminated the small dogs necessary to \" size down \" a breed - - something absolutely necessary in order to keep working terriers small enough to work. of course the american kennel club has never been interested in working terriers and the breed club they created has shown no interest in work either. under continuing pressure from the working jack russell terrier community in england and the u. s., the british and american kennel clubs decided to jettison the \" jack russell terrier \" name to more easily identify the non - working show ring dog they favored. now called the \" parson russell terrier, \" the akc dog is quickly getting too big in the chest to work - - though not many dogs are actually taken out into the field to try. after just three years in the ken", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4463872516566755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.325878"} {"text": "why are there fewer women working in science than men? things have certainly improved, with participation in many branches of science at undergraduate and graduate levels now broadly balanced between the sexes. and yet by mid - career \u2013 as people progress into their 30s \u2013 a serious gender gap starts to appear. climb the ladder to senior research positions and the disparity deepens. why is this the case? shouldn \u2019 t we be trying to address this issue? and, if so, how? the conversation spoke with five leading scientists to get their views. cathy foley ( csiro ) : chief of material science and engineering division. why is there a gender gap in science? only about 30 % of people working in science are women and that can go down to 5 % in certain areas \u2013 engineering in particular. there \u2019 s no single reason for this. firstly, there are practical reasons. quite often women have children and leave the workforce for a while. there are currently no programs that allow female scientists to re - enter the workforce where their skills are brought up to speed. science and technology is a field that changes all the time, so if you \u2019 re out of the workforce it takes quite a bit to catch up. women also often have a different career path to men \u2013 until their 30s there \u2019 s a very similar career path, and then they split. women tend to plateau or go backwards for about 15 years. but i \u2019 ve noticed that women \u2019 s careers kick off again in their late 40s and early 50s. so if they can hang in there, women tend to do really, really well. what we \u2019 ve found is that many women don \u2019 t realise this, and get frustrated that their career is going backwards. so they leave the workforce or get jobs in other sectors. there \u2019 s also frustration when women don \u2019 t feel welcome. science can be a very blokey environment, very competitive. i \u2019 m generalising here, but women aren \u2019 t normally as competitive in the workplace as men. all this means women don \u2019 t get the same kinds of accolades and awards, don \u2019 t apply for the same jobs, grants, prizes and can \u2019 t progress in the same way. why is having fewer women than men in science a problem? this is a recipe for disaster. women make up half the population, so we \u2019 re losing half of the brightest people to solve the world \u2019 s major problems. we \u2019 re chopping ourselves off at the knees as a society if we \u2019 re not embracing our full", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45730496952584193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.337424"} {"text": "for disaster. women make up half the population, so we \u2019 re losing half of the brightest people to solve the world \u2019 s major problems. we \u2019 re chopping ourselves off at the knees as a society if we \u2019 re not embracing our full human potential. also, the best work is done when teams are diverse. a lot of research coming out now says you \u2019 ll get better results if you have teams with different genders, different personality types, different racial backgrounds, indigenous, and people with disabilities. they all bring a different perspective and a different way of problem solving \u2013 you don \u2019 t get the \u201c group think \u201d. what can be done to redress the gender balance? there \u2019 s no silver bullet. you need to have people at the highest level, from the prime minister to heads of industries, saying this is important and making a commitment to solving the problem. we \u2019 ve got to even up the playing field in some way. there are some basic things that can be done. to be successful, researchers need to go to international conferences and be connected to networks. having funding to help with childcare during these times is really important. also a clear path for re - entry into the workforce is crucial. some solutions cost money but many don \u2019 t. it \u2019 s about cultural change, and changing cultures is very difficult. suzanne cory ( australian academy of science ) : australian academy of science president why are there fewer women in science? in the life sciences, we train as many women as we do men. at the graduate and doctoral levels, at least half the graduates are women. but then there \u2019 s a precipitous drop off. it starts when women reach their early 30s, which often coincides with childbearing. that \u2019 s the major problem \u2013 how do you get women through that very difficult period when they are trying to juggle family and career? science demands long hours, great focus, and great competitiveness to be successful. i don \u2019 t think there are barriers to women to have careers in science \u2013 i think it \u2019 s up to women to take the challenge. the door is open and they need to walk through it. we have made considerable progress over the past decades \u2013 we \u2019 ve got a woman [ dr megan clark ] heading csiro, a woman heading the australian research council, the chancellors of several universities are women. but we are still losing too many women along the way. we need to do even better. what will happen if we don \u2019 t address this issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4982558359746656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.338501"} {"text": "csiro, a woman heading the australian research council, the chancellors of several universities are women. but we are still losing too many women along the way. we need to do even better. what will happen if we don \u2019 t address this issue? the low participation of women in career - long science is an international problem. if australia is to have a vibrant future, we need be extremely innovative and we need all the best brains we have. when i entered science there were incredibly few women continuing careers in science, and that \u2019 s definitely improved. we \u2019 ve done a lot by changing attitudes in schools and that \u2019 s reflected in the steady increase in the number of women who study science at university. but it hasn \u2019 t improved nearly as fast as i expected. in fact, i think it has plateaued. what should be done? we need to focus on this \u201c drop - off \u201d point. it \u2019 s quite simple really \u2013 women need a lot more support during that period of their lives. the key way to help would be to have more high - quality and affordable childcare. from my own experience, that \u2019 s critical. secondly, i think we need to increase awareness and capabilities of young men, so that as partners they \u2019 re more willing and capable of sharing the load during that key point of child bearing. thirdly, funding bodies need to look very carefully at how they assess performance during the period when, inevitably, productivity is lower for women. i don \u2019 t think it \u2019 s appropriate to tell female scientists, \u201c we \u2019 ll keep you on no matter what \u201d \u2013 that \u2019 s not realistic. but we do need to help them to be high performers. we also need to encourage our young women to believe in themselves more, and encourage their drive and their willingness to take risks. lastly, and this is not just to help women, we need to continue working at enhancing the image of science. having a world where we \u2019 re as proud of our scientists as we are our sportspeople will encourage more of our best young people to take up careers in science and technology. mahananda dasgupta ( australian national university ) : professor, department of nuclear physics, research school of physics and engineering why do you think there are fewer women in science than men? i think it \u2019 s because of time pressures in a fast - moving field. if you drop the ball for a year, it \u2019 s very hard to catch up and there \u2019 s a perception that feeds off that, which discourages women further", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4572359741142667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.339588"} {"text": "? i think it \u2019 s because of time pressures in a fast - moving field. if you drop the ball for a year, it \u2019 s very hard to catch up and there \u2019 s a perception that feeds off that, which discourages women further. science is also an international playing field and it \u2019 s very competitive. if you \u2019 re trying to develop quantum memories for fast and secure information processing, it \u2019 s not just you \u2013 the whole world is trying to develop that in competition. early in your career, you might want to work part - time when you \u2019 re raising a family but the highly competitive nature of science is not very forgiving of that. why is the relative lack of women in science an important issue? we are now a technologically - driven society and if we are losing roughly half of our trained workforce and not utilising their expertise, then it is a loss to our society and its competitiveness. i understand mining companies are putting a lot of effort into keeping women, in fact anyone they have trained, as it \u2019 s simply smart business practice. and that \u2019 s a good point. if we didn \u2019 t refer to this as something about women, but a workforce issue \u2013 that we \u2019 re losing half of our workforce \u2013 it would raise a lot more questions. the case is even stronger now that we are facing skills shortages in australia. how do we retain that female workforce? by strong and meaningful mentoring, which doesn \u2019 t just mean a quick meeting once a month or web - based mentoring, but real mentors who encourage women or younger people to devise strategies about how best to use their time, and what roles to apply for to advance their career. every person at that early stage needs support. we need to champion women scientifically \u2013 not \u201c she \u2019 s a good person \u201d, but \u201c she \u2019 s an excellent physicist who \u2019 s done this great work \u201d. once younger people get that reassurance that they \u2019 re good, they \u2019 re wanted in the field and their expertise is valued internationally, they will stick to it. equally, the employers ' responsibility to provide childcare is very important. if we are expanding and building infrastructure \u2013 why are we not building childcare facilities? i was educated in india where, if a student is sharp, they \u2019 re encouraged to show it through participating in discussions or taking on extra - educational activities. teachers, family and society are proud of the achievements of the individual. this is very good for the development of the individual and society. it does", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5097344329696119, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.340723"} {"text": "sharp, they \u2019 re encouraged to show it through participating in discussions or taking on extra - educational activities. teachers, family and society are proud of the achievements of the individual. this is very good for the development of the individual and society. it does strike me that in australia we give a lot of kudos to those who excel in sports, but if you excel in studies you are a dork, particularly among other students. sometimes, following talks i give in schools, students come to the carpark to ask me science questions, rather than asking them in front of the class. how do we get away from that? i believe that to make real long - term progress we must respect and encourage intellectual achievements. how you make society do that is difficult to know. maybe the media have a role in terms of highlighting intellectual and technical endeavours and achievements. i also hope it might arise naturally with the realisation the regions around us are investing heavily to lift the educational levels of their population. tanya monro ( university of adelaide ) : inaugural chair of photonics why are there fewer women in science? there are so many complex reasons for this disparity, especially in the more senior roles. one is that senior people are looking for those that have taken similar pathways and achieved similar things to them. that \u2019 s disadvantageous to women who have sometimes taken a different, more circuitous path. sometimes it \u2019 s not overt barriers but institutional cultures as well. i was really struck by the male culture during my first meeting here at the university with other physics academics. it was really confrontational and that could discourage many women. job security is another big issue in retaining women. there \u2019 s a profound difference in the way women think about their career prospects at key points. they leave academia because they can \u2019 t see any certainty. guys generally tend to have a more relaxed attitude, and wait to see what opportunities open up. i think we also have a tall poppy issue in australia and perhaps women are more sensitive to that, as we often don \u2019 t want to stand out. why should there be more women in science? the heart of this problem is just loss of talent. it \u2019 s increasingly obvious to me that we \u2019 re now choosing from a smaller talent pool. women often bring a broader set of skills to science, especially the physical sciences, and to leadership. they are often more team focused \u2013 something that \u2019 s increasingly important. how do we achieve a better balance? recent moves by the australian research council and their laureate fellowship scheme were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49320023722913076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.341915"} {"text": "set of skills to science, especially the physical sciences, and to leadership. they are often more team focused \u2013 something that \u2019 s increasingly important. how do we achieve a better balance? recent moves by the australian research council and their laureate fellowship scheme were very positive \u2013 the rules changed to give a named fellowship with extra resources to the best female scientists. this is better than a quota. i know i \u2019 d never feel comfortable getting a position just because i was a woman. but giving the best woman an extra opportunity \u2013 that \u2019 s a better way to do it. one vital ingredient in supporting women is high - quality on - site childcare. this is hugely important for mums trying to come back into the workforce, and it should be a minimum requirement. amanda barnard ( csiro ) : theoretical condensed matter physicist, working in theoretical and computational nanotechnology. what \u2019 s your view on the gender imbalance in science? in physics, the gender disparity is much starker in than the health and life sciences sector. this is well documented, and has been measured statistically many times, but it \u2019 s all the more real when you attend an international meeting and find yourself the only female in the auditorium. the truth is that men and women do have different skills, and different ways of approaching scientific problems, and this is something to be celebrated, not dismissed or trivialised. why should there be more women in science? without gender balance, we are like a boat with only one oar. no matter how strong the right oar is, unless we have the left oar to complement it, we \u2019 ll always be paddling in circles. talented female scientists are going to waste, whether they are currently employed in science or not. female scientists that are currently employed are often sidelined, ignored or simply dismissed as irrelevant. more often than not i \u2019 m assumed to be a graduate student, and one of my male postdocs is assumed to be my boss. what can be done to get more women into science, especially into senior roles? at the undergraduate and graduate levels, participation is already reasonably balanced. it \u2019 s in mid career that gender gaps appear. we need greater flexibility to maintain both career and family, and an acceptance from employers and colleagues that we can still be productive and successful when our work style is non - traditional or ( dare i say ) off site. in terms of more senior roles, there \u2019 s the issue of corporate culture, and whether or not leadership positions are considered hospitable environments", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49971284151022466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.342943"} {"text": "size : 8. 5 inches general description : formerly known as a rufous - sided towhee, this common bird can most often be found under the bushes, on the open forest floor, and among the shrubbery near lawns. with its distinctive black head and upper body, red eyes, rusty - orange sides, black tail showing white at the corners in flight, white belly, and white spots and bars on the wings, the male is hardly inconspicuous. the females are similar, but appear more brown than black, and their colors are not as bright, and juvenile birds are heavily streaked and lack the colors of the adults. habitat : towhees prefer brushy clearings with some sunny patches, forested lowlands, shrubby thickets of salal, willow, myrtle, and blackberries, and residential garden edges. behavior : these birds are almost exclusively ground birds, easily located by their loud scratching in the leaves under the bushes. they are rarely seen feeding in trees but they will often show up at the seed and suet feeders in our yards, and can be very aggressive defending their spot on the feeder. they are also quite vocal, and have several calls and sounds ; one is a sort of questioning single note that rises, as though to say, \u201c ehhhhh? \u201d the other is more of a rattle, repeated over and over. diet : spotted towhees are seed, insect, and worm eaters ( more correctly called terrestrial invertebrates ), and will also eat acorns and berries. as mentioned earlier, they are also quite fond of suet, especially if its the kind with berries in it. nestlings are fed insects and some fruit. nesting : male spotted towhees display from high perches, singing to defend their territories as early as february, flashing their wings open and shut to display their white spots, but the female picks the nest site. in april, she finds a scrape on the ground or a low fork in the bushes and builds the cup - shaped nest of leaves, grass, bark, twigs, and rootlets, and lines it with fine grass, evergreen needles, and hair. she lays three to five eggs and incubates them for 12 to 14 days. both parents feed the young, which leave the nest in about 10 to 12 days, but they do not fly for another six days. the young stay in the parents territory for another 30 days, and the parents generally have just the one brood each year. migration : western washington birds are year - round", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4231893222577138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.345854"} {"text": "a 104 - page book with glossy soft cover, stories of robin hood told to the children was originally published in 1907. this edition is an unabridged republication of the work, and it includes pictures by a. s. forrest rendered in black and white ( rather than the color illustrations originally published in 1907 ). ideal for children ages eight and up, the book includes \" how robin hood came to live in the green wood, \" \" the meeting of robin hood and little john, \" and other stories about robin hood ' s merry men, maid marian, and king richard. the book begins with a one - page explanation by the author that stresses the existence of robin hood as a real person and presents the intention of the book to tell the \" how and why \" of robin hood. the first chapter contains a bit of background information for the reader. the author offers some explanation as to how robin hood came to live in the green wood. she includes a brief and general history of king richard and his leaving england for the crusades. the chapters are well written and include all of the famous stories often told of robin hood. there is a great story of love and a demanding father requiring his daughter to marry for money rather than love, offering an opportunity to discuss a christian marriage based on love and commitment. the stories include details of those long - ago times. for instance, meat was hauled by horse - back riders in \" panniers \" rather than by trains ( as there were none, and roads were often too bad for even carts to travel well ). and a glimpse of the class system is shown in robin hood ' s own love story. maid marian and robin hood ' s romantic story demonstrates the desire for funds to keep \" a lady \" in her accustomed lifestyle. marian ' s love for robin made her willing to live in the woods to be with him. character should be discussed occasionally throughout the reading in order to clarify the behavior of robin hood, who took from the rich to give to the poor. the book consistently stresses that those he took from had taken from others, but clarification is still necessary and must be determined by each family. the very nature of reading aloud provides opportunity for discussion as the story progresses, which is why our family loves reading books together. the stories are easy to read aloud, and the occasional poetry consistently rhymes, making the book even easier to read. the poetry also adds the elements of fantastic use of language and wonderful vocabulary. the book portrays carelessness in an honest way : \" robin was so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4451927396405572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.348804"} {"text": "uprooting racism in the food system : communities organize for justice march 11, 2013 a shovel overturned can flip so much more than soil, worms, and weeds. structural racism - the ways in which social systems and institutions promote and perpetuate the oppression of people of color \u2013 manifests at all points in the food system. it emerges as barriers to land ownership and credit access for farmers of color, as wage discrimination and poor working conditions for food and farmworkers of color, and as lack of healthy food in neighborhoods of color. it shows up as discrimination in housing, employment, redlining, and other elements which impact food access and food justice. many people involved in creating food - from haitian tomato pickers organizing in florida, to native americans saving seeds in arizona, to black detroit residents growing gardens in fractured neighborhoods \u2013 are simultaneously chipping away at structural racism. in the harvesting justice series we touch on many of these issues, starting with a look at african - american farmers and what they doing to win justice in the food system. in 1920, one in every seven farmers in the u. s. was african - american. together, they owned nearly 15 million acres. racism, violence, and massive migration from the rural south to the industrialized north have caused a steady decline in the number of black farmers. so, too, has, institutional racism in the agricultural policies of the usda. by 2007, african - american farmers numbered about one in 70, together owning only 4. 2 million acres. over the years, studies by the u. s. civil rights commission ( crc ), as well as by the usda itself, have shown that the usda actively discriminated against black farmers, earning it the nickname \u2018 the last plantation. \u2019 a 1964 crc study showed that the agency unjustly denied african - american farmers loans, disaster aid, and representation on agricultural committees. but organizations like the national black farmers association, the black farmers and agriculturalists association, the land loss prevention project, and the federation of southern cooperatives have been challenging racism in agricultural policy through legal action. in 1997 - 98, african - american farmers filed class - action lawsuits against the usda for unjustly denying them loans. the lawsuits were consolidated into one case, pigford v. glickman, which was settled in 1999. but due to delays in filing claims, nearly 60, 000 farmers and their heirs were left out of this settlement. in november 2010, the u. s. congress passed the claims settlement act (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43840488332891925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.355058"} {"text": ". glickman, which was settled in 1999. but due to delays in filing claims, nearly 60, 000 farmers and their heirs were left out of this settlement. in november 2010, the u. s. congress passed the claims settlement act ( known as pigford ii ) to compensate black farmers who were left out of the first settlement. president obama signed the bill a month later, making $ 1. 25 billion available for claimants in the form of cash payments and loan forgiveness, though the black farmers and agriculturalists association has filed an appeal because pigford ii provides smaller payments and places limits on claimants \u2019 future legal options. bell hooks wrote, \u201c collective black self - recovery takes place when we begin to renew our relationship to the earth, when we remember the way of our ancestors \u2026 living in modern society, without a sense of history, it has been easy for folks to forget that black people were first and foremost a people of the land, farmers. \u201d some who are still farmers are carrying on the fight for economic and civil rights for land - based african - american people, a fight which dates back to the days of slavery. probably the most impressive contemporary example of such organizing has been the federation of southern cooperatives. an outgrowth of the civil rights movement, it formed in 1967 when 22 cooperatives met at atlanta university. the federation has used collective action ever since to support black and other small farmers and rural communities. today, their members include over 100 coops in 16 states across the south. a fast - growing movement is african - americans reclaiming their connection to their urban land and their food, as part of food justice and food sovereignty movements. people \u2019 s grocery and mo \u2019 better food in oakland, growing power, rooted in community, detroit black community food security network, and many others are organizing with farmers and connecting african - american growers and consumers. many of these, such as the detroit black community food security network, are working forcommunities of color to have democratic control over their own food systems. their work includes youth programs and urban gardening in areas where access to healthy, affordable food is limited, as is the case in many low - income and people of color neighborhoods. these groups are also raising awareness of the ways that african - american communities, and communities of color in general, have been sidelined within the food movement itself. inclusion and participation of people of color has come slowly and late. often, african - american neighborhoods are targeted as \u2018 intervention \u2019 areas by outside organizations that - though well -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4544433122868785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.356130"} {"text": "communities of color in general, have been sidelined within the food movement itself. inclusion and participation of people of color has come slowly and late. often, african - american neighborhoods are targeted as \u2018 intervention \u2019 areas by outside organizations that - though well - meaning - are neither led by nor accountable to the community and its most urgent needs and goals. the prevailing white culture of the food movement as a whole creates barriers : the typical image of farmers presented often reflects a white archetype and the types of food solutions presented are not always culturally relevant or practical. a critical element of many african - american groups \u2019 work thus involves nation - wide education and organizing on structural racism as it impacts health, farming, food, and land. among other elements, these organizations are committed to knocking down barriers to food production and food access. some have joined the world - wide movement for food sovereignty, in their own communities and through the u. s. food sovereignty alliance, so that citizen control over food and agriculture can exist across global economic systems. ultimately, we all eat, and we are all implicated. achieving racial justice in the food system is not the sole burden of african - americans organizing but will take multiracial alliances of people raising awareness of systemic disparities, and working together to end them. i want to add many latino & low - income communities have started community farms as well. it \u2019 s a huge step toward autonomy, mutual aid & collectivism in these areas where healthy food isn \u2019 t readily available or it \u2019 s very expensive. i recently began working with a women \u2019 s collective & migrant farm workers to develop a community farm in south el paso near the texas / mexico border. i would really encourage people with the time & resources to start organizing a community farm because food justice is a human right \u2019 s issue!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4797575042246817, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.356956"} {"text": "tiny wiki : fast loading, text only version of wikipedia. kingdom of sicily the kingdom of sicily ( regno di sicilia, commonly abbreviated regno, regnum siciliae ' ' or ' ' sicilie, reino de sezilia ) was a state that existed in the south of italy from its founding by roger ii in 1130 until 1861. it was a successor state of the county of sicily, which had been founded in 1071 during the norman conquest of southern italy. the kingdom covered not only the island of sicily itself, but also the whole mezzogiorno region of southern italy. the island was divided into three regions ; valle di mazzara, valle di demona and valle di noto. it was sometimes called the ' ' regnum apuliae et siciliae ' ' until 1282. in 1282 a revolt against the angevin rule, known as the sicilian vespers threw off charles of anjou ' s rule of the island of sicily. the angevins managed to maintain control in the mainland areas of the kingdom, which eventually became known as the kingdom of naples, after its capital. the island became a separate kingdom, under the rule of an aragonese dynasty. after 1302 the island kingdom was sometimes called the kingdom of trinacria ( the english equivalent word of trinacria is the triangle ). often the kingship was vested in another monarch such as the king of aragon, the king of spain or the holy roman emperor. in 1816 the kingdom of sicily merged with kingdom of naples into the newly created kingdom of the two sicilies. in 1861 its areas were united with the kingdom of italy. the norman kingdom was created in 1130 by roger ii of sicily. roger united the lands he inherited from his father roger i of sicily. these areas included the duchy of apulia and the county of sicily, which belonged to his cousin william ii, duke of apulia, until his death in 1127, and the other norman vassals. roger threw his support behind the antipope anacletus ii, who enthroned him ' ' king of sicily ' ' on christmas day 1130. in 1136, the rival of anacletus, pope innocent ii, convinced lothair iii, holy roman emperor to attack the kingdom of sicily with help from the byzantine emperor john ii comnenus. two main armies, one led by lothair, the other by duke of bavaria henry the proud, invaded sicily. on the river tront", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36625535250563684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.371739"} {"text": ", holy roman emperor to attack the kingdom of sicily with help from the byzantine emperor john ii comnenus. two main armies, one led by lothair, the other by duke of bavaria henry the proud, invaded sicily. on the river tronto, william of loritello surrendered to lothair and opened the gates of termoli to him. this was followed by count hugh ii of molise. the two armies were united at bari, from where in 1137 they continued their campaign. roger offered to give apulia as a fief to the empire, which lothair refused after being pressured by innocent. at the same period the army of lothair revolted. then lothair, who had hoped for the complete conquest of sicily, gave capua and apulia from the kingdom of sicily to roger ' s enemies. innocent protested, claiming that apulia fell under papal claims. lothair turned north, but died while crossing the alps on december 4, 1137. at the second council of the lateran in april 1139, innocent excommunicated roger for maintaining a schismatic attitude. on march 22, 1139, at galluccio, roger ' s son roger iii, duke of apulia ambushed the papal troops with a thousand knights and captured the pope. on march 25, 1139, innocent was forced to acknowledge the kingship and possessions of roger with the treaty of mignano. roger spent most of the decade, beginning with his coronation and ending with the assizes of ariano, enacting a series of laws with which roger intended to centralise the government, fending off multiple invasions and quelling rebellions by his premier vassals : grimoald of bari, robert ii of capua, ranulf of alife, sergius vii of naples and others. it was through his admiral george of antioch that roger then proceeded to conquer the mahdia in africa ( ifriqiya ), taking the unofficial title \" king of africa \". at the same time roger ' s fleet attacked the byzantine empire, making sicily the leading maritime power in the mediterranean sea for almost a century. roger ' s son and successor was william i of sicily, known as \" william the bad \", though his nickname derived primarily from his lack of popularity with the chroniclers, who supported the baronial revolts which william suppressed. his reign ended in peace ( 1166 ), but his son, william ii, was a minor. until the end of the boy ' s regency in 117", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38352797109439213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.372712"} {"text": "of popularity with the chroniclers, who supported the baronial revolts which william suppressed. his reign ended in peace ( 1166 ), but his son, william ii, was a minor. until the end of the boy ' s regency in 1172, the kingdom saw turmoil which almost brought the ruling family down. the reign of william ii is remembered as two decades of almost continual peace and prosperity. for this more than anything, he is nicknamed \" the good \". he died in 1189 without having heirs, which led the kingdom to decline. tancred of lecce seized the throne but had to contend with the revolt of his distant cousin roger of andria and the invasion of henry vi, holy roman emperor on behalf of his wife, constance, the daughter of roger ii. constance and henry eventually prevailed and the kingdom fell in 1194 to the hohenstaufen dynasty. through constance, the hauteville blood was passed to frederick ii, holy roman emperor. the accession of frederick, a child who would then become also the holy roman emperor frederick ii in 1197, greatly affected the immediate future of sicily. for a land so used to centralised royal authority, the king ' s young age caused a serious power vacuum. his uncle philip of swabia moved to secure frederick ' s inheritance by appointing markward von anweiler, margrave of ancona, regent in 1198. meanwhile, pope innocent iii had reasserted papal authority in sicily, but recognised frederick ' s rights. the pope was to see papal power decrease steadily over the next decade and was unsure about which side to back at many junctures. portrait of conradin, the last heir of the hohenstaufen in the kingdom of sicily. the hohenstaufen ' s grip on power, however, was not secure. walter iii of brienne had married the daughter of tancred of sicily. she was sister and heiress of the deposed king william iii of sicily. in 1201 william decided to claim the kingdom. in 1202, an army led by the chancellor walter of palearia and dipold of vohburg was defeated by walter iii of brienne. markward was killed, and frederick fell under the control of william of capparone, an ally of the pisans. dipold continued the war against walter on the mainland until the claimant ' s death in 1205. dipold finally wrested frederick from capparone in 1206 and gave him over to the guardianship of the chancellor, walter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.36683283888050133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.373747"} {"text": "pisans. dipold continued the war against walter on the mainland until the claimant ' s death in 1205. dipold finally wrested frederick from capparone in 1206 and gave him over to the guardianship of the chancellor, walter of palearia. walter and dipold then had a falling out, and the latter captured the royal palace, where he was besieged and captured by walter in 1207. after a decade, the wars over the regency and the throne itself had ceased. the reform of the laws began with the assizes of ariano in 1140 by roger ii. fredecik continued the reformation with the assizes of capua ( 1220 ) and the promulgation of the constitutions of melfi ( 1231, also known as ' ' liber augustalis ' ' ), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time. the constitutions of melfi were created in order to establish a centralized state. for example, citizens were not allowed to carry weapons or wear armour in public unless they were under royal command. as a result, rebellions were reduced. the constitutions made the kingdom of sicily an absolute monarchy, the first centralized state in europe to emerge from feudalism ; it also set a precedent for the primacy of written law. with relatively small modifications, the ' ' liber augustalis ' ' remained the basis of sicilian law until 1819. during this period, he also built the castel del monte, and in 1224, he founded the university of naples, now called universita federico ii. it remained the sole athenaeum of southern italy for centuries. after the death of frederick, the kingdom was ruled by henry vii of germany and conrad iv of germany. the next legitimate heir was conrad ii, who was too young at the period to rule. manfred of sicily, the illegitimate son of frederick, took the power and ruled the kingdom for fifteen years while other hohenstaufen heirs were ruling various areas in germany. after long wars against the papal states, the kingdom managed to defend its possessions, but the papacy declared the kingdom escheated because of disloyalty of the hohenstaufen. under this pretext he came to an agreement with louis ix, king of france. louis ' s brother, charles of anjou, would become king of sicily. in exchange, charles recognized the overlordship of the pope in the kingdom, paid a portion of the papal debt, and agreed to pay annual tribute to the papal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41825887903122594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.374967"} {"text": ". louis ' s brother, charles of anjou, would become king of sicily. in exchange, charles recognized the overlordship of the pope in the kingdom, paid a portion of the papal debt, and agreed to pay annual tribute to the papal states. [ ] the hohenstaufen rule in sicily ended after the 1266 angevin invasion and the death of conradin, the last male heir of hohenstaufen, in 1268. angevin and aragonese kingdoms in 1266, conflict between the hohenstaufen house and the papacy led to sicily ' s conquest by charles i, duke of anjou. opposition to french officialdom and taxation combined with inciment of rebellion by aragonese and byzantine agents led to the sicilian vespers insurrection and successful invasion by king peter iii of aragon in 1282. the resulting war of the sicilian vespers lasted until the peace of caltabellotta in 1302, dividing the old kingdom of sicily in two. the island of sicily, called the \" kingdom of sicily beyond the lighthouse \" or the kingdom of trinacria, went to frederick iii, who had been ruling it. the peninsular territories ( the mezzogiorno ), contemporaneously called kingdom of sicily but called kingdom of naples by modern scholarship, went to charles ii, who had likewise been ruling it. thus, the peace was formal recognition of an uneasy ' ' status quo ' '. sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the kings of aragon until 1409 and thence as part of the crown of aragon. the kingdom of naples was ruled by the angevin ruler rena\u00a9 of anjou until the two thrones were reunited by alfonso v of aragon, after the successful siege of naples and the defeat of rena\u00a9 in june 6, 1443. [ ] eventually, alfonso of aragon divided the two kingdoms during his rule. he gave the rule of naples to his son ferdinand i of naples, who ruled from 1458 to 1494, and aragon and sicily to alfonso ' s brother john ii of aragon. from 1494 to 1503 successive kings of france charles viii and louis xii, who were heirs of angevins, tried to conquer naples ( see italian wars ) but failed. eventually the kingdom of naples was reunited with the aragonese kingdom. the titles were held by the aragonese kings until 1516, followed by the kings of spain until 1707. from 1713 until 1720 the kingdom of sicily was ruled by the house of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3831933015121327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.376374"} {"text": ". eventually the kingdom of naples was reunited with the aragonese kingdom. the titles were held by the aragonese kings until 1516, followed by the kings of spain until 1707. from 1713 until 1720 the kingdom of sicily was ruled by the house of savoy, which annexed it under the treaty of utrecht. in 1720 the house of savoy traded sicily for sardinia to the house of habsburg, who already ruled naples. in 1735, naples and sicily were attacked by king philip v of spain, a bourbon, who installed his younger son, duke charles of parma, as king charles vii of naples and sicily. in 1799 napoleon conquered naples, governed by ferdinand iv of naples ( later ferdinand i of the two sicilies ) at the time. it was formed into the parthenopaean republic with french support. under british pressure, especially from lord william bentinck, who was commander of british troops in sicily, naples was then handed back to ferdinand, being forced to create a constitution for the kingdom of sicily. a two - chamber parliament in palermo and in naples was formed. the formation of the parliament brought the end of feudalism in the kingdom. after the defeat of napoleon in 1815 ferdinand repealed all reforms. the people of sicily rebelled but were defeated by spanish and austrian forces. in 1848 another sicilian revolution of independence occurred, which was put down by ferdinand ii of the two sicilies, who was surnamed ' ' re bomba ' ' after his 5 - day bombardment of messina. from 1816 to 1861 the kingdoms were united under the name kingdom of the two sicilies. malta under the knights in 1530, in an effort to protect rome from ottoman invasion from the south, charles v, holy roman emperor, as charles i of spain, gave the islands of malta and gozo to the knights hospitaller in perpetual fiefdom, in exchange for an annual fee of two ( one for the emperor and one for the viceroy of sicily ) maltese falcons, which they were to send on all souls ' day to the viceroy of sicily. the maltese islands had formed part of the duchy, and later the kingdom of sicily, since 1127. the feudal relationship between malta and the kingdom of sicily was continued throughout the rule of the knights, until malta was conquered by napoleon, in 1798. unification with the kingdom of italy on april 4, 1860 a revolt against the bourbon regime broke out. giuseppe garibaldi assisted the revolt with his forces. he arrived at marsala on may 11, 1860 with 1, 000 redshirts. the arrival", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3595120819843672, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.378640"} {"text": "with the kingdom of italy on april 4, 1860 a revolt against the bourbon regime broke out. giuseppe garibaldi assisted the revolt with his forces. he arrived at marsala on may 11, 1860 with 1, 000 redshirts. the arrival of the redshirts is known as the expedition of the thousand ( ) on may 15, the italian forces defeated the spanish army, consisting of 15, 000 troops, two weeks later palermo was freed. francis ii of the two sicilies tried to regain control of the kingdom. on june 25, 1860 he restored the constitution of the kingdom, adopted the italian tricolour as the national flag, and promised special institutions for the kingdom. on october 21, 1860 a referendum regarding the unification with italy was conducted. the majority of the kingdom ' s population ( 99 % ) voted for the unification. a small part of sicilians viewed the unification as occupation by the house of savoy, in which belonged victor emmanuel ii, the first king of italy. during the norman kingdom of sicily, the local communities maintained their privileges. the rulers of the hohenstaufen kingdom replaced the local nobility with lords from northern italy, leading to clashes and rebellions against the new nobility in many cities and rural communities. these revolts resulted in the destruction of many agrarian areas and the rise of middle class nationalism, which eventually led to urban dwellers becoming allies of the aragonese. this situation was continued during the short rule of the angevin until their overthrowing during the sicilian vespers. the angevin began feudalising the country, increasing the power of the nobility by granting them jurisdiction over high justice. during the 15th century due to the isolation of the kingdom, the renaissance had no impact on it. in 1513 the spanish inquisition was introduced in sicily, virtually stopping all possible progress. at the same period the feudalisation of the kingdom of sicily was intensified, through the enforcement of feudal bonds and relations among its subjects. in 1669 the eruption of mount etna destroyed catania. in 1693, 5 % of the kingdom ' s population was killed because of earthquakes. in that period there were also plague outbreaks. the 17th and 18th century were an era of decline of the kingdom. corruption was prevalent among the upper and middle classes of the society. widespread corruption and maltreatment of the lower classes by the feudal lords led to the creation of groups of brigands, attacking the nobility and destroying their fiefs. these groups which were self - named \" mafia \", were the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41195006393623995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.380873"} {"text": "society. widespread corruption and maltreatment of the lower classes by the feudal lords led to the creation of groups of brigands, attacking the nobility and destroying their fiefs. these groups which were self - named \" mafia \", were the foundation of the modern mafia. the escalation of revolts against the monarchy eventually led to the unification with italy. during the reign of frederick ii the kingdom had a population of about 2. 5 million. during the hohenstaufen era, the kingdom had 3 towns with a population of over 20, 000 each. after the loss of the northern provinces in 1282 during the sicilian vespers and several natural disasters like the eruption of mount etna in 1669, the population of the kingdom of sicily was reduced. in 1803 the population of the kingdom was 1, 656, 000. the main cities of the kingdom at that period were palermo, catania, messina, modica, syracuse. the high fertility of the land led the norman kings to bring settlers from neighbouring regions or to resettle farmers to areas where cultivation of land was needed. this led to increase of agrarian production. the main sources of wealth for the kingdom of sicily at that period were its maritime cities, most important of which were naples and amalfi, from which local products were exported. the main export was hard grain, with tther products exported including nuts, timber, oil, bacon, cheese, skins, hides, hemp and cloth. grain and other dry products were measured in salme, which was equivalent to 275. 08 litres in the western part of the kingdom, and 3. 3 litres in the eastern part. the salma was divided in 16 tumoli. one tumolo was equivalent to 17, 193 litres. weight was measured in cantari. one cantaro was equivalent to and was divided in one hundred rottoli. cloth was measured in canne. one canna was 2. 06 meters long. by the end of the 12th century messina had become one of the leading commercial cities of the kingdom. the main trading partners of sicily were genoa, pisa, the byzantine empire, and egypt. various treaties with genoa secured and strengthened the commercial power of sicily. the feudalising of the society during the angevin rule reduced royal wealth and treasury. the dependence of the angevin on north italian commerce and financing by florentine bankers were the main factors which led to the decline of the kingdom ' s economy. the continuation of the economic decline combined with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4292172896751695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.382159"} {"text": "from adam * to abraham to moses to debbie the first human beings, adam and eve, werenit born. they were the direct \" hands - on \" creation of god himself, and they knew it. jewish tradition teaches that adam possessed a degree of awareness and understanding that was astounding. commensurate with this depth of understanding of himself, god, and his place in creation, adam had enormous potential. in fact, his combined abilities were so outstanding that when the angels looked at this creation of godis called adam, they all but mistook him for a deity that was godis co - equal. \" when adam was created the heavenly angels made a mistake and wanted to describe him with the same word they used to \" describe \" god - kadosh, holy. \" godis history of manis struggle to come to terms with the reality and implications of his createdness began with the story of adam in the garden of eden. ( in truth it began earlier, with creation itself - the setting for manis epic struggle - but we are going to skip a few pages and get right to the first account of manis living within creation. ) hereis the story in a nutshell : \" and god took adam and placed him in the garden of eden to work it and to preserve it. and god commanded adam and said, dyou are permitted to eat from all the trees in the garden. however, you are not permitted to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, because the day you eat from it you will die. \" whether or not you ever read the book or saw the movie, one way or another you know the gist of this story. despite godis prohibition and warning, adam went ahead and ate from the one tree he had been told not to. and the results werenit very pretty. \" and god said to adam, dbecause you listened to your wife and went ahead and ate from the tree that i told you not to eat from, the ground will be cursed because of you, and for the rest of your life you will eat of it only through suffering. thorns and thistles are what it will sprout for you and you will eat grasses from the field. only by the sweat of your brow will you eat bread. and this is how it will be until you yourself return to the ground because you were originally made from the ground - you are dust - and to this dust will you return. \" as you can see, it wasnit exactly smooth sailing in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5067973382172377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.405337"} {"text": "bread. and this is how it will be until you yourself return to the ground because you were originally made from the ground - you are dust - and to this dust will you return. \" as you can see, it wasnit exactly smooth sailing in the garden of eden. god and adam talk about history beginning on a sour note. all this talk about a relationship between us and god, and right off the bat the situation got rather dysfunctional. what happened? letis think about the dilemma that adam faced. first of all, letis think about adam and his perception of himself and his place in creation. what we are going to assume is that adamis awareness included an awareness of god ( he did speak to adam after all ) and a profound awareness that godis existence was fully complete and independent while adamis own existence was totally dependent and contingent. adam knew that every moment was a new creation, that he had no ability to affect the beginning or end of that creation, and he was therefore acutely aware that his own existence dangled helplessly at the brink of nonexistence. second, adam was aware that creation was for him and that the purpose of his existence was to benefit from the pleasure of a relationship with god. adam knew that the pleasure that was his purpose necessitated, in some way, the attaching of his limited and precarious being to godis ultimate being. finally, adam knew that he had free will. he knew that he had almost limitless potential and that he had been given the independence and freedom to do with that potential whatever he chose. now letis try and picture the situation, to the extent that we can, from adamis perspective. adam thought to himself, i can do and become and create almost anything i want. my abilities and potential are truly vast. at the same time, i am a prisoner. i am constantly dangling on the end of godis string. each and every moment of my existence is a new creation. i feel like i am some kind of a light bulb. god turns me on, then off, then on again, then off again - and it never stops. if this is freedom, why do i feel so helpless? and then adam thought some more and said to himself... come on, adam old boy, you can figure this thing out, why do you think god gave you that head on your shoulders? okay, so god created me in his image and gave me freedom and independence. but why? was this some kind of a cruel joke or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5536668325067993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.416543"} {"text": "boy, you can figure this thing out, why do you think god gave you that head on your shoulders? okay, so god created me in his image and gave me freedom and independence. but why? was this some kind of a cruel joke or does he actually want me to be free? clearly, he wants me to be free, and whatis more - i am free. so itis only natural that i experience an occasional bout of angst when i think about the lack of freedom i seem to have, despite my freedom. bottom line : i want to be free because god created me to be free. all i want is to be what i am, free... while all of this was going through adamis mind there was a knock on the garden gate. you guessed it, it was none other than the great big absolute creator himself. he had something to discuss with adam. \" you know all those wonderful trees i put in your garden? go ahead, enjoy them. thereis just one - itis called the tree of the knowledge of good and evil - and that one is off limits. youire not allowed to eat from that one. \" and with that, god excused himself. meanwhile, back inside adamis head :... whatis he trying to do to me? here i am, minding my own business, trying to figure out whatis bothering me, and how to fulfill the purpose of my existence - and now this! iim not allowed to eat from that wheat tree over there. ( according to tradition the tree of knowledge was a wheat tree, and what adam ate more resembled a saltine than an apple. ) what in the world is going on...? * in speaking about the first human beings, adam and eve, i will be referring to them collectively as adam, or man. this is not meant to slight eve or any other women who have come since ; itis just a simpler way of doing things. adam, in our context, means the original, prototypical human being. in truth, the nature of the first human beings is a very deep subject that is dealt with at length in the classical texts and is beyond the scope of this book.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5083135082601211, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.419916"} {"text": "southern leopard frog ( rana sphenocephala ) - the southern leopard frog grows to a length of 2 to 3. 5 inches ( about 5 to 9 cm ). its color varies from tan to several shades of brown to green. the dorsum ( back ) is usually covered with irregular dark brown spots between distinct light colored areas. large dark spots on its legs may create the effect of bands. other distinguishing characteristics include a light line along its upper jaw, light spot on its tympanum ( ear ), and long hind legs and toes. it is slender, with a narrow, pointed head. males are smaller than females, but with enlarged forearms and thumbs and paired vocal sacs that look like balloons when inflated. - life history southern leopard frogs are very adaptable and are comfortable in many habitats - they just need cover and moisture. these frogs are great jumpers, traveling high and far in just a few jumps. they consume insects and small invertebrates. predators such as fish, raccoons, skunks and aquatic snakes feed on the leopard frog. it reaches sexual maturity in the first spring after hatching. in texas, breeding takes place year round depending on temperature and moisture. several hundred eggs are laid in a cluster just below the water ' s surface. tadpoles hatch in about seven to ten days. newly hatched tadpoles are only about 20 to 25 mm long. they grow to 65 to 70 mm before metamorphosing into frogs, generally between 60 to 90 days. southern leopard frogs have a lifespan of 3 years. southern leopard frogs elude predators by jumping into nearby water and swimming underwater for some distance, while the predator continues looking near the point of entry into the water. they are primarily nocturnal, hiding during the day in vegetation at the water ' s edge. during wet months, a leopard frog may wander some distance from water, but stays in moist vegetation. they will sometimes wander to colonize. the mating call is a series of abrupt, deep croaks, creating a guttural trill. the trill rate may be as many as 13 per second. males call from shore or while floating in shallow water. a leopard frog ' s mottled coloration helps camouflage it. southern leopard frogs are often used for teaching dissecting in science classes. - shallow freshwater areas are preferred habitat for the southern leopard frog, but they may be seen some distance from water if there is enough vegetation and moisture to provide protection. southern leopard frogs are also able to live in bra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4081855545800466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.429575"} {"text": "rule no. 3 : gain weight ( on purpose ) you may be thinking, \u201c well that \u2019 ll happen anyway, \u201d but intentionally putting on 8 \u2013 12 per cent of your body weight can be a huge performance enhancer, says nutrition and performance coach krista austin, ph. d., who has worked with olympic - level athletes such as laura bennett and meb keflezighi. if gaining then losing weight sounds easier said than done, don \u2019 t worry \u2014 using a weighted vest can have the same hypergravity training benefits. \u201c triathletes like to sit around at a certain weight and body composition all the time, \u201d austin says. \u201c but research shows you can in fact put extra weight on and get training adaptations. and you can get that adaptation while not working so hard on your food, which i think psychologically gives people a break. \u201d say your racing weight is 65kg. during the winter you get up to 70kg. by training at a heavier weight you \u2019 re teaching your body to recruit more motor neurons and muscle fibres, kind of like recruiting more people to work on the assembly line. when your body gets back to 65, the workers have less work to do, so they last longer before they tire. muscles work the same way. when you lose the 5kg, you don \u2019 t need as much oxygen and can get more kilogrammes to the gallon. austin uses this hypergravity method for athletes who can \u2019 t train at altitude, or with 800m runners or sprint triathletes who don \u2019 t benefit from altitude training but need some form of adaptation. she \u2019 ll have them add in more calories at a time not normally used for eating, such as an ice cream sundae before bed ( seriously ). they \u2019 ll sit heavier for a couple of months while training at a lower volume and intensity, then she \u2019 ll simply have them cut out the excess ice cream when the season rolls around. many of austin \u2019 s athletes start to feel benefits from carrying around a few extra kilogrammes. some will see higher power outputs or will start sleeping better ( the \u201c best performance enhancer, \u201d according to austin ), and ultimately wind up competing at a higher weight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4429176160108784, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.433602"} {"text": "george orwell coined the useful term \u201c unperson \u201d for creatures denied personhood because they don \u2019 t abide by state doctrine. we may add the term \u201c unhistory \u201d to refer to the fate of unpersons, expunged from history on similar grounds. the unhistory of unpersons is illuminated by the fate of anniversaries. important ones are usually commemorated, with due solemnity when appropriate : pearl harbor, for example. some are not, and we can learn a lot about ourselves by extricating them from unhistory. right now we are failing to commemorate an event of great human significance : the 50th anniversary of president kennedy \u2019 s decision to launch the direct invasion of south vietnam, soon to become the most extreme crime of aggression since world war ii. kennedy ordered the u. s. air force to bomb south vietnam ( by february 1962, hundreds of missions had flown ) ; authorized chemical warfare to destroy food crops so as to starve the rebellious population into submission ; and set in motion the programs that ultimately drove millions of villagers into urban slums and virtual concentration camps, or \u201c strategic hamlets. \u201d there the villagers would be \u201c protected \u201d from the indigenous guerrillas whom, as the administration knew, they were willingly supporting. official efforts at justifying the attacks were slim, and mostly fantasy. typical was the president \u2019 s impassioned address to the american newspaper publishers association on april 27, 1961, where he warned that \u201c we are opposed around the world by a monolithic and ruthless conspiracy that relies primarily on covert means for expanding its sphere of influence. \u201d at the united nations on sept. 25, 1961, kennedy said that if this conspiracy achieved its ends in laos and vietnam, \u201c the gates will be opened wide. \u201d the short - term effects were reported by the highly respected indochina specialist and military historian bernard fall \u2013 no dove, but one of those who cared about the people of the tormented countries. in early 1965 he estimated that about 66, 000 south vietnamese had been killed between 1957 and 1961 ; and another 89, 000 between 1961 and april 1965, mostly victims of the u. s. client regime or \u201c the crushing weight of american armor, napalm, jet bombers and finally vomiting gases. \u201d the decisions were kept in the shadows, as are the shocking consequences that persist. to mention just one illustration : \u201c scorched earth, \u201d by fred wilcox, the first serious study of the horrifying and continuing impact of chemical warfare on the vietnamese, appeared a few months", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49869595654695664, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.450544"} {"text": "shadows, as are the shocking consequences that persist. to mention just one illustration : \u201c scorched earth, \u201d by fred wilcox, the first serious study of the horrifying and continuing impact of chemical warfare on the vietnamese, appeared a few months ago \u2013 and is likely to join other works of unhistory. the core of history is what happened. the core of unhistory is to \u201c disappear \u201d what happened. by 1967, opposition to the crimes in south vietnam had reached a substantial scale. hundreds of thousands of u. s. troops were rampaging through south vietnam, and heavily populated areas were subjected to intense bombing. the invasion had spread to the rest of indochina. the consequences had become so horrendous that bernard fall forecast that \u201c vietnam as a cultural and historic entity... is threatened with extinction... ( as )... the countryside literally dies under the blows of the largest military machine ever unleashed on an area of this size. \u201d when the war ended eight devastating years later, mainstream opinion was divided between those who called it a \u201c noble cause \u201d that could have been won with more dedication ; and at the opposite extreme, the critics, to whom it was \u201c a mistake \u201d that proved too costly. still to come was the bombing of the remote peasant society of northern laos, with such magnitude that victims lived in caves for years to try to survive ; and shortly afterward the bombing of rural cambodia, surpassing the level of all allied bombing in the pacific theater during world war ii. in 1970 u. s. national security advisor henry kissinger had ordered \u201c a massive bombing campaign in cambodia. anything that flies on anything that moves \u201d \u2013 a call for genocide of a kind rarely found in the archival record. laos and cambodia were \u201c secret wars, \u201d in that reporting was scanty and the facts are still little - known to the general public or even educated elites, who nonetheless can recite by heart every real or alleged crime of official enemies. another chapter in the overflowing annals of unhistory. in three years we may \u2013 or may not \u2013 commemorate another event of great contemporary relevance : the 900th anniversary of the magna carta. this document is the foundation for what historian margaret e. mcguiness, referring to the nuremberg trials, hailed as a \u201c particularly american brand of legalism : punishment only for those who could be proved to be guilty through a fair trial with a panoply of procedural protections. \u201d the great charter declares that \u201c no free man \u201d shall be deprived of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49887392460648977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.458919"} {"text": "hailed as a \u201c particularly american brand of legalism : punishment only for those who could be proved to be guilty through a fair trial with a panoply of procedural protections. \u201d the great charter declares that \u201c no free man \u201d shall be deprived of rights \u201c except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land. \u201d the principles were later broadened to apply to men generally. they crossed the atlantic and entered into the u. s. constitution and bill of rights, which declared that no \u201c person \u201d can be deprived of rights without due process and a speedy trial. the founders of course did not intend the term \u201c person \u201d to apply to all persons. native americans were not persons. neither were slaves. women were scarcely persons. however, let us keep to the core notion of presumption of innocence, which has been cast into the oblivion of unhistory. a further step in undermining the principles of the magna carta was taken when president obama signed the national defense authorization act, which codifies bush - obama practice of indefinite detention without trial under military custody. such treatment is now mandatory in the case of those accused of aiding enemy forces during the \u201c war on terror, \u201d or optional if those accused are american citizens. the scope is illustrated by the first guantanamo case to come to trial under president obama : that of omar khadr, a former child soldier accused of the heinous crime of trying to defend his afghan village when it was attacked by u. s. forces. captured at age 15, khadr was imprisoned for eight years in bagram and guantanamo, then brought to a military court in october 2010, where he was given the choice of pleading not guilty and staying in guantanamo forever, or pleading guilty and serving only 8 more years. khadr chose the latter. many other examples illuminate the concept of \u201c terrorist. \u201d one is nelson mandela, only removed from the terrorist list in 2008. another was saddam hussein. in 1982 iraq was removed from the list of terrorist - supporting states so that the reagan administration could provide hussein with aid after he invaded iran. accusation is capricious, without review or recourse, and commonly reflecting policy goals \u2013 in mandela \u2019 s case, to justify president reagan \u2019 s support for the apartheid state \u2019 s crimes in defending itself against one of the world \u2019 s \u201c more notorious terrorist groups \u201d : mandela \u2019 s african national congress. all better consigned to unhistory. \u00a9 2011 noam chomsky distributed by the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.514570725962054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.464226"} {"text": "among the the many hormones that are released in your body, serotonin is responsible for the happy feelings and the state of well - being that you experience. research has revealed that an imbalance in the serotonin levels in the body can make the person unreasonably angry, anxious, scared and even depressed. as a neurotransmitter, serotonin plays an important role in relaying messages from one part of the brain to another, thereby affecting how we feel and act. it is believed that most of our brain cells, including those that are responsible for our moods, sleep, appetite, sexual needs and functions, social behavior, learning and memory, and also temperature regulation are directly or indirectly impacted by this hormone. studies have also revealed that lack of this hormone can result in mood swings that ultimately lead to a state of depression. serotonin deficiency can also effect the functions of the muscles, the endocrine and the cardiovascular systems. listen to a sample and purchase here or read on \u2026. continue reading low levels of antidepressants and other psychoactive drugs in water supplies can trigger the expression of genes associated with autism \u2013 in fish at least. the use of antidepressants has increased dramatically over the past 25 years, says michael thomas of idaho state university in pocatello. around 80 per cent of each drug passes straight through the human body without being broken down, and so they are present in waste water. in most communities, water purification systems cannot filter out these pharmaceuticals. \u201c they just fly right through, \u201d says thomas, which means they ultimately find their way into the water supply. the concentration of these drugs in drinking water is very low \u2013 at most, they are present at levels several orders of magnitude lower than the prescription doses. but since the drugs are specifically designed to act on the nervous system, thomas hypothesised that even a small dose could affect a developing fetus. thomas \u2019 s group created a cocktail of the anti - epileptic drug carbamazepine and two selective serotonin uptake inhibitor ( ssri ) antidepressants, fluoxetine and venlafaxine, at this low concentration. they exposed fathead minnows ( pimephales promelas ) to the drugs for 18 days, then analysed the genes that were being expressed in the fishes \u2019 brains. full story here : antidepressants in water trigger autism genes in fish \u2013 environment \u2013 06 june 2012 \u2013 new scientist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4943782332463827, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.476407"} {"text": "write the word \u201c trust \u201d on the board. ask your students to take a minute and reflect on what trust means to them, where it \u2019 s important, and if it \u2019 s important in the classroom. you can have them write down some ideas on paper if you wish. tell them to share their ideas with a partner. now ask the class if they trust you. hopefully, they say yes. tell them that you trust all of them and that you are going to prove it to them. ask them to volunteer a couple ways in which you might do this. ask a volunteer to come to the front. tell them that you are going to fall and that they have to catch you. do a practice run so they get a feel for your weight and so they can get the positioning down right. the volunteer should place their hands firmly on your shoulder blades with the fingertips points up ( this is very important because the wrists are weak and if they do it the opposite way they could drop you ), bend their knees in a tripod fashion, and get themselves squarely under you. see the above picture ( although this example has two people supporting which is a good idea for heavier individuals ). lean backward into them and have them take you farther and farther down each time. now tell them you will do it for real. you need to keep your eyes closed, your legs straight, and cross your arms in front of you like the guy in the picture. then just tip backwards. it \u2019 s a bit scary, but the volunteer will catch you. now switch positions and do the same with them. each student now grabs a partner and they start of with some practice runs and then do the real thing. warning : make sure partners are of about equal weight. if there is a really big person in the class, you can do it with two people supporting, one at each shoulder blade. have them change partners a few times. you can now do a reflective writing or a round table discussion on how they felt during the exercise. what did they learn about themselves and each other? is it easy to trust others? why or why not? in what ways do we need to trust each other in the classroom? this activity is great for building up relationships in the class and fostering trust. i highly recommend it for any class. building relationships 1 : tank game building relationships 2 : human knot building relationships 4 : circle of trust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.507296998244723, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.490406"} {"text": "a fictional ( ized ) series of events that have some connection. the quality of a plot is often judged by how convincing that connection is established along the criteria of - cause and effect ( physics ), - emotional motivation ( psychology ) and - reason ( logic and ethics ). failure to meet those criteria results in a plot hole. if the first criterion is repeatedly violated, we have a random events plot, the second criterion is not met if someone acts out of character, and a consistent failure to meet the third is called an idiot plot. deus ex machina is a desperate plot - advancing technique that does not quite link events in a story in a convincing manner but at least keeps it going. are usually driven by conflict, which has a strong tendency to make stuff happen. according to aristotle, together with character, is one of the six items present in any story. a plot point is an important event or state of affairs that the viewer or reader is required to be aware of in order to follow the plot. an object or character whose only purpose is to drive the plot ( i. e. provide the connecting element between events ) is called a plot device. similarly, a plot coupon is an object that acts as a key to advance or resolve a plot. in contrast to the plot device, it is actively and purposefully used ( and often also sought out in the first place ) by the characters to reach a goal, while a plot device doesn ' t necessarily require a character ' s volition to advance the plot. see also macguffin and magnetic plot device a popular definition of how a plot as a whole should progress within the \" running time \" of a work is the succession of five acts, rising action, falling action. however, a work of fiction can contain more than one plot. this is called subplots or plot threads in some formats, the plot can take a back seat to other aspects that are deemed more important. for these cases see no plot? no problem! and excuse plot. also bear in mind the sliding scale of plot versus characters, for when character development overtakes the overall plot. for a list of prefabricated plots, see plots. for basic, archetypal plots, see the seven basic plots, ten movie plots and master plots. has nothing to do with pony backsides please note : as one of the major super tropes, the concept of plot is omnipresent. there ' s no need to list plot as a trope on any work '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5932156664171887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.498135"} {"text": "- author : janet byron managing crop residues to essentially make them disappear has been the norm in california agriculture. but a growing body of research, and experience with conservation tillage on thousands of acres of central valley farmland, is showing that reducing tillage and leaving crop residues on the soil surface can improve water use efficiency. \u201c crop residues are an inevitable feature of agriculture, \u201d jeffrey mitchell, cropping systems specialist in the department of plant sciences, uc davis, wrote in the april - june 2012 issue of california agriculture journal. \u201c because no harvest removes all material from the field, the remaining plant matter accumulates and is typically returned to the soil through a series of mixing and incorporating operations involving considerable tractor horsepower, an array of tillage implements and cost. \u201d conservation tillage is a suite of low - impact cultivation practices that includes leaving crop residues on the soil surface and planting new crops on top, significantly decreasing the number of tractor passes needed to prepare fields for planting. in turn, growers reduce their fuel, labor and maintenance costs, and less dust and pollution gets into the air. in two field studies conducted at the uc west side research and extension center in five points, no - tillage and standard tillage operations were compared in a corn / wheat rotation. mitchell and colleagues found that 0. 89 and 0. 97 inches more water was retained in the no - tillage soil than in the tilled soil. and in three field studies on crop residue coverage, about 0. 56, 0. 58 and 0. 42 inches more water was retained in residue - covered soil than in bare soil following 6 to 7 days of overhead sprinkler irrigation. the full study results are published in the april - june 2012 california agriculture journal. the authors estimated that coupling no - tillage with practices that preserve high residues on the soil surface can reduce evaporative losses during the summer by about 4 inches ( 13 percent ), assuming a seasonal evapotranspiration demand of 30 inches. in widespread use in other regions of the country, conservation tillage practices appear to be catching on in california. in surveys conducted by sustainable conservation and the uc conservation agriculture systems initiative, the amount of farmland under conservation tillage statewide grew by nearly 20 percent between 2008 and 2010, to about 1 million acres. mitchell and colleagues warn that a number of practical factors must be addressed before a wholesale transformation to no - tillage, residue - preserving production can be envisioned in california : \u201c these include the relative ease with which a farm ' s existing cropping mix might be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4958976389460965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.647395"} {"text": "california agriculture, january 1953 volume 7, number 1 berry size of seedless grapes affected by sprays fryer grading : system of uniform usda standards tested in 10s angeles retail markets by kenneth d. naden, george a. jackson this research work was conducted in co - operation with the bureau of agricultural economics and the production and marketing administration, united states department of agriculture, as part of western regional marketing project wm - 7. it was financed partly by funds appropriated under the research and marketing act of 1946. insect damage to apricots : ddd as petal fall spray and parathion as properly timed may spray control fruit - feeding insects by harold f. madsen, arthur d. borden not available \u2013 first paragraph follows : a yearly spray program is a necessity if the average apricot grower is to produce clean fruit \u2014 especially in the santa clara valley where the codling moth and orange tortrix have become of primary importance. early sprays for brown mites : new miticides tested for effectiveness when included in usual near - bloom sprays on almonds and peaches by f. m. summers, d. m. holmberg not available \u2013 first paragraph follows : recent investigations tested the possibility of incorporating various new miticides for the control of the brown mite \u2014 bryobia praetiosa k. \u2014 in the usual sprays applied to almonds and peaches in the pink - bud period. berry size of seedless grapes : growth regulator alone or in combination with girdling increases berry size of seedless varieties by robert j. weaver not available \u2013 first paragraph follows : berry size of thompson seedless and other seedless grape varieties was increased by spray application of a growth regulator. nuclear lines of citrus : tree size, yield, and fruit characters of old and young lines of ten citrus varieties compared by james w. cameron, robert k. soost not available \u2013 first paragraph follows : nucellar - seedling lines of citrus showed substantially greater tree size and yields in nearly every case, when compared with old - line trees in a study at riverside. stem pitting on citrus trees : disorder resulting from quick decline observed in california citrus orchards for the first time in 1952 by w. p. bitters not available \u2013 first paragraph follows : stem pitting \u2014 a symptom of quick decline \u2014 was first observed in california citrus orchards in 1952. efficiency in fruit marketing : costs of ridding packed fruit boxes influenced by type of equipment, size of plant, length of season by b. c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4453697583544746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.658811"} {"text": "from uncyclopedia, the content - free encyclopedia \u201c ahhh, work : the curse of the drinking classes. \u201d much of the field of economics is devoted to analyzing the phenomenon called work. essentially, there are things you want done, and it is human nature to want other people to do them so you don ' t have to do them yourself. when there is a body of work you want done, and a body of bodies you can get to do the work for you, then it ' s customary to divide the work into the amount that you want each body to do for you. consequently, each one has a job. a person thus gainfully employed is known by the yiddish term, schlep. when there is no other way to induce or trick the schlep to do the work, it ' s customary to give him something of value. this is called the pay for the work. but there ' s always another way. two of the most commonly used are : - the schlep gets told that the business survives on informality, and being a stickler on trivial points such as bounced paychecks is a sign of bad teamwork. ( although things got very formal when you arrived ten minutes late last tuesday. ) - the vice president in his silk business suit appears in the workplace and declares that this insistence on timely payment disappoints me. history of work the first people who seemingly had to work for a living were the egyptians. the pharaoh was so fed up seeing people lying around that he ordered the building of the pyramids. this was the planet ' s first stimulus program, as the huge mounds of stone served no purpose but to house the pharaoh when he clocked out of this world and into the next one. the economy turned really bad a few years later and the pharaoh ordered one pyramid disassembled and moved five yards to the north as a more intensive stimulus program. in those days, no one asked, \" what is this all for? \" as such questions tended to be answered with death. the need to work was quickly learned, compared to the present, when it remains unlearned after four years of college. - work under the jews the concept of work as a moral duty had to wait for judaism, but even they believed that debts could be written off after a while. however, they had no concept of original sin, and no box of afterlife tortures to frighten those who didn ' t punch in on sunday. it is because work was formalized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5106733835036873, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.683028"} {"text": "even they believed that debts could be written off after a while. however, they had no concept of original sin, and no box of afterlife tortures to frighten those who didn ' t punch in on sunday. it is because work was formalized in biblical times that the economic terms surrounding work are described using yiddish. - work under the christians when the christians took over the roman empire, they legitimized the six - day work week, declaring sunday the day of rest. ( sunday was originally named for the sol invictus imperial cult. ) this was a change from the roman system, where they partied for a solid week, once a year, and then were on for 358 straight. of course, for the clerics, sunday was the god workday, which means they had the other six off. for aristocrats, work was a diversion for those less well - bred ; only the nobility had the right to leisure. god was fine with having peasants do your work, as long as you gave generously to the church to pay priests to do your praying. - christian reformers this was how it would be for the next 15 centuries. then martin luther marched to wittenberg and said he \" had a dream \" and that the road to salvation wasn ' t giving money to the pope but instead working your breeches off. in a speech he nailed to the bishop of wittenberg, luther said god actually approved of people working hard ; it would make them appreciate how lucky they were to be granted life in a wicked world. that this essay comprised 96 theses despite making only five or six solid points was because martin luther had stumbled onto the concept of overtime. much of the material was developed during late - night sessions with only candles for light. the true lesson, that your best work isn ' t done during the fourteenth hour of the workday even if you ' re being paid time - and - a - half, would remain undiscovered. in geneva, jean calvin went further and said that, even if god had predestined everyone for heaven or hell, hard work might grant you at least an interview with the divine authority before the eternal flames licked your ass. in england, where the anglican church became official, elizabeth ii tried to keep a balance between fun ( which she liked ) and work ( which she didn ' t ). she was opposed by the hard - line workaholics, the puritans. they eventually decided that england was too \" lazy \" and took ship to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4785753773574656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.685599"} {"text": "between fun ( which she liked ) and work ( which she didn ' t ). she was opposed by the hard - line workaholics, the puritans. they eventually decided that england was too \" lazy \" and took ship to the americas to make a fresh start and enshrine the idea that if you worked hard, god would reward you. or so it said on the tin. the united states was founded and grew westward under the dominance of the protestant work ethic, which held that you are less godly duded up and chanting latin in church than you are plowing the field in overalls and muttering small anglo - saxon words. ( for females, godliness involved both being a mother and being a virgin. ) the pinnacle of this ethic was america ' s hallmark twin institutions, child labor and the sweatshop, whose latter - day repeal epitomizes the nation ' s decline, a decline accelerated by uncontrolled immigration of people from places where work consists of looking up and waiting for lunch to fall out of a tree. work in the united states amount of work when the pilgrims colonized america, there were famously only several thousand jobs. currently, there are 190, 000, 000 jobs in the united states. no one knows how the number of jobs has increased, because for most of the history of the u. s., there were no jobs programs at all. during the bush administration, there were hundreds of jobs programs, but the number of jobs decreased. everyone knows why this happened ; jobs were being \" outsourced \" and sent \" offshore, \" though no one has ever seen a job pass through customs, and no one has ever gone to prison for being caught smuggling a job into or out of any country. even two people carrying a desk across the border would attract suspicion. now, the pro - labor obama administration has turned the tide. it has proposed higher business taxes, new rules for employer - provided health insurance, and certification of unions without those pesky secret ballots. his secretary of labor has touted her tighter enforcement of wage - and - hour and job - safety laws. and still no one is hiring. go figure! every government in the world believes that any job done by a foreigner results in exactly one fewer job for a voting citizen. this is why tourists are not allowed to do anything useful during their vacation, even in the case that one ' s wallet gets stolen, and the most prosperous countries in latin america throw a fit if you bring along a ga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46484392365531935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.687647"} {"text": "job for a voting citizen. this is why tourists are not allowed to do anything useful during their vacation, even in the case that one ' s wallet gets stolen, and the most prosperous countries in latin america throw a fit if you bring along a gadget that might be used productively, such as a computer or a movie camera. both bush and obama have ministered to a weak economy with \" stimulus programs, \" where the government pays the schleps to do work that either would have been done anyway, or would not have been done anyway. whichever is the case, you can see the utility of stimulus programs. where does the pay come from? economists believe it is one of the following : - from our grandchildren - it is borrowed from red china, which will never call for repayment, or even for us to abrogate our defense treaties - the pay isn ' t real, but the schleps are too stupid to notice. another job - creation idea is that there would be more work for the unemployed if the productive people did less of it. the united states pioneered the 40 - hour work week ; later, france dealt with a recession by mandating a 36 - hour work week ( 18 hours, excluding time spent on smoking breaks and kissing co - workers on the cheeks ). it stands to reason that, if you stopped working late, the guy in the back office would put down the copy of hustler and instantly pick up the slack. labor unions apply this theory to improve the common good, by frequently ensuring that no one does any work at all. countries from zimbabwe to el humidor have extended this theory, believing that peasants will have more work if the government ensures that other people do not hoard all the work to themselves. both countries have broken up entire industries to redistribute work to the little guy ( notably, the little guy carrying a sign in support of the maximum leader ). this conveniently puts jobs under the control of people who know nothing about the business or even about work. \" good jobs at good wages \" michael dukakis was the first u. s. presidential candidate to advocate \" good jobs at good wages, \" as opposed to the jobs that would exist if he were not president. even though he never became president, the government has promoted this goal in the following ways : - it ensures that bad jobs at bad wages - - anything under $ 7. 25 an hour - - are illegal, even if you and your boss agree to it. - it sends inspectors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.461073818798946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.690133"} {"text": ", the government has promoted this goal in the following ways : - it ensures that bad jobs at bad wages - - anything under $ 7. 25 an hour - - are illegal, even if you and your boss agree to it. - it sends inspectors into workplaces to ensure compliance, and that every job is safe and that none create a \" hostile or threatening \" work environment. this is judged by the prudish old maid who doesn ' t like the centerfold on your wall, the summer intern who is convinced that every sidelong glance means you hate him, the man who wears a dress to work and scares away the customers, and of course the young black man constantly inventing reasons why the rest of you are racists. - to know where to send the inspectors, it requires registration of all employers. radio commentator mark levin hired a professional from new york, and when the forms from new york state rolled out of his fax machine, regretted aloud that he had not tried pakistan instead. - certain professions are entirely regulated. notoriously, no one can become a licensed hairdresser in the district of columbia without taking a long course in grooming white people ' s hair, and no one can become a cabbie in new york city without certification that his dialect is inscrutable. the humphrey - hawkins act gives the federal reserve the duty to promote \" full employment. \" the only way it could do this is by making the value of the dollar go to hell. but don ' t worry, it also has the legal duty to defend the value of the dollar. when a person cannot find work, he ceases to be a schlep and becomes a client, eligible to receive unemployment compensation. he will live a lifestyle to which the british have assigned the excellent term, being on the suck. regularly, and especially leading up to an election, congress increases the amount of compensation available. in 2009, despite the immediate success of the obama stimulus, congress proposed 14 extra weeks of compensation for workers in states with high unemployment. this gave congressmen from low - unemployment states the chance to shed tears in the hearing room ; ultimately, they got 14 extra weeks, the high - unemployment states got 20 extra weeks, and the bidding ended. workers throughout america can now get pay for over a year without working, and your congressman proved he cares about your plight. if this seems like a perfect con, there is a catch. the former schlep must report to the unemployment office periodically to prove he is looking for a new job. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4395913303054174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.692465"} {"text": "year without working, and your congressman proved he cares about your plight. if this seems like a perfect con, there is a catch. the former schlep must report to the unemployment office periodically to prove he is looking for a new job. in most cases, he must prove he has gone to a certain number of job interviews every week. a typical job interview goes something like this : - employer : well, then, what are your skills? - schlep : i glue together phonograph records. - employer : we don ' t produce phonograph records. no one does any more. what else can you do? - schlep : i ' m very good with phonograph records. and my old job paid $ 15 an hour. that ' s what i ' m worth. oddly, most such interviews do not lead to employment, and the schlep has no choice but to continue receiving benefits. on the third of the month, a new check will arrive, the schlep will be buying everyone drinks at the bar, and they will have to listen to him complain that \" there isn ' t any work. \" work outside the united states economists analyze the phenomenon of work by dividing the world into regions : richie - bitches, european maggots, and sand - diggers. in canada, work is similar to work in the united states, because of the phenomenon of imitation. however, canadian workers tend to spend much of their work time throwing crumpled pieces of paper at each other and apologizing profusely. occasionally, a game of \" balled - up vital document hockey \" is started. the victors of these games often expect tickets to the next game of their favorite hockey team. in some enlightened european countries ( as well as britain and france ), work consists mostly of surfing the internet for pornography whenever the boss is not looking. for this, the workers expect health benefits and new snow scrapers. in japan, the activities constituting work are the same as they are elsewhere. however, the workers sit facing each other alongside very long tables. the boss sits at one end of the table and stares at all the workers ; only thus can he keep them all working. the arrangement is unimaginable to britons, except in boarding houses at mealtime. if an attack of \" the giggles \" breaks out, the boss frowns, and it stops. his boss appears from time to time. he usually sits in the corner and goes to sleep before long, but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4949480954300698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.696299"} {"text": "except in boarding houses at mealtime. if an attack of \" the giggles \" breaks out, the boss frowns, and it stops. his boss appears from time to time. he usually sits in the corner and goes to sleep before long, but the workers all feel honored by his presence. economists use the term second world to refer to the countries in which the second world war was fought ; roughly, the remnants of the old soviet union. in these struggling countries, which have at least cast off their yoke of central planning ( freeing up time from the former \" day job \" ), work consists mostly of scouring the black market for useful goods on the cheap, and reselling them for blue jeans or marlboros without keeping any paperwork. in the former soviet satellite countries in eastern europe, work involves moving rocks, spitting on uranium to make it decay faster, or herding chickens into a pen with no walls. the pay is in pieces of toilet paper with the russian currency sign on them. you can trade this paper for more of the same paper, and a stack of it was recently worth 3 american cents. in the third world ( or as they are now known, the developing nations ), work consists of various ways of combining utter absence of capital with total lack of job skills and dearth of usable raw materials. this takes the following forms : - dirt farming : scraping a monoculture cash crop out of drought - ridden soil for a multinational corporation - assembling products that the assemblers will never actually be able to buy. work here pays about us $ 1 per week, which is usually enough to either feed or clothe a family of four.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506215072582024, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.698304"} {"text": "lateral epicondylitis is pain over the bone on the outside of the elbow. the piece of bone that can be felt on the outside of the elbow is called the lateral... lateral epicondylitis is pain at the elbow. the pain occurs over the bone on the outside of the elbow. there are several muscles and tendons that attach on this area of the bone. this condition is often called tennis elbow, but it is not restricted to people who play tennis. it can also occur in people with jobs that require repetitive motions such as roofers and carpenters. lateral epicondylitiscopyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. lateral epicondylitis is caused by damage to a tendon. tendons connects muscles to bone. repetitive or stressful movements of the muscles causes strain and pain at the tendon. the tendons associated with lateral epicondylitis are connected to forearm muscles. these muscles are active when you grip something, such as a tennis racquet. actions that can cause irritation to the tendons of the elbow include : - improper technique for hitting a tennis ball - improper size of tennis racquet or tension of racquet strings - improper golf swing technique or grip of golf clubs - doing certain arm motions too much, such as : - tennis strokes - golf swings - using a hammer or screwdriver factors that increase your risk of lateral epicondylitis include : - playing tennis or golf - work that requires repetitive wrist extension and gripping with a closed fist - muscle imbalance - decreased flexibility - advancing age lateral epicondylitis may develop slowly over time. it may not be associated with a sudden injury. symptoms include : - pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow - possibly pain extending down the forearm - tightness of forearm muscles - stiffness or trouble moving the elbow or wrist - lack of full elbow extension pain may be most noticeable when doing activities like : - shaking hands - turning doorknobs - picking up objects with your palm down - hitting a backhand in tennis - swinging a golf club - pressing on the outside of the elbow the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. you may also be asked about your recent physical activity. the doctor will examine your elbow for : - pain on the outside of the elbow when : - doing certain arm motions - pressure is applied on the outside of the elbow - stiffness of elbow and wrist movement x - rays are not usually necessary. however, an x - ray may be needed if the doctor suspects a problem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4683301561330149, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.708859"} {"text": "the elbow when : - doing certain arm motions - pressure is applied on the outside of the elbow - stiffness of elbow and wrist movement x - rays are not usually necessary. however, an x - ray may be needed if the doctor suspects a problem with the bones such as calcium deposits. - pain on the outside of the elbow when : avoid activities that cause pain. do not play sports or do repetitive motions until the pain is gone. you may need to alter how you do certain activities : - when lifting objects, lift with your palms up. - consult a sports professional to check your form when playing tennis or golf ice may help decrease some discomfort and swelling. apply ice pack to the outside of the elbow for 15 - 20 minutes. repeat for about four times a day for several days. do not apply ice directly to your skin. wrap the ice or cold pack in a towel. therapy you may be referred to a physical therapist. you will learn exercises that may help reduce your symptoms. medication the following medication may help reduce swelling in the tendon and pain : - ibuprofen ( motrin, advil ) - naproxen ( aleve, naprosyn ) - acetaminophen ( tylenol ) - topical pain medicines ( eg, creams, patches ) applied to the skin if medication does not decrease your pain, do not return to physical activity. check with your doctor. compression certain injuries may require a brace. it is placed on your forearm. this brace limits the force of your forearm muscles on the tendon. cortisone injection the doctor may inject cortisone into the tendon. this may help to reduce pain and inflammation in the short term. unfortunately the injection may not help in the long run. when you are ready to return to exercise - heat may be helpful when you are ready to return to physical activity. it can decrease the stiffness in the muscle or tendon. - start gentle stretching of the wrist and elbow. follow your doctor ' s recommendations. do not push the stretch to the point of pain. hold each stretch for about 10 seconds and repeat six times. - try strengthening exercises for your forearm muscles. follow your doctor ' s recommendations. - gradually return to your sport. talk to a sports professional to adjust your technique, if needed. to reduce your risk of getting tennis elbow : - keep your arm muscles strong. this will decrease the stress on the tendons. - after a short warm - up period, stretch out your arm muscles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4265583460395432, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.713760"} {"text": "antimicrobial use guidelines are currently used in human medicine to provide guidance to doctors when selecting drugs to treat a variety of conditions. these guidelines have been instituted to help counteract the rise in antibacterial resistance as well as lessen the overall impact of misuse on patient health. in 2010, the antimicrobial guidelines working group of the international society for companion animal infectious diseases began developing guidelines that may be used to treat dogs and cats with urinary tract diseases. these guidelines are given as general recommendations to aid in the decision - making process. an overview is provided here ; to read the complete guidelines, visit http : / / hindawi. com / journals / vmi / 2011 / 263768. andreas reh / getty images simple, uncomplicated utis by definition, these urinary tract infections ( utis ) occur in patients that are otherwise in good health and that have had fewer than three previous utis in a 12 - month period. clinical signs ( dysuria, pollakiuria, increased urgency ) as well as bacteriuria and pyuria should be present. a complete urinalysis along with sediment evaluation is recommended in all cases, along with aerobic bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. the urine sample should be kept refrigerated, and the culture should be performed within 24 hours of collection. interpretation of the urine culture results will vary based on the sample collection method ( table 1 ). table 1 : urine bacterial culture result interpretation based on sample collection method initial therapy in most of these patients should consist of amoxicillin or trimethoprim - sulfonamide while you await culture results ( table 2 ). clinicians should monitor changes in local resistance patterns in patients with uncomplicated utis that may necessitate a change in first - line drug choices. table 2 : general recommendations for first - line antimicrobial therapy if a patient demonstrates clinical improvement while receiving the initial therapy despite in vitro resistance based on sensitivity testing, the current treatment should be continued, and a follow - up urinalysis and culture should be performed after the treatment if there is no response to treatment and the isolate is resistant to the initial drug choice, an alternative drug should be treatment for seven days with appropriate antimicrobials is reasonable for these patients, and monitoring only requires resolution of clinical signs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4652865036034135, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.719506"} {"text": "aquatic invasive species date published : october 2010 number of pages : 76 author ( s ) : allen pleus, eric anderson, jesse schultz, and larry leclair, wdfw and bill balcom, washington state patrol \u201c the dreissena [ zebra and quagga mussels ] is perhaps better fitted for dissemination by man and subsequent establishment than any other freshwater shell ; the tenacity of life, unusually rapid propagation, the faculty of becoming attached by string byssus to extraneous substances and the power of adapting itself to strange and altogether artificial surroundings have combined to make it one of the most successful molluscan colonists in the world. \u201d ( kew, h. w. 1893 ) the washington department of fish and wildlife ( department ) and the washington state patrol ( wsp ) continue to implement the legislative invasive species directives established since 1998. this report is submitted to the legislature for meeting the requirements of both chapter 43. 43. 400 ( 4 ) and 77. 12. 879 ( 4 ) rcw and describes the challenges found and actions taken to implement the program. the program is primarily funded through dedicated fees on resident recreational watercraft as provided through essb 5699 ( 2005 c 464 ). the legislation established the aquatic invasive species ( ais ) prevention and enforcement programs, which are managed by co - ais coordinators in the department fish and enforcement divisions and in collaboration with the wsp enforcement liaison in the commercial vehicles division. although the ais prevention and enforcement programs address many priority aquatic invasive species, the greatest focus has been on zebra ( dreissena polymorpha ) and quagga ( dreissena bugensis ) mussels. the environmental, economic, and social / human health risks of zebra and quagga mussels can be catastrophic. zebra and quagga mussels are ecosystem changers that are continuing to completely alter the aquatic communities in the great lakes and other watersheds where they have become established. health risks include contamination of water supplies, increased occurrences of blue - green and other toxic algae blooms, ability to concentrate contaminated sediments up to 300, 000 times ambient levels and then disperse these into the food chain through direct consumption or through fecal matter, which has then killed wildlife and could sicken humans. they are also a freshwater bio - fouler that can quickly reduce or stop flows in hydro and water supply systems, plug water cooling systems in watercraft motors, and create physical hazards to fish and humans as their shells are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4630649681442407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.730688"} {"text": "and could sicken humans. they are also a freshwater bio - fouler that can quickly reduce or stop flows in hydro and water supply systems, plug water cooling systems in watercraft motors, and create physical hazards to fish and humans as their shells are capable of cutting skin. a recently released report by the independent economic advisory board at the request of the northwest power and conservation council found that it is likely zebra and quagga mussels will eventually colonize some of the large rivers of the columbia basin, and that there is much value in delaying this result for as long as possible. furthermore, there is a substantial economic risk in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually if these mussels become established in the columbia basin and that costs to mitigate for zebra or quagga mussels at hydropower facilities within this basin would be significantly greater than those incurred at other infested sites around the country due to their comprehensive fish passage facilities. they concluded that it would be a good economic investment to improve prevention programs to delay an infestation. it is important to note that the columbia river basin and the pacific northwest in general, are among the last large river or regional drainage basins in the continental united states that remain free of zebra or quagga mussels. this is due to a combination of increasing prevention measures and luck. within this area, the highest risk for introductions of zebra and quagga mussels and other aquatic invasive species is by hitchhiking on recreational and commercial watercraft that are being transported from other infested parts of the united states and canada. there is also a growing threat of interstate transportation through ballast water if freshwater ports in california become infested and are transported to columbia river ports. unfortunately, while the threat of zebra and quagga mussels and other aquatic invasive species increases, the resources to fight this threat have decreased over the past two years due to budget cuts and reductions in other revenue sources used to supplement this work. in addition, it has been recognized that limited regulatory authorities would not be sufficient to contain or eradicate a zebra or quagga mussel infestation if it happened today. recommendations are provided for establishing the resources needed to address this critical threat. the following is a brief summary of some ais prevention and enforcement accomplishments that have occurred since the department \u2019 s last report to the 2008 legislature. early detection actions : high - risk water bodies were annually surveyed statewide for juvenile and adult zebra and quagga mussels. during 2008 - 2009 alone, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45059711953613885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.732463"} {"text": "enforcement accomplishments that have occurred since the department \u2019 s last report to the 2008 legislature. early detection actions : high - risk water bodies were annually surveyed statewide for juvenile and adult zebra and quagga mussels. during 2008 - 2009 alone, a total of 662 plankton tows ( looking for free - floating juvenile stage of mussels ) were conducted and 177 artificial substrates ( looking for adult settling ) were deployed at 234 sites throughout washington. the sites were distributed over 108 different water bodies. to date, no zebra or quagga mussels have been detected. projections for the number of water bodies that can be surveyed during the 2011 - 13 season will depend mostly on volunteer efforts as funding reductions will direct most actions to rapid response and watercraft inspections. rapid response actions : twenty - two recreational watercraft have been intercepted in the state since 2006 with zebra, quagga, or other dreissena mussels attached \u2013 all were decontaminated. ten of these watercraft were carrying live mussels, eight were carrying mussels where it was not possible to determine if they were alive or dead, and four were carrying just the attached shells. an important lesson learned was that shells alone could trigger a rapid response watercraft decontamination or could trigger a large scale rapid response action if they were to drop off at a boat launch. unfortunately, the ability to fully remove all shells from an infested watercraft is still problematic. watercraft inspection actions : over 12, 500 watercraft have been inspected since 2007 through boater surveys, integrated ais / boater safety inspections, wsp port of entry weigh station inspections, and at mandatory ais check stations. of these, 22 were found to have zebra or quagga mussels ( see above ) and 200 watercraft were found to be infested with aquatic plants. mandatory ais check stations are staff - intensive, but provide very high direct and indirect value in watercraft owner appreciation for our state \u2019 s efforts to prevent ais introductions. projections for the number of watercraft that can be inspected during the 2011 - 13 season is likely to be reduced due to budget cuts. as a comparison, idaho has a budget of $ 1. 3 million and was able to inspect 44, 000 boats in 2010. nonresident watercraft analysis : approximately 10 % of all inspected watercraft were registered distributed over 24 other states and two provinces of canada. overall, idaho contributed by far the largest proportion of nonresident registered water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46790802455241065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.733858"} {"text": "000 boats in 2010. nonresident watercraft analysis : approximately 10 % of all inspected watercraft were registered distributed over 24 other states and two provinces of canada. overall, idaho contributed by far the largest proportion of nonresident registered watercraft ( 378 ), followed by oregon ( 233 ), california ( 74 ), arizona ( 36 ), british columbia ( 22 ), utah ( 13 ), and montana ( 12 ). of these, california, arizona, and utah have known established populations of zebra or quagga mussels. when nonresident watercraft owners were asked what water body they last used, the result was 85 different water bodies distributed over 13 states and two canadian provinces. the ten most frequently visited were coeur d \u2019 alene lake, id ( 42 ) ; willamette river, or ( 18 ) ; dworshak reservoir, id ( 18 ) ; lake mead, az / nv ( 16 ) ; clear lake, ca ( 15 ) ; pend oreille lake, id ( 12 ) ; california delta, ca ( 11 ) ; shasta lake, ca ( 9 ) ; lake havasu, az / ca ( 9 ), and clearwater river, id ( 9 ). of those ten water bodies, lakes mead and havasu are known to be contaminated with zebra and / or quagga mussels. the remaining 75 water bodies are distributed over eight states and two provinces of which seven of the states are known to harbor infestations of zebra and / or quagga mussels. state and regional coordination : the department closely coordinates with the washington invasive species council, the aquatic nuisance species committee, the columbia river basin team, and the aquatic nuisance species western regional panel to address state and regional issues. for example, a hypothetical detection of zebra mussels at the two river \u2019 s marina at the mouth of the spokane river was this year \u2019 s annual table - top exercise for the columbia river basin team \u2019 s interagency invasive species rapid response plan. participants on site included department planning and enforcement staff, the u. s. fish and wildlife service, the pacific states marine fisheries commission, the u. s. bureau of reclamation, the lake roosevelt national park service, the u. s. army corps of engineers, the spokane tribe of indians, the confederated tribes of the colville reservation, the upper columbia united tribes, the columbia river inter - tribal commission, the washington invasive species council, and representatives from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.446668181026324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.734852"} {"text": "the objective of this research is to derive land surface temperature from goes data at hourly intervals for atmospheric model assimilation to improve short range weather forecasts and nowcasting applications. the rate of change of lst is sensitive to the characteristics of the land surface such as soil moisture, land use and vegetation. regions of high soil moisture content or dense vegetation which has access to a a source of moisture exhibit cooler lst than dry soil or vegetation which is stressed because a lack of available soil moisture. this is illustrated in the figures to the right. the retrieval of land surface temperature ( lst ) from goes measurements is accomplished with a physical split window algorithm and the 11 and 12 micrometer channels of either the imager or the sounder. the technique is derived from a perturbation form of the radiative transfer equation that is simplified through parameterization to retrieve the surface parmater corrected for atmospheric water vapor effects. the physical approach requires a priori information, which includes estimates of temperature and mixing ration profiles, precipitable water, and skin temperature. the guess information is used with forward radiative transfer code and goes spectral response information to calculate channel transmittances and brightness temperatures reuired for the solution equations. lst retrievals are only weakly dependant on the guess profile information. the quality of the lst degrades slightly under inversion conditions ( either in the first guess or retrieval environment ). under optimal observing conditions ( known surface thermal emissivity ), lst retrieval errors are as small as 0. 2 k. variations in surface thermal emissivity unaccounted for in the retrieval process will increase the magnitude of the errors. however, in this particular application the time rate of change of the lst is used rather than its absolute value. as a result, the effects of varying thermal emissivity are negligble. the geophysical parameter retrieval page provides more details into the retrieval process. a technique has been developed for assimilating goes - ir skin temperature tendencies into the surface energy budget equation of a mesoscale model so that the simulated rate of temperature change closely agrees with the satellite observations. the simulated latent heat flux, which is a function of surface moisture availability, is adjusted based upon differences between the modeled and satellite - observed skin temperature tendencies. for more information on the satellite data assimilation see the mm5 modeling page or the attached chart. several forms of validation are now under way. first, data from the arm / cart network is being used to assess the accuracy of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49034112831552473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.740093"} {"text": "extension educator, horticulture if you need a reason to get your overstuffed body out of your overstuffed chair, why not venture outside to appreciate the native trees of illinois. prairies and farm fields are the common images of illinois landscapes ; however, trees are also an integral part of our illinois heritage. just a few facts about illinois trees : this is a great time to get outside. once trees have shed their leaves each bony branch and twisted trunk in the forest tells a story. to make the journey even more fun consider getting involved in the illinois big tree register to locate and nominate champion trees native to illinois. initiated in 1962 the illinois big tree register fosters appreciation of illinois trees and provides a format to discover and record the largest native tree species in the state. the illinois big tree register is part of a cooperative effort between the university of illinois at urbana - champaign, the illinois department of natural resources, and the national register of big trees. a few of the state champions are nearby. the largest yellow buckeye ( aesculus flava ) is in danville. state champions white ash ( fraxinus americana ), chestnut oak ( quercus prinus ) and kentucky coffeetree ( gymnocladus dioicus ) are in springfield. state champion green ash ( fraxinus pennsylvanica ) is in clinton and charleston is home to the state champion hackberry ( celtis occidentalis ). i ' m sure there are plenty of undocumented champion trees just waiting for someone to notice their grandeur and nominate them. everyone is encouraged to submit their nominations to the illinois big tree register. for a complete list of champion native trees and their locations and how to get involved in the illinois big tree register http : / / web. extension. illinois. edu / forestry if trees as lumber is more your thing, join us for the workshop \" recovering and utilizing hardwood trees \" on thursday, december 1 from 8am - 4pm at the rantoul recreation center 100 east flessner avenue in rantoul, il. the workshop instructs municipal forest managers and arborists on how to obtain the highest possible use for the wood from their urban and suburban trees. this program deals with management issues such as markets, contracts and other removal considerations. a morning of classroom instruction is followed by hands - on outdoor sessions concerning log and standing tree grading, whole log removals, sawmill demonstrations, and insight into the lumber produced by urban trees. the program is offered thanks to : illinois emerald", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39564629489212877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.745650"} {"text": "the experimental evidence collected during the last few years has strongly supported the view that the \u03b1 particle is a charged helium atom, but it has been found exceedingly difficult to give a decisive proof of the relation. in recent papers, rutherford and geiger have supplied still further evidence of the correctness of this point of view. the number of \u03b1 particles from one gram of radium have been counted, and the charge carried by each determined. the values of several radioactive quantities, calculated on the assumption that the \u03b1 particle is a helium atom carrying two unit charges, have been shown to be in good agreement with the experimental numbers. in particular, the good agreement between the calculated rate of production of helium by radium and the rate experimentally determined by sir james dewar, is strong evidence in favour of the identity of the \u03b1 particle with the helium atom. the methods of attack on this problem have been largely indirect, involving considerations of the charge carried by the helium atom and the value of e / m of the \u03b1 particle. the proof of the identity of the \u03b1 particle with the helium atom is incomplete until it can be shown that the \u03b1 particles, accumulated quite independently of the matter from which they are expelled, consist of helium. for example, it might be argued that the appearance of helium in the radium emanation was a result of the expulsion of the \u03b1 particle, in the same way that the appearance of radium a is a consequence of the expulsion of an \u03b1 particle from the emanation. if one atom of helium appeared for each \u03b1 particle expelled, calculation and experiment might still agree, and yet the \u03b1 particle itself might be an atom of hydrogen or of some other substance. we have recently made experiments to test whether helium appears in a vessel into which the \u03b1 particles have been fired, the active matter itself being enclosed in a vessel sufficiently thin to allow the \u03b1 particles to escape, but impervious to the passage of helium or other radioactive products. the experimental arrangement is clearly seen in the figure. the equilibrium quantity of emanation from about 140 milligrams of radium was purified and compressed by means of a mercury - column into a fine glass tube a about 1. 5 cms. long. this fine tube, which was sealed on a larger capillary tube b, was sufficiently thin to allow the \u03b1 particles from the emanation and its products to escape, but sufficiently strong to withstand atmospheric pressure. after some trials, mr. baumbach succeeded in blowing such fine tubes very uniform in thickness. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6024202523780922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.761331"} {"text": "b, was sufficiently thin to allow the \u03b1 particles from the emanation and its products to escape, but sufficiently strong to withstand atmospheric pressure. after some trials, mr. baumbach succeeded in blowing such fine tubes very uniform in thickness. the thickness of the wall of the tube employed in most of the experiments was less than 1 / 100 mm., and was equivalent in stopping power of the \u03b1 particle to about 2 cms. of air. since the ranges of the \u03b1 particles from the emanation and its products radium a and radium c are 4. 3, 4. 8, and 7 cms. respectively, it is seen that the great majority of the \u03b1 particles expelled by the active matter escape through the walls of the tube. the ranges of the \u03b1 particles after passing through the glass were determined with the aid of a zinc - sulphide screen. immediately after the introduction of the emanation the phosphorescence showed brilliantly when the screen was close to the tube, but practically disappeared at a distance of 5 cms. such a result is to be expected. the phosphorescence initially observed was due mainly to the \u03b1 particles of the emanation and its product radium a ( period 3 mins. ). in the course of time the amount of radium c, initially zero, gradually increased, and the \u03b1 radiations from it of range 7 cms. were able to cause phosphorescence at a greater distance. the glass tube a was surrounded by a cylindrical glass tube t, 7. 5 cms. long and 1. 5 cms. diameter, by means of a ground - glass joint c. a small vacuum - tube v was attached to the upper end of t. the outer glass tube t was exhausted by a pump through the stopcock d, and the exhaustion completed with the aid of the charcoal tube f cooled by liquid air. by means of a mercury column h attached to a reservoir, mercury was forced into the tube t until it reached the bottom of the tube a. part of the \u03b1 particles which escaped through the walls of the fine tube were stopped by the outer glass tube and part by the mercury surface. if the \u03b1 particle is a helium atom, helium should gradually diffuse from the glass and mercury into the exhausted space, and its presence could then be detected spectroscopically by raising the mercury and compressing the gases into the vacuum - tube. in order to avoid any possible contamination of the apparatus with helium, freshly distilled mercury and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5698018994226339, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.762541"} {"text": "into the exhausted space, and its presence could then be detected spectroscopically by raising the mercury and compressing the gases into the vacuum - tube. in order to avoid any possible contamination of the apparatus with helium, freshly distilled mercury and entirely new glass apparatus were used. before introducing the emanation into a, the absence of helium was confirmed experimentally. at intervals after the introduction of the emanation the mercury was raised, and the gases in the outer tube spectroscopically examined. after 24 hours no trace of the helium yellow line was seen ; after 2 days the helium yellow was faintly visible ; after 4 days the helium yellow and green lines were bright ; and after 6 days all the stronger lines of the helium spectrum were observed. the absence of the neon spectrum shows that the helium present was not due to a leakage of air into the apparatus. there is, however, one possible source of error in this experiment. the helium may not be due to the \u03b1 particles themselves, but may have diffused from the emanation through the thin walls of the glass tube. in order to test this point the emanation was completely pumped out of a, and after some hours a quantity of helium, about 10 times the previous volume of the emanation, was compressed into the same tube a. the outer tube t and the vacuum - tube were removed and a fresh apparatus substituted. observations to detect helium in the tube t were made at intervals, in the same way as before, but no trace of the helium spectrum was observed over a period of eight days. the helium in the tube a was then pumped out and a fresh supply of emanation substituted. results similar to the first experiment were observed. the helium yellow and green lines showed brightly after four days. these experiments thus show conclusively that the helium could not have diffused through the glass walls, but must have been derived from the \u03b1 particles which were fired through them. in other words, the experiments give a decisive proof that the \u03b1 particle after losing its charge is an atom of helium. we have seen that in the experiments above described helium was not observed in the outer tube in sufficient quantity to show the characteristic yellow line until two days had elapsed. now the equilibrium amount of emanation from 100 milligrams of radium should produce helium at the rate of about. 03 c. mm. per day. the amount produced in one day, if present in the outer tube, should produce a bright spectrum of helium under the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5991708799605605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.764121"} {"text": "of helium was then spectroscopically looked for in the usual way. using this method, it was found possible to detect the presence of helium in the lead which had been exposed for only four hours to the \u03b1 rays from the emanation. after an exposure of 24 hours the helium yellow and green lines came out brightly. these experiments were repeated several times with similar results. a number of blank experiments were made, using samples of the lead - foil which had not been exposed to the \u03b1 rays, but in no case was any helium detected. in a similar way, the presence of helium was detected in a cylinder of tinfoil exposed for a few hours over the emanation - tube. these experiments show that the helium does not escape at once from the lead, but there is on the average a period of retardation of several hours and possible longer. the detection of helium in the lead and tin foil, as well as in the glass, removes a possible objection that the helium might have been in some way present in the glass initially, and was liberated as a consequence of its bombardment by the \u03b1 particles. the use of such thin glass tubes containing emanation affords a simple and convenient method of examining the effect on substances of an intense \u03b1 radiation quite independently of the radioactive material contained in the tube. we can conclude with certainty from these experiments that the \u03b1 particle after losing its charge is a helium atom. other evidence indicates that the charge is twice the unit charge carried by the hydrogen atom set free in the electrolysis of water. university of manchester, nov. 13, 1908 proc. roy. soc. a. lxxxi, pp. 141 - 173 ( 1908 ). proc. roy. soc. a. lxxxi. p. 280 ( 1908 ). the \u03b1 particles fired at a very oblique angle to the tube would be stopped in the glass. the fraction stopped in this way would be small under the experimental conditions. that the air was completely displaced was shown by the absence of neon in the final spectrum.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5949334906833876, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.766508"} {"text": "like the contractions previously studied, these contractions are not used where part of the letters of the contraction fall into a prefix and the rest into a root or base word. thus, the sign for ed is not used in reduce, deduce, edict, predict, or predate. similarly, the sign for er is not used in derogatory, prerogative, erect, erupt, rerun, or derail. the sign for ble is not used in sublet, nor the sign for ar in infrared. in a few words, the beginning letters se constitute a prefix meaning \" apart. \" when that prefix is followed by the letter d, as in seduce and seditious, the ed contraction cannot be used because it would overlap between the prefix and the root word. an exception to this rule occurs in a few familiar words that begin with the letters ar. in the easily read words around, arise, and arose the ar contraction is used, even though in these cases the a is a prefix. [ x. 34. c ] \u2022 note : remember the very strong rule that says that when all of the letters of a contraction fall into the same syllable, the contraction is used. although the er contraction cannot be used in derive because de is a prefix, it is used in derivation because both the e and the r fall into the same syllable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47539523931209776, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.770202"} {"text": "groundbreaking new research has linked sodium fluoride to cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. researchers found that fluoride consumption directly stimulates the hardening of your arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis that is highly correlatedwith the # 1 killer. sodium fluoride is currently added to the water supply of many cities worldwide, despite extreme opposition from health professionals and previous studies linking it to decreased iq and infertility. in their research, scientists examined the relationship between fluoride intake and the hardening ( calcification ) of the arteries. studying more than 60 patients, the researchers found a significant correlation between fluoride consumption and the calcification of your arteries. published in the january edition of the journal nuclear medicine communications, the research highlights the fact that mass fluoride exposure may be to blame for the cardiovascular disease epidemic that takes more lives each year than cancer. in 2008, cardiovascular killed 17 million people. according to the authors of the study : \u201c the coronary fluoride uptake value in patients with cardiovascular events was significantly higher than in patients without cardiovascular events. \u201d amazingly, this is not the first report to come out on the dangers of water fluoridation, however the united states government along with other nations have allowed for the continued fluoridation of the public water supply despite these key findings. in fact, the u. s. government has even gone on record stating that a reduction in water fluoridation needs to occur following the results of a massive study that found water fluoridation affected cognitive function to the point of lowering the iq of children. it turns out that the announcement was little more than a public relations stunt to curtail the massive wave of activism that followed the findings. government admits dangers yet continues to pump fluoride into your water supply over 24 other studies have unanimously concluded that fluoride negatively impacts cognitive function. in addition to these 24 studies focusing on cognition, over 100 animal studies have linked fluoride to an increase in male infertility, diabetes, and a whole host of other health problems. in the latest study on cognition, it was found that that 28 % of the children who lived in an area where fluoride levels were low achieved the highest test scores. this means that the children exposed to less fluoride scored normal or advanced, while only 8 % of fluoridated children did the same. in fact, the safety precautions regarding sodium fluoride are quite telling themselves : risk and safety phrases. - r25 \u2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4696976742647806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.777774"} {"text": "exposed to less fluoride scored normal or advanced, while only 8 % of fluoridated children did the same. in fact, the safety precautions regarding sodium fluoride are quite telling themselves : risk and safety phrases. - r25 \u2013 toxic if swallowed. - r32 \u2013 contact with acid liberates very toxic gas. - r36 / 38 \u2013 irritating to skin and eyes. - s1 / 2 \u2013 keep locked up and out of reach of children. - s22 \u2013 do not breathe dust. - s36 \u2013 wear suitable protective clothing. - s45 \u2013 in case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately ( show the label whenever possible. ) but what about cavity prevention? since 1962 the government has recommended fluoride levels between 0. 7 and 1. 2 milligrams per liter in the nations drinking water. toted as an excellent cavity blocker, fluoride has been praised for its alleged power to prevent tooth decay and boost oral health. research has now revealed that fluoride, the very substance that is supposed to prevent tooth decay, actually does nothing to prevent against cavities. in fact, vitamin d has been found to be significantly more effective in cavity prevention without the extreme side effects. instead of damaging your body, vitamin d slashes your risk of just about everything fluoride consumption causes. according to the latest numbers, over 72 percent of americans drink water treated with fluoride. is it any wonder that cardiovascular disease rates are off the charts? perhaps most concerning is the fact that fluoride does not even prevent cavities, which is the very reason legislators have pushed to keep it in the public water supply despite the links to deadly disease. even if fluoride was found to prevent cavities, would it be worth the adverse effects? fluoride should be completely removed from the international water supply as it is a threat to public health. until the proper legislation is passed, acquiring a high - quality water filter that removes fluoride is vital for the health perseverance of you and your family. poor man \u2019 s water purifier if you read the \u201c consumer confidence report \u201d that comes from your water company \u2026. it may have the following information on it : \u201c some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. immune - compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with hiv / aids or other immune system disorders", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4517547608863973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.778793"} {"text": "\u201c some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. immune - compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with hiv / aids or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infection. these people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. \u201d i \u2019 d say that we have a problem. we start out with water that \u201c immune - compromised \u201d persons and babies should not drink and the water becomes acidic as it flows through the city \u2019 s pipes. acidic water flowing through pipes picks up lead and other contaminants directly from the pipes it runs through. so the water that we started with might have been adequately safe for the general public, but now what about the water that actually comes out of the faucet? the following cheap, home treatment that improves the taste. i cannot prove that it does anything else. i think it may be healthier based on the following : \u201c dr. earp - thomas added a handful of wheatgrass to fluoridated water for several minutes. when the grass was removed and the water tested, no fluorine was traceable. later, an official of the water department of new york city tested fluoridated water in which a small sprig of wheatgrass had been swished. he could find no trace of fluorine. evidently, the presence of wheat grass in fluoridated water renders the inorganic chemicals harmless. dr. earp - thomas found that an ounce of grass in a gallon of fluoridated water would turn the fluorine into harmless calcium - phosphate - fluoride compounds. alfalfa seeds will not grow in treated water [ means city - treated water not wheatgrass - treated water - bfg ] but will merely rot in treated tap water. one - half ounce of wheatgrass, added each morning to ordinary tap water, softens it and makes it positive \u2026. \u201c dr. earp - thomas further discovered that fruits and vegetables contaminated by sprays were thoroughly cleansed and the negative food transformed by wash water with a wisp of wheatgrass placed in the water. in pasteurized milk, baby foods, pet foods, etc. wheatgrass changes the toxic orbit of electrons to positive. wheatgrass placed in the drinking water of pets and cut up over their food helps prevent ailments in your pets. \u201d from pages 43 - 45 be your own doctor by ann wig", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48359820535618875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.779726"} {"text": "archive for the \u2018 george bancroft \u2019 category george bancroft. by russel b. nye. new york : washington square press, inc. 1964. bibliography. pp. x, 212. $. 60. if biographies written in the twenty - first century tend toward tomes, russel nye \u2019 s 1964 work on george bancroft, the most acclaimed american historian of the nineteenth century, demonstrates how to impress with a modicum of words. though bancroft \u2019 s life spanned almost a century, nye skillfully paints a portrait of the man against the sweeping landscape of the united states \u2019 passage from fledgling country at the turn of 18th century to battle - scarred nation ninety years later, all in fewer than two hundred pages. nye \u2019 s book is part of the washington square press \u201c great american thinkers series, \u201d targeting an audience of general readers as well as serious secondary and college students who want readable history. george bancroft as subject is in good company among other well known americans included in the series, like thomas jefferson, benjamin franklin, and john c. calhoun. series editors provided a general outline for nye to follow, which included a short biography of the subject, a critical evaluation of his central ideas, and his influence upon american thought as a whole. nye approaches the task in a somewhat unconventional manner. he begins and ends with reasonably standard material. a chronology of key events in bancroft \u2019 s life is placed in the front matter of the book, beginning with his birth in 1800 and ending with his death in 1891. end materials include a list of bancroft \u2019 s extensive published works and a complete bibliography and index. it is in the book \u2019 s narrative that nye shows structural creativity. he reveals bancroft by coming at the subject from six different directions : life history, views on education, artistic and cultural perspectives, formation as a politician, views on humanity and the divine, and bancroft \u2019 s contribution to historiography. the first chapter, titled \u201c the pattern of a life, \u201d provides a highly readable narrative overview of bancroft \u2019 s ninety - one years. nye begins with the family and culture into which bancroft was born, and then explores his passage through school years, including entry into harvard at the age of 13. his formative years studying abroad are covered next, and insight is provided into the effects that european intellectuals and artists had on the now young man. nye brings bancroft home to the united states, doctorate in hand, and traces his quest for direction in life that leads him away from ministry and into politics and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4085348715651438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.804606"} {"text": "insight is provided into the effects that european intellectuals and artists had on the now young man. nye brings bancroft home to the united states, doctorate in hand, and traces his quest for direction in life that leads him away from ministry and into politics and writing. his life as politician and as an emerging and then accomplished historian are described, as well as the events that bring a close to bancroft \u2019 s life. nye devotes the entire second chapter, \u201c experiment at round hill, \u201d to bancroft \u2019 s daring project as schoolmaster of a preparatory school for boys in new england. partnering with a colleague from harvard, bancroft incorporates in the endeavor the progressive concepts in education he observed while in europe. but bancroft has a love - hate relationship with teaching, and gradually realizes that his destiny lies elsewhere. as the chapter closes, he has sold his interest in the school to his partner and moved on, having left his mark on the history of american education as the creator of the first high school and a modeler of educational reform. in the third chapter, \u201c the anatomy of culture, \u201d nye explores the romantic movement \u2019 s impact on bancroft and his contemporaries, and makes good use of the subject \u2019 s actual writing. excerpts of bancroft \u2019 s early attempts at poetry are presented by way of showing that, while his own poetic work was amateurish, he was able to channel his love for art into the role of literary critic, becoming quite adept at it. nye does a masterful job of showing, through excerpts of bancroft \u2019 s reviews and critiques, not only his appreciation of the artistic, but his gift for seeing broad themes like democracy in art. he also shows how bancroft was able to bring his interest in artistic judgment and creation to his growing preoccupation with history. instead of losing touch, \u201c he absorbed his interest in art into the larger context of his theory of culture and his concept of history. to him, as to his contemporaries, the boundaries of intellectual specialization were fluid \u201d ( 63 ). this fusion of the literary with history defined bancroft \u2019 s historical writing. nye \u2019 s ability to correlate the cultural milieu of early 19th century with bancroft \u2019 s growth as philosopher, theologian, artistic critic, and historian is particularly well done. chapter 4, \u201c the fabric of american political life, \u201d guides the reader through bancroft \u2019 s life as a politician, and his metamorphosis into a jacksonian democrat and political thinker. again, nye identifies themes from bancroft \u2019 s writings and personal correspondence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49743262042566394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.805781"} {"text": "the fabric of american political life, \u201d guides the reader through bancroft \u2019 s life as a politician, and his metamorphosis into a jacksonian democrat and political thinker. again, nye identifies themes from bancroft \u2019 s writings and personal correspondence, including the idea that political figures are heroes to the populations they serve. nye closes the chapter with a moving description of bancroft \u2019 s role as eulogizer of lincoln, a man who bancroft grew to consider as a hero of some stature through the course of the civil war. he also traces bancroft \u2019 s evolving views on slavery. in chapter 5, \u201c nature : human and divine, \u201d nye explores how bancroft came to his religious beliefs and his philosophical stand on the nature of humanity and the divine. this is an important topic because bancroft \u2019 s theological thinking informed much of his historical writing and speaking. nye shows bancroft as a man of his times, influenced by the enthusiasm of a country running toward a bright future, and yet a man who contributed much to that nation because of his study abroad and exposure to many of the world \u2019 s foremost thinkers. nye does a good job of showing how bancroft reconciled his belief in man \u2019 s free will as long as it was exercised within the larger will of the divine. in his final chapter, \u201c the shape and meaning of history, \u201d nye looks as bancroft the historian and the influence of his historiography. he provides an excellent overview of the state of historical study at the turn of and into the early 19thcentury, contrasting rationalistic historical theory against romantic history a la rankian zeitgeist. his review of the expectations of historical writers in bancroft \u2019 s generation is excellent. but most important in this chapter are the selections from bancroft \u2019 s own essays, illustrating how he conceived of his own calling. his personal philosophy, which he put to paper not long after returning from studies in europe, placed the office of the historian second only to the poet in its noble call to find god within history. this perspective, nye informs, pervaded the first three volumes of bancroft \u2019 s most famous work, the history of the united states of america from the discovery of the continent, in which it was clear \u201c that he was convinced that the united states was the creation of divine providence \u201d ( 158 ). the second theme was that of man \u2019 s right to pursue freedom. nye takes the reader through the completion and then revision of the seven volumes which took place over the course of most of bancroft \u2019 s remaining life", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4850292443215391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.806858"} {"text": "divine providence \u201d ( 158 ). the second theme was that of man \u2019 s right to pursue freedom. nye takes the reader through the completion and then revision of the seven volumes which took place over the course of most of bancroft \u2019 s remaining life. he touches upon the influences of the american civil war on his writing, and particularly on the volumes having to do with the revolutionary war. nye gives insight into bancroft \u2019 s work style and ethic, as reflected in a two - volume work on the american constitution. he interjects some deserved criticism of bancroft who, he suggests over simplified the events surrounding the constitution \u2019 s creation, ignoring \u201c the whole tangled skein of economic and political rivalries, conflicting interests, and clashing personalities \u201d ( 170 ). nye leaves the reader with a sense for bancroft \u2019 s brilliance across a broad range of diverse interests. he paints him as a man who enjoyed the privileges of an education well beyond the norm of his day, and earned by an innate drive and love for scholarship. nye \u2019 s bancroft was comfortable with life choices that went against the norm, an indication of independent thought. but he was also a man of his times, influenced by the great thinkers of his era and yet contributing one of the most important voices of the nineteenth century. he brought to his generation a better sense of the american story, and to a large degree, popularized history with the first complete treatment of the united states through its inception as a nation. he was guided by a strong belief in divine providence and its hand upon america. but at his core, he was, as depicted by nye, a scholarly man of letters \u2013 a distinction i suspect would have pleased mr. bancroft. his legacy is a remarkable body of work sadly forgotten by most citizens of the 21st century because of changing standards in historiography. nye does a masterful job of identifying bancroft \u2019 s core beliefs and the influences that formed the man and his career. he also shows a considerable grasp of the nuances of both history and historiography that were in play in the 19thcentury \u2013 worth noting because nye \u2019 s training is in literature rather than history. like all series authors, nye brings to the work a ph. d. an english professor at michigan state university, he might seem like an odd choice to profile a historian, but he proves himself equal to the task, perhaps because biography straddles both history and literature. his obvious mastery of the large collection of papers bancroft left behind for his biographers is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49137344051020027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.807930"} {"text": ", he might seem like an odd choice to profile a historian, but he proves himself equal to the task, perhaps because biography straddles both history and literature. his obvious mastery of the large collection of papers bancroft left behind for his biographers is impressive. russel nye was awarded the 1945 pulitzer prize for biography for this work. is there a better recommendation? american military university photo credit : einstein at 42 from wikipedia commons. public domain i \u2019 ve recently added elektratig to my blogroll. he and i have cross - referenced several posts on topics like the inevitability of the american civil war ( available here ) and he has always provided thoughtful comments. today, he has a post on george bancroft that you can read here which speaks to the special relationship that bancroft had with president james polk. bancroft was instrumental in polk receiving the democratic nomination in 1844 because he was able to swing the massachusetts vote his way. bancroft became, as a result, the most powerful democrat in massachusetts. [ i ] as elektratig mentions, today not a lot of people know of bancroft but for citizens of the nineteenth century he was, as biographer robert canary put it, \u201c one of the first great american historians and one of the most widely read american historical writers of his time. \u201d [ ii ] naval historians will know that it was bancroft who founded the united states naval academy at annapolis while serving as secretary of the navy under president polk. ( below is bancroft hall at annapolis ). [ i ] russel b. nye, george bancroft, ( new york : washington square press. inc., 1964 ), 10. [ ii ] robert h. canary, george bancroft, ( new york : twayne publishers, inc., 1974 ), i. i realize this won \u2019 t be for everyone but i wanted to post the academic book review i finished yesterday on the paperback version of russel blaine nye \u2019 s 1945 pulitzer prize winning biography george bancroft : brahmin rebel. sadly this book is out - of - print and available only via library or used book markets. it is a fascinating work filled with insights into an uncommon man who was once this country \u2019 s most revered historian \u2013 but whom most of us have no memory. it also provides considerable information about our country - and indeed the world - in the period leading up to, during and after the civil war. it was enlightening to put this post together in that i discovered some great sources of information about many of the people, places and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41887842598806213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.808997"} {"text": "about our country - and indeed the world - in the period leading up to, during and after the civil war. it was enlightening to put this post together in that i discovered some great sources of information about many of the people, places and times in which bancroft lived. kudos to http : / / www. harvardsquarelibrary. org for their information on important persons in that university \u2019 s history. by russel b. nye. new york ( washington square press, inc. ). pp. 212. 1964. $. 60 if biographies written in the twenty - first century tend toward tomes, russel nye \u2019 s work on george bancroft, easily the most acclaimed american historian of the nineteenth century, demonstrates how to impress with a modicum of words. bancroft \u2019 s life spanned a period of epic change in the fledgling american nation. nye skillfully paints a portrait of the man against the sweeping landscape of the united state \u2019 s passage from fledgling country at the turn of 18thcentury to a battle - scarred nation ninety years later. bancroft helped to make american history as politician and statesman. he also became one of the country \u2019 s most gifted historiographers and the first popular historian, a title that was, by the end of the century, not unlike his literary writing style, considered \u201c passe. \u201d george bancroft came from a legacy of northeastern conservatism. bred squarely into the center of the american calvinistic farming culture of worcester, massachusetts, his grandfather samuel bancroft was both strict calvinist and independent of mind. bancroft \u2019 s father, aaron bancroft, had a noteworthy career as one of the first leaders of the unitarian movement. this step toward liberalism directed him to the pastorship of a small second congregational church of worcester and modest means to support his growing family. but it also positioned him with the intellectual elite of new england. the bancroft home was a place where books were plenty and reading and discussion encouraged. independent reason was also valued. aaron bancroft authored one of the more popular biographies of george washington, a man who young george bancroft would eventually count as among the most influential hero - leaders of the country. george stood out among his siblings and opportunities were given to him to attend preparatory school at a young age even though it caused strain on his father \u2019 s finances. he excelled and passed entrance exams to harvard college at the age of 13. bancroft graduated harvard at 17 and, with the assistance of college president john thornton kirkland ( pictured right and papers here ),", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46766603376107163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.810231"} {"text": "it caused strain on his father \u2019 s finances. he excelled and passed entrance exams to harvard college at the age of 13. bancroft graduated harvard at 17 and, with the assistance of college president john thornton kirkland ( pictured right and papers here ), was provided both financial support and the necessary letters of introduction to follow a select few harvard graduates to gottingen, one of the top universities in germany ( brief history of the town and university here ). his goal was to follow his father into the ministry. he began a rigorous course of study including a self - imposed schedule of sixteen hour days. by the age of twenty, bancroft had a gottingen doctorate and the respect of some of germany \u2019 s most noted professors. but he had also developed a considerable interest in philosophy, history and literature and began to doubt whether a career in the ministry remained his passion. he continued with post doctorate studies in berlin and by the end of his four years in europe had met many of its influential writers, artists and academics. bancroft returned home filled with ideas about educational reform and exhibiting mannerisms and dress inspired by his time abroad. bancroft spent the next several years trying to find his calling. trained in philology ( the study of languages ) as well as theology, he tried on the role of greek tutor at harvard but became frustrated with the college \u2019 s lack of interest in adopting the new educational techniques he brought from abroad. he was also unpopular as a teacher, which is not to say that he was a bad teacher ; rather a demanding one. by mutual consent, he left harvard after a year and with fellow harvard and gottingen graduate joseph cogswell, opened the round hill school for boys near northampton, massachusetts in 1823. it became a phenomenon of sorts due to the melding of the latest methods of european educational reform with those of american boarding school. \u201c it was one of the earliest and most successful efforts of the nineteenth century to raise the level of american secondary education by absorbing the new european experimentation, and served as a powerful influence in the diffusion of new ideas on discipline, individual attention, and stimulation of student interest \u201d ( 45 ). a student was treated as an individual with unique learning patterns and cooperated as an equal with his teacher rather than as an inferior with his master. despite the demanding program, the elite of new england clamored to enroll their sons. with bancroft as the primary teacher and cogswell managing administration, the school grew in both size and reputation. it was at round hill school that bancroft met his wife, sarah dwight. her status as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4473467903453738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.811395"} {"text": "england clamored to enroll their sons. with bancroft as the primary teacher and cogswell managing administration, the school grew in both size and reputation. it was at round hill school that bancroft met his wife, sarah dwight. her status as the daughter of a wealthy new england family would ensure his financial independence. bancroft also continued to work on his poetry ( he had published poems while at harvard ) and found opportunity for preaching. but he was successful at neither. his poetry was labeled amateurish and his oration at the pulpit \u201c too consciously learned, too pretentiously oratorical \u201d ( 5 ). interestingly, bancroft would become a gifted literary critic. a man of many interests, he became bored with the life of a country school teacher and bowed out of the venture in 1831. the round hill school failed three years later. bancroft discovered while at round hill a growing interest in politics. he began to write for prominent journals and even spoke in a political forum in northampton at the behest of town leaders. in 1830 he was nominated for the massachusetts \u2019 s senate by the workingmen \u2019 s party. although he declined, his voice as a political philosopher began to emerge. it was firmly centered on the premise that the will of the many outweighed that of the few, a principle that he considered foundational to democracy. he clearly identified himself as a jacksonian democrat in 1836, a fact that surprised a number of his whig harvard colleagues including friend edward everett ( pictured right ). his allegiance was with the common, agrarian masses rather than the privileged minority. his political position became all the more public with bancroft \u2019 s growing involvement in the democratic party. he wrote several journal articles in support of jackson \u2019 s position on the national banking issue which he attributed to the long struggle between capitalists and laborers. in 1838, his party work was rewarded with the position of collector of the port of boston. by 1844, he was a prominent player in the massachusetts democratic delegation and played a key role in securing the presidential nomination for james k. polk ( pictured left ). polk appointed bancroft secretary of the navy the following year and he found himself acting secretary of war during the months that opened the mexican war. but bancroft was after a diplomatic post and between 1846 and 1849 he served as united states minister to england. it was during this time that he amassed a huge collection of historical notes from british archives, utilizing scribes and secretaries to copy copious amounts of data. these he brought home to america for use in future historical writing. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43041498327292943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.812681"} {"text": "states minister to england. it was during this time that he amassed a huge collection of historical notes from british archives, utilizing scribes and secretaries to copy copious amounts of data. these he brought home to america for use in future historical writing. the scholar in bancroft had found new voice shortly after leaving round hill. in 1834, he published the first of what would become his multi - volume treatise, a history of the united states from the discovery of the continent ( set of all volumes to right ). ( a full listing of bancroft \u2019 s works available online can be found here. ) he chose to focus not on contemporary history but rather on the formation and evolution of the nation. bancroft believed that the creation of the united states of america was part of a divine plan. it was a demonstration for all the world of the efficacy of a nation built on the principles of liberty. pivotal to the country \u2019 s success was the quality of its leaders. \u201c the secret of the science of governing, bancroft decided, lay in the quality of a nation \u2019 s leaders \u2013 those great men who personify the people \u2019 s ideals, act out their interests, and crystallize their needs in laws and institutions \u201d ( 82 ). nye found that bancroft valued two types of hero - leaders. the first was the agrarian nobleman best exemplified in andrew jackson ( pictured below ). his gift was an innate perceptiveness gained from long connection with nature. the second was the classic wise man whose traits bancroft found in george washington, a man for whom he had a lifelong admiration. abraham lincoln eventually became bancroft \u2019 s third hero - leader. while initially unimpressed with lincoln, his respect for him grew to such a degree that he eventually thought him representative of the genius of the american people. bancroft \u2019 s regard for lincoln was no doubt one reason that he was chosen by congress to deliver his eulogy. it was considered his best oration. like the nation, bancroft had to come to terms with slavery. he blamed the english for its introduction to the colonies and thought it a temporary evil gone array. its conflict with the principles of liberty was always obvious. while never a flaming abolitionist, bancroft considered slavery the primary cause of the civil war and spoke out about it primarily in his writing. he was a resolute unionist and had little sympathy for arguments for state rights and for the succession movement. bancroft happily finished his diplomatic career in germany where he became a favorite of politicians and intellectuals. he returned to a quite life, still writing and active for most of his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4370239471201763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.813765"} {"text": "american historians in the 18th and 19th centuries. george bancroft, pictured right, ( see my earlier post on bancroft here ) is a topic of discussion not only because of his status as the preeminent american historian of the 19th century, but because he was heavily influenced by german thought on \u2013 among other things \u2013 historiography. one topic led to another and eventually to a discussion about bancroft \u2019 s views on slavery. as it turns out, a review of bancroft \u2019 s then upcoming work literary and historical miscellanies, was published in the new york times on june 12, 1855 and titled \u201c bancroft on slavery. \u201d this was easily found using google search. one can preview the article here and read it in its entirety in pdf format ( see snippet below ). how cool is that? i \u2019 m sure the new york times derives benefit from the advertising placed even in their archives section. i \u2019 ll put up with a few ads to not have to travel to the library and look up articles on microfiche. thank you to the good folks ( whoever you are ) who made this decision at the new york times. oh and thank you google books for making bancroft \u2019 s literary and historical miscellanies available online in its entirety as well. now if we can only get more dissertations into google scholar. the class is historiography so the research isn \u2019 t to be about the development and proof of a thesis. it \u2019 s more about research into the history of how history was written. for my research paper, i plan to explore the influence of historian george bancroft ( right ) on antebellum, civil war, and postbellum american history. i may need to shave this down a bit depending on how much material i find. bancroft was one of the best known american historians of the 19thcentury. while harvard educated ( he entered at 13 and graduated at 17! ), he is considered a \u201c literary historian, \u201d who wrote in a style popular with the public. his primary work was the multi - volume history of the united states from the discovery of the american continent, which he began writing in 1830. [ picture left of remaining vhe published the first three volumes over that decade. the final set would be ten volumes. a first revision was completed and published as six volumes in 1876 as part of the national centennial. perhaps less known is that bancroft, while secretary of the navy, created the naval academy. he was also chosen by congress to eulogize abraham lincoln. the new york times", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45787466426343093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.816105"} {"text": "completed and published as six volumes in 1876 as part of the national centennial. perhaps less known is that bancroft, while secretary of the navy, created the naval academy. he was also chosen by congress to eulogize abraham lincoln. the new york times reprinted that eulogy on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the event in 1915. it, along with drawings of the event, can be seen in their entirety here. i have located the index to his papers housed on microfiche at cornell university and two biographies which leverage that material. the first, a two volume set 1971 reprint of m. a. dewolfe howe \u2019 s 1908 work the life and letters of george bancroft, i was able to find on the amazon marketplace in almost pristine shape. the second, george bancroft : brahmin rebel, was written by russel b. nye and published in 1945. it \u2019 s on order. there are other large collections of bancroft materials in holdings by the massachusetts historical society, the library of congress and the new york public library. i \u2019 m beginning in earnest a search for articles that deal with his contributions to american history as well. as a follow - up at some later point, i think it would be very interesting to contrast the style and impact of george bancroft with charles and mary beard. as a historian friend of mine said, \u201c you \u2019 d be hard pressed to find two more different expositors on the american experience than bancroft and beard. bancroft was an unabashed patriot and advocate of democracy, to a degree that would be considered embarrassing in most academic settings today. still, he was indeed the most articulate and widely - read of our early historians, and his writings both reflected and helped to create the sense of american exceptionalism that has prevailed for most of our history as a nation. \u201d you might recall that charles and mary beard were the first to suggest that the civil war was the second american revolution as was mentioned in my previous post here. the exceptional oil on canvas portrait above of bancroft in later life was painted by gustav richter, a german painter ( 1823 \u2013 1884 ). it is a part of the harvard university portrait collection and is on display at memorial hall. more as i get into my research. photo of george bancroft in middle age taken by mathew brady, courtesy of the library of congress. photo of painting above : the president and fellows of harvard college.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4347305789782608, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.817085"} {"text": "difference between revisions of \" papua \" revision as of 21 : 18, 14 july 2008 originally a dutch colony like the rest of indonesia, west papua held elections in 1959 and the elected council took office in 1961, in preparation for full independence. however, the dutch handed the area over to a un temporary administration, who in turned gave it over to indonesia in 1963. the controversial plebiscite known as the act of free choice, held in 1969, resulted in an improbable 100 % vote in favor of joining indonesia. the region, renamed first as irian barat ( west irian ) and then irian jaya ( glorious irian ) has been under heavy indonesian military control ever since, with the outgunned free papua movement ( operasi papua merdeka or opm ) fighting for independence. the name papua was restored in 2000 in a sop to the nationalists. a controversial decision to divide the province into three parts was met with violent riots and remains stalled in legal confusion. papua is incredibly diverse and different from the rest of indonesia ( or, for that matter, anywhere else in the world ). despite of a population of under three million, papua is home to over 800 languages and has cultures that are technologically still in the stone age. cannibalism was practiced until the 1970s and there are still whispered rumors of the practice continuing. nearly all travellers arrive by plane. the main gateways are biak, manokwari and jayapura, although there are also limited flights to fakfak and sorong. only garuda has direct flights from jakarta to capital jayapura ; all other carriers, including air efata, batavia air and lion air, fly circuitous routes with stops at intermediate cities like makassar ( ujung panjang ). pelni boats also stop at jaypura and farfak, amoungst other destinations. this is a relaxing and interesting way to arrive if you have the time. there are no buses to the papuan border. car or motorbike hire for some of the distance is required. wear a koteka - the traditional dani dress for men. the free papua movement ( operasi papua merdeka or opm ) continues to operate throughout papua and all of papua ' s major cities have seen violently suppressed riots. the opm has also kidnapped western hostages on two occasions, although their targets are mining company employees and indonesian security personnel, not tourists. travel permits ( surat jalan ) are required for travel beyond the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3970766087643883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.822228"} {"text": "here \u2019 s a great article from evolution news that explains the trouble that darwinian evolution has in building up to functional new biological information by using a process of random mutation and natural selection. casey luskin takes a look at a peer - reviewed paper that claims that darwinian evolution can do the job of creating new information, then he explains what \u2019 s wrong with the paper. in wilf and ewens \u2019 s evolutionary scheme there is a smooth fitness function. under this view, there is no epistasis, where one mutation can effectively interact with another to affect ( whether positively or negatively ) fitness. as a result, any mutations that move the search toward its \u201c target \u201d are assumed to provide an immediate and irrevocable advantage, and are thus highly likely to become fixed. ewert et al. compare the model to playing wheel of fortune : the evolutionary model that wilf and ewens have chosen is similar to the problem of guessing letters in a word or phrase, as on the television game show wheel of fortune. they specify a phrase 20, 000 letters long, with each letter in the phrase corresponding to a gene locus that can be transformed from its initial \u201c primitive \u201d state to a more advanced state. finding the correct letter for a particular position in the target phrase roughly corresponds to finding a beneficial mutation in the corresponding gene. during each round of mutation all positions in the phrase are subject to mutation, and the results are selected based on whether the individual positions match the final target phrase. those that match are preserved for the next round. \u2026 after each round, all \u201c advanced \u201d alleles in the population are treated as fixed, and therefore preserved in the next round. evolution to the fully \u201c advanced \u201d state is complete when all 20, 000 positions match the target phrase. the problem with this approach is that a string of biological information that has only some letters that are part of a useful sequence has no present function, and therefore cannot survive and reproduce. thus, wilf and ewens ignore the problem of non - functional intermediates. they assume that all intermediate stages will be functional, or lead to some functional advantage. but is this how all fitness functions look? not necessarily. it \u2019 s well known that in many instances, no benefit is derived until multiple mutations are present all at once. in such a case, there \u2019 s no evolutionary advantage until multiple mutations are present. the \u201c correct \u201d mutations might occur in parallel, but the odds of this happening are extremely low. ewert et al. illustrate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5681849287347134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.826844"} {"text": "are present all at once. in such a case, there \u2019 s no evolutionary advantage until multiple mutations are present. the \u201c correct \u201d mutations might occur in parallel, but the odds of this happening are extremely low. ewert et al. illustrate this problem in the model by using the example of the difficulty of one phrase evolving into another : suppose it would be beneficial for the phrase to evolve into the phrase what phrase do we get if we simply alternate letters from the two phrases? under the assumptions in the wilf and ewens model, the \u201c fitness \u201d of this nonsense phrase ought to be exactly half - way between the fitnesses of \u201c all the world is a stage \u201d and \u201c methinks it is like a weasel. \u201d such a result only makes sense if we are measuring the fitness of the current phrase by its proximity to the target phrase. but the gibberish of the intermediate phrase doesn \u2019 t cause any problem under wilf and ewens \u2019 s model. not unlikerichard dawkins, they assume that intermediate stages will always yield some functional advantage. and as more and more characters in the phrase match the target, it becomes more and more fit. this yields a nice, smooth fitness function \u2014 rich in active information \u2014 not truly a blind search. not only is there that first problem, but here \u2019 s a second : wilf and ewens endowed their mathematical model of evolution with foresight. it is directed toward a target \u2014 an advantage that natural selection conspicuously lacks. and what, in our experience, is the only known cause that is goal - directed and has foresight? it \u2019 s intelligence. this means that once again, the evolutionary informatics lab has shown that simulations of evolution seem to work only because they \u2019 ve been intelligently designed. this is worth the read. if darwinian mechanisms really could generate code, then there would be no software engineers. the truth is, the mechanisms don \u2019 t work to create new information. for that, you need an intelligent designer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.558241072687393, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.828095"} {"text": "racial gap in life expectancy shrinking gap between life expectancy of african - americans and whites at an all - time low june 5, 2012 - - the life expectancy gap between african - americans and whites in the u. s. has hit an all - time low. a new report shows the racial gap in life expectancy rates declined by about a year for both men and women between 2003 and 2008. the results showed the difference in life expectancy at birth between whites and african - americans decreased from 6. 5 to 5. 4 years among men and 4. 6 to 3. 7 years among women. \" these racial inequalities among men and women in 2008 are the lowest ever recorded in the united states, \" write researcher sam harper, phd, of mcgill university, montreal, canada, and colleagues in the journal of the american medical association. \" understanding the causes of black - white differences in mortality has important consequences for interventions to reduce health inequalities, \" they write. african - americans in the u. s. have traditionally had significantly lower life expectancy rates compared with their white counterparts. researchers say the results continue a trend first reported in 1993 that shows the racial gap in life expectancy is narrowing. racial gap narrowing in the study, researchers used federal statistics to compare life expectancy rates among men and women between 2003 and 2008. the results showed the average life expectancy at birth increased for both non - hispanic white and african - american men, from 75. 3 to 76. 2 years and 68. 8 to 70. 8 years, respectively. similar gains were found among women. life expectancy rates increased from 80. 3 to 81. 2 years for non - hispanic white women and 75. 7 to 77. 5 years for african - american women. researchers say differences in heart disease, diabetes, homicide, hiv, and infant mortality rates remain the chief causes behind the racial gap in life expectancy rates. \" however, in contrast to 1993 - 2003, homicide has not played an important role in reducing black - white differences among men since 2003, \" write the researchers. \" rather, changes in unintentional injury deaths were a major reason, along with heart disease and hiv, for the narrowing gap among both men and women. \" the study suggests a large increase in accidental poisoning deaths among whites has contributed to narrowing the racial gap in life expectancy. since 2003, the results show poisoning deaths have eclipsed motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of injury death and have affected middle - aged white men more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43358694145482296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.830893"} {"text": "genova - italy is waging war on a group of american invaders that are threatening the existence of their european peers. american grey squirrels, which were first introduced into europe in 1948, have thrived in the parks of the northeastern region of liguria since the 1960s. with 10 - inch - long bodies, equally long tails and a weight that can reach 21 oz., american grey squirrels are bigger than european red squirrels. these strong americans invaders steal the europeans food and carry diseases that are lethal to locals. to defend the indigenous squirrel population, liguria, piemonte and lombardia regions, as well as the italian environment ministry, have launched a project aimed at uprooting the estimated 300 american grey squirrels living in the levante genovese park. the cost of the war against american squirrels nearly 2 million euros is partially covered by the european union. this squirrel war has its general, andrea balduzzi, a professor of natural sciences at the university of genoa. at dawn, the professor and his student troops go after the invaders, armed with traps and cages. once caught, the animals are transferred to vets to be sterilized before being released in natural parks. and it seems all is fair in love and war : squirrels caught outside the park are executed by euthanasia. * this is a digest item, not a direct translation. read the full article in italian by alessandra pieracci photo - il conte di luna", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4076503664044167, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.832742"} {"text": "on sunday, nasa will launch its most sophisticated mission to mars yet, and a sorrento valley company is playing a huge role in the venture. \u00bb sign up for breaking news alerts \u00bb like us on facebook \u00bb follow us on twitter malin space science systems developed and built the four main cameras on the mars rover \" curiosity, \" which will help gather important data to bring back to scientists for analysis. once curiosity gets past the so - called \" seven minutes of terror \" - - the moments leading up to the complicated landing on mars - - pictures of the red planet ' s landscape will come to life. it ' s not the company ' s first mission to mars, but it is definitely one of the more publicized. \" we ' ve worked on these when they succeeded, we worked on them when they failed, but it ' s really a lot more fun when they succeed, \" said mike ravine, the advanced projects manager for malin space science systems. the company won the bid to build the cameras for the rover back in 2004. the cameras took eight years of work with lots of challenges, including dealing with extreme weather on mars. \" we had to build a prototype and we had to put it in a chamber and we had to cycle it over these very wide temperature swings 2, 000 times, \" ravine said. despite the cameras ' high - tech abilities, there are some parts of it not as sophisticated as some may think. \" the cameras have 2 - megapixel detectors and have 8 gigabytes of flash, \" ravine said. \" my phone [ now ] has a bigger format and a lot more flash in it than that. \" the entire nasa project cost $ 2. 5 billion. copyright do you have more information about this story? click here to contact uscopyright 2012 by 10news. com. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.421766131516555, "token_count": 394, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.838281"} {"text": "while responsibility and commitment are inherent to owning any animal, exotic pets ( certain species of small mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates ) and wild animals ( raccoon, deer, bear, and all other species that, whether or not raised in captivity, are normally found in a wild ) may have special requirements or pose risks that owners might not be aware of or truly appreciate until it \u2019 s too late. many regulations pertaining to possession of wildlife and exotic pets exist to protect these animals, as well as people, ecosystems, and other animals. all who own or are considering owning such animals should educate themselves about the husbandry, welfare, and safety requirements of the animals, as well as the risks the animals may pose to humans, other animals, and ecosystems. measures should then be taken to reduce those risks. people who won \u2019 t do this shouldn \u2019 t own these animals. download our poster featured teacher resourcesknow any aspiring vets? our vet school admission 101 provides advice for junior high through pre - vet students. - lepto risk factors and research musings - veterinary professionals from ukraine participate in training workshop - protocols for contagious diseases at horse shows - another australian bat virus in horses - beware the mongoose - cat scratch disease info sheet - don ' t always blame the dog - chicken diapers... even i couldn ' t make this one up - methicillin - resistant staph in animals meeting - equine herpesvirus in ontario", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4317236082549569, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.839826"} {"text": "in the final installation of this week \u2019 s theme ( dare we say this week \u2019 s blog \u2019 s swan song? ) in celebration of abbeville press \u2019 reissue of the stunning baby elephant folio edition of audubon \u2019 s birds of america, we \u2019 re taking a closer look at the trumpeter swan. the swan has a long history in literature, with roots going back to greek mythology, where we find the story of leda and the swan, in which zeus takes on his notorious guise as swan to seduce ( or, depending on who \u2019 s telling the story, to rape ) the young nymph leda. this subject has been recounted often ( and by often, we mean basically ad infinitum ) in art \u2014 in paintings, sculpture, music, dance, and in poetry \u2014 and one of the most notable versions is w. b. yeats \u2019 poem, \u201c leda and the swan. \u201d in yeats \u2019 version of the tale, he foresees the tragic consequences of the scene, and we witness the fall of troy : a shudder in the loins engenders there the broken wall, the burning roof and tower and agamemnon dead. \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2013 being so caught up, so mastered by the brute blood of the air, did she put on his knowledge with his power before the indifferent beak could let her drop? why the fall of troy? because leda subsequently gives birth to helen ( yes, that helen, helen of troy, whom we commonly know to have had the face that launched a thousand ships ). the force and the violence, not to mention the indifferent beak, of the swan yeats depicts is a far cry from the swan of popular culture that we \u2019 ve come to recognize as a symbol of love and fidelity. audubon places his trumpeter swan in repose on a lake, and the only apparent threat he presents is directed at an unsuspecting butterfly. but in his writings, audubon acknowledges the muscular power of the swan, and he reports : when wounded in the wing alone, a large swan will readily beat off a dog, and is more than a match for a man in four feet water, a stroke of the wing having broken an arm, and the powerful feet almost obliterating the face of a good - sized duck - shooter. perhaps we should take this as a warning, as even well - intentioned wildlife appreciators ( such as the young bride in this video )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4490378051199592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.842466"} {"text": "fireflies inspire cheaper led lamps inspiring light south korean scientists have copied the structure of a firefly ' s underbelly to create what they say is an improved and cheaper led lens. they hope the discovery will one day be used in smartphones, televisions and other devices. in a paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences journal, the scientists describe how they were inspired by the firefly, a bright and efficient source of natural light. \" we made a new led lens ( copying ) the nanostructure of the firefly lantern, \" says lead author ki - hun jeong, associate professor at the korea advanced institute of science of technology ' s department of bio and brain engineering. by copying the structure of the firefly ' s three - layered lower abdomen, jeong and colleagues managed to do away with an expensive component in existing led ( light - emitting diode ) lamps. fireflies produce light from the lower abdomen to attract mates and prey. \" by having this structure, it is comparable to the conventional anti - reflection coating of existing led lights which is very expensive, \" says jeong. \" our lens has a curvature, which is very similar to the anti - reflection coating, so we can minimise the lens price. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5474195675807468, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.846968"} {"text": "ask a question about ' carl sandburg village ' start a new discussion about ' carl sandburg village ' answer questions from other users carl sandburg village is a chicago chicago is the largest city in the us state of illinois. with nearly 2. 7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the midwestern united states and the third most populous in the us, after new york city and los angeles... urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. renewal has had both successes and failures. its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s \u2013 under the rubric of... project of the 1960s in the near north side the near north side is one of 77 well - defined community areas of chicago, illinois, united states. it is located north and east of the chicago river, just north of the central business district. to its east is lake michigan and its northern boundary is the 19th - century city limit of chicago,... community area of chicago. it was named in honor of carl sandburg carl sandburg was an american writer and editor, best known for his poetry. he won three pulitzer prizes, two for his poetry and another for a biography of abraham lincoln. h. l. mencken called carl sandburg \" indubitably an american in every pulse - beat. \" - biography : sandburg was born in galesburg,.... financed by the city, it is between clark clark street is a north - south street in chicago, illinois that runs close to the shore of lake michigan from the northern city boundary with evanston, to 2200 south in the city street numbering system... and lasalle streets between division street and north avenue. solomon cordwell buenz was the architect. the intent of the development was to buffer the encroaching blight from the north and west to the gold coast neighborhood in chicago. in the process of constructing these mammoth structures an entire community of the first puerto ricans to chicago was displaced. they moved north into the adjoining lincoln park neighborhood and west into humboldt park. both of these new barrios of puerto ricans were also gentrified as latinos continued to be displaced. in 1968, youth who were displaced by the carl sandburg village began organizing their community to oppose urban renewal and transformed their local street club into a human rights movement by the same name : young lords. in 1979 carl sandburg village was converted to condom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4049091440508455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.854755"} {"text": "by jessica chen, l. ac. what do we feed our most complex yet delicate organ? everything! well, according to recent studies, a brain healthy diet consists of foods that increase blood flow and are low in cholesterol, and high in antioxidants. such a mix is not only beneficial to the brain but also to the heart, the aging process and diseases conditions such as diabetes. providing good nutrition for our brain is a must. as we move towards our golden years we realize that our minds just do not work the way they use to. progressive aging of our brain can trigger symptoms of dementia, which can lead to diseases like alzheimers. according to the national health institute ( nih ) 4. 5 million americans suffer from this disease. free radicals have been identified as a major cause of the loss of cognitive function associated with aging. our brains are bombarded daily with free radicals from polluted air, unhealthy food, and lifestyle. they cause a low - grade inflammation, which damages normal cell structure and function. thankfully, through an increase in scientific research, we now know the importance of good nutrition for brain health. so why not help ourselves in slowing down the aging of our brain by nourishing it with the right \u201c brain foods \u201d. we can then cruise through our golden years clearly and keenly. the heart or cardiovascular system is a complex organ that plays a major role in nourishing and maintaining the blood flow throughout the whole body including the brain. in order to provide the brain with nutrients, the blood flow must be smooth and blood vessels must be clear of any obstructions such as from a plaque build up. our brain consists of 60 percent fats. deep seawater fish such as salmon are rich in omega - 3 fatty acids helps to reduce inflammation and promote good circulation thus supporting nerve cell activity in the brain. chinese medicine believes that herbs and foods that resemble certain body parts are actually beneficial to that particular body part. so it is not surprising that walnuts which is packed with vitamin e and antioxidants also resembles a brain. walnuts are also the only nuts that contain a significant amount of omega - 3 fatty acids. foods that are small and compact in size tend to have an abundance of qi, so the smaller the food, the better the qi. it is no wonder that out of 50 fruits and vegetables blueberries contain the highest antioxidant properties. the phytonutrient rich anthocyanidins found in the blue - red pigments of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48260904214411127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.859272"} {"text": "the better the qi. it is no wonder that out of 50 fruits and vegetables blueberries contain the highest antioxidant properties. the phytonutrient rich anthocyanidins found in the blue - red pigments of blueberries protect the brain by neutralizing free radical eggs represent birth of life. they are full of energy. therefore they are a great help in strengthening the kidneys and hormones. the choline compound together with the sweet and lubricating properties of eggs act to nourish and lubricate the brain cells. a yoke contains 315 micrograms of nourishing choline, which plays a key role in synthesizing and transporting the fats which are essential to brain health and function. full of vitamins and minerals, leafy greens are just plain good for you. dark leafy greens are especially rich in folate, which helps the body break down homesteine, an amino acid that is toxic to nerve cells. the dark greens also contain an abundance of iron, which helps to build heart blood which goes to provide oxygen and nourishes the cells of the brain. generally vegetables have cooling and cleansing properties. they help the brain discard unwanted substances such as bad fats and debris that accumulate in the brain thus helping you focus. foods to avoid foods high in cholesterol and trans fats should be avoided as they degrade and block the blood vessels thereby reducing blood flow to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5148556557141679, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.859956"} {"text": "algeria is important to world energy markets because it is a significant oil and gas producer and exporter. algeria also is a member of opec and an important energy source for europe. note : information contained in this report is the best available as of march 2000 and can change. on april 15, 1999, algerians elected abdelaziz bouteflika as president for a 5 - year term. ahmed benbitour was chosen as prime minister. bouteflika is attempting to implement plans for national reconciliation and economic reforms. algeria ' s new minister of energy, chakib khelil, recently indicated that the government is considering restructuring the state oil company, sonatrach, and sonelgas, the state utility, in order to attract private international investment. the major impending change khelil outlined was to have the energy ministry take on sonatrach ' s regulatory and negotiating roles. sonatrach would remain the national oil company but eventually would be forced to compete for new projects. khelil also raised the idea of privatizing non - core subsidiaries of sonatrach, in the context of discussing the government ' s broader privatization efforts - which extend to banks and utilities. it is believed that new legislation now pending would help these state corporations attract foreign investment. the government needs to reduce its heavy foreign debt, which is a burden on the economy and an obstacle to growth. prime minister benbitour has said that the government must use other financing while continuing to protect its position as majority shareholder. although oil was first discovered in algeria at the hassi messaoud oil field in 1956, algeria is considered to be under - explored. algeria ' s national council of energy believes that the country still contains vast hydrocarbon potential. over the last three years, significant oil and gas discoveries have been made, largely by foreign companies. under a government program for 1996 - 2000 launched in april 1996, state - owned sonatrach and its foreign partners expect to increase algeria ' s crude oil production capacity to 1. 5 million barrels per day ( bbl / d ) in 2000. included in this program are provisions for 300 exploration wells to be drilled between 1996 and 2000, half by sonatrach and the other half by foreign companies. official estimates of algeria ' s proven oil reserves remain at 9. 2 billion barrels. however, with the recent oil discoveries, plans for more exploration drilling, improved data on existing fields, and use of enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) systems, proven oil reserve estimates are expected", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4303542790971609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.877030"} {"text": "s proven oil reserves remain at 9. 2 billion barrels. however, with the recent oil discoveries, plans for more exploration drilling, improved data on existing fields, and use of enhanced oil recovery ( eor ) systems, proven oil reserve estimates are expected to be revised upward in coming years. algeria should also see a sharp increase in crude oil exports over the next few years due to a rapid shift towards domestic natural gas consumption and planned increases in oil production by sonatrach and its foreign partners. approximately 90 percent of algeria ' s crude oil exports go to western europe, with italy as the main market followed by germany and france. the netherlands, spain and britain are other important european markets. algeria ' s saharan blend oil, 45o api with 0. 05 percent sulfur and negligible metal content, is among the best in the world. following the collapse in oil prices in early 1998, opec agreed to reduce output by 2. 6 million bbl / d ; algeria ' s crude oil quota was reduced by 80, 000 bbl / d to 731, 000 bbl / d. algeria ' s average crude oil production in 1999 was 772, 301 bbl / d. together with 430, 000 bbl / d of lease condensate and 155, 000 bbl / d of natural gas plant liquids, algeria produced 1. 36 million bbl / d of total oils in 1999. algeria is expected to produce 1. 4 million barrels per day in 2000. the largest oil field in algeria is hassi messaoud, which produces about 400, 000 bbl / d of 46o api crude. the hassi messaoud area contains an estimated 6. 4 billion barrels, or about 70 percent of the country ' s proven oil reserves. sonatrach operates algeria ' s other major oil fields, including tin fouye tabankort ordo, zarzaitine, haoud berkaoui / ben kahla, rhourde el - baguel, el - gassi el - agreb and ait kheir. the hassi r ' mel gas field also produces around 18, 000 bbl / d of 46. 1o api crude. algeria ' s oil sector, unlike that of most opec producers, has been open to foreign investors for more than a decade. at the start of 1999, there were 25 foreign firms from 19 countries operating in algeria. anadarko petroleum corporation has discovered two oil fields, each estimated to contain one billion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.412383299981131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.880205"} {"text": "1996, atlantic richfield ( arco ) signed a $ 1. 3 - billion production sharing agreement ( psa ) with sonatrach to increase production at the field. arco expects to raise the field ' s output from 27, 000 bbl / d to 125, 000 bbl / d by 2002. france ' s elf aquitaine has recently finalized a production - sharing agreement with arco and sonatrach to take a 40 percent stake in the rhourde el - baguel field, marking elf ' s return to active production in algeria since nationalization in 1971. algeria ' s national oil firm sonatrach is engaged in a five - year, $ 19. 2 - billion development plan designed to transform itself into a major international oil company. the plan involves the use of new technologies and cooperation with other international oil firms. of the $ 19. 2 - billion budget, 62 percent has been allocated to development of oil fields, 17 percent for the construction of pipelines, 13 percent on exploration and the remainder on gas liquefaction and other projects. as protection against low oil prices, refining and petrochemical production will be expanded under the plan. according to dow jones newswires, sonatrach is seeking to raise its profile overseas, including investments in upstream operations in yemen and eventually in iraq. sonatrach also is expanding into foreign downstream projects, such as its partnership with germany ' s basf to build a propane dehydrogenation plant in tarragona, spain. the plant will use liquefied petroleum gas from algeria as feedstock. source : united states energy information administration. \u00a9 2000 mena report ( www. menareport. com )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4206450982725775, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.886688"} {"text": "life in the undergrowth an insect disguises itself as a flower or leaf. a spider lassoes its prey. a beetle persuades a bee to care for its young. this beautifully... show synopsis an insect disguises itself as a flower or leaf. a spider lassoes its prey. a beetle persuades a bee to care for its young. this beautifully illustrated book by veteran naturalist sir david attenborough offers a rare glimpse into the secret life of invertebrates, the world ' s tiniest - - and most fascinating - - creatures. small by virtue of their lack of backbones, this group of living things plays a surprisingly large role in the evolutionary cycle. these diverse creatures ( more than one million species are believed to exist ) roamed the earth before us and will still be here when we have gone. they are the pollinators, cleaners, and recyclers of life on earth. without them, we would not last long. attenborough has studied and enjoyed these diminutive beings since he was a schoolboy in the leicestershire countryside of england. \" life in the undergrowth, \" part of his innovative series on natural history topics, looks at invertebrates the world over : their arrival on land and mastery of every habitat, and their fantastic variety of hunting, mating, and highly organized social behaviors. adults are prejudiced against insects - - handicapped by their ignorance and fears and limited by their size and vision. children, who are closer to insects in size, notice and enjoy the tiny creatures. in this companion book to the animal planet television program, attenborough shares his childlike curiosity for invertebrates, taking us down wormholes and into insect homes for an up - close - and - personal look at their habitats. as the biblical book of proverbs implores : \" go to the ant, thou sluggard : consider her ways and be wise. \" david attenborough does go. it is worth going with him.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4757367071418138, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.896141"} {"text": "science fair project encyclopedia the giant ' s causeway is an area of 40, 000 tightly packed basalt columns resulting from a volcanic eruption 60 million years ago. it is located along the north - east coast of ireland about 3kms north of the town of bushmills in county antrim, northern ireland. it was declared a world heritage site in 1986, and a national nature reserve in 1987 ( by the department of the environment for northern ireland ). the tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. most of the columns are hexagonal, however there are some with four, five, seven and eight sides. the tallest are about 12 metres high, and the solidified lava in the cliffs is 28 metres thick in places. while recent scientific research suggests the columns were formed as a natural consequence of lava cooling, 2 legend has it that the giant finn maccumhaill ( finn mccool ) built the causeway to walk to scotland to fight his scottish equivalent benandonner. one version of the legend tells that finn mccool fell asleep before he got to scotland so when benandonner came looking for him, finn ' s wife oonagh laid a blanket over finn and pretended he was actually finn ' s baby son. benandonner worried about how big finn would be and ran back to scotland, destroying the causeway and leaving a boot behind in his rush. other versions of the legend name the scottish giant ' fingal '. at the scottish side of the causeway at staffa there is reference to this in the naming of fingal ' s cave, 3 although this has also been said to derive its name from fingal, a legendary 3rd century scottish king. although the basaltic columns of the giant ' s causeway are impressive, and possibly the finest example of their type, they are not truly unique. similar - if less impressive - structures exist in several parts of the world, including at the cyclopean isles near sicily, devils postpile national monument in california, devils tower national monument in wyoming, and the \" organ pipes \" formation in dunedin, new zealand. - note 3 : - note 2 : jagla, e. a., rojo, a. g. sequential fragmentation : the origin of columnar quasihexagonal patterns. physical review e, 65, 026203, ( 2002 ) ( webpage ) the contents of this article is licensed from www. wikipedia. org under the gnu free documentation license. click here to see the transparent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49142941799239886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.917431"} {"text": "be prepared for disasters emergency situations like extreme weather and natural disasters can happen without warning. for the safety of your pets, feral cat colonies, and your family, and your own peace of mind, be prepared and establish a \u201c disaster plan. \u201d as you plan, it \u2019 s important to remember that feral cats are resourceful. the outdoors is their home, so they know how to deal with weather. as we have experienced with our boardwalk cats project in atlantic city, animals often can sense when bad weather is coming and move to higher ground and safe places instinctually. however, there are still things you can do both ahead of time and during emergencies to help outdoor cats and your own pets : - have descriptions of your pets and the cats in your colony, along with photos. if you need to look for displaced cats in shelters or other rescue areas, this will help accurately identify them. make sure all pet tags and animal microchips have up - to - date information. - have a back - up caregiver who is responsible for the colony in your absence and network with other feral cat caregivers in your area to set up a \u2018 buddy system \u2019 to create a safety net of care for the cats. you may be able to find other cat caregivers in your area through our feral friends network. - make an emergency contact card for your pets and feral cat colonies in case you are not immediately available. include all contact information for your substitute caregiver. carry this card in your wallet and your car, give copies to your backup caregiver, and post it somewhere visible in your home like on the refrigerator. - make a list of local shelters and their contact information. you will need this information in case you need their help or resources. - keep an emergency supply kit on hand and know where to find it quickly. when harsh weather is forecast or predicted : - if appropriate, turn all openings for feral cat shelters and feeding stations away from the storm surge or toward higher ground. if possible, move them to slightly higher, protected ground nearby. - fill multiple food and water bowls in case you have to evacuate and can ' t return immediately. - in general, don \u2019 t wait for evacuation orders to come before you leave the area. if you do need to evacuate : - bring your pets with you, but do not try to trap and contain unsocialized feral cats. - have a safe place to go ahead of time. evacuation and red cross shelters do not usually accept pets. make a list of pet -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.39066352129914106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.925254"} {"text": "- bring your pets with you, but do not try to trap and contain unsocialized feral cats. - have a safe place to go ahead of time. evacuation and red cross shelters do not usually accept pets. make a list of pet - friendly hotels outside the evacuation zone. la quinta and motel 6 are two consistently pet - friendly chains. check with family and friends. and lastly, have a list of boarding facilities that may be available during an emergency. - bring your emergency supply kits, as well as additional provisions to provide the feral colony, upon your return. after the disaster has passed and it is safe to return : - begin cleaning up the colony area to remove any potential hazards for the cats. check feeding stations and outdoor shelters for damage. - look for the cats in your colony. if any are missing, immediately : - determine which agencies, if any, are on the ground in your area assisting animals. contact those organizations directly and provide a description of the cats you are missing. determine how you can claim these cats if they are found. - contact your local shelters. ask if they are trapping cats in your area, and determine how long they will hold feral cats. shelters may be experiencing a high volume of calls and influx of animals. for this reason, we advise that caregivers go to the shelters in person to find missing cats. determine from shelter staff how you can claim your cats. - don ' t panic if the cats aren \u2019 t waiting when you get back. cats can hide for days after severe weather before returning to their colonies. emergency supply kits alley cat allies encourages pet owners to have a basic disaster supply kit ready at all times. the following items should be kept in an easily accessible and easy - to - carry backpack or duffel bag in case you need to evacuate quickly. disaster kit basics for pets include : - pet first - aid kit - supply of prescription medications for pets. always remember to rotate these out of your kit and keep track of expiration dates so you are not carrying around useless or bad medication. - veterinary and microchip id records for both pet cats and colonies - pet food ( 3 - 7 days worth ; be sure to rotate these out of your kit as needed ) and dishes ( collapsible are good ) - litter box and litter - leash and collar - crate or carrier ; pillow case other item in case you need to quickly grab your pet to leave. - blankets or towels - photos of pets and cats in colonies in case they need to be identified - bottled", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.381091541022225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.928316"} {"text": "litter box and litter - leash and collar - crate or carrier ; pillow case other item in case you need to quickly grab your pet to leave. - blankets or towels - photos of pets and cats in colonies in case they need to be identified - bottled water ( 7 day supply per person and pet ) - your kit for the people in your family, which should include : flashlight and extra batteries ; credit card and cash ; copies of personal identification ; a portable, solar - or battery - powered radio or television and extra batteries ; an extra set of car keys ; matches in a waterproof container ; duct tape ; extra clothing and shoes ; extra medication and copies of insurance information ; permanent marker ; and an all - in - one tool like a swiss army knife or leatherman\u00ae. if you plan on responding to a disaster as a volunteer, we recommend transporting the following items that are always in demand during emergency animal rescue : - bottled water - dry and canned pet food and can openers - dog crates and carriers - humane cat traps - old towels, sheets, and blankets - leashes and collars - litter boxes - heavy gloves and protective clothing - lanterns and flashlights with batteries - portable generators - medical supplies : - sterile gauze pads - absorbent dressing - flea and tick repellants - instant cold packs - latex gloves we hope these tips help you, your family, and your cats stay safe in emergencies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4224971317363333, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.929970"} {"text": "although there are many forms of taxes in india like income tax, sales tax, etc, yet the property tax is the single largest source of revenue for the government. the tax paid is utilized to make roads, sewer systems, maintenance of parks, developments in infrastructure, et al. india \u2019 s property tax rates have been rationalized in the last 10 - 15 years as the entire taxation system has undergone a change. these changes have evolved the system and raised it to prevailing international standards as the tax rates have been rationalized and tax laws simplified resulting in better compliance, ease of tax payment, better enforcement and most of all, collections. the revenue that can be generated from property taxation depends directly on the two main components of a property tax : the tax base ( assessed value of real property interests on reserve ) and the tax rate. the rate of taxation is applied to the assessed value of real property to arrive at the amount of tax levied. the rates bylaw determines the rate at which each class of interests on reserve is to be taxed. india with a growing population and a workforce will always have increasing requirements in real estate, be it residential, commercial, industrial, retail or entertainment and as such the indian government encourages investments in properties with ever - evolving measures. nris / foreigners are permitted to own property in india in most of the categories. however, there are certain categories like agricultural land, land for housing project wherein nris / foreigners are specifically not entitled to own property. the laws applicable to nris would be income tax act, wealth tax act, gift tax act, transfer of property act and fema among others and the implications would depend upon the facts of each case. important taxes levied by central and state governments : capital gains tax : capital gains tax is a tax charged on capital gains, the profit realized on the sale of a non - inventory asset that was purchased at a lower price. the most common capital gains are realized from the sale of property. stamp duties : stamp duty is a tax, much like the sales tax and income tax that are collected by the government. if you want to know the market value of your property and the stamp duty amount on it, you need to find out the stamp duty amount applicable to you as per the market value. for example, 3 % stamp duty plus additional 5 % duty in form of surcharge under the delhi municipal corporate act, 1957. rental income : rental income has to be taxed under the head ' income from house property \u2019. deductions are available under section", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.438672732182372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.937534"} {"text": "% stamp duty plus additional 5 % duty in form of surcharge under the delhi municipal corporate act, 1957. rental income : rental income has to be taxed under the head ' income from house property \u2019. deductions are available under section 23 and section 24 of the act. it may be noted that a deduction is available for repairs, whether incurred or not. actual expenses are deductible, except for municipal rate. goods and service tax : the goods and services tax ( gst ) is likely to result in a reduction in property prices. the 13th finance commission has recommended levying gst on all newly constructed property for first sale, allowing credit to the developer for input tax ( incurred on construction material ) paid at the time of construction and including stamp duty under gst to facilitate input credit. in case the stamp duty is subsumed into gst, the developers would be able to claim credit of the stamp duty paid on the purchase of land to be used for development of real estate. the developer would also be able to claim credit of the taxes paid on inputs and input services used for construction of real estate for payment of stamp duty thus reducing the cascading effect and improve liquidity. in case of immovable property being sold within a period of 36 months from the acquisition, the gain arising from there would be short - term capital gain and liability for taxation would be at 30 %. in case the immovable property that has been held for more than 36 months, the gain would be long - term capital gain and the tax thereon would be at the rate of 20 %. the finance minister, mr. pranab mukherjee besides announcing an interest subsidy of 1 % for one year on housing loans of up to rs. 10 lakh for properties worth less than rs. 20 lakh also allowed developers of housing projects a tax holiday under section 80 ib ( 10 ) of the income tax act on profits from projects approved between april 1, 2007 and march 31, 2008, provided the projects are completed on or before march 31, 2012. he also conveyed to the developers that the benefits of this tax break must pass on to the consumers. accordingly, stamp duty value in case of immovable property and fair market value in case of movable property too will be computed to encourage healthy movement in this most crucial sector. this blog is our endeavour to connect with all of you who have experienced alpha g : corp and all others who would like to. for us, connecta\u20ac\u2122 is a platform to share our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4286215689100029, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.938769"} {"text": "- historic sites a war against history it ' s the tenth anniversary of the gulf war. america certainly didn ' t lose, but what else do we know about it? february / march 2001 | volume 52, issue 1 in the decade since, these events have had as much difficulty finding a name as hussein had in finding a justification for them. we have \u201c the persian gulf conflict \u201d or \u201c the gulf conflict. \u201d for those who wish to emphasize the conflict \u2019 s significance, nothing less than \u201c the persian gulf war \u201d or \u201c the gulf war \u201d will do. if one grants, for the sake of argument, that what happened was indeed a war, even if not officially declared by virtue of constitution and congress, one must admit that 10 years later there is some confusion about the shape of the thing. seen in historical terms only, the persian gulf war seems to belong with grand old - fashioned imperial enterprises, a cracking good punitive expedition. wars presumably have beginnings, middles, and ends. only the middle of this one seems clear. every few days, we have news of another air strike against some iraqi target ; in between the strikes, allied warplanes enforce a \u201c no - fly zone \u201d over nearly two - thirds of iraq. u. n. inspection teams whose mission was to oversee the destruction of certain iraqi \u201c weapons of mass destruction \u201d are no longer permitted in iraq. what remains of the u. n. \u2019 s sanctions against iraq may be charitably characterized as being in disarray. those who like their history neat, who insist on closure, have been disappointed. for the military, the gulf war \u2019 s success banished the ghosts of vietnam once and for all. as far as the professional soldiers in it were concerned, they might as well have been fighting to liberate tibet. we should be able to make sense of the gulf war by now, should we not? it must have been the object of the most intense media attention in the history of journalism. allied forces employed 60 military satellites, and uoward of three - auarters of a million military calls or messages were exchanged every day. yet the media consumed twice the bandwidth in reporting the war as did the allied forces in fighting it. the time and treasure consumed by domestic journalism, both in broadcast and in print, are perhaps now beyond calculation. despite this intense coverage, the world knew less about the war than it might have thought. media operations were restricted mainly to \u201c pools \u201d in riyadh. military \u201c public affairs \u201d officers ass", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4517566475167074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.943372"} {"text": "broadcast and in print, are perhaps now beyond calculation. despite this intense coverage, the world knew less about the war than it might have thought. media operations were restricted mainly to \u201c pools \u201d in riyadh. military \u201c public affairs \u201d officers assiduously managed a press corps content to be dependent upon the allies for basic support. no small part of the reporting from the gulf was taken up by the kinds of vapid profiles perfected during intermissions at sporting events, so the world came to know the hulking figure and pattonesque temper of the american commander in chief, gen. norman schwarzkopf, and learned mostly irrelevant details of his personal history and official life but virtually nothing of anyone else in his chain of command. whether as a result of something like douglas macarthur \u2019 s media policy during the pacific war or merely because of journalistic incompetence, no one then or later could name the major commanders on either side of the war. imagine attempting to understand world war ii without knowing of goring, rommel, or yamamoto, or eisenhower, or patton. somewhere just beyond the evening news and the instant \u201c in - depth \u201d analysis lies the vague dividing line between journalism and history. certainly the war has been over long enough to generate a literature, but with a few exceptions it tends to be curiously pro forma, reticent, or glib ( see box on pages 86 - 87 ). how successfully does this literature represent the gulf war before the bar of history? were one to imbibe the whole of it, would one have a closer understanding of the war, 10 years after the fact? i wonder. no doubt there is enough raw material for factmongering, but some may have noticed that most of the facts originate on one side. to this day we still do not know what saddam hussein actually intended to accomplish when he launched his army into kuwait. did he want only kuwait? or did he harbor the idea of going all the way to riyadh? we do not know, and history may never tell us. whether hussein \u2019 s ambitions were limited or grand, his invasion of kuwait must go down as one of modern history \u2019 s masterpieces of strategic mistiming. he launched his war at precisely the wrong time. the cold war was so recently over that the united states and its allies had not had time to begin retrenching. most of america \u2019 s readiest, heaviest forces were still stationed in europe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4838262197875659, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.944499"} {"text": "june 1959 | volume 10, issue 4 part hero, part rogue, boston \u2019 s jim curley triumphed over the brahmins in his heyday, but became in the end a figure of pity. for the first half of this century and beyond, james michael curley was the most flamboyant and durable figure on boston \u2019 s political scene. mayor off and on for a total of sixteen years, he spent four terms in congress and two in jail, and for two depression years he was governor of massachusetts. at his death he lay in state for two days in the state house hall of flags, the fourth person in the history of the commonwealth to be so honored. his seventeen - room neo - georgian mansion on jamaicaway with shamrocks cut in its shutters was both a landmark of the rise of the immigrant irish and a nose - thumbing in the direction of yankee beacon hill. he has been hated by proper bostonians with a proper and ultimate hatred and held in mindless affection by the slums. alternately his irish - american political associates embraced and knifed him. counted out a score of times, he always bounced back. on several occasions, and long before his death, he received the last rites of the catholic church. his political career began midway between the famine in ireland and the present. in 1847, the annus mirabilis, came the first wave of mass immigration to america. because the cunard line terminus was then at boston, the wretched irish landed there. illiterate, sunk in their defeat, they came like cattle. five percent of them died on the \u201c coffin ships \u201d on the way over. transported from their primitive earthbound existence, they were forced to take whatever work they could find at hand, usually in a glutted market \u2014 or else starve. sometimes they did starve in their reeking paddyvilles and mick alleys, where they lived packed closely together in the first urban mass slums of america. they were the butt of the social pyramid, the unfailing source of exploitable labor : ditchdiggers, stevedores, hod carriers, stableboys. boston was the center of cheap labor for the country. construction bosses all over america sent there for fresh supplies of irish workers. the paddies went as contract laborers in coaches with sealed doors, the curtains nailed across the windows. along the erie canal and the new railroad lines they died like flies. jeremiah o \u2019 donovan - rossa wrote of \u201c the wreck and ruin that came upon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4021445867379279, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.991382"} {"text": "paddies went as contract laborers in coaches with sealed doors, the curtains nailed across the windows. along the erie canal and the new railroad lines they died like flies. jeremiah o \u2019 donovan - rossa wrote of \u201c the wreck and ruin that came upon the irish race in this foreign land. \u201d these unassimilable foreigners with their uncouth solidarity more than doubled the population of static boston, turning it from a coherent and comprehensive town to an incoherent and incomprehensible metropolis. dismayed, the old yankees retreated into themselves, originating the so - called boston brahminism as a kind of defense. the term brahmin, which dr. oliver wendell holmes had given them quite by accident, they took for self - assurance, and the name stuck, coming to mean not dr. holmes \u2019 s disinterested bread - and - water asceticism of the mind but a class - conscious membership in the yankee state street financial oligarchy. the irish were untouchables. mayor theodore lyman called them \u201c a race that will never be infused with our own, but on the contrary will always remain distinct and hostile. \u201d somewhat, over a hundred years later we find senator john kennedy \u2014 indistinguishable in manner and appearance from his yankee counterparts, author of profiles in courage, pulitzer prize winner, a member of the harvard board of overseers \u2014 a possible presidential candidate. it is interesting sociologically that this upright young man is the grandson of curley \u2019 s predecessor as mayor, john f. fitzgerald \u2014 known as \u201c honey fitz \u201d for his rendering of \u201c sweet adeline \u201d at political rallies. james m. curley was a transition figure, a symbol of the emergence of the famine irish from their proletarian status to political dominance. it is the recurring phenomenon of one class replacing another. in 1776 the boston merchant oligarchy succeeded the tory squirearchy by revolution. it in turn, if more slowly and by attrition, was superseded by the celts. curley \u2019 s career is a symbol of this process. his father, michael, came to boston from galway in 1865 at the age of fourteen. sarah clancy, his mother, arrived that same year \u2014 a meager - boned connemara girl of the type dr. gogarty called firbolg. she was twelve years old and worked first as a maid \u201d on beacon hill. michael curley became a hod carrier at ten cents an hour by the grace of patrick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45808322142662367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.992532"} {"text": "he worked as a bundle and delivery boy at the washington market. when he was ten his father died. mike curley had always been proud of his own strength. one of the workmen challenged him to lilt a 400 - pound edgestone onto a wagon. he managed to raise it but then collapsed. three days later he was dead. the curleys were then living in an alley tenement in fellows court. pea - jacket \u2019 s point of view was limited \u2014 no votes, no help. and there was no help for the curleys. sarah kept the family together by scrubbing doors in a downtown office building. jim and his brother john, two years older, wrapped bundles and served customers at the washington market in their free time until the end of grammar school \u2014 their last schooling. at twelve, jim was working in gale \u2019 s drugstore an hour and a half before he went to school, and from half past four until eleven after school. reared in poverty, alienated from any sense of community, young jim curley formed his hard, unwavering, egocentric determination to succeed. success, the road up from the fellows court flat to the imagined great house, was through politics. he knew that when he was still in short trousers. there was no other road for an irish slum boy. politics, then, was a game he would take as he found it, not to change the game or reform it, but to win. in the harshness of his own few years he grasped instinctively boss martin lomasney \u2019 s neoplatonic axiom that politically speaking the mass of people are interested mainly in food, clothing, and shelter. for these they would barter their votes. at fifteen, after a series of small jobs, he settled for the next eight years as a deliveryman driving a wagon for c. s. johnson, grocers. he was strong like his father, wily and wiry, and except for his somewhat vulpine nose, handsome. he had a resonant voice and soon learned to modify the harshness of his gutter speech. from time to time he would drop in at curran \u2019 s livery stable, where the wardheelers gathered, or at one - armed peter whalen \u2019 s tobacco store, the political hangout of the district. meanwhile, he enrolled two nights a week at the boston evening high school. in the public library he read dickens and thackeray and shakespeare, and the boston transcript. he taught sunday school, ushered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4312730395161752, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.994763"} {"text": "store, the political hangout of the district. meanwhile, he enrolled two nights a week at the boston evening high school. in the public library he read dickens and thackeray and shakespeare, and the boston transcript. he taught sunday school, ushered and passed the plate at st. philip \u2019 s on harrison avenue, and joined the ancient order of hibernians. he became chairman of committees for picnics, outings, minstrel shows, and church supper dances. for his straight purpose, games and girls and conviviality had no meaning. time was too short, life too dear. he knew the families on his grocery route as if they were his own family ; he talked with people \u2014 after church, at the hibernians, at whalen \u2019 s, on committees. always he was obliging and always available. by the time he reached his majority he showed the indefinable air of future success that a sixth - sense \u201c pol \u201d like whalen could spot at once. in 1898 one - armed peter tipped him to run for the boston common council against pea - jacket \u2019 s organization, and staked him to his first contribution. curley won by several hundred votes, but by the time pea - jacket \u2019 s henchmen had finished with the ballot boxes, he found himself counted out. the next year, organizing his own strong - arms and after weeks of pre - election gang fights and corner brawls, he won \u2014 too handily for pea - jacket to challenge him. so at 26 he formally entered political life as one of the three council members from ward 17. with his defeat of the aging pea - jacket, curley consolidated himself as the new ward boss, organizing ward 17 on the tammany model of tribute and social services and even calling his organization the tammany club. there was, however, this difference : curley \u2019 s organization was personal rather than self - perpetuating. in politics he would always be a lone wolf. from that time on curley never lacked for money. merchants, tradesmen, and those who did business in ward 17 now paid to him on a more regulated basis what they had paid to pea - jacket. but from the ordinary people of the ward, deserving and otherwise, whose needs and requests curley took care of quickly and efficiently, he expected nothing in gratitude but their votes. when honey fitz was mayor of boston everybody in city hall paid, from department heads down to the porters and scrubwomen. curley", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38960563032312717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.995774"} {"text": "whose needs and requests curley took care of quickly and efficiently, he expected nothing in gratitude but their votes. when honey fitz was mayor of boston everybody in city hall paid, from department heads down to the porters and scrubwomen. curley, gaudy as he might be in his later plundering, never took from the little men. money came into his hands and slipped through his fingers. for him it was never an end in itself. the core of his support would always come from the slums. there he was given an allegiance the pea - jackets could never command. but curley never had a political philosophy beyond that of taking care of himself and his own. with equal ease he could at various times support al smith, franklin roosevelt, mussolini, father coughlin, and senator mccarthy. if he had had the vision, he might have become to boston and massachusetts what al smith was to new york. his vision, however, was limited to his own drive for power. with ward 17 in his pocket, curley moved on to the massachusetts legislature, where he spent one term, more as an observer of the political passing show than as a participant. he was still learning. at the staley college of the spoken word he took elocution lessons, modifying his speech still further to its final form. the curley accent was unique, with grandiloquent overtones, impressive and at once identifiable, yet underneath synthetic. it achieved the desired effect, but it never rang true. and in an election pinch, it could always be dropped for something more primitive. in 1903 curley met his first reverse. he was caught impersonating one of his less talented ward workers at a civil service examination and sentenced to sixty days in the charles street jail. yet far from being disconcerted by this lapse he capitalized on it. in later years he often planted stooges in his audience to get up and ask : \u201c how about the time you went to jail? \u201d curley then liked to draw himself up and announce floridly : \u201c i did it for a friend. \u201d ward 17 understood. while in jail, where he spent a not unpleasant two months reading all the books in the library, he was elected to the board of aldermen, the upper chamber of boston \u2019 s city government. curley remained an alderman until 1909, when he became a member of the new city council. and all the time he was laying his lines carefully toward his own clear though unexpressed goal \u2014 to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40402492812655727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.996791"} {"text": "upper chamber of boston \u2019 s city government. curley remained an alderman until 1909, when he became a member of the new city council. and all the time he was laying his lines carefully toward his own clear though unexpressed goal \u2014 to be mayor and boss of boston. his retentive mind had the city and its departments catalogued for future use. no one would ever be able to fool curley. established in his thirty - second year, he now found time to marry mary herlihy, whom he had met at a st. philip \u2019 s minstrel show. with a background much like his own, she was a woman of grace and character, and a permanently steadying influence on him. it was a happy marriage for them both and a fortunate one for him. honey fitz \u2019 s blond tootles might become the subject of limericks, still repeated today by elderly boston politicians, but no enemy could ever touch jim curley that way. his private life was always beyond reproach, though it ended sadly, for of his nine children only two survived him. in 1909 fitzgerald was elected to a four - year term under boston \u2019 s reform charter, which gave him almost complete responsibility. in 1880 mayor frederick o. prince had said : \u201c no allegation of municipal corruption has ever been made against any boston official. \u201d by honey fitz \u2019 s time such a remark could be considered a flat, cynical joke. another class had emerged to take over the city. these irish - americans, more and more of them now second - generation, felt no obligation to observe the rules made by the beacon hill ascendancy that had exploited them for the last sixty years. all the other roads had been barred to their strength and their cunning and their enterprise except the road of politics, which they had pushed into by their weight of numbers. nobody understood this better than curley. contemptuous of honey fitz, willing to wait for the next round, he let himself be persuaded to run for congress by the district incumbent, bill mcnary, who counted on insuring his own re - election by having curley split his opponent \u2019 s vote. for the first time curley stumped outside ward 17. in a day when political rallies were still a prime source of entertainment, curley put on a campaign that was a combination of vaudeville, chautauqua, and the prize ring. no one, his opponents realized too late, could equal him as a showman ; no one could talk him down. there was the usual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4191193430708008, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:50.997797"} {"text": "not be granted, curley said so and why. he was the super - boss. ward bosses became obsolete : curley had destroyed their power, even in ward 17. he talked to an average of 200 persons a day, 50, 000 in a year. the financial and business community \u2019 s satisfaction with the new mayor was brutally short - lived. curley, they would soon discover, had lost none of his old resentments. assessments were raised all round. a vast construction program such as boston had never seen before was begun. streets were ripped up, transit lines extended, beaches and playgrounds laid out, hospitals built, and services expanded. there was a job for every jobless man in the city. here lay curley \u2019 s basic formula, then and in all his administrations : a juggler \u2019 s act of public works without regard for cost. when the city treasury was empty he would borrow. the outraged yankees could pay for it all through taxes. yet, much of what he did needed to be done. the cost would be excessive, the payrolls padded, a percentage of the contractors \u2019 fees would always find its way into curley \u2019 s pocket \u2014 yet without him most of these projects would never have been undertaken. by the end of his first term he had altered the face of the city ; by the end of his fourth term the tax rate had quintupled. though with him money went as easily as it came, though he liked to be known as the mayor of the poor, he enjoyed lush living. midway in his first term he built himself the house overlooking jamaica pond that would be known as the house with the shamrock shutters. it was better than anything on beacon street. some of the trimmings, including the mahogany - paneled dining room and the winding staircase, came from the fairhaven house of henry h. rogers, the standard oil executive. the finance commission and others were to ask vainly how anyone could build a $ 60, 000 house on a $ 15, 000 lot on a salary of $ 10, 000 a year. such questions never bothered curley. in his autobiography he maintained \u2014 archly and without expecting to be believed \u2014 that he had made the money for his house on a stock market tip given him by a since - deceased wool merchant. almost everyone in boston knew that the house had been a donation from a contractor. the curley wards felt he deserved it. in 1917, when curley ran for re - election, a curious amalgam of businessmen and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4509088989402125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.001352"} {"text": "- deceased wool merchant. almost everyone in boston knew that the house had been a donation from a contractor. the curley wards felt he deserved it. in 1917, when curley ran for re - election, a curious amalgam of businessmen and bosses took the field against him. martin lomasney, the old ward 8 mahatma and the only ward boss to survive unscathed, entered two congressmen with celtic names as pseudocandidates to cut into curley \u2019 s irish - democratic vote. it was an old gambit, used many times by curley himself, and it worked well enough to defeat curley. after several ludicrously unfortunate business ventures \u2014 in such matters curley would always be both gullible and inept \u2014 he became president of the hibernia national bank, within wistful sight of city hall. but this was for him only an interlude. his real life was always politics. the 1921 mayoralty campaign was one of the closest and meanest in the history of boston, and curley fought alone. no political pro in the city was for him, and the betting against him ran over two to one. but his opponent, a respected catholic lawyer named john r. murphy, was not prepared for what he now had to face \u2014 too much of a gentleman, it was said commiseratingly of him afterward. among other things, curley sent some of his workers to charlestown dressed in clerical black and carrying prayer books. there they let it be known that turncoat murphy had joined the masons and that he was divorcing his wife to marry a sixteen - year - old girl. other curley supporters rang doorbells through catholic south boston posing as members of the hawes baptist club and soliciting votes for john r. murphy. curley even gave a ku klux klan organizer known as the black pope $ 2, 000 to campaign against him. against all odds and predictions curley won, with 74, 200 votes to murphy \u2019 s 71, 800. for the first time in a boston election women could vote, and it was generally felt that mary curley \u2019 s \u201c personal appeal to women voters, \u201d an open letter circulated at the last minute, gave her husband the extra votes that elected him. before anyone quite knew what was happening \u2014 anyone except curley \u2014 there were $ 24, 000, 000 worth of building projects under way. several times the city treasury gave out, and curley merely borrowed more money against future taxes. if a banker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.407959627004819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.005804"} {"text": "before anyone quite knew what was happening \u2014 anyone except curley \u2014 there were $ 24, 000, 000 worth of building projects under way. several times the city treasury gave out, and curley merely borrowed more money against future taxes. if a banker showed reluctance to lend, curley would threaten to start a run on his bank \u201c a mile long. \u201d taxes and assessments as well as buildings went up. during curley \u2019 s second administration, and with curley pointedly in mind, the republican state legislature passed a law that no mayor of boston might succeed himself. instead, in 1924 curley ran as democratic candidate for governor against alvan t. fuller, who would later become so widely known in connection with the sacco - vanzetti case. it was a republican year, and in any case, massachusetts would not be ready for curley until after the transvaluations of the depression. curley tried to make an issue of the ku klux klan and his own opposition to it. wherever he spoke in the rural sections of the state, fiery crosses would suddenly blaze out on nearby hills just in time for him to point to them and say, voice resonant with emotion : \u201c there it burns, the cross of hatred upon which our lord, jesus christ, was crucified. \u201d later he admitted that the crosses had been touched off by his boys. fuller won \u2014 but the size of curley \u2019 s vote gave the state party leaders, whose enthusiasm for curley was at best limited, something to think about. in the presidential election of 1928 the commonwealth of massachusetts was one of the eight states carried by al smith. to the irish democrats of the commonwealth, smith was the most creditable man from irish ranks who had yet appeared in politics. before the national convention the massachusetts leaders were solidly for smith. all of them were at odds with curley, and they took care that the ex - mayor would have no part in the convention or in the subsequent smith campaign. they reckoned, however, without curley. shortly after smith \u2019 s nomination, curley opened what he called his bull pen in the vacant young \u2019 s hotel near city hall. he had the walls plastered with smith signs and photographs. there were loudspeakers in the windows blaring a steady raucous mixture of speeches and music. every day was open house in the bull pen. inside it was like an amateur night. anyone who felt like walking in and speaking his piece about smith was welcome to use the microphone. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534254481943866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.007283"} {"text": "000 had turned out to meet him. streets were jammed all the way to the common. inside the station 21 bands were blaring at one another. it took 100 reserve policemen to clear a path for curley to his car. from that night until the election all curley \u2019 s efforts went into the campaign. he reopened his \u201c bull pen, \u201d and re - decorated it with large roosevelt motifs. he mortgaged the house with the shamrock shutters. he traveled 10, 000 miles through 23 western and midwestern states to deliver 140 speeches. for the election he spent a quarter of a million dollars of his own money. with james roosevelt as an assistant, he was the roosevelt ringmaster in massachusetts. all this activity had not been undertaken just for the forgotten man. what curley now wanted was to set the seal of respectability on his career by becoming the next secretary of the navy. after all, it was a job held recently by a boston adams. shortly after the election curley, with his daughter mary, called on roosevelt at warm springs. there, according to curley, roosevelt told him, \u201c well, jim, if that \u2019 s what you want, the job is yours. \u201d a few weeks later, however, at calvin coolidge \u2019 s funeral in northampton, james roosevelt took curley aside and told him a cabinet post wasn \u2019 t possible. james went on to tell him that he might instead become ambassador to france or italy, and suggested that he drop in at the white house to talk it over. on that visit the president mentioned italy, and curley asked for a few days to think it over. whether roosevelt ever intended to send the boss of boston to rome, whether boston \u2019 s william cardinal o \u2019 connell vetoed the idea, or whether curley was being given the roosevelt run - around \u2014 no one will ever know. in any event, at curley \u2019 s next interview, the smiling president said there were difficulties about italy and offered him instead the post of ambassador to poland, remarking that poland was one of the most interesting places in the world. \u201c if it is such a goddam interesting place, \u201d curley is said to have replied, \u201c why don \u2019 t you resign the presidency and take it yourself? \u201d to the newsmen who crowded around him outside, he used a quick term to describe roosevelt that truman later reserved for music critics. in boston a witticism went the rounds that if he had accepted, he would have paved the polish corridor. between the two conventions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.41841644413950807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.010833"} {"text": "from the city to sell to brokers, collecting commissions at both ends. the state - appointed finance commission uncovered these and certain aspects of land - takings and other facts sufficient, so it seemed for a while, to send both curley and dolan to jail. the younger curley would never have left himself so vulnerable. eventually dolan was charged with the theft of more than $ 170, 000 from the city. before the case came to trial he was caught trying to bribe the jury, and received two and a half years in jail. at the same time a bill in equity was brought against curley, and after three years and 34 continuances he was ordered to pay back $ 42, 629 to the city treasury. now that he had no more washington ambitions he badgered and needled roosevelt for more aid, more money for boston. he devised new projects for the civil works administration. after all, a cwa was what he had been occupied with all his political life. with governor ely, still a disgruntled smith man, retiring in 1934, curley had little trouble in getting the democratic nomination for governor. that election, the second new deal wave, swept almost the complete democratic state ticket into office. boston had taken over massachusetts at last. the crowd from city hall moved up beacon hill to the state house. curley \u2019 s two - year term as governor marked both the height and depths of his career. no such turmoil had occurred on beacon hill since cynical, droop - eyed ben butler had been governor fifty years before. curley would now use the greater resources of the commonwealth as he had previously used those of the city, but this time with a recklessness and a hard arrogance he had not shown before. work there was, projects useful and otherwise, feverishly undertaken from the berkshires to cape cod, and where there was no work there were at least jobs. the state house offices bulged with idle incompetents, the governor \u2019 s anterooms swarmed with old city hall petitioners. when the finance commission still threatened to dig up old curley city hall scandals, its members were bribed or dismissed. curley rode roughshod over the governor \u2019 s council, courts, and department heads, his energy as boundless as his activities were unregulated. insolence of office trailed him through the state as he scorched the roads in his limousine with its s - 1 license plates, preceded by state police motorcycle escorts with sirens wailing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45812814398316154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.013129"} {"text": "boundless as his activities were unregulated. insolence of office trailed him through the state as he scorched the roads in his limousine with its s - 1 license plates, preceded by state police motorcycle escorts with sirens wailing, and followed by carloads of his military aides bright in incongruous blue and gold - braid uniforms. s - 1 was in a series of accidents. one state trooper was killed, another badly injured. curley moved across the massachusetts landscape like a latin dictator. for the 1936 harvard tercentenary he arrived at the yard escorted by scarlet - coated national lancers, drums beating and trumpets sounding, to move ostentatiously past a stony - faced president roosevelt while a few harvard die - hards booed. just before he took the oath of office, curley had swung a parting punch at governor ely. somehow that outrageous brawl within the state house became symbolic of his administration. the inauguration ball, held at the armory, was a monstrous affair to which 14, 000 were invited. during his first year in office the governor spent $ 85, 206 just for taxis, flowers, dinners, luncheons, cigars, refreshments, and trips for himself and his guests and secretaries. the following winter he moved his entire staff to florida. in those depression times his daughter mary \u2019 s wedding to edward c. donnelly, jr., of the donnelly advertising company, was the gaudiest ever held in massachusetts. the bride \u2019 s trousseau cost $ 10, 000 \u2014 paid for, and not donated, as anti - curleyites had hinted. at the packed cathedral of the holy cross, under the dismayed eyes of cardinal o \u2019 connell, many of those present stood on the pews as the bride and her father came down the aisle. there were 2, 300 guests at the copley plaza reception afterward. they downed two tons of lobster at $ 13 a plate. financially buttressed at the end of his governor \u2019 s term, curley determined to revenge himself on roosevelt. the president had not liked him as governor, and he would like still less to find him in the united states senate. for governor curley the senatorial nomination was easy to manipulate ; the election seemed equally so. his republican opponent was henry cabot lodge, jr., the grandson of the old anti - league senator, whose political experience was contained in two terms in the massachusetts legislature. curley liked to refer to him as \u201c little boy blue. \u201d yet in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.410911416475751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.014133"} {"text": "opponent was henry cabot lodge, jr., the grandson of the old anti - league senator, whose political experience was contained in two terms in the massachusetts legislature. curley liked to refer to him as \u201c little boy blue. \u201d yet in the new deal landslide of 1936, when every other major democratic candidate in the commonwealth was overwhelmingly elected, curley lost to lodge by 136, 000 votes. all the states except maine and vermont went for roosevelt, but massachusetts had had enough of james michael curley. in a sense, however, curley had the last word, for on that day when the cannon boomed across the common to announce a new governor, he stole the whole show by marrying again. his second wife, gertrude casey dennis, was a widow, a quiet woman without political or social ambitions, who would give him the domestic stability he had found in his first wife. the following year he again ran for mayor, and again found himself opposed by a \u201c reform \u201d candidate, maurice tobin, a handsome and hardy young democrat from his own district, who in the wheel - spins of politics would twice become mayor, then governor, and finally figurehead secretary of labor in truman \u2019 s cabinet. curley has accurately described him as \u201c a protege of mine who learned too fast. \u201d it was to curley \u2019 s mind an easy election, but on election morning there appeared on the masthead of the boston post, whose editorials generally reflected the views of the archdiocese, a brief notice to the voters of boston that read : \u201c cardinal o \u2019 connell, in speaking to the catholic alumni association, said, \u2018 the walls are raised against honest men in civic life. \u2019 you can break down these walls by voting for an honest, clean, competent young man, maurice tobin, today. \u2026 \u201d thousands of copies of the post were distributed free in front of all the churches. the actual quotation was from an address made by the cardinal six years before, but few readers noticed that the quotation ended before tobin was mentioned. to the faithful it seemed that his eminence had endorsed curley \u2019 s opponent. curley furiously tried to get a retraction broadcast, but the cardinal could not be reached. it was a maneuver worthy of curley himself. enough pious votes were swung to tobin for him to win. in 1938 curley was strong enough to take the nomination away from the democratic governor, but he was still unable to win the election. his opponent was the long - jawed speaker of the massachusetts house of representatives, lever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4415040522980731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.016834"} {"text": "tobin for him to win. in 1938 curley was strong enough to take the nomination away from the democratic governor, but he was still unable to win the election. his opponent was the long - jawed speaker of the massachusetts house of representatives, leverett saltonstall, who as a republican, a harvard man, and a brahmin combined the three things that curley was best at excoriating. yet saltonstall was a new type of old yankee who represented a rapprochement with what curley liked to call \u201c the newer races. \u201d the growing numbers of middle - class irish liked him. in later years when he and young senator kennedy were colleagues in washington, they became so friendly that kennedy refused to endorse saltonstall \u2019 s next democratic opponent. saltonstall also had the advantage of owning one of the most agreeably ugly mugs in politics. curley made the mistake of quipping that saltonstall might have a south boston face but he would never dare show it in south boston. of course, saltonstall walked through the south boston streets the next day, talking with everyone he met and dropping in at the innumerable bars. he overwhelmed curley at the polls. by the time of boston \u2019 s next municipal election mayor tobin had built a tight political machine of his own. curley ran against him nevertheless and suffered his fourth defeat in a row. at 67, after a generation in politics, it looked as if he had come to the end of the road. but that was not the way curley saw it. he turned again to his solid core of supporters in the close wards of roxbury and south boston and charlestown. as if he were now going down the ladder he had once climbed, he turned to them to send him back to congress in 1942. these days he was short of funds, and every week there was the $ 500 installment on the $ 42, 629 he had been ordered to pay the city. a few months before pearl harbor, unlucky as usual in his private ventures, he had run into a washington promoter named james g. fuller, who was organizing a five - percenter corporation to mediate between manufacturers looking for war contracts and the appropriate heads of government agencies. fuller offered to make curley president of this organization, to be known as the engineers \u2019 group, inc. later, fuller was shown to be a confidence man and ex - convict. curley, in spite of his title, had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45017506025270615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.018150"} {"text": "government agencies. fuller offered to make curley president of this organization, to be known as the engineers \u2019 group, inc. later, fuller was shown to be a confidence man and ex - convict. curley, in spite of his title, had little to do with fuller \u2019 s group except to appear on the letterhead, and before he became a congressman he had resigned. two years later, however, the engineers \u2019 group was one of those investigated by the truman committee, and sometime afterward curley was indicted because of his connection with it. he always maintained that the case against him was directed from the white house. his trial was postponed, however, to allow him to run for mayor of boston in november, 1945. tobin had moved on to become governor. the acting mayor was an obscurity, as were the other four candidates. postwar boston itself seemed derelict, a fading seaport as drab as the blackout paint that covered the gilt dome of the state house. so much needed doing, from street repairs to veterans \u2019 housing, and \u201c curley gets things done. \u201d that at least was the campaign slogan spread casually in public by his paid workers and taken up by others. looking back to the prewar days, it seemed true enough. what if curley was under indictment for some contract swindle? if he was guilty he hadn \u2019 t done very much, no more than the rest of them. anyhow, he got things done! on election day curley beat his closest opponent by two to one. for the fourth time he became mayor of boston, 31 years after his first inaugural. two months later he was convicted by a washington jury of using the mails to defraud. his final appeal to the supreme court was rejected in 1947. as the date neared for his sentencing he took to his bed. he received the last rites, and then unexpectedly his health picked up. finally, the postponed but inevitable day came when he appeared in court, in a wheel chair and wearing a collar a size too large. his lawyer produced a certified list of nine ailments from which he was suffering, any one of which might prove fatal. unimpressed, the judge sentenced him to six to eighteen months at the federal correctional institute at danbury, connecticut. \u201c you are sentencing me to die, \u201d curley told him as they wheeled him away. democratic house leader john w. mccormack circulated a petition for curley \u2019 s release signed by all the massachusetts delegation in washington except senator kennedy. finally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45532016554875654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.019256"} {"text": "\u201c you are sentencing me to die, \u201d curley told him as they wheeled him away. democratic house leader john w. mccormack circulated a petition for curley \u2019 s release signed by all the massachusetts delegation in washington except senator kennedy. finally after five months president truman pardoned curley \u2014 because, the president said later, \u201c he was innocent. \u201d although it was not known at the time, or even later, curley was shattered by his danbury experience. there was nothing left of the young man who could shrug off a few months behind bars by reading all the books in the prison library. he now felt his age and a sense of failure, and for the first time he knew self - doubt. on his release, according to his daughter, he was hesitant about facing people again. it warmed him to be met by a great milling crowd in front of the house with the shamrock shutters welcoming him with \u201c hail to the chief. \u201d inside he found familiar faces and a huge cake inscribed \u201c happy birthday to our beloved boss. \u201d in a few days he was back at city hall at his old desk, looking fifteen years younger and running the city in his old way. yet the city was not the same. what he had done as boss of old ward 17, and in his many years as mayor, had now become a more impersonal function of government. voters were no longer gratefully held in line by a job shoveling snow, by the odd ton of coal, by the perennial thanksgiving turkey and christmas basket. social security and unemployment insurance and the psychiatric social worker had taken over. the irish were becoming middle class. one couldn \u2019 t even soak the rich any more. in an almost bankrupt city the tax rate could go no higher. what boston mostly needed now was an efficient receiver. in the 1949 election curley, to his derisive surprise, was opposed by john b. hynes, who had served as mayor while curley was in jail. \u201c a little city clerk, \u201d curley called him contemptuously, but when the ballots were counted, hynes, the honest, skillful administrator, had won by 15, 000 votes. it was the end of curley \u2019 s political career. the next year by a twist of fate his daughter mary and his son leo both died of cerebral hemorrhages on the same day. mary, who had been closest to him, had led an unhappy life ; her marriage had ended in divorce in 1943. leo was at his death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42248111848444725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.052281"} {"text": "fate his daughter mary and his son leo both died of cerebral hemorrhages on the same day. mary, who had been closest to him, had led an unhappy life ; her marriage had ended in divorce in 1943. leo was at his death a lieutenant in the navy. in the father \u2019 s loss even his enemies could feel a kindly pity for him. after curley got out of danbury, he had complained to a boston newspaperman named joseph dinneen that the press had always been unfair to him. dinneen then offered to write curley \u2019 s life story honestly and objectively as curley told it to him. curley agreed, and with his collaboration the purple shamrock was written. it appeared in 1949. curley was proud of the book at the time and used to give away autographed copies to city hall visitors. the purple shamrock was the beginning of the curley legend, the first attempt to put his career in perspective. what it told was true and often amazingly frank. dinneen admitted that money was never a problem for curley although he could never quite explain where he got it, that his income skyrocketed when he was in office and shrank to a trickle when he was not, that \u201c there wasn \u2019 t a contract awarded that did not have a cut for curley. \u201d yet dinneen felt that even so, curley \u2019 s accomplishments justified the cuts. now that curley was no longer to be feared politically he began to seem a kind of institution. he had been around for so long. even the bostonians who had fought him most in the pugnacious city hall days, now in the nostalgia for their greener years felt a certain left - handed affection for him. he in turn was pleased and flattered by the occasional courtesy from a lowell or a lodge. every political figure from senator saltonstall to the last south boston ward heeler would drop in on the way past the house with the shamrock shutters. curley in his old age could still charm the birds out of the trees. when edwin o \u2019 connor \u2019 s novel the last hurrah was scheduled to appear in 1956, it was carefully let out in advance that here was a novel about james michael curley. the editor of the globe sent curley a copy with the suggestion that he review it. the next day the book was returned with a note from curley to the effect that he was consulting his lawyers. frank skeffington, the politician - hero", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42644204152093096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.056161"} {"text": "of the globe sent curley a copy with the suggestion that he review it. the next day the book was returned with a note from curley to the effect that he was consulting his lawyers. frank skeffington, the politician - hero of the book, is undoubtedly curley, even to his feud with the cardinal, but he is a retouched curley, less violent, more urbane. after curley \u2019 s first resentment had worn off, he began to see the skeffington portrait as an asset. the book had toned down his ruthlessness, emphasized his benevolence. various hints of fraud and peculation were, after all, no more than the admissions of the purple shamrock. for a while curley took jokingly to calling and signing himself skeffington. from originally intending to sue o \u2019 connor, he ended up by congratulating him. the last hurrah caused him quite a lot of mental turmoil, however. as an aftermath he decided to write his autobiography, to out - skeffington skeffington by putting in what dinneen had either not known or discreetly omitted. in the final section of the last hurrah, when skeffington is on his death bed, someone standing by the apparently unconscious figure remarks unctuously that if skeffington had it all to do over again, he \u2019 d no doubt do it very differently. the dying man then manages to rouse himself and whisper : \u201c the hell i would! \u201d it is from this episode that curley took the title of his own book, i \u2019 d do it again. it is a rambling and uneven book, often dulled by the memory of obscure and forgotten ward heelers, but on the other hand enlivened by the candidly brazen quality of curley \u2019 s admissions. though written by a professional rewrite man after conversations with curley, it preserves curley \u2019 s own style of the informal cliche. what runs through the pages as an undercurrent, sensed even when not visible, is the after - feeling of the famine years, the old celtic bitterness against the chill yankee. dinneen in reviewing it wrote that curley had destroyed an illusion. i \u2019 d do it again is more reticent about curley \u2019 s financial background than is the purple shamrock. there is no mention of his income tax irregularities, and nothing is said of his connection \u2014 inadvert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4088370888559701, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.061653"} {"text": "had destroyed an illusion. i \u2019 d do it again is more reticent about curley \u2019 s financial background than is the purple shamrock. there is no mention of his income tax irregularities, and nothing is said of his connection \u2014 inadvertent though it may have been \u2014 with the mishawum manor blackmail scandal of the early twenties in which two district attorney friends of his were disbarred. the summer after the last hurrah was published, curley sold his jamaicaway house to the oblate fathers. those shamrock shutters, once a gesture of defiance, had become a familiar landmark. the furnishings, the library, the georgian silver, the waterford glass and crown derby china, jade and ivory bibelots, icons, pious statuary, and massive furniture had been purchased for the most part from auction rooms. now to auction rooms they would return. curley moved to a small suburban - colonial house the other side of jamaica pond. he settled down there with his governor \u2019 s chair and his mayor \u2019 s chair and whatever other belongings were sizable enough to bring with him. governor foster furcolo appointed him to a sinecure job, for curley was hard up again. the boston papers always seemed to be printing little human interest stories about him, photos of him fishing, or being shaved by sal, the huntington avenue barber. edward r. murrow ran his person - to - person television show from the new house, and when curley appeared he announced that he was going to live to be 125 years old so that he could bury all his enemies. columbia pictures was shooting a film version of the last hurrah starring spencer tracy. though curley belittled it, from the time he moved his health began to fail. he was in and out of the hospital for check - ups. his face grew gray and flabby. yet his right hand had not forgotten its cunning. when columbia was preparing the premiere of the last hurrah curley, after a private showing, filed suit for \u201c irreparable damage to a valuable property \u201d \u2014 that is, his life story. columbia paid $ 25, 000 for the damages. then it was discovered that the lawyer to whom the check was made out was non - existent and that the stamp on the release was from a non - existent notary ; it was claimed that the curley signature was a forgery. officially, no one knows yet who got the money. curley still threatened suit, and columbia settled for an additional $ 15", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37914304423598966, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.105959"} {"text": "on the release was from a non - existent notary ; it was claimed that the curley signature was a forgery. officially, no one knows yet who got the money. curley still threatened suit, and columbia settled for an additional $ 15, 000. the picture was running at a boston theater when he died. he entered the city hospital for an intestinal operation on november 4, 1958, election day. just another campaign, he remarked. for the first few days he seemed to be mending. he was able to walk about and to talk of the great democratic victory. a week later he had a relapse. the end came quickly. he lay on a bier in the state house in the great hall where the battle flags of massachusetts regiments are kept, and in two days 100, 000 people filed past. then, on a warm morning like an aftermath of september, he was buried from holy cross cathedral. it was the largest funeral ever seen in boston. according to the boston papers, archbishop ( now cardinal ) richard j. cushing had flown from washington to deliver the eulogy. the late cardinal o \u2019 connell had spoken one when curley \u2019 s first wife died ; the archbishop himself had eulogized mary and leo eight years before. now he sat silent and dominant in the sanctuary. the celebrant was curley \u2019 s youngest son, father francis curley, s. j. the coffin of polished mahogany glittered in the candlelight that was reflected again on the scabbards of the knights of columbus, fourth class, who formed the guard of honor. they stood there, plump and middle - aged, in silk capes, their hands on their sword hilts, white plumes covering their heads. as the requiem mass reached its conclusion, the archbishop approached the coffin. then he prayed, in the grating, honest, south boston voice that was his inheritance and that he was too proud to change. high overhead, suspended by a wire from the reconstruction - gothic dome and directly over the coffin, cardinal o \u2019 connell \u2019 s red hat swung slightly in the air currents. the prayer ended, and everyone watched the archbishop \u2019 s seamed face under its white miter, waiting for him to mount the steps to the pulpit. but the archbishop did not move. there was no eulogy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41706404642582134, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.107112"} {"text": "the wildlife conservation society has announced the birth of the first genetically pure bison calf ever produced by embryo transfer through a program aimed to establish a breeding herd of non - introgressed bison ( without cattle genes ) for restoration projects and zoos. using female bison from the american prairie reserve herd, a healthy calf was born this summer to a happy and protective mother. from the wildlife conservation society : the wildlife conservation society \u2019 s bronx zoo has announced the birth of the first ever genetically pure american bison calf produced by embryo transfer. the success is the result of collaboration between colorado state university, usda - animal and plant health inspection service, the american prairie reserve, and the wildlife conservation society. in the fall of 2011 wcs arranged for a group of female bison originating from the american prairie reserve to be sent to the csu \u2019 s animal reproduction and biotechnology laboratory facility in fort collins, colo. to serve as recipients for fertilized embryos from a herd of genetically pure bison managed by usda - aphis. dr. jennifer barfield, a csu reproductive physiologist, and her team collected the embryos non - surgically and implanted them into the surrogate bison. an ultrasound exam performed two months after the embryo transfers confirmed that one animal was pregnant. \u201c this science illustrates that we can engineer breeding of pure - bred bison so that their valuable genetics can be incorporated into other herds or used to create new herds, \u201d said dr. barfield, csu assistant professor. \u201c we are able to produce bison that have pure genetics and are also free of any diseases that can afflict the bison population at yellowstone. \u201d the pregnant bison and her herdmates were moved to the bronx zoo in early april and the calf was born on june 20. the mother, calf, and herd continue to do well and are maintained in a section of the zoo that is not open to the public. although this group and the calf will not go on exhibit, zoo visitors can see american bison on the bronx zoo \u2019 s bison range. a second round of embryo transfer will be attempted with the herd of surrogate females in the fall, with the goal of eventually establishing a breeding herd of genetically pure bison. \u201c the bronx zoo played an important historical role in the recovery of the american bison, and by establishing a pure herd, the zoo will be, in essence, returning to its roots, \u201d said dr. pat thomas, wcs vice president / bronx zoo general curator and associate director. \u201c the offspring of these bison will be used in future", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44419182489484815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.111227"} {"text": "the mercedes - benz museum is home to more than just automobiles. in 2007, the guinness book of records gave it recognition for housing the \" strongest artificially generated tornado in the world. \" the 34. 4 meter high ( that is 37. 2 yards to those metrically challenged ) vortex was not designed as an attraction, but to channel smoke out of the building in the event of a fire. in the event of fire, 144 outlets located along the core walls inject air into the interior courtyard of the mercedes - benz museum. the 100 - feet twister takes around seven minutes to materialize, drawing smoke out of the building ' s corridors and funnelling it upwards and out an exhaust vent on the roof. due to the open - plan structure of the mercedes - benz museum, the various exhibition areas are connected to each other without any fire zones via an interior courtyard and ramps. from the perspective of smoke elimination this presented a challenging task that could not be implemented through conventional fluid mechanics. it was necessary to take a new approach, and so a globally unique smoke elimination system was developed especially for the mercedes - benz museum. this procedure uses the principle of the tornado force, which has a devastating effect under natural conditions, to create a controlled life - saving form of fluid mechanics that opens up new architectural possibilities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5239961861183853, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.115533"} {"text": "the cycle of unbelief societies throughout human history have tended to cycle through the same patterns : acknowledging god, denying god, embracing moral depravity, receiving punishment and destruction from god, repenting, and then recycling again. the israelites of the old testament repeated this cycle several times as recorded in the book of judges. the pattern starts with human eyes looking upward, worshipping god. as time goes by, we tend to lower our eyes from god, gaze at ourselves, and proclaim that we are more wise and intelligent than god. many decide that he \u2019 s unnecessary and pretend that he does not exist. humans are then idolized \u2014 caesars, popes, hollywood stars, american idols. this phase of the cycle commenced in america in the last half century and is illustrated in the world around us in a myriad of ways. society claims to be wiser than god in saying that spanking your children is bad because it teaches them to be violent and hurts their self - esteem. yet god, through solomon, said that \u201c he who spares his rod hates his son, but he who loves him disciplines him promptly \u201d ( proverbs 13 : 24 ). society has arrogantly elevated itself above god. many in society say that capital punishment is cruel and unusual, yet god required the israelites to inflict capital punishment for over 15 different crimes, and stoning someone to death was a typical form of capital punishment ( miller, 2002 ). by deluded human thinking, god is guilty of \u201c cruel and unusual punishment. \u201d society says that god and government should be separate, but god says, \u201c blessed is the nation whose god is the lord \u201d ( psalms 33 : 12 ). society says that homosexuality and other forms of sodomy are acceptable lifestyles that should be endorsed, even encouraged. but god listed homosexuality as a crime worthy of death in the old testament ( leviticus 20 : 13 ), and said that homosexuals and sodomites will not \u201c inherit the kingdom of god \u201d ( 1 corinthians 6 : 9 - 10 ). society has elevated human beings to the status of gods capable of deciding what is morally right and wrong. humans do not have to bow down to each other literally, to be guilty of self - worship. elevating ourselves to the status of gods by disregarding the true god is sufficient. we are arrogant when we dismiss god \u2019 s directives, as if we need to understand the reasons behind everything that god tells us to do or not do in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4743852349625439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.127541"} {"text": "elevating ourselves to the status of gods by disregarding the true god is sufficient. we are arrogant when we dismiss god \u2019 s directives, as if we need to understand the reasons behind everything that god tells us to do or not do in his word. he says, \u201c for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts \u201d ( isaiah 55 : 9 ). we are expected to trust him ( hebrews 11 : 6 ). as the cycle toward spiritual depravity progresses, humans move their focus still further downward - - away from god - - to elevate the animal to a status higher than humans ( who already are considered higher than god ). the reverence bestowed on animals by the animal rights movement of the last few years, illustrates to the world that america has reached this phase of the cycle, too. think about it \u2014 in the last few decades, activists have splashed paint on women who wear furs, devoted themselves to saving the whales, encouraged using human embryos for testing to promote human welfare while seeking to outlaw the use of animals for research purposes, advocated going vegetarian, etc. it is a crime to break a bald eagle egg before the eagle has hatched, but killing a human baby before it has left its mother \u2019 s womb is acceptable to society ( \u201c bald eagle, \u201d 2002 ). \u201c there is a way that seems right to a man, but its end is the way of death \u201d ( proverbs 14 : 12 ; 16 : 25 ). god \u2019 s approach works. however, the end result of elevating animals is seen in many of the impoverished, primitive hindu societies of the world, where people lay starving in the streets while healthy cows roam about freely because of their elevated status. clearly, humans are incapable of making spiritual decisions effectively on their own. \u201c o lord, i know the way of man is not in himself. it is not in man who walks to direct his own steps \u201d ( jeremiah 10 : 23 ). often, within this repeated pattern of spiritual decay, human eyes move down even further from god, and the earth itself becomes elevated to the status of god. america is there, too. enter the environmentalists. \u201c mother earth \u201d must be protected at all costs. \u201c save the planet. \u201d \u201c go green. \u201d \u201c no carbon footprints. \u201d some advocate killing off certain humans that they deem as less useful to society in order to save the planet and its resources (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46785958346498147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.128672"} {"text": "\u201d must be protected at all costs. \u201c save the planet. \u201d \u201c go green. \u201d \u201c no carbon footprints. \u201d some advocate killing off certain humans that they deem as less useful to society in order to save the planet and its resources ( cf. harrub, 2006 ). the cultures of the past, those that christian peoples have always regarded as pagan, are now being extolled for their worship of animals and the earth. the theory of evolution says that the earth is responsible for our existence and development \u2014 i. e., the earth is our god. we must save it to survive, and we have the omnipotent power to control its destiny. society says that we should not arrogantly \u201c lord over \u201d nature, since they are our ancestors and have as much value as we have. we humans have just happened to accidentally evolve further than them. ( consider hollywood \u2019 s message to us about its view of nature and the sin of trying to control and have dominion over it in the movie instinct ). in stark contrast, god says that humans are to have dominion \u201c over all the earth \u201d ( genesis 1 : 26 ). should we be good stewards of god \u2019 s creation? certainly. however, the earth should never be elevated to the level of respect that it is being given today. humans should never think so highly of themselves that they presume to control the destiny of the earth. contrary to the teachings of global warming advocates, it is not the almighty human who will destroy the earth in the end. it is almighty god ( 2 peter 3 : 10 - 12 ). it is not murder in god \u2019 s sight to kill a plant, no matter how or under what circumstances it is done. god did not command capital punishment to be implemented on those who cut down a tree. plants are not on the same value level as humans, regardless of whether a committee of morally confused humans decides such ( cf. willemsen, 2008 ) on a positive note, if the typical pattern is repeating itself again, then the cycle may be nearing completion and may return to a sane, sensible appraisal of spiritual reality \u2014 returning us to the one true god, the creator. america \u2019 s worship of itself, the animal kingdom, and the earth has been going on for several decades, while worship of god is expelled as primitive. unfortunately, divine punishment and destruction always occur before the cycle restarts. although written 2, 000 years ago, paul \u2019 s words still hold true : professing to be wise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45714754648163297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.129677"} {"text": "on for several decades, while worship of god is expelled as primitive. unfortunately, divine punishment and destruction always occur before the cycle restarts. although written 2, 000 years ago, paul \u2019 s words still hold true : professing to be wise, they became fools, and changed the glory of the incorruptible god into an image made like corruptible man \u2014 and birds and four - footed animals and creeping things. therefore god also gave them up to uncleanness, in the lusts of their hearts, to dishonor their bodies among themselves, who exchanged the truth of god for the lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the creator, who is blessed forever. amen ( romans 1 : 22 - 25, emp. added ). \u201c bald eagle, \u201d ( 2002 ), [ on - line ], url : http : / / midwest. fws. gov / eagle / protect / laws. html. harrub, brad ( 2006 ), \" eliminate 90 % of the human race?, \" http : / / www. apologeticspress. org / apcontent. aspx? category = 9 & article = 1821. miller, dave ( 2002 ), \u201c capital punishment and the bible, \u201d [ on - line ], url : http : / / www. apologeticspress. org / articles / 1974. willemsen, ariane, ed. ( 2008 ), \u201c the dignity of living beings with regard to plants \u2014 moral consideration of plants for their own sake, \u201d federal ethics committee on non - human biotechnology ( berne : swiss confederation ), april.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4649770518333596, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.130275"} {"text": "sugar beet seedling rust : an uncommon disease with a surprisingly long history robert m. harvesonpanhandle research and extension center university of nebraska - lincolnscottsbluff, ne firstname. lastname @ example. org sugar beet seedling rust is a heteroecious rust disease caused by the macrocyclic pathogen puccinia subnitens dietel ( syn. p. aristidae tracy ). only the pycnial and aecial stages occur on sugar beet, while the other stages ( uredial and telial ) infect various species of saltgrass ( distichlis spp. ) and needlegrass ( aristida spp. ) ( 12, 19, 20 ). the primary documented host for p. subnitens is the inland saltgrass ( distichlis spicata l. greene ) ( 7, 11 ). inland saltgrass is a warm - season grass native to arid areas of the western united states, and is also commonly found in brackish, marshy areas or highly saline soils ( 11 ). the plant is very drought tolerant and thrives in the strongly alkaline soils throughout the north american high plains and west. life cycle and symptoms in early spring, teliospores germinate from telial pustules after overwintering on inland saltgrass to produce basidiospores, which then are blown by wind where they can infect sugar beets or a number of other alternate hosts ( see below ). the basidiospore infections give rise sequentially to the pycnial ( also referred to as spermagonial ) and aecial spore stages ( fig. 1 ). pycnial lesions are circular and light yellow, measuring 2 to 5 mm in diameter ( fig. 2a ). flask - shaped pycnia containing receptive hyphae and spermatia ( fig. 3 ) are found embedded within lesions and are located primarily on the upper leaf surface ( fig. 4 ). aecia, which develop directly from the pycnia after fertilization, are usually found on the lower leaf surface directly below the pycnia ( fig. 4 ). the aecia consist of clusters of yellowish - orange, rounded structures ( figs. 2b and 5 ) that become cup - shaped after rupturing ( fig. 6 ), releasing spores, and are often found aggregated in circular patterns ( figs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4335920807160348, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.147394"} {"text": "consist of clusters of yellowish - orange, rounded structures ( figs. 2b and 5 ) that become cup - shaped after rupturing ( fig. 6 ), releasing spores, and are often found aggregated in circular patterns ( figs. 2b and 7 ). newly formed aeciospores then re - infect the inland saltgrass, creating new uredia and telia, completing the life cycle ( fig. 1 ). fig. 1. life cycle of the sugar beet seedling rust pathogen ( puccinia subnitens ). fig. 2. circular, light - yellow pycnial lesions on the upper surface of a sugar beet cotyledon ( a ) ; yellowish - orange aecial pustules arranged in rings on the lower cotyledon surface ( b ). fig. 3. thin section of seedling rust - infected sugar beet leaf containing pycnia embedded in the epidermal surface. close - up of one pycnium exhibiting receptive hyphae and spermatia ( insets ). fig. 4. thin section of infected sugar beet leaf showing flask - shaped pycnia on the top leaf surface, and aecial cups and developing aeciospores on the bottom leaf surface. fig. 5. thin section of an aecial lesion from an infected sugar beet leaf demonstrating the immature aecia prior to spore release. fig. 6. thin section of an aecial lesion from an infected sugar beet leaf showing the formation of the cup - shaped aecia after rupturing with mature empty aecia after spore release ( inset ). fig. 7. young aecia arranged in circular patterns on the underside of a common lambsquarters leaf. the first published description of puccinia subnitens has been attributed to paul dietel in 1895 ( 6 ). afterwards, this pathogen was commonly recognized on various distichlis species from coast to coast across north america, and was particularly prevalent throughout the western united states. a close association between p. subnitens infections on saltgrass and aecial rust infections on common lambsquarters ( chenopodium album ) ( fig. 8 ) very similar to that on sugar beet was also widely observed across the great plains and western united states from north dakota and montana to new mexico and arizona to california ( 5 ). fig. 8. distribution on lambsquarters of pycnia ( a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44869096889632765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.148624"} {"text": "on sugar beet was also widely observed across the great plains and western united states from north dakota and montana to new mexico and arizona to california ( 5 ). fig. 8. distribution on lambsquarters of pycnia ( a ) and aecia ( b ) on the upper and lower leaf surfaces, respectively. prior to 1904, c. album was the only known aecial host for this rust ( p. subnitens ). however, in the summer of 1904, the reverend john mallory bates postulated that aecia he observed in nebraska infecting species of cleome ( beeweed ), sophia ( tansymustard ), lepidium ( pepperweed ), erysimum ( wallflower ), and salsola ( russian thistle ) were related to p. subnitens ( 1, 4 ). j. m. bates was an episcopalian clergyman widely known and respected as an amateur naturalist and botanist. although these studies were only a hobby for him, he was still recognized as an authority on plant rust diseases and ornithology. bates communicated his observations to the noted rust pathologist, j. c. arthur and sent him teliospores from distichlis, and infected seedlings of cleome serrulata and c. album covered profusely with the yellowish - orange - colored aecia. as the season progressed, bates also sent arthur freshly collected specimens containing aecia on roripa sinulata ( spreading yellowcress ), sophia incisa, and salsola tragus, all of which he thought belonged to the same rust species. arthur pronounced the aecia from these plants to be identical to p. subnitens and confirmed bates \u2019 deductions later that summer by inoculating these same host plants with teleospores and observing the formation of new aecia ( 1 ). arthur considered it exceptional that p. subnitens was capable of infecting this number and diversity of host plants, a result which became a watershed concept for rust investigations at the time ( 1, 2 ). ellsworth bethel, with the colorado state museum in denver, also found the same fungus distributed throughout colorado from many of the same plant species as that of bates in nebraska. by 1934, the combined works of bethel, arthur, and others further confirmed and expanded the host range of p. subnitens to include a remarkable 84 species in 19 families and 52 genera ( 2, 4, 5 ). red rust on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4492835856413443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.149577"} {"text": ". by 1934, the combined works of bethel, arthur, and others further confirmed and expanded the host range of p. subnitens to include a remarkable 84 species in 19 families and 52 genera ( 2, 4, 5 ). red rust on spinach although it has been readily demonstrated that the aecial form of p. subnitens is often found on many disparate weed species, infection on cultivated, economic host plants is restricted to members of the chenopodiaceae, including beet, mangel, swiss chard, and spinach ( 1, 18, 19 ). on spinach, the disease is called \" red rust \" to differentiate it from the chronic spinach disease \" white rust, \" which is not a rust pathogen at all, but a water mold ( oomycete ) in the genus albugo ( 17 ). symptoms of red rust on spinach include small yellow spots with red centers ( pycnial pustules ) that occur on upper leaf surfaces ( fig. 9 ). aecial clusters can then be found scattered profusely on both upper and lower leaf surfaces ( fig. 10 ), often arranged in rings ( fig. 10, inset ) in a similar manner as that of the previously discussed sugar beets and lambsquarters species. fig. 9. faint pycnial lesions of p. subnitens scattered across the upper surface of spinach leaf ( courtesy of h. f. schwartz ). fig. 10. conspicuous aecial lesions of p. subnitens on both upper and lower surfaces of spinach leaves with a close - up ( inset ) of aecial lesions showing arrangement of pustules on spinach leaf ( both images courtesy of h. f. schwartz ). the first apparent report implicating this pathogen with serious crop damage was from the pacific northwest in 1922 ( 3 ). h. p. barss reported that vegetable growers in the walla walla valley of oregon and washington sustained severe losses to their spinach crops during the spring of 1922. he also mentioned that this condition had never been observed in recent memory by anyone associated with spinach production in this region, making it a new report ( 3 ). because no other rust disease of spinach was known at that time, it was postulated that some indigenous rust pathogen was responsible for the infection. p. subnitens was suspected as the cause ( implying that it was familiar to barss ) and after a brief search for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49086696652409434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.150458"} {"text": "spinach was known at that time, it was postulated that some indigenous rust pathogen was responsible for the infection. p. subnitens was suspected as the cause ( implying that it was familiar to barss ) and after a brief search for the saltgrass, it was found to be one of the three most commonly found grass species growing in the vicinity of spinach production fields in this area. it was not until the 1940s, that this disease was heard from again. it was first identified on spinach from colorado from multiple fields over two sequential seasons ( 1943 - 1944 ) ( 14, 15 ). since that time the disease has appeared sporadically and severe losses in colorado spinach production have been attributed to the same pathogen in 1952 and 1959 with additional reports of outbreaks in 1996 and 1999 ( 17 ). a survey conducted in the summer of 1959 identified the telial stage of the pathogen infecting saltgrass from 14 distinct counties, widely scattered across colorado ( 12 ). thus it was concluded that spores from the saltgrass must have been the sources of infection for spinach during 1943 - 1944 and the epidemics of the 1950s. it was additionally noted that cultivated plants that were hosts for the aecial stage ( spinach and sugar beets ) were not always present in the vicinity of the infected saltgrass to complete the life cycle, but was concluded that wild plants in a variety of families were available and must have served as aecial hosts ( 12 ). the damage to colorado spinach production was induced both in the field and in storage while being transported to market. the first epidemics in 1943 - 1944 reported that infections within some fields were minor while other fields had to be destroyed due to severe leaf spotting on 50 to 90 % of plants, making the plants unmarketable ( 14, 15 ). in the 1950s the disease was shown to progress rapidly on plants over several days while being shipped to market, rendering them unsalable upon arrival at their terminal destination ( 16 ). this clearly illustrated one of the distinct characteristics of the disease on spinach. spinach plants obviously became infected in the field, but decomposed rapidly after infections were undetected by packers prior to shipping. even with our advanced shipping technology today, this disease is still difficult for packers to detect, and poses a problem because disease can develop so rapidly during transit ( 16, 17 ). sugar beet seedling disease the first published report of this disease on sugar beets was also from colorado, by pool and mckay in 1914 ( 13 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4402046383562795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.152340"} {"text": "and poses a problem because disease can develop so rapidly during transit ( 16, 17 ). sugar beet seedling disease the first published report of this disease on sugar beets was also from colorado, by pool and mckay in 1914 ( 13 ). they found the rust occurring frequently during the 1912 - 1913 seasons from multiple fields in the arkansas valley near rocky ford, co. during may and june, the pathogen produced aecial lesions primarily on young sugar beet cotyledons, but also caused some moderate damage on infected swollen crowns. they also noted lambsquarters that were heavily infected with aecial lesions within the same locations. by early july the disease intensity had diminished and was no longer an issue. they further added that the telial form was found abundantly on saltgrass stands near fields during the sugar beet epidemics, followed by new uredia being identified in early june before being converted back to telia in late july on saltgrass ( 13 ). pool and mckay ( 14 ) additionally mentioned that conversations with agronomists ascertained that this disease had been seen only once before in one location, while correspondence with j. c. arthur revealed that arthur had found the pathogen once before on sugar beets in colorado, but apparently had not yet published on it. they finally concluded that the disease was not severe during these two seasons, but that if conditions were conducive, significant damage could be realized to young plants due to the profusion of infected saltgrass stands within close proximity of sugar beet fields ( 13 ). new report from nebraska in mid may 2009, young sugar beet plants were first observed exhibiting signs indicative of sugar beet seedling rust in a field near bayard, ne ( fig. 11 ), after an extended period of unusually cool and wet weather had persisted throughout the western nebraska panhandle in april and early may ( 8 ). temperatures during these two months were found to be 13\u00b0c cooler with rainfall 12 cm higher than the 30 - year average for this area. disease incidence in this beet field approached 25 %, although lesions were restricted primarily to the cotyledons. fig. 11. field - infected, young sugar beet plants with pycnial lesions on cotyledons. this particular field was then monitored 5 to 6 times during the remainder of the entire season to determine whether the infection could also be due to beet rust, a distinct disease caused by the macrocyclic, autoecious pathogen uromyces beta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4670448746601047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.153337"} {"text": "this particular field was then monitored 5 to 6 times during the remainder of the entire season to determine whether the infection could also be due to beet rust, a distinct disease caused by the macrocyclic, autoecious pathogen uromyces betae ( 8 ). since no uredial pustules were ever observed on sugar beet plants, beet rust was effectively ruled out as the causative factor in this field. pycnial lesions were circular, and yellowish, 2 - 5 mm in diameter ( fig. 2a ) embedded with flask - shaped pycnia ( fig. 3 ), with globoid, verrucose aeciospores measuring approximately 17 - 22 \u00b5m \u00d7 15 - 20 \u00b5m, characteristic of p. subnitens ( 7 ). it was also additionally noted that this particular infested sugar beet field was surrounded by stands of inland saltgrass also infected with the telial stage of a rust pathogen ( fig. 12 ), presumed to be p. subnitens, but not confirmed, which provided further evidence hinting at the pathogen \u2019 s identity ( 8 ). fig. 12. upland saltgrass infected with the telial stage of p. subnitens. survey of sugar beet fields 2009 - 2010 based on this initial identification of the pathogen in morrill co., nebraska in mid may 2009, a survey of sugar beet production fields in western nebraska was conducted between late may and mid june to further document the incidence and number of fields infested with seedling rust caused by p. subnitens. after similar environmental conditions were experienced in the late spring of 2010, another similar survey was conducted in may and june 2010 from more than thirty locations throughout western nebraska ( 8, 10 ). in fact, the environment was so conducive for rust development over these two years that a similar phenomenon was observed with sunflower rust and the widespread occurrence of the early spore stages on wild sunflowers and volunteers across the region ( 9 ). over this two - year period, 88 locations from eight western nebraska counties ( scotts bluff, morrill, box butte, banner, kimball, sioux, cheyenne, and sheridan ) were scouted and 47 were identified with plants infected with pycnia and / or aecia of p. subnitens. forty - one of these locations were sugar beet fields, with 36 % ( 15 / 41 ) of the fields additionally containing infected lambsquarters (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46695338598187125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.154300"} {"text": "infected with pycnia and / or aecia of p. subnitens. forty - one of these locations were sugar beet fields, with 36 % ( 15 / 41 ) of the fields additionally containing infected lambsquarters ( 10 ). infected lambsquarters were identified from several other locations throughout the area, including ditchbanks, an uncultivated field, a home garden, and a flower bed in a restaurant parking lot in scottsbluff, ne. for both years, the majority of the pathogen - infested fields ( 85 % ) were located within the north platte valley ( scotts bluff and morrill counties ) ( 10 ). although the pathogen was readily found throughout both years, the incidence within and among sites was lower in 2010 with only 30 % of the monitored locations yielding infected plants compared to 65 % in 2009 ( 8, 10 ). sugar beet seedling rust, caused by puccinia subnitens, is a disease that has rarely been observed in sugar beet production. in fact, to my knowledge the two reports from nebraska in 2010 - 2011 ( 8, 10 ) were the first published records of the natural occurrence in the field of this disease on sugar beets since the original communication in 1914 by pool and mckay ( 13 ). the initial report of this disease indicated that infection was restricted to cotyledons ( fig. 13 ) with symptoms being found occasionally on the first true leaves ( fig. 14 ), hence the name seedling disease ( 7, 13 ). this two year survey from nebraska further documented the manifestation of multiple infections from many of the surveyed sites, with 20 % of fields ( 18 of 88 ) from both years yielding plants with pycnial lesions on newly emerged leaves in mid to late june ( 10 ). these observations indicate the release of multiple flushes of basidiospores of the pathogen after may from the alternate host, followed by new infections on sugar beets long past the cotyledon or first true leaf stage ( up to the 5 - 6 true leaf stage ) ( fig. 15 ). fig. 13. field - infected, young sugar beet plant exhibiting both pycnial and aecial lesions, but restricted to the cotyledons. fig. 14. pycnial lesion on one of the first true leaves of an infected sugar beet plant. fig. 15. sugar beet plant in the 5 - 6 leaf growth stage exhibiting a py", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47132648007464983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.155265"} {"text": "., and dickens, l. e. 1960. the occurrence of spinach rust in colorado. plant dis. reptr. 44 : 828 - 829. 13. pool, v. w., and mckay, m. b. 1914. puccinia subnitens on the sugar beet. phytopathology 4 : 204 - 206. 14. ramsey, g. b. 1943. spinach rust in colorado. plant dis. reptr. 27 : 255. 15. ramsey, g. b., and smith, m. a. 1944. orange rust, a market factor in colorado spinach. plant dis. reptr. 28 : 911 - 912. 16. ramsey, g. b., smith, m. a., and wright, w. r. 1952. orange rust, a serious market disease of colorado spinach in 1952. plant dis. reptr. 36 : 323 - 324. 17. skoglund, l. g., and brown, w. m. red rust of spinach! pest alert, vol. 16, no. 8. coop. ext., colorado state univ., ft. collins, co. 18. sherf, a. f., and macnab, a. a. 1986. vegetable diseases and their control, 2nd edn. john wiley and sons, new york, ny. 19. walker, j. c. 1952. diseases of vegetable crops. mcgraw - hill, new york, ny.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4373779583386164, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.157839"} {"text": "after months of debate, the united states congress has passed a bill that will allocate $ 51 billion to hurricane sandy relief helping the thousands who lost their homes and businesses to the devastating storm last october. new york governor andrew cuomo announced that $ 400 million of the aid will be used to fund new york \u2019 s buyout program, an initiative to help address the damaged homes and coastline. the program is two - fold ; in part it will help reimburse the property damage caused by the storm, but the initiative has a larger goal, which is to address the nature of coastal flooding and create a barrier that would mitigate the damage created to the coast by storm surges in the future. since the storm, there have been many suggestions as to how to prepare for the type of damage brought on by hurricane sandy of 2012 and hurricane irene of 2011. these suggestions range from flood gates to barrier reefs. cuomo \u2019 s buyout program, as reported by the architect \u2019 s newspaper blog, hopes to encourage residents along vulnerable flood zones to sell their land to the city for the development of a natural coast that would absorb the impact of strong winds and storm surges. more after the break \u2026 there is a lot to be learned from natural disasters like hurricane sandy. nature has a way of reclaiming the land that we have populated and developed. these storms are a reminder that despite how often or with how much gusto we try to alter our environment, we are always vulnerable to nature \u2019 s power. that is why among the numerous suggestions that have surfaced since the storm that ravaged america \u2019 s coast, the most prominent is that which calls for creating a natural coast. an estimated 300, 000 new york homes were destroyed either by flooding, winds or rampant fires during the storm. many of these homes belonged to middle - class families that settled along the coast of the far rockaways, long island and staten island for generations. the development plan for the property is to convert it into natural coastal barriers, buffers, dunes, wetlands and public parkland, making it more resistant to flooding and barring homes from being rebuilt on the purchased land. the state is not claiming eminent domain, but an effort to an encourage residents to apply for the buyout program is important. the buyout program that cuomo has developed offers residents of these regions compensation for the pre - storm value of their properties to relocate to other, less vulnerable regions. the program is voluntary and is expected to appeal to only 10 - 15 % of the population. there are initiatives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3868974277010912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.160910"} {"text": "overview of content related to ' further education ' this page provides an overview of 1 article related to ' further education '. note that filters may be applied to display a sub - set of articles in this category ( see faqs on filtering for usage tips ). select this link to remove all filters. further education ( often abbreviated \" fe \", called continuing education in u. s. english ) is a term mainly used in connection with education in the united kingdom and the republic of ireland. it is post - compulsory education ( in addition to that received at secondary school ), that is distinct from the education offered in universities ( higher education ). it may be at any level above compulsory education, from basic training to higher national diploma or foundation degree. a distinction is usually made between fe and higher education ( \" he \" ) which is education at a higher level than secondary school, usually provided in distinct institutions such as universities. fe in the united kingdom therefore includes education for people over 16, usually excluding universities. it is primarily taught in fe colleges ( which are similar in concept to united states community colleges, and sometimes use \" community college \" in their title ), work - based learning, and adult and community learning institutions. ( excerpt from wikipedia article : further education ) see our ' further education ' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. for visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our ' further education ' usage charts. ariadne contributors most frequently referring to ' further education ' :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503415484300304, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.163876"} {"text": "invertebrates in your backyard uses these techniques to discover what invertebrates call your backyard home. there are many techniques to survey the invertebrates in your backyard. use a combination to determine the diversity of invertebrates in your local area. - pitfall traps sampling involves placing a small container buried to ground level so that it can collect anything that falls into it. this is a commonly used technique that catches large amount of material for very little effort. common species found with this method include ants, spiders and beetles. this test is also very easy to standardise. - leaf litter sorting involves collecting leaf litter then sifting through the material to find the invertebrates. protective clothing should be worn, sample sizes should be the same and equal lengths of time should be spent sifting the leaf litter samples. - beat sampling is probably the most widely used technique for collecting invertebrates from vegetation. this is a good technique for collecting beetles, ants, bugs and spiders. use a sturdy stick is used to beat the vegetation, stunning the invertebrates. they can be collected in a light colour shallow bag or off a drop sheet. - dip netting is the simplest and most effective technique for collecting aquatic invertebrates. nets can be used to collect from shallow and reedy areas. organisms are put in a bucket or container along with water from the creek or pond to be identified. karen player, manager museum outreach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47187192622689933, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.168940"} {"text": "phoenix - - people exposed to high levels of germ - and weed - killing chemicals may be more likely to develop food allergies. the chemicals are called dichlorophenols and they are created by the breakdown of common pesticides and chlorinated chemicals used to purify drinking water. they also turn up in moth balls, air fresheners, deodorizers and herbicides sprayed on crops. people can be sensitive to foods without having any problems when they eat. the highest levels of these chemicals in the blood were twice as likely to show sensitivity to at least one food. people who were sensitized to foods had the highest levels of dichlorophenols, according to the study in the annals of allergy, asthma & immunology. an idea called the hygiene hypothesis suggests that the cleaner our environment, the sicker we become because our immune systems have robbed us the opportunity to fight off invaders. food allergies or food intolerances affect nearly everyone at some time. people often have an unpleasant reaction to something they ate and wonder if they have a food allergy, however only about 5 percent of children have clinically allergic reactions to foods. the difference between the clinically proven prevalence of food allergy is in part due to reactions called \u201c food intolerances \u201d rather than food allergies. hypersensitivity is an abnormal response to a food that is triggered by the immune system. being allergic to milk is different from not being able to digest it properly due to lactose intolerance. it \u2019 s important for people who have true food allergies to identify them and prevent allergic reactions to food. if you come from a family in which allergies are common - - not necessarily food allergies, but perhaps hay fever, asthma or hives - - you may develop a food allergy. someone with two allergic parents is more likely to develop food allergies. food allergies may cause itching in the mouth, trouble breathing or trouble swallowing or abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea. in adults, the most common food allergies include peanuts ; tree nuts, such as walnuts ; shellfish, such as shrimp, crayfish, lobster and crab ; milk and eggs. in children, the food allergy pattern is different. the most common food allergens in children are eggs, milk and peanuts. adults usually do not lose their allergies, but outgrow them. children are more likely to outgrow", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49650589033643316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.179213"} {"text": "children, the food allergy pattern is different. the most common food allergens in children are eggs, milk and peanuts. adults usually do not lose their allergies, but outgrow them. children are more likely to outgrow allergies to milk and eggs. another interesting cross - reactivity occurs in people who are highly sensitive to ragweed, who sometimes find that when they try to eat cantaloupe, they have itching in their mouth. a differential diagnosis means distinguishing a food allergy from food intolerance. food intolerance is often confused with a food allergy and is known as lactose intolerance. adverse reactions to certain products that are added to enhance taste, provide color or protect against microorganisms can also cause food intolerance. sulfites may be added to foods and cause asthmatics into a severe bronchospasm, a constriction of the lungs. the fda has banned sulfites as spray - on - preservatives in fresh fruit and vegetables. gluten intolerance is associated with a disease called celiac and is caused by an abnormal immune response to gluten, which is a component of wheat. sometimes, a food allergy diagnosis cannot be made solely on the basis of history, which includes is the reaction always associated with a certain food. did anyone else get sick? how was the food prepared? some doctors recommend an elimination diet. skin tests are rapid, simple and relatively safe, however experts do not recommend making a food allergy diagnosis based on a skin test alone. a patient can have a positive skin test to a food without experiencing allergic reactions to that food. the main treatment for food allergies is dietary avoidance, by identifying the food to which you \u2019 re sensitive. patients with severe food allergies must be prepared to treat an allergic reaction by having an epipen available at all times. dr. art mollen ' s practice is located at 16100 n. 71st st. in scottsdale. for more information, call 480 - 656 - 0016 or log on to www. drartmollen. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43974641924563945, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.180861"} {"text": "- about us - our events indigenous people have a shorter life expectancy - around 18 to 19 years less than non - indigenous people. the average life span is 57 years for an aboriginal male and 62 years for an aboriginal female. the most common causes of death include : - circulatory diseases - including heart disease and stroke. the number of deaths caused by conditions such as coronary heart disease is double that of the non - indigenous population. - diabetes - and other diseases of the endocrine system. the rate of diabetes is six times higher among indigenous people. it is estimated that diabetes affects between 10 to 30 per cent of the aboriginal population. - injuries - sustained in accidents such as car crashes. an indigenous person is three times more likely to die in an accident than a non - indigenous person. the aboriginal population also has high rates of suicide and homicide. - respiratory system diseases - deaths from chronic disease are three to five times more common. around half of the diseases are caused by infections. respiratory infections are 10 times more common in the indigenous population. - cancer - particularly lung, cervical and liver cancer. according to the south australian cancer registry, the death rate among the indigenous population is higher because the cancers are typically diagnosed at a later stage. babana has a key aim of improving the health of our community and we have worked with key organisations to provide programs that can assist. we would like to thank the redfern police and the aboriginal health promotion unit for their ongoing support of our health program. we run a weekly health walking program which is attended by both aboriginal and non aboriginal members of our community. we meet each sunday ( weather permitting ) at the babana shed and proceed for a walk followed by breakfast.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4421609624851217, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.184020"} {"text": "i ' m pregnant with my second child and just recently had an ultrasound. they found a spot on the baby ' s heart. i decided to have amniocentesis done to detect down syndrome. my aunt has a baby with down syndrome, and i ' m wondering \u2014 what are my odds of having a baby with down syndrome because it is in the family? i ' m 30 years old. the spot you describe that was recognized by ultrasound in the fetal heart is called a hyperechogenic focus. our knowledge today indicates about a 1 percent risk for this feature to be associated with a chromosome disorder such as down syndrome. the amniocentesis and subsequent chromosome studies on the cultivated amniotic fluid cells will accurately determine whether or not the fetus is affected. there are three chromosome types of down syndrome, the most common being due to an extra chromosome 21 ( called trisomy 21 ). this type accounts for some 94 percent of all those born with down syndrome. about 3 to 4 percent are born with a chromosome rearrangement involving chromosome 21 ( called translocation down syndrome ), while 3 to 4 percent of babies born with down syndrome have a mixture of normal cells and those with trisomy 21 ( called down syndrome mosaicism ). you need to find out precisely which type of down syndrome your aunt ' s baby has. this would be especially important for translocation down syndrome, since that is the type that is transmitted through the family. that could be very important for you in this and any other future pregnancy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49535909948171, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.192240"} {"text": "use every viewpoint and topographic oddity ( cliff, ravine, stream, avalanche chute, treeless patch ) to plot your position. study local vegetation patterns to find the path of least resistance. if avalanche paths or north - facing slopes are usually brush - choked, avoid them. oftenbut not alwaysyou ' ll find less brush under big trees and along streambeds, and thinner shrubbery at higher altitudes. when the brush gets really thick, don ' t just plow ahead. check your topo for alternative routeslike going up and aroundthat can save time and frustration even if the distance is longer. take precautions to keep you on course : note landmarks and take bearings on high, distant objects ; if the brush level permits, scan ahead with binoculars for ravines and other terrain traps. before you enter wear eye protection and durable clothing ( gloves, long sleeves, and long pants ) to ward off thorns, snagging branches, and poison ivy. don ' t wear your good raingearyou don ' t want to get holes, and leaks, in it. streamline your load. remove or tighten everything on your pack that can snag. to increase stability, lower your pack ' s center of gravity by packing heavy objects in the bottom. carry whistles or two - way radios to maintain contact, plus signal mirrors, emergency strobes, or flares on extended bushwhacks. in the thick of it be patient, because your top speed will rarely exceed one - quarter to one - half of your normal uphill pace. you ' ll only waste energy or get hurt trying to go faster. look for game trails, which often offer easier walking and sometimes take you to a critical junction, like a pass, a route through cliffs, or a stream crossing. if you ' re in bear country, make lots of noise, stop often to look and listen, and change course if you spot fresh bruin sign. look for a creekbed : it might be the clearest path ( see \" up the creek \" in sidebar at right ). beware of terrain traps. don ' t let easier going ( to escape the brush ) lead you into ravines or down the wrong sides of hills. stick to ridgelines when possible. be flexible about how you attack obstacles. sometimes contouring around a ravine is better than sliding downhill and scrambling back up the other side. it all depends on the density of the brush, steepness, the firmness of the terrain, and your scrambling abilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4481312444236929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.203984"} {"text": "each week a nutritionist from the university of maryland medical center provides a guest post. this week, rachel ernzen weighs in on fruit. antioxidants naturally found in fruits are gaining popularity as \" power foods \" and can be found added to a variety of products, such as single - serving beverages, over - the - counter supplements and meal - replacement bars. the safest form, however, comes from eating the fruit itself. color me healthy \u2022 orange fruits like cantaloupes or apricots are good sources of beta carotene, an important phytochemical for immune function, vision, skin and bone health. \u2022 green fruits like green apples, honeydew melon and kiwi contain lutein, valued for its role in promoting eye health. \u2022 \" white \" fruits like bananas have allicin. allicin may help lower cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as reduce risk for heart disease. \u2022 red fruits like cherries, red grapes or raspberries contain anti - inflammatory compounds called anthocyanins. these have been shown to help relieve pain, including muscle and joint soreness from exercise, gout and arthritis. \u2022 feeling blue? fruits like blueberries are rea \" brain food. \" eating as little as one or two servings per week of berries has been shown to slow memory decline. according to an analysis of data from the nurses ' health study. figuring intake goals only one in five americans is reaching fruit intake goals outlined by the 2010 dietary guidelines for americans. for men and women 19 or older, the recommended intake is 11 / 2 to 2 cups of fruit daily. you can meet this daily goal by topping your morning breakfast cereal with a half cup of fresh berries ( or quarter cup dried ) and choosing a banana as your afternoon snack. children benefit from eating fruit too. girls and boys ages 9 - 18 have fruit intake goals similar to adults. children 8 and younger have smaller fruit intake goals. learn more at http : / / www. myplate. gov. looking for ideas to encourage fruit acceptance? consider any of the following : \u2022 try fruit kebabs at meal or snack time. banana bites, grapes or berries make for fun finger foods. \u2022 decorate plates or serving dishes with orange, apple or peach slices. \u2022 involve children in shopping, choosing or preparing fruits. \u2022 for more ideas explore fruitsandveggiesmorematters. org keep food costs down by buying fresh fruits in season when they are less expensive and at peak flavor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43326398258575527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.207316"} {"text": "brightly bed and breakfast table of contents the patent to the land on which brightly stands was issued in 1715. brightly is a charming greek revival home built in 1842 by dr. george harris. it faces rt. 6 which is said to have been used by the iroquois indians on their way to the river. it is thought to be the third structure occupying the site, the first two having burned. many bricks and beams were salvaged and used in the present house. it is distinguished by high ceilings, a full english basement, 12 \" thick, brick walls, and molding copied from the egyptian building at the medical college of virginia. it is surrounded by eight dependencies. dependencies include the tobacco curing barn, grainery, pump house and windmill, a 4 - hole privy, two - story pegged barn and a pair of slave houses connected by a common chimney serving 4 fireplaces - one for each room. the cook ' s house has been renovated for guest accommodations. in march 1727, the general assembly of virginia ordered the division of the henrico shire. sir william gooch, for whom the county is named, arrived from england shortly thereafter and was named royal lt. governor. goochland originally covered a vast amount of land on both sides of the james river extending beyond the blue ridge mountains. at the time of its founding, goochland was a frontier area and offered a site for large plantations and estates. tuckahoe plantation, the boyhood home of thomas jefferson, is the oldest recorded river plantation in the county. coal was mined in the eastern section of the county and gold in the west. tobacco and wheat were the major crops. by 1840, the kanawha canal, an idea conceived by george washington, paralleled the james river through goochland and made the james navigable to the ocean. only relics of the canal exist today, but historic homes of the era, such as brightly, remain. built in 1842, brightly is a charming greek revival home surrounded by nine dependencies in the style of a working farm of this era. in the heart of goochland county, we are convenient to your friends, relatives, and activities. brightly is surrounded by beautiful gardens and fields. for early risers a walk on the farm is a wonderful way to start the day. you can stop and sit by one of the two ponds. you might catch sight of a great blue heron, deer grazing by the water ' s edge, or our resident flock of wild turkeys. we are located between richmond and charlottesville", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43997942264667067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.211556"} {"text": "day. you can stop and sit by one of the two ponds. you might catch sight of a great blue heron, deer grazing by the water ' s edge, or our resident flock of wild turkeys. we are located between richmond and charlottesville, just off interstate 64, making day trips to historic sites and museums in both areas an easy addition to your itinerary. visit the city but stay in the country! from the west : take 64e to exit 159 ( gum spring ). at the top of the ramp, turn right onto rt. 522 s. go about 7 miles on 522 to the light at the junction of rt. 6. turn left and go through the village of goochland. look for our white brick entrance pillars on the left 0. 1 mile past the ford dealer. from the north and east : take 64w to exit 167 ( goochland / oilville ). at the top of the ramp, turn left onto rt. 617. go 0. 5 mile to the light. turn right onto rt. 250 w. go 0. 6 mile and turn left on rt. 632 toward goochland. go about 5 miles until the road ends at the junction of rt. 522. turn left and go 0. 2 mile to the light at the junction of rt. 6. turn left and go through the village of goochland. look for our white brick entrance pillars on the left 0. 1 mile past the ford dealer. from the south : take 95n to exit 62 ( rt. 288n ). continue on rt. 288n for about 25 miles. get off at the goochland ( rt. 6w ) exit. follow rt. 6w for 14 miles. you will come to a traffic light. look for our white brick pillars on the right 0. 5 miles past this light.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3799650796611097, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.212332"} {"text": "upper gastrointestinal series ( upper gi series ; barium swallow ; barium meal ) en espanol ( spanish version ) this is a series of x - rays of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum during and after drinking a barium solution. the duodenum is the first part of the small intestine. together, the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum are called the upper gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract or upper digestive system. upper digestive system \u00a9 2008 nucleus medical art, inc. reasons for procedure an upper gi series may be ordered if you have : - weight loss - abdominal pain - difficulty swallowing - rectal bleeding - bloody stools or black, tarry stools - bloody vomit or \" coffee - ground \" vomit an upper gi series can help detect : - abnormal growth or tumor - diverticula \u2014 an abnormal pouch or sac opening from a hollow organ, such as the intestine - gastroesophageal reflux disease ( gerd ) - hiatal hernia - crohn ' s disease - pulmonary aspiration \u2014 inhalation of fluid, food, or other foreign matter into the lungs - inflammation of the stomach or small intestine risk factors for complications during the procedure - food in the stomach - barium in the colon - perforated or obstructed bowel due to the risks of radiation exposure, you should not have an upper gi series if you are pregnant. what to expect prior to procedure - review your medications with your doctor. there are some that you may need to stop taking before this procedure. - do not eat, drink, or smoke for at least eight hours before the procedure. - you may be given a medication called glucagon. this will slow down the activity of the stomach and small intestine. - you may be asked to swallow baking soda crystals. these crystals will bubble and make gas in your stomach, allowing for more detailed x - rays. - if you are going to have a small bowel follow - through, you might take a laxative medication the day before your exam. this will clean out your small intestine. description of the procedure you will remove all jewelry and wear a hospital gown. you will drink barium. barium is a thick, white, chalky, milkshake - like liquid. it coats the inside lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. as you drink the barium", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5086700213673785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.217195"} {"text": ". you will drink barium. barium is a thick, white, chalky, milkshake - like liquid. it coats the inside lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. as you drink the barium, the radiologist takes x - rays of the upper gi area, using a machine called a fluoroscope. your doctor may want to look at your esophagus. so you may have pictures taken as you actually swallow the liquid or small bits of food that are covered with barium. you will change positions frequently to coat the entire surface of the gi tract with barium. if your doctor wants to look at more of your small intestine, a small bowel follow - through may be done. for this exam, x - ray pictures are taken every 15 - 30 minutes while the barium travels through the intestine. you may eat and drink as usual. how long will it take? an upper gi series can take between 30 minutes and two hours. a small bowel follow - through can take 1 - 4 hours. will it hurt? average hospital stay drink lots of fluids to remove the barium from your system. a normal upper gi series will show an unobstructed, functioning, healthy digestive tract. examples of abnormalities that may show up on an upper gi series include : - ulcers of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine - irregularities in the swallowing mechanism american gastroenterological association national digestive diseases information clearinghouse, national institutes of health canadian association of gastroenterology ( cag ) radiology for patients upper gi series. national digestive diseases clearinghouse, national institutes of health website. available at : http : / / digestive. niddk. nih. gov / ddiseases / pubs / uppergi /. published november 2004. accessed july 19, 2008 last reviewed november 2007 by daus mahnke, md please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 2011 ebsco publishing all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4788235316886411, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.219979"} {"text": "dr. dimitrios mastrogiannis, director of the division of maternal - fetal medicine and an associate professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at temple university school of medicine in philadelphia, said, \" obesity is a different ballgame. different hormones are playing around in obesity - - fatty tissue produces more female hormones, more estrogens. other hormones are transformed into female hormones in the adipose tissue. \" the research does not suggest packing on pounds to get pregnant, or backing off physical activity completely, he said. \" exercise is a good thing. it ' s linked to less cardiovascular disease, less cancers, less diabetes, \" said mastrogiannis, noting that physical activity is also linked to better pregnancies, easier labors, less pain and fewer induced births. the bottom line of the study is that normal, non - obese women who want to become pregnant should stick to moderate aerobic exercise, mastrogiannis said. \" we recommend our patients get moderate aerobic exercise, akin to 30 minutes a day is usually what we say. walking is very important, \" he said. \" if they engage in very vigorous exercise - - running, fast cycling, gymnastics or swimming - - more than five hours a week, it makes them less fertile, \" mastrogiannis said. for more on pre - conception health, visit the american pregnancy association. sources : lauren wise, sc. d., associate professor, epidemiology, slone epidemiology center, boston university school of public health ; dimitrios mastrogiannis, m. d., ph. d., director, division of maternal - fetal medicine, and associate professor, obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences, temple university school of medicine, philadelphia ; march 15, 2012, ' / > \" / > all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4312703181687011, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.222414"} {"text": "best known for lewis howard latimer was an inventor and draftsman best known for his contributions to the patenting of the light bulb and the telephone. think you know about biography? answer questions and see how you rank against other players. play now lewis howard latimer was born in chelsea, massachusetts, on september 4, 1848, to parents who had fled slavery. latimer learned the art of mechanical drawing while working at a patent firm. over the course of his career as a draftsman, latimer worked closely with thomas edison and alexander graham bell, in addition to designing his own inventions. he died in flushing, queens, new york, on december 11, inventor and engineer lewis howard latimer was born in chelsea, massachusetts, on september 4, 1848. latimer was the youngest of four children born to george and rebecca latimer, who had escaped from slavery in virginia six years before his birth. captured in boston and brought to trial as a fugitive, george latimer was defended by abolitionists frederick douglass and william lloyd garrison. he was eventually able to purchase his freedom, with the help of a local minister, and began raising a family with rebecca in nearby chelsea. george disappeared shortly after the dred scott decision in 1857, possibly fearing a return to slavery and the south. after his father ' s departure, lewis latimer worked to help support his mother and family. in 1864, at the age of 16, latimer lied about his age in order to enlist in the united states navy during the civil war. returning to boston after an honorable discharge, he accepted a menial position at the crosby and gould patent law office. he taught himself mechanical drawing and drafting by observing the work of draftsmen at the firm. recognizing latimer ' s talent and promise, the firm partners promoted him from office boy to draftsman. in addition to assisting others, latimer designed a number of his own inventions, including an improved railroad car bathroom and an early air conditioning unit. latimer ' s talents were well - matched to the post - civil war period, which saw a large number of scientific and engineering breakthroughs. latimer was directly involved with one of these inventions : the telephone. working with alexander graham bell, latimer helped draft the patent for bell ' s design of the telephone. he was also involved in the field of incandescet lighting, a particularly competitive field, working for hiram maxim and thomas edison. latimer ' s deep knowledge of both", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.485237395827442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.228290"} {"text": "##r helped draft the patent for bell ' s design of the telephone. he was also involved in the field of incandescet lighting, a particularly competitive field, working for hiram maxim and thomas edison. latimer ' s deep knowledge of both patents and electrical engineering made latimer an indispensible partner to edison as he promoted and defended his light bulb design. in 1890, latimer published a book entitled incandescent electric lighting : a practical description of the edison system. he continued to work as a patent consultant until 1922. latimer married mary wilson in 1873, and they had two daughters together. the latimers were active members of the unitarian church and lewis latimer was consistently involved in civil war veterans groups, including the grand army of the republic. in addition to his drafting skills, latimer enjoyed other creative pastimes, including playing the flute and writing poetry and plays. in his spare time, he taught mechanical drawing and english to recent immigrants at the henry street settlement in new york. profile name : lewis howard latimer profile occupation : sign in with facebook to see how you and your friends are connected to famous icons. your friends ' connections included in these groups they are among history ' s most revered black inventors, known for their relentless inquisition, passionate research, impeccable design and, most importantly, their desire to push the envelope. some of the world ' s greatest technological and social advancements, including the modern - day gas mask, light bulb and traffic light, owe their origins to black inventors. did you know that george washington carver developed more than 100 products using peanuts? or that madam c. j. walker was the first american woman to become a self - made millionaire? learn more about these inventors, as well as lonnie g. johnson, garrett morgan, patricia bath, percy julian and more, at biography. com. famous black inventors 16 people in this group famous virgoans 564 people in this group famous inventors 103 people in this group", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47768723441726624, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.230704"} {"text": "oregon state university, news and communication services for the birds ' sake, home gardeners need to take it easy with the pruning shears and mowers in the spring and early summer. yards provide major nesting habitats for many nesting birds in the late winter through early summer, according to dan edge and john loegering, wildlife biologists with the oregon state university extension service. resident birds, such as owls start nesting in the late winter. \" birds of prey begin nesting in winter and their young typically do not fledge, or leave the nest until mid - to late summer, \" said edge. migratory birds, including hummingbirds, start to come back from their winter holidays in february and usually begin nesting efforts in the early spring. \" depending on the food supply, most songbirds will attempt to nest two, three or even more times during the nesting season, \" said edge. \" birds can be nesting until mid - to late summer. \" to avoid destroying bird nests and nesting habitat, edge recommends that home gardeners consider the following : - wait until mid - to late summer or early fall to have trees limbed or trimmed, as dead or thick branches provide great nesting habitat. - hold off major pruning of shrubs until nesting season is over. - leave tall grass in less traveled areas for ground nesting birds. or before you mow, carefully check for well - hidden bird nests. \" nests are very well camouflaged, \" said loegering. \" the best way to tell if there are any nests is to watch for birds that flush out of the tall grass or out of a shrub. then check the place where the bird flew from - - there may be a nest. \" by carol savonen, 541 - 737 - 3380 sources : dan edge and john loegering, 541 - 737 - 1953 ornithology website home pagelast updated : may 13, 1998 : firstname. lastname @ example. org", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39618296622836674, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.240637"} {"text": "betty williamsarticle free pass betty williams, byname of elizabeth williams ( born may 22, 1943, belfast, n. ire. ), northern irish peace activist who, with mairead maguire and ciaran mckeown, founded the peace people, a grassroots movement dedicated to ending the sectarian strife in northern ireland. for her work, williams shared with maguire the 1976 nobel prize for peace. williams, an office worker and wife and mother, took little part in public life until august 1976, when she witnessed an incident that moved her to speak out. an irish republican army terrorist was shot by british troops while fleeing in a car, and the car went out of control and struck several people, killing three children. williams immediately began circulating petitions in protestant neighbourhoods calling for an end to sectarian violence. this activity soon brought her into association with maguire ( then mairead corrigan ), an aunt of the slain children, who had been similarly galvanized into action. together they founded the peace people to advocate for an end to the northern ireland conflict. williams left the peace people organization in the early 1980s. soon afterward she immigrated to the united states, where she resided for two decades before moving to the republic of ireland. williams founded the world centers of compassion for children international in 1997. in 2006 she joined maguire and fellow nobel peace prize winners shirin ebadi, jody williams, wangari maathai, and rigoberta menchu to found the nobel women \u2019 s initiative. what made you want to look up \" betty williams \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4099832673282762, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.272869"} {"text": "this is a \" self delivery \" pack which has been designed specifically for national science and engineering week 2013. the science behind fingeprints is well known! what is not so well known is the link between fingerprints and footprints. right angle events have launched a new education pack called \u2018 toes for turf \u2019 comprising at least 4 hours of fun teaching material linked to key stage 1 - 4 mathematics. we have designed a fantastic scheme especially for national science & engineering week called \" toes for turf \". the science behind fingerprints is well known. what is not so well known is the science behind footprints or \" feet prints \". this activity enables students to take, classify and \" lift \" both fingerprints and foot prints. as the research on footprints is meagre, this scheme will allow students to make some discoveries about the correlation or otherwise between fingerprints and feet prints. barbara hepworth : the hospital drawings, taking place at pallant house gallery, chichester, ( 16 february - 2 june 2013 ) reveals the remarkable series of drawings and paintings made by barbara hepworth during the late 1940s, illustrating surgeons at work in operating theatres within post - war britain. featuring over 30 works, including hepworth \u2019 s sketchbook, the exhibition is the most significant presentation of this extraordinary series to date, comprising key loans from national, public and private collections. as part of an ongoing project \" celebration of the bridges \" celebrating the towns bridges as part of uk city of culture 2013 primary 6 classes will particiapte in a sentinus project whereby they do a number of different construction projects and then design their own bridge. hot water is a national short film competition, launching on world water day march 22nd at the wildfowl and wetland trust in barnes. brought to you by cool it schools. com the creative environmental programme, in partnership with wateraid, waterwise and wildscreen film festival. open to young people and students age 5 - 25 years. hot water celebrates the un international year of water cooperation. films can explore any aspect of water and there is a useful resource pack available on the cool it schools website. we \u2019 re throwing open our doors from 3 - 14 june 2013 and inviting you to join us in our festival of learning. this summer, you can : - debate how much intervention women should be able to choose during childbirth - explore how a placement student could add value to your business - see if you are a super - recogniser - learn more about mastering social media - debate the role of renewable energy sources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5558228239139048, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.279221"} {"text": "a gps receiver, for our purposes, is a small hand - held electronic device that receives multiple satellite signals to determine its position pratically anywhere on the globe. further detail the accuracy of gps receivers varies depending on a number of factors, including time of day, weather, obstructions ( trees, buildings, etc. ), satellite geometry, waas signals, and more. many geocachers allow their gpsr to get them close to a target, and then use the force to guide them the rest of the way. units prices can range from a under $ 100 to more than $ 500. selecting a gps for geocaching the bare essentials for a gps unit ( gpsr ) used to hunt a geocache are : ( 1 ) the ability to input and display user coordinates to three decimal places for the minutes, and ( 2 ) the use of wgs - 84 ( nad - 83 ) datum. while some have successfully hunted caches with units that don ' t meet these minimums, they do have some difficulties. all consumer grade units sold in the last few years will meet these minimums. can ' t live without be careful of the most inexpensive units because they do not include a data cable that hooks up to your computer. you will want a data cable to reduce time entering coordinates and errors inputing them manually. many a new cacher, and even experienced, has been frustrated when inadvertantly entering the wrong coordinates. another nice feature is mapping screen. the map will give you an overhead map that helps you get your bearings. most modern units will have some sort of mapping screen. this is not to be confused with a mapping unit which will have detailed real - world maps includes roads, rivers, and more. another nice feature is a bearing pointer ( arrow navigation ) screen. this screen indicates the direction and distance to your destination coordinates. usually, \" up \" can be configured either to north or to the direction you are currently travelling. gpsr devices designed for car travel may not have this feature. most mid to higher end gps units allow you to add real - world maps of different flavors to your units. the types of maps can be detailed roads and streets, topo maps with detailed topographical features, or both. the area your unit can hold is determined by the amount of data that will fit in the unit ' s memory. some units have removable memory so you can use large data sets or swap smaller ones out for others. autorouting units will give you turn - by -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46081935370702687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.282644"} {"text": "many american adults lack literacy skillsaccording to the 1992 national adult literacy survey, some 90 million american adults - - about 47 percent of the u. s. population - - demonstrate low levels of literacy. these individuals lack the literacy skills to function adequately in our increasingly complex society. individuals with low or limited literacy may experience difficulty applying reading, writing, computational, and information processing skills to everyday life situations. while people with literacy problems may be found among all ethnicities, races, and classes, a significant correlation does exist between literacy, and both education and income levels. federal agencies often rely on print materials to tell people about health information and social services. many of these materials are written at the 10th grade reading level and above. these materials are not useful to people with limited - literacy skills. a workgroup composed of government communicators from diverse department of health and human services ' agencies met to address the disparity between the reading level of available print materials and the reading ability of many americans. this set of guidelines, which was developed to assist writers in communicating effectively to low - literate audiences, is the result of their efforts. about clear and simplethis guide outlines a process for developing publications for people with limited - literacy skills. the process was derived from communications, health education, and literacy research and practice. in addition, writers who have produced low - literacy materials contributed their expertise. thus, the guide features both proven principles and a discussion of the real life issues that individuals developing low - literacy materials face, such as the constraints of time, budget, organizational pressures, and the government publications process. a review of existing examples and discussions with experienced writers makes it clear that the low - literacy field is an evolving discipline. many definitions of \" low - literacy \" exist, and some products receive this designation incorrectly, simply because they test at a lower reading level. even when the communicator pays careful attention to appropriate educational principles, the product may not exemplify perfectly these principles to all readers and reviewers. deciding whether a passage or an illustration follows low - literacy guidelines and communicates effectively is a subjective judgment. this fact underscores the importance of testing all materials with the intended audience, whose understanding and acceptance is critical. one writer summed up the challenge this way : \" everyone recognizes that we need to make print products more accessible to low - literate audiences. but developing low - literacy products is a major change from ' business as usual. ' in some respects, it ' s like learning how to write,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4980244929692731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.289909"} {"text": "- mistletoe is a semiparasitic plant that grows on several types of common trees such as apple, oak, pine, and elm. mistletoe extract has been used since ancient times to treat many ailments ( see question 1 ). - mistletoe is one of the most widely studied complementary and alternative medicine therapies in people with cancer. in certain european countries, preparations made from european mistletoe are among the most prescribed drugs for patients with cancer ( see question 1 ). - mistletoe extract has been shown to kill cancer cells in the laboratory and to affect the immune system. however, there is limited evidence that mistletoe ' s effects on the immune system help the body fight cancer ( see question 2 and question 3 ). - mistletoe extracts are usually given by injection under the skin or, less often, into a vein, into the pleural cavity, or into the tumor. ( see question 4 ). - animal studies have suggested that mistletoe may be useful in decreasing the side effects of standard anticancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation ( see question 5 ). - several human studies using mistletoe to treat cancer have been done since the early 1960s, but major weaknesses in many of these have raised doubts about their findings ( see question 6 ). - very few harmful side effects have been reported from the use of mistletoe extract ( see question 7 ). - the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has not approved mistletoe as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition ( see question 8 ). - the fda does not allow injectable mistletoe to be imported, sold, or used except for clinical research ( see question 8 ). questions and answers about mistletoe - what is mistletoe? mistletoe is a semiparasitic plant that grows on several types of trees, including apple, oak, maple, elm, pine, and birch. it has been used for centuries to treat medical conditions such as epilepsy, hypertension, headaches, menopausal symptoms, infertility, arthritis, and rheumatism. mistletoe is one of the most widely studied complementary and alternative medicine therapies for cancer. in certain european countries, extracts made from european mistletoe are among the most prescribed therapies for cancer patients. these products are made and sold under brand names including : - iscador ( also called iscar ). - isorel", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45997482896231995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.309859"} {"text": ". in certain european countries, extracts made from european mistletoe are among the most prescribed therapies for cancer patients. these products are made and sold under brand names including : - iscador ( also called iscar ). - isorel ( also called vysorel ). - lektinol ( also called plenosol ). this summary discusses research done mainly with this mistletoe species. the chemical makeup of mistletoe products varies, depending on many factors, including : - the type of host tree on which the mistletoe plant grows. - the time of year the plant is harvested. - the species of mistletoe. - whether the extract is fermented or unfermented. - whether the extract is prepared with homeopathic methods. - the company that makes the product. mistletoe extracts are prepared as water - based solutions or solutions of water and alcohol. mistletoe products may be named according to the type of host tree on which the plant grows. for example, iscadorm is from apple trees, iscadorp comes from pine trees, iscadorq is from oak trees, and iscadoru comes from elm trees. some users believe that the type of mistletoe extract chosen should depend on the type of tumor and the sex of the patient. - what is the history of the discovery and use of mistletoe as a complementary or alternative treatment for cancer? mistletoe was used by the druids and the ancient greeks, and appears in legend and folklore as a panacea or \" cure - all \". modern interest in mistletoe as a possible treatment for cancer began in the 1920s. extracts of mistletoe have been shown to kill cancer cells in the laboratory and to boost the immune system ( the complex group of organs and cells that defends the body against infection or disease ). for this reason, mistletoe has been classified as a type of biological response modifier ( a substance that stimulates the body ' s response to infection and disease ). extracts of mistletoe have also been shown in the laboratory to prevent the growth of new blood vessels needed for tumors to grow. ingredients in mistletoe that have been studied for their usefulness in treating cancer include : - what is the theory behind the claim that mistletoe is useful in treating cancer? mistletoe extract is studied as a possible anticancer agent because it has been shown to : - have effects on the immune system. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46867736971507085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.311311"} {"text": "cancer include : - what is the theory behind the claim that mistletoe is useful in treating cancer? mistletoe extract is studied as a possible anticancer agent because it has been shown to : - have effects on the immune system. - kill mouse, rat, and human cancer cells in the laboratory. - protect the dna in white blood cells in the laboratory, including cells that have been exposed to dna - damaging chemotherapy drugs. - how is mistletoe administered? mistletoe extracts are usually given by injection under the skin ( subcutaneous ). less common ways to give mistletoe include by mouth, into a vein ( intravenous or iv ), into the pleural cavity, or into the tumor. in most reported studies, injections under the skin were given 2 to 3 times a week for various lengths of time. - what preclinical ( laboratory or animal ) studies have been conducted using mistletoe? many laboratory and animal studies have been done with mistletoe, either alone or combined with other agents. laboratory studies have suggested that mistletoe may support the immune system by increasing the number and activity of various types of white blood cells. one type of european mistletoe ( iscadorq ) used in a 2004 laboratory study showed a strong anticancer effect on certain types of cancer cells but no anticancer effect on other types of cancer cells. while one laboratory study reported that mistletoe extract caused several types of human cancer cells to grow faster, this was not found in other recent lab studies. studies testing mistletoe ' s ability to stop cancer cell growth in animals have yielded mixed and inconsistent results, depending on the extract used, the dose tested, the way it was given, and the type of cancer studied. results of a few animal studies have suggested that mistletoe may be useful in decreasing the side effects of standard anticancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and that it counteracts the effects of drugs used to suppress the immune system, such as cortisone. - have any clinical trials ( research studies with people ) been conducted using mistletoe? most clinical trials using mistletoe to treat cancer have been done in europe. most study results have been published in german. although many of these trials have reported mistletoe to be effective, there are major weaknesses in almost all that raise doubts about their findings. weaknesses have included small numbers of patients, incomplete patient data, lack of information about mistletoe dose,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4492447606875689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.312719"} {"text": ". although many of these trials have reported mistletoe to be effective, there are major weaknesses in almost all that raise doubts about their findings. weaknesses have included small numbers of patients, incomplete patient data, lack of information about mistletoe dose, and problems with study design. many studies involve using mistletoe as adjuvant therapy in patients with cancer. one retrospective cohort study done between 1993 and 2000 looked at the use of a mistletoe extract ( iscador ) as long - term adjuvant therapy in 800 patients treated with chemotherapy and / or radiation therapy for colorectal cancer that had not spread. the study found that patients treated with iscador had fewer adverse events, better symptom relief, and improved disease - free survival compared to patients who did not receive iscador as adjuvant therapy. in 2002, the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ), in cooperation with the national cancer institute ( nci ), began enrolling patients for a phase i clinical trial of a mistletoe extract ( helixor a ) and gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors. this combination showed low toxicity and showed treatment benefits in almost half the patients. the trial is now closed and the data are being analyzed. before researchers can conduct clinical drug research in the united states, they must file an investigational new drug ( ind ) application with the food and drug administration ( fda ). the fda does not make information public about ind applications or approvals ; this information can be made public only by the applicants. at present, at least two u. s. investigators have ind approval to study mistletoe as a treatment for cancer. - have any side effects or risks been reported from mistletoe? very few serious side effects have been reported from the use of mistletoe extract products. common side effects include soreness and inflammation at injection sites, headache, fever, and chills. a few cases of severe allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, have been reported. - is mistletoe approved by the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) for use as a cancer treatment in the united states? the united states food and drug administration ( fda ) has not approved the use of mistletoe as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. the fda does not allow injectable mistletoe extracts to be imported or used except for clinical research. at this time, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of mistletoe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43524697405597185, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.313992"} {"text": "as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. the fda does not allow injectable mistletoe extracts to be imported or used except for clinical research. at this time, there is not enough evidence to recommend the use of mistletoe as a treatment for cancer except in carefully designed clinical trials. these trials will give more information about whether mistletoe can be useful in treating certain types of cancer. current clinical trials check nci \u2019 s list of cancer clinical trials for cancer cam clinical trials on mistletoe extract that are actively enrolling patients. general information about clinical trials is available from the nci web site. changes to this summary ( 02 / 20 / 2013 ) editorial changes were made to this summary. general cam information complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) \u2014 also referred to as integrative medicine \u2014 includes a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies. a therapy is generally called complementary when it is used in addition to conventional treatments ; it is often called alternative when it is used instead of conventional treatment. ( conventional treatments are those that are widely accepted and practiced by the mainstream medical community. ) depending on how they are used, some therapies can be considered either complementary or alternative. complementary and alternative therapies are used in an effort to prevent illness, reduce stress, prevent or reduce side effects and symptoms, or control or cure disease. unlike conventional treatments for cancer, complementary and alternative therapies are often not covered by insurance companies. patients should check with their insurance provider to find out about coverage for complementary and alternative therapies. cancer patients considering complementary and alternative therapies should discuss this decision with their doctor, nurse, or pharmacist as they would any therapeutic approach, because some complementary and alternative therapies may interfere with their standard treatment or may be harmful when used with conventional treatment. evaluation of cam approaches it is important that the same rigorous scientific evaluation used to assess conventional approaches be used to evaluate cam therapies. the national cancer institute ( nci ) and the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) are sponsoring a number of clinical trials ( research studies ) at medical centers to evaluate cam therapies for cancer. conventional approaches to cancer treatment have generally been studied for safety and effectiveness through a rigorous scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients. less is known about the safety and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods. few cam therapies have undergone rigorous evaluation. a small number of cam therapies originally considered to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4816354999475215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.315459"} {"text": "through a rigorous scientific process that includes clinical trials with large numbers of patients. less is known about the safety and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods. few cam therapies have undergone rigorous evaluation. a small number of cam therapies originally considered to be purely alternative approaches are finding a place in cancer treatment \u2014 not as cures, but as complementary therapies that may help patients feel better and recover faster. one example is acupuncture. according to a panel of experts at a national institutes of health ( nih ) consensus conference in november 1997, acupuncture has been found to be effective in the management of chemotherapy - associated nausea and vomiting and in controlling pain associated with surgery. in contrast, some approaches, such as the use of laetrile, have been studied and found ineffective or potentially harmful. the nci best case series program, which was started in 1991, is one way cam approaches that are being used in practice are being investigated. the program is overseen by the nci \u2019 s office of cancer complementary and alternative medicine ( occam ). health care professionals who offer alternative cancer therapies submit their patients \u2019 medical records and related materials to occam. occam conducts a critical review of the materials and develops follow - up research strategies for approaches deemed to warrant nci - initiated research. questions to ask your health care provider about cam when considering complementary and alternative therapies, patients should ask their health care provider the following questions : - what side effects can be expected? - what are the risks associated with this therapy? - do the known benefits outweigh the risks? - what benefits can be expected from this therapy? - will the therapy interfere with conventional treatment? - is this therapy part of a clinical trial? - if so, who is sponsoring the trial? - will the therapy be covered by health insurance? to learn more about cam national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) at the national institutes of health ( nih ) facilitates research and evaluation of complementary and alternative practices, and provides information about a variety of approaches to health professionals and the public. - nccam clearinghouse - post office box 7923 gaithersburg, md 20898 \u2013 7923 - telephone : 1 \u2013 888 \u2013 644 \u2013 6226 ( toll free ) 301 \u2013 519 \u2013 3153 ( for international callers ) - tty ( for deaf and hard of hearing callers ) : 1 \u2013 866", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5383744173199377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.317119"} {"text": "7923 - telephone : 1 \u2013 888 \u2013 644 \u2013 6226 ( toll free ) 301 \u2013 519 \u2013 3153 ( for international callers ) - tty ( for deaf and hard of hearing callers ) : 1 \u2013 866 \u2013 464 \u2013 3615 - fax : 1 \u2013 866 \u2013 464 \u2013 3616 - e - mail : email @ example. com - web site : http : / / nccam. nih. gov cam on pubmed nccam and the nih national library of medicine ( nlm ) jointly developed cam on pubmed, a free and easy - to - use search tool for finding cam - related journal citations. as a subset of the nlm ' s pubmed bibliographic database, cam on pubmed features more than 230, 000 references and abstracts for cam - related articles from scientific journals. this database also provides links to the web sites of over 1, 800 journals, allowing users to view full - text articles. ( a subscription or other fee may be required to access full - text articles. ) cam on pubmed is available through the nccam web site. it can also be accessed through nlm pubmed bibliographic database by selecting the \" limits \" tab and choosing \" complementary medicine \" as a subset. office of cancer complementary and alternative medicine the nci office of cancer complementary and alternative medicine ( occam ) coordinates the activities of the nci in the area of complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ). occam supports cam cancer research and provides information about cancer - related cam to health providers and the general public via the nci web site. national cancer institute ( nci ) cancer information service u. s. residents may call the nci cancer information service toll free at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ) monday through friday from 8 : 00 am to 8 : 00 pm. a trained cancer information specialist is available to answer your questions. food and drug administration the food and drug administration ( fda ) regulates drugs and medical devices to ensure that they are safe and effective. - food and drug administration - 5600 fishers lane - rockville, md 20857 - telephone : 1 \u2013 888 \u2013 463 \u2013 6332 ( toll free ) - web site : http : / / www. fda. gov / federal trade commission the federal trade commission ( ftc ) enforces consumer protection laws. publications available from the ftc include : - who cares : sources of information about health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48606201894832984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.321227"} {"text": "free ) - web site : http : / / www. fda. gov / federal trade commission the federal trade commission ( ftc ) enforces consumer protection laws. publications available from the ftc include : - who cares : sources of information about health care products and services - fraudulent health claims : don \u2019 t be fooled - consumer response center - federal trade commission - washington, dc 20580 - telephone : 1 - 877 - ftc - help ( 1 - 877 - 382 - 4357 ) ( toll free ) - tty ( for deaf and hearing impaired callers ) : 202 - 326 - 2502 - web site : http : / / www. ftc. gov / pdq is a comprehensive cancer database available on nci ' s web site. pdq is the national cancer institute ' s ( nci ' s ) comprehensive cancer information database. most of the information contained in pdq is available online at nci ' s web site. pdq is provided as a service of the nci. the nci is part of the national institutes of health, the federal government ' s focal point for biomedical research. pdq contains cancer information summaries. the pdq database contains summaries of the latest published information on cancer prevention, detection, genetics, treatment, supportive care, and complementary and alternative medicine. most summaries are available in two versions. the health professional versions provide detailed information written in technical language. the patient versions are written in easy - to - understand, nontechnical language. both versions provide current and accurate cancer information. images in the pdq summaries are used with permission of the author ( s ), artist, and / or publisher for use within the pdq summaries only. permission to use images outside the context of pdq information must be obtained from the owner ( s ) and cannot be granted by the national cancer institute. information about using the illustrations in the pdq summaries, along with many other cancer - related images, are available in visuals online, a collection of over 2, 000 scientific images. the pdq cancer information summaries are developed by cancer experts and reviewed regularly. editorial boards made up of experts in oncology and related specialties are responsible for writing and maintaining the cancer information summaries. the summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. the date on each summary ( \" date last modified \" ) indicates the time of the most recent change. pdq also contains information on clinical trials", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48738742971958976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.323506"} {"text": "summaries. the summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made as new information becomes available. the date on each summary ( \" date last modified \" ) indicates the time of the most recent change. pdq also contains information on clinical trials. a clinical trial is a study to answer a scientific question, such as whether one treatment is better than another. trials are based on past studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better ways to help cancer patients. during treatment clinical trials, information is collected about the effects of a new treatment and how well it works. if a clinical trial shows that a new treatment is better than one currently being used, the new treatment may become \" standard. \" patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment. listings of clinical trials are included in pdq and are available online at nci ' s web site. descriptions of the trials are available in health professional and patient versions. many cancer doctors who take part in clinical trials are also listed in pdq. for more information, call the cancer information service 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5206198787123814, "token_count": 258, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.324814"} {"text": "the lower hudson valley has long been considered the epicenter for lyme disease in new york state. as a result, most dutchess county residents are well acquainted with the disease. they know it ' s spread by a tick bite, they perform tick checks after spending time in the forested and brushy habitats ticks prefer, and they consult with a physician if they develop a bull ' s - eye rash or fever with accompanying muscle pain. disease transmission spikes in the summer, reflecting the peak in feeding by nymphal ticks and human outdoor activity. on the whole, the number of infections and the disease ' s range is increasing. could climate change be playing a role? to understand the impact of a warming climate on lyme disease, it ' s helpful to reflect on the history of this tick - borne illness. when lyme disease was first discovered in the 1970s in southern new england and new york, scientists identified a new bacterium ( borrelia burgdorferi ) that causes the disease. they also thought they had found a new species of tick that transmits the bacteria, which they gave the common name \" deer tick \" ( scientific name ixodes dammini ). the scientists then set out to describe the ecology of this \" new \" tick. they found them predominantly in coastal areas, and they found many of the ticks feeding on white - tailed deer, hence the common name. they concluded from these early studies that the ticks, and thus lyme disease, were limited to climates near the coast. at the same time, it was found that it was easy to kill ticks in the lab by subjecting them to extreme temperatures ( low or high ) and low humidity. scientists began to suspect global warming might spread the warm, coastal conditions the tick preferred, causing lyme disease to spread inland and to higher elevations. ecological and climatic models also supported this hypothesis. evidence debunks theory three decades later, it ' s evident lyme disease has, and is continuing to, spread dramatically in eastern north america. but the evidence now indicates the early models used to predict the disease ' s spread were too simple and sometimes flat - out wrong. why were they wrong and why is lyme disease spreading? first, it turns out there is no such thing as a \" deer tick. \" the tick found where lyme disease emerged was not a new species, but rather a northern population of a species that has been known to science for 150 years. this species is the blacklegged tick ( ixodes scapular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44450797935565967, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.330507"} {"text": "deer tick. \" the tick found where lyme disease emerged was not a new species, but rather a northern population of a species that has been known to science for 150 years. this species is the blacklegged tick ( ixodes scapularis ). blacklegged ticks range from georgia and the carolinas to texas and oklahoma, up to minnesota and wisconsin and into the mid - atlantic and new england states. clearly, they can live in a broad range of climatic conditions. second, although it ' s true lyme disease has moved inland, northward and to higher altitudes, as would be expected under climate warming, it has also spread south from coastal new england into maryland and virginia. and third, blacklegged ticks are sophisticated little creatures that can seek protection from extreme climatic conditions in the soil or under leaf litter. so they ' re fairly well buffered against cold winters or dry summers. we know very little about which climate extremes are important causes of mortality. so, what is the role of climate in the spread of lyme disease? the short answer is, we don ' t yet know. it ' s highly likely the geographic range of the blacklegged tick is limited at high latitudes and high elevations by extreme cold. and climate change is pushing northward and upward into the zone of extreme cold. so we should expect the geographic boundaries of lyme disease to move northward and upslope. but the spread over the past 30 years seems to have been caused more by the movements of host animals \u2014 especially larger mammals : raccoons, skunks and deer and migratory birds \u2014 which can move ticks miles in a few days. so the emerging picture is that highly mobile hosts are constantly introducing ticks into new environments. whether these new tick populations persist or die out depends in part on climatic conditions. climate change is making their survival in northern, higher elevation areas more and more likely. more research in this area is needed before we can confidently make predictions. what we do know is that lyme disease, which has been a serious problem in the hudson valley for decades, is now spreading throughout the state ' s northern and central reaches.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4335292124893735, "token_count": 437, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.332004"} {"text": "day when agnes, then thirteen years old, was returning home from school, she happened to meet symphronius, a son of the city prefect. at once he became passionately attracted to her and tried to win her by precious gifts. agnes repelled him, saying : \" away from me, food of death, for i have already found another lover \" ( r. ant. ). \" with his ring my lord jesus christ has betrothed me, and he has adorned me with the bridal crown \" ( 3. ant., lauds ). \" my right hand and my neck he has encircled with precious stones, and has given me earrings with priceless pearls ; he has decked me with lovely, glittering gems \" ( 2. ant. ). \" the lord has clothed me with a robe of gold, he has adorned me with priceless jewels \" ( 4. ant. ). \" honey and milk have i received from his mouth, and his blood has reddened my cheeks \" ( 5. ant. ). \" i love christ, into whose chamber i shall enter, whose mother is a virgin, whose father knows not woman, whose music and melody are sweet to my ears. when i love him, i remain chaste ; when i touch him, i remain pure ; when i possess him, i remain a virgin \" ( 2. resp. ). \" i am betrothed to him whom the angels serve, whose beauty the sun and moon admire \" ( 9. ant. ). \" for him alone i keep my troth, to him i surrender with all my heart \" ( 6. ant. ). incensed by her rebuff, symphronius denounced agnes to his father, the city prefect. when he threatened her with commitment to a house of ill fame, agnes replied : \" at my side i have a protector of my body, an angel of the lord \" ( 2. ant., lauds ). \" when agnes entered the house of shame, she found an angel of the lord ready to protect her \" ( 1. ant., lauds ). a light enveloped her and blinded all who tried to approach. then another judge condemned her to the stake because the pagan priests accused her of sorcery. surrounded by flames she prayed with outstretched arms : \" i beseech you, father almighty, most worthy of awe and adoration. through your most holy son i escaped the threats of the impious tyrant and passed through satan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4550168120607203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.343460"} {"text": "of sorcery. surrounded by flames she prayed with outstretched arms : \" i beseech you, father almighty, most worthy of awe and adoration. through your most holy son i escaped the threats of the impious tyrant and passed through satan ' s filth with feet unsullied. behold, i now come to you, whom i have loved, whom i have sought, whom i have always desired. \" she gave thanks as follows : \" o you, the almighty one, who must be adored, worshipped, feared - i praise you because through your only begotten son i have escaped the threats of wicked men and have walked through the filth of sin with feet unsullied. i extol you with my lips, and i desire you with all my heart and strength. \" after the flames died out, she continued : \" i praise you, father of my lord jesus christ, because by your son the fire around me was extinguished \" ( 4. ant., lauds ). and now she longed for union with christ : \" behold, what i yearned for, i already see ; what i hoped for, i already hold in embrace ; with him i am united in heaven whom on earth i loved with all my heart \" ( ben. ant. ). her wish was granted ; the judge ordered her beheaded. \u2014 the church ' s year of grace, pius parschpatron : affianced couples ; betrothed couples ; bodily purity ; chastity ; children of mary ; colegio capranica of rome ; crops ; engaged couples ; gardeners ; girl scouts ; girls ; rape victims ; diocese of rockville centre, new york ; virgins. symbols : lamb ; woman with long hair and a lamb, sometimes with a sword at her throat ; woman with a dove which holds a ring in its beak ; woman with a lamb at her side. things to do : - read st. ambrose ' s de virginibus about the martyrdom of st. agnes. \" it is the birthday of a martyr, let us offer the victim. it is the birthday of st. agnes, let men admire, let children take courage, let the married be astounded, let the unmarried take an example. \" the week of prayer for christian unity day four : walking as children of the earth awareness of our place in god \u2019 s creation draws us together, as we realize our interdependence upon one another and the earth. contemplating the urgent calls to environmental", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4570786251062447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.345781"} {"text": "ordinary time : october 17th memorial of saint ignatius of antioch, bishop and martyr old calendar : st. margaret mary alacoque, virgin st. ignatius is one of the great bishops of the early church. he was the successor of st. peter as bishop of antioch. he was condemned to death by wild beasts during the emperor trajan ' s persecution. on his way to rome, he wrote seven magnificent letters, which we still have today, concerning the person of christ, his love for christ, his desire for martyrdom and on the constitution of the church and christian life. his sentiments before his approaching martyrdom are summed in his word in the communion antiphon, \" i am the wheat of christ, ground by the teeth of beasts to become pure bread. \" before the reform of the roman calendar in 1969, this was the memorial of st. margaret mary alacoque, virgin. in the present calendar, her feast is an optional memorial celebrated on october 16. st. ignatius feast was celebrated on february 1. st. ignatius of antioch in the martyrology we read : \" at rome, the holy bishop and martyr ignatius. he was the second successor to the apostle peter in the see of antioch. in the persecution of trajan he was condemned to the wild beasts and sent in chains to rome. there, by the emperor ' s order, he was subjected to most cruel tortures in the presence of the senate and then thrown to the lions. torn to pieces by their teeth, he became a victim for christ. \" - find the epistles of st. ignatius. read and meditate upon his words ; meditate on the words of st. ignatius in the communion antiphon. are we able to accept martyrdom, either bodily death, or \" white martyrdom \"? jesus himself was the grain of wheat who had to die to bear fruit. the fruit produced is the mystical body, the church. pius parsch explains that : \" in turn each christian becomes a grain of wheat that matures for the mill of martyrdom! read the communion as if it were your own composition. i, a kernel of wheat! i, too, am destined for the mill of suffering, to be ground \u2014 not only was it true of ignatius. what type of beasts ' teeth will crush me? persecution? pain and suffering? other people? it makes no difference, the kernel must die, either buried in the ground to produce another stalk or crushed to become bread. is not this our destiny in life, to die to self or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3977940013136884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.350824"} {"text": "cdc releases new guidance on genetic testing for immediate release : june 11, 2009 contact : cdc media relations, ( 404 ) 639 - 3286 the centers for disease control and prevention is releasing the first federal government recommendations to foster accuracy and appropriate use of molecular, or dna - based, genetic tests. the guidance, entitled \u201c good laboratory practices for molecular genetic testing for heritable diseases and conditions, \u201d addresses considerations for clinical and laboratory professionals that are important for achieving patient benefits and avoiding medical mistakes when molecular genetic tests are used. these include ensuring proper test method selection and test performance, as well as appropriate test result reporting, interpretation and use. the guidance also covers factors to consider before introducing new tests and what qualifications laboratory personnel should have to perform testing. the recommendations are intended for use by clinical and public health professionals, and those evaluating laboratory practices and policies. molecular genetic testing is one of the most rapidly growing areas of laboratory testing in the united states. the number of genetic diseases and conditions for which tests are available has more than tripled from 423 in the past eight years to more than 1, 300 today. the growth of direct - to - consumer testing \u2013 which is permitted in 37 states and often done without oversight \u2013 has raised additional concern about the potential misuse of genetic tests. dna - based genetic tests are used to help make decisions about patient care, such as whether patients have or may be at risk for a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis or whether they may be prone to chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes and blood clotting disorders. getting an accurate diagnosis influences a patient \u2019 s course of treatment and how they deal with a disease or disease threat. implementation of the genetic testing guidance can improve accurate diagnoses and ultimately ensure that patients and their doctors can make the best decisions for their health. the report is under embargo until 12 p. m. et today. the new recommendations are available through the cdc \u2019 s mmwr website at http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / mmwr _ rr. html. - historical document : june 10, 2009 - content source : office of the associate director for communication - notice : links to non - governmental sites do not necessarily represent the views of the cdc. get e - mail updates to receive e - mail updates about this page, enter your - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 - contact cdc - info", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4853701996780619, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.355623"} {"text": "by studying the number of people identified with a developmental disability at different points in time, we at the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) can find out if the number is rising, dropping, or staying the same. we also can compare the number of children with developmental disabilities in different areas of the country and among different groups of people, such as girls and boys, and children in different racial and ethnic groups. this information can help direct our research into potential risk factors and causes and can help communities direct their outreach efforts to those who need it most. the importance of tracking through cdc \u2019 s work in tracking developmental disabilities over the past 20 years, more is known about which children are more likely to have developmental disabilities, at what age they are likely to be diagnosed, and whether progress has been made in early identification of children with developmental disabilities. this is the information communities need to plan for services and understand where improvements can be made to help these children. on a national scale, cdc \u2019 s work on developmental disabilities is guiding critical research and informing programs and policies. following are activities that cdc conducts or funds in order to learn more about developmental disabilities. autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) network to get a better picture of the scope of autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) in the united states, the children \u2019 s health act of 2000 authorized cdc to create the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) network. the addm network is a group of programs funded by cdc to estimate the number of children with autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) and other developmental disabilities living in different areas of the united states. the addm network currently monitors asds, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability, and is the largest multisite collaboration monitoring these conditions in the united states. the addm network sites all collect data using the same method, which is modeled after the method used by cdc \u2019 s metropolitan atlanta developmental disabilities surveillance program ( maddsp ). each addm network site is made up of a geographic region within a state. the addm network site tracks the number and characteristics of 8 - year - old children who live in that geographic region. the addm network uses a two - stage, records - based tracking method. first, trained abstractors review and abstract detailed information from health and education records at multiple sources that evaluate and provide services to children with developmental disabilities. the abstracted information from all sources for a given child is then reviewed by trained clinicians. these trained clinicians determine if the child meets the criteria for one or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45372214769128105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.371093"} {"text": "and education records at multiple sources that evaluate and provide services to children with developmental disabilities. the abstracted information from all sources for a given child is then reviewed by trained clinicians. these trained clinicians determine if the child meets the criteria for one or more of the developmental disabilities that the addm network tracks. the goals of the addm network are to : - provide data about how common asds and other developmental disabilities are in a specific place and during a specific time period ( also known as prevalence ). - describe the population of children with asds and other developmental disabilities. - identify changes in the occurrence of asds and other developmental disabilities over time. - understand the impact of asds and other developmental disabilities in us communities. current addm network activities : - the addm network is now in its third phase of funding. currently there are 12 addm network sites monitoring the prevalence of asds among 8 - year - old children living in these communities during 2010. - cdc also has provided supplemental funding to six addm network sites to monitor the prevalence of asds among younger children ( 4 - year - olds ) using addm network methods. these efforts will increase our understanding of the characteristics and early identification of younger children with asds. - some addm network sites also study the prevalence of other developmental disabilities, including cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, hearing loss, and vision impairment. understanding the characteristics and number of children who have asds and other developmental disabilities is key to promoting awareness of the condition, helping educators and providers to plan and coordinate service delivery, and identifying important clues for future research. learn more about the conditions that the addm network tracks : metropolitan atlanta developmental disabilities surveillance program ( maddsp ) cdc \u2019 s metropolitan atlanta developmental disabilities surveillance program ( maddsp ) estimates the number of children with selected developmental disabilities in the metropolitan atlanta area. cdc began tracking the prevalence of intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, vision impairment, and epilepsy among children 10 years of age in 1984 as part of the metropolitan atlanta developmental disabilities study ( madds ). the success of that study prompted cdc to establish maddsp in 1991 to identify children in the metropolitan atlanta area who had one or more of four developmental disabilities \u2014 cerebral palsy, hearing loss, intellectual disability, and vision impairment. autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) were added to the program in 1996. maddsp served as the model for the creation of the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) network and, since 2000, has participated as one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4631128767432613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.373701"} {"text": "and vision impairment. autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) were added to the program in 1996. maddsp served as the model for the creation of the autism and developmental disabilities monitoring ( addm ) network and, since 2000, has participated as one of the sites in the addm network. maddsp has contributed a wealth of information on the characteristics of children with developmental disabilities and changes in prevalence over time. in addition, by linking with other datasets, maddsp has examined a range of risk factors, costs, and resource needs associated with developmental disabilities. national center on birth defects and developmental disabilities ( ncbddd ) staff have written scientific papers using information from maddsp. these papers looked at such topics as how common autism spectrum disorders are and whether low birthweight is a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and / or vision impairment. you can find a list of these papers ( starting in 1990 ) by using the keyword search on the ncbddd publications webpage. cdc conducts nationally representative surveys that provide data on the health of children in the united states : the national health and nutrition examination survey ( nhanes ) iii and the national health interview survey ( nhis ). these surveys include information on developmental disabilities and delays. cdc also collaborates on the development and management of other nationally representative surveys sponsored by the maternal and child bureau of the u. s. health resources and services administration : the national survey of children \u2019 s health ( nsch ) and the national survey of children with special health care needs ( nsshcn ). these surveys also provide data on children \u2019 s health and development. cdc has used data from these national surveys to conduct a range of studies on the prevalence of developmental disabilities, demographic characteristics of children with developmental disabilities, health and health care needs of children with developmental disabilities, and family impacts of parenting a child with special needs. brick autism project ( project completed ) in late 1997, a citizen \u2019 s group in brick township, new jersey, told the state department of health and senior services about what seemed to be a larger than expected number of children with autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) in brick township. cdc and the agency for toxic substances and disease registry ( atsdr ) worked together to find out how common asds were in brick township and to study the possible relationship of environmental factors to asds in the community. the prevalence of asds in brick township was 6. 7 per 1, 000 children. this was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.439747544376041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.376094"} {"text": ") worked together to find out how common asds were in brick township and to study the possible relationship of environmental factors to asds in the community. the prevalence of asds in brick township was 6. 7 per 1, 000 children. this was higher than prevalence estimates from other studies conducted at that time, particularly studies conducted in the united states. however, the prevalence of asds in brick township was within the range of studies that used more thorough case - finding methods among smaller populations. cdc supports public health research, including studying potential causes of developmental disabilities. both public health tracking and research efforts provide information necessary to direct prevention efforts. following are some of the research programs that cdc is conducting or has been involved in. study to explore early development ( seed ) seed is currently the largest study in the united states to help identify factors that might put children at risk for autism spectrum disorders ( asds ). seed is being conducted in diverse communities across the country. there are sites in california, colorado, georgia, maryland, north carolina, and pennsylvania. seed \u2019 s main research goals are to compare young children ( 2 through 5 years of age ) who have asds, children who have developmental problems other than asds, and children from the general population to better understand characteristics of asds and genetic and environmental factors that might affect child development. in seed, the environmental factors we study are very broad and include characteristics of the pregnancy, the birth and newborn period, and the first few years of life to see what might affect a child \u2019 s risk of having an asd. a key strength of seed is its ability to look at detailed information on the characteristics of asds and at environmental and genetic factors at the same time to see how they all interact. the information is obtained by directly evaluating the children using several established developmental instruments and procedures, conducting interviews with the mothers, reviewing medical records, and collecting saliva and blood samples from the children and their parents. the cdc \u2013 denmark program ( project completed ) the cdc \u2013 denmark program was set up to look at many public health issues. the program highlighted the work done using danish national public health data systems. the danish data systems include more than 200 long - term disease and administrative registries. these systems are linked with one another. thus, they can be used to make data sets with information on very large numbers of people. these data sets cover long periods of time. therefore, they can be used to look at health trends and disease traits. they also can be used to study some less common risk factors or diseases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.497051384085708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.378961"} {"text": "percy lavon julian, the grandson of slaves, developed many useful products from soybeans, including cortisone. he was born in montgomery, alabama, on april 11, 1899. his father, james sumner julian, was a railway clerk, and his mother, elizabeth lena ( adams ) julian, a schoolteacher. julian attended public schools in montgomery. after he was admitted to depauw university, his family moved with him to greencastle, indiana, to enable them to give him their full support. at depauw his interest in science evolved into a desire to become a research organic chemist. julian graduated at the top of his class with a bachelor ' s degree in chemistry in 1920. he was class valedictorian and was elected to phi beta kappa. julian taught organic chemistry for two years at fisk university in nashville, tennessee. he then, with the help of professor william m. blanchard at depauw, obtained a graduate research fellowship at harvard university. he earned a master ' s degree there in one year, again finishing at the top of his class. he remained at harvard three more years, as a research assistant, supporting himself with minor fellowship positions and odd jobs outside the university. his application for a teaching assistantship at harvard was repeatedly rejected on the grounds that the students would not respect a \" negro \" instructor. in 1926 julian joined the faculty of the west virginia school for negroes ( later west virginia state college ) at institute, west virginia. a year later he became an associate professor of chemistry at howard university in washington, d. c., where he quickly rose to the positions of full professor and department head. julian had become interested in the chemistry of natural substances and was very eager to do original research in that field. frustrated in his efforts to pursue doctoral studies in the united states, he obtained a fellowship for graduate study at the university of vienna, austria, where he worked and studied indole alkaloids under the tutelage of professor ernst spaeth. he earned a ph. d. from the university of vienna in 1931. upon julian ' s return to the united states, depauw university offered him a faculty position and research support. his first project was the total synthesis of physostigmine, an indole alkaloid extracted from the calabar bean, used in the treatment of glaucoma. sir robert robinson at oxford university in england was also working on this synthesis. julian achieved the synthesis of physostigmine, and showed that robinson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4544099594707045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.391436"} {"text": "the first african american to purchase a home in all - white oak park, illinois, he and his family became the objects of racist threats and even attacks. as in his professional career, julian stood firm, and won the respect of his new neighbors. julian attributed his success in life and in his professional career to the motivation he received from his father, who taught him that he should not be satisfied with being merely good, when he had the ability to be the very best. see also cortisone ;. lyman r. caswell de kruif, paul ( 1946 ). \" the man who wouldn ' t give up. \" reader ' s digest 50 ( august ) : 113 \u2013 118. guzman, j. p., ed. ( 1947 ). negro year book : a review of events affecting negro life, 1941 \u2013 1946. tuskegee, al : tuskegee institute, pp. 39 \u2013 40. science odyssey : people and discoveries. \" percy julian 1899 \u2013 1975. \" available from http : / / www. pbs. org / wgbh / aso / databank / entries / bmjuli. html. witkop, bernhard. national academy of sciences biographical memoirs. \" percy lavon julian. \" available from http : / / www. nap. edu / html / biomems / pjulian. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4364768349624605, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.394238"} {"text": "caring for young minds in ireland sinead mcgilloway, michael donnelly ireland psychology medical journal, 2000, pages 114 - 116 \" society... has a choice whether or not to acknowledge the importance of the mental health of its children [ and young people ] and invest in it appropriately or not... if we are to change things, action is needed now. \" recent years have seen an upsurge of interest among policymakers, researchers and practitioners - throughout the uk and elsewhere - in the growing number of young people aged under 25 who are developing mental health problems. the research evidence indicates that approximately one in five children and adolescents have mental ill health, a figure all the more disturbing in view of further evidence suggesting that the majority rarely reach special services. recently, the mental health foundation reported that approximately two million young people under 20 in the uk have a mental health problem, the range and severity of which tends to increase dramatically with age. the kinds of problems typically reported include emotional and conduct disorders, substance abuse, self harm, eating disorders and psychotic illnesses. for example, anxiety and disruptive disorders account for approximately 12 % and 10 % respectively of all those aged four to 20 years. while some of these problems are likely to be relatively mild and self - limiting, others such as the psychotic and pervasive developmental disorders will, if left untreated, pose continuing and potentially more serious problems into adulthood. furthermore, one in 100 teenagers in the uk attempt suicide and it is now the most common reason for admission to hospital in this age group. previous research has shown a correlation between attempted suicide and adult - type depressive illness in young people. more recent research in norway has also shown the suicide risk among male adolescent psychiatric inpatients to be almost seven times higher than in the general population. even more worrying, therefore, in the context of these finding, is the potentially significant contribution of mental ill health and possible subsequent hospitalisation to the increase in suicidal behaviour and growing suicide rate particularly ( but not exclusively ) among young men, about which there has been considerable and growing concern in recent years. according to local practitioners in northern ireland, mental health services are under - resourced when compared to the rest of the uk and youth mental health services, in particular, are in urgent need of funding and / or re - organisation. this is perhaps most apparent in the acute shortage of specialist provision for vulnerable young people over 14 which, at present, comprises a single, regional, six - bed inpatient and outpatient unit located in belfast ( the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44337463927503495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.427122"} {"text": "and / or re - organisation. this is perhaps most apparent in the acute shortage of specialist provision for vulnerable young people over 14 which, at present, comprises a single, regional, six - bed inpatient and outpatient unit located in belfast ( the young people ' s centre [ ypc ] ). reports from local practitioners indicate an over - subscription of places to the ypc and a waiting list for admission. last year, the department of health in london allocated # 20 million to improve services for young people, a sizeable chunk of which is likely to be secured for mental health service provision, particularly following recent reports by prestigious bodies such as the health advisory service ( has ) and the mental health foundation. unfortunately, the kind of ring - fenced funding which may be required to meet the mental health needs of young people in ireland is less forthcoming despite a rapidly developing policy agenda. each of the four health and social services boards in northern ireland has undertaken a review of, or is in the process of reviewing, youth mental health services. completed review acknowledge the need for rapid change in service organisation and delivery particularly for those young people moving into their teens. the reports highlight, above all, the importance of adopting the four - tier model of care advocated by the health advisory service and, in turn, by other key bodies and committees including the mental health foundation and audit commission. briefly, this ' template ' of mental health service provision for young people describes a strategic approach to commissioning and delivering a comprehensive and fully integrated child and adolescent mental health service which straddles four pivotal levels or \" tiers ' of provision. tier one services comprise, in large part, primary care professionals, amongst whom the gp is probably best placed to recognise the early symptoms of mental illness. tier two services refer to direct mental health interventions by individual professionals. services at tier three, on the other hand, are more specialised and provided by multi - disciplinary teams to assess and treat at - risk groups such as those with eating and developmental disorders. these teams, in turn, act as gatekeepers to tier four services which include specialist inpatient and secure provision for young people with highly specific and complex needs. tier four professionals are tasked with providing advice and support to professionals in the other three tiers of provision while links between and within tiers one and two may be developed and strengthened by the work of designated primary mental health workers. according to the has, the implementation of the model should be guided by the values and principles ( e. g.. comprehensiveness, integration and development / change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4767914141152061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.428665"} {"text": "one and two may be developed and strengthened by the work of designated primary mental health workers. according to the has, the implementation of the model should be guided by the values and principles ( e. g.. comprehensiveness, integration and development / change ) which underpin any high quality service development. this model, or parts thereof, have been implemented in great britain through, for example, the appointment of primary mental health workers. following its policy statement on the way forward for child and adolescent mental health services in northern ireland, the department of health and social services has recently indicated that it is planning to undertake a review of psychiatric hospital provision for adolescents ( personal communication ). the irish government has gone further by stating its intention to provide ' approved centres ' for the care and treatment of children with mental disorders. the most recent figures show that 130 children and young people aged under 16 ( ie 0. 5 % of all admissions ) were admitted to psychiatric inpatient care in ireland during 1998, although this represents a substantial reduction from the 203 admissions during the previous year. it is notable that under the mental health act ( 1995 ) in the south of ireland ( unlike northern ireland ), anyone under the age of 16 should not be ' detained ' in adult psychiatric inpatient units. ( emphasis added ) there is a strong focus on tier four services in both jurisdictions. youth mental health care is an area where an all - ireland or cross - border approach has the potential to generate important lessons for policy and service provision. our research has shown an increasing trend in admissions of young northern irish teenagers ( under 18 ) to adult psychiatric inpatient care between 1989 and 1995. in addition, we found that almost one in five of under 18 admissions ( 86 / 443, 19 % ) were aged under 16 when first admitted to adult wards during this six - year period. moreover, recent census - based research undertaken in northern ireland has shown an increase of 33 % - between the years 1981 and 1991 - in psychiatric bed occupancy among young men aged 15 - 24 years. ( emphasis added ) importantly, the recent draft policy statement by the dhss ( ni ) states, among other things, that \"... children and adolescents should not be accommodated together with adults. undoubtedly, the full implementation for well - integrated tier one and tier two services - with their emphasis on early detection and treatment - would go a long way toward preventing and / or reducing admissions to hospital ( particularly an adult psychiatric ward ) for young people with more serious mental health needs. therefore, strategic efforts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5057759597401013, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.445047"} {"text": "one and tier two services - with their emphasis on early detection and treatment - would go a long way toward preventing and / or reducing admissions to hospital ( particularly an adult psychiatric ward ) for young people with more serious mental health needs. therefore, strategic efforts to improve the highly specialised tier four services in both the north and south of ireland ought to be accompanied by simultaneous attempts to address services at the other three levels particularly with respect to early detection and prevention. most important of all, perhaps, is the need to develop : successful intra - and inter - agency working between specialist mental health services and primary and community care - based professionals ; closer co - operation between adult and youth mental health services ; and effective partnerships between individual mental health ( and other ) professionals and parents / carers and young people. for example, the direct and active collaboration of gp ' s with local child and adolescent service providers might help to improve the generally low level of detection and recognition of child and adolescent psychiatric disorder in primary care settings. the severity of symptoms in a young teenager may be underestimated and / or less well recognised by healthcare professionals than in adults with mental ill health because \" things are not always as they seem \". thus distress in a young teenager may present as a normal reaction to exam pressures or may be due to a complex psychosocial and clinical problem. community mental health teams and, in particular, adult psychiatrists may - as suggested by fitzgerald, - play an important preventive role by adopting a more holistic and ' user - friendly ' approach encompassing the treatment of both parents and their children. in addition, those involved in the lives of young people ( e. g. parents, carers ) act as an initial ' filter ' to tier one services and their role, therefore, in recognising early symptoms of mental ill health and possible suicidal behaviour cannot be under - estimated. consequently, the implementation of parental training and awareness packages through the health or education sector ( or both ) ought to receive serious consideration. arguably, the resource implications of changes in youth mental health service provision may be significant and any potentially innovative service responses might well be stymied by the considerable uncertainty surrounding the extent to which it might be possible to implement the four - tier model within available resources. however, it should be possible to carry forward at least some of the has recommendations ( e. g. those related to information, awareness and training ) within existing funds and staffing arrangements. recent political cross - border developments provide an important and timely opportunity to explore the possibilities for comparative ad", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5272860099457235, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.448073"} {"text": "carry forward at least some of the has recommendations ( e. g. those related to information, awareness and training ) within existing funds and staffing arrangements. recent political cross - border developments provide an important and timely opportunity to explore the possibilities for comparative ad collaborative work on youth ( and adult ) mental health within the two jurisdictions. for example, the establishment of a national forum or several regional fora would, in the first instance, facilitate shared learning between health boards, trusts and primary care and specialist mental heath professionals with respect to the planning, development and delivery of the full range of youth mental health services. collaborative research is required to examine the prevalence, nature, detection and treatment of psychiatric disorder in young irish people. the benefits or otherwise of hospitalisation both in specialised and adult psychiatric settings also merit investigation. more specifically, further audit and research ought to be conducted in order to : - translate a locally suited version of the four - tier model taking account of factors such as rurality, available resources and the economic consequences of service configuration ; - help identify ' at - risk ' populations and gaps in service provision ; - elicit the experiences and views of young people with mental health and their parents / carers ( despite the well known difficulties in recruiting young research participants ) - evaluate and disseminate preventive and other models of good practice in youth mental health. local commissioners and service providers ought to be willing to take on board the results emanating from this kind of research. however, \"... the root of the difficulty in applying research finding to improve services is that the services are mostly not conceived of as a system of care. thus, if mental health is the desired outcome, we can only hope to achieve it if services are planned and enabled to work together as a system with this common aim. 1. mental health foundation. bright futures. promoting children and young people ' s mental health. london : mental health foundation, 1999 2. target m, fonaghy p. the psychological treatment of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. in : roth a. fonaghy p. ( eds ). what works for whom : implications and limitations of the research literature. new york : guilford press, 1986 3. harrington r. depressive disorder in childhood and adolescence. chichester : john wiley 1993. 4. kjelsberg e. adolescent psychiatric inpatients : a high risk group for premature death. br j psychiatry 2000 : 176 : 121 - 5 5. corcoran e. walsh d. suicide in psychiatric inpatient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49861382080745076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.451235"} {"text": "wiley 1993. 4. kjelsberg e. adolescent psychiatric inpatients : a high risk group for premature death. br j psychiatry 2000 : 176 : 121 - 5 5. corcoran e. walsh d. suicide in psychiatric inpatients in ireland. ir j psych med 1999 ; 16 : 127 - 31 6. mcclure gmc. suicide in children and adolescents in england and wales. br j psychiatry 1994 ; 165 ; 510 - 4 7. irish department of health. national task force on suicide interim report. dublin : government publications, 1996. 8. hawton k, fagg j, simkin s, bale e, bond a. trends in deliberate self - harm in oxford 1985 - 1995. br j psychiatry 1997 ; 171 ; 556 - 60 9. health advisory service. together we stand. the commissioning, role and management of child and adolescent mental health services. london : stationery office, 1995 10. audit commission. children in mind ; child and adolescent mental health services. london ; audit commission publications, 1999 11. health and social services executive. child and adolescent mental health services : a policy statement ( draft ) belfast : department of health and social services, 1998. 12. department of health. white paper : a new mental health act. dublin : stationery office, 1995 13. browne c., daly a., walsh d., activities of irish psychiatric services 1998. dublin : health research board, 2000 14. mcgilloway s, donnelly m, scott, d. teenagers in adult psychiatric inpatient care in northern ireland, ir j psych med 2000 ; 17 : 54 - 8. 15. prior p, hayes b, gender trends in occupancy rates in mental health beds in northern ireland, social science and medicine ( in press ). 16. steinberg d., psychiatric problems in adolescence. primary care psychiatry 1996 ; 2 ; 79 - 86. 17. fitzgerald m. the relationship between child, adolescent and adult psychiatry. ir j psych med 1997 ; 14 ; 42 18. kurtz a, treating children well. london : mental health foundation, 1996.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4820391785334789, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.455516"} {"text": "what is rhabdomyosarcoma? rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of soft tissue tumor, or sarcoma, arising from muscle cells. although it can occur in any muscle tissue, it is generally around the head and neck area, the pelvis, or in the arms and legs. rhabdomyosarcoma occurs slightly more frequently in males and usually affects children between the ages of two and six. it is not known what causes the tumor. it is not contagious, and nothing you have done or not done is responsible for your child ' s tumor. what are the symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma? a noticeable lump or swelling is present in almost all cases. other symptoms depend on the location. if the growth is near the eyes, a vision problem and outward swelling of the eye may develop. if the neck is involved, there may be hoarseness or difficulty swallowing. sometimes the mass may press on nearby structures and cause problems. for example, a mass near the bladder or rectum may cause difficulties with urination or bowel function. pain, weakness, or unusual sensations may be present in the area where the tumor started or areas where it has spread. how is rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed? rhabdomyosarcoma may spread ( metastasize ) to other parts of the body. these areas can include the lungs, liver, brain, bones, or bone marrow. your child will need to undergo various diagnostic tests in order to determine the location of the tumor and if it has spread. the tests may include any or all of the following : - x - rays. x - rays of the tumor site and surrounding area look at size and extent of the tumor. x - rays of the chest look for spread of the tumor. - bone scan. a dye injection x - ray test helps detect tumor spread in bones. - bone marrow aspirate & biopsy. this test looks for tumor spread in the bone marrow. - computed tomography ( ct scan ). this test can more accurately determine the tumor site and extent. - magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). a computerized magnetic scan of body tissues can more accurately determine the site and extent of the tumor. - lumbar puncture ( spinal tap ). this is done in cases where the tumor is near the spinal cord to see if the tumor has invaded the central nervous system. - blood tests. a complete blood count and blood chemistries test can help determine kidney,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4698594967433719, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.464421"} {"text": "puncture ( spinal tap ). this is done in cases where the tumor is near the spinal cord to see if the tumor has invaded the central nervous system. - blood tests. a complete blood count and blood chemistries test can help determine kidney, liver and bone marrow general function. an accurate staging diagnosis is very important to effective treatment of the disease. after all tests are completed and the diagnosis has been made, a group of doctors including oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and surgeons will determine the stage of the disease and the most effective treatment for it. the classification system used is as follows : - stage i. the tumor is found in the eye, head and / or neck, or near the sex organs, or near the liver or gallbladder, and has not spread to distant sites. - stage ii. the tumor is located in the bladder / prostate, extremities ( arms or legs ), cranial paramenigeal, or the trunk. it is smaller than 2 inches ( 5 cm ) and has not spread to the lymph nodes. - stage iii. the tumor is located in the bladder / prostate, extremities ( arms or legs ), cranial paramenigeal, or the trunk. it is larger than 2 inches ( 5 cm ) and may have spread to the lymph nodes. - stage iv. the tumor has spread to distant sites and it is found in more than one place at the time of diagnosis. how is rhabdomyosarcoma treated? histology, or the way the tumor looks under the microscope, is also used to decide the extent of treatment. unfavorable histology requires more intense treatment as the likelihood of reoccurrence is higher than it is with favorable histology. the type of treatment your child receives will depend on the stage of the disease. usually rhabdomyosarcoma is treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and / or radiation therapy. a treatment plan will be mapped out and explained to you in detail. the treatment given to your child will be done as an outpatient in the oncology clinic as much as possible ; some patients, however, need hospitalization to closely monitor the chemotherapy infusion and its potential side effects. often, tumor resection ( removal ) is not possible at diagnosis. chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery, allowing for surgery that is less extensive later. radiation therapy is used for some patients to shrink the tumor area as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46390531114681416, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.465661"} {"text": "effects. often, tumor resection ( removal ) is not possible at diagnosis. chemotherapy may be used to shrink the tumor before surgery, allowing for surgery that is less extensive later. radiation therapy is used for some patients to shrink the tumor area as well. during the course of therapy and after the treatment is completed, various follow - up studies such as x - rays, ct scans and blood tests will be done to closely monitor your child ' s disease status. stem cell transplant is another treatment option for children diagnosed with metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma. the goal of this treatment is to maximize the dosages of chemotherapeutic agents used against the tumor cells. these higher dosages of chemotherapy also destroy the normal bone marrow cells, prohibiting their recovery. bone marrow is responsible for the production of immature stem cells that grow into blood cells the body needs including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma cells and other important cells. the bone marrow is restored to the child by using his or her own stem cells that are removed and saved before the chemotherapy is given allowing the return of normal bone marrow function. what research is currently underway? current research in rhabdomyosarcoma is focusing on learning about the biology of this type of cancer and how this biology can predict how the cancer will respond to treatment. new drugs are being studied that are used in combination with standard drugs. new types of scans that assess how the tumor responds to treatment are also being studied. about treatment for rhabdomyosarcoma at children ' s children ' s cancer and blood disorders program consistently achieves treatment results ranking it as one of the top 10 programs in the u. s. children ' s treats the majority of children with cancer and blood disorders in minnesota and provides patients with access to a variety of clinical trials of ground - breaking new treatments. through our renowned solid tumors program, patients experience unparalleled family support, a nationally renowned pain management team, and compassionate, coordinated care. if you are a family member looking for a children ' s hematologist or oncologist or wanting to schedule an appointment, please call our clinic at children ' s \u2013 minneapolis at ( 612 ) 813 - 5940. if you are a health professional looking for consultation or referral information, please call children ' s physician access at 1 - 866 - 755 - 2121 ( toll - free ) and ask for the on - call hematologist / oncologist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4525393525242498, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.467417"} {"text": "one book, one chicago fall 2005 - \u201c it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. \u201d this first line has become one of the most famous in english literature. in addition to setting the narrative in motion, how does this line alert us to the tone of the novel, and our role, as readers, in appreciating it? what does the line imply about women? - the book had the original, working title first impressions. why is pride and prejudice a better title? in what ways are darcy and elizabeth guilty of both pride and prejudice and how does this drive the action of the story? - marriage, as something to be aspired to, is portrayed quite differently in the novel than existing marriages. what married couples do we see in the novel? how would you characterize these relationships? - how are elizabeth \u2019 s wit and intelligence and independence first made clear in the novel? in what ways, during the course of the novel, is she the victim of her own intellect and independence? are these features eventually responsible for her happy ending? - the love elizabeth feels toward mr. darcy evolves and deepens largely without direct contact. does that make you question that love? what causes these feelings of love? are they realistic? - why is darcy so attracted to elizabeth? when can we first sense this? why does it take her so long to see it? elizabeth \u2019 s attraction to darcy arises very differently. why is this important? - for much of the novel, austen seems to be offering a fairly pointed critique of marrying for social considerations. but it \u2019 s also true that the happy marriages that bring the novel to a close are favorable by the terms of the society. in the end, both elizabeth and jane do marry \u201c up. \u201d does this undermine the critique the book offers? is it meant to be read ironically? do you think that austen is critiquing elizabeth and jane? - pride and prejudice is a novel that many austen fans read and reread. what keeps readers returning to the book once the suspense of whether or not darcy and elizabeth will end up together is taken away? - the works of jane austen have been the inspiration of numerous contemporary books and films, both adaptations and new original works. what universal themes in the novel resonate today? - the happy union between darcy and elizabeth is ultimately ( and unwittingly ) assured by lady catherine. how? why is this master stroke of dramatic irony so satisfying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4758984377362914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.476828"} {"text": "st luke 2, 25 \u2013 27 something to read and, behold, there was a man in jerusalem, whose name was simeon ; and the same man was just and devout, waiting for the consolation of israel : and the holy ghost was upon him. and it was revealed unto him by the holy ghost, that he should not see death, before he had seen the lord ' s christ. and he came by the spirit into the temple : and when the parents brought in the child jesus, to do for him after the custom of the law king james version now there was a man in jerusalem whose name was simeon ; this man was righteous and devout, looking forward to the consolation of israel, and the holy spirit rested on him. it had been revealed to him by the holy spirit that he would not see death before he had seen the lord ' s messiah. guided by the spirit, simeon came into the temple ; and when the parents brought in the child jesus, to do for him what was customary under the law new revised standard version something to think about simeon has been anticipating this day in the temple for some time, he had been eagerly expecting to see the messiah. but what is the \" consolation of israel \"? \" consolation \" is the greek noun paraklesis, \" comfort, consolation. \" it comes from the root word parakaleo, \" call to one ' s side \" then \" help, encourage and comfort. in our passage simeon is eagerly looking forward to the time when an occupied and weary jerusalem receives her comfort and relief from the lord, which was popularly expected to be brought about by the messiah. the holy spirit had made simeon a promise. the message to simeon is that he won ' t die until he has seen the messiah. the phrase \" the lord ' s christ \" means \" the messiah promised, sent and provided by the lord something to do a promise is a commitment by someone to do or not do something. how many promises have you made recently and kept? today remember a broken or delayed promise and make good on it. something to pray o lord, o god creator of all we know. god is good and his mercy endures forever. your promises are never broken and your people are not forgotten. help us to remember your promises to a broken world. give me the strength and courage to stand renewed and refreshed to serve. today \u2019 s contributor is dionne gravesende, christian aid \u2019 s head of churches and education", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5111283808321612, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.506127"} {"text": "| miskito coastal creole | | total speakers : | | < 30, 000 | | language family : | | creole language | miskito coastal creole miskito coast creole or nicaragua creole english is a language spoken in nicaragua based on english. nicaragua ( officially the republic of nicaragua ( ) is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in central america list of language familiesa language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the proto - language of that family a creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originates seemingly as a nativized pidgin. an english - based creole language, or english creole for short is a creole language that was significantly influenced by the english language. iso 639 - 1 is the first part of the iso 639 international - standard language - code family iso 639 - 2 is the second part of the iso 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages iso 639 - 3 ( iso 639 - 32007 is an international standard for language codes the standard describes three \u2010 letter codes for identifying languages nicaragua ( officially the republic of nicaragua ( ) is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in central america english is a west germanic language originating in england and is the first language for most people in the united kingdom, the united states its approximately 30, 000 speakers are found along the mosquito coast of the caribbean sea. the caribbean mosquito coast ( or miskito coast ) historically consisted of an area along the atlantic coast of present - day nicaragua, named after its native for the region see caribbean. the caribbean sea ( k\u0259\u02c8r\u026abi\u0259n or / / is a tropical sea in the western hemisphere the language is nearly identical to belizean creole ( kriol ), and similar to all central american creoles. belizean creole, known as kriol by its speakers is a creole language closely related to miskito coastal creole, limon coastal creole, it does not have the status of an official language. speakers of miskito coast creole are primarily persons of african, amerindian, and european descent in the towns and on the offshore islands of the mosquito coast. for indigenous peoples in the united states other than hawaii and alaska see also native americans in the united states. the main concentration of speakers is around bluefields, capital of the region autonoma del atlantico sur, although a majority of inhabitants of the city are now spanish - speaking immigrants. bluefields is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41334794724184554, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.518539"} {"text": "see also native americans in the united states. the main concentration of speakers is around bluefields, capital of the region autonoma del atlantico sur, although a majority of inhabitants of the city are now spanish - speaking immigrants. bluefields is the capital of the municipality of the same name and of r region autonoma del atlantico sur ( spanish for \" autonomous region of the southern atlantic \" sometimes shortened to raas is one of two autonomous regions other communities of creoles are found in waspan on the coco river near cape gracias a dios, in laguna de perlas, puerto cabezas, the offshore corn islands, prinzapolka ( puerto isabel ), and san juan del norte ( greytown ). for the languages see creole language. for other meanings see creole ( disambiguation. waspam ( waspan in miskito ) is a municipality in the region autonoma del atlantico norte department of nicaragua. the rio coco, formerly known as the rio segovia is a river in southern honduras and northern nicaragua. cabo gracias a dios is a cape located in the middle of the east coast of central america, within what is variously called the mosquito coast and la pearl lagoon ' is a town in the municipality by the same name it is located in region autonoma del atlantico sur ( raas department puerto cabezas ( bilwi in miskito ) is a municipality in the north atlantic coast department ( region autonoma del atlantico norte the corn islands ( las islas del maiz are two islands about 70 km east off the caribbean coast of nicaragua, constituting one of 12 municipalities of the prinzapolka is a municipality in the region autonoma del atlantico norte department of nicaragua. san juan de nicaragua, formerly known as san juan del norte and known in english as greytown, is a town and municipality in the rio san juan inland, the language is spoken in siuna, rosita, and bonanza on the prinzapolka river. siuna is a municipality in the region autonoma del atlantico norte department of nicaragua. rosita is a municipality in the region autonoma del atlantico norte department of nicaragua. bonanza is a municipality in the region autonoma del atlantico norte department of nicaragua. on the pacific coast, there are small numbers of speakers in corinto, puerto sandino, and the nicaraguan capital of managua. corinto is a town of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4353838199690109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.520254"} {"text": "in the region autonoma del atlantico norte department of nicaragua. on the pacific coast, there are small numbers of speakers in corinto, puerto sandino, and the nicaraguan capital of managua. corinto is a town of 17000 ( 1995 population on the northwest pacific coast of nicaragua in the department of chinandega. puerto sandino is a coastal town in western nicaragua. it is located at around. managua is the capital city of nicaragua as well as the department and municipality by the same name rama cay creole is a variety of the language spoken by the rama people on rama cay, an island in the bluefields lagoon. rama cay creole is a creole language spoken by some 8 - 900 people on the island of rama cay in eastern nicaragua. the rama are an indigenous people of nicaragua. the 900 ethnic rama live within a thirty mile radius of the rama cay island on the caribbean rama cay is an island in the bluefields lagoon on the eastern coast of nicaragua. | location | | number of speakers | african slaves were shipwrecked on the mosquito coast as early as 1640 and interaction between them and the local miskito population commenced. bluefields is the capital of the municipality of the same name and of r the corn islands ( las islas del maiz are two islands about 70 km east off the caribbean coast of nicaragua, constituting one of 12 municipalities of the pearl lagoon ' is a town in the municipality by the same name it is located in region autonoma del atlantico sur ( raas department puerto cabezas ( bilwi in miskito ) is a municipality in the north atlantic coast department ( region autonoma del atlantico norte the miskitos are a group of native americans in central america. larger numbers of africans from jamaica enslaved by british owners were settled in the area during the 1700s which led to the development of miskito coastal creole. jamaica ( \u02c8d\u0292\u0259\u02c8me\u026ak\u0259 } is an island nation of the greater antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the caribbean sea. the british empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. the coast was officially under british protection from 1740 to 1787 according to the treaty of friendship and alliance with the miskito kingdom and remained under british influence until the late 19th century. in international law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is \" protected \" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40262577845206715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.521829"} {"text": "the treaty of friendship and alliance with the miskito kingdom and remained under british influence until the late 19th century. in international law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is \" protected \" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect the treaty of friendship and alliance was signed on march 16, 1740 between king edward i of the miskito nation and the british. the miskitos are a group of native americans in central america. in the mid - 1800s, more english - or creole - speaking laborers, primarily from jamaica, were brought to the coast as labourers. however, following the 1894 formal annexation of the miskito kingdom by nicaragua, an increasing number of spanish speakers migrated to the area. the 1987 constitution of nicaragua granted autonomy to the zelaya department as two autonomous regions of the north and south atlantic coasts. the constitution of nicaragua was reformed due to a negotiation of the executive and legislative branches in 1995. zelaya is a former department in nicaragua. the capital was bluefields. nicaragua is a unitary republic. for administrative purposes it is divided into 15 departments ( departamentos ) and two self - governing regions region autonoma del atlantico norte ( spanish for \" autonomous region of the northern atlantic \" sometimes shortened to raan is one of two autonomous regions region autonoma del atlantico sur ( spanish for \" autonomous region of the southern atlantic \" sometimes shortened to raas is one of two autonomous regions autonomous status has allowed for the promotion and development of the languages of the caribbean coast and, as of 1992, there was education in english and spanish, as well as education in indigenous languages. year 1992 ( mcmxcii ) was a leap year starting on wednesday ( link will display full 1992 gregorian calendar ) ethnologue languages of the world is a web and print publication of sil international ( formerly known as the summer institute of linguistics a christian belizean creole, known as kriol by its speakers is a creole language closely related to miskito coastal creole, limon coastal creole, miskito is a misumalpan language spoken by the miskito people in northeastern nicaragua, especially in the north atlantic autonomous region the miskitos are a group of native americans in central america.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4301233040360012, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.522815"} {"text": "american silver lecture series at the clark for immediate release february 11, 2000 from teapots and tankards to snuff boxes and swords, silver played a daily role in the affluent colonial american home. the collection of the late henry morris burrows and his wife elizabeth h. burrows encompasses a wide range of american silver from the colonial and federal periods, providing an opportunity to explore not only the objects themselves but the lives and customs of the people who created and used them. over one - hundred - fifty - five pieces from the burrows ' extensive collection will provide a glimpse into early american life through the exhibition \" a fresh and large assortment \" : american silver from the burrows collection, on view at the sterling and francine clark art institute from february 13 to april 30, 2000. \" this important collection of silver, which the burrows began more than sixty years ago, has continued to grow, with thirty - seven purchases made over the past decade, and now includes three - hundred - sixty works. \" says director michael conforti. \" we are delighted that our good friend mrs. burrows is now allowing us to celebrate this remarkable collection on the twenty - fifth anniversary of its long - term loan to the clark. \" advertisements placed by eighteenth - century silversmiths often described their wares as \" fresh, \" \" large \" and \" neat \" assortments, descriptions which certainly apply to the burrows silver. assembled over a period of sixty years, the burrows collection encompasses a wide variety of forms, including dining, drinking, church, and presentation pieces, ranging in date from 1652 to 1899. all three major centers of american silver production - boston, philadelphia, and new york - are represented, as are a number of provincial areas including marblehead, massachusetts, and baltimore, maryland. among the master silversmiths whose work is featured in \" a fresh and large assortment \" are paul revere ii, jacob hurd, myer myers, and joseph and nathaniel richardson. rather than focus solely on form and design, clark curator of decorative arts beth carver wees has chosen to explore the world of the people who created, owned, and used the silver on view. \" for prosperous early american families, everyday life included contact with silver, \" says wees. \" not only were silver coins used as currency, but objects of personal adornment, drinking, dining and tea wares, as well as gifts of recognition were crafted in this precious metal. silver proudly displayed the wealth and social standing of its owners. beyond the merely functional, silver was prized for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43720579265337406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.551393"} {"text": "but objects of personal adornment, drinking, dining and tea wares, as well as gifts of recognition were crafted in this precious metal. silver proudly displayed the wealth and social standing of its owners. beyond the merely functional, silver was prized for its ability to capture the flavor of the historical moment and something of the personality of the owner. \" among the highlights of \" a fresh and large assortment \" are several monogrammed pieces that originally belonged to christopher marshall, the famed revolutionary war diarist, and his wife. a pair of neo - classical sauce tureens, made in 1817 by baltimore silversmith andrew ellicott warner, were commissioned for presentation to commodore stephen decatur, the naval war hero whose feats included the burning of the captured ship \" philadelphia \" in the barbary wars, and the capture of the british war ship \" macedonia \" in the war of 1812. the owners of silver were not alone in their claims to fame. \" a fresh and large assortment \" also delves into the world of the silversmith both in and out of the workshop. beyond being craftsmen and merchants, silversmiths played important roles in their communities, holding political and military offices or positions in religious and civic organizations. to ensure their income many silversmiths diversified into other occupations, such as keeping taverns, making false teeth, or even counterfeiting. \" in general, silversmiths were regarded as individuals of high reputation, honest businessman, and prominent citizens, \" notes wees. perhaps the most prominent citizen / silversmith of all is paul revere ii ( 1734 - 1818 ). a section of the exhibition is devoted to revere, who in 1754 inherited the boston workshop of his french huguenot father paul revere i. most famous for his midnight ride on april 18, 1775, revere was active in political, military, and civic organizations including the sons of liberty and the freemasons. following the american revolution revere, the entrepreneur, branched into other fields in addition to silversmithing, including bell and cannon manufacturing, printing, dentistry, and copper rolling. \" a fresh and large assortment \" features a sugar bowl, pap boat, ladle, and other objects marked by revere. a group of tankards, cups, pitchers, and drinking bowls evoke the everyday presence of alcoholic beverages in early america. in taverns and homes, early americans enthusiastically consumed large quantities of beer, wine, punch, and other libations. the exhibition examines the various forms used to serve drink, including", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4579484548483479, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.556323"} {"text": "bowls evoke the everyday presence of alcoholic beverages in early america. in taverns and homes, early americans enthusiastically consumed large quantities of beer, wine, punch, and other libations. the exhibition examines the various forms used to serve drink, including some beverages unfamiliar to us today such as \" flip \" ( a draft of strong beer, rum, and sugar or molasses into which a red - hot poker was thrust ) and \" metheglin \" ( a beverage of fermented honey, ginger, mace, and yeast ). colonial america quickly adopted the european taste for tea and coffee in the seventeenth century. while the tensions preceding the revolutionary war, culminating in the \" boston tea party \" of 1767, curtailed the consumption of tea for a time, tea drinking resumed following the war, as evidenced by the quantities of silver teapots, sugar bowls, cream pots, and canisters that survive. \" a fresh and large assortment \" explores the social customs surrounding tea and coffee drinking, as well as dining. \" a fresh and large assortment \" was organized by beth carver wees and by alexis goodin, assistant curator at the clark art institute. wees will introduce the exhibition with a public lecture on saturday, february 12, at 5 : 30 p. m. a number of programs and activities are planned in connection with the exhibition, including a valentine ' s day party and opening reception on february 12, a children ' s valentine ' s day party on february 13, a series of lectures on february 29, march 7, and march 14, and an afternoon of family activities on march 19. also opening on february 13 will be two exhibitions of works on paper. those women : toulouse - lautrec ' s elles and french images of prostitution features all twelve lithographs from henri de toulouse lautrec ' s 1896 elles series, as well as other images of prostitutes and \" kept women \" by degas, descamps, and atget. truth and beauty : peter henry emerson ' s life and landscape on the norfolk broads comprises fifteen platinum prints by british photographer peter henry emerson, some of the most beautiful photographs of rural life and landscape of the nineteenth century. the prints in truth and beauty are from the collections of the parnassus foundation and jane and raphael bernstein. the clark art institute the sterling and francine clark art institute is one of handful of institutions in the united states that combines a public art museum with a complex of research and academic programs, including a major art history library.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45965334622746956, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.558196"} {"text": "and jane and raphael bernstein. the clark art institute the sterling and francine clark art institute is one of handful of institutions in the united states that combines a public art museum with a complex of research and academic programs, including a major art history library. as such, the clark functions as an international center in the museum field for research and discussion on the nature of art and art history. the clark was chartered in 1950 by robert sterling clark and opened its doors in 1955, welcoming the public to a collection of artworks and books that he and his wife had assembled over the course of five decades. the collection is best known for mr. and mrs. clark ' s extraordinary french impressionist paintings, which take their place among a wider ensemble of masterworks that range from the renaissance to the late nineteenth century. among the highlights are works by ugolino di nerio, piero della francesca, fragonard, corot, bouguereau, turner, and an especially strong representation of american artists, including homer, cassatt, and sargent. the clark is also noted for its fine holdings of decorative arts and old master and nineteenth - century drawings and prints. its library has grown to become one of the nation ' s premier resources for the study of european and american art, containing more than 200, 000 printed books, bound periodicals, and auction sales catalogues. two major new initiatives of the clark are : the clark fellowships, which brings leading scholars from universities and museums around the country and the world to williamstown for up to a year, to develop, discuss and present their ideas and projects ; and the conference and symposium program, which presents one major clark conference a year on a topic of vital importance to the field, as well as smaller symposia and lectures. this expansion of the clark ' s activities further strengthens the graduate program in the history of art, the country ' s foremost program of its kind, which is administered jointly with nearby williams college. the sterling and francine clark art institute is located at 225 south street in williamstown, massachusetts. the galleries are open tuesday through sunday, 10 : 00 a. m. to 5 : 00 p. m. admission is free through may. for more information call 413 - 458 - 2303 or visit www. clarkart. edu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44465652370322695, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.559247"} {"text": "i have an arch i ' d like to cut with a straight bit, just a single swoop with the z axis changing as the bit travels along the y axis. i have a few instances of this. the first is in fret slots. i want to follow the fingerboard radius. the other instance is in a truss rod slot. it ' d be easy to draw the curve in 2d and somehow transpose it to the z axis. any cheats on how to do this? easiest way is to draw your 2d arc in the xy plane, then rotate it to the yz plane, ( you can try to draw it in the yz plane, but the coords are very hard to follow ) then use 3d engrave to follow it with a toolpath. play with the depth setting until you understand what ' s happening. fwiw, someone else had the same app. but wanted to be able to ruf without burying the little cutter too deep. that solution required modeling the slot to slightly larger than cutter width and using slice planar with a step down distance defined. yep, claude is right on the money there. the 3d engrave feature would be good for that. 3d engrave? is that a program? is it free? if so... someone have a link? thanks! millwork, the 3d engrave is a feature of the v24 software. there is a 2d engrave and a 3d engrave as well as v carving with a combination v cutter and endmill as needed. do you have bobcad - cam software? oh... no i use alphacam. i guess i should pay a lil more attention. i didnt realize that this was a bobcad forum. sorry! : - / no problem. do you make guitars? no... i dont really know anything about guitars other than they make noise. i have a guy here in the shop thats in a local band that wants me to cut one for him on the cnc. if all goes well with the first one i might study up on it and make a few more for the heck of it. i tried this and no luck. what i ' m trying to do is toolpath a 3 / 16 \" spiral bit to cut a curved bottom channel for the truss rod. i drew a arched line and rotated it as mentioned and that worked just fine. but when i verify it the bit is no where near the 3d engrave toolpath. it ' s completely off", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49343155900180435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.600338"} {"text": "to cut a curved bottom channel for the truss rod. i drew a arched line and rotated it as mentioned and that worked just fine. but when i verify it the bit is no where near the 3d engrave toolpath. it ' s completely off the piece. maybe i ' m setting up the 3d engrave wrong. also, how does engrave work? shouldn ' t it follow the bottom of the arched line i drew with the tip of the bit? here is what i ' m trying to do ( but cnc of course ) see photo : the sides of the jig are curved to create a cut that has a arched depth. last edited by 777funk ; 02 - 04 - 2011 at 10 : 35 am. also, make sure your geometry is at the depth you want to machine it at. the depth value will obviously adjust the z - depth of toolpath from the geometry, but this can be set to zero and even given a neg. number to raise the path. couple more things to mention, the arc will be broken into small, straight line segments. and the path is calculated from the tool centerline, so flat bottom tools will show a slight deviation. certainly not an issue in your app. sometimes it ' s easier and cleaner to just hand code a feature like this, using the cad data for the coords. ( one arc is just a single line of code ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4557957272181785, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.605325"} {"text": "strong name ( further referred to as \" sn \" ) is a technology introduced with the. net platform and it brings many possibilities into. net applications. but many. net developers still see strong names as security enablers ( which is very wrong! ) and not as a technology uniquely identifying assemblies. there is a lot of misunderstanding about sns ( as we could see in the article \" building security awareness in. net assemblies : part 3 - learn to break strong name. net assemblies this article attempts to clear those up. now let ' s see what sns are, what we can use them for and how they work. strong name is a technology based on cryptographic principles, primary digital signatures ; basic idea is presented in the figure at the heart of digital signatures is asymmetric cryptography ( rsa, el gamal ), together with hashing functions ( md5, sha ). so what happens when we want to sign any data? i ' ll try to explain what happens in the figure above. first we must get a public / private key pair ( from our administrator, certification authority, bank, application etc. ) that we will use for encryption / decryption. then data ( term data represents general data we want to sign ) is taken and run through some hashing algorithm ( like md5 or sha - however, md5 is not recommended ) and hash of data is produced. the hash is encrypted by private key of user a and attached to plaintext data. the data and attached signature are sent to user b who takes public key of user a and decrypts attached signature where hash of data is stored and encrypted. finally user b runs data through the same hashing algorithm as user a and if both hashes are the same then user b can be pretty sure that the data has not been tampered with and also identity of user a is proven. but this is a naive scenario because it ' s hard to securely deliver public keys over insecure communication channels like internet. that is why certificates were introduced but i will not cover it here because certificates aren ' t used in sns and delivery of public key is a matter of publisher ' s policy ( maybe i can cover distribution of public keys, certificates and certification authorities in another article ). now let ' s assume that public key was delivered to user b this process is used in the creation of sn for. net applications. you can translate term data as assemblies and apply the same steps to them when sns are used", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6056602609665798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.692191"} {"text": "article ). now let ' s assume that public key was delivered to user b this process is used in the creation of sn for. net applications. you can translate term data as assemblies and apply the same steps to them when sns are used. but what is the purpose and usage of this sn technology? simple - there is the only one reason \u2013 to uniquely identify each assembly. see section 188. 8. 131. 52 of cli ecma specification where sns are defined : this header entry points to the strong name hash for an image that can be used to deterministically identify a module from a referencing point ( section 184. 108. 40. 206 ). sns are not any security enhancement ; they enable unique identification and side - by - side code execution. now we know that sns are not security enablers. where to use them then? we can see two scenarios where sns can be used : versioning solves known problem called as \" dll hell \". signed assemblies are unique and sn solves problem with namespace collisions ( developers can distribute their assemblies even with the same file names as shown of figure below ). assemblies signed with sns are uniquely identified and are protected and stored in different spaces. in addition to collision protection, sn should help developers to uniquely identify versions of their that is why when developers want to use gac ( global assembly cache ) assemblies must be signed to separate each publisher ' s namespace and to separate each version. the second important feature of strong names is authentication ; a process where we want to ensure ourselves about the code ' s origin. this can be used in many situations, such as assigning higher permissions for chosen publishers ( as will be shown later ) or ensuring that code is provided by a specific supplier. it has been shown that signatures and public keys can be easily removed from assemblies. yes, that is right but it is correct behavior even when we use digital signatures in emails or anywhere else! let ' s see how it works! we can use some analogy from our real life. let ' s assume you are a boss of your company and you are sending an email to your employees where new prices of your products are proposed. this email is a plaintext and you use some non - trusted outsourcing mailing services. your communication can be easily monitored and your email can be easily accessed by unauthorized persons who can change its content, for instance your prices proposed in email. how to solve that? the answer is cryptography, again", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5856245571966521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.694126"} {"text": "trusted outsourcing mailing services. your communication can be easily monitored and your email can be easily accessed by unauthorized persons who can change its content, for instance your prices proposed in email. how to solve that? the answer is cryptography, again digital signatures that you can use to authenticate to your employees and to verify content of your email. simply you have to add a digital signature to your email and then require your employees will trust just verified emails that have your valid digital signature. let ' s assume that all pki infrastructure is set up and working correctly. now, when an intruder removes the digital signature from your email, his employees will not trust them because they can ' t be verified and application will alert users about this insecure the same situation is when sns are used. you can remove sns from assemblies, but this makes no sense because just as in the case of emails, assemblies without sns can ' t be trusted when environment is set up to require those digital signatures or sns. this is also related to another very important point in. net \u2013 code groups & policy levels. as in the case of emails, when pki is setup in a company and security policy is defined that employees can ' t trust and verify emails which are not signed or where the encrypted hash value is different from hashed plaintext content. the same can be done with. net framework using the. net configuration tool on each machine or by group policy for large networks. this tool provides configuration options for. net framework including runtime security where policy levels and code groups can be set. policy levels work on intersection principle as shown in the figure below code groups ( inside of those policy levels ) provide permission sets for applications that belong to them according to their evidence ( origin, publisher, strong name etc. ). the assembly will get those permissions based on the intersection of code groups from each policy level applicable to it. this is a very important improvement in security architecture and improves the traditional windows security model that is process centric ( see figure below ).. net introduces code access security ( cas ) which is used to identify the origin of code and assign to it specific restrictions and then make security policy more granular and protecting against attacks such as luring attacks. however my intention isn ' t to describe cas or windows security internals ( i can write about it in other articles ) but show sn principles. let ' s move back to it! now we can move to the second use for sn - administrators and developers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5523098352025481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.697993"} {"text": "isn ' t to describe cas or windows security internals ( i can write about it in other articles ) but show sn principles. let ' s move back to it! now we can move to the second use for sn - administrators and developers can use sns together with code groups to provide assemblies with higher permissions ( not the default ones that assembly will acquire according to default. net framework settings ). let ' s see an example! i must point out that this is just a simplified example how sn can identify publisher, this is not a way to obey clr security or how to use it in enterprise environment. that is why please try to understand the example as a general principle available with sns but not as a design pattern! usage of sns as authentication is a more complex problem and there are many non - trivial issues when sns are involved. but it ' s out of scope of this article, so now back to the sample! take my sample windows forms project and rebuild it and put. exe file on any share on your lan. then try to start this application from this share and click on button \u2013 what happens? a security exception is raised because application doesn ' t have enough privileges. now go to. net configuration tool and add a new code group add new code group called test and in the second dialog choose strong name, click on import button and locate the. exe file in debug folder of project folder and finally assign full trust for this application now you have created a new code group containing just your sample application. now go to your network share and try to start sample application again. and it works! why? because it belongs to our new code group test with full trust permissions. now remove sn from sample application ( as described in his article or just simply remove attribute [ assembly : assemblykeyfile ( \" keyfile. snk \" ) ] from assemblyinfo. cs file ), recompile and publish it on share. try to run it and what happens? it ' s not working! why? because assembly can ' t show this strong name evidence and it belongs to the default code group ( with limited it ' s not surprising, nothing special, no magic \u2013 just correct usage of strong name technology. sns are easy and powerful but we have to understand how and where to use them. that is why i want to outline some \" issues \" that are connected with sns that will present all capabilities that we can expect from sns. so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5740557011026859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.705527"} {"text": ". sns are easy and powerful but we have to understand how and where to use them. that is why i want to outline some \" issues \" that are connected with sns that will present all capabilities that we can expect from sns. so what are the weaknesses of sns? first we have to realize that sns are a lightweight version of authenticode and they provide fast and easily used technology to get enterprise features like versioning and authentication. but this ease of use must be paid by something and here goes a list of - it can be very hard to securely associate publisher with his public key when certification authorities are not involved. publisher must ship his public key by himself and he must ensure that public key is not tampered. without certification authorities it ' s impossible to do it securely when our products are distributed over insecure channels and there are no other ways to verify the publisher ' s public key. - there is no way how to revoke public key when the private key has been compromised. as this is easily done in case of certificates ( just publish revoked certificates on crl, certificate revocation list ) in case of sns, revocation is a nightmare. just imagine that you as a junior security engineer has lost usb key with your private key used to sign your assemblies. then you ' ll have to call and email your clients with newly signed assemblies, give them your new public key and setup all environments again ). there is no automatic way like crl, everything must be done \" by hand \". authenticode can be considered as more powerful from an enterprise and architectural perspective. so why not use authenticode instead of sns? here are the reasons : - sns don ' t require any third party ( such as verisign ) to create signatures and manage public keys. any developer can easily create and manage his keys ( see chapter \" generate key pair with sn. exe tool \" in my free book \". net in samples \" ) without payment to any third party. - sns can avoid network connections and pki involvement so applications can run and be verified even when network connections are not - authenticode certificates are not a part of assembly names and that is why they can ' t separate publisher ' s namespaces like sns do. do you remember the statement from ecma in the beginning? that sns should \" deterministically identify \" modules and this is the most important reason. so not a security enabler but unique identification is the primary reason for sns! and authentic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.526079234454041, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.709180"} {"text": "current wild dog management in nsw aims to protect dingoes in their core habitat areas. but, as the regulatory review committee of the nsw parliament has noted, \u201c it is however anomalous that the main nsw initiative to conserve existing dingo populations is being undertaken under an act that will classify them, statewide, as a pest requiring eradication. \u201d this intended protection program will be through plans developed by rural lands protection boards that are concerned with stock losses, not dingo conservation. aggressive eradication of wild dogs and tokenistic conservation efforts are not going to reverse the extinction of the dingo, which is primarily caused by interbreeding with feral dogs. meanwhile, the nsw national parks and wildlife service is conducting lethal experiments on endangered quolls in the wilderness areas of kosciuszko to justify its wild dog management to farmer critics and is preparing environmental studies to support its aerial 1080 poison baiting programs in the parks of northern nsw. if you would like to read the text of colong foundation ' s nomination of dingo populations as endangered under the threatened species conservation act, 1995 download attached. pdf ( 92. 29kb ) and maps download attached. pdf ( 757. 43kb ) the book, by mr adam o ' neill, was launched at a colong foundation seminar on dingoes in 2002. mr o ' neill explains why dingoes play an important role in maintaining ecological balance in australia. ( if you would like to read this review, download attached. pdf 7. 81kb )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45973571704770466, "token_count": 305, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.719984"} {"text": "sound of silence : difficulties in communicating on hiv / aids in schools published by action aid in march 2003, this report studies the linkages between and importance of connecting education and hiv / aids. formal education is often assumed to have significant influence on how people make informed decisions about their health - including very important areas such as sexual behaviour. with estimates of 11. 8 million young people aged 15 to 24 living with hiv / aids ( unaids, 2002 ) it is now vital to understand better how educators are, and should be, responding to the challenges posed by the epidemic. the educational response to the hiv / aids epidemic is an important aspect of actionaid ' s work. our underlying belief that every person has the right to information on hiv has led to concern that barriers or silences in communication around hiv / aids are impeding efforts inthe classroom. this assertion is based upon anecdotal evidence from some of our community partners, and twenty years of experience in participatory empowerment and learning approaches which encourage communication of difficult or \" silent \" issues. an unchallenged culture of silence can only serve to exacerbate the aids epidemic and increase confusion, denial and stigmatisation. this report attempts to elucidate how hiv / aids education is implemented and received by schools in india and kenya - two countries chosen partly for their differences, but also a similarity : the existence in each of the chosen regions ( nyanza, kenya and tamil nadu, india ) of a state - sponsored hiv curriculum. through a mixture of quantitative and qualitative approaches, the research catalogues the reported attitudes of 3, 706 teachers, pupils, parents and other key stakeholders in the educational community. in doing so, the report aims to answer the following four questions : - what is the parental and community demand for school - based hiv / aids education? - what role does the school have in teaching young people about hiv? - how is hiv / aids education being taught in the classroom? - what difficulties exist in successfully delivering school - based hiv / aids education? the research indicates that in both kenya and india teachers and schools play a pivotal role in teaching young people about hiv and aids. on the whole, parents appear to support schools in this endeavour, partly as it relieves their own responsibilities for discussing hiv / aids. however, perceptions of risk of hiv appear not to be \" personalised \" with an underlying attitude that hiv only happens to \" them \" and not \" us \". unfortunately, attempts to deliver hiv / aids education in schools are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48551668563244943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.747516"} {"text": "discussing hiv / aids. however, perceptions of risk of hiv appear not to be \" personalised \" with an underlying attitude that hiv only happens to \" them \" and not \" us \". unfortunately, attempts to deliver hiv / aids education in schools are severely constrained by a wider crisis in education, and more specifically by social and cultural restraints in discussing hiv / aids, sexual relations and power inequalities. these constraints manifest themselves in the practice of \" selective teaching \" in which messages on hiv / aids are either not communicated at all, or restricted to overly - scientific discussions without direct reference to sex or sexual relationships. 1. parental and community demand for hiv / aids education the research suggests that in both countries young people and their families perceive hiv to be a serious threat, and there is a strong belief that education can act to mitigate that threat. as a consequence, there is a strong demand for young people to be taught about hiv. key findings include : - 68 % of kenyan parents reported knowing their child was being taught about hiv in school, compared to12 % of indian parents. - teachers perceive parental support for school - based hiv / aids education to be lower than it is. - the majority of young people, parents and teachers in both countries view hiv to be a very big problem nationally. however, in tamil nadu, hiv was seen as less of a problem in the local area or school, whilst most kenyan respondents viewed hiv to be a big problem locally. - striking differences exist between countries on perceived frequency of risk behaviour in schools. 74 % of indian parents reported that casual sexual relationships between students never happened, compared to 15 % of their kenyan counterparts. 2. the role of the school in hiv / aids education the research suggests that a number of social factors influence young people ' s perceptions about hiv, including religious influence, the media, family and peers. parents often feel uncomfortable talking about sensitive issues with their children and, particularly in india, the media is perceived as giving out harmful messages. consequently, the school is viewed by the community as a trusted and important place for young people to learn about hiv. within this context, teachers were perceived as paramount in teaching young people about hiv / aids. key findings include : - 87 % of indian teachers and 90 % of kenyan teachers viewed their profession as having responsibility for teaching young people about hiv and aids. - in kenya, teachers viewed responsibility for teaching young people about hiv as being diffused throughout the community - including parents ( 88 % ) and religious leaders ( 85 % ). - respondents", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507002824291281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.749888"} {"text": "profession as having responsibility for teaching young people about hiv and aids. - in kenya, teachers viewed responsibility for teaching young people about hiv as being diffused throughout the community - including parents ( 88 % ) and religious leaders ( 85 % ). - respondents in both countries thought that young people learn about hiv from a number of sources. teachers and television were among the top three most commonly cited sources across all respondent groups and in both countries. - parents ( particularly mothers ) and religious leaders appear to play a far greater role in teaching young people about hiv in kenya than india : 42 % of kenyan parents reported often talking to their children about sex and hiv. in comparison, 63 % of indian parents reported never talking about sex or hiv to their children. 3. silences in communicating on hiv / aids given the sensitivities that surround sex and hiv, teachers reported finding it difficult to discuss hiv / aids with their students. our findings suggest that \u2018 selective teaching ' often takes place. teachers appear to be selecting which messages to give or else choosing not to teach hiv at all. an overly - scientific emphasis during lessons leads to discussions of hiv without any direct reference to sexual relationships. in other cases sex is discussed, but only within the \" acceptable \" boundaries of abstinence. the occurrence of selective teaching is alarming. discussion of hiv without direct reference to sex, or advocating abstinence without mentioning safe sex, cannot work. on the contrary, it bonds notions of hiv to immorality, and leads to a \" them, not us \" attitude. this, in turn, leads to even further discrimination. it also fails to help the many young people who are sexually active, making it less likely that they will seek advice or personalise their risk of becoming hiv positive. silences in communication over the issue of condoms, or messages other than abstinence arise out of a paradox of safer sex. in the context of young people, the paradox or tension can occur between two assumptions : a societal assumption that young people do not, and will not, have pre - marital sex, and the necessary assumption needed to discuss condoms : that young people do have pre - marital sex. key findings include : - it appears that selective teaching is taking place in both kenya and india with both students and teachers ( to a lesser extent ) claiming that lessons are not being taught. for example, 95 % of teachers intamil nadu claimed that the hiv component of the total health programme was being taught compared to only 53 % of students. in both countries selective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49781045678054797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.763668"} {"text": "( to a lesser extent ) claiming that lessons are not being taught. for example, 95 % of teachers intamil nadu claimed that the hiv component of the total health programme was being taught compared to only 53 % of students. in both countries selective teaching appears to be more common in rural areas than urban areas. - selective teaching is also manifested in hiv / aids education which does not directly refer to sex. this appears to be more common in tamil nadu than nyanza : 35 % of the indian students reported having been taught about hiv and never having been taught about sex ( compared to 7 % of kenyan students ). - in kenya, selective teaching of hiv appears to be linked to negative stances towards condoms and safe sex. surprisingly, indian respondents, particularly students, appeared to have less negative attitudes towards condoms than their kenyan counterparts ( 28 % of indian students were against students having access to condoms compared to 57 % of kenyan students ). 4. obstacles to teaching hiv / aids - a wider crisis in education apart from the social and cultural constraints that exist in teaching hiv / aids, there are, in addition, a number of obstacles faced by teachers which are symptomatic of a wider crisis in education. efforts in the classroom ares everely hampered by oversized classes, overstretched curricula, and a dearth of training opportunities and learning materials. moreover, the large numbers of children who are out of school do not have any access to school - based hiv / aids education. key findings include : - 45 % of kenyan teachers said they did not have enough knowledge to teach about hiv / aids, compared to 20 % of indian teachers. - the majority of teachers in both countries reported never having been on a training course on hiv / aids ( 70 % in india, 54 % in kenya ). - about half of the teachers in both countries said they did not have enough time to teach hiv / aids ( 52 % in india, 54 % in kenya ). - interviews and focus group discussion in both countries suggest that the cultural barriers included both the \" paradox of safe sex \" ( discussed above ) and gender specific issues in which teachers ( particularly female teachers ) felt unconfident teaching students of the opposite sex. - 24 % of kenyan students stated that teachers did not set good role models when it comes to sexual behaviour, compared to 12 % of students in india. extending beyond the classroom if hiv / aids education is to succeed, it must target all sectors of society including religious leaders, the media and families. pre - existing systems of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4765520638314643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.770248"} {"text": "when it comes to sexual behaviour, compared to 12 % of students in india. extending beyond the classroom if hiv / aids education is to succeed, it must target all sectors of society including religious leaders, the media and families. pre - existing systems of knowledge transfer should be taken advantage of : parents and the extended family should be targeted for adult learning programmes that encourage them to communicate openly, positively and accurately onhiv / aids. locally relevant hiv / aids education there needs to be a move away from an overly scientific approach to hiv / aids education. learning materials should stimulate children to understand the human side of hiv so they can connect the issue to real life. learning resources on hiv / aids should be locally driven - drawing upon local statistics of prevalence and local case studies. challenging social and power inequalities education that leads to positive behaviour or social change needs to look beyond skills and, in this particular context, challenge social, gender and power inequalities. hiv / aids education should focus on power and communication issues in wider human relationships, and in this way some of the power issues involved in sexual relationships can be addressed. prioritisation and resource mobilisation for education if the education system is to be an effective vehicle to prevent the further spread of hiv / aids, then improving the basic functioning of the system is a prerequisite. a massive injection of financial resources is needed at every level ; internationally, nationally, in communities and in schools themselves to provide good quality education. only on this foundation can hiv / aids adequately be addressed in schools.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46807389987087483, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.771705"} {"text": "computer program detail page written by wolfgang christian the body with thruster model shows the motion of a disk with an attached rocket engine. you can drag the engine to change its distance from the center of the disk and you can adjust the thrust of the rocket engine using sliders. the mass of the rocket and its connecting rod are assumed to be negligible. the trajectory of this single - body model is intuitively challenging and difficult to visualize. the body with thruster model was created using the easy java simulations ( ejs ) modeling tool. it is distributed as a ready - to - run ( compiled ) java archive. double clicking the ejs _ mech _ newton _ bodywiththruster. jar file will run the program if java is installed. please note that this resource requires at least version 1. 5 of java ( jre ). view the source code document attached to this resource compadre is beta testing citation styles! disclaimer : compadre offers citation styles as a guide only. we cannot offer interpretations about citations as this is an automated procedure. please refer to the style manuals in the citation source information area for clarifications. citation source information the apa style presented is based on information from apa style. org : electronic references. the chicago style presented is based on information from examples of chicago - style documentation. the mla style presented is based on information from the mla faq. body with thruster model : is based on easy java simulations modeling and authoring tool the easy java simulations modeling and authoring tool is needed to explore the computational model used in the body with thruster model. relation by wolfgang christian know of another related resource? login to relate this resource to it.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5260781734043276, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.776270"} {"text": "telling students it \u2019 s okay to fail helps them succeed \u2014 study telling children that it is perfectly normal to sometimes fail at school can actually help them do better academically, according to newly published research. the results of three experiments by french researchers are not definitive but they are intuitive ; kids who don \u2019 t feel overwhelming pressure to do well all the time are more likely to feel free to explore, take academic chances and not fall apart if they make a mistake. the first experiment explains how the three were conducted : 111 sixth - graders were all given very difficult anagram problems. a sub - group of the students who were told that learning can be hard and that they should expect to sometimes fail did better on a test measuring working memory capacity than students in two other groups who did not have the same failure - is - okay discussion. working memory capacity is said to be a good predictor of reading comprehension, problem solving and other aspects of academic achievement. the findings are explained in article called \u201c improving working memory efficiency by reframing metacognitive interpretation of task difficulty, \u201d by frederique autin and jean - claude croizet of the university of poitiers and the national center for scientific research in poitiers, france. the article was published in the journal of experimental psychology : general by the american psychological association. in a news release about the article, autin was quoted as saying : \u201c we focused on a widespread cultural belief that equates academic success with a high level of competence and failure with intellectual inferiority. by being obsessed with success, students are afraid to fail, so they are reluctant to take difficult steps to master new material. acknowledging that difficulty is a crucial part of learning could stop a vicious circle in which difficulty creates feelings of incompetence that in turn disrupts learning. \u201d and croize was quoted as saying, \u201c people usually believe that academic achievement simply reflects students \u2019 inherent academic ability, which can be difficult to change. but teachers and parents may be able to help students succeed just by changing the way in which the material is presented. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.443895543685643, "token_count": 423, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.784269"} {"text": "the route toward minority scholarship college. the need for minority students in need of scholarships to pay school fees is huge. the wide range includes african american scholarships, hispanics scholarships and native american scholarships. the minority scholarship college listings include possibilities for various ethnicities. non - ethnic minority scholarship colleges are focused on providing need based funds for either disadvantaged or physically impaired individuals that are challenged in reaching education or professional careers. minority scholarship college grants are also for students who have disabilities and that embrace those individuals with physical challenges and learning disabilities, autism or add. the opportunities available for female students to break into professional career and education fields that were male - dominated in the past are within the range of the minority scholarships college. there are a wide range of scholarships specifically designed to benefit specific ethnic groups. the possibilities of studies for students who qualify for aboriginal scholarships in canada can study at home or abroad. the general listing open to any minority group listing is also available. the minority scholarships college range cater towards addressing challenges and obstacles in the path of minority students. the main role of minority scholarships college spurts is to address challenges faced by minority student populations. the minority grants available range from african american, hispanic, native american and asian. the main sources of funding are from the government. the ethnic minority scholarships college grants main aim is to reconcile challenges and obstacles faced by minority groups. the ultimate goal of these sources of funds is to diversify professional and education field. there is a wide rang of african american scholarships available that make college education affordable and offers students a chance to step out of their hometown comfort zones in engage in a new world of intercultural learning. this experience serves to provide training and academic knowledge in preparation for a career. to fill campuses with all cultures, life experiences and economic background financial aid is offered. the need for diversity is a pathway opening opportunities to minority groups like african americans. the awards are plentiful for african american students who seek to further their education. the hispanic population, being the largest ethnic minority population face the largest challenges to further their education. the barriers vary from the fact that english is not a mother tongue, the challenge also has other barriers and obstacles based on social, economics and cultural factors. hispanic individuals can browse through a range of minority scholarship college options available. colleges need to always diversify their campuses and therefore access to these schools is available to students of all ethnicities, economic backgrounds and religious beliefs. hard work is the key to open doors to the minority scholarships college as all scholarships are competitive.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4340548503169401, "token_count": 504, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.795474"} {"text": "appropriate curriculum for gifted students must be qualitatively different from the regular school program. as the governing board and staff of coolidge unified school district are committed to the encouragement of excellence and optimal talent development among gifted students, the district has developed a comprehensive program of educational interventions to meet the needs of our gifted students. the governing board of each school district has developed a scope and sequence for the identification process of and curriculum modifications gifted education provides a variety of instructional techniques that encourage and enable learners to reach their full potential. an effective gifted education program provides appropriate services for students who require differentiated educational programs beyond those normally provided through the regular school program. enrichment and accelerated learning opportunities meet the cognitive and affective needs of gifted children. comprehensive gifted education will meet the varied needs of all types of giftedness including intellectual, creative, artistic, and academic excellence. \u201c gifted education \u201d means appropriate academic course offerings and services that are required to provide an educational program that is an integral part of the regular school day and that is commensurate with the academic abilities and potential of a gifted pupil. arizona revised statute \u00a7 15 - 779 the philosophy of the coolidge unified school district includes providing a challenging and multi - dimensional teaching approach that encourages higher order thinking skills in the provided academic curriculum. cusd understands that \u201c gifted students are gifted all day, not just for a small segment of that day. \u201d building from this understanding, we are committed to providing continuity of services in grades k through 12. the goals of the district gifted education program are : students with exceptional abilities and talents exist in all cultural and linguistic groups, in all economic levels, in all geographic areas of the state, in all domains of intelligence and in groups of individuals who also have disabilities. the official definition of \" gifted child \" is available in arizona revised statute 15 - 779. \" gifted pupil means a child who is of lawful school age, who due to superior intellect or advanced learning ability, or both, is not afforded an opportunity for otherwise attainable progress and development in regular classroom instruction and who needs gifted instruction or advanced supplemental services, or both, to achieve at levels commensurate with the child ' s intellect and ability. \" ( a. r. s. 15 - 779 ) 1 although each gifted student is unique, gifted students do have some characteristics in common. they usually are swift and efficient learners, may make intuitive leaps, quickly sense patterns in information, ask themselves questions about perceived patterns in order to understand them, and form connections among stored concepts and related bits of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5290634191899651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.808213"} {"text": "gifted students do have some characteristics in common. they usually are swift and efficient learners, may make intuitive leaps, quickly sense patterns in information, ask themselves questions about perceived patterns in order to understand them, and form connections among stored concepts and related bits of new information to modify their existing knowledge base. in their area of interest, they are able to construct clear mental maps that organize concepts efficiently ; they are able to think flexibly about new possibilities, and they thrive on questions and problems that have a wide range of possible answers instead of those that have one correct answer. gifted students develop asynchronously. this means that they are intellectually advanced in one or more areas, yet may have difficulties or be very average in other areas. their motor skills may or may not match those of other same age children. the same is true for social skills. in addition, social skills may be advanced. young gifted children progress through developmental milestones more rapidly, and sometimes prefer to associate with older children or adults who are more likely to understand their vocabulary and the complexity of their ideas. one important point is that gifted students of the same age are not alike. there are differences between moderately gifted, highly gifted, and profoundly gifted students that may require as much curriculum differentiation within the group as is necessary between moderately gifted students and their non - gifted peers. program modifications for gifted students must be sufficiently varied and flexible that these students receive challenging learning experiences and appropriate resources. in the coolidge unified school district, as of 2008 - 2009 school year, there are 167 students who are identified as gifted and who participate in the gifted education program. of the 167 students, 83 or 49. 70 % are males and 84 or 50. 30 % are females. 103 or 61. 68 % are caucasian ; 38 or 22. 75 % are hispanic ; 13 or 7. 78 % are african american ; 10 or 6. 00 % are american indian and 0 % are asian. coolidge unified school district uses the cognitive abilities test to determine eligibility for gifted services. during school year 2009 - 2010, the district will identify a second state approved assessment to students of the district. testing is available three times during the 2009 - 2010 school year as mandated by the department of education gifted services. testing will be in the fall, winter, and spring. in alignment of arizona state gifted education guidelines, any of the following persons who are familiar with the students \u2019 abilities, potential performance, and past records may make testing referrals : formal evaluation may begin only after the gifted services teacher has received", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5205305077294877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.809778"} {"text": "spring. in alignment of arizona state gifted education guidelines, any of the following persons who are familiar with the students \u2019 abilities, potential performance, and past records may make testing referrals : formal evaluation may begin only after the gifted services teacher has received written approval from a student \u2019 s parent or guardian. every effort will be made to provide information in home languages other than english, in accordance to the diverse population of the districts. the gifted program specialist and site teacher of the gifted to each school site will address characteristics of gifted children in the same training. district wide gifted training will address the characteristics of gifted children. a student must wait for a period of at least 12 months before retesting. once a student has qualified for the program, the gifted services will mail a placement form, along with an informational letter, home. services can only begin after the parent has completely filled out and signed the placement form. students transferring into the district who have been in a gifted education program in their other district will receive individual evaluation through review of transfer records. these students must meet the same criterion as students in cusd to participate in the gifted program. the district will provide dates and timelines through newsletters and made available through printed material at each site \u2019 s front office. testing will occur in a group setting unless other arrangements have been made. coolidge unified district uses the cognitive abilities test form 6, a state approved test for the identification of gifted education students.. students who do not qualify when tested within the district must wait twelve months for an opportunity to retest. please fill out out the permission form below if you are interested in having your child tested for the gifted education program. test administration and description the cognitive abilities test form 6 will serve as the district \u2019 s primary assessment tool. at kindergarten, first grade, and second grade, test items are read aloud to students who choose answers in a multiple - choice selection of pictures. there are two subtests per battery. each battery requires approximately one hour, with breaks between the subtests. at grades three \u2013 twelve, this test consists of three batteries, each requiring approximately one hour. the cognitive abilities test form 6 evaluates student - reasoning skills in the following areas : all parents will receive notification, in writing, of their child \u2019 s testing results. this information will also go in each student \u2019 s cumulative file for future reference or for students transferring to another site or school district. for each qualified student, the designated classroom teacher, the site gifted education teacher, and the parent will meet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4981499402368663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.811591"} {"text": "testing results. this information will also go in each student \u2019 s cumulative file for future reference or for students transferring to another site or school district. for each qualified student, the designated classroom teacher, the site gifted education teacher, and the parent will meet to determine the gifted education plan for each individual student. students may also be included in the planning meeting. once a student qualifies for services, no further testing is required. coolidge unified school district understands that a continuum of services must exist for gifted learners. services are available on a continuous basis from the point of identification through high school graduation. students receive services through cluster groupings provided by the classroom teacher with the assistance of the gifted education specialist in the preparation of challenging programs for each individual gifted student. at the middle school level, students have many academic and extra - curricular options from which to choose. some options include honors courses in language arts, mathematics, national junior honor society, gear up, mentoring opportunities, etc. during grades nine through twelve, students will encounter several academic challenges such as interactive television courses, advanced placement courses and summer gifted camp. various levels of services are available to match the needs of gifted learners by providing different learning options. gifted services supplement and build on basic academic skills and knowledge learned in regular classrooms at all grade levels to ensure continuity as students progress through the program. the use of flexible groupings of gifted learners, as described below, is an integral part of gifted education programming. in addition, placement decisions take into account the needs of students with disabilities or english language. school district personnel will provide academic and personal / social guidance or counseling services related to learning opportunities for gifted students, and their parents. designated cluster / gifted classroom teachers k - 8 will serve gifted education students and work towards a gifted endorsement. these teachers will :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.506525394517208, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.812835"} {"text": "helping seniors with disabilities get online : accessibility features in popular computer and mobile devices this manual has been created for member organisations of the council of the ageing by cota western australia to support seniors with disabilities in participating online through the use of computers and mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones. funding for the creation of this resource has been provided by the nib foundation and the manual itself has been created by media access australia. accessibility, in this context, generally refers to the provision of a tool or method that makes it easier for people with disabilities to use computing devices and the internet. popular computing devices may include a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer or a mobile phone. traditionally it has been expensive for people with disabilities to get access to computers and the internet. a few years ago it would have been necessary to purchase software programs generally called assistive technologies ( at ), and these tools could cost several thousand dollars. today, however, most popular computers and mobile devices have accessibility features and at which are built - in or can be freely downloaded from the internet. due to the improved affordability of accessibility, initiatives by the australian government to improve website accessibility and the rapid increase of social media among seniors, it could be argued that there has never been a better time for seniors with disabilities to join in the popular community interaction that occurs online, including keeping in touch with grandchildren, participating in community events and finding information related to interests and hobbies. this resource provides step - by - step guides to assist in enabling the accessibility features on your computer or mobile device so that seniors with disabilities are able to participate in the same online benefits as everyone else. in addition, the resource also provides guidance on overcoming potential barriers in using social media and other popular tasks. to access your free copy of this manual click here. to order your free copy of this manual email firstname. lastname @ example. org or call 08 9321 2133 with your details.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5183765310360036, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.816237"} {"text": "i am having trouble with functions write a program that outputs inflation rates for two successive years and determines whether the inflation is increasing or decreasing. ask the user to input the current price of an item ( currprice ), its price one year ago ( oneyearprice ) and two years ago ( twoyearprice ). to calculate the inflation rate for a year, subtract the price of the item ( for that year ) from the price of the item one year ago and then divide the result by the price a year ago. for example, the current inflation ( currinf ) would be oneyearprice subtracted from currprice and then divided by oneyearprice. similarly, last years inflation ( previnf ) would be twoyearprice subtracted from oneyearprice and than divided by twoyearprice. your program must contain at least the following functions : a function to calculate the results, and a functions to output the results. use appropriate parameters ( function arguments ) to pass the information in and out of the functions. ( do not use global variables ). the point of the exercise is to learn more about information passing between functions. notice that the point assignment for this exercise is purely on function declaration and data exchange among functions. i have some hints for you : your input is the price of an item ( let ' s say the price of a gallon of gas ) for the last three years. for example, user will enter the current price of a gallon of regular gas today ( currentyear ), last year today ( lastyear ), and two years ago today ( twoyearsago ). once you collect all the input you need in the main ( ) function, you will need to compute the inflation. notice that, you will need to compute inflation twice. inflation from last year to today, and inflation from two years ago to last year. i would write a function called ( computeinflation ( ) ) that takes two prices of an item as input and computes and returns the inflation. i would need to call computeinflation ( ) function twice, for the first call i send current year and the last year price as input and get last years inflation. the second call i would send the lat year ' s and two year ago price as input and get the inflation of two years ago. at this point you have two inflation rates in the main ( ) function. you should have a second function that prints out a nice output. you will need", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48665648095327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.822650"} {"text": "year ' s and two year ago price as input and get the inflation of two years ago. at this point you have two inflation rates in the main ( ) function. you should have a second function that prints out a nice output. you will need to send the two inflation rates you computed as input. the function would output the inflation rates and also tell us if inflation is on the rise or declining. need some guidance in fixing up my code. using namespace std ; int computeinflation ( int oneyearprice, int twoyearprice ) ; double computeinflation ( double oneyearprice, double twoyearprice ) ; double computeinflation ( double oneyearprice, int twoyearprice ) ; double computeinflation ( int oneyearprice, double twoyearprice ) ; if ( currinf > previnf ) cout < < \" the inflation rate is increasing \" < < endl ; else if ( currinf < previnf ) cout < < \" the inflation rate is decreasing \" < < endl ; cout < < \" there is no change in the inflation rate \" < < endl ; cout < < \" what is the current price \" < < endl ; cin > > currprice ; cout < < \" what is the price of one year ago \" < < endl ; cin > > oneyearprice ; cout < < \" what is the price of two years ago \" < < endl ; cin > > twoyearprice ; currinf = ( currprice - oneyearprice ) / ( oneyearprice ) ; currinf = ( currprice - twoyearprice ) / ( twoyearprice ) ; cout < < \" your total tax is $ \" < < currinf < < \" per month \" < < endl ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4830814236413569, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.823647"} {"text": "how does cap - and - trade work? there are no paddles or speed - talking auctioneers, and bidding in an auction takes only about 20 minutes. the idea behind cap - and - trade is relatively simple : a governing body caps the amount of pollutants that can be released into the atmosphere, then mandates that companies emitting those pollutants must hold permits to cover the amount of pollutants they expel. to reduce pollution, the governing body slowly reduces the number of allowances available over time. skip to next paragraph subscribe today to the monitor so how do auctions for emissions allowances work? it ' s not quite sotheby ' s. and with the regional greenhouse gas initiative \u2013 a coalition of 10 northeastern states that has agreed to limit its carbon - dioxide emissions \u2013 the winner isn ' t simply the highest bidder. rather, when participants place a bid, they name the amount they ' re willing to pay per allowance and the number of allowances they ' d like to purchase. absent are the auctioneers, the paddles, the excitement of bid and counter - bid more typically associated with auctions. participants simply place their bids on an online interface, not unlike ebay. the bids are then collected and ordered according to price. starting at the top of the list, with the highest bids, the auction overseer works his way down, adding the number of allowances requested until he reaches the total number of allowances offered in that auction. when he reaches that point, he draws a line ; everyone above the line receives the number of allowances they requested at the lowest winning bid \u2013 the price closest to, but still above, the line. this is known as the clearing price, the price that every winning bidder will pay for their allowances, no matter what price they originally bid. while bidders will likely have extensive conversations with their company ' s compliance team in the days before the auction, the bidding process usually takes only a few minutes. for two days after the auction, results are calculated and affirmed by an auction overseer to ensure that there hasn ' t been collusion between bidders or other prohibited behavior. then, participants log back onto the auction interface to find out if their bids were successful. in rggi ' s most recent auction on june 17, the 10 participating states put 33, 060, 160 allowances \u2013 each representing 1 ton of carbon - dioxide emissions. there were 54 different bidding entities which bid on allowances that eventually each sold for $ 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4571597177233995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.827700"} {"text": "the clayton collection, which is owned by trustees and loaned to english heritage, has 5, 500 catalogued items from a variety of sites along the central section of the wall. \u00a9 trustees of the clayton collection the clayton collection - the curator ' s choice few people today have heard of john clayton yet he is one of the single most important individuals in the history of hadrian \u2019 s wall. were it not for this remarkbale victorian gentleman collector and archaeologist large parts of hadrian \u2019 s wall would have disappeared as the industrial revolution fuelled the need for stone to build factories and mills. now his collection, which resides at chesters roman fort museum - adjacent to the remains of the fort, has been re - displayed in a revamped space. the clayton collection has 5, 500 catalogued items from a variety of sites along the central section of the wall. below, chesters fort museum curator, georgina plowright, explains why these are her favourite seven objects from the collection : john clayton. \u00a9 trustees of the clayton collection incense burners from coventina \u2019 s well near carrawburgh fort the well lay within a small shrine dedicated to the goddess coventina. she was not just a local celtic goddess, as she is also known in france and spain. both burners have an inscription saying that they were made ( and donated ) by a man named saturninus gabinius. made of pottery with rather florid decoration, they are unique in roman britain. the small finds are in a case in the small gallery, and the numerous pieces of sculpture from the well are around the walls of the main gallery. stone altar giving the name of the first regiment stationed at chesters found in the nearby river in 1978, it confirmed suspicions that the fort had originally been built for a cavalry unit. the altar shows that its name was the ala augusta ob virtutem appelata, \u201c the cavalry regiment called augusta for valour \u201d. it would be an honour to be called the equivalent of \u2018 the emperor \u2019 s own \u2019. hadrian \u2019 s name appears on the altar, confirming that it dates from the original building of hadrian \u2019 s wall. it is under the window in the small gallery. part of the re - vamped collection at the chesters roman fort museum. \u00a9 trustees of the clayton collection the carvoran modius, a large bronze corn measure found by the postman just outside the fort at carvoran in 1915 it has lots of mysteries \u2013 the emperor domitian \u2019 s name has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38148214965244553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.841931"} {"text": ". \u00a9 trustees of the clayton collection the carvoran modius, a large bronze corn measure found by the postman just outside the fort at carvoran in 1915 it has lots of mysteries \u2013 the emperor domitian \u2019 s name has been erased, its inscription says it contains the odd amount of 17\u00bd sextarii which does not tie up with its estimated volume. the most likely explanation is that it was the official measure against which a daily ration of 2\u00bd sextarii of corn per soldier could be checked on a weekly basis, and domitian \u2019 s name was erased as he was damned after his death. finds excavated by john clayton from the commanding officer \u2019 s bath house in 1840 there are not many of them, and they are not all there, but when we started we didn \u2019 t know we had any of them. the combination of the fact that the rev. john collingwood bruce illustrated them in his 1851 edition of the roman wall, and the fact that nearly 9, 000 items in the collection have been catalogued, many with illustrations on the computer catalogue, meant that previously anonymous objects could be re - identified as coming from this early excavation. a slection of stone altars ( photographed prior to their re - display ) in the clayton collection. \u00a9 trustees of the clayton collection three stones illustrating hunting themes they have all been very simply carved with roughly incised lines, and very much have the appearance of being doodles, perhaps of a soldier \u2019 s daydreams. one shows two men hunting with a trident, another a man attacking a boar with a trident, and the third simply shows a fine beast, which may be a stag. they are all in different places and careful searching is needed to find them so it \u2019 s a challenge you can set the kids during a visit. large stone with inscription beginning aqva addvcta ' it goes on to name the second cavalry regiment of asturians, who came from north west spain and records that they brought water to chesters. the brilliant part is that you can still see the end of their aqueduct where it comes in at the side of the west gate of the fort. the stone is high up on the shelves of the north wall of the big gallery. mr clayton \u2019 s copy of john collingwood bruce \u2019 s the roman wall, 1867 edition this is the third and best edition with lovely illustrations. a lot of john clayton \u2019 s work came into the public domain through bruce \u2019 s publications and bruce is effusive in his dedication about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4116181223215357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.844469"} {"text": "do what you can to avoid the flu published : wednesday, january 9, 2013 at 2 : 51 p. m. last modified : wednesday, january 9, 2013 at 2 : 51 p. m. we are in the thick of flu season. although our annual confrontation with the flu is usually a bit later in the year arriving, it is definitely here now. \u201c on a daily basis we \u2019 ve documented a very large number of patients testing positive for both flu types a and b, \u201d said dr. michael marcello with ochsner st. anne family doctor clinic in mathews. for far too many people each year, contracting the flu means death. this is particularly true of the old and the young, as well as those who have complicating medical conditions already. across the nation, it is estimated that the flu kills 36, 000 people in an average year. that number seems shockingly high. but the fact is that we are all perilously close to catching the flu, and those who are most vulnerable can easily fall prey. the number of deaths from the flu, though, tells only part of the story. the larger, much more common part of the story is the tens of thousands of people who catch the flu each year and struggle with its misery and inconvenience for days. if you \u2019 ve had the flu, you know the awful symptoms. and you don \u2019 t need convincing to try to avoid it in the future. for some, though, the flu just sounds like a more - severe form of the common cold. it is not. it is a serious illness that is more than worth going to great lengths to evade. fortunately, you don \u2019 t have to go to great lengths. you just have to do a few simple things to significantly reduce your chances of catching the flu. first, and most importantly, get a flu shot if you have not done so already. the flu shot will ward off the illness for most, but it is not completely effective. to further protect yourself, avoid people who have the flu. this sounds like common - sense advice, but it is something we all need to do. the easiest way for this to happen is for those who are suffering from the flu to stay in until they recover rather than getting out and spreading their germs and potentially life - threatening illness to unsuspecting coworkers and others. wash your hands often, and avoid touching your eye, nose or mouth to keep from ingesting germs you probably don \u2019 t even know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4129713774227109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.854116"} {"text": "there are several contributing factors into the decline of the u. s. space agency, though immediate fixes are not evident. even though nasa has a long string of success, the unfortunate shuttle columbia disaster in 2003, budget issues, and the looming 2010 retirement of the current generation of space shuttles are all complicating matters. \" we spent many tens of billions of dollars during the apollo era to purchase a commanding lead in space over all nations on earth, \" nasa administrator michael griffin said. \" we ' ve been living off the fruit of that purchase for 40 years and have not... chosen to invest at a level that would preserve that commanding lead. \" although russia has been a long - time competitor to nasa, the chinese space agency and japan aerospace exploration agency ( jaxa ) have continued to make steady progress with its intended goals. along with multiple missions to mars, china is preparing for stage two of a three - part mission to the moon. the first step in the plan, which is ongoing, included sending a satellite to orbit the moon. the second step proposes launching a lunar lander before 2010, and the third step involves collecting soil samples from the moon in the next 12 years. the chinese space program also has its first spacewalk scheduled for october. griffin admits china will likely beat the u. s. and other nations back to the moon. india also has a developing space program that may not have the type of budget of larger space programs, but the country still has had success launching smaller missions that have shown good results. its most recent success was a satellite launch in which 10 satellites launched into orbit aboard one the u. s. space agency does have its own mission outline for the next 12 years, but may struggle to meet its goals if the orion crew vehicle is not completed on time in 2015. nasa used to be responsible for sending other nations ' satellites into orbit, but now russia, india, and china are the three main nations responsible for helping israel, brazil, singapore and the esa launch satellites into space.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43253241138812126, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.861692"} {"text": "diego state university researchers have found that pollutants released from cigarette smoke may linger longer within a home than previously thought, holding a presence long after the smoker has moved out. e. matt, study leader and a professor of psychology at san diego state university, along with a team of researchers, has discovered that cigarette smoke pollutants can attach to home surfaces and slip into crevices for long periods of time after the smoker has already moved out. then, when non - smokers move in, they could potentially absorb these toxic chemicals. oily, sticky droplets hang around for months after a smoker has left, \" said matt. \" while there was considerably less in homes once an active smoker moved out, there was still 10 to 20 percent of what was found while the smoker still lived there. \" pollutants have been dubbed \" thirdhand smoke, \" and despite the fact that the home has been vacant for months and even cleaned after a smoker has left, the thirdhand smoke remains and can affect a new non - smoking occupant. came to this conclusion after studying the homes of 100 smokers and 50 non - smokers who were planning to move out. nicotine levels were used as a \" marker \" for any other chemical residues that come from tobacco smoke. chemicals on the walls, ceilings, floors and other surfaces were measured as well as the air. they even searched for nicotine on the residents ' fingertips in all 150 homes as well as a nicotine breakdown product, cotinine, within urine samples of non - smokers then moved into homes that were previously owned by smokers, and researchers again checked nicotine / chemical residues throughout the homes, on fingertips and in urine. after careful measurements, researchers concluded that nicotine levels in the air throughout the homes, which were vacant for two months after the smokers moved out, were 35 to 98 times as high \" as they were in non - smoker homes. \" as far as surfaces go, nicotine levels were 30 to 150 times as high in the former smokers ' homes compared to the homes of non - smokers. testing for nicotine on fingertips, non - smokers who moved into the homes of smokers had nicotine levels seven to eight times higher than those who stayed in non - smoking homes. children ' s urine contained nicotine levels three to five times higher than those in non - smoking a certain threshold level, you can smell it, \" said matt. \" and if you can smell it,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47131452561459897, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.866682"} {"text": "international university researchers claim that humans have thrown off the balance between the earth ' s rotation, surface air temperatures and movements in its molten core through our contribution of greenhouse gases. included in the study were jean dickey and steven marcus from nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, along with olivier de viron, from the universite paris diderot and institut de physique du globe de paris in france. it is well known that an earth day consists of 24 hours, which is the time it takes for the earth to make one full rotation. over a year ' s time, seasonal changes occur due to energy exchanges between fluid motions of the earth ' s atmosphere, the oceans and solid earth itself, which changes the length of a day by about 1 millisecond. in addition, the length of a day on earth can vary over longer timescales such as interannual timescales ( two to 10 years ) or decadal timescales ( 10 years ). oceans or motions of its atmosphere cannot explain the variances in the length of day over longer timescales. instead, longer fluctuations are explained by the flow of liquid iron within earth ' s outer core, which interacts with the mantle to determine earth ' s rotation. this is also where the earth ' s magnetic field originates, and because researchers cannot observe the flows of liquid iron directly, the magnetic field is observed at the surface. have shown that this liquid iron \" oscillates in waves of motion that last for decades, \" and have timescales that resemble long fluctuations in earth ' s day length. at the same time, other studies have shown that long variations in earth ' s day length are closely related to fluctuations in earth ' s average surface air temperature. study, the nasa / university team of researchers has linked earth ' s rotation, surface air temperatures and the movement in its molten core. they did this by mapping existing data on yearly length - of - day observations and fluid movements within earth ' s core against \" two time series of annual global average surface temperature. \" one dated back to 1880 from nasa ' s goddard institute of space studies in new york, and the other dated back to 1860 from the united kingdom ' s met office. to the study, temperature changes not only occur naturally, but are also affected by human activities. so researchers used computer climate models of earth ' s oceans and atmosphere to generate changes made by humans. then, these temperature changes caused by human activities were removed from the overall total observed temperature records. what they found was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5548061808202689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.872449"} {"text": "are also affected by human activities. so researchers used computer climate models of earth ' s oceans and atmosphere to generate changes made by humans. then, these temperature changes caused by human activities were removed from the overall total observed temperature records. what they found was that old temperature data coordinated with data on earth ' s day length and movements of its core until 1930, but after that, surface air temperatures increased without corresponding changes in movements of the core or day length. according to the study, this deviation after 1930 is linked to increased levels of the human contribution of greenhouse gases. but the new temperature data that the researchers generated ( which subtracted human activity from the equation ) had a temperature record that coordinated with earth ' s core movements and day length, showing how human activity has thrown the earth ' s climate off balance. solid earth plays a role, but the ultimate solution to addressing climate change remains in our hands, \" said dickey. unsure as to why these three variables correlate, but hypothesized that earth ' s core movements might interfere with the magnetic fielding of charged particle fluxes, which may affect cloud formation. this affects how much sunlight the earth absorbs and how much is reflected back into space. research demonstrates that, for the past 160 years, decadal and longer - period changes in atmospheric temperature correspond to changes in earth ' s length of day if we remove the very significant effect of atmospheric warming attributed to the buildup of greenhouse gases due to mankind ' s enterprise, \" said dickey. \" our study implies that human influences on climate during the past 80 years mask the natural balance that exists among earth ' s rotation, the core ' s angular momentum and the temperature at earth ' s surface. \" this study was published in the journal of climate.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5218290968924915, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.873344"} {"text": "compiled by the makers of deer scram\u2122 - - america \u2019 s finest deer repellent\u2122 exterminated by market hunting in much of the united states - - especially the midwest and northeast \u2013 the whitetail deer population by the 1970s across north america has been steadily growing. following extensive efforts to protect whitetails and restock herds from the 1940s forward, whitetails numbers in their natural range are estimated today as high as 25 million no surprise, then, that whitetails - - - - are found just about anywhere. it has become the most plentiful game animal in eastern north america and is seen as a pest in many areas - - eating garden plants and ornamental shrubs and trees, and contributing to tens of thousands of car accidents. thinning the deer population is among the cures for these problems and is best done by hunting both does and bucks. as a result, hunting seasons for whitetails of both sexes now are scheduled in all states and canadian provinces where the animals are found. though not the primary cause of lyme disease, white - tailed deer are the host for deer ticks, which spread lyme disease to humans who are bitten by \u201c carrier \u201d ticks. ) whitetails prefer to live around the edge of forestlands \u2013 at transition points to open areas \u2013 and, frequently, in farming country. however, increased urbanization of land has created ideal habitat for deer where yards meet forested land \u2013 both deciduous and conifer forests \u2013 as well as grasslands and even deserts where water sources are found within 10 miles. land clearing also has reduced the number of natural predators of not only whitetails but of their north american cousins, too \u2013 mule deer and black - tailed deer. all three species often enter human inhabited areas and feast on vegetable gardens, flowerbeds, ornamental shrubs and trees and a variety of grasses. deer have also been seen taking drinks from artificial water supplies. white - tailed deer tend to remain separated by sex and will only come together for short periods of time during the \u201c rut \u201d - - or breeding season - - which occurs between november and january, depending upon the location. during this period, bucks spar for breeding and domain rights. one to three fawns are born to does usually in may or june and remain with does through the following winter. in spring, young bucks begin the rites of maturity by leaving the does, growing their first set of antlers \u2013 frequently little more than \u201c spikes \u201d several inches long \u2013 and sparing to claim domain rights. does continue to herd together through summer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4113921704715915, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.880950"} {"text": ". in spring, young bucks begin the rites of maturity by leaving the does, growing their first set of antlers \u2013 frequently little more than \u201c spikes \u201d several inches long \u2013 and sparing to claim domain rights. does continue to herd together through summertime. life span in the wild is about 10 years. deer are extremely cautious animals with keen senses of smell and hearing. both bucks and does tend to come out at night to feed or migrate and usually remain awake until dawn. when they do sleep, it is usually in areas of dense cover and only for short periods of time. when nervous, the white - tailed deer snorts through its nose and stamps its hooves, an action that alerts other nearby deer to danger. if alarmed, the deer raises - - or \" flags \" - - its tail to display a large, bright flash of white that sends a danger signal to other deer and helps a fawn follow its mother in flight. they are always alert to the sense of danger, but they can grow at ease with people, pets, automobiles and other machinery that appear to pose no threat, although they typically bolt when approached. when they run from confrontation, whitetails rarely dash farther than the nearest white - tailed deer are browsers and grazers. leaves, grass, bark, acorns, shrubs, fruits, nuts, berries, lichens, fungi and other plant material support whitetail growth to as much as 400 pounds for bucks and 200 pounds for does, but these are the biggest of the sexes. the largest individuals are usually found where winter weather is harshest. on average, a single deer consumes 5 to 10 pounds of food a day, primarily what is available in their habitat. where yards meet woodlands, deer will readily adapt their feeding routines to include the vegetable gardens, ornamental shrubs and trees of homeowners and it comes to accessing urban food - scapes, whitetails are an amazingly efficient - - and clever - - animal. azaleas, rhododendrons, roses and hostas are among their favorites, but it often seems there \u2019 s no end to what they will eat. the damage done to yard plants by a lone deer can be substantial. several deer can lay a 2 - acre landscape to waste. their remarkable jumping ability allows them to clear fences as much as 9 feet high. they learn the domain and attitude of yard dogs, and some have even displayed an understanding of how far a tethered dog can range. and they communicate their learning to their brethren,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4506520558347841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.882104"} {"text": "ability allows them to clear fences as much as 9 feet high. they learn the domain and attitude of yard dogs, and some have even displayed an understanding of how far a tethered dog can range. and they communicate their learning to their brethren, especially fawns and yearlings. a result, deer deterrents range wide across the horizon of the imagination. deer are mostly color blind so any bright colors will also not act as a deterrent. thus, numerous offensive products \u2013 both professionally and personally cooked up to protect ornamental shrubs, trees, flowerbeds and vegetable gardens \u2013 are made to attack their taste buds and their noses. many temporarily turn deer away, but their cleverness eventually results in failed remedies. deer must be instilled with the fear of physical harm, which almost always naturally occurs with predators. indeed, it is only the fear of death that effectively breaks their behavior, whether it \u2019 s in a yard or in the woods. to turn deer away from the foods they want, they must sense an assault upon their security. this is best done by taking advantage of their remarkable sense of smell for locating food and survival. their nose will lead them to return over and over again to areas where food is tasty, abundant and safe to forage. their nose will also alert deer to nearby danger. disrupt their sense of security and you \u2019 ve achieved the primary factor for turning deer away from your valuable plants, gardens, shrubs and trees. deer have good memories and learn from each other. when one deer is afraid to return to an area, other deer \u2013 including fawns \u2013 also will be reluctant to enter the area. scram is your best deer repellent because it attacks a deer \u2019 s sense of safety. blended from selected all - natural organic components, deer scram will keep deer off your plantings because, through their uncanny sense of smell, deer scram convinces deer that harm is nearby. deer scram will change deer behavior. as they near the applied barrier of deer scram, deer actually alert to a sense of danger \u2013 even death! its unique blend of organic ingredients targets a deer \u2019 s remarkable sense of smell. as the scent of death reaches the deer, a genetic biological defense mechanism to flee from predators is triggered. watch deer flee from the area or avoid it completely! the association of the fear of death with deer scram will lead to a profound learning experience for the deer and, with proper re - application of deer scram, the deer will not return to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4710338039081711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.883465"} {"text": "japanese producers continue to develop meteoric improvements in bioplastics for engineering applications. the newest is a stunner : nec has developed a bioplastic that has better heat conductivity than stainless steel. the new material is aimed at new mobile phones and personal computers that are too small for fans and other devices used to remove heat. \u201c in electronic product housings, the use of heat - conductive metals is considered to be one alternative to plastic for improving heat release, \u201d nec said in a statement. \u201c however, heat conductivities in the thick direction of metal boards are too high and can cause partial or rapid increase in the temperature of housings near electronic parts that have high temperatures. \u201d previous attempts to use heat - conducting plastics for housings have been slowed by their high costs ( due to 50 percent - plus content of fiber or stainless steel ), poor moldability and high densities. nec has been researching alternatives using bioplastic, which has the same low heat conductivity as oil - based plastics. a new cross - linked structure between the resin matrix ( polylactic acid ) and carbon fiber is achieved through use of a new biomass binder. \u201c this enables good heat conductivity in the plane direction of the pla resin board, which is a characteristic conventionally difficult to attain in metal boards, \u201d nec said. a filling of 30 % carbon fiber provides double the heat diffusion ability of stainless steel. nec says it plans to begin mass production of the new composite in march, 2009, when it will seek new applications beyond housings of electronic products. as reported by design news, nec has already developed bioplastics with kenaf reinforcement for mobile phone housings, a wall as shape memory bioplastics. 1. the biomass content of the new composite exceeds 90 percent, excluding the carbon fibers. 2. nec says the new composite molds satisfactorily and has adequate strength for electronic products. inspired by the hooks a parasitic worm uses to penetrate its host ' s intestines, the karp lab has invented a flexible adhesive patch covered with microneedles that adheres well to wet, soft tissues, but doesn ' t cause damage when removed. researchers at the missouri university of science & technology have designed a new nanoscale material that can transmit light faster than the 186, 000 miles per second it usually takes to travel through air. it has often been said that as california goes, so goes the nation. this spring, the state ' s wind power is setting energy generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.506639753744195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.889099"} {"text": "protecting our borders from the illegal movement of weapons, drugs, contraband, and people, while promoting lawful entry and exit, is essential to homeland security, economic prosperity, and national sovereignty. american citizenship speaks to our character as a welcoming country that bestows upon us all of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the u. s. constitution. - safeguarding civil rights and civil liberties is critical to dhs \u2019 work to protect the nation from the many threats we face. our daily life, economic vitality, and national security depend on a stable, safe, and resilient cyberspace. whatever the disaster, as the federal government \u2019 s emergency management and preparedness agency, fema is part of a team of responders. america \u2019 s economic prosperity, and the world \u2019 s, depends increasingly on the flow of goods and services, people and capital, and information and technology across our borders. since the department ' s creation, the goal is simple : one dhs, one enterprise, a shared vision, with integrated results - based operations. the department of homeland security has unique career opportunities that will challenge your mind and reward your skills and talents. - human trafficking is a crime and a form of modern - day slavery involving the exploitation of children and adults. u. s. immigration and customs enforcement has adopted common sense policies that ensure our immigration laws are enforced in a way that enhances public safety, border security and the integrity of the immigration system. we work internationally not only to maintain our physical security, but also protect our economic security. law enforcement partners at the state, local, tribal and territorial levels are essential to our nation \u2019 s domestic defense against terrorism. they are this country \u2019 s eyes and ears, and the first line of detection and prevention. protecting the american people from terrorist threats is the reason the department of homeland security ( dhs ) was created, and remains our highest priority. tsa employs a risk - based strategy to secure u. s. transportation systems, working closely with transportation sector stakeholders, as well as the partners in the law enforcement and intelligence community.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.458508619976993, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.892544"} {"text": "reading the newspaper these days often feels like an onslaught of one crisis after another \u2014 storms causing severe flooding, droughts ruining crops and driving up food prices, wildfires destroying thousands of homes. in the midst of these immediate and dramatic stories, the global financial crisis of 2008 can feel like old news. but a new video animation by doing it ourselves illustrates why the financial crisis \u2014 and the flawed system it \u2019 s rooted in \u2014 should still be major concerns for all of us today. the video, \u201c what the economic crisis really means \u2013 and what we can do about it, \u201d begins by explaining the roots of the economic crisis in our fractional reserve banking system. by this system, banks are able to lend out almost all of the money we deposit in them to other people and businesses. as the video explains, \u201c when you put $ 100 in one bank, they lend $ 90 of it to someone else, who then puts that $ 90 in their bank. now there \u2019 s $ 190 where there used to be $ 100. that $ 90 lent out will also be deposited and $ 81 lent again. \u201d because of this lending system, over 99 % of the \u201c money \u201d in our economy has been created as debt and exists only as numbers in the digital world. the fractional reserve system works fine, fueling increasing amounts of money and economic growth \u2026 but only if the economy keeps growing. without continual growth, we can \u2019 t keep paying back debts on all that borrowed money, and that \u2019 s where we \u2019 ve run into problems. as we all know, earth is finite, and so are its resources. a growing global economy fueled by cheap oil can \u2019 t go on forever. according to doing it ourselves, the total debt owed to banks and investors across the globe is already about 150 trillion dollars \u2014 money we simply don \u2019 t have. as they say, \u201c this is the world, we \u2019 re not about to get bailed out by aliens. \u201d so, assuming they \u2019 re right and no aliens will come to save us, what \u2019 s next? doing it ourselves admits that major economic downturns in the past \u201c have not been happy times, \u201d and it \u2019 s likely that this one will be the biggest yet due to our resource struggles. but they also note that humans are an incredibly ingenious species, and we \u2019 ve been developing ways to live without an industrial economy for decades now. we know about better ways to farm, better ways to conserve energy, better ways to design currencies and build", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46027179130630186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.899242"} {"text": "educational games and simulations have been described in science fiction for decades. from the kobayashi maru \u2019 s \u201c no - win scenario \u201d for the purpose of testing character ( ecklar, 1989 ), to a child prodigy named andrew wiggins guiding actual troops in what he believed to be a mere simulation ( scott, 1994 ), games have proven to be plot devices in many science fiction scenarios. like many technologies that found their roots in science fiction ( stewart, 2010 ), games are beginning to find their place in modern society, both as an art form and as an educational tool. the tabletop and video gaming industries have boomed in the last twenty years, and the current proliferation of games could lead to an increased use of games and simulations in education in salen & zimmerman \u2019 s rules of play : game design fundamentals, a game is defined as \u201c a system in which players engage in artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in quantifiable outcome ( salen & zimmerman, 2003 ). \u201d if games can be designed to provide a desirable quantifiable outcome, and knowledge can be established as a necessary resource to achieve that outcome, then games have the potential to be very useful teaching tools. the purpose of this paper is three - fold : to describe the biological effects of games, and how educators can employ those effects to create an addiction to learning ; to present statistical evidence of the benefits of games and simulations in the classroom ; and to describe a test that used quality assurance testing techniques common to the game industry to guide traditional course development. the biology of gaming one of the goals of games in education is to get learners to learn without realizing it. while little research has been done on how games get players to learn without realizing it, the danger of drug addiction has lead to extensive research on the reward circuitry of the brain ( johnson, 2006 ). in his 2006 book \u201c everything bad is good for you, \u201d steven johnson suggests dopamine release could be the reason why people seek out the rewards of games. in a later article, he describes several studies that demonstrate dopamine release during game play ( johnson, 2007 ). one such study of dopamine during game play showed that dopamine release positively corresponded with performance during the game ( koepp, et al, 1998 ). this explains why games are often described as \u201c addictive. \u201d given that knowledge is often the resource required to participate in the game, an addiction to games could potentially translate to an addiction for new knowledge. with that in mind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5763445442305241, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.917813"} {"text": "al, 1998 ). this explains why games are often described as \u201c addictive. \u201d given that knowledge is often the resource required to participate in the game, an addiction to games could potentially translate to an addiction for new knowledge. with that in mind, video games addiction could be a useful mechanism for delivering new information to learners in a meaningful way, provided the information is embedded into an enjoyable and well - designed game. in other words, a properly nurtured gaming experience can create an addiction to learning. addiction to learning goal - oriented behaviors are usually learned ( arias - carrion & poppel, 2007 ) over a period of time, and the reward prediction error \u2014 that is, the difference between our expected rewards and the actual rewards we receive \u2014 triggers changes in dopamine levels in the brain. research has shown that dopamine, commonly associated with the reward mechanism in the brain, conditions us to seek out the conditions that have rewarded us in the past. in a sense, games allow the player to \u201c have the cake and eat it, too. \u201d because the consequences of failure are generally low in games, players are encouraged to explore to the edge of their imagination to come up with a solution to a given problem. failure simply tells the player that yet another solution does not work, and that the player is free to explore other possibilities. success is rewarded when the task is completed. johnson suggests that, given most games are filled with clearly defined rewards, it makes sense that games would trigger the same biological motivations as addicting drugs. in his estimation, the keys to good design are ( 1 ) informing the players of potential rewards to build anticipation, and ( 2 ) quantifying how much those rewards are \u201c needed. \u201d as long as the rewards are clearly defined, players are willing to spend 90 % of their time frustrated to get to the 10 % of time where they are rewarded ( johnson, 2006 ). surfing the learning curve in a piece entitled changing minds : computers, learning, and literacy, andrea disessa coins the term regime of competence to describe the domain of knowledge that a person possesses ( disessa, 2000 ). according to james gee, good games remain at the frontier of the player \u2019 s regime of competence ( gee, 2005 ). by staying at the edge of this frontier, games are able to stimulate dopamine production by providing players a path to seek what they want, even if they don \u2019 t immediately provide exactly what they want. disessa \u2019 s idea that maximized learning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5415449746522795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.921339"} {"text": "at the edge of this frontier, games are able to stimulate dopamine production by providing players a path to seek what they want, even if they don \u2019 t immediately provide exactly what they want. disessa \u2019 s idea that maximized learning takes place at the edge of the regime of competence seems to be reinforced by an experiment conducted by richard haier in the early 1990s ( johnson, 2007 ). haier conducted pet scans to assess brain activity on test subjects as they played the puzzle - game tetris. this established a baseline. after a month of play, the subjects returned. haier \u2019 s experiment showed that even though the test subjects \u2019 performance improved dramatically, their brain activity had actually decreased. by this point they understood the game well enough to play on a more passive basis. this seemed to show that the regime of competence is an ever - expanding domain ; in order to increase brain activity further, the learners need an ever - increasing struggle. success embeds the new knowledge into the brain, and the search for new knowledge is no longer required to achieve the same success. in order to further satisfy the game addiction, the learner must seek out a more difficult or different type of challenge. i call this progressive incremental challenge. single player games are typically designed to provide this by steadily increasing the difficulty and complexity ; multi - player games typically provide this through ever - changing opponents. games matter to educators because they can motivate and challenge learners on a fundamental, biological level. by stimulating and satisfying the player \u2019 s addiction, monitoring performance, and keeping players as close to the edge of their abilities as possible, games can provide individualized experiences that maximize the learner \u2019 s potential. by the numbers \u2013 the statistics of educational gaming the studies described in the last section have shown the effects that could happen as a result of games in education, but does that possibility represent reality? based two meta - analyses of games in the classroom, it appears so. games in the classroom in the early 1990s, a meta - analysis was performed on 68 studies related to the effectiveness of games in education ( randel, morris, wetzel, & whitehill, 1992 ). of the cases studied, 32 % favored the effects of simulations / games in education, while only 5 % favored conventional instruction. the remainder either found no differences or had questionable controls. the meta - analysis also revealed over 85 % of the studies involving math favored games over traditional instruction. further, in most cases, the simulations and games showed both a greater interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.565827308220977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.922626"} {"text": "favored conventional instruction. the remainder either found no differences or had questionable controls. the meta - analysis also revealed over 85 % of the studies involving math favored games over traditional instruction. further, in most cases, the simulations and games showed both a greater interest and greater retention came from simulation and games than through traditional instruction. this tends to back up the biological analysis provided by steven johnson. another meta - analysis was conducted in 2005, this time examining 42 papers related to the use of games in educational contexts ( tobias & fletcher, 2006 ). the studies showed very positive results in the areas of transferability to real - life tasks, introduction of new variables, team characteristics, and motivation. the studies also suggested a general improvement of cognitive ability as a result of games and simulations. games are being used in higher education and in vocational training every day. business schools regularly use the markstrat simulator to teach projections or the littlefield simulator to teach bottleneck calculations. civilian power plant operators regularly spend time in a simulator receiving refresher training and to explore unusual plant transients. the us navy uses a control room simulator, called an ide, to train reactor operators on casualty procedures ( daniels, 2008 ). in fact, the military is using a broad spectrum of games and simulations to train personnel for the realities of their jobs ( macedonia, 2002 ). metrics driven course design \u2013 the quality of gaming in addition to the educational value of the games themselves, the quality assurance and continuous improvement practices of the gaming industry can be applied to lesson development. the increase in game quantity over the years has been accompanied by a general increase in quality. this is due, in large part, to the rigorous vetting that most games endure before they are released. in this section, i wish to show how educators can polish their courses using techniques commonly applied to polish games. a flash love letter in his 2009 article advocating flash game development, daniel cook describes a process for gathering feedback from his players during their game session ( cook, 2009 ). through timed questions and trending of feedback, he was able to identify exact moments when players were received increased or decreased levels of enjoyment, and modify his games accordingly. here are some examples of possible trends, and the actions that can be taken to improve on them. in each of these examples, players would be sampled at random 2 minute intervals to determine their level of enjoyment. if the feedback trends formed the first curve, then it would be clear that players \u2019 enjoyment was dropping off after about 10 minutes. based on this data, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123718756449154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.924057"} {"text": "examples, players would be sampled at random 2 minute intervals to determine their level of enjoyment. if the feedback trends formed the first curve, then it would be clear that players \u2019 enjoyment was dropping off after about 10 minutes. based on this data, the designer would know that it is time to introduce a change to keep the player interested. this is the ideal time to introduce a progressive incremental challenge. on the other hand, if the feedback shows this second curve, then it is clear that players initially didn \u2019 t care for the game, but those that kept playing grew to like it over time. this might be an indicator that the introduction is too long, or the control scheme may be difficult to learn in the first 8 minutes. the third curve presents a more interesting situation. in this instance, something annoyed the players at around the 8 - 10 minute point. this could be an unskippable cut scene, or a \u201c cheap \u201d enemy. in any case, this allows the designer to identify precisely when the problem occurs. this is the first step in finding a solution. metrics driven course development using cook \u2019 s method, i conducted an experiment in one of my own courses. at the time of the 2009 article, i was in the process of developing a fundamentals of electricity course. the course was taught in 40 hours over of 5 days. like most learning institutions, we used a standardized end - of - course evaluation form for feedback. instead of simply relying on the end - of - course form, i developed a daily evaluation sheet that allowed me to receive feedback at more regular intervals. a copy of this sheet was submitted with this report. the survey asked students to score a variety of statements about the course. by taking the average of their scores, i was able to trend their perception of the class over the course of the five days and pinpoint where changes could be made. workflow for metrics driven course development survey data analysis trending here is an example. based on the survey of the first test class, i plotted a curve for the statement, \u201c today \u2019 s lesson did not feel rushed. \u201d the feedback average was 3. 0 or above on monday, tuesday, and thursday, but dipped to 2. 5 on wednesday. further feedback showed that this was based on the start contrast in course content on that day, coupled with the pacing of the course and the reduction in time to practice new problems. while the end - of - course feedback form provided useful general information, it would not have told me about this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.520311147053088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.925637"} {"text": "on the start contrast in course content on that day, coupled with the pacing of the course and the reduction in time to practice new problems. while the end - of - course feedback form provided useful general information, it would not have told me about this slump. based on this data, i adjusted the transition into the day - 3 material, changed the order in which the course material was being delivered, and spread out some of the more difficult concepts. as a result of these changes, i saw the following feedback trend for the next class. to show the comparison, i have overlaid the new trend on the original. several things improved here. the overall scoring was higher, the magnitude of the slump was lower, and the slump that did occur came earlier in the week, which allowed more time for review. note that, while i did care about the absolute score to some degree, i placed more weight on the trends. one student \u2019 s 2 might be another student \u2019 s 3, but most students keep the same scoring standard throughout the week. i \u2019 ve used this same feedback form for several classes since then, and have noticed general improvement and a flattening of most of the curves. this method, which was transplanted from a game designer \u2019 s qa technique, has proven to be a valuable resource to my own educational development process. recall salen & zimmerman \u2019 s definition of games : a system in which players engage in artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in quantifiable outcome. in a sense, every traditional test that a student has ever taken in the classroom has met this definition. the test is a conflict with rules and constraints, and the outcome is quantifiable. the student \u2019 s resource is the knowledge. students that assign value to the outcome will be motivated to attain the resources ( learn the material ) necessary to win the conflict ( pass the test ). those who don \u2019 t will often perform poorly. tabletop and video games introduce affective and psychomotor elements to a student \u2019 s learning process by creating an emotional connection to the learning, encouraging the learners to assign value to the steps that lead to reward, and requiring the learner to perform hands - on tasks during the learning process. games can be a vehicle for cultivating an addiction to learning, and they have demonstrated their ability to improve the effectiveness of the learning environment. in addition to the games themselves, my own experiment has demonstrated that the qa testing methods commonly used in game development can be useful in course design. and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.559084772887521, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.926850"} {"text": "addiction to learning, and they have demonstrated their ability to improve the effectiveness of the learning environment. in addition to the games themselves, my own experiment has demonstrated that the qa testing methods commonly used in game development can be useful in course design. and that is why games matter. stewart, s. ( 2010 ). science fiction \u2019 s influences on modern society. retrieved from http : / / www. associatedcontent. com / article / 2481432 / science _ fictions _ influences _ on _ modern. html? cat = 2 ecklar, j. ( 1989 ). the kobayashi maru. new york, ny : simon and schuster. scott, o. ( 1994 ). ender \u2019 s game. new york, ny : tor science fiction. salen, k, & zimmerman, e. ( 2004 ). rules of play : game design fundamentals. massachusetts : the mit press. arias - carrion, o., & poppel, e. ( 2007 ). dopamine, learning, and reward seeking behavior. festo - program for applied knowing. ludwig maximilian university : munich, germany. johnson, s. ( 2006 ). everything bad is good for you : how today \u2019 s popular culture is actually making us smarter. new york, ny : riverhead trade ( paperbacks ). johnson, s. ( 2007 ). this is your brain on video games. machine - brain connections. discover magazine. retrieved from http : / / discovermagazine. com / 2007 / brain / video - games / article _ view? b _ start : int = 0 & - c = daniels, l. ( 2008 ). nuclear training simulator arrives in san diego. retrieved from http : / / www. navy. mil / search / display. asp? story _ id = 39575 gee, j. p. ( 2005 ). good video games and good learning. phi kappa phi forum. cook, d. ( 2009 ). flash love letter, part 1. lost garden. retrieved from http : / / www. lostgarden. com / 2009 / 07 / flash - love - letter - 2009 - part - 1. html randel, j. m., morris, b. a., wetzel, c. d., & whitehill, b. v. ( 1992 ). the effectiveness of games for educational purposes : a review of recent research. simulation & gaming, doi : 10. 1177 / 1046878192233001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5095006888706294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.927886"} {"text": "d., & whitehill, b. v. ( 1992 ). the effectiveness of games for educational purposes : a review of recent research. simulation & gaming, doi : 10. 1177 / 1046878192233001 disessa, a. a. ( 2000 ). changing minds : computers, learning, and literacy. massachusetts, mit press. tobias, s., & fletcher, j. d. ( 2006 ). using computer games and simulations for instruction : a research review. koepp, m. j., gunn, r. n., lawrence, a. d., cunningham, v. j., dagher, a., jones, t., brooks, d. j., et al. ( 1998 ). evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. nature. macedonia, m. ( 2002 ). games, simulation, and the military education dilemma. forum for the future of higher education. retrieved from http : / / net. educause. edu / ir / library / pdf / ffpiu018. pdf aldrich, c. ( 2005 ). learning by doing : a comprehensive guide to simulations, computer games, and pedagogy in e - learning and other educational experiences. san francisco, ca : john wiley and sons.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5133141672019245, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.928504"} {"text": "martin fowler, chief scientist at thoughtworks, is also a widely respected author in the software development world, having written books on topics ranging from object - oriented design to patterns to agile development. his latest book, domain - specific languages, written with thoughtworks cto rebecca parsons, promises to aid developers in deciding when and where to best use a dsl, and how to go about building one. fowler and parsons recently spoke with dr. dobb ' s editor in chief jon erickson the nature of dsls. dr. dobb ' s : what exactly is a dsl? fowler : the definition in the book is \u201c a computer programming language of limited expressiveness focused on a particular domain. \u201d parsons : there are two key characteristics for a dsl. first, there should be an identifiable domain, whether it be a business domain, like lease accounting, a scientific domain, like rational drug design, or a technical domain, like persistence. the second is the language must be small. we don \u2019 t want these languages to grow into turing - complete general purpose programming languages with some domain concepts thrown in for good measure. more often, we are looking at constructing programs and systems by combining one or more dsls with one or more general purpose programming languages. fowler : which ties into \u201c limited expressiveness \u201d in the definition. we see this as the key difference between dsls and general - purpose languages. they aren \u2019 t just simpler languages than general - purpose languages. the limited expressiveness means that all sorts of rules change when you think of working with them... it \u2019 s also important to note that this is the definition we use in the book. others don \u2019 t necessarily follow that in other writings. dr. dobb ' s : what kind of applications are well suited by a dsl solution? parsons : the book frequently talks about dsls as interfaces to apis and libraries. if the problem in question lends itself to thinking about a suite of concepts linked by actions that can be well expressed using an api, you \u2019 re likely looking at a good candidate for a dsl. fowler : indeed, i like to think of dsls as an alternative interface to a library than the usual command - query api. dsls come into their own when you have a lot of configuring of objects in a library and those configurations and resulting object relationships are easier to visualize with a linguistic approach. another case is where you want to communicate detailed processing rules with domain experts. a small dsl can provide something that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5712991415059538, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.940197"} {"text": "of configuring of objects in a library and those configurations and resulting object relationships are easier to visualize with a linguistic approach. another case is where you want to communicate detailed processing rules with domain experts. a small dsl can provide something that domain experts can read and critique. in most cases, we don \u2019 t see dsls as something that domain experts edit directly, removing the need for programmers ( although there are exceptions, such as css ). we think that most of the time the key benefits come from domain experts reading the dsl and using that as the basis for conversations with programmers. dr. dobb ' s : when should you avoid dsls? fowler : you don \u2019 t need one if the command - query api does the job just fine. parsons : if there \u2019 s not really a properly stable domain language, a dsl might be premature. it \u2019 s conceivable working to design the dsl will help clarify the domain understanding, but i don \u2019 t think that would typically be true. designing a dsl codifies certain domain assumptions, some of which may be hard to change. dr. dobb ' s : do developers need special skills to build and use dsls? fowler : to a certain degree they do... but they aren \u2019 t difficult skills to learn. indeed, a large part of why we wrote this book was to remove the fear that seems to have grown up around language processing that \u2019 s made people shy away from doing dsls. parsons : i think there is actually a third part to this question, regarding designing dsls, but i \u2019 ll answer your actual question first. the skills required to implement a dsl... are not markedly different from normal programming skills. again, the skills requirements for dealing with simpler languages are quite different than those required to implement a full - blown programming language. the developer needs to choose whether to build an internal dsl, using a host language like ruby, groovy, or c #, or whether to build an external dsl by constructing a separate parser either directly or using a parser generator. using a dsl requires constructing a script or program in the new language, likely coupling it with code in a programming language. now, a different question concerns the skills needed to design the dsl. language design is an art, and even for general purpose programming languages, there is little consensus on what constitutes a good language design or how to get one. this area requires a great deal of additional attention, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.464359209482061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.941432"} {"text": "skills needed to design the dsl. language design is an art, and even for general purpose programming languages, there is little consensus on what constitutes a good language design or how to get one. this area requires a great deal of additional attention, but the book couldn \u2019 t include everything. fowler : and even if we had more room, i only have a sketchy sense of the guidelines for good dsl design. if we see more activity with dsls in the future, i hope this will become clearer. dr. dobb ' s : does dsl design require any special tools? fowler : the kinds of dsl we describe in the book, textual dsls, don \u2019 t require any fancy tools. internal dsls are existing language features used in a fluent style ( which admittedly can look rather funky ). external dsls are often done using a parser generator, but such tools are mature and easily available ( often open source ). parsons : while programming languages processing tools have existed for a long time, the literature on these tools has targeted people who write compilers and / or process general purpose programming languages. dsls, as they are generally far simpler than programming languages, are easier to work with. one aim of the book is to demystify these tools. fowler : the great thing about textual dsls is that to program in your dsl, you use the same tools you use for regular programming : text editors, version control, etc. fowler : we don \u2019 t talk too much about language workbenches in the book. these are sophisticated tools for constructing and editing dsls. they have huge potential, but it \u2019 s unclear how long it will be before they are usable in the mainstream. dr. dobb ' s : what about unique, non - standard dsls 5 or 10 years from now? won ' t they be difficult to maintain once the original developer is no longer around? fowler : when you \u2019 re considering the pros and cons of dsls, it \u2019 s valuable to remember that they are nothing more than a thin veneer over a library. so many of the benefits and problems of dsls are essentially those of libraries. we see lots of unique, non - standard libraries out there, developers have to learn their apis and often their implementations. the question is whether using a dsl makes using that harder. parsons : i think we \u2019 d all accept that maintaining anyone else \u2019 s code, or even our own, after 10 years is a difficult problem. so, is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4718947844746211, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.942636"} {"text": "often their implementations. the question is whether using a dsl makes using that harder. parsons : i think we \u2019 d all accept that maintaining anyone else \u2019 s code, or even our own, after 10 years is a difficult problem. so, is it harder to maintain a dsl after that length of time? i would say no. if your development staff that takes over has a basic understanding of dsl implementation techniques and the dsl itself properly reflects the domain, the problem is no different in the dsl context. the new developer still needs to learn the domain and understand the implementation. it \u2019 s just done differently than it might have been in the past. one could argue that it should be easier, because the existence of the dsl will tend to make the business logic expressed in the dsl \u201c stand out \u201d in a way that business logic in code may not. will it always pan out this way? nope. dsls are no more immune to poor programming practices, the existence of technical debt, and general code atrophy as any other approach. sorry \u2014 still no silver bullet. dr. dobb ' s : is letting developers have their own language really a good thing? parsons : as opposed to what? the tool can clearly be misused, as can every other piece of technology known to man. letting poor, inadequately trained developers loose on a problem with insufficient guidance and time is a recipe for disaster. your steaming pile will simply look different if dsls are used. it won \u2019 t smell any worse. dr. dobb ' s : have dsl productivity gains for developers been validated or is this just another sales pitch? fowler : i haven \u2019 t seen validated productivity gains for anything in the software industry \u2014 even for something as generally accepted as using high - level languages rather than assembler. it all boils down to the fact that there is no way to measure output, and thus productivity. ( i talk about this in cannot measure productivity [ a blog posted several years ago. ] ) parsons : i \u2019 d say there \u2019 s compelling anecdotal evidence, but i think the idea still needs to be validated as to the degree of generality. we don \u2019 t yet really know the patterns that will emerge in the usage of dsls. dr. dobb ' s : do agile methodologies and dsls enjoy a special relationship? fowler : the only link i see is that so many people in the agile community are deeply interested in the questions of good software design and communication with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4548094057492006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.943849"} {"text": "##ls. dr. dobb ' s : do agile methodologies and dsls enjoy a special relationship? fowler : the only link i see is that so many people in the agile community are deeply interested in the questions of good software design and communication with domain experts. but that link is just an indirect common interest of the people involved, rather than anything inherent in either technology. parsons : indeed, to me there \u2019 s still an open question surrounding how dsl design works in an agile development cycle. as we described in response to an early question, there \u2019 s still a lot of thinking to do about language design for dsls. dr. dobb ' s : when designing and implementing a dsl, what ' s the number one ' gotcha ' developers need to watch for? fowler : the biggest danger for dsls, particularly external dsls, is the gradual accretion of features that turns it into a general - purpose language. the greatest strength of a dsl is its limited expressiveness and narrow focus, so you have to be vigilant to keep it small. parsons : for dsls to provide the most utility the language needs to reflect the domain, including the vocabulary of the domain and what constitutes \u201c normal \u201d in the domain. things that are normal in the domain should be easy and natural to express in the language. the language must reflect the needs of the domain users, not the needs of the programmers ( unless the users happen to also be programmers ), even though programmers might still be actually writing the code. another significant issue is that of backward compatibility. languages evolve, as the domains they represent also evolve. there \u2019 s an interesting trade - off each time the language needs to change regarding the cost of changing existing scripts relative to the cost of creating a less domain - friendly language.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4861010623114743, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.944710"} {"text": "many of us like to please others e our supervisor, our spouse, our children e but how many of us would take that as far as confessing to a serious crime that we did not commit? in a study completed by the american association of intellectual and developmental disabilities in 2008, a researcher discovered 53 cases of serious felonies to which people with intellectual disabilities confessed and were later legally exonerated. these exonerations were based on significant evidence such as dna tests or eventual confessions by the real perpetrators. in some cases, the crimes to which the suspects confessed never even occurred. in many cases, the person with a disability already had served significant jail time before being exonerated. the examples, spanning years from 1924 to 2007, came from across the united states ( no cases from colorado were included in the study. ) they include such cases as a 2002 case in georgia, in which a man with intellectual disabilities confessed to being present at the murder of a 15 - year - old girl, even though the man was with his family in brazil for the three days before and eight days after the murder. a 1979 case in florida recorded a man with an iq of 56 who confessed to the murders of six women. after the man spent 22 years in prison, he was released when dna evidence excluded him from all six of the murders. in a 1985 case in new jersey, a man with an iq of 57 confessed to beating his girlfriend to death with a stick. the woman died from alcohol poisoning. what was clear from all 53 cases was that people with intellectual disabilities can be unduly susceptible to interrogation techniques used by some law - enforcement agencies. intellectual disabilities can affect a personis ability to perceive a situation correctly and affects the ability to make good judgments. people with intellectual disabilities frequently strive to please others, especially those in authority. often, this is a survival technique learned by a person who is dependent on others to meet his or her basic needs. in this study, those characteristics led to wrongful convictions. in other situations, it can make a person with a disability vulnerable to abuse or exploitation. as a community, we can address this problem. la plata county already has led the way in preventing wrongful convictions of people with disabilities by instituting a crisis intervention team training for law enforcement and first responders in our area. the cit training offers tools for working with people with mental illness and other disabilities. since cit was implemented in 2003, 230 law - enforcement officers and community members have graduated from the program. la plata county also has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4802817680138918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.948246"} {"text": "associated press file photo associated press file photo february is the month where love is in the air. however, i \u2019 m not talking about the kind that involves a dinner out, roses and chocolates ( one of the annual mating rituals of homo sapiens ), but one of the variety that involves a lot of yipping and yapping. listen closely this month for lots of high - pitched canine vocalization, because february is the mating season for the fox. the fox is a member of the dog, or canid, family. however, unlike other canids such as wolves and coyotes, the fox exists primarily in monogamous pairs and family units, rather than packs. it may be \u201c love, \u201d but more likely it is thought that single male and female foxes have overlapping territories. during mating season, the male can be seen following the female closely everywhere she goes. vocalizations are at their highest, and fights can break out if more than one male is competing within a female \u2019 s territory. at the end of the winter, the female finds a suitable den where she can prepare to give birth. she usually gives birth to four or five blind and deaf cubs, which don \u2019 t leave the den for the first few weeks. for the entire time the female is confined to the den, the male \u2019 s role is to bring food for first the mother, and then the growing cubs. when the female finishes lactating in early summer and abandons the den, both parents share feeding responsibilities, tapering off so the juveniles can learn to forage for themselves. in the autumn the cubs are full - grown, and most that survive literally get kicked out of the nest, or in this case the territories. fighting may increase during this dispersal season, where food is not abundant enough to support the entire family. after dispersal, mom and dad are usually left within the original territory to start the cycle over again. foxes mark their territory with scent. urine is usually used to mark their home range, while urine and feces can be used to mark a specific state, such as when females are fertile. these signs are often placed in conspicuous spots, like paths, trails or even food remains. foxes have scent glands on their tail, feet and faces that they can rub on things, in addition to using their saliva. colorado is home to four species of foxes. however, the smaller kit fox and the swift fox are fairly rare and live mostly on colorado \u2019 s eastern plains. the types of foxes found around this part of colorado are the red", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4644354046926194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.952408"} {"text": "action alert : the union of concerned scientists is asking that we sign a petition to oppose the building of additional dirty coal plants here is some background on why this is important. right now, there are plans in place to build up to 150 new coal fired electricity plants in the united states by 2030. while these plants will emit only a tiny fraction of the sulfur dioxide, mercury, and nitrogen oxides of older style plants, they emit only 15 percent less co2, mostly through increased efficiency. none of these plants are designed to capture co2, or easy to retrofit as carbon capture technologies improve. burning coal for electricity produces 32 % of the co2 emmitted in the u. s. if these new plants are all built, the us will be increasing the amount of co2 released into the atmosphere no matter what else we do. from architecture 2030 if every household in the us changed a 60 - watt incandescent light bulb to a compact fluorescent \u2026 the co2 emissions from just two medium - sized coal - fired power plants each year would negate this entire effort. that is just one plant - and we are talking about 150! co2 is one of the main greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. while a lot has been written on global warming and the potentially devastating effects, every new piece of news tells us it is worse than we thought. scientific american reports on some recent research done by geologist darrell kaufman of northern arizona university and a consortium of colleagues. the team analyzed 14 sediment cores from arctic lakes and compared the results with ice cores and tree rings. in warm summers, relatively more sediment is deposited thanks to from the glaciers that create these lakes, and the abundance of algae in the sediment layers reveals the length of growing seasons. so, these sediment cores provide a picture of the climate that goes back millennia. combining this analysis with tree ring and ice core studies done previously, yields a fairly detailed climate history. the result? there has been a 2000 year cooling trend due to variations in the earth \u2019 s orbit. as the earth has moved slightly further away from the sun due to vagaries in its orbit \u2014 it \u2019 s roughly 600, 000 miles further away now than in 1 c. e. \u2014 some parts of the arctic received as much as 6 watts per meter squared less sunlight than in 1 c. e. that, in turn, has led to a cooling rate of roughly 0. 2 degrees celsius per 1, 000 years. but at some point in the 20th century, that trend stopped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5061495729500944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.963566"} {"text": "per meter squared less sunlight than in 1 c. e. that, in turn, has led to a cooling rate of roughly 0. 2 degrees celsius per 1, 000 years. but at some point in the 20th century, that trend stopped and reversed \u2026. in the past decade, summertime arctic temperatures have been 1. 4 degrees celsius higher on average than would be expected and 1. 2 degrees celsius higher than in 1900. and the arctic is merely the trendsetter \u2014 the northern - most latitudes are among the fastest - warming parts of the globe due to various feedbacks. for example, melting arctic sea ice exposes more ocean, which in turn absorbs more of the sunlight \u2019 s warmth and further increases warming \u2026 ( the ) cooling trend wouldn \u2019 t have reversed naturally for at least another 4, 000 years. yet, despite this decline, arctic temperatures have soared and the most likely culprit is the build - up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from fossil fuel burning, forest clearing and other human activity, kaufmann and his colleagues wrote. ok \u2013 so here is where we are at. solar activity ( and yes, that includes sunspots ) should be taking us cooler. instead we are warming at an ever increasing rate. how bad is the warming? \u201c the most recent 10 - year interval ( 1999 \u2013 2008 ) was the warmest of the past 200 decades, \u201d they wrote. \u201c temperatures were about 1. 4 degrees c higher than the projected values based on the linear cooling trend and were even more anomalous than previously documented. \u201d and this warming can have catastrophic consequences. according to a recent report by the wwf delivered at the world climate conference - 3, hosted by the world meteorological organization. the combination of thawing arctic sea ice and melting ice sheets in greenland and west antarctica is likely to raise global sea levels by about 1. 2 meters ( four feet ) by 2100, more than previously thought, the report warns. \u201c the associated flooding of coastal regions will affect more than a quarter of the world \u2019 s population, \u201d the wwf said. how bad is the arctic warming? for the first time in history, commercial frieght ships have taken the northeast passage, the arctic sea route, from norway all the way to korea. \u201c it is global warming that enables us to think about using that route, \u201d verena beckhusen, a spokeswoman for the shipping company, the beluga group of bremen, germany, said in a telephone interview.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4905289010915471, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.964786"} {"text": "to korea. \u201c it is global warming that enables us to think about using that route, \u201d verena beckhusen, a spokeswoman for the shipping company, the beluga group of bremen, germany, said in a telephone interview. so, in light of all this, why are we building over 150 new coal fired electric plants? ultimately, the reason for the \u201c coal rush \u201d going on in the midwest is economic. utility executives say that the coal expansion is needed to meet rising electricity demand as the u. s. population and economy grow. coal - fired plants provide half the electricity supply in the country. \u201c a lot of congressmen ask me, \u2018 dave, why are you building that coal plant? \u2019 \u201d says midamerican \u2019 s sokol. \u201c and i say, \u2018 what are my options? \u2019 \u201c coal is an attractive option, because the us has at supply of coal that will last for at least 100 years : \u201c there is probably sufficient coal to meet the nation \u2019 s needs for more than 100 years at current rates of consumption, \u201d the study said. \u201c however, it is not possible to confirm the often - quoted assertion that there is a sufficient supply of coal for the next 250 years. \u201d and the scale of these new plants can be huge the new $ 1. 1 billion midamerican facility will be one of the nation \u2019 s biggest, with 790 megawatts of capacity. its boilers and pulverizers will devour 400 tons of coal every hour, 3. 5 million tons a year, sokol says. combined with an existing plant next door, it will require a fresh train of coal every 16 to 17 hours ; each train will be nearly 1. 5 miles long and lug 135 cars about 650 miles from wyoming \u2019 s powder river basin. aside from the environmental damage done by the mining of this much coal, these new firing up these plants will add a lot of carbon to the atmosphere, significantly worsening global warming. as the power executive asks, \u201c what are the options? \u201d option 1 \u2013 conservation and efficiency. among other things, it has been estimated that 5 % of all electricity is wated by vampire electronics. option 2 - renewables - currently, less than 10 % of electrical generation comes from renewable sources, and the bulk of that is hydroelectric. less than 2 % comes from wind and solar. clearly. we can do a lot more. can we meet al gore \u2019 s challenge to meet 100 % of our electricity generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43938674195370175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.966809"} {"text": "electrical generation comes from renewable sources, and the bulk of that is hydroelectric. less than 2 % comes from wind and solar. clearly. we can do a lot more. can we meet al gore \u2019 s challenge to meet 100 % of our electricity generation from renewables by 2018, not at the rate we are going, but we can do a lot more. option 3 nuclear \u2013 many people think nuclear power is an option, but safety concerns alone mean that nuclear should not be an option, and that leaves \u2026 option 4 \u2013 coal \u2013 given the economics of energy today, it is almost certain that coal will play a major role in electricity generation for some time to come. \u201d the notion is that the sooner we wean ourselves off fossil fuels, the sooner we \u2019 ll be able to tackle the climate problem, \u201d said sally benson, executive director of the global climate and energy project ( gcep ) and professor of energy resources engineering. \u201d but the idea that we can take fossil fuels out of the mix very quickly is unrealistic. we \u2019 re reliant on fossil fuels, and a good pathway is to find ways to use them that don \u2019 t create a problem for the climate. \u201d for coal, it seems one of the best possible paths is carbon capture and storage ( ccs ), also referred to as sequestration, ccs involves capturing the co2 from coal - fired power plants, compressing it into a liquid and injecting it deep beneath the earth into old oil fields or saline aquifers. there, according to geologists, the co2 would be trapped by sealing cap rock to prevent it from seeping back to the surface and into the air. but there are numerous problems with ccs. even the strongest supporters acknowledge that the technology is still young, and that there are many unanswered questions. for example, from the union of concerned scientists for ccs to play a major role in reducing co2 emissions, an enormous new infrastructure must be constructed to capture, process, and transport large quantities of co2. and although ccs has been the subject of considerable research and analysis, it has yet to be demonstrated in the form of commercial - scale, fully integrated projects at coal - fired power plants. such demonstration projects are needed to determine the relative cost - effectiveness of ccs compared with other carbon - reducing strategies, and to assess its environmental safety \u2014 particularly at the very large scale of deployment needed for ccs to contribute significantly to the fight against global warming. among the questions needed to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4601859709975155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.972273"} {"text": "the relative cost - effectiveness of ccs compared with other carbon - reducing strategies, and to assess its environmental safety \u2014 particularly at the very large scale of deployment needed for ccs to contribute significantly to the fight against global warming. among the questions needed to be resolved before ccs can be implemented on a wide scale : 1. what are the best techniques for capturing the carbon? there are several promising technologies for carbon storage, but none have been used on a commercial scale. will they work on that scale? what will the cost be? 2. can the carbon be transported large distances to storage sites safely, and economically? again, what is the cost? 3. will long term underground storage of carbon work, or will there be leaks? one of the most promising new technologies is integrated gasification combined cycle ( igcc ). in this technology, coal is transformed into gas. the solid waste is seperated and stored. the gas powers a turbine, and the excess gas fires a steam generator. it is very promising, but these technologies are not proven on a commercial scale. what we need is to do the following 1. stop the construction of dirty coal plants 2. expedite research on the new clean coal technologies. build commercial sized pilot plants 3. once we have settled on technologies that work, we can expedite the building of new plants. this was one of the scenarios laid out by mckinsey in their report carbon capture and storage, assessing the economics. time is running shorter. we need to act soon, if we are going to have a chance to prevent the potential catastrophies we face. sign the petition, please.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4983830255674646, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.973084"} {"text": "by justin gillis a \" green \" nytimes blogger trying to tap into the best thinking about the future of global agriculture, as i have tried to do in my work as a reporter, can be an exercise in frustration. many groups and many bright people go at the problem, but not many of them go at it in a holistic way. the environmental crowd is worried mainly about the ecological damage from agriculture and is prone to recommend solutions that farmers say would undercut the food supply. traditional agronomists are mainly worried about supply \u2014 and tend at times to recommend fixes that might worsen the environmental damage. a separate crowd is primarily worried about the inequities in the global food system : that a billion people at the top end are killing themselves eating overly rich diets while a billion poor people live desperate lives circumscribed by malnutrition. can \u2019 t we figure out how to fix all this at once? it \u2019 s a tall order, but a heartening development in global agricultural policy is that some people are starting to try. now comes an interesting new installment in the literature of the big fix. it \u2019 s an analysis by an international team of scientists led by jonathan a. foley, director of the institute on the environment at the university of minnesota. their paper, \u201c solutions for a cultivated planet, \u201d was released online and is scheduled as the cover article of the oct. 20 issue of the journal nature. dr. foley is also publishing a piece in the november issue of scientific american, due on newsstands next week, that summarizes the team \u2019 s analysis in layman \u2019 s terms. the group finds, as others have before them, that the challenge of doubling global food production in coming decades can probably be met, albeit with considerable difficulty. the interesting thing to me about the analysis is that it doesn \u2019 t treat any of the problems confronting the food system as superior to the others \u2014 it treats the environmental problem, the supply problem and the equity problem as equally important, laying out a case that they all need to be tackled at once. \u201c feeding nine billion people in a truly sustainable way will be one of the greatest challenges our civilization has ever faced, \u201d dr. foley says in the scientific american article, referring to the projected global population at midcentury. ( he outlines some of the links between environmental problems and agriculture in this talk, and his group produced a popular animated clip that gives a sense of the scale of the problems here. ) many elements of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45910239967288036, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.979257"} {"text": "to the projected global population at midcentury. ( he outlines some of the links between environmental problems and agriculture in this talk, and his group produced a popular animated clip that gives a sense of the scale of the problems here. ) many elements of the new paper will be familiar to readers who follow these issues. yet it is interesting to see these building blocks of a smarter food system spelled out in one paper, with hard numbers attached. for starters, the group argues that the conversion of forests and grasslands to agricultural use needs to stop now ; the environmental damage we are doing chopping down the amazon far exceeds the small gain in food production, it says. next, the paper contends that increases in food supply need to come from existing farmland by a process of intensified production in regions where yields are low : northeastern india, eastern europe, parts of south america and large parts of africa being good examples. if yields in these regions could be brought to within 75 percent of their known potential using modern farming methods, including fertilizer and irrigation, total global supply of major foodstuffs would expand by 28 percent, the paper found. if yields were brought to 95 percent of their potential, close to those achieved in rich countries, the supply increase would be a whopping 58 percent. the paper does not say so, but i suspect that either development would be enough to reverse the soaring food prices of recent years. another important strategy laid out in the paper is to improve the efficiency of agriculture in places where yields are already high. if farmers in africa need more fertilizer, farmers in the united states need less. the paper essentially argues that high yields can be attained with fewer chemicals and less water, which would not only cut pollution but in some cases also cut costs for farmers. and finally, the paper argues that more of the food we grow needs to wind up on people \u2019 s plates. that means cutting food waste, not just the kind so common in western kitchens but also the tremendous post - harvest losses caused by bad storage conditions in poor countries. and it means a shift in diets away from meat and dairy products, which are inefficient to produce, and toward plants. the paper acknowledges that a massive transition to vegetarianism is unlikely but argues that even incremental changes \u2014 getting many people to move from less - efficient beef to more - efficient chicken, for instance \u2014 would make a difference. the paper studiously avoids taking sides in the ideological wars over the food system. it does not adopt the left - leaning argument that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4675638452557841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.980440"} {"text": "getting many people to move from less - efficient beef to more - efficient chicken, for instance \u2014 would make a difference. the paper studiously avoids taking sides in the ideological wars over the food system. it does not adopt the left - leaning argument that organic production is the answer to the world \u2019 s food issues, nor the rightward view that markets will solve all problems. it does argue for pulling as many good ideas as possible from emerging food movements into the conventional system \u2014 but only if they serve the three goals of increasing supply, reducing environmental damage and improving food security. as a scientific report, not a policy document, the foley paper does not offer any big new proposals for how to make all these things happen. many commentators who have studied these issues have come to the conclusion that the barriers are not primarily technical but involve a lack of political will to solve the problems, leading to low public investment in agriculture. in his scientific american article, dr. foley does make one intriguing proposal. pointing to the certification system that has encouraged the construction of green buildings, he asks : what about a new certification system for sustainably produced food? instead of catering to a single ideological predilection, the way the organic label does now, the new label would be based on a system that awards points for public benefits and subtracts them for environmental harm. foods produced according to the best practices would get the highest scores, or possibly the highest letter grades. if consumers adopted it, such a certification would put pressure on companies and farmers to clean up their practices. \u201c this certification would help us get beyond current food labels such as \u2018 local \u2019 and \u2018 organic, \u2019 which do not tell us much about what we are eating, \u201d dr. foley writes in scientific american. i can only imagine the ideological battles that will erupt if this idea is taken seriously. yet some of the needed elements are already falling into place, like attempts in europe to measure the carbon footprint of various foods. if scientists with no axes to grind could manage to keep control of the certification system, using it as a vehicle to apply stringent performance criteria to farming systems while turning the label into a global brand, the world might have a powerful new tool for improving the food supply \u2014 and the health of the planet. originally posted by : justin gillis october 12, 2011, 1 : 40 pm thank you for joining our table\u2122", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5103748070441262, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.981912"} {"text": "between first lady michelle obama \u2019 s let \u2019 s move! campaign against childhood obesity and jamie oliver \u2019 s food revolution there \u2019 s no shortage of programs aimed at getting america \u2019 s kids to eat healthier. these initiatives encourage parents to become more involved in their kids \u2019 meal choices and preschool is not too early to start your child on the path to eating right. packing a healthy lunch a study in the july 2010 issue of the journal of the american dietetic association ( now journal of the academy of nutrition and dietetics ) indicates that more than 57 % of 3 - to 6 - year - old children in this country spend time each week in childcare centers. although the majority of these centers prepare and serve lunch, many centers rely on parents to provide some or all of their children \u2019 s meals. if your child attends a center where you \u2019 re required to provide them with a sack lunch from home, grab the opportunity to make it a healthy one! what can you do? lots! want to bump of the veggies in your child \u2019 s lunch? \u201c try mixing fruits and veggies together in one container, so a little sweet from the fruit rubs off on the veggies, such as sliced baby carrots mixed with a few raisins or dried cranberries, \u201d suggests sarah krieger, mph, rd, academy of nutrition and dietetics spokesperson and a fit4allkids instructor. make sure to cook the carrots, raisins and cranberries to avoid choking. krieger recommends using variety to incorporate whole grains into your child \u2019 s lunch ( and life ). in addition to whole grain bread, use mini whole grain pitas, english muffins and tortillas to make sandwiches. whole grain cereals and whole grain crackers also make for healthy lunch options. set an example! academy spokesperson melinda johnson, ms, rd, says, \u201c children won \u2019 t eat healthier than their parents so, try to eat the way you want your children to eat. \u201d johnson recommends using a formula similar to what day care centers are required to utilize when creating a healthy lunch : one protein, one whole grain, one fruit, one vegetable and one milk. once in a while, include a small treat such as a pudding cup or a slice of homemade quick bread such as banana, zucchini, or carrot.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40089511691557084, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:51.990333"} {"text": "posted on 23 november 2008. the essense of new suburbanism is to support a clean, but wider human footprint \u2013 which is anathema to much of conventional environmentalist wisdom. in many parts of the world, such as within the state of california, there is abundant open space. california, especially within its vast interior, has hundreds upon thousands of virtually vacant square miles of rolling foothills, rangeland, forests, farms and fields. the golden state is a whopping 158, 000 square miles in size, with only 36 million people, most of them already crammed quite amicably within reasonably dense urban areas. california will always have plenty of available land, and the mantra that the personal residences of humans must be consigned to ever higher densities is not natural law or indisputably moral. a wider human footprint is not necessarily anathema to the health of the environment. post resumes below image | low density communities can spread along roads and highways, with small scale commercial agriculture and wildlife corridors, independent of expensive utility scale energy, water, or information infrastructure. new suburbanism, despite this emphasis on treating land as abundant, does not have to be in conflict with the ideals of new urbanism. the roots of new urbanism are to promote architectural and urban designs that create a sense of place in new communities ; its roots are are not in environmentalism or open space movements \u2013 new urbanism is a movement of architects and urban planners with an aesthetic focus. for this reason, new urbanism, at least in terms of its origins, does not necessarily require a focus on high - density development. but today, the congress for the new urbanism ( cnu ) promotes themselves as \u201c the leading organization promoting walkable, neighborhood - based development as an alternative to sprawl. \u201d another group, newurbanism. org, has adopted the following eight fundamental principles : \u201c principles of new urbanism \u201c : 1 \u2013 walkability, 2 \u2013 connectivity, 3 \u2013 mixed - use & diversity, 4 \u2013 mixed housing, 5 \u2013 quality architecture & urban design, 6 \u2013 traditional neighborhood structure, 7 \u2013 increased density, and 8 \u2013 smart transportation. new urbanism today promotes ultra high density human habitation as an accepted priority. as new suburbanists, we would claim this bias is often counterproductively applied. we believe newurbanism. org \u2019 s, principle # 6, increased density, is being given excessive weight by new urbanists. their principle # 7, smart transportation, in practice means man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48966182632910543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.003893"} {"text": "this bias is often counterproductively applied. we believe newurbanism. org \u2019 s, principle # 6, increased density, is being given excessive weight by new urbanists. their principle # 7, smart transportation, in practice means mandating light rail and / or streetcars, and ultra high - density housing concentrated along these corridors. these principles, and others courtesy of new urbanism, such as \u201c mixed housing, \u201d and \u201c mixed use and diversity \u201d now inform civic subsidies and other zoning policies. but are they always cost effective \u2013 and equally important \u2013 is this really where the new urbanists wanted to go, when they began promoting a return to aesthetically conscious civic architecture and design? also coopted by high - density ideology is the u. s. green building council, who define the the leed ( leadership in energy & environmental design ) building and urban development standards. but leadership in energy efficiency and design has no intrinsic connection with high density. instead of developing leed criteria focused on promoting optimal resource efficiency and zero pollution or toxicity \u2013 current leed standards inordinately emphasize ultra dense housing within a maze of other earth friendly and sustainable criteria, some of them obviously great ideas, and others that appear more ideologically derived. for example, according to local sources, in california, to get basic leed certification for a home, you have to earn 45 points. there are plentiful ways to earn points, since the leed \u201c platinum \u201d certification requires 90 points. but nothing earns leed points like high density. a builder can get 4 points by building \u201c high density \u201d housing, and another 10 points are available simply by building a home within a leed certified neighborhood. the high - density points from just these two criteria earn up to 14 out of the 45 points required for leed certification for homes, with numerous other criteria driving additional point incentives towards high density. if you refer to the usgbc \u2019 s leed certification for buildings version 2. 2 \u201c leed for new construction, \u201d you will see their criteria awards points for measures such as not building on farmland, wildlife habitat, or near water. additional points are earned if developers build near light rail stations, construct plentiful public bike racks, and never build in excess of the mandated minimum parking spaces for automobiles. and of course, the minimum average density of a leed certified community of residences must be ten homes per acre. along with leed for homes and buildings, as described above, we now have leed for neighborhoods,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5137544977261318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.005608"} {"text": "minimum parking spaces for automobiles. and of course, the minimum average density of a leed certified community of residences must be ten homes per acre. along with leed for homes and buildings, as described above, we now have leed for neighborhoods, or leed nd, also emphasizing high density as a fundamental criteria for certification. review usgbc \u2019 s may 2008 draft of leed nd standards \u201c leed nd draft project checklist \u201d to see where the big points are scored. basic leed nd certification as it is currently proposed requires 40 points, with a \u201c platinum \u201d certification requiring 80 points. there are some good ideas reflected in the leed nd criteria, such as 5 points for storm water management, or up to 3 points for energy efficiency in buildings. but most of the big point earners in leed nd simply scream high density : 10 points for \u201c preferred location, \u201d based on proximity to mass transit, 8 points for \u201c reduced automobile dependence, \u201d and 7 points for \u201c compact development \u201d ( to get 7 points here you must develop seventy units per acre ) ; if you build an ultra high density development, you have already earned 25 of the 40 necessary points for leed nd. about one year ago, we published one of many critiques of the high density bias of conventional environmentalist wisdom, in particular, a critique of new urbanism, making eight claims challenging the principles of new urbanism. the only amendment to these criticisms is that they are leveled more generally against the entire \u201c smart growth \u201d ideology, variously advocated by the congress for the new urbanism ( cnu ), newurbanism. org, the u. s. green building council ( usgbg ), friends of smart growth at the natural resources defence council ( nrdc ), and every analyst, activist, academic or policymaker who is convinced that higher density is always better. eight criticisms of smart growth policies : 1 \u2013 artificially and selectively inflate land values, making housing less affordable, 2 \u2013 emphasize public space over private space, 3 \u2013 make war on the car, 4 \u2013 promote high - density infill in low density neighborhoods, 5 \u2013 prefer open space to homes, but not to biofuel crops, solar fields, or wind farms, 6 \u2013 presume that social problems will be alleviated through forcing everyone to live in ultra high density, mixed neighborhoods, 7 \u2013 incorrectly claim there is a shortage of open space and farmland, 8 \u2013 pretend they have the final answer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47738825860037776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.006647"} {"text": "or wind farms, 6 \u2013 presume that social problems will be alleviated through forcing everyone to live in ultra high density, mixed neighborhoods, 7 \u2013 incorrectly claim there is a shortage of open space and farmland, 8 \u2013 pretend they have the final answer ; that their precepts are beyond debate. rather than expand yet again upon these criticisms, our intention here is to present an alternative ideology \u2013 one that embraces much of new urbanism and leed concepts, but from an entirely different perspective, one that believes a diversity of privately held, lower density human habitation over wider areas can manage ecosystems as well or better than the tightly managed manifestations of high - density ideology, while furthering property rights, innovation, initiative, and economic pluralism with respect to land development. so herewith we offer \u201c principles of new suburbanism, \u201d not to refute the virtues of high density, which we believe always have and always will effectively emerge, but to extol the virtues of low density. in this philosophy we believe human stewardship and pluralistic private land ownership, combined with 21st century clean technologies, can enable a suburban and exurban landscape that would spread bucolic and utterly clean low density communities across thousands of square miles. and wildlife would flourish, farms would flourish, and homes would tuck into the folds and fissures of the land like the farmhouses of provence. principles of new suburbanism ( 1 ) compatible with new urbanism : both of these architectural and urban / exurban planning ideologies place the central emphasis on aesthetic imperatives \u2013 both are equally committed to creating a sense of place in new communities. new suburbanists support high density zoning preferences in the urban core of large cities. new suburbanists enthusiastically support building 21st century cities, with high - rises and plentiful car - independent transit options and everything else inimical to the central cores of megacities. ( 2 ) land is abundant : there is abundant available land for low density suburban and exurban development. new suburbanists encourage zoning that recognizes the importance of progressively lower density zoning from urban cores, instead of draconican \u201c urban service boundaries \u201d that arbitrarily restrict development, especially low density development. ( 3 ) car friendly : personal transportation devices are tantalizingly close to becoming ultra safe conveyances that can drive on full autopilot and have zero environmental footprint, and we are within a few decades at most of having abundant clean energy. the age of the personal driving machine has just begun. ( 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5145852784061986, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.007714"} {"text": "parenting your net generation child or adolescent navigating the online social networking world is a daunting task for most parents. thankfully, recent research has shown that parents can greatly influence their child ' s experience online. dr. larry rosen, professor of psychology at california state university, dominguez hills and author of me, myspace, and i : parenting the net generation, has found that certain parenting styles can be very effective in parent - child negotiations surrounding myspace and other social networking sites. read on for tips and tricks to help make the battle over the online social networking world more productive and less stressful. first, and foremost, parents should learn and adopt an \u201c authoritative \u201d parenting style. this means that you, as a parent, set rules and limits on your child \u2019 s behavior, but you do so while consulting with your child and listening carefully and attentively to his / her thoughts and ideas. my recommendation is to have regular short family discussions dealing with technology use in the house and elsewhere, keeping an open dialogue on a continuing basis. technology changes so rapidly that you need to keep abreast of what is new and hot and might be appealing to your kids. for example, did you hear about myspace 5 years ago? now it has 110 million regular monthly visitors. how about youtube or second life or whatever comes next? your kids will know all about the current hot websites well before you do so it is important to talk often and find out what technology is beckoning them to climb aboard. second, authoritative parenting should be done using a model i call, talk for trust, assess, learn, and \u201c k \u201d communicate. - trust means that you do not use clandestine ways of checking on your child \u2019 s online behavior and you do not institute technological filters that artificially limit your child \u2019 s options. net generation children are simply too technologically savvy and will find a way to work around these filters. instead, it is more important to discuss the types of materials that you would like to \u201c filter \u201d with your child and work together, proactively, to provide solutions should he / she encounter filtered material. - assess means that you need to pay attention to exactly what technology your children are using. gaining knowledge is half the battle in keeping tabs on your kids. you need to practice what is referred to as \u201c co - viewing \u201d which means that you spend time using technology with your children. my research shows that most parents rarely or never look at their children \u2019 s online social networks and do not check out the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4530898517991798, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.017577"} {"text": "you need to practice what is referred to as \u201c co - viewing \u201d which means that you spend time using technology with your children. my research shows that most parents rarely or never look at their children \u2019 s online social networks and do not check out the games they play or attend to how much they text or im. pay particular attention to what is on their myspace page including their friends, bulletins, blogs, photos, etc. if you see any \u201c friends \u201d that you do not know, ask about them, and click on their photos to see what they are posting on their myspace pages. - learn means that it is important for you to participate in your children \u2019 s technology. have them show you what websites they like and even help you create your own myspace or facebook page. then request to be their friend so you can visit their myspace page by clicking their photo on your site. don \u2019 t have them make a site for you. it is important for you to literally put your hands on the computer keys and mouse and see how easy it is to create a myspace page. have them show you other technology they use. play games on their wii, listen to their ipod, send a text message, watch an online video, have a chat or im conversation. have them show you how to use the technology that they use on a regular basis so you get a feel for what they are doing and perhaps identify problems that might occur. information is power. but don \u2019 t forget to check in with your children often during those family discussions about what new technology they are now using. - \u201c k \u201d ommunicate is the most important and difficult parenting tool. it may seem easy to say that you should talk with your children but you are well aware that that is not as simple as it sounds. you are all busy and \u201c face time \u201d tends to get lost along the way. make time for at least two or three family dinners a week. post the days on the refrigerator and keep to the schedule. use the family dinner ( as well as the family discussions i talked about earlier ) to talk and, more importantly, to listen. one important note : do not try to cram every issue into a single dinner and do not use dinner as a way to tell your kids what they have done wrong. instead, use it to get a sense of what they are doing both with and without technology. there will be plenty of time to discuss your feelings or concerns about these issues later during family discussions. keep dinner conversation light and positive. the positive part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4886589047855097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.018952"} {"text": ". instead, use it to get a sense of what they are doing both with and without technology. there will be plenty of time to discuss your feelings or concerns about these issues later during family discussions. keep dinner conversation light and positive. the positive part is critical. research shows that telling a child that they did something special or particularly well is the best way to engender good family harmony. third, understand that there are two types of parenting \u2013 proactive and reactive. both are important in raising children. proactive parenting involves all parts of the talk model. it means that you do your best to anticipate potential problems and discuss them with your children before they happen. for example, if you read an article about teenagers making friends online and then meeting them offline, this would be a good issue to discuss in advance with your children during one of your family discussions or dinners. start the discussion stating your concerns and then listen to what they have to say. my research shows that the panic caused by the media about sexual predators, cyberbullying, abduction, etc. is blown way out of proportion. further, even when something bad happens online, nearly all teens know how to handle the problem in an appropriate way. have them tell you how they would handle it and then compliment them on their safe practices. even the best parents cannot anticipate every potential problem that their children might encounter in today \u2019 s electronic worlds. this is where reactive parenting comes into play. when your child does something that you think is harmful or dangerous, it is common to overreact and immediately apply a major punishment. telling your teenager that the internet is off limits for an indefinite time and he / she is \u201c grounded for life \u201d will only make matters worse. this is a good chance to practice authoritative parenting. remember that an authoritative parent sets limits after discussing them with their children. hear them out and ask them what they feel the consequences should be for their actions. kids often recommend more strict punishment than parents so this is a great opportunity to take what they say and lessen it so everyone wins. punishment is tricky. for it to work best it needs to be done immediately, contingent on the behavior, and applied consistently. this simply means that you need to punish only for the behavior that was done, as soon as possible after it was done, and be consistent in punishing the same behavior the same way without losing your temper or escalating the punishment. reprinted with the permission of dr. larry d. rosen. \u00a9 1997 - 2008 larry d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4965682463271972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.021890"} {"text": "teachers who havent already had at least one student with an autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) in their class soon could be in the minority. once viewed as a rare condition, autism now affects one in every 150 american children. for boys, that number jumps to almost one in 94, according to information from the national education association ( nea ). asds include a range of autistic behaviors, from some mild impairment of social skills to more severe conditions where children show little awareness of the outside world. the estimated annual cost of educating and caring for individuals with asds is about $ 90 billion, noted the nea. early diagnosis and intervention have shown the potential to reduce treatment costs by two - thirds. inclusion policies are bringing more children with asds to mainstream classrooms, requiring more adjustments by teachers. the nea marks national autism awareness month by publicizing its asd resources for teachers and families, including the puzzle of autism, a guide to assist educators, inform parents, offer ways to help identify the typical characteristics of asds, and provide ideas for ways to work successfully with children who have the disability. patti ralabate, senior policy analyst - special education from neas education policy and practice department, talked with education world about strategies for identifying children with asds and meeting their needs in the classroom. education world : have children with autism spectrum disorders ( asds ) increased in numbers in the past decade or so or have specialists become better at identifying autism? patti ralabate : both of these situations are true. over the last 10 - to - 15 years, education diagnosticians and physicians have become more aware of the characteristics and diagnostic criteria for identifying individuals with autism spectrum disorders ( asds ). plus, there does seem to be a growing number of young children exhibiting these characteristics. asd is noted as the fastest growing diagnosis of childhood disabilities. ew : what are some of the key elements of working with students with autism that all educators should know? ralabate : first, educators need to know that not all students with asd are the same. even though there are some common characteristics, such as difficulties with communication and social skills, restricted interests, and sensory integration issues, students with asd have varying individual strengths and needs. educators also need to be familiar with the key deficits associated with the disorders and strategies that they can use in the classroom. neas puzzle of autism guide provides clear suggestions to educators and parents about how to address these deficits in a general education classroom. ew : how has the inclusion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4666324432982658, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.026669"} {"text": "key deficits associated with the disorders and strategies that they can use in the classroom. neas puzzle of autism guide provides clear suggestions to educators and parents about how to address these deficits in a general education classroom. ew : how has the inclusion of children with autism in regular classrooms affected classroom teachers and curriculum? ralabate : in many cases, the specific needs of children with asd can be met in general education classrooms with appropriate supports. classroom teachers report that techniques are easier to implement if they receive needed professional development and regular consultation time with special education teachers, school psychologists, and autism specialists. a team approach is crucial. some children with asd also have significant behavior difficulties that can be disruptive in general education classrooms. behavior assessments and behavior intervention plans developed in collaboration with classroom teachers help to make the inclusion of children with disruptive behaviors possible. ew : what kinds of insights have educators gained from working with autistic children that can be applied to all students? ralabate : interestingly, educators find that many of the techniques they use with children with asd help to make the classroom more organized. consistent classroom routines, visual instructions and schedules, preparation for transition times, clear behavior expectations, menus of assignments, and structured formats for assignments can be applied to help all students. ew : what can teachers say to other students who might not understand why a student with autism might be allowed to leave the room or do something separate from the rest of the class? ralabate : generally, students understand that everyone needs time to work on special or individual projects. using this explanation will satisfy younger children. older students are often far more tolerant of the needs of other students than we might realize. if classrooms are flexible, offering all students a variety of choices to demonstrate what they have learned, the fact that a student is allowed to do something separate or different is less noticeable. ew : what are some other resources for teachers who want to learn more about working with students with asds? ralabate : the nea idea special education resource cadre provides an excellent professional development session based on the puzzle of autism. to make arrangements for a presentation, educators and parents need to work with their local and state nea affiliates. in addition, many school districts and national organizations, such as the national association of school psychologists and the american speech - hearing - language association, offer professional development resources addressing the needs of students with asd. there also are some colleges that offer courses for area educators. this e - interview with patti ra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5108200634639037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.027886"} {"text": "i am currently pursuing a graduate degree on an online university. a part of the course work is to get involved in a blog and share information on improving student ' s learning. during the course, one of the topics that stood out for me is \" reflective processes \". how many of us as educators engage in the process. it is not just stating at the end of a lesson plan that 95 % of the students understood the lesson. i will share an excerpt from a discussion and hope that you may benefit from it. as well as it improves student learning in your classroom. ' all teachers, i believe engage in reflective practices. the difference really lies in the frequency and dept of the process. kottler, zehm, kottler ( 2005 ) cited that \u201c teachers seldom take care \u201d to engage in this \u201c important practice \u201d ( tomlinson 2003 ). quickly analyzing what the topic should entail, i though the practices constituted the evaluation process that should take place at the end of the lesson. sure enough, i could not be further from the truth. reflection is an on going \u201c process \u201d ( kottler, zehm, kottler 2005 ) and not a destination. a philosophical definition would be : being reflective essentially means being an independent thinker. it means knowing how to reason, to think for yourself, to combine intuition and logic in the process of solving problems. it means being introspective about phenomena that take place both within your internal world and the world around you. ( kottler, zehm, kottler, 2005, p. 136 ). the idea, concept and validity opened my eyes. a deeper understanding brought forth notion of which i will share in the proceeding paragraphs of the discussion. the concepts that i found most interesting are that reflective practices encourage educators to be thinkers ( kottler, zehm, kottler, 2005 ) and \u201c there is no formula to success \u201d ( tomlinson 2003 ). it is explosive to foster the thought that it is better to think out of the box, and making the lesson realistic to students. if teacher practice to think critically, automatically the students develop the same attitude toward the subject. accepting the teaching objective as it is \u201c not an option \u201d, but to modify it to suit the situation in the classroom. ' kottler, j. a., zehm, s. j., & kottler, e ( 2005 ). on being a teacher : the human dimension. thousand oakes, ca : corwin press", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5657980915217387, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.030627"} {"text": "strategies for meeting all students ' needs whether you ' re a special education teacher or not, you likely teach students who are on the autism spectrum or who have learning disabilities, dyslexia, adhd, anxiety disorders, or emotional disabilities. differentiating instruction for such students can be challenging. but as an urban middle school teacher with more than 30 years of experience, i ' ve identified some strategies that increase the chances that we ' re meeting all students ' needs on a daily basis. collaborate with colleagues. i currently work with a teacher team that is well - synchronized when it comes to serving diverse learners. as a learning disabilities teacher, i ensure that, from day one, all teachers are familiar with our 6th grade students ' individualized education plans ( ieps ) and necessary modifications. two sections of students in our grade are co - taught by special education faculty and content - specific teachers. our paraprofessional and i alternate each day between the two sections. we move from class to class alongside our students, carrying binders with copies of all student materials so that we can co - teach alongside our colleagues. throughout the year, i co - plan with teachers, discussing tests, quizzes, projects and just day - to - day routines. we work on progress reports, reflect on our teaching strategies, and share concerns about students who may be struggling. cultivate consistency. for some of our 6th grade students, the shift to middle school is their first experience with \" changing classes \" throughout the day. some consistency across classes can be helpful for students who have ieps and those who simply need familiar routines and structure. in each class, the general education teacher posts an agenda for the day on the board. and all classes begin with some kind of opportunity for students to review material or make the bridge to a new topic. a \" science starter, \" for example, might require students to describe what phase of the moon occurs during a solar eclipse, or math class may begin with a quick problem that asks students to translate fractions into decimals. this provides all students with the opportunity to connect the class with previous learning. the homework, posted on the board, is always explained verbally and accompanied by reminders to \" take out your agendas and copy this down. \" co - teachers circulate the classroom to ensure each student is copying information correctly. we use common policies and procedures across classes. for example, if students forget to turn in major projects or take tests when they are absent, they ' ll find an \" iou", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45099270191612223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.038381"} {"text": "circulate the classroom to ensure each student is copying information correctly. we use common policies and procedures across classes. for example, if students forget to turn in major projects or take tests when they are absent, they ' ll find an \" iou \" task listed on the blackboard. develop a student - centered mindset. our efforts to boost learning are most effective when we share the same philosophy : it ' s about the kids, not us. from the english / language arts teacher to the art teacher, all of us know about students ' modifications : \" who needs what \" for tests, quizzes, classwork, and homework. most students with learning disabilities ( along with many of our english - language learners ) use word banks when completing homework, classwork, and tests. for students who have difficulty copying, teachers provide printed copies of all notes, although they expect the students to try note - taking ( often a goal in their ieps ). some readers have access to novels on cds. in math class, some use math reference sheets, a multiplication chart, and calculator \u2014 even on tests. but a \" student - centered mindset \" goes beyond initial modifications : we pay close attention to individual students ' progress and adjust our approaches throughout the year. if a student is struggling, our response isn ' t, \" well, that doesn ' t surprise me! \" or \" i ' ve done my part \u2014 oh well. \" instead, it ' s, \" why is this student struggling and what can we do to help? \" for example, sometimes it turns out that a student hasn ' t done her work because she needs a less distracting environment or additional guidance in understanding the project. we respond by offering opportunities for her to get an early start on projects and long - term assignments, both during and after school. our 6th grade team also made this decision : if any student performs poorly on a test, we analyze the data, then work with him or her individually or in a small group to re - teach the skills and concepts. then students have the opportunity to retake the test after school or at lunchtime. set aside time to focus on study skills and extra support. most students with ieps attend a class that focuses on development of organizational and study skills. we also use this time to review concepts and guide students in understanding homework assignments. because our paraprofessional and i have been observing and supporting students in all of their classes, we can make strategic decisions about how to structure this time. use multiple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5026687481399833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.039424"} {"text": "also use this time to review concepts and guide students in understanding homework assignments. because our paraprofessional and i have been observing and supporting students in all of their classes, we can make strategic decisions about how to structure this time. use multiple forms of assessment. tests are never more than 35 to 40 percent of a child ' s grade ( which also includes consideration of classwork, homework, participation / preparation, and projects ). this ensures multiple opportunities to demonstrate knowledge and understanding in a variety of ways. draw on other professionals ' expertise. serving all students effectively requires us to pull in others promptly when students need specialized assistance. we have to be aware of when it ' s time to do so \u2014 and whom to contact. our team regularly calls on our speech and language therapist, reading teachers, occupational therapist, school psychologist, and guidance counselors to advise us or to work with students on specific issues. partner with families. last, but certainly not least, it ' s critical to involve families in the process of reaching all students, as some of my teacher leaders network colleagues have been discussing this month at teaching ahead. our 6th grade team ' s weekly common planning time provides an opportunity for families to meet with us as a group. we ' re flexible \u2014 if a parent or guardian is unable to come into the school, we set up phone meetings, check - ins with the team over email, and / or weekly progress reports. i work with a great team this year \u2014 and i shudder to think that some of you may be reading this and thinking, \" yeah, this would be useful, if i had different ( fill in the blank : administrators, colleagues, support staff, planning time ). \" i know what you mean \u2014 i ' ve been there \u2014 but i also think that you can, as gandhi put it, \" be the change you wish to see in the world. \" be the one to push for common planning time ( and to use it well ). be a dissenting voice when others say a particular student is a failure. be the one who inspires colleagues to think outside the box about how to support that student. be a teacher who is committed to helping all students succeed. you are not alone. access selected articles, e - newsletters and more! - regional area partner - focus eduvation, us - round rock isd, round rock, tx - part - time teachers ( certified ) - hartford public schools, hartford, ct - assistant superintendent for teaching and learning - roanoke city public schools, roanoke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45355507742291207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.040438"} {"text": "in part one of this two - part story, the authors review the basics of intercept point specifications and linearity. for an expanded view of the equations, click here. part two will discuss how to actually evaluate and interpret ipn. for a variety of electronic devices ranging from rf mixers to low - noise amplifiers ( lnas ), linearity is an essential performance attribute. the degree of linearity demonstrated by a component can make the difference between a successful device and a unit that fails to operate as designed. intercept point ( ip ) specifications provide a useful tool for determining the degree of linearity exhibited by electronic devices. ipn, which stands for intercept points of order n for some integer n \u22652, consists of \u201c virtual \u201d parameters ( i. e., the values are actually defined from other specifications ). as a result, their values and extrapolations often remain vague. admittedly, many electronic books or tutorials give some description of how ipn specifications are linked with input / output powers, power gain, and compression point. however, those reference works offer minimal, none, or incomplete explanations about ipn specifications and their origin. today, integrated functions such as an lna, mixers, and a vco ( voltage controlled oscillator ) can be built with the highest linearity ( thus superior ip3 ) with advanced design techniques, and with proven rf processes. the design aim is to obtain the highest ip3 without sacrificing current consumption ( bias circuit ), gain, and size. practically speaking, describing ipn orders up to 5, and eventually 7, can be significant. today, however, the \u201c order 3 \u201d ( ip3 ) dominates when describing the normal operation of sensitive devices. this article will use basic math and graphics to explain how ipn, and especially ip3, is generated and how its values are linked to essential quantities such as the input and output powers of a device. it will explain why high ip3 ( thus, high linearity ) is so important when evaluating performance. finally, it will discuss some high - performance analog ics in which linearity, high ip3, is a fundamental measurement of their good operation. why is linearity so important? a principal objective for many electronic devices has been always to replicate simple, easy - to - reproduce, ideal mathematical functions. a simple illustration is the resistor which is designed to reproduce a linear relationship between voltage and current ( vi ). the resistor is simply the slope of the vi response. we all know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5401543089097324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.045099"} {"text": "simple, easy - to - reproduce, ideal mathematical functions. a simple illustration is the resistor which is designed to reproduce a linear relationship between voltage and current ( vi ). the resistor is simply the slope of the vi response. we all know that the ideal relationship of v = r \u00d7 i cannot be realized 100 % of the time. one can approach it, but the inherent imperfections and limitations of the devices cause deviations in the ideal curve. this is particularly true when signals ( i, v ) are large and / or other conditions like temperature, humidity, and pressure vary. to compensate for these inherent deviations, we want the resistor, r, to be as linear as possible and remain so over wide ranges of signals and conditions. in reality, however, resistors have more complex curves in the ( vi ) characteristics ( red dotted line in figure 1 ). figure 1. dotted red line shows the real ( imperfect ) resistor. linearity is corrupted when i and v curves become large. other ic components that require well - controlled linearity include amplifiers, data converters, vcos, mixers, and pas. with these ics, deviations from the ideal vi relationship lead to instabilities, failure to meet specs, and interference. they can even cause malfunctions or destroy the device and / or entire system. measuring linearity depending on the class of signals and their dynamic ranges, different parameters and methods are defined to visualize, evaluate, measure, and compare the linear characteristic of an actual device. resistor linearity is typically measured in % of a nominal value of r. this is usually enough to appreciate the error that one introduces in current and voltage on the device. the rf functions in an lna, mixers, filters, pa, and other components can generate very large signal dynamics and introduce harmonics, interference, and saturation as critical effects of nonlinearities. several parameters have been defined to characterize this nonideal relationship between input and output : - 1db compression point ( cp - 1db ) - compression dynamic range ( cdr ) - spurious - free dynamic range ( sfdr ) - desensitization dynamic range ( ddr ) - intercept points ( ipn ) since all the above terms indicate how good ( or bad ) the linearity of a device is, relations do exist between them. while this examination acknowledges the above class of parameters, it focuses exclusively on the intercept points, or how ipn ( n ) can be 2, 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5557947416886784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.046072"} {"text": "skip to main content more search options a member of our team will call you back within one business day. ultrasound is an imaging test. it uses sound waves to form pictures of your organs that appear on a screen. ultrasound is often done with a probe placed on the abdomen. transvaginal ultrasound uses a special probe that is placed directly into the vagina. this gives a clearer picture of the uterus, ovaries, and other pelvic organs. this test can be used to assess symptoms such as pain and to check for problems. in pregnant women, it is used to check the fetus ( unborn baby ). you may be asked to empty your bladder before the test. tell the sonographer ( specially trained technologist who does the test ) what medications you take. mention whether you have had pelvic surgery. answer any other questions the sonographer asks. your answers will help the sonographer tailor the test to your health needs. you may change into a hospital gown. you ' ll then lie down on an exam table with your knees raised ( as you would for a pelvic exam ). the sonographer will use a slender hand - held probe ( transducer ) shaped like a tampon. the probe is covered with a sterile sheath and non - greasy gel. it is then placed inside the vagina. in some cases, you may be asked to insert the probe yourself as you would a tampon. the sonographer moves the probe to get the best picture. you may feel pressure. if you feel pain, let the sonographer know. be aware that although the sonographer can answer questions about the test, only a doctor can explain the results. before leaving, you may need to wait for a short time while the images are reviewed. you can go back to your normal routine right after the test. your doctor will let you know when the results of your test are ready.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4394956062123937, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.049715"} {"text": "electrical system of the heart what controls the timing of your heartbeat? your heart ' s electrical system controls the timing of your heartbeat by regulating your : your heart ' s electrical system should maintain : see a picture of the heart and its electrical system. how does the heart ' s electrical system work? your heart muscle is made of tiny cells. your heart ' s electrical system controls the timing of your heartbeat by sending an electrical signal through these cells. two different types of cells in your heart enable the electrical signal to control your heartbeat : the electrical signal travels through the network of conducting cell \" pathways, \" which stimulates your upper chambers ( atria ) and lower chambers ( ventricles ) to contract. the signal is able to travel along these pathways by means of a complex reaction that allows each cell to activate one next to it, stimulating it to \" pass along \" the electrical signal in an orderly manner. as cell after cell rapidly transmits the electrical charge, the entire heart contracts in one coordinated motion, creating a heartbeat. the electrical signal starts in a group of cells at the top of your heart called the sinoatrial ( sa ) node. the signal then travels down through your heart, triggering first your two atria and then your two ventricles. in a healthy heart, the signal travels very quickly through the heart, allowing the chambers to contract in a smooth, orderly fashion. the heartbeat happens as follows : this cycle of an electrical signal followed by a contraction is one heartbeat. sa node and atria when the sa node sends an electrical impulse, it triggers the following process : av node and ventricles after the electrical signal has caused your atria to contract and pump blood into your ventricles, the electrical signal arrives at a group of cells at the bottom of the right atrium called the atrioventricular node, or av node. the av node briefly slows down the electrical signal, giving the ventricles time to receive the blood from the atria. the electrical signal then moves on to trigger your ventricles. when the electrical signal leaves the av node, it triggers the following process : after your atria and ventricles contract, each part of the system electrically resets itself. how does the heart ' s electrical system regulate your heart rate? the cells of the sa node at the top of the heart are known as the pacemaker of the heart because the rate at which these cells send out electrical signals determines the rate at which the entire heart beats ( heart rate ). the normal heart rate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48575387004007814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.062316"} {"text": "the cells of the sa node at the top of the heart are known as the pacemaker of the heart because the rate at which these cells send out electrical signals determines the rate at which the entire heart beats ( heart rate ). the normal heart rate at rest ranges between 60 and 100 beats per minute. your heart rate can adjust higher or lower to meet your body ' s needs. what makes your heart rate speed up or slow down? your brain and other parts of your body send signals to stimulate your heart to beat either at a faster or a slower rate. although the way all of the chemical signals interact to affect your heart rate is complex, the net result is that these signals tell the sa node to fire charges at either a faster or slower pace, resulting in a faster or a slower heart rate. for example, during periods of exercise, when the body requires more oxygen to function, signals from your body cause your heart rate to increase significantly to deliver more blood ( and therefore more oxygen ) to the body. your heart rate can increase beyond 100 beats per minute to meet your body ' s increased needs during physical exertion. similarly, during periods of rest or sleep, when the body needs less oxygen, the heart rate decreases. some athletes actually may have normal heart rates well below 60 because their hearts are very efficient and don ' t need to beat as fast. changes in your heart rate, therefore, are a normal part of your heart ' s effort to meet the needs of your body. how does your body control your heart rate? your body controls your heart by : sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are opposing forces that affect your heart rate. both systems are made up of very tiny nerves that travel from the brain or spinal cord to your heart. the sympathetic nervous system is triggered during stress or a need for increased cardiac output and sends signals to your heart to increase its rate. the parasympathetic system is active during periods of rest and sends signals to your heart to decrease its rate. during stress or a need for increased cardiac output, the adrenal glands release a hormone called norepinephrine into the bloodstream at the same time that the sympathetic nervous system is also triggered to increase your heart rate. this hormone causes the heart to beat faster, and unlike the sympathetic nervous system that sends an instantaneous and short - lived signal, norepinephrine released into the bloodstream increases the heart rate for several minutes or more. emedici", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4893441892006401, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.063389"} {"text": "jun 10, 2011 / energy globe award project presentation - \" portable solar power \" in bangladesh the day ends at 6 p. m. as the villages go dark. without a source of light, working and reading are impossible : 75 % of households in rural bangladesh are not connected to the grid. rifat turja of the farooqui foundationsought a solution to this problem \u2013 and suddenly he saw daylight. according to the motto \u201c think simply and always positively \u201c, he developed his multi - user solar system. instead of mounting expensive solar panels on each house, a central photovoltaic base station is installed. it serves as the solar fueling station for the whole village. there the inhabitants draw solar energy with a portable battery that is charged in three to four hours. the integrated led lamps then bring light into darkness four hours a day for a whole week. then the 1 / 2 - kilogram lightweight, which even children can carry easily, is recharged. utilizing the system costs nothing, and setup costs per household are less than 25 % of a stand - alone solution. now the houses have light. this means a better future for the children, who can now do their homework. portable solar power provides energy for the world, can be used everywhere, and is economical. this is energy for the future! more information : http : / / www. farooquifoundation. org /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5516382051453362, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.066659"} {"text": "home > archive > 2003 > this article the third sector by henry lamb a new mechanism of governance is emerging. georgetown university calls it \" the third sector. \" the united nations calls it \" civil society. \" the president ' s council on sustainable development calls it \"... a new, collaborative decision process. \" whatever it ' s called, it is a process to formulate public policy by non - elected individuals, unencumbered by the legislative process. the process was developed by the international union for the conservation of nature, and the united nations. as the iucn developed its land management policy proposals, a network of \" civil society \" organizations, called bionet, was created to promote the policy proposal and to lobby u. n. delegates. as the iucn developed its climate change policy proposals, a network of \" civil society organizations, called climate action network was created to promote the policy proposals and to lobby u. n. delegates. the same process created the women ' s environment and development organization ; the international council for local environmental initiatives ; the international action network on small arms, and many other \" networks \" of special interest groups, largely funded by the u. n. and sympathetic governments. the process has been incredibly successful at the international level. it is rapidly becoming equally successful in the united states. in 1995, the greater yellowstone coalition, a \" network \" of special interest groups, banded together to urge unesco to declare yellowstone national park a world heritage site \" in danger. \" the designation required a willing clinton - gore administration to impose additional land use restrictions on private property beyond the park ' s boundary. neither local, state, nor federal elected officials had any say in the matter. throughout the 1990s, the president ' s council on sustainable development spawned hundreds of these \" networks \" to focus on specific issues, such as the sierra club ' s \" smart growth \" programs, and to work at the local and regional levels to generate visions of smart growth for nearly every community. these special interest groups are often called \" visioning \" councils, or \" stakeholder, \" or \" watershed \" councils. they are designed to appear to be representative of the affected community. most often, however, they consist of individuals who are government employees or executives or staff of special interest groups, with only a token number of carefully selected elected officials and business leaders. the process of consensus building to achieve \" collaborative \" decision making has been refined to an art. in a given community, the appropriate council is chosen and begins meeting to discuss the future of the community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5255818479329959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.074573"} {"text": "token number of carefully selected elected officials and business leaders. the process of consensus building to achieve \" collaborative \" decision making has been refined to an art. in a given community, the appropriate council is chosen and begins meeting to discuss the future of the community. when the council is fully formed, and a couple of \" day - glow \" big - wheels have been recruited, a public announcement explains how the wonderful \" citizens ' \" vision will unfold. at the public meetings, a paid facilitator leads the group to choose from several options in several categories - transportation, zoning, education, economic development - until a final set of proposals is developed, which is then presented to the governing body for adoption and implementation. rarely do the elected officials have the necessary information, or the political will, to oppose this vision developed by the \" citizens \" of the community. in reality, it is not a vision of the citizens of the community. ordinary citizens are rarely even notified of the meetings. when they do show up to ask questions, they are often ridiculed, marginalized, and dismissed. when complete, virtually every one of these plans contain the elements recommended in agenda 21, and by the president ' s council on sustainable development. councils created to represent trans - boundary jurisdictions have even less input by ordinary citizens or elected officials. when a multi - jurisdictional plan is developed, and presented to the various jurisdictions, they either adopt it, or risk political ridicule, and even the loss of federal funds. these special interest groups - the third sector - are deeply embedded in the policy - making process. the american planning association was funded by the government to produce model legislation for state governments. the center for civic education has the exclusive authority to write the civics curriculum for federally funded public schools. the nature conservancy, and similar groups, are used by government to buy private property, which is then resold to the government for a profit. this new mechanism of governance has become so prevalent that georgetown university has developed a special ph. d. program to train special interest organization leaders to be even more effective. the great danger in this emerging new system of governance is the absence of accountability. if citizens don ' t like the policies developed by these special interest groups, who do they un - elect? get weekly updates about new issues of esr! \u00a9 1996 - 2013, enter stage right and / or its creators. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5116145952566493, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.075634"} {"text": "inorganic chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry involving the scientific study of the properties and chemical reactions of all chemical elements and chemical compounds other than the vast number of organic compounds ( compounds containing at least one carbon - hydrogen covalent bond ). there are a number of subdivisions of inorganic chemistry such as the five subdivisions of the american chemical society ' s division of inorganic chemistry ( asc dic ), namely organometallic chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry, solid - state and materials chemistry, coordination chemistry and nanoscience. inorganic chemistry is closely related to other disciplines such as materials science, earth science, mineralogy, geology and crystallography. distinctions between inorganic and organic chemistry the distinction or boundary between inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry is not very well defined. in general, the above definition of inorganic chemistry seemingly excludes carbon compounds but it does not exclude elemental carbon itself. hence, carbon oxides, carbon sulfides, cyanides and cyanates, metallic carbides and carbonates are included as inorganic compounds. as another example of the ill - defined distinction between inorganic and organic chemistry, oxalic acid ( h2c204 ) is commonly considered to be an organic compound even though it does not contain a carbon - hydrogen bond. classification of inorganic compounds inorganic chemistry encompasses a very complicated variety of substances which the distinguished american chemist, f. albert cotton ( 1930 \u2212 2007 ), grouped into these four classes : the chemical elements : these have a variety of structure and properties and include : - atomic gases such as argon ( ar ) and krypton ( kr ), as well as molecular gases such as hydrogen ( h2 ) and oxygen ( o2 ). - molecular solids such as the phosphorus allotrope ( p4 ), the sulfur allotrope ( s8 ), and the carbon allotrope ( c60 ). - network solids such as diamonds and graphite. - metals, either solid such as copper ( cu ) and tungsten ( w ) or liquid such as mercury ( hg ) and gallium ( ga ). - simple ionic compounds such as sodium chloride ( nacl ), which are soluble in water or other polar solvents. - ionic oxides that are insoluble in water, such as zirconium oxide ( zro2 ) and mixed oxides such as the mineral \" spinel \" ( mgal2o4 ), the mineral \" diopside \" ( camg ( sio3 ) 2 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5680871456642718, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.085703"} {"text": ", such as zirconium oxide ( zro2 ) and mixed oxides such as the mineral \" spinel \" ( mgal2o4 ), the mineral \" diopside \" ( camg ( sio3 ) 2 ) and various silicates. - other binary halides, carbides, arsenides, nitrides and similar materials. a few examples are silver chloride ( agcl ), silicon carbide ( sic ), gallium arsenide ( gaas ), and boron nitride ( bn ), some of which could also be considered to be network solids. - compounds containing polyatomic ions ( also called \" complex ions \" ) such as the silicon hexafluoride anion [ sif6 ] 2 \u2013, the cobalt hexammine cation [ co ( nh3 ) 6 ] 3 + and the ferricyanide anion [ fe ( cn ) 6 ] 3 \u2013. molecular compounds : these may be solids, liquids or gases and include : - simple binary compounds such as phosphorus trifluoride ( pf3 ), sulfur dioxide ( so2 ) and osmium tetroxide ( oso4 ). - organometallic compounds that characteristically have metal\u2212to\u2212carbon bonds such as nickel carbonyl ( ni ( co ) 4 ) and tetra - benzyl - zirconium ( zr ( ch2c6h5 ) 4 ). - complex metal - containing compounds. inorganic polymers and superconductors : these include various inorganic polymers and superconductors. one example is the polymer named yttrium barium copper oxide ( yba2cu3o7 ) which is commonly abbreviated as ybco. it is a crystalline chemical compound and was the first material to achieve superconductivity above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen ( 77 k ). typical inorganic chemical reactions there is no universally accepted list of the typical, important inorganic reactions. although there are numerous available sources ( books, journal and internet websites ) that include such lists, they all differ to some extent from each other. the inorganic reaction types listed and explained below were drawn from many of the available sources : synthesis reaction : ( also referred to as combination or composition reaction ) this is a reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product, where each reactant is a chemical element or compound and the reaction product consist of the two reactants. examples include : \u2022 sodium + chlor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5796017368006214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.087435"} {"text": "composition reaction ) this is a reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product, where each reactant is a chemical element or compound and the reaction product consist of the two reactants. examples include : \u2022 sodium + chlorine \u21d2 sodium chloride 2na + cl2 \u21d2 2nacl \u2022 carbon dioxide + water \u21d2 carbonic acid co2 + h2o \u21d2 h2co3 \u2022 hydrogen + sulfur \u21d2 hydrogen sulfide h2 + s \u21d2 h2s decomposition reaction : ( may be thermal, electrolytic or catalytic decomposition reaction ) this is a reaction in which a chemical compound is separated into elements or simpler compounds. it is often defined as being the opposite of a synthesis reaction. examples include : \u2022 hydrogen peroxide \u21d2 water + oxygen ( hydrogen peroxide spontaneously decomposes into water and oxygen ) 2h2o2 \u21d2 2h20 + o2 \u2022 calcium carbonate + heat \u21d2 calcium oxide + carbon dioxide ( heated calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and gaseous carbon dioxide ) caco3 + heat \u21d2 cao + co2 single displacement reaction : ( also referred to as substitution or single replacement reaction ) this is a reaction characterized by one element being displaced from a compound by another element. examples include : \u2022 copper + hydrochloric acid \u21d2 cupric chloride + hydrogen cu + 2hcl \u21d2 cucl2 + h2 \u2022 zinc + cupric sulfate \u21d2 copper + zinc sulfate zn + cuso4 \u21d2 cu + znso4 metathesis reaction : ( also referred to as exchange or double displacement or double replacement reaction ) this is a reaction in which two compounds exchange bonds or ions to form new, different compounds. examples include : \u2022 sodium sulfate + barium chloride \u21d2 barium sulfate + sodium chloride na2so4 + bacl2 \u21d2 baso4 + 2nacl \u2022 silver nitrate + hydrochloric acid \u21d2 nitric acid + silver chloride agno3 + hcl \u21d2 hno3 + agcl precipitation reaction : ( a specific type of metathesis referred to as aqueous metathesis ) this is a reaction that occurs when two inorganic salt solutions, as in the example below, react to form a solution containing a soluble product and another product that is insoluble and precipitates out of the solution : \u2022 calcium chloride + silver nitrate \u21d2 calcium nitrate + silver chloride ( insoluble silver chloride precipitates out of the aqueous cacl2 ( aq ) + 2agno3 ( aq ) \u21d2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6095021715164685, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.088452"} {"text": "out of the solution : \u2022 calcium chloride + silver nitrate \u21d2 calcium nitrate + silver chloride ( insoluble silver chloride precipitates out of the aqueous cacl2 ( aq ) + 2agno3 ( aq ) \u21d2 ca ( no3 ) 2 ( aq ) + 2agcl ( s ) neutralization reaction : ( another specific type of metathesis that is sometimes referred to as an acid - base reaction ) this is a reaction in which an acid and a base react to form a salt. water is also produced in neutralizations with arrhenius acids, that dissociate in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions ( h + ), and arrhenius bases, that form hydroxide ions ( oh \u2013 ). however, water is not produced in all neutralizations as can be seen below in the neutralization of ammonia. examples include : \u2022 nitric acid + sodium hydroxide \u21d2 sodium nitrate + water hno3 + naoh \u21d2 nano3 + h2o \u2022 hydrochloric acid + ammonia \u21d2 ammonium chloride hcl + nh3 \u21d2 nh4cl redox reaction : ( also referred to as oxidation - reduction reaction ) this is a reaction in which the oxidation numbers of atoms are changed. examples include : \u2022 hydrogen + fluorine \u21d2 hydrogen fluoride h2 + f2 \u21d2 2hf hydrogen is oxidized by its oxidation number increasing from zero to + 1. fluorine is reduced by its oxidation number decreasing from zero to - 1. \u2022 iron + cupric sulfate \u21d2 ferrous sulfate + copper fe + cuso4 \u21d2 feso4 + cu iron is oxidized by its oxidation number increasing from zero to + 2. copper is reduced by its oxidation number decreasing from + 2 to zero. analysis and characterization of inorganic compounds the number of known chemical elements that occur naturally on earth is 94 and the number of diverse inorganic chemical compounds derived by combinations of those elements is virtually innumerable. the characterization of those compounds includes the measurement of chemical and physical properties such as boiling points, melting points, density, solubility, refractive index and the electrical conductivity of solutions. the techniques of qualitative and quantitative analytical chemistry can provide the composition of a chemical compound in terms of its constituent chemical elements and can thus determine the chemical formula of a compound. modern laboratory equipment and techniques can provide many more details for characterizing chemical compounds. some of the more commonly used modern techniques are : - chromatography : a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5540676552936868, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.089457"} {"text": "terms of its constituent chemical elements and can thus determine the chemical formula of a compound. modern laboratory equipment and techniques can provide many more details for characterizing chemical compounds. some of the more commonly used modern techniques are : - chromatography : a process for separating mixtures of chemicals into their component constituents. - x - ray diffraction or x - ray crystallography : a technique that determines the three - dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule. - spectrometry or qualitative spectroscopy : a technique for the identification of substances through the electromagnetic spectrum emitted from or absorbed by them. - voltammetry : an electrochemical method for studying a chemical substance by measuring the electrical potential and / or electric current in an electrochemical cell containing the substance. - inorganic chemistry : a study guide, from the website of the university of waterloo, canada - christopher g. morris ( editor ) ( 1992 ), academic press dictionary of science and technology, 1st edition, academic press, isbn 0 - 12 - 200400 - 0. - welcome to the acs dic webpage!, from the website of the american chemical society division of inorganic chemistry. - note : for example, carbon monoxide ( co ), carbon dioxide ( co2 ), carbon disulfide ( cs2 ), sodium cyanide ( nacn ), potassium cyanate ( kocn ), silicon carbide ( sic ) and calcium carbonate ( caco3 ) - f. albert cotton, geoffrey wilkinson and paul l. gaus ( 1995 ), basic inorganic chemistry, 3rd edition, john wiley, isbn 0 - 471 - 50532 - 3. first published in 1976 with professor f. albert cotton of texas a & m university as the main author. - note : allotropes are molecules having different molecular structures. this differs from isotopes which are elements having different atomic structures ( i. e., the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in the atomic nucleus ). the carbon allotrope ( c60 ) is also known as buckminsterfullerine. - note : network solids are chemical compounds with the atoms being bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous network. thus, there are no individual molecules in a network solid and the entire solid may be considered to be a macromolecule. diamond is an example of a network solid with a continuous network of carbon atoms. another example is graphite, which consists of continuous two dimensional layers of carbon atoms covalently bonded within", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.623620562539916, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.090413"} {"text": "entire solid may be considered to be a macromolecule. diamond is an example of a network solid with a continuous network of carbon atoms. another example is graphite, which consists of continuous two dimensional layers of carbon atoms covalently bonded within each layer and with other bond types holding the layers together. - yttrium barium copper oxide \u2013 ybco, from the wiki of the chemistry department at imperial college, london, england. - p. a. cox ( 2004 ), inorganic chemistry, 2nd edition, taylor & francis, isbn 1 - 85996 - 289 - 0. - types of equations, from the website of the virginia polytechnic institute and state university. - types of inorganic chemical reactions : four general categories, dr. anne marie helmenstine on the website of about. com : chemistry. - types of chemical reactions : list of common reactions and examples, dr. anne marie helmenstine on the website of about. com : chemistry. - note : an arrhenius acid is defined as dissociating in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions and arrhenius bases, which form hydroxide ions. there are a number of other theories and definitions of acids, namely br\u00f8nsted \u2013 lowry acid \u2013 base theory, lewis acids and bases, usanovitch definition, and various others.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6137259680880425, "token_count": 274, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.090909"} {"text": "there are eight ecoregions in algeria : - mediterranean woodlands and forests - mediterranean conifer and mixed forests - mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe - saharan halophytics - north saharan steppe and woodlands - sahara desert - west saharan montane xeric woodlands - south saharan steppe and woodlands the mediterranean woodlands and forests ecoregion stretches from the coastal plains to the hills of northern morocco, algeria and tunisia, and eventually surrounds the atlas mountains. to the north is the alboran sea, the westernmost element of the mediterranean sea. the variety of substrates and climates leads to a diverse mix of vegetation including holm oak forests, cork oak forests, wild olive and carob woodlands, as well as extensive berber thuya forest. this old, endemic north african conifer species is representative of the great diversity and endemism of both flora and fauna in this ecoregion. reptile diversity is high and the region harbors charismatic large mammals, including the rare and endangered barbary leopard. unfortunately, this region contains high human populations and widespread deforestation. scattered through north africa ( and southernmost mountains of cadiz and malaga in spain ), mediterranean conifer and mixed forests occur on high elevations of major mountain massifs. relict stands of these fir and pine forests are endemic, and survive in isolated locations in areas of limited areal extent. the flowering plants on these ranges have high rates of endemism, with over 450 strictly endemic plant species, as a result of the long isolation of holarctic taxa at these high elevations. the faunal diversity is the greatest in the palearctic realm, with a mixture of palearctic, afrotropical and more restricted north african taxa. mammals found in this region include the only african endemic species of deer, cervus elaphus barbarus, the barbary leopard ( panthera pardus panthera ), the barbary macaque ( macaca sylvanus ), and before its extinction in the 1930s, the atlas lion ( panthera leo leo ). one strict endemic bird species, the algerian nuthatch ( sitta ledanti ), is also found. these forests have been utilized since ancient roman times, but deforestation has increased dramatically in the past century. human impact is significant, compounded by the socio - economic instability of the maghreb countries. the mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe ecoregion forms a buffer between the mediterranean forest ecoregions and the sahara desert farther south. the ecoregion may have been partially forested in prehistory, but today scrub vegetation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4052028135725667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.098635"} {"text": "instability of the maghreb countries. the mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe ecoregion forms a buffer between the mediterranean forest ecoregions and the sahara desert farther south. the ecoregion may have been partially forested in prehistory, but today scrub vegetation predominates. a number of narrowly endemic species of plants are found here, although there are few endemic vertebrates. the ecoregion is currently highly threatened by the change from nomadic pastoralism to settled agriculture and grazing. the overgrazing widely practised here is considered to be leading to increased desertification in the area. scattered across the sahara, \" sebkhas \" or \" chotts \" are saline depressions in the desert that remain predominantly dry. although flooding is rare, some of these areas flood annually. they are important habitats for small rodents and are important for grazing camels during dry seasons. the habitats of this ecoregion are not particularly threatened, as human populations are very small and most of the areas are too saline to be used for farming. large mammals, however, have been hunted out from these areas. woody resources, where available, are used by desert people. the only permanently populated part of the ecoregion is the siwa oasis in egypt, which has permanent freshwater sources from large springs. this ecoregion is restricted to some suitable semi - desert and desert locations in the northern portion of africa, in morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya, egypt, western sahara and mauritania. the most extensive of the areas are chott melghir, oued rir vally, hodna, sebkhat tidikelet, sebkha of timimoun, tefedest, chott el djerid and the qattara depression and siwa depression in egypt. this ecoregion forms the north and western border of the greater sahara desert region. rainfall occurs during the cooler winter, nourishing a variety of plants that flower before the hot, dry summer. compared to the south saharan steppe and woodland, this ecoregion harbors a significant number of plant and small animal endemics. in the past the ecoregion also supported large numbers of desert - adapted african mammals, but many have been extirpated from the area due to decades ( in some cases centuries ) of over - hunting. some of the remaining desert adapted species, such as the dama gazelle and houbara and nubian bustards are still facing extreme hunting pressure, and in some areas they too have been extirpated. this ecoregion extends", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4270067112711118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.099575"} {"text": "hunting. some of the remaining desert adapted species, such as the dama gazelle and houbara and nubian bustards are still facing extreme hunting pressure, and in some areas they too have been extirpated. this ecoregion extends across northern africa and covers parts of western sahara, mauritania, morocco, algeria, tunisia, libya, and egypt. it is generally found inland of the coast, but stretches to the shore in areas where there is low rainfall. in morocco, algeria and tunisia, this ecoregion forms a transition between the mediterranean domain towards the north and the true desert in the south. the saharan halophytics ecoregion is also found scattered through this ecoregion in areas of suitable saline conditions. the sahara desert is the largest hot desert in the world and occupies approximately ten percent of the african continent. the ecoregion includes the hyper - arid central portion of the sahara where rainfall is minimal and sporadic. although species richness and endemism are low, some highly adapted species do survive with notable adaptations. only a few thousand years ago the sahara was significantly wetter, and a significant large mammal fauna resided in this area. climatic desiccation over the past 5000 years, and intense human hunting over the past 100 years, has obliterated most of these fauna. now, in vast portions of the sahara, merely rock, sand and sparse vegetation are found. the remnant large mammal fauna is highly threatened by ongoing over - hunting. an alternative name of the sahara is the great desert. from the atlantic ocean in the west, the greater sahara stretches across africa to the red sea and down to the highlands of ethiopia, encompassing an area 9, 100, 000 square kilometres ( km2 ). this ecoregion covers the central sahara desert, between 18\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 n, and has an area of 4, 619, 260 km2. the northern and southern margins of the sahara, which receive greater rainfall and have greater vegetation cover, are described separately. the flora of the central sahara desert is quite depauperate, and is estimated to include only 500 species. this is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. it mainly consists of xerophytes and ephemeral plants ( called also locally acheb ), with halophytes in moister areas. the flora has one near endemic family, a number of isolated monotypic genera of both wide and narrow distribution, and perhaps as many as 162 endemic species. the monotypic genera suggest a tertiary origin with probable extinction of linking forms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4191073828308993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.100633"} {"text": "moister areas. the flora has one near endemic family, a number of isolated monotypic genera of both wide and narrow distribution, and perhaps as many as 162 endemic species. the monotypic genera suggest a tertiary origin with probable extinction of linking forms. vegetation is very contracted along the wadis and the dayas with acacia sp, tamarix sp., and calotropis procera. where there is sufficient groundwater, hammadas are covered by anrthirrnum ramosissimuma and ononis angustissima. the sahara is a vast area of largely undisturbed habitat, principally sand and rock, but with small areas of permanent vegetation. the most degradation is found where water ( oases, etc ) is present. here, habitats may be heavily altered by human activities. previously existing tree cover has often been removed for fuel and fodder by nomadic pastoralists and traders. tassili - n - ajjer, found largely in southeastern algeria, comprises a majority of the ecoregion. three smaller outliers also occur, including the air ou azbine in northern niger ( with monts bagouezane reaching over 2000 metres ), dhar adrar in mauritania ( reaching almost 700 m ), and adrar des iforas in mali and algeria ( reaching 900 m ). the largest intact blocks of habitat found in algeria lie within the huge protected areas of ahaggar national park and parc national de tassili n \u2019 ajjer. in these areas the flora and fauna are actively protected. tourism has become a means of income for the area, so local people have come to realize the economic importance of the animals and plants. park managers are attempting to end poaching and woodcutting. the other portions of the ecoregion are less well protected, but their relative lack of human inhabitants may reduce threats. this ecoregion covers a narrow band on the southern edge of the sahara desert, stretching from central mauritania to the red sea. annual grazing after rainfall is a key feature, in former times attracting large herds of arid - adapted migratory ungulates such as gazelles, addax, and scimitar - horned oryx. much of the ecoregion is now overgrazed by herds of domestic livestock, and habitat degradation is widespread. motorized hunters have decimated the wild ungulate herds, and the ecoregion ' s few protected areas have suffered from civil and international wars. continued and increased external support is required to protect the ecoregion and provide alternate livelihood", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4163186584742288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.102754"} {"text": "habitat degradation is widespread. motorized hunters have decimated the wild ungulate herds, and the ecoregion ' s few protected areas have suffered from civil and international wars. continued and increased external support is required to protect the ecoregion and provide alternate livelihoods and supplemental incomes for local people. the south saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion extends in a narrow band from central mauritania, through mali, southwestern algeria, niger, chad, and across sudan to the red sea, covering the southern fringes of the sahara desert. the habitats of this ecoregion are heavily influenced by drought, the effects of which are exacerbated by the large numbers of domestic livestock. in wetter years, there can be an abundance of forage, and in the past considerable numbers of large migratory ungulates used these temporary grasslands. tree cover in the south and along wadis has declined. many trees have been cut for charcoal, firewood, and building materials. the recruitment of young trees into mature age - classes is almost non - existent in many areas due to overgrazing. see also : tassili n ' ajjer national park, algeria ecoregions are areas that : share a large majority of their species and ecological dynamics ; share similar environmental conditions ; and, interact ecologically in ways that are critical for their long - term persistence. scientists at the world wildlife fund ( wwf ), have established a classification system that divides the world in 867 terrestrial ecoregions, 426 freshwater ecoregions and 229 marine ecoregions that reflect the distribution of a broad range of fauna and flora across the entire planet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4117585673394317, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.103536"} {"text": "on this page epa is taking a common - sense approach to developing standards for greenhouse gas emissions from mobile and stationary sources under the clean air act. below are the key proposed or completed actions taken to implement clean air act requirements for carbon pollution and other greenhouse gases. a summary of epa ' s efforts to reduce carbon pollution is also available in testimony by gina mccarthy, assistant administrator for epa ' s office of air and radiation, to congress on june 29, 2012. ( 16 pp, 105 k, about pdf ) greenhouse gas endangerment findings on december 7, 2009, administrator lisa jackson signed a final action, under section 202 ( a ) of the clean air act, finding that six key well - mixed greenhouse gases constitute a threat to public health and welfare, and that the combined emissions from motor vehicles cause and contribute to the climate change problem. learn more about the greenhouse gas endangerment and cause or contribute findings. epa and the national highway traffic safety administration ( nhtsa ) are taking coordinated steps to enable the production of a new generation of clean vehicles - - from the smallest cars to the largest trucks - - through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved fuel use. together, the enacted and proposed standards are expected to save more than six billion barrels of oil through 2025 and reduce more than 3, 100 million metric tons of carbon dioxide emissions. learn more about standards and regulations for controlling greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles and engines. epa is also responsible for developing and implementing regulations to ensure that transportation fuel sold in the united states contains a minimum volume of renewable fuel. by 2022, the renewable fuel standard ( rfs ) program will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 138 million metric tons, about the annual emissions of 27 million passenger vehicles, replacing about seven percent of expected annual diesel consumption and decreasing oil imports by $ 41. 5 billion. on march 27, 2012, epa proposed a carbon pollution standard for new power plants that would, for the first time, set national limits on the amount of carbon pollution that power plants can emit. the proposed rule, which applies only to new fossil - fuel - fired electric utility generating units, will help ensure that current progress continues toward a cleaner, safer, and more modern power sector. on may 13, 2010, epa set greenhouse gas emissions thresholds to define when permits under the new source review prevention of significant deterioration ( psd ) and title v operating permit programs are required for new and existing industrial facilities. this final rule \" tailors \" the requirements of these clean air act permitting programs to limit covered facilities to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4570197069943075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.108160"} {"text": "permits under the new source review prevention of significant deterioration ( psd ) and title v operating permit programs are required for new and existing industrial facilities. this final rule \" tailors \" the requirements of these clean air act permitting programs to limit covered facilities to the nation ' s largest greenhouse gas emitters : power plants, refineries, and cement production facilities. on march 29, 2010, epa completed its reconsideration of the december 18, 2008 memorandum entitled \" epa ' s interpretation of regulations that determine pollutants covered by federal prevention of significant deterioration ( psd ) permit program \" ( the so - called \" johnson memo \" ). the final action confirmed that any new pollutants that epa may regulate becomes covered under the psd program on the date when the epa rule regulating that new pollutant takes effect. the final action then clarified that for greenhouse gases, the effective date would be january 2, 2011, when the cars rule took effect. the greenhouse gas reporting program collects greenhouse gas data from large emission sources across a range of industry sectors, as well as suppliers of products that would emit greenhouse gases if released or combusted. greenhouse gas data are available through the greenhouse gas reporting program data publication tool. other related actions on april 18, 2012, epa finalized cost effective regulations to reduce harmful air pollution from the oil and natural gas industry, while allowing continued, responsible growth in u. s. oil and natural gas production. the final rules are expected to yield a nearly 95 percent reduction in voc emissions from more than 11, 000 new hydraulically fractured gas wells each year. the rules will also reduce air toxics and emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. geologic sequestration is the process of injecting carbon dioxide ( co2 ) from a source, such as a coal - fired electric generating power plant, into a well thousands of feet underground and sequestering the co2 underground indefinitely. with proper site selection and management, geologic sequestration could play a major role in reducing emissions of co2. epa has finalized requirements for geologic sequestration, including the development of a new class of wells, class vi, under the authority of the safe drinking water act ' s underground injection control program. learn more about epa ' s rulemakings on geologic sequestration under the safe drinking water act. on july 23, 2009, epa published a rule that proposes to establish the criteria for including sources or sites in a registry of recoverable waste energy sources ( registry ), as required by the energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4894461085705684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.109486"} {"text": "october 2005 | epi book worker skills and job requirements is there a mismatch? by michael j. handel table of contents chapter 1 : skills mismatch as a social problem which groups and what skills or other labor force characteristics are at issue? what is the nature of skill trends? chapter 2 : workers \u2019 skills : education and test scores trends and cross - sectional evidence in the united states the meaning of test scores in the context of skills mismatch debates international test score comparisons chapter 3 : job skill requirements : trends and cross - sectional evidence other studies of trends in job skill requirements chapter 4 : evidence for skills mismatch studies of welfare - to - work and other disadvantaged groups there is a widespread belief that u. s. workers \u2019 education and skills are not adequate for the demands of jobs in the modern economy. journalistic reports, employer surveys, popular and policy debates on school quality and education reform, sociological writings on the economy and the underclass, and economic research on the recent growth of wage inequality all suggest a mismatch between the skills workers possess and the skills jobs require, or what economists call an imbalance between supply and demand in the market for human capital. many believe the imbalance will become even more serious because the pace of change in the labor market is accelerating and because the workplace is increasingly becoming a high - tech, service - oriented arena organized to involve greater employee participation in decision making ( see bresnahan et al. 2002 and also smith 1997 ). at an april 11, 2000 \u201c national skills summit \u201d sponsored by the department of labor, federal reserve board chairman alan greenspan remarked, \u201c i see nothing to suggest that the trends toward \u2026 increased demand for conceptual skills in our workforce will end \u2026. workers in many occupations are being asked to strengthen their cognitive skills. \u201d such sentiments reflect those held by analysts who are concerned that a skills shortfall will harm the fortunes of those left behind, increase wage inequality, and limit economic growth. although many aspects of the skills mismatch issue seem self - evident to casual, and even some informed observers, a closer examination of its complexities reveals considerable ambiguity, requiring better data than are currently available to gain a clearer understanding of the issues. in fact, the very existence of a skills mismatch or skills shortage may be in doubt and is by no means as obvious as often asserted. the somewhat limited and not completely consistent data currently available actually suggest that there is no evidence of declining skill levels in the u. s. workforce. although growth in educational", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49183524699258596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.114531"} {"text": "skills shortage may be in doubt and is by no means as obvious as often asserted. the somewhat limited and not completely consistent data currently available actually suggest that there is no evidence of declining skill levels in the u. s. workforce. although growth in educational attainment decelerated in recent decades and cognitive test scores are not much higher than 30 years ago, skill demands have risen only gradually over time, with little direct evidence of any recent acceleration in skill demands linked to growth in wage inequality. employers do complain about the skills of young workers and high - school - educated workers, but it is unclear whether they are dissatisfied mainly with workers \u2019 cognitive skills or rather with their effort and attitude. also unclear is whether the decline in workforce quality is a transitory, life - cycle problem of young adults in general or a problem they will bear for all of their work lives, or whether it applies only to some fraction of disadvantaged minorities. perhaps surprisingly, a lack of computer and other high - level skills are not oft - cited complaints, despite the frequent focus on computers as a principal source of skills change. furthermore, the claims of accelerating demand for college graduates also do not seem to reflect employers \u2019 expressed needs. this study aims to improve understanding of the issues involved in the skills mismatch debate. the first chapter provides some background and an overview of the skills mismatch issue. the following chapters review research on levels and trends in the skills workers possess, the skills employers demand, and the evidence for skill shortages or mismatches between the two. this tripartite structure is dictated by the nature of the data, which precludes a unified treatment of the question. there is limited reliable and representative data on workforce competencies, even less on job demands, and the evidence in each area is largely incommensurable. the need for a standard, common set of measures for worker skills and job skill requirements is the one key finding that emerges from this review of the existing data. about the author michael j. handel is assistant professor of sociology at the university of wisconsin \u2014 madison and a research associate at the levy economics institute. he studies the growth of wage inequality in the united states and its relationship to technology, skills, and labor market institutions. he is currently conducting a national panel survey of wage and salary workers that address many of the issues raised in this study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48358811772969723, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.115576"} {"text": "in a new study, the amount of calories selected by parents for their child ' s hypothetical meal at mcdonald ' s restaurants were reduced by an average of 102 calories when the menus clearly showed the calories for each item. this is the first study to suggest that labeled menus may lead to significantly reduced calorie intake in fast food restaurant meals purchased for children. led by researcher pooja s. tandon, md, from seattle children ' s research institute, these findings support nutritional menu labeling and show that when parents have access to this information they may make smarter meal choices for their children. \" nutrition menu labeling may lead to lower - energy restaurant meal choices for children \" published online january 25 in pediatrics. at a pediatric practice in seattle, 99 parents of 3 - to 6 - year - olds who sometimes eat in fast food restaurants with their children were surveyed about their fast food dining habits. they were presented with sample mcdonald ' s restaurant menus which included current prices and pictures of items, and asked what they would select for themselves and also for their children as a typical meal. half of the parents were given menus that also clearly showed calorie information for each item. choices included most of the items sold at mcdonald ' s, including a variety of burgers, sandwiches, salads, dressings, side items, beverages, desserts and children ' s \" happy meals. \" parents who were given the calorie information chose 102 fewer calories on average for their children, compared with the group who did not have access to calorie information on their menus. this reflects a calorie reduction of approximately 20 %. notably, there was no difference in calories between the two groups for items the parents would have chosen for themselves. \" even modest calorie adjustments on a regular basis can avert weight gain and lead to better health over time, \" said dr. tandon, research fellow at seattle children ' s research institute and the university of washington school of medicine. \" just an extra 100 calories per day may equate to about ten pounds of weight gain per year. our national childhood obesity epidemic has grown right alongside our fast food consumption. anything we can do to help families make more positive choices could make a difference. interestingly, by simply providing parents the caloric information they chose lower calorie items. this is encouraging, and suggests that parents do want to make wise food decisions for their children, but they need help. now that some areas are requiring nutritional information in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4596519868997616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.123195"} {"text": ", by simply providing parents the caloric information they chose lower calorie items. this is encouraging, and suggests that parents do want to make wise food decisions for their children, but they need help. now that some areas are requiring nutritional information in chain restaurants, we have opportunities to further study what happens when we put this knowledge in the hands of parents. \" there was no correlation between the families ' typical frequency of fast food dining and calories selected, for either parents or children. a growing number of jurisdictions across the country have begun mandating that nutritional information be readily available at point - of - ordering in chain restaurants. currently more than 30 localities or states are considering policies that would require calories and other nutrition information to be clearly visible \u2014 four have already implemented policies. federal menu labeling standards have also been discussed as part of health care reform legislation. for information on menu labeling including current bills under consideration, fact sheets, related resources and a menu labeling map, visit the center for science in the public interest web site : http : / / www. cspinet. org / menulabeling /. for information on childhood nutrition, dietary guidelines, healthy meals and snacks, visit : http : / / www. seattlechildrens. org / safety - wellness / nutrition - fitness /. video : watch 2 - minute video of dr. tandon discussing study findings for parents ( includes menu ordering tips ) : http : / / www. seattlechildrens. org / pooja - tandon - interview 10 restaurant tips for parents and caregivers when selecting menu items for young children : tandon ' s study collaborators included jeffrey wright, md ; chuan zhou, phd ; cara beth rogers ; and dimitri a. christakis, md, mph. about seattle children ' s research institute at the forefront of pediatric medical research, seattle children ' s research institute is setting new standards in pediatric care and finding new cures for childhood diseases. internationally recognized scientists and physicians at the research institute are advancing new discoveries in cancer, genetics, immunology, pathology, infectious disease, injury prevention and bioethics. with seattle children ' s hospital and seattle children ' s hospital foundation, the research institute brings together the best minds in pediatric research to provide patients with the best care possible. children ' s serves as the primary teaching, clinical and research site for the department of pediatrics at the university of washington school of medicine, which consistently ranks as one of the best pediatric departments in the country. for more information visit http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46176735928395984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.124889"} {"text": "a smaller version of an instrument now flying on nasa ' s van allen probes has won a coveted spot aboard an upcoming nasa - sponsored cubesat mission \u2014 the perfect platform for this pint - size, solid - state telescope. weighing just 3. 3 pounds, the compact relativistic electron and proton telescope ( crept ) will \" augment the science of a major flagship mission \" and demonstrate the effectiveness of two new technologies that make the instrument four times faster than its 30 - pound sibling at gathering and processing data, says crept principal investigator shri kanekal at nasa ' s goddard space flight center in greenbelt, md. the small solid - state telescope, which kanekal and his team are developing under nasa ' s low - cost access to space ( lcas ) program, will measure energetic electrons and protons in earth ' s van allen belts, which are large doughnuts of radiation that surround earth. crept measurements will give scientists a better understanding of the physics of how the radiation belts lose electrons by a process known as electron microbursts. discovered in 1958 with instruments aboard nasa ' s explorer 1 spacecraft, the van allen radiation belts have long intrigued scientists. the inner belt, stretching from about 1, 000 to 8, 000 miles above earth ' s surface, is fairly stable. however, the outer ring, spanning 12, 000 to 25, 000 miles, can swell up to 100 times its usual size during solar storms, engulfing communications and research satellites, bathing them in harmful radiation. further complicating matters, the outer belt does not always respond in the same way to solar storms. sometimes it swells ; sometimes it shrinks \u2014 an event caused when electrons in the outer loop either drop into the atmosphere or escape into space. microbursts, crept ' s primary object of interest, are one mechanism by which the outer belt loses electrons. \" we don ' t know when a solar storm hits the earth what the net effect will be, \" kanekal says. \" the van allen belts can swell, shrink, or in some cases remain unchanged. to understand what will happen when a solar storm impacts earth, we need to know not only why the number of particles increases but also how they decrease or get lost. this is why studying microbursts is important. they tell us how particles are lost. \" kanekal, who also is the lead scientist on the relativistic electron and proton telescope ( rept ) now flying on the van allen probes, decided to develop a more compact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5579803161810994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.129657"} {"text": "is important. they tell us how particles are lost. \" kanekal, who also is the lead scientist on the relativistic electron and proton telescope ( rept ) now flying on the van allen probes, decided to develop a more compact version of the instrument in 2012 \u2014 an effort initially funded by goddard ' s internal research and development ( irad ) program. \" to our delight, nasa selected our proposal, \" kanekal said, adding that the unit kanekal created under his irad to demonstrate the telescope ' s flight heritage is expected to fly on a spanish cubesat. under his $ 1. 5 - million lcas award, kanekal and his team will spend the next two years building crept. in year three, he plans to fly the telescope on a three - unit cubesat, which more than likely will be launched by an air force falcon 9 rocket. from its polar orbit, crept will be able to study electron growth and decay from a low - altitude polar orbit \u2014 an observing location that augments the science now being performed by rept, which is flying in an equatorial orbit at high altitudes. although not quite as robust as the larger rept, the new instrument offers enhanced processing capabilities. it will carry a processor called the spacecube - mini, one of three in a family of irad - funded processors developed by goddard technologist tom flatley. this new processor is 25 times faster than the current state - of - the - art processor, the rad750. another crept technology is an application - specific integrated circuit developed by goddard scientist nick paschalidis. this analog - to - digital circuit helps analyze data, which then are directly fed into spacecube - mini. combined, the package provides a factor - of - four improvement in time resolution, meaning that the telescope can take measurements every five milliseconds. \" we made this instrument more compact and we improved how fast we can measure particles, \" kanekal said. \" everything came together. we leveraged our technologies from the irad program, which really was crucial. \" for more information about the rept, visit : aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.546129014609775, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.131471"} {"text": "the treatment of enteropathic arthritis learn which medications are used treat the pain and inflammation of arthritis, and the symptoms associated with the enteropathic disorder. some people with a chronic inflammatory bowel disease ( ibd ) \u2014 crohn \u2019 s disease or ulcerative colitis \u2014 as well as other gastrointestinal diseases, including celiac disease, may also have enteropathic arthritis. symptoms include pain, stiffness, and inflammation of the joints. up to 30 percent of people with ibd have peripheral arthritis ( arthritis of the extremeties ), or spinal involvement. in fact, these joint symptoms might occur before those of ibd, and may not coincide with the ibd flare - ups. \u201c usually the challenge [ with enteropathic arthritis ] is to diagnose it, \" says chaim putterman, md, chief of rheumatology at albert einstein college of medicine in new york. patients may test negative for a substance called rheumatoid factor, which is usually positive in classic rheumatoid arthritis. to make the proper diagnosis, dr. putterman says, \u201c there are things in the medical history, the physical, and the lab tests that help suggest [ the arthritis ] is secondary to an enteropathic cause. \u201d some clues to the diagnosis might include dramatic weight loss, diarrhea, and anemia, in addition to joint symptoms of the back, hip area, or extremeties. treating enteropathic arthritis : sulfasalazine and aminosalicylates depending what kind of symptoms a person first experiences, he may initially go to a rheumatologist or a gastroenterologist. andrew wong, md, chief of rheumatology and program director at ucla medical center, urges patients diagnosed with enteropathic arthritis to coordinate treatment between both medical disciplines. \u201c sometimes we try to use medications that are helpful in both conditions to simplify the amount of medications that a patient needs, \u201d he explains. sulfasalazine, for example, is a combination of a sulfur medication and an aspirin or salicylic acid - type medication. \" we know that the salicylic component will help the ibs and the sulfur component will help peripheral arthritis, \u201d says wong. aminosalicylates like sulfasalazine, and also mesalamine, are most effective in ulcerative colitis, but not so effective in crohn \u2019 s disease. treating enteropathic arthritis : tn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4015137994003507, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.138807"} {"text": "says wong. aminosalicylates like sulfasalazine, and also mesalamine, are most effective in ulcerative colitis, but not so effective in crohn \u2019 s disease. treating enteropathic arthritis : tnf - alpha inhibitors another class of medications that may be effective in both diseases is the tumor necrosis factor ( tnf - alpha ) inhibitors, which are classed as biological response modifiers or \u201c biologics. \" examples are etanercept ( enbrel ), adalimumab ( humira ), and infliximab ( remicade ). infliximab and adalimumab have been shown effective for crohn \u2019 s disease, and infliximab is effective for ulcerative colitis. infliximab has been shown to effectively reduce joint pain in a condition called ankylosing spondylitis, which causes lower back and pelvic joint pain similar to the symptoms of enteropathic arthritis. according to wong, \u201c tnf - alpha inhibitors play a big part in controlling ibd, and the arthritis may also get better. \u201d some tnf - alpha inhibitors are given as an injection under the skin, and some as a drip into a vein. wong says, \u201c intravenous tnf - alpha inhibitors may be more effective. \u201d treating enteropathic arthritis : dmards some disease - modifying antirheumatic agents ( dmards ) are also useful for both types of disease. dmards have been shown to interfere with the inflammatory response of the immune system, thus decreasing joint inflammation. the most commonly used dmard for crohn \u2019 s disease is methotrexate. methotrexate is often used in treating ankylosing spondylitis, which can manifest similarly to enteropathic arthritis. treating enteropathic arthritis : corticosteroids corticosteroids may also be used for dual - diagnosis patients. this class of drugs includes those that are taken orally, administered intravenously, or injected directly into an inflamed joint \u2014 but only if there are not more than two joints involved. corticosteroids are used only short - term for acute treatment of moderate to severe ibd. but, warns wong, \u201c when you stop the steroids, the arthritis may flare up, so we have to work with the gastroenterologist. \u201d treating enteropathic arthritis : nsaids non", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40154415164168256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.139751"} {"text": "last modified : 2011 - 06 - 10 by eugene ipavec keywords : spain | subnational flags | autonomous community | comunidad autonoma | province | provincia | region | links : fotw homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors according to the spanish constitution, there are three main administrative subdivisions : autonomous communities, provinces and municipalities. as this appears in the constitution, these three are compulsory administrative entities which cannot be abolished except through constitutional reform. besides, the constitution allows the creation of other administrative subdivisions, without specifying which. the law on basic local rules ( that includes provinces, municipalities and islands ) states that these may create their own administrative subdivisions, with the approval of the respective autonomous community. these subdivisions may be : antonio gutierrez, 27 sep 1999 comarcas are only traditional or historical territories, not administrative ones, with some ( important ) exceptions. the only one i know for certain is that of catalonia whose autonomous government does not like / accept the division of its juridiction into provinces, and uses the division into comarques as official administrative entities, requesting the spanish government to englobe all of catalonia into a single province. on the other hand, archipelagos are not divided into comarcas but into islands. island councils are called cabildo ( s ) insular ( es ) in the canary islands and consell ( s ) insular ( s ) in the balearic islands. santiago dotor, 27 sep 1999 the website manual del estado espanol ( handbook of the spanish state, spanish text only ) by editorial lama contains the descriptions ( no images ) of the provincial flags and coats - of - arms. pascal vagnat, 16 jul 1999 i hope to make a deep revision of the [ provincial flags ' descriptions ] data provided image by pascal vagnat. i think the descriptions come from ministerio para las administraciones publicas 1992. some descriptions in this book are inaccurate and other are outdated ( for example the coat - of - arms of albacete province is, a new one has been adopted ). please note that all autonomous communities have provinces, even if some of them are made up of only one province \u2013 asturias, cantabria, la rioja, madrid, murcia, navarre and the balearic islands. ceuta and melilla are autonomous cities. in those regions where there is only one province, the administrative role of the province is minimized ( and also its vexi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39953754823526166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.148380"} {"text": "there is something all people have in common to varying degrees, that is fear or phobias in extreme cases! for most people, these fears are minor. but for some, these fears are so severe that they cause tremendous anxiety and can interfere with normal day - to - day life. when these fears are irrational and severe, they are called phobias. if you \u2019 re living in fear because of your phobia, take hope. you can overcome phobias and fears with the right treatment and self - help strategies. common phobias and fears - fear of needles and injections - fear of public speaking - fear of flying - fear of germs - fear of illness or death - fear of snakes - fear of heights - fear or closed spaces - fear of storms and the list goes on & on \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 don \u2019 t wait to seek help. help yourself to overcome your fears and anxieties, start right here! what is fear? when we feel fearful, we believe we do not have the ability to cope with something. this fear may be grounded in reality, as when we fear being knocked over by a car. or the fear may be irrational as when we fear a tiny harmless spider. many of our fears are a mix of reality and misinterpretation of our ability to cope. when there is a large degree of of misinterpretation it is likely that it is a phobia rather than a fear. what is a phobia? the essential ingredient of a phobia is that it has significant degree of irrationality. the person experiencing the phobic feelings is usually well aware that their fear is irrational but they are unable to overcome the fear. fear is one type of emotion that can impacts one \u2019 s life significantly. animals and humans alike have this emotional response based on any events in their environment that poses danger, whether physical, mental, or emotional. indeed, fear takes on different forms, however, the effect that fear has on a person is important because it can potentially alter one \u2019 s life and how he or she deals with the environment. how do you know when you feel fear? whatever causes your fear, these are some of the signs listed below : \u2022 increase in heart rate and blood pressure \u2022 tightened muscles \u2022 inability to focus your senses \u2022 dilated pupils \u2022 intense sweating these symptoms result from the body \u2019 s natural reaction to threat, with preparations for fight or flight! different forms of fear fear comes in various forms. and yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5238389162446885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.159662"} {"text": "blood pressure \u2022 tightened muscles \u2022 inability to focus your senses \u2022 dilated pupils \u2022 intense sweating these symptoms result from the body \u2019 s natural reaction to threat, with preparations for fight or flight! different forms of fear fear comes in various forms. and yet, its effects are can be devastating to the person involved. there are various triggers for these fears but all have the potential to impact a persons ability to think clearly and respond to situations logically. below is a list of some of the different forms of fears : \u2022 places : crowds, enclosed places, below ground, or heights \u2022 animals : rats, snakes, mice, spiders, etc \u2022 people : strangers, homosexuals, feeling over - responsible for others, talking to groups of people, etc \u2022 events : war, crime, public speaking, etc \u2022 family member / loved ones : death of family member, getting ill \u2022 disaster : hurricane, lightening, injury or pain, blood, death, earthquake, etc \u2022 other people \u2019 s reactions or responses : rejection, disapproval, being humiliated, being ignored, insecurity \u2022 feelings about one \u2019 s self : taking the leadership role, speaking to a large crowd, stage fright, embarassing yourself there are many more different categories of fear that is experienced by people, hence people response differently. some are able to use that fear they experience in order to sharpen their responses to a given situation. others, however, do not have control over the level of fear they are experiencing, which often leads to panicking. negative impacts of fear and phobias fear is not always negative, provided that you learn how to deal with the feeling of fear, yet it can be potentially dangerous when the feeling of fear has become really extreme. therefore, it is important that you are able to understand where fear is coming from and deal with it logically. if not, it can lead to you making irrational responses on the situation at hand. such as the following : \u2022 inability to make clear and logical decisions. \u2022 prevents your ability to trust in your surroundings and people, crucial in your own growth and development. \u2022 brings about fear of change due to the uncertainty of events, even though the situation requires it. \u2022 results to resistance of help from others. \u2022 it confines you and unable you to explore opportunities that come your way. \u2022 you become unmotivated to pursue your dreams. \u2022 tendency to exhibit self - destructive behavior. confronting your fears before you even think about overcoming your fears, confronting them is the first step. you start off by recognizing your fear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178666560536848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.160999"} {"text": "come your way. \u2022 you become unmotivated to pursue your dreams. \u2022 tendency to exhibit self - destructive behavior. confronting your fears before you even think about overcoming your fears, confronting them is the first step. you start off by recognizing your fear. if you have several types of fears, then they can be ranked according to their intensity. that way, you will be able to recognize which fear needs to be attended to the most, as it can also produce the most negative impact to you. the best way to get yourself to confront your fears is realizing what you can get once you have let go of these fears. the lack of such fears in your life will motivate you to take steps to rid yourself of it. whether it \u2019 s regaining control over your life or improving your own self image, losing that fear will help boost your confidence about yourself and the world so you can become a better individual. the most effective means to overcoming your fears is to change your perspective and behavior towards it. since it is not easy to do, you need to keep yourself motivated in order to live life free of fears. the first step is identification of fear, which is closely tied with the step of confronting your fear. then, honestly assess the extent of your fear. this is the only way that you can logically come up with methods that can reduce or eliminate the fear you are experiencing. when you encounter a stimuli that could potentially trigger the feeling of fear, think of ways to release tension and keep yourself in a relaxed state. this is important since once you have acknowledged fear, it can quickly consume and overtake you. if possible, get support from your friends or family, to provide assistance in conquering your fears. lastly, this is a long - term procedure and you cannot expect to get rid of your fears overnight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4642454547311565, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.161786"} {"text": "public goods and private communities : the market provision of social services a valuable analysis of public goods and public finance march 01, 1995 by roy cordato the primary purpose of academic programs in urban economics is to train central planners. traditionally college courses in state and local public finance and urban economics have rationalized everything that local governments do, while invoking elaborate formulations about how these governments might do what they do more \u201c efficiently. \u201d dr. fred foldvary \u2019 s new book, public goods and private communities, turns the standard model of urban economics and local public finance on its head. he first argues that the economic theory of public goods, which supposedly \u201c justifies \u201d government provision of many goods and services, is irreparably flawed. he then argues that most if not all of the services that local governments provide can be, and are, provided more efficiently through private contractual arrangements. courses in public finance all begin by discussing the theory of \u201c public goods. \u201d basically a good or service is said to have \u201c public \u201d characteristics if private producers cannot capture all of the benefits associated with its consumption. the idea is that once such a good is produced people can enjoy the benefits that it provides without having to pay for them. consequently, it is argued that public goods will either be \u201c underproduced \u201d in the free market or not produced at all. the government therefore should either subsidize their production or simply produce these goods or services and pay for them through taxation. as an example dr. foldvary uses the building of a dam that would provide flood prevention services to a community. it is easy to see how once the dam is produced, anyone living in the area would automatically receive the flood prevention benefits whether or not they pay for them. this is the so - called free rider problem. public goods theory argues that people will not voluntarily pay for such services and the private sector would have no incentive to undertake projects like the dam. other frequently cited examples of public goods include roads, parks, police and fire protection, national defense, and education. the theory of public goods allegedly provides the economic justification for extensive government involvement in these and many other areas. foldvary attacks the standard theory of public goods from several perspectives. drawing on arguments made by \u201c public choice \u201d economists, he points out that there is no reason to expect the government to succeed where the market has supposedly failed. once the political process, dominated by special interests and the self - interest of politicians and bureaucrats, is analyzed, the economic efficiency justification for government provision of \u201c public goods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4911572952628725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.168827"} {"text": "is no reason to expect the government to succeed where the market has supposedly failed. once the political process, dominated by special interests and the self - interest of politicians and bureaucrats, is analyzed, the economic efficiency justification for government provision of \u201c public goods \u201d falls apart. there is no reason to favor the results of the political process, even over the caricatured results of the free market that are described in the theory of public goods. even on its own terms, the policy conclusion of public goods theory simply substitutes government failure for \u201c market failure. \u201d foldvary also argues that public goods theory starts with faulty assumptions about the real world \u2014 namely that people live atomistically rather than in geographically defined communities and that public goods must be provided in isolation from private goods. his analysis challenges these assumptions. more realistically, he assumes that people live in communities where societal pressures can be brought to bear on would - be free riders and that the provision of public goods can be \u201c tied \u201d to the provision of private and excludable goods. foldvary argues that there is no reason to expect that public goods will not get produced through private contractual arrangements. drawing on the works of \u201c austrian \u201d and \u201c constitutional \u201d economists such as f. a. hayek, james buchanan, and richard wagner, foldvary advances an economic theory that explains what is observed in real world communities around the country, i. e., the private provision of public goods and services. it is a phenomenon observed in private neighborhood associations, planned communities, apartment complexes, condominium associations, and even shopping malls and amusement parks. all of these represent communities, i. e., voluntary social arrangements, of one form or another. they also require as a condition of membership ( to invoke the analogy of a club ) the purchase of a bundle of public and private goods. for example one might buy into a condominium association because he wants the private services of having his lawn mowed or the use of tennis courts. but these services are typically \u201c tied \u201d to the provision of other more \u201c public \u201d goods and services such as the provision and maintenance of roads or police protection, i. e., security guards. foldvary illustrates his theory with a number of case studies. he examines several institutional arrangements that have successfully dealt with public goods and free - rider problems. these include walt disney world in orlando, florida ; the community of arden in delaware, where buildings are privately owned but all land is owned by a private trust that charges rent and provides public services ( founded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5387406680951925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.172397"} {"text": "dealt with public goods and free - rider problems. these include walt disney world in orlando, florida ; the community of arden in delaware, where buildings are privately owned but all land is owned by a private trust that charges rent and provides public services ( founded in 1900 by followers of henry george ) ; the ft. ellsworth condominium association in alexandria, va. ; and the massive \u201c planned \u201d contractual community of reston, virginia. foldvary \u2019 s book also provides a valuable explanation of why private communities that collect fees for the privilege of living there aren \u2019 t the same as governments. he gives some convincing reasons. first, such communities are based on an explicit contractual arrangement. all the standard laws of contract apply, including the right to sue because of breach of contract. second, the powers of the neighborhood association are limited to those specified in the contractual arrangement. third, the community association does not have the power to redistribute wealth, which is a standard use of tax revenues. lastly, decision - making power within the contractual arrangement is typically held by property owners only. as foldvary points out, under government democracies property owners typically \u201c have no more voting power than other residents. \u201d fred foldvary has made a valuable contribution to the economic literature on public goods and public finance. if it is fully appreciated by the economics profession it could revolutionize and dramatically improve the study of urban economics specifically and public economics in general. unfortunately it is not in the interest of individual economists to buck the system as it currently exists. in this sense maybe dr. foldvary \u2019 s book, itself, should be the subject of some public goods analysis. dr. cordato is lundy professor of business philosophy at campbell university, buies creek, north carolina.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5116457822607795, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.174136"} {"text": "florence is the most populous city ( 2006 population 364, 000 ) in the region of tuscany. established by none other than julius caesar, florence is the original italian renaissance city. when we think of middle ages and the renaissance, we think of florence. the arts and architecture of florence is of great importance to the entire art world as we know it. since its beginning, it has been a major european trade center because of it s location on the arno river. when under the medici family rule, the city of florence was the capital of the italian kingdom. famous artists have etched their name across florence. from botticelli, to michelangelo, to the famous leonardo da vinci, this city has seen some of the most influential artists in history. take a walk through time, and be sure to see one of the numerous pieces of architectural history. the entire downtown contains a defense wall built in the 14th century after a flourishing economic growth. within the wall, see the santa maria del fiore the best - known site in florence. the duomo is the world s biggest brick and mortar building to date. last but not least, the uffizi art gallery is one of the finest galleries in the world. home of michelangelo s david, the uffizi is among the biggest art museums in the world. indulge in some traditional italian cuisine in beautiful downtown florence, where the residents are some of the most traditional in all of italy. prepare to be awe struck by this majestic city of history, and let the food speak for itself!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43437484336167087, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.177666"} {"text": "editor ' s note : this article has been corrected to reflect that the bhopal company was majority - owned, not wholly owned, by union carbide. early in the morning on dec. 3, 1984, a leaking tank within an insecticide plant unleashed approximately 45 tons of a toxic gas in the northern area of bhopal, a city in central india. the poisonous gas cloud - - a methyl isocyanate compound - - spread across the surrounding neighborhoods and slums as the people of bhopal slept. direct exposure to the substance reportedly killed 3, 800 people during the night, while thousands of others fled the city and the expanding cloud of toxic fumes. almost three decades later, the gas has vanished, but bhopal remains devastated by the toxic leak. the company responsible for the disaster was a majority - owned subsidiary of union carbide, which itself is now a subsidiary of dow chemical. the story of bhopal has been unearthed because of dow ' s prominent role as a key sponsor in the 2012 summer olympics. a controversial summer games london ' s 2012 summer olympics were supposed to be the \" first truly sustainable olympic games, \" according to organizers. contrasting with beijing ' s over - the - top production, london aimed to leave a legacy of environmental responsibility. dow ' s sponsorship ( to say nothing of co - sponsors bp and rio tinto ) has put that legacy in serious jeopardy. the relationship between dow, bhopal, and olympic sustainability triggered protests and anti - greenwashing campaigns, while provoking outcries against globalization. we believe the story of bhopal and dow should be shared with investors to encourage corporate transparency around the world. we also believe dow can reverse this public relations nightmare by taking responsibility for bhopal on the global stage of the olympics. as outlined below, we propose a very clear, simple, and fair solution. we strongly encourage readers to share this article to bring further attention to an important issue. we recommend financing a bhopal remediation effort through a public stock offering, a move that would boost dow chemical ' s reputation and, most importantly, provide the people of bhopal with the services and health care they desperately need. the disaster and the devastation that followed for americans, the disastrous gas leak is a distant memory, but the aftermath burdens the daily lives of bhopal citizens even today. while figures vary widely, several accounts estimate the disaster ultimately led to 20, 000 deaths, and a 2006 indian government affidavit stated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4680015636372368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.195225"} {"text": "leak is a distant memory, but the aftermath burdens the daily lives of bhopal citizens even today. while figures vary widely, several accounts estimate the disaster ultimately led to 20, 000 deaths, and a 2006 indian government affidavit stated that the leak caused 558, 125 injuries. those numbers continue to grow because of the hazardous waste that remains at the crumbling insecticide plant. the city has become a symbol of broken governance, legal maneuvering, and extreme human suffering. originally, union carbide claimed the gas leak was a result of sabotage. however, plaintiffs in a 1998 civil suit in india revealed a laundry list of safety issues that were contributing factors to the catastrophe. among these were poor maintenance, failure to implement safety precautions, and evidence that cost - cutting measures increased the severity of the disaster. reports have noted that the safety equipment and procedures in place in bhopal were seriously lacking compared to those of similar u. s. - based plants. following the disaster, union carbide failed to appear in court for trial in india, and eventually reached a settlement, agreeing to pay $ 470 million in 1989, which amounted to $ 1, 500 per death and $ 550 per contaminated individual. the figure was substantially reduced from the $ 3. 3 billion original claim presented by the indian government and seems drastically low given the lingering adverse health effects of the gas leak. unusually high instances of cancer, respiratory difficulties, immune and neurological disorders, near - blindness, reproductive difficulties, and heart problems continue to afflict the survivors. bhopal ' s miscarriage rate is now seven times the average in india. moreover, no one under the age of 18 was registered as a victim during the aftermath, yet the number of children exposed to the gas is estimated to be over 200, 000. adding insult to injury, some 425 tons of hazardous waste remain on the grounds of the old factory today. little has been done to clean up or remove the various chemicals, which continue to seep into the ground and pollute the local drinking water. the indian government ships fresh water, but the deliveries are highly irregular. as a result, slum - dwellers are left with no choice but to drink the tainted groundwater. to make matters worse, the slums expanded around the site because of the relatively low cost of nearby land. the inhabitants, already crippled by extreme poverty, develop chronic and debilitating illnesses that burden their everyday lives. their ability to work is diminished. children raised in this area face twice the risk of dying as do children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4464111323134221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.196699"} {"text": "relatively low cost of nearby land. the inhabitants, already crippled by extreme poverty, develop chronic and debilitating illnesses that burden their everyday lives. their ability to work is diminished. children raised in this area face twice the risk of dying as do children elsewhere, partly because their parents cannot care for them adequately. surprisingly enough, despite the serious health problems reported over the years, union carbide once claimed that methyl isocyanate was only a \" mild throat and ear irritant. \" legal wrangling, scapegoating, and corruption have let persist an environmental cesspool that is destroying human life. had union carbide or the government cleaned up the waste and provided an adequate water supply, as originally intended, countless birth defects and premature deaths could have been avoided. only recently has the madhya pradesh state government taken steps to address the crumbling factory site, which the new york times described as a \" wasteland in the city ' s heart. \" a german agency has agreed to remove 350 tons of waste over the course of the next year, all at indian taxpayers ' expense. while the local government had previously impeded studies on bhopal ' s environmental contamination, the madhya pradesh government ' s willingness to let the german agency remove the waste is a hopeful sign. still, the epic mess that began over a quarter - century ago is far from over. who can - - and should - - help the remaining victims and put an end to the ordeal once and for all? why dow should assume responsibility for nearly three decades, the companies involved and the indian government repeatedly deflected responsibility for the bhopal disaster. the plant ' s operator at the time of the leak, union carbide india limited, was spun - off from the union carbide corporation after the disaster, but by then the plant had closed permanently and the assets and liabilities were no longer on ucil ' s books. after an extended round of the blame game, the responsibility for bhopal fell into a black hole while bhopali citizens continued to suffer. we conducted a careful analysis and believe all roads lead to dow when it comes to bhopal ' s environmental liabilities. one by one, let ' s dissect and rebut dow ' s arguments : - the indian government should take responsibility for the bhopal site. both india and the u. s. adhere to the \" polluter pays \" principle, which states that the producer of pollution must pay for its consequences. union carbide was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4390111470708411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.197891"} {"text": "- the indian government should take responsibility for the bhopal site. both india and the u. s. adhere to the \" polluter pays \" principle, which states that the producer of pollution must pay for its consequences. union carbide was the polluter, and the continued existence of severe health problems and toxic waste in bhopal shows that union carbide never fulfilled its responsibility. further, union carbide signed a lease with the indian government, promising to return the site \" in its original condition. \" even though the indian government does in fact own the site now, union carbide failed to fulfill its original obligation. - if union carbide owned the bhopal plant, dow bears no responsibility. in 1984, union carbide owned the plant. a decade later, union carbide claimed that the plant was sold during an auction in 1994. however, contradictory to that claim, the plant was no longer on the books at the time of the auction. instead, the indian government had shut down the plant, and the legal ramifications of the pollution were still being resolved. in 2001, dow acquired union carbide for $ 11. 6 billion and the two entities became one and the same. so when we write \" dow, \" think \" union carbide. \" union carbide describes the relationship in its annual report : \" union carbide ' s business activities comprise components of dow ' s global operations rather than stand - alone operations. \" - dow bought union carbide free of liabilities. according to international law, the principal of \" successor liability \" requires the purchaser to gain both the assets and liabilities of the target. so, along with the wealth of assets acquired from union carbide, dow should also be responsible for the environmental and health damage union carbide caused in bhopal. - there is no precedent for dow assuming union carbide ' s liabilities. a dow spokesperson has pointed out that providing funds for bhopal is out of the question since it would open up the company for additional liabilities. however, after purchasing union carbide in 2001, dow acknowledged its responsibility for asbestos liabilities from american incidents involving union carbide dating back to 1972. in fact, dow set aside $ 2. 2 billion to resolve the asbestos issues. so dow recognizes that \" successor liability \" applies, yet it ignores the inherited liabilities of the bhopal disaster. - union carbide settled the claim years ago. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4253607401584006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.198933"} {"text": "dow set aside $ 2. 2 billion to resolve the asbestos issues. so dow recognizes that \" successor liability \" applies, yet it ignores the inherited liabilities of the bhopal disaster. - union carbide settled the claim years ago. the indian government ' s $ 470 million settlement with union carbide represented 15 % of the original $ 3. 3 billion claim, and left victims with about $ 550. dow public relations officer kathy hun once asserted that \" $ 500 is plenty good for an indian. \" according to the bhopal reader, \" it was widely believed that the courts had been pressured or influenced by the [ indian ] congress government... and that the government had made a private deal with union carbide. \" to this day, dow has continued to pressure the indian government to keep the company free of liability, acknowledging that the debt is not fully paid and the criminal case not entirely resolved. in a 2006 letter to the indian ambassador, dow ceo andrew liveris sought assurance dow had no further responsibility at bhopal \" to ensure that we have the appropriate investment climate. \" - eveready industries should be liable. while eveready industries did purchase union carbide india limited, union carbide ' s indian subsidiary, in 1994, the bhopal plant had long been closed, so there was no transfer of the site and its liability to eveready. union carbide owned and operated the bhopal site, so union carbide ( and now dow ) should be held liable according to the \" polluter pays \" principle. a company should take responsibility for the environmental damage caused by its operations. since dow acquired union carbide outright in 2001, this responsibility should lie with dow, but thus far the u. s. courts have disagreed. untangling the legal liability is outside of our focus, however, and the mistakes by the indian government only made the legal mess worse. ultimately, dow should remedy the situation for ethical reasons, and establish an entirely new precedent. this type of convoluted legal maneuvering by union carbide and dow is not a new story. in ecuador, beginning in the 1960s, texaco discharged billions of gallons of oil waste directly into the amazon rainforest, creating an oil spill that ruined the lives of countless indigenous people. chevron, after acquiring texaco ( and its liabilities! ) in 2001, has refused to pay the $ 18 billion fine ordered by ecuadorian courts, claiming fraud. in a company statement,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3935313877985313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.200001"} {"text": "spill that ruined the lives of countless indigenous people. chevron, after acquiring texaco ( and its liabilities! ) in 2001, has refused to pay the $ 18 billion fine ordered by ecuadorian courts, claiming fraud. in a company statement, chevron argues that petroecuador, the state - owned oil company that took over texaco ' s facilities after 2001, should be held responsible. sound familiar? as these cases illustrate, multinational companies can use legal loopholes to shirk their responsibilities in developing countries. some of the world ' s richest companies profit at the expense of some of its poorest citizens. meanwhile, shareholders in these companies often remain oblivious to the true nature of these transactions. a solution to this continuing tragedy dow ' s management team, employees, and shareholders should capitalize on the unique opportunity the company has as a sponsor of the 2012 olympic games. while dow has no legal obligation, dow has an ethical obligation to right this wrong, a move that will end up benefiting dow in the long run. independent of the indian government, dow should create a bhopal relief fund immediately to accomplish the following : - end unnecessary human suffering. dow must take responsibility for the survivors ' health and rehabilitation. while the indian government has attempted to finance a health insurance policy for victims, the effort failed because of bureaucracy and corruption. dow should buy a group insurance plan to ensure people receive the care they deserve, while adhering to the \" polluter pays \" principle. - build health care facilities. dow must provide ongoing access to treatment for the individuals affected by the bhopal disaster. allow organizations representing victims to participate and conduct research to better understand the afflicting illnesses. - clean up the site. a thorough cleanup is of utmost priority to prevent further exposure to toxic soil and groundwater. beyond removing the waste, cleanup will include decontaminating the soil and water to remove all traces of the toxic chemicals and will ensure that dow ' s liability does not keep growing. estimating the cost of the above actions is difficult. at this point, only the indian government has access to critical information about the site and victims, and its studies recently estimated that just over $ 1 billion would be an appropriate comprehensive total. we outline below how dow could finance at least half this amount ( perhaps much more ) soon after the 2012 olympic games : 1. conduct a subsequent stock offering ( $ 540 million investment ) dow ' s board of directors should propose a 1. 5 % dilutive stock offering, which would result in 18 million new common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4329548376869411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.202769"} {"text": "perhaps much more ) soon after the 2012 olympic games : 1. conduct a subsequent stock offering ( $ 540 million investment ) dow ' s board of directors should propose a 1. 5 % dilutive stock offering, which would result in 18 million new common shares. such an offering would raise approximately $ 540 million at dow ' s current share price of $ 30, all of which would be committed to the bhopal relief fund. initially, shareholders might balk at the idea of diluting their claim on the company ' s earnings. the recommended sum, $ 540 million, may give investors sticker shock, but this isn ' t an unusual move for the $ 36 billion company. just last year, dow issued 9. 2 million new shares, half the amount proposed here. even if shares drop initially, dow ' s support would help erase a liability that management has ignored for over a decade. we think the market could interpret dow ' s approach positively, if the company communicates the proposal effectively. at the fool, we encourage buy - and - hold investing practices, and shareholders with a similar outlook would recognize the move as an intangible investment in dow ' s reputation. investors should urge dow to rise above its legal maneuvering and make a long - term investment by aiding the victims of bhopal. 2. sponsor an olympic fundraising campaign ( $ 10 million investment ) in addition to the stock offering, dow should raise funds through a widespread campaign announced during the olympics. thus far, dow ' s olympic sponsorship has resulted in utter outrage in london and india. a motion in march 2012 to terminate dow chemical ' s olympic sponsorship was only narrowly rejected in an 11 - 10 vote by the organizing committee. the backlash has yet to subside, but dow could change public sentiment during the london games. dow should announce the launch of a $ 10 million campaign to raise awareness for the people of bhopal, calling attention to its intent to remediate bhopal during one of the most widely watched events in the world. while it ' s impossible to estimate third - party donations resulting from such a campaign, the response could be significant. dow ' s willingness to take action despite its lack of legal obligation would set an important precedent in corporate america. overall, dow ' s contribution would go a long way in addressing its liability to bhopal inherited from union carbide. dow would be committing more than half of the $ 1 billion requested by the indian government. this is a fair and reasonable approach that would prevent dow from paying for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40326094218072306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.204458"} {"text": "long way in addressing its liability to bhopal inherited from union carbide. dow would be committing more than half of the $ 1 billion requested by the indian government. this is a fair and reasonable approach that would prevent dow from paying for the government ' s inaction and missteps over the years. at the same time, this move would show that dow has decided to rise above the legal mess, take responsibility for its subsidiary ' s negligence, and do what is ethically right. dow ' s refusal to take responsibility for bhopal has hit the company ' s bottom line well beyond the associated legal costs. the unaddressed liability has hurt its reputation, resulted in protests and media backlash, and even limited its ability to invest overseas. one activist organization went so far as to pose as a dow spokesperson on the bbc, claiming responsibility for the bhopal disaster, and consequently causing a sell - off in european markets that erased $ 2 billion worth of dow ' s market cap ( which was recovered when the hoax was revealed ). despite dow ' s disregard for bhopal, the company ' s \" human element \" advertising campaign allegedly \" showcases dow ' s commitment to addressing global economic, social and environmental concerns. \" now is the time for dow to embody this uplifting message it has paid millions to publicize. by taking action for bhopal, dow has an opportunity to rebuild its brand and become the paradigm for corporate social responsibility. dow ' s employees, shareholders, and even the broader investing community have something at stake. dow ' s reparations would pay back a debt to thousands of victims that had previously been excluded from its balance sheet, creating transparency in an opaque reporting environment. this approach should be championed across the business world. we ' re forwarding this article and our proposal to dow ' s 10 largest institutional investors. alone, these 10 institutions hold 42 % of the company, but there are millions of other shareholders. every dow investor should use his or her voice to support a resolution to help the people of bhopal. there is no better time than now for dow to live up to its advertising campaign and demonstrate the ideals of the olympic games. how can you help? our goal is to spread the word about a tragedy that many americans had never heard of or scarcely remember. share this article with friends and family, and tell them about the bhopal tragedy. also, contact the dow investor relations office at 1 - 800 - 422 - 8193 and voice your concerns about dow ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41052085848560566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.205793"} {"text": "in social animals, including humans, social grooming is an activity in which individuals in a group clean or maintain one another ' s body or appearance. a related term, allogrooming, indicates social grooming between members of the same species. grooming is a major social activity, and a means by which animals who live in proximity may bond and reinforce social structures, family links, and build relationships. social grooming also is used as a form of reconciliation and a means of conflict resolution in some species. mutual grooming typically describes the act of grooming between two individuals, often as a part of social grooming, pair bonding, or a precoital activity. it is a reuse of ordinary grooming behavior, a means of achieving hygiene and good health, in that an animal helping another animal to clean itself also is helping to form a social bond and trust between them. the ubud monkey forest is a nature reserve and temple complex in ubud, bali. its full name as written on a welcome sign is the padangtegal mandala wisata wanara wana sacred monkey forest sanctuary. the complex houses approximately 340 crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) monkeys ( 32 adult males, 19 male sub adult, 77 adult females, 122 juvenile and 54 infants ). there are four groups of monkeys each occupying different territories in the park. the sacred monkey forest is a popular tourist attraction in ubud, and is often visited by over 10, 000 tourists a month. the forest comprises approximately a tenth of a square kilometer ( approximately 27 acres ) and contains at least 115 different species of trees. the monkey forest contains the pura dalem agung padangtegal temple as well as a \" holy spring \" bathing temple and another temple used for cremation ceremonies. the monkey forest is owned by the village of padangtegal, and village members serve on the monkey forest ' s governing council. the padangtegal wenara wana foundation manages the monkey forest and serves to maintain its sacred integrity and to promote the sacred site as a destination for visitors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5217416833550323, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.208781"} {"text": "with the price of admission into newer vehicles steadily climbing, 4x4s are being asked to be more and more versatile, doing everything from handling your daily commuter chores to primary trail rig duty. so what do we consider the most important element of your vehicle if you want to experience a serene ride over glass - smooth blacktop, controlled bounding over a fast sandy wash, or steady clambering up a boulder - strewn route? the answer is easy : your shocks. while shocks are fairly simple in principle and design, we ' ll walk you through the basics and answer some common questions to better help you understand what makes shocks an important aspect of your trail rig, and hopefully arm you with enough knowledge to take the edge off of your next shock - buying experience. if we are going to discuss the basics of how shocks work, then we will start by defining what a shock is. a shock is simply a hydraulic device that converts kinetic energy ( movement ) into heat energy, which is dissipated through the shock body. basically, a shock controls the up and down movement of a vehicle. now you might say, \" hey, what about springs? \" well, a spring supports the vehicle ' s weight and only allows up and down movement of the suspension, but doesn ' t control it. without shocks on your four - by, you will bounce and bob down the highway, and crash and bang on the bumpstops over each and every surface imperfection. a shock ' s primary function is to dampen the spring movement and keep your tire in contact with ground at all times, providing the driver with comfort and control, through handling and braking. in fact, worn shocks actually contribute to longer braking distances, something our heavy rigs with giant meats tend to be sensitive to. spring rates only control the movement of your chassis, but shocks control the length of time it takes for each of these movements to occur. think of shocks as timing devices. without shocks, consistent tire contact patches would not exist, and controlling the vehicle would be nearly impossible. to understand how a shock works, we must understand the different parts that make up a shock. the first thing you notice when looking at a shock is the shock body. this is what mounts to the vehicle and houses the air and hydraulic shock fluid. the next thing you ' ll see is a chrome rod, sticking out of the body. this is the shaft, which also mounts to the vehicle, and moves up and down with the suspension movement, also called a stroke. inside the shock body,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47434800518428605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.212727"} {"text": "the next thing you ' ll see is a chrome rod, sticking out of the body. this is the shaft, which also mounts to the vehicle, and moves up and down with the suspension movement, also called a stroke. inside the shock body, a piston sits on the shaft, and has a series of shims connected to it with various - sized holes that allow the shock oil to pass through them as the shock compresses and extends. unlike air, hydraulic fluid cannot be compressed, so as the piston travels up and down within the shock body, fluid is forced through the shims, resisting vehicle movement. with more or bigger holes, there is less resistance, and the shock piston travels through the oil faster, creating a softer shock action. the opposite is true with less, or smaller holes. premium shocks have the added benefit over standard shocks because they replace the air with a pressurized gas, such as nitrogen. nitrogen resists cavitation, or the forming of air bubbles in the hydraulic fluid. you have probably encountered cavitation if you have ever taken a stock vehicle down a fast sandy wash and experienced the vehicle becoming uncontrollable after a fairly short distance, only to find the symptoms disappearing after a short time of the vehicle sitting and the shock oil settling and cooling down. a shock which has cavitated can no longer provide the resistance necessary for the shock to do its job. shocks usually wear out gradually, but some things can happen, especially off - pavement, to hasten their wear. one of the first things to look for is either a nicked or bent shaft, which can easily be caused by flying gravel or debris. once damaged, the shaft can allow contaminants to enter the oil and destroy the piston seal, which will eventually lead to a leak of the shock fluid. if not replaced, the shock will eventually lose its ability to function properly. other signs of worn shocks are excessive bouncing after crossing a dip or bump, rocking back and forth after a stop, excessive body roll around corners, tire cupping, and straight - line braking that isn ' t so straight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46276021805699413, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.213537"} {"text": "today ' s challenges to the battery in the workshop challenges relating to batteries in the modern workshop and how to achieve 100 % reliability. modern cars have such high energy requirements that the alternator cannot compensate for the power drained off if the vehicle is mainly used to make short journeys. the result is a negative charge balance after each journey, which can lead to battery problems down the line. at colder times of the year this can lead to problems with starting and battery failure. if the car is not used for long periods, such as during holidays or long business trips, the battery may discharge due to consumers that are on standby. because of this, modern cars need a substantial top - up charge whenever they come into the workshop, allowing the vehicles to receive the maximum possible power boost within the limited time the vehicle is in for servicing. this considerably reduces starting problems and long - term damage due to sulphation and greatly increases customer satisfaction with the vehicle make and the workshop. most modern vehicles come into the workshop for servicing with a depleted battery. this is because today ' s driving patterns, frequently typified by short journeys, mean the vehicle ' s high energy requirements cannot be met by the alternator. during a service, the vehicle will normally be on the lifting platform with the doors and boot open and all the interior lights on. if work needs to be carried out on the interior that involves having the ignition or electronic systems switched on, the mechanics have to deal with even higher drains on an already depleted battery. if there is no permanent power supply during the service, the battery will become further depleted. problems with ignition are often encountered after repair work, or the customer drives off with a depleted battery and comes back a few days later with a complaint about the battery. these days the electrical energy drawn by the vehicle power supply during diagnostics and repair work in the workshop is very important. when updating software in the control device ' s flash memory, the power requirements are particularly high and a constant system voltage is essential. updating the flash memory in the engine management system causes emergency running conditions of the engine to be simulated. these leave many electrical components on full power for the duration of the memory update. with large engines, a 65 a current can be flowing for more than 90 minutes, whereas 45 a for 30 minutes is standard in smaller engines. if the vehicle voltage should fall below 12 v, the flash operation is cancelled automatically and must be started again from scratch. if this happens it frequently causes irreparable damage to the control device. this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5143881675534004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.218388"} {"text": "for 30 minutes is standard in smaller engines. if the vehicle voltage should fall below 12 v, the flash operation is cancelled automatically and must be started again from scratch. if this happens it frequently causes irreparable damage to the control device. this will involve costs of \u20ac300 to \u20ac3, 000 for a replacement part, not to mention all the time lost. costs that, unfortunately, the workshop has to bear if no charger or the wrong charger is used during diagnostics or software updates. new vehicles often have to travel a long way to reach their destination from the factory and, in many cases, the battery is in a poor state by the time the vehicle reaches the dealer. handing the new vehicle over with the battery in this condition would inevitably lead to complaints. servicing the battery before handing the vehicle over to the customer is standard procedure in most workshops. some automotive manufacturers program new vehicles with a basic factory setting that is only sufficient for the needs of the journey from the plant to the local dealer. enabling and programming the entire on - board system to commission the vehicle does not take place until it gets to the dealer. if the vehicle voltage should fall below 12 v during programming, the flash operation is cancelled automatically and must be started again from scratch. in addition to time lost, this can lead to irreparable damage to the control device. before a vehicle is dispatched to the customer, many manufacturers put it through a standard workshop procedure in which all the important systems are tested one last time and the vehicle is cleaned. it is important to take extra care with the battery at this final stage as it may have become partially discharged during periods of inactivity or during a service. storage batteries often spend long periods in storage before being used. it is normal for batteries to lose some of their charge during storage. the battery will become more and more discharged and increasingly sulphated if not recharged promptly. in the worst case, damage to the battery is so severe that the only option is replacement, with unnecessary costs arising for a new battery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4756527820610076, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.219259"} {"text": "dig and store dahlias as frost blackens the tops of your dahlia plants, it \\ ' s time to dig and store the tubers. dig up only the largest tubers, wash off the soil, and let them air dry. cut the stem to just above the tuber. store them in a cool basement in newspaper - lined boxes in a single layer and cover them with slightly moistened vermiculite. mist them if they start to shrivel during the winter. spring - flowering tulips, daffodils, hyacinths, and crocuses all can be planted now. choose a sunny location with well - drained soil. plant bulbs in groups and add a handful of bulb fertilizer such as bulb booster to each hole. plant the bulbs to a depth of two times the diameter of the bulb. bring in houseplants tropical houseplants such as hibiscus that spent the summer on a back deck or porch need to be moved indoors now. first check plants carefully for signs of insects and spray them with insecticidal soap or horticultural oil, if necessary, before moving them indoors. inside, place them in a sunny window, cut back on fertilizing and watering, and continue checking for insects. dig and store gladiolus dig up gladiolus corms now to store through winter. cut off the tops and let the dug corms dry in a shady, indoor location until the soil is dry. remove the older bottom corm and save the new upper corm in a milk crate or cardboard box filled with dry peat moss. store them in a 40 - degree f room with high humidity, such as a basement. pumpkins that are turning orange shouldn \\ ' t be left out in the field during frosty nights. the frost will weaken the skins and make the pumpkins more likely to rot before halloween. put a blanket over them if frost threatens, or harvest them even while they show some green and move them into a protected barn or garage to continue maturing.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37269831997177183, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.225067"} {"text": "the u. s global change research program ( usgcrp ) stands at the threshold of a major transition. over the next several years, in addition to continuing to improve our understanding of the earthis environment and how it is changing, the program will greatly advance our knowledge about the implications of such change for society. the research successes of the last decade have laid the foundation for a global environmental change information service that will allow global change research results to be applied more effectively to national needs. since its establishment a decade ago, the usgcrp has supported a comprehensive program of scientific research on the multiple issues presented by climatic and other changes in the earth system. usgcrp - supported research has produced substantial increases in knowledge, predictive understanding, and documented evidence of global environmental change, including major scientific advances in the understanding of stratospheric ozone depletion, the el nino - southern oscillation phenomenon, global climate change, tropical deforestation, and other issues. these interlinked problems of global environmental change present long - term challenges at local and regional scales as well. science has much to contribute to the management of these challenges. in the next decade, the usgcrp will focus on understanding the earth system as a whole, on the dynamics of environmental change, and on connecting that knowledge to societal needs, including the provision of information on regional implications of change. a series of five broad objectives are guiding the program as it pursues determine the origins, rates, and likely future course of natural and anthropogenic changes. increase understanding of the combined effects of multiple stresses on ecosystems. understand and model global environmental change and its processes on finer spatial scales and across a wide range of timescales. address the potential for surprises and abrupt changes in the global environment. understand and assess the impacts of global environmental change and their consequences for the united states. of the program a recent national research council report, global environmental change : research pathways for the next decade, which was commissioned by the usgcrp, has influenced the definition of the near - term research challenges identified in this report, and is important input to developing a new long - term research strategy for the usgcrp, which will be completed in fy 2000. to respond to the scientific challenges described in the pathways report, the usgcrp will be organized and managed as a series of closely - linked program elements. this fy 2000 implementation plan and budget overview contains detailed descriptions of a series of research challenges and fy 2000 objectives for each program element. usgcrp program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5213061979115705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.229847"} {"text": "usgcrp will be organized and managed as a series of closely - linked program elements. this fy 2000 implementation plan and budget overview contains detailed descriptions of a series of research challenges and fy 2000 objectives for each program element. usgcrp program elements carbon cycle science is receiving heightened emphasis within the usgcrp. the need to understand how carbon cycles through the earth system is critically important to the ability to predict future climate change. the usgcrp is establishing a carbon cycle science initiative, with significant new investments proposed in the fy 2000 budget. this effort will provide critical scientific information on the fate of carbon dioxide in the environment, the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide on continental and regional scales, and how sinks might change naturally over time or be enhanced by agricultural or forestry practices. a new level of interagency coordination is being put in place to pursue this important objective. the program will be guided in this task by a science plan that has been drafted with extensive participation by many of the leading scientists in this field. understanding the earthis climate system, with a focus on improving our understanding of the climate system as a whole, rather than focusing on its individual components, and thus improving our ability to predict climate change and variability. biology and biogeochemistry of ecosystems, with a focus on improving understanding of the relationship between a changing biosphere and a changing climate and the impacts of global change on managed and composition and chemistry of the atmosphere, with a focus on improving our understanding of the global - scale impacts of natural and human processes on the chemical composition of the atmosphere and determining the effect of such changes on air quality and human health. paleoenvironment and paleoclimate, with a focus on providing a quantitative understanding of the envelope of natural environmental variability, on timescales from centuries to millennia, within which the effects of human activities on the planetis biosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere can human dimensions of global change, with a focus on explaining how humans intervene in the earth system and are themselves affected by the interactions between natural and social processes. the global water cycle, with a focus on improving our understanding of the movement of water through the land, atmosphere, and ocean, and on how global change may increase or decrease regional water availability.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4878661521860923, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.231314"} {"text": "the national archives is a government department and an executive agency of the secretary of state for justice. it brings together the public record office, historical manuscripts commission, the office of public sector information and her majesty ' s stationery office. it is also the uk government ' s official archive, containing 900 years of history with records ranging from the doomesday book and parchment and paper scrolls through to digital files and archived websites. the national archives makes open records available to all, either onsite or online, continuously developing new tools to make history tangible for everyone. part of the national archives website is the archon directory, which includes contact details for record repositories in the united kingdom and also for institutions elsewhere in the world which have substantial collections of manuscripts noted under the indexes to the national register of archives. this is an extensive collection of repositories with 2050 listed in england alone. the national archives ' documentsonline include such popular databases as wwi campaign medals, wills, cabinet papers, wwi diaries, the domesday book, digital microfilm project and many other records. some of these records are free and others may have a nominal charge for downloads or copies. this is another major collection of online records that gets little mention in genealogy circles. interestingly, this huge site is not listed as one of familytree ' s 101 best websites for british researchers. however, familytree magazine does list one of the services, access to archives, as a favorite site. also, familysearch. org lists archon archive online as a resource but does not have a reference to the whole national archives website.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48629745612681363, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.233504"} {"text": "recombinant antibodies have reached blockbuster drug status. herceptin, avastin, remicade, and others rack up billions of dollars per year in sales. almost all the clinically approved antibodies in use today are naked, or unconjugated, antibodies. when participants recently met for the strategic research institute \u2019 s \u201c world antibody summit, \u201d discussion focused on novel approaches to therapeutic antibody development, including immunoconjugates. in the early days of mabs, the magic bullet concept was vigorously pursued. investigators followed the century old notion of designing antibodies that could carry killer molecules to the cell. the idea has great prima facie appeal in that an enzyme - antibody fusion protein is expected to be active against its target at very low concentrations. theoretically, the conjugate could hone in on a cancer cell, perform a killing reaction, move to the next cell, and repeat the process over and over again. unfortunately, this approach was notoriously unsuccessful, since protein toxins stimulated a strong immune response in the host. even using humanized or human antibodies, such toxins as ricin, diphtheria toxin, and pseudomonas exotoxin when linked to the antibody provoked violent immunological reaction. moreover, many patients already have antibodies against bacterial toxins, developed in earlier bouts of infection. maytansinoids as immunoconjugates rajeeva singh, ph. d., director of biochemistry at immunogen ( www. immunogen. com ), adapted the magic bullet approach. his group focuses on the maytansinoids, highly potent cytotoxic agents that can be easily coupled to antibodies. since one would not anticipate that the conjugate molecule could work in a catalytic fashion, it is essential that compounds with extremely high potency be incorporated into the procedure. many poisonous substances must be present in micromolar levels to exert significant cytotoxicity. delivering such a high level of toxin to the cell is clearly impossible, precluding their use as immunotoxins. this requires that only the most potent candidates can be considered for this system. maytansinoids fit the bill, as these inhibitors of microtubular assembly boast ic50s in the subnanomolar range. the members of the maytansinoid family are bacterial compounds that are extensively modified to improve stability and solubility. immunogen chemists increased the stability of a disulfide linker by alky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5069469004740682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.249930"} {"text": "in the subnanomolar range. the members of the maytansinoid family are bacterial compounds that are extensively modified to improve stability and solubility. immunogen chemists increased the stability of a disulfide linker by alkyl substitution, while a thioether conjugate allows a covalent attachment to the antibody. in a model system of human colon cancer xenografts, the human antibody huc242 coupled to a synthetic maytansinoid has effective killing power. the controls without antibody or applied to other cell lines that lack the target antigen, however, had little effect. a surprising property of the system is a bystander effect by which the antibody - drug conjugate is seen to kill nontarget cells in close proximity to the tumor cell when challenged in vitro. when cells containing the antigen targeted by the huc242 antibody are mixed with antigen - negative tumor cells, both tumor types are destroyed following treatment with the conjugate. this property could help to eliminate nearby tumor cells that have not taken up the drug. currently, immunogen is moving the maytansinoid - antibody conjugates into the clinic through a collaboration with genentec ( www. gene. com ). using herceptin conjugated with a noncleavable, thioether linker, a phase i study of her2 positive, metastatic breast cancer patients showed it was well - tolerated. also, four out of 10 patients demonstrated an objective response. the study was reported at the recent \u201c american society of clinical oncology \u201d meeting. in another series of trials, patients were evaluated with immunogen \u2019 s hun901 antibody conjugate targeting multiple myeloma and cd56 - expressing solid cancers as well as small - cell lung cancers. once again, the drug was well tolerated, and several patients showed objective responses. the antibody - maytansinoid conjugates with sterically hindered disulfide linkers appear to be an appealing and novel approach to the issue of malignancy. immunogen is engaged in a number of clinical and preclinical programs in collaboration with centocor ( www. centocor. com ), biogen - idec ( www. biogen. com ), biotest ( www. biotest. com ), genentech, and sanofi - aventis ( www. sanofi - aventis. com ). other immun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5038207971047663, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.251271"} {"text": "antibody - drug conjugate was much more potent against the tumor than the drug alone, reported medarex. in another set of studies, the team built immunoconjugates between cbi and a human anti - psma antibody with high affinity for the antigen. the psma antigen is a glycosylated 100 kd homodimer molecule, highly expressed in prostate epithelial cells and in some prostate cancers. in the lncap prostate cancer cell line, the antibody is rapidly internalized, according to the company. the medarex team designed the conjugate using either a hydrazone or peptide linkage, both of which proved to be stable. after subjection to the linkage reaction, the antibody retained its binding capability. the antibody has high affinity for and rapidly internalizes into psma expressing cells, according to medarex. moreover, in a scid mouse model system, the antibody conjugate was much more effective at suppressing tumor growth than the free drug. a hallmark of the cancer cell is its ability to avoid apoptosis. targeting the tnf - related apoptosis inducing ligand ( trail ) receptor with appropriate antibodies can trigger the self - destruction of cancer cells, providing a new approach to tumor therapy, noted gilles gallant, ph. d., vp, clinical oncology at human genome sciences www. hgsi. com ). dr. gallant discussed how activation of the trail receptor family prompts tumor regression and inhibits new tumor growth. the trail receptor is, in fact, a family of receptors that when stimulated embark upon a cascade of destruction inducing caspases that rampage through the cell with resulting blebbing, fragmentation, and finally engulfment by macrophages. a group of scientists at hgs developed a mab, lexatumumab ( hgs - etr2 ), capable of inducing apoptosis via activation of the trail - r2 receptor. the antibody binds to trail - r2 with high specificity and is effective in inducing apoptosis in vitro in the colo205 colorectal cell line, reported hgs. this is not surprising, given the high level of expression of trail - r2 on colorectal cancer xenografts. lexatumumab causes regression of large colorectal tumors in the mouse model as well as non - small - cell lung carcinoma in a comparable system. moreover, the antibody works effectively in vitro in combination with traditional therapies. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4752859976257322, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.256259"} {"text": "these include an assay that checks the real life stability of the molecules as compared with computer predictions. by using these structure - guided methods the sequence space was reduced to a manageable size by which 100 candidate mutants in just over 40 positions were screened from four genetic antibody libraries. a stable, robust, and nonaggregating bispecific antibody is all well and good, but does the new entity have therapeutic potential? an improved hercules ii antibody possesses these properties and, moreover, exhibited potent killing in a cell death assay comprising multiple tumor cell lines, according to biogen idec. the merit of the bispecific antibody concept was born out of the fact that the hercules ii ag is more potent than combinations of the single antibodies in some of the tumor cell lines. targeting tumors through their t - cell receptors \u201c are the 90 percent of proteins localized within the cell possible targets for antibody therapeutics? \u201d asked jon weidanz, ph. d., chief scientist and founder of receptor logic ( www. rectptorlogic. com ). dr. weidanz \u2019 company uses the major histocompatibility complex, or hla, as a bridge for delivering therapeutic antibodies to the cancer cell. the company \u2019 s rationale is based on exploitation of t - cell recognition systems. \u201c we took advantage of a novel protein, an rna helicase known as p68, \u201d dr. weidanz continued. \u201c this protein is overexpressed in cancer cells, and peptides from it are displayed in the cell \u2019 s mhc i receptors. \u201d mhc class i molecules display peptides derived from self proteins in a special peptide binding cleft. malignant and diseased cells display intracellular peptides on their surfaces, which allow them to be recognized and eliminated by killer t cells. receptor logic researchers produced an antibody specific for the peptide ( yllpaivhi ) - hla - a2 complex that they had found on the surface of a breast cancer cell line. this peptide, a component of the helicase protein, was shown to be overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell lines, both at the rna and the protein level. the antibody behaves as a t - cell receptor mimic and can bind to and be internalized by the appropriate cancer cells. so the question is, can the antibody, which will be internalized by the cancer cell, be used as a therapeutic device? potential killing mechanisms include complement activation, antibody - dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5312526698685756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.260382"} {"text": "by the appropriate cancer cells. so the question is, can the antibody, which will be internalized by the cancer cell, be used as a therapeutic device? potential killing mechanisms include complement activation, antibody - dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and cross linking at the cell surface. dr. weidanz found that a peptide from human chorionic gonadotropin beta could be used to trigger an antitumor response. this protein also is an overexpressed, cancer - related marker observed in the human breast cancer cell line mda - mb - 231. using an antibody against the peptide - mhc i receptor complex, dr. weidanz showed that the tumor cells were killed by complement activation as well as through antibody - dependent cell cytotoxicity. moreover, in an in vivo nude mouse model, the antibody prevents tumor growth in the human breast cancer cell line. in these experiments, the mechanisms by which the tumors are eliminated have not yet been defined. it may be that the antibodies trigger the host immune response, as appears to be the case for naked antibodies such as rituximab used to treat b cell non - hodgkin lymphoma and alemtuzumab for patients with b cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. shooting at a moving target with the announcement of each new advance in cancer treatment there is great euphoria, followed by optimistic predictions, and then depression when these starry - eyed prophesies are not realized. it is interesting to compare the last 25 years of cancer research with the vast improvements that have occurred during this period in the field of hiv investigation. although there is no cure or vaccine for aids, the condition for many sufferers is a manageable, long - term, chronic illness, and afflicted individuals can, with luck, anticipate a long life span. in many ways the cancer dilemma is comparable ; a population of highly unstable, mutatable cells that is constantly evolving resistance to the cancer treatment de jour. there is now a host of candidates waiting in the wings for their opportunity to prove their mettle. no drug moves into human cancer trials without extensive preclinical investigation, and many of the agents covered in this review are quite effective in suppressing xenografted tumors in the mouse scid model system. however, human tumors are highly heterogeneous and there is every reason to believe that no matter how effective innovative antibody therapies are in preclinical models, resistant populations will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5196459101790343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.262920"} {"text": "the order of the bath the order of the bath is mainly awarded to officers of the armed services, as well as to a small number of civil servants. numbers may be increased in times of war or in the event of any military or civil action or service which merits ' peculiar honour or reward '. in 1971 women were admitted to the order for the first time. the order now consists of the sovereign ( the queen ), the great master ( the prince of wales ) and three classes of members. the statutes provide for 120 knights and dames grand cross ( gcb ), 295 knights and dames commander ( kcb and dcb ) and 1, 455 companions ( cb ). the title of the order is late medieval in origin. it arose from the ritual washing ( inspired by the washing of baptism ), a symbol of spiritual purification, which formed part of a knight ' s preparations for the conferment of knighthood. the honour was not conferred until the candidates had prepared themselves by various rituals designed to purify the inner soul by fasting, vigils and prayer, and cleansing themselves by bathing. the earliest mention in an official document, after the crowning of william i, of the ceremony of bathing at the creation of a knight was that of 15 - year - old geoffrey count of anjou ( later husband of mathilda ) in 1128. at henry v ' s coronation in 1413 ' fifty gallant young gentlemen, candidates for knighthood of the bath, according to custom went into the baths prepared severally for them '. by the end of the fifteenth century, many of the ceremonial rituals were beginning to disappear, although ' knights of the bath ' were still made at coronations - the court goldsmith made 75 badges for charles ii ' s coronation. the order was revived by george i in 1725 as a regular military order, to serve the purposes of the first prime minister, sir robert walpole, who required an additional source for political rewards. the revived order consisted of the sovereign, a great master and 36 knights companions. george i ' s statutes stated that : \" whereas in case of a war in europe we are determined that this realm should be in a posture of defence against the attempts of our enemies, we do hereby ordain that from henceforth every companion of the said military order in case of any danger of invasion from foreign enemies or from rebellion at home shall maintain at his own cost four men - at - arms for any number of days the sovereign shall think proper. \" in 1815", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42662176945503516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.269989"} {"text": "henceforth every companion of the said military order in case of any danger of invasion from foreign enemies or from rebellion at home shall maintain at his own cost four men - at - arms for any number of days the sovereign shall think proper. \" in 1815, at the end of the napoleonic wars, the prince regent ( later george iv ) created two divisions, military and civil, and the order was expanded - which caused some controversy at the time as some thought the increased numbers made the order valueless. the rites of bathing, vigils and so on were formally abolished. the first installation of knights after the revival of the order took place in 1825 in the henry vii chapel in westminster abbey, which had been selected as the chapel of the order. the ceremony of bathing was not included, nor were the former customs, which included vigils and fasting. the service of installation of knights and dames grand cross has taken place in the henry vii chapel ever since. a total of 34 of the most senior knights grand cross are allocated stalls in the chapel. above these are hung the standards of the knights and their armorial plates are affixed to the stalls. the stallplates of past knights can be seen attached to the stalls, and among these is that of lord nelson. the star of the military knights and dames grand cross is composed of rays of silver, charged with an eight - pointed ( maltese ) cross. tria juncta in uno ( three joined in one ) a chapel in westminster abbey knight / dame grand cross, knight / dame commander and companion gcb, kcb / dcb and cb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43859601371515144, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.271164"} {"text": "node : about environments, next : local variables, up : about closure we said earlier that a variable name in a scheme program is associated with a location in which any kind of scheme value may be stored. ( incidentally, the term \" vcell \" is often used in lisp and scheme circles as an alternative to \" location \". ) thus part of what we mean when we talk about \" creating a variable \" is in fact establishing an association between a name, or identifier, that is used by the scheme program code, and the variable location to which that name refers. although the value that is stored in that location may change, the location to which a given name refers is always the same. we can illustrate this by breaking down the operation of the define syntax into three parts : a collection of associations between names and locations is called an environment. when you create a top level variable in a program define, the name - location association for that variable is added to the \" top level \" environment. the \" top level \" environment also includes name - location associations for all the procedures that are supplied by standard scheme. it is also possible to create environments other than the top level one, and to create variable bindings, or name - location associations, in those environments. this ability is a key ingredient in the concept of closure ; the next subsection shows how it is done.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5715720106642743, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.272896"} {"text": "more than two months after the end of the three - day new york city transit strike, both the attention and the tension have dimmed. but there is still no settlement in place, and indeed some transit workers have signed a petition to vote again on the contract that had been rejected on january 20th by a mere seven votes. it would be difficult to say with whom the majority of new york bus and subway riders sided, the transit workers or the management of the metropolitan transportation authority. it is a safe bet to say that during the inconvenience of the strike itself, most commuters had little polite to say about either of them. since people tend to sympathize with those who seem similar, it is worth looking at the ways in which transit workers resemble, and differ from, transit riders. new york city is one of the few places in the united states in which only a minority of people rely on the automobile to get to work. nationwide, 86 percent of people who live in or near central cities commute by car. in new york city, that number is about 33 percent. table 1 offers a breakdown : it is interesting to note that public transit workers in new york actually commute by automobile at a higher rate than new yorkers as a whole. there are also sharp demographic differences among commuters, depending on the means by which they get to work. for instance, those who use commuter rail to come to nyc generally earn more income, live in more affluent households, are more often male, are more likely white, are more often living with a spouse and have graduated from college than those using other means to get to work. they differ substantially from those who drive or ride an automobile, work at home or get to work by other means. by contrast, those who take public transit are more likely to be black and hispanic than the other groups. they are less likely to be living with a spouse. they are also likely to have less education. the median income of those using public transit ( subway or bus ) is about $ 34, 000. public transit workers make a median income that is more than the public they service. instead of $ 34, 000, they earn a median income of $ 47, 000. there are other differences as well. a larger fraction of transit workers are male and black than the public at large. they are also less likely to be educated, are as a group older than new yorkers as a whole, and are more likely to own their own homes and live in married - couple households.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42817221988663084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.279341"} {"text": "workers are male and black than the public at large. they are also less likely to be educated, are as a group older than new yorkers as a whole, and are more likely to own their own homes and live in married - couple households. despite their relative lack of education, the arduous nature of transit work coupled with their unionized power has led them to a relatively high income. how this analysis was done. this analysis made use of the public use micro - sample data from the ipums website. using a variety of variables it was possible to isolate those who work in the public or private transit industry, as well as those who work in new york city and travel to their jobs in various ways. young lawyers get $ 20, 000 raises according to new york observer, a bidding war has broken out among the major so - called wall street or white shoe law firms. new associates are now being offered $ 145, 000 up from $ 125, 000, where it has been for about 5 years. my earlier column on new york lawyers still seems to be basically accurate, though the figures have increased. nine million new yorkers? is new york growing so fast that it is likely to reach 9 million population in the next two decades? using recent projections from some private entities a new york times story indicates that the bloomberg administration is planning for it. new york city reached over seven million by 1940 and it took 60 years to reach eight million. could it really reach nine million by 2025? so far, according to census numbers, new york city is growing more modestly than it did in the 1990s. the census recently changed their estimation methods, but the city usually challenges their estimates and is given credit for a few more thousand people. during that decade the census estimated that the city was only growing about 10, 000 per year, but it actually was growing about 60, 000. we will probably know more when the new fully implemented american community study data are released next august. until then, the census will issue a new estimate for the population through july 31, 2005 sometime this spring. census says keep counting the prisoners in prison despite the efforts of many in the redistricting and criminal justice communities the census bureau says that prisoners should still be counted at the prison sites and that the data should continue to be added to the counts in many small towns and counties. a rider was added to the census appropriation bill asking for a report on this issue. not surprisingly the census bureau did not want to change a thing. the current method deprived the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4070164364308264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.282517"} {"text": "americans remain protected today by a wondrous document published : sunday, september 16, 2012 at 3 : 15 a. m. last modified : thursday, september 13, 2012 at 4 : 12 p. m. monday is constitution day. few documents enjoy such an important place in american history and the american imagination as the u. s. constitution. the men who wrote this document had lived through america ' s struggle for independence from great britain. they still shared many common beliefs with their cousins on the other side of the atlantic. perhaps the most important link remained the tradition of english constitutionalism and the concept of natural rights \u2014 the idea that basic human rights existed from god or nature, and that governments could interfere with these rights only at their great peril. americans reading this column ought to know the three natural rights most important to the founding of the american republic : life, liberty, property. while thomas jefferson ' s phrase about life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness may be more familiar today, it was john locke ' s life, liberty, property that eventually made its way into the constitution. americans fought the revolution to preserve their natural rights \u2014 liberty \u2014 in the face of british excesses. the phrase \" no taxation without representation \" represented both an effort to evade british taxes and a statement of constitutional philosophy. most americans did not want to send representatives to parliament where they would be heavily outnumbered by englishmen who paid far more taxes than americans \u2014 and who wanted to share that burden with their upstart cousins. colonists increasingly saw parliament as the source of attacks upon american liberty, and came to resent this source of central authority. american colonists looked to their own colonial legislatures as the legitimate source of legislation and the protectors of their liberty from the excesses of great britain. america ' s first federal constitution, the articles of confederation, quite naturally sought to protect american liberty by placing most power in the hands of the several states. some americans lamented the absence of a stronger federal authority almost immediately, but the legacy of parliament ' s efforts to impose taxes and control the colonists meant that it would take manifest failures before america rethought its constitutional philosophy. the articles of confederation established a weak government that did not have the direct power of taxation. america had difficulty building a military establishment to protect itself \u2014 - indeed, after the revolution ended, congress could not even evict british troops from american soil on the frontier. state legislatures proved especially vulnerable to popular pressures and special - interest groups, and seemed to be hopelessly corrupted by an \" excess", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.492244439452657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.289916"} {"text": "\u2014 - indeed, after the revolution ended, congress could not even evict british troops from american soil on the frontier. state legislatures proved especially vulnerable to popular pressures and special - interest groups, and seemed to be hopelessly corrupted by an \" excess of democracy. \" popular democracy, sometimes termed the regulator movement, let disgruntled people ignore laws by calling out the militia, shutting down courthouses and chasing out state officials ; jury nullification existed, as it had before the revolution, as a favorite device that communities could use to nullify the impact of laws. these failures, by 1787, convinced a number of americans that this weak federal government yet again threatened their liberty. that year represented an effort to protect everyone ' s liberty from the dangers of the era : external and internal violence, runaway democracy and mob rule, and an uncertain business environment. the new constitution provided for a federal system with powers divided between the national and state governments. the mistrust of a powerful national establishment remained, and numerous breaks upon federal power existed, from the prohibition of appropriations for the army greater than two years in length, to a dual military system that left states with their own militias. however, the new constitution provided the national government with the powers that it needed to rationalize contract law, levy taxes, impose order and build the modern bureaucratic - military establishment necessary to preserve american independence and territorial integrity. liberty would now be guaranteed by the national rather than the state governments. numerous devices now would protect americans from excesses of democracy. the geographic isolation of a central capital represented an attempt to protect congress from public pressures. the indirect election of senators and the life appointments ( and not elections ) of federal judges equally served to insulate the federal government. the electoral college, essentially a congress with one power, represented another way to remove the federal government from popular pressures. most states did not even hold popular elections during the first presidential cycle, and it wasn ' t until 1848 that we had a national election day. south carolina did not hold a popular vote for president until after the civil war. these were not power - hungry despots. in fact, the attempts to insulate america from popular forces reflected an effort to protect all americans from the tyranny of the majority. the best protections for life, liberty and property, many founding fathers thought, came from putting government into the hands of a disinterested, moral elite who would govern for the common good. certainly the constitution did not protect the liberty of large segments of the american population. yet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4875397302232377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.292302"} {"text": "adenoviruses are viruses affecting both humans and animals and were initially isolated in human adenoids ( tonsils ) \u2014 hence the name. the infections caused by these viruses tend to cause illnesses mainly in your toddlers \u2019 respiratory system. children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years are most commonly susceptible to these infections. the common cold is the most typical example of an upper respiratory tract infection. a pharyngoconjunctival fever involves sore throat, red eyes with fever. this is another commonly occurring adenoviral infection. other adenoviral infections may include : your toddlers and the virus toddlers spend their time touching their mouths, noses and eyes throughout the day. they can often be observed running around with runny noses and afterwards, suffering from occasional fevers. the two causes are not unrelated \u2014 the one leads to the other. this is because viruses tend to survive on surfaces which your toddlers touch and easily enter their bodies through contamination. make sure kids cover their noses when they sneeze and cough. wash their hands before and after play and otherwise as frequently as possible. wash the surfaces they come in contact with \u2014 avoid contamination. it is important to remember that antibiotics are not useful in this situation. although there is no cure for common cold, there are ways of making your toddlers comfortable and relieving them of their symptoms with the help of the following techniques.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47376223964403075, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.294077"} {"text": "childhood obesity is a very real and very dangerous problem in guam, and as a community we all must do more to address the issues. about 38 percent of the students in public schools are overweight or obese, according to the local education agency - - a full six percentage points higher than the national average. local doctors say they ' ve seen more young children and adolescents being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, a lifestyle disease that normally isn ' t seen until adulthood. the guam department of education has been striving to make children healthier. its been phasing in parts of president barack obama ' s 2010 healthy hunger - free kids act, serving more brown rice, less meat and more fruits and vegetables. cafeterias run by the school system soon will start purchasing fresh produce from local farmers. and guam ' s state agency for child nutrition programs recently unveiled a mascot to help push healthy eating and nutrition - - super chef. he will be making appearances at schools and elsewhere to speak to children about the importance of eating healthy and having healthy habits. on top of these nutritional efforts, the school system needs to find a way to make physical education classes a regular part of the curriculum at elementary, middle and high schools. this would give our public school children the opportunity to exercise and keep active on a regular basis, and teach them healthy habits they ' ll need for their entire lives. a large part of the child obesity problem starts at home. parents need to evaluate what and how often they feed their children. fast food is sometimes the most convenient way for families to eat, but it ' s not the healthiest. try to serve more home - cooked meals that are balanced. try baking or grilling instead of frying. give kids fruits and vegetables for snacks. if you do get food to go from fast - food outlets, focus on healthier options. another idea is to find family activities on the weekends that get you and your children active and moving - - go for hikes or boonies stomps, or swimming at the beach, or take long bike rides. it ' s important for parents to set examples. it doesn ' t do much good to tell your children to eat better and exercise more if you don ' t do the same.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3963601888943681, "token_count": 453, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.296369"} {"text": "noble life and everyday life like many civilizations, aztec society was hierarchical and a person \u2019 s social position, and therefore one \u2019 s way of life, was largely determined by birthright. commoners worked as farmers, fishermen, or craftsmen. noblemen served as government officials, scribes, and teachers. although the class structure was reasonably rigid, some social mobility was possible through entry into the priesthood, achievement in warfare, or success in trade. the aztec ruler, however, had to have been born into the right family. as the only figure allowed to wear the precious color turquoise, he lived in a sumptuous palace with spectacular gardens, a banqueting hall, a large zoo, and gold cutlery. attended by an abundance of bodyguards and beautiful women ( who had to approach him with downcast eyes and bare feet ), the ruler possessed an almost godlike status. the ruler at the time of the spanish invasion was the ninth aztec emperor, motecuhzoma ii, who could trace his ancestry back to the first ruler, acamapichtli. to maintain his luxurious lifestyle, the great motecuhzoma demanded one - third of everything his people produced in taxes. he also demanded regular payments, known as tribute, from the subjects of conquered provinces. at the opposite end of the social hierarchy were peasant farmers, landless commoners, and slaves. they had few rights or luxuries and spent their lives growing crops for food and tribute. a privileged upper class was formed by nobles and priests, both of whom played an important role in government and lawmaking. the higher classes were distinguished by their fine decorated textiles and sandals, which were important symbols of rank. they lived in palatial complexes and enjoyed objects of the finest quality. only nobles were allowed to wear clothes made of cotton, and they frequently adorned themselves with intricate ornaments \u2014 pendants, lip plugs, and earspools. commoners wore clothes woven from the much coarser fiber of the maguey plant. below the nobles were the merchants and skilled craftsmen. it was to this middle class that professional warriors belonged. young boys would be educated at home by their parents until the age of 15, at which point they would either be trained in warfare or sent for priestly instruction in writing, philosophy, and astronomy. ( girls were educated at home until 15 as well, but then married. ) although already respected members of society, warriors could improve their rank by capturing an ever - greater number of victims, and were rewarded with increasingly impressive costumes and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4389676146775978, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.300353"} {"text": ", and astronomy. ( girls were educated at home until 15 as well, but then married. ) although already respected members of society, warriors could improve their rank by capturing an ever - greater number of victims, and were rewarded with increasingly impressive costumes and precious tribute items. although we tend to think of gold as the most precious of materials, as did the spanish conquistadors, the aztecs did not. they worked the gold into exquisite pieces of jewelry, but referred to it as the excrement of the gods. perhaps surprisingly to us, the most venerated material was feathers. brightly colored plumes were gathered, often from farmed birds, and sent to tenochtitlan as tax payment or tribute. they were fashioned into objects of great beauty, such as fans, shields, and headdresses. featherworks were insignia of wealth and power, and an important element of the ritual outfit of warriors. mosaics made of shell, turquoise, and other stones were also highly prized. - this figure represents a warrior who holds a serpent - headed spear - thrower in one hand and a shield, darts, and banner in the other. experts believe that he represents someone of elite status. how can you tell that this warrior is part of a respected group within his society? - stone figures, clay pots, and jade ornaments are some of the objects that preserve our knowledge of aztec civilization. what objects or images would you select to represent life today? why do these objects serve as a valid representation of contemporary society? - although only nobles had objects made from precious metals and stones, all aztec homes had small shrines to the gods that might help to protect the family. do you have religious objects in your home? describe what they are, where they are placed, and how they are used. within aztec society a person \u2019 s status and social class were clearly delineated. look through magazines and newspapers for indications of how people from various levels of contemporary society are depicted. cut out your examples and have a class discussion about current indicators of status. what are contemporary \u201c status symbols \u201d? social studies read over the section above and write a parallel essay about social class and status in contemporary society. english / language arts", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48631014119214244, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.302404"} {"text": "become a fan of h2g2 more and more coffee lovers are promoting organic coffee as a consumer - conscious alternative to ' conventional ' coffee that is better for the environment and for the farmers that grow the coffee. as the market for organic coffee grows, it is becoming ever more important to understand what organic coffee is and how to know when you ' re really buying ' green beans '. what is organic coffee and how is it grown? organic coffee is grown without using pesticides, herbicides or other chemicals. organic techniques focus on maintaining good soil quality and plant health as the most effective means of boosting productivity and protection against disease. typically, organic farmers fertilise with compost, and use disease - resistant mulch. crops are rotated and plantations are interspersed with fruit and nut trees to ensure that the soil is replenished regularly with nutrients. as a result, the land can remain fertile for coffee production for generations, which prevents farmers from having to cut down trees to clear new land. organic coffee is often grown on small, family - owned farms that also benefit economically from having these secondary crops. in addition, although organic farming is more labour - intensive, certified organic coffee growers are paid an average of 15 cents more per pound for their product than they would be for conventional beans. organic coffee is typically ' shade grown ' under a canopy of trees that filters the sun. this is sometimes referred to as ' bird - friendly coffee ' because the trees preserve habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. in this regard, the smithsonian migratory bird center is said to have documented sightings of up to 150 species of birds on a shaded coffee farm, compared to just five to 20 on a conventional coffee farm. the trees also help to conserve water and topsoil by providing a mulch cover, and the birds act as a natural defence against bugs and other pests. shade - grown coffees also tends to mature more slowly, which many people believe produces a superior tasting bean. interestingly, shade - tree growing was the traditional way of growing coffee before the industry became as commercialised as it is today. in contrast, conventional ' full sun ' coffee, which was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to increase productivity, is grown without tree cover to allow the coffee plants to be grown closer together. chemical fertilisers and pesticides, such as ddt, malathion and benzene hexachloride, must be used to compensate for the lack of nutrients and biological diversity. who decides what is organic? several independent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4188414569740173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.307548"} {"text": "together. chemical fertilisers and pesticides, such as ddt, malathion and benzene hexachloride, must be used to compensate for the lack of nutrients and biological diversity. who decides what is organic? several independent third - party certification agencies, such as the organic crop improvement association, have been established to verify the claims of organic coffee producers. if an agency determines that a grower ' s operations adhere to its standards, they are allowed to market coffee under the certifier ' s label. certification can, however, be expensive, and some organic farmers choose not to spend the extra money to have their farming practices validated by an outside party. organic coffee is also closely linked with ' fair trade coffee ', which involves paying coffee producers a fair price for their product. as with organic coffees, various third - party agencies have been established to certify fair trade producers. despite the growing recognition of the benefits of organic coffee, not everyone is anxious to buy these green beans. in most places, organic coffee commands a higher price than conventional coffee and some people are not willing to pay the extra money. it pays to shop around, however. many coffee wholesalers sell their beans directly to consumers at a lower rate than many retail chains, but you need to seek them out. in addition, some people suggest that organic coffee is less flavoursome than conventional coffee. before you judge, however, remember that it can take a few tries to find your perfect bean. as with conventional beans, you may need to sample a few different kinds before you find one that works for you. simply buy a small quantity of beans each visit or, better yet, see if you can sample a cup of fresh brew before you buy the beans. take the opportunity to sample beans from the various coffee regions of the world until you find one that strikes your fancy. finally, amid the increasing consumer interest in organic and fair trade coffee, there are also opportunists who are trying to capitalise on the demand. even though there are several reputable certifying agencies, there is no single standard that has gained general consumer acceptance, and thus it can be difficult to sort out competing claims. for example, coffee labels that simply state ' shade grown ' can be misleading, because some shade - grown coffee still uses chemicals, and sometimes the trees are pruned so severely that they do not provide a suitable habitat for birds. if you are interested in purchasing organic or fair trade coffee it is best to do some research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4418417926921009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.308770"} {"text": "early colon cancer detection means earlier treatment - what are the treatment options? ( bpt ) - colon cancer is the no. 2 cancer killer in the united states because it frequently catches people unaware, according to the national cancer institute. but half of the colon - cancer deaths each year could be avoided if every adult older than 50 is screened, according to the american cancer society. preventative screening is an important first step in detecting colon cancer ; however, it is the decisions you need to make if a screening comes back positive that can influence your future health. when caught early, colon cancer is highly treatable. treatment for colon cancer ranges from chemotherapy to surgery. minimally invasive - also called laparoscopic - colon cancer surgery has been made possible thanks to advances in technology. minimally invasive surgery uses state - of - the - art technology to reduce the damage to human tissue during a procedure. in most procedures, a surgeon makes several small 3 / 4 - inch incisions and inserts thin tubes, or access ports, into the patient ' s abdomen. a miniature camera is then placed through one of the port sites so the surgical team can view the procedure as a magnified image on video monitors in the operating room. then, specialized instruments are placed through the other port sites to perform the procedure. surgery for colon cancer usually entails removing the cancer, along with a section of colon on either side of the cancer spot. finally one of the port site incisions is elongated several inches so that the specimen can be removed along with nearby lymph nodes. minimally invasive procedures have been proven to be as effective as traditional open surgery. more than 20 million americans have had a minimally invasive procedure. not only do these procedures usually provide the same outcomes to open surgery, they may offer significant benefits as well : * quicker recovery. since a minimally invasive procedure requires smaller incisions than conventional surgery ( usually about the diameter of a dime ), patients may heal much faster ( e. g., patients who underwent minimally invasive colectomy for colon cancer returned to work five to 26 days quicker than with a traditional procedure, according to a study conducted by the advisory board company. ) * decreases the risk of acquiring infections. laparoscopic surgery for hysterectomy, cholecystectomy ( gall bladder ) and appendectomy reduced the risk of hospital - acquired infections by 52 percent when compared to open surgery, according to a study published in surgical endoscopy. * shorter hospital stays. minimal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4757927741069362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.312515"} {"text": "cholecystectomy ( gall bladder ) and appendectomy reduced the risk of hospital - acquired infections by 52 percent when compared to open surgery, according to a study published in surgical endoscopy. * shorter hospital stays. minimally invasive procedures help get patients out of the hospital ( up to seven days ) and back to their normal routine ( average of 36. 4 days ) sooner than conventional open surgery, according to studies published in surgical innovation and the journal of the american college of surgeons. * less scarring. most incisions are so small that it ' s hard to even notice them after the incisions have healed. * less pain. because these procedures are less invasive than conventional open surgery, there is typically less pain involved. * cost savings. patients who undergo minimally invasive surgery save between $ 438 and $ 8, 286 in hospital costs, compared to those who undergo conventional open surgery, according to studies published in surgical innovation and the journal of the american college of surgeons. colon cancer can be a deadly and costly disease, but if caught early, can be treated successfully and with less invasive or costly options. getting screened when recommended can help a person start treatment early, potentially without having ever experienced a symptom of colon cancer. if you are over 50 and have never been screened, now is the time. if you have been diagnosed with colon cancer, talk with your doctor about the potential for minimally invasive surgery treatment. for additional information, visit www. smarterpatient. com / coloncancer. this article is sponsored by ethicon endo - surgery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3983780231499435, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.313169"} {"text": "thursday, april 28 ( healthday news ) - - men who are both obese and tall face a much higher risk for developing potentially fatal blood clots, though overall the risk remains quite small, according to a new study. the researchers report that extra weight and extra inches together seem to raise the risk more than either alone. \" tall and obese men had more than a fivefold higher risk, compared to short and lean men, \" said the study ' s co - author, sigrid k. braekkan, who warns the vertically and horizontally gifted to avoid sitting in one place for too long. women also face a higher risk if they ' re both obese and tall, but just being tall alone doesn ' t seem to be a problem, the study the clots lead to a condition known as deep vein thrombosis, which may be best known as an affliction that strikes passengers on long plane flights who don ' t have much chance to move around. immobilization of the legs can contribute to the condition. other causes include injury and a genetic condition that makes people ' s blood more likely to clot. \" and there are some people who seem to get clots when they don ' t have any clear, obvious risk factors, \" said dr. victor tapson, director of the center for pulmonary vascular disease at duke university. though the clots start in the leg, they can move to the lung, where they may cause a deadly pulmonary embolism. venous thromboembolism is the term used to describe the two conditions - - deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism - - together. in the new study, published online april 28 in arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology, researchers collected data on 26, 714 people from 1994 to 2007, including 461 reports of venous thromboembolism. obese and tall men - - those at least six feet tall - - had more than five times the risk for a clot, compared with normal - weight men shorter than 5 feet 7 inches. the risk was three times higher for women who were obese and at least 5 feet 6 inches than for normal - weight women shorter than 5 feet 3 inches. the higher risk for tall people appears to be related to their circulatory system. \" the distance for blood to return to the heart and lungs is longer, \" braekkan said. \" since the blood must be pumped upwards against the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4493131599749091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.316397"} {"text": ". the higher risk for tall people appears to be related to their circulatory system. \" the distance for blood to return to the heart and lungs is longer, \" braekkan said. \" since the blood must be pumped upwards against the force of gravity by the calf - muscle pump, the longer distance may cause reduced flow in the legs and, thereby, higher risk of clotting. \" he said that obesity causes pressure in the abdomen that may hinder the ability of the calf - muscle pump to send blood back up into the body. the study found, however, that the risk for developing blood clots remained low, even for the tall and obese. but what should obese and tall people do to lower their risk even more? until pounds can be shed, the best thing to do is to avoid situations where you ' re not moving for long periods of time, even in the cramped space of a plane, try \" just moving your legs, shifting your legs, going up and down on your toes and flexing your feet back and forth to keep your calf muscles stimulated, \" he said. it ' s also a good idea to keep hydrated ( and alcohol doesn ' t help on that front ). some people use elastic socks, although tapson said they may be troublesome if they crimp the the u. s. national heart, lung and blood institute has more on deep vein thrombosis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4116169969383217, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.316974"} {"text": "sudden, repetitive, involuntary muscular movement or vocal pattern. tic disorders feature involuntary repetitive ( but non - rhythmic ) patterns, and may be either motor tics ( muscle movements ) or vocal tics. although tics are involuntary, the individual with a tic disorder can often repress the tic for a period of time. the occurrences of tics appear to be more likely when the individual is under stress or concentrating on a task, such as reading or writing. most tics seem to nearly disappear during sleep. the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, lists the following examples : both motor and vocal tics may be categorized as simple or complex, although the distinction between the two is not precise. generally, a simple motor tic involves only one part of the body, while a complex tic is more involved and takes the form of some recognizable action. they also include imitating the actions of others and making involuntary obscene gestures. complex vocal tics involve recognizable words or animal sounds as opposed | motor tics | | eye blinking | | facia! gestures | | neck jerking | | grooming behaviors | | sniffing an object | | echokinesis, i. e., imitation of someone else ' s movements | | vocal tics | | throat clearing | | repeating words or phrases out of context | | grunting | | coprolalia, i. e., use of socially unacceptable words, usually obscene | | sniffing | | palilalia, i. e., repeating one ' s own sounds or words | | snorting | | echolalia, i. e., repeating the last word, sound, or phrase heard | to simple noises. these may include the repetition of short phrases,. such as \" oh, boy, \" the repetition of a single word, repetition of the words of others, called echolalia, or involuntary swearing, known as coprolalia. the health care professional will distinguish a tic disorder from other categories of involuntary movements, such as those that are related to other problems such as medical conditions, alcohol or drug abuse, side effects from medication, or other behavior or psychological disorders. when a tic disorder has been diagnosed, further definition of the nature and scope of the tic will be made. factors such as age at onset and duration of the tic will be taken into account. transient tic disorder as the name implies, transient tic disorder is characterized by motor or vocal tics that are not permanent and chronic motor or tic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5409849111975459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.322736"} {"text": ". factors such as age at onset and duration of the tic will be taken into account. transient tic disorder as the name implies, transient tic disorder is characterized by motor or vocal tics that are not permanent and chronic motor or tic disorder chronic motor or vocal tic disorder features tics that persist for more than 12 consecutive months. the factor that distinguishes this disorder from tourette ' s is that only one type of tic \u2014 motor or vocal, not both \u2014 is present. the other factors for diagnosis are the same. these include tics that first appear before age 18, occur many times a day, and persist for longer than one year. ( periods of up to three months with no tic occurrences do not rule out tic disorders ). the person with chronic tic disorder is adversely affected in his or her ability to function in social or school settings because of the tic, although the impairment is usually less than for tourette syndrome. school - aged children with any tic disorder may have problems functioning in social and school settings. it is not uncommon for them to experience other learning difficulties such as attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, or problems with visual motor integration or auditory processing. parents and educators should be alert to warning signs of learning problems related to tic disorders to prepare for intervention and remedial help. davidovicz, herman, et al. fact sheets on tourette syndrome. bayside, ny : tourette syndrome association, inc., 1994. ( set of three fact sheets, \" learning problems and the ts child, \" \" specific classroom strategies and techniques for students with tourette syndrome, \" \" techniques to aid students with ts in completing written assignments. \" ) tourette syndrome association, inc. address : 42 - 40 bell blvd. bayside, ny 11361 - 2874", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44396844312423683, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.323581"} {"text": "energy in water ( in the form of kinetic energy, temperature differences or salinity gradients ) can be harnessed and used. since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. there are many forms of water energy : hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large - scale hydroelectric dams. examples are the grand coulee dam in washington state and the akosombo dam in ghana. micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kw of power. they are often used in water rich areas as a remote area power supply ( raps ). there are many of these installations around the world, including several delivering around 50 kw in the solomon islands. damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without using a dam. ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean and the sea. marine current power, similar to tidal stream power, uses the kinetic energy of marine currents. ocean thermal energy conversion ( otec ) uses the temperature difference between the warmer surface of the ocean and the colder lower recesses. to this end, it employs a cyclic heat engine. otec has not been field - tested on a large scale. tidal power captures energy from the tides. two different principles for generating energy from the tides are used at the moment. tidal motion in the vertical direction \u2013 tides come in, raise water levels in a basin, and tides roll out. around low tide, the water in the basin is discharged through a turbine, exploiting the stored potential energy. tidal motion in the horizontal direction \u2013 or tidal stream power. using tidal stream generators, like wind turbines but then in a tidal stream. due to the high density of water, about eight - hundred times the density of air, tidal currents can have a lot of kinetic energy. several commercial prototypes have been build, and more are in development. wave power uses the energy in waves. wave power machines usually take the form of floating or neutrally buoyant structures which move relative to one another or to a fixed point. wave power has now reached commercialization. osmotic power or salinity gradient power, is the energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water. reverse electrodialysis ( pro ) is in the research and testing phase. vortex power is generated by placing obstacles in rivers in order to cause the formation of vortices which can then be tapped for energy. deep lake water cooling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5933022950639958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.328625"} {"text": "and river water. reverse electrodialysis ( pro ) is in the research and testing phase. vortex power is generated by placing obstacles in rivers in order to cause the formation of vortices which can then be tapped for energy. deep lake water cooling, although not technically an energy generation method, can save a lot of energy in summer. it uses submerged pipes as a heat sink for climate control systems. lake - bottom water is a year - round local constant of about 4\u00b0c. wave farms expansion portugal now has the world \u2019 s first commercial wave farm, the agucadoura wave park, officially opened in september 2008. the farm uses three pelamis p - 750 machines generating 2. 25 mw. initial costs are put at 8. 5 million. a second phase of the project is now planned to increase the installed capacity to 21mw using a further 25 pelamis machines. funding for a wave farm in scotland was announced in february, 2007 by the scottish government, at a cost of over 4 million pounds, as part of a \u00a313 million funding packages for ocean power in scotland. the farm will be the world \u2019 s largest with a capacity of 3mw generated by four pelamis machines. the major advantage of hydroelectric systems is the elimination of the cost of fuel. other advantages include longer life than fuel - fired generation, low operating costs, and the provision of facilities for water sports. operation of pumped - storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system. overall, hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuels or nuclear energy, and areas with abundant hydroelectric power attract industry. however, there are several major disadvantages of hydroelectric systems. these include : dislocation of people living where the reservoirs are planned, release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide at construction and flooding of the reservoir, disruption of aquatic ecosystems and birdlife, adverse impacts on the river environment, potential risks of sabotage and terrorism, and in rare cases catastrophic failure of the dam wall. hydroelectric power is now more difficult to site in developed nations because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or may be unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5408981917628581, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.330139"} {"text": "steps you can take to lower your risk for alzheimer ' s disease there are currently 5. 4 million americans living with alzheimer ' s disease, a progressive neurological condition that affects memory, behavior and the ability to carry out everyday tasks. there are no known cures for the disease, and even slowing its progression has proven to be quite difficult. for the most part, researchers believe that this form of dementia can be genetic or related to environmental or lifestyle factors. genes and surroundings can be difficult to control, but your diet, as well as your physical and mental exercise, are pretty easy to modify and may make a difference in your risk of developing alzheimer ' s disease. studies link poor health to alzheimer ' s some research links an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle to the onset of dementia. the following are just a few examples of such studies. one piece of research conducted at japan ' s kyushu university and published last year in the journal neurology indicated that high cholesterol levels may increase a person ' s risk of alzheimer ' s disease. authors of the study observed more than 2, 500 subjects between the ages of 40 and 79 and followed them from 10 to 15 years. the scientists discovered that 86 percent of individuals with high cholesterol had brain plaques associated with alzheimer ' s, compared to 62 percent of people with lower blood lipid levels.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46695232185054464, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.332831"} {"text": "lesson in history at fashion show published : tuesday, march 5, 2013 at 9 : 36 a. m. last modified : tuesday, march 5, 2013 at 9 : 36 a. m. unable to swim and hamstrung by corsets, three times as many women than men drowned as the titanic sank into the ocean. as a result, a sea of change in women ' s fashion occurred, according to the narrators of the first centennial titanic fashion luncheon on feb. 24 at the florida maritime museum in cortez. wearing a tea dress as worn by the character rose in the movie \" titanic, \" seamstress tracie l. arnold, along with lisa hiller of brandon - based past & present creations, told a rapt audience how the titanic disaster was a pivotal point in women ' s fashion. \" dresses prior to this time were created by men, \" arnold said. after the sinking of the titanic, women started to take control of what they wore, explaining \" i ' ll look pretty but on my own terms, \" hiller said. pointing to a pin - striped day outfit, arnold called it \" hobble style, \" explaining that the skirt prevented women from walking in strides. \" you would walk but at a hobble, \" she said. two cosmetic industry giants were among those who died on the titanic. up until that time, arsenic and lead were makeup ingredients. that practice ended after the ship sank, arnold said. as the women spoke, first about production aspects of creating all of the dresses the character rose wore in the movie, then why women wore the clothing, it became evident fashion was a reflection of how society viewed women and their role. more than a fashion show, it became a discussion about the economics of making a young woman marketable for marriage. women ate tapeworms to lose weight and laced themselves tightly to form an 18 - inch waist ; anything wider was considered matronly. corsets shifted organs to form a \" wasp waist. \" \" i never thought women ' s rights were tied into fashion. i thought it was very interesting, \" els vinhage of bradenton said. adding dimension to the show, florida maritime museum at cortez was built as a schoolhouse in 1912, the same year as the sinking of the titanic. at each seat, luncheon patrons were assigned a female survivor of the titanic, often with a photograph telling her age during the journey, ticket number and price paid, lifeboat number and other salient information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4464859779728031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.339192"} {"text": "same year as the sinking of the titanic. at each seat, luncheon patrons were assigned a female survivor of the titanic, often with a photograph telling her age during the journey, ticket number and price paid, lifeboat number and other salient information. most of the female survivors were well - to - do. edith graham, the wife of w. t. graham, founder of dixie cup co., was assisted to lifeboat no. 3 by washington roebling and howard b. case. both men stayed aboard and went down with the ship. not limited to the edwardian or titanic period of fashion, past & present creations also exhibits victorian and civil war clothing styles. the women presented a performance for the catholic women ' s association of saints peter and paul the apostles catholic church in bradenton. \" they know their history, \" association president diane clark said. at the civil war show at the church, clark learned that hoop skirts were outlawed after too many women were caught up in flames when sparks from fires hit their dresses. \" they talked about that day and age, and it was very well - received, \" clark said. the audience in cortez was equally enthusiastic with a question - and - answer period following the show. \" i learned how lucky we are now, \" robin mcdonald of cortez said. church donates $ 40, 000 to elementary school members and guests contributed more than $ 40, 000 in offerings during christmas eve services at harvest united methodist church. church representatives will present a check for $ 40, 660 at 3 : 15 p. m. today to samoset elementary staff and children at the school. the money will be used to buy items to meet basic needs of the children and to allow every child to buy a book each semester to enrich his or her reading experiences. \" our business partners at harvest united methodist have made real the proverb that ' it takes a community, or village, to raise a child, ' \" assistant principal mike kelley said in a statement. \" they have become a part of our community by donating not only their resources, but also their time. \" since christmas eve, more than 40 harvest members signed up to become volunteer mentors. samoset students look forward to weekly visits with church volunteers, including pastor steve price, who reads to kindergarten students. ninety - eight percent of the children at the school qualify for free or reduced - price lunches. harvest began its ministry at samoset in 2011. the lakewood ranch church started the pack - a - sack program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3929349066858555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.340448"} {"text": "union contracts frequently require employees to pay union dues or lose their jobs. this forces workers to support the union financially even if the union contract harms them or they oppose the union \u2019 s agenda. several states, including new hampshire and indiana, are considering right - to - work laws, which protect workers from being fired for not paying union dues. unions oppose these laws because they reduce union membership and income. however, the rest of the economy benefits from right - to - work laws. right - to - work laws reduce the financial benefit from organizing workplaces where unions have limited support. this makes unions less aggressive and encourages business investment, creating jobs. states can and should reduce unemployment by becoming right - to - work states. unions often negotiate contracts requiring all workers to pay union dues or lose their jobs. workers must pay 1 percent to 2 percent of their wages in dues, whether or not they support the union. but many workers reject unions. some do so because union contracts reduce their pay. others oppose unions \u2019 political agendas : unions almost exclusively support democrats, despite 37 percent of their members voting republican in the last election. to prevent workers from being forced to support unions financially, 22 states have passed right - to - work laws. such laws prevent companies from firing workers who do not pay union dues. workers may still pay voluntarily, but unions cannot threaten their jobs if they do not join. lawmakers in several states, including new hampshire, indiana, and michigan, are considering right - to - work bills. unions lose money when workers opt out the union movement strongly opposes right - to - work laws. it has self - interested motives in doing so : union membership fell 15 percent after idaho and oklahoma passed right - to - work laws. most of the union - represented workers who choose not to pay dues when given the option are those who do not benefit from union contracts. disproportionate numbers of highly educated workers, for example, choose not to pay dues \u2014 the very workers held back by union seniority systems. without the threat of losing their jobs, the union movement will not persuade these workers to pay dues. making union membership voluntary would save workers \u2014 and cost unions \u2014 a lot of money. losing 15 percent of their dues - paying members would cost private - sector new hampshire unions $ 1. 9 million a year. right - to - work would similarly save private - sector workers in indiana $ 18. 4 million a year. in michigan, right - to - work would save", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42198881246365155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.349328"} {"text": "paying members would cost private - sector new hampshire unions $ 1. 9 million a year. right - to - work would similarly save private - sector workers in indiana $ 18. 4 million a year. in michigan, right - to - work would save workers $ 46. 4 million a year. giving workers a choice means less money for unions. less aggressive union organizers for the same reason, right - to - work reduces the aggressiveness of union organizers. making union membership voluntary reduces the financial incentives for unions to target workplaces where they have lukewarm support. even if they win, unions cannot force reluctant workers to pay dues. research shows that union organizing falls 50 percent within five years of a state passing a right - to - work law. workers who feel mistreated have the right to unionize. right - to - work laws encourage union organizers to restrict their attention to such workers. increased investment in right - to - work states right - to - work states are much more attractive for businesses investment. unionized firms earn lower profits, invest less, and create fewer jobs than comparable nonunion firms. boeing \u2019 s decision to build a new plant in south carolina \u2014 a right - to - work state \u2014 illustrates a larger trend. businesses consider the presence ( or absence ) of a right - to - work law a major factor when deciding where to locate. it was no accident that foreign automobile brands located their u. s. plants primarily in right - to - work states like alabama, mississippi, and tennessee. research suggests that foreign direct investment in oklahoma and idaho increased after these states passed right - to - work laws. states that attract more investment should create more jobs. in fact, right - to - work states have lower unemployment rates ( 9. 2 percent ) than states without right - to - work laws ( 9. 9 percent ). however, right - to - work states exist predominantly in the south and west. their lower unemployment rates could simply reflect regional differences. to get around this problem, researchers have studied neighboring counties on state borders with and without right - to - work laws. such counties share the same geography and economic environment, but their main difference is the presence of a right - to - work law on one side of the border. the share of manufacturing jobs in counties in right - to - work states is one - third higher than in adjacent counties in non \u2013 right - to - work states. right - to - work laws attract jobs. wage effects small economic theory does not predict how right - to - work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.418948980136219, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.350619"} {"text": "counties in right - to - work states is one - third higher than in adjacent counties in non \u2013 right - to - work states. right - to - work laws attract jobs. wage effects small economic theory does not predict how right - to - work laws affect wages. unions restrict the supply of jobs in unionized companies. this reduces the pay of nonunion workers \u2014 they do not have as many good job opportunities \u2014 while raising the wages of union members. the additional business investment a right - to - work law attracts usually raises the demand for labor, increasing wages. yet unions argue that businesses will cut wages if the risk of union organizing falls. these factors largely cancel each other. most studies show that right - to - work laws have little effect on wages in either direction. right - to - work states do have lower average wages than non \u2013 right - to - work states, but this is because they are located primarily in the south, which was once much less developed than the north and still has a lower cost of living. research controlling for this shows that workers in right - to - work states have, if anything, slightly higher wages. members - only contracts permissible in a free society, workers should not have to financially support organizations they oppose. unions justify forced dues by arguing that the law requires them to represent non - members. they argue that right - to - work laws allow workers to free - ride off of union contracts \u2014 enjoying the benefits without paying the costs. this interprets the law selectively. unions do not have to represent workers who do not pay dues. they can negotiate contracts that apply only to their members. the law requires unions to represent nonmembers only if they negotiate as \u201c exclusive bargaining representatives. \u201d that status lets them negotiate on behalf of all workers, union and nonunion alike. if they do so, the law requires unions to bargain fairly. they cannot selectively negotiate the minimum wage for nonmembers. but unions do not have to claim exclusive representative status ; they could negotiate contracts covering only dues - paying members. unions almost never do this. they prefer exclusive representative status because it enables them to get a better contract for their supporters. consider seniority systems : they ensure that everyone gets raises and promotions at the same rate, irrespective of individual performance. if a union negotiated a members - only contract with a seniority system, high - performing workers would refuse to join. those workers would negotiate a separate contract with performance pay. the best workers would get ahead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46704710737913996, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.353169"} {"text": ", irrespective of individual performance. if a union negotiated a members - only contract with a seniority system, high - performing workers would refuse to join. those workers would negotiate a separate contract with performance pay. the best workers would get ahead faster, leaving less money and fewer positions available for those on the seniority scale. the union wants everyone in the seniority system \u2014 especially those it holds back. in non \u2013 right - to - work states, the law allows unions to force nonmembers to accept the union contract. the law should not force workers who are disadvantaged by these contracts to pay union dues. unions could choose to represent only their members. forced unionization is not an american value the government should not force workers to pay for unwanted union representation. in a free society, workers alone should make that choice. right - to - work laws also make good economic sense. they reduce the incentive for union organizers to target companies that treat their workers well. since unions hurt businesses, less aggressive union organizing attracts investment \u2014 and jobs. however, right - to - work laws appear to have little effect on wages. lawmakers considering right - to - work proposals should ignore the union movement \u2019 s self - interested opposition. unions could negotiate contracts that apply only to their members \u2014 they simply prefer not to. unions should not be able to force workers to choose between financially supporting them and losing their jobs. james sherk is senior policy analyst in labor economics in the center for data analysis at the heritage foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44543544619284065, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.353860"} {"text": "an 18th century feat of engineering helped transform bombay from seven small islands in the arabian sea into the megacity of mumbai, india \u2019 s largest metropolis. known as the \u2018 seven islands of bombay \u2019, this hilly volcanic archipelago was earmarked by the british east india company in the 18th century as a base for nautical trade across the arabian sea. as bombay began to grow into a major trading town, the population swelled with the influx of migrants from across india and more space was needed. to solve the problem a major civil engineering project was proposed to join the islands together, known as the hornby vellard project, after the british governor who commissioned it. work began in 1782 to connect the islands by draining creeks and constructing a series of causeways that would initially join the islands together ; at the same time it was necessary to protect the land from being flooded at high tide. most of the 22 hilltops that made up the seven islands were razed and their debris was used to fill the gaps between the islands and to create a large sea - wall embankment around the low - lying areas. the islands were all connected by the mid - 19th century, but land reclamation continued until well after india gained independence in 1947. the resulting landmass is known as salsette island, and is almost unrecognisable from the shape of the original archipelago it was built around. the city of mumbai occupies the southern peninsula of salsette, wedged between harbours that fringe much of the coast, while the majority of the rest of the island is taken up by the greater mumbai area. today, salsette island is the fourth most densely populated island in the world, inhabited by both the metropolis of mumbai and the city of thane on its northeast corner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4317040388746836, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.356181"} {"text": "cardinal richelieu was born in september 1585 and died in december 1642. richelieu dominated the history of france from 1624 to his death as louis xiii \u2019 s chief minister, succeeding luynes who died in 1621. richelieu is considered to be one of the greatest politicians in french history. richelieu \u2019 s time in office is dominated by his campaign against the huguenots, the modernisation of the military in france, especially the navy, and involvement in the thirty years wars. as an ardent roman catholic, richelieu detested the huguenots. however, in his grand scheme to elevate the international status or france, he was willing to tolerate them as long as they were loyal to france. richelieu, in this sense was willing to turn a blind eye to the huguenots freedom to worship. however, the huguenots did not show loyalty. they were frequently associated with rebellion and disloyalty and this richelieu could not tolerate. by 1624, when richelieu was appointed chief minister, the huguenots had 8 \" circles \" in the south of france and a commander - in - chief with an army. they had created provincial assemblies and a general assembly \u2013 they were essentially a republic within a monarchy! to richelieu this was a \" political monstrosity \" which could not be tolerated. his views were shared by the devots who were becoming more and more influential at court. the huguenots viewed richelieu appointment with great concern. richelieu worked on the logic that france needed international respect in europe. he wanted france to be respected abroad and an attractive ally which could bring in much needed funds via military alliances. any french involvement in european affairs might have given the huguenots the freedom to expand in southern france. for richelieu wishes to succeed, france needed internal stability and security. the huguenots threatened this \u2013 hence the need to attack them. in 1624, the french became involved with the spanish in the thirty years war over the valtelline affair. with the central government so occupied, the huguenots took the opportunity to expand their power base. in 1625, the huguenots seized the strategically important islands of re and oleron. both of these defended the sea entrance of la rochelle and thus aided what was considered to be the huguenots capital. such actions, seen as base treachery by richelieu could not be tolerated. richelieu sent a royal army to tame the huguenots but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37211792531827625, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.361033"} {"text": "entrance of la rochelle and thus aided what was considered to be the huguenots capital. such actions, seen as base treachery by richelieu could not be tolerated. richelieu sent a royal army to tame the huguenots but in february 1626 he signed the treaty of la rochelle. this was a truce inspired by the english. however, richelieu viewed the involvement of the english with concern as this was a protestant nation seemingly supporting the huguenots rebels, as richelieu would have viewed them. the truce only gave the huguenots more time to build up their strength. by 1627, they were in open revolt yet again \u2013 this time aided by england. the english sent troops to help the huguenots. they had this flexibility as england was not physically involved in the thirty years war. there was public support in england for this as the french were still seen as england \u2019 s traditional enemy. such actions by the english made firm action by richelieu imperative. in 1627, he directed a campaign against the huguenots himself. the english, lead by the duke of buckingham, were driven off and out of the area. richelieu decided to cut off la rochelle and starve out the people. he ordered that a huge mole be built across the harbour at la rochelle which made any huguenot attempt to land supplies impossible. royal troops surrounded la rochelle inland. all richelieu had to do was wait. the huguenots were starved out. richelieu then showed his political acumen by letting louis xiii enter la rochelle at the head of his army on november 1st 1628. richelieu knew that this would appeal to the king who loved to \u2018 lead \u2019 his troops. it certainly appealed to his vanity. richelieu ' s tactic had a devastating impact on the huguenots in la rochelle. before the blockade, the city ' s population stood at 25, 000. after it was lifted, only 5000 remained alive and many of these people were in a very weak state. richelieu insisted on unconditional surrender but was generous in victory. in june 1629, the grace of alais was signed. this reaffirmed the edict of nantes but ordered that the huguenot military organisation should be broken up, huguenot fortresses should be destroyed and roman catholicism should be restored to areas where it had formally existed between the edict of nantes and alais. the political rights of the huguenots were removed and the government no longer made money available to educate and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3848874605262934, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.361992"} {"text": "the mothers of some autistic children may have made antibodies against their fetuses \u2019 brain tissue during pregnancy that crossed the placenta and caused changes that led to autism, suggests research led by johns hopkins children \u2019 s center investigators and published in the february issue of the journal of neuroimmunology. the causes of autism, a disorder manifesting itself with a range of brain problems and marked by impaired social interactions, communication disorders and repetitive behaviors, remain unknown for an estimated 90 percent of children diagnosed with it. genetic, metabolic and environmental factors have been implicated in various studies of autism, a disorder affecting 1 in 150 u. s. children, according to estimates by the centers for disease control and prevention. \u201c now our research suggests that the mother \u2019 s immune system may be yet another factor or a trigger in those already predisposed, \u201d says lead investigator harvey singer, m. d., director of pediatric neurology at hopkins children \u2019 s. researchers caution that the findings needn \u2019 t be cause for alarm, but should be viewed instead as a step forward in untangling the complex nature of autism. mostly anecdotal past evidence of immune system involvement has emerged from unusual antibody levels in some autistic children and from postmortem brain tissue studies showing immune abnormalities in areas of the brain. antibodies are proteins the body makes in response to viruses and bacteria or sometimes mistakenly against its own tissues. yet, the majority of children with autism have no clinical evidence of autoimmune diseases, which prompted researchers to wonder whether the antibodies transferred from mother to child during pregnancy could interfere with the fetal brain directly. to test their hypothesis, the research team used a technique called immunoblotting ( or western blot technology ), in which antibodies derived from blood samples are exposed to adult and fetal brain tissue to check whether the antibodies recognize and react against specific brain proteins. comparing the antibody - brain interaction in samples obtained from 100 mothers of autistic children and 100 mothers of children without autism, researchers found either stronger reactivity or more areas of reactivity between antibodies and brain proteins in about 40 percent of the samples obtained from the mothers of autistic children. further, the presence of maternal antibodies was associated with so - called developmental regression in children, increasingly immature behaviors that are a hallmark of autism. while the findings suggest an association between autism and the presence of fetal brain antibodies, the investigators say further studies are needed to confirm that particular antibodies do indeed cross the placenta and cause damage to the fetal brain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5029802054829842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.365383"} {"text": "the question is still unanswered : \" where does mere ornamentation end, and where does heraldry ' as we know it ' begin? \" many of the symbols adopted into armory have been used since the time of the ancient egyptians, but heraldry itself did not begin until the 11th century. in continental europe, the most ancient recorded coat - of - arms was discovered upon the monumental effigy of a count of wasserburg in the church of st. emeran, at ratisbon ( regensburg ), germany. the ensigns were \" per fesse argent and sable, a lion rampant counterchanged \", dated 1010. some argue that the bayeux tapestry gave the first clue that by that time heraldry was well established on both the norman and the english side, but this claim can easily be dismissed as : \" furthermore, accounts of the battle of hastings relate that a rumour duke william had been killed was only countered when he removed his helmet and showed himself to his followers, an expedient which would not have been necessary had he borne a shield with a recognizable device or surmounted his helmet with a recognizable crest. \" the argument continues. which came first arms or seals? or perhaps the real question is were both in use at the same time? generally it is agreed that the first known use of seals was during the reign of stephen ( 1135 - 54. ) richard i ( 1157 - 1199 ) used at least two version of his seal : \" on his great seal ( 1189 ) he bore the two lyons for the duchies of normandy and of poictou or maine. in his second great seal ( 1198 ) he added a third lyon for the duchy or actquatine, or as some say for anjou \" for the reader, we leave this question unanswered, but in our opinion the practical use of seals for identification in sealed documents of the time in all probability came first. the term coats of arms may seem a bit difficult to the lay person. why not just use the term shield or use the root arms? the answer lies in a more practical explanation of the reason for the term and must first look at the crusades ( 11th - 13th centuries ). \" to combat the effect of the heat of the eastern mediterranean sun on their metal armour, the crusaders devised white linen surcoats and these, painted also with their heraldic emblems, became the original ' coats of arms '. \" by the reign of edward ii ( 1327", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4544591781042137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.371623"} {"text": "the heat of the eastern mediterranean sun on their metal armour, the crusaders devised white linen surcoats and these, painted also with their heraldic emblems, became the original ' coats of arms '. \" by the reign of edward ii ( 1327 - 1377 ) heraldry was in general use and marked clothes, furniture, metal work, tombs, houses and church pews. such was the enthusiasm that arms were designed for kings and nobles that had long since passed away. \" egbert ( 802 - 839 ), is credited with bearing azure, a cross moline argent. \" so well developed had heraldry become by the 13th century that it acquired the rules and terminology which are the basis of its present laws and language. the specialists in this field became known as heralds. with the suppression of private armies, and the gradual disappearance in the 16th century of both tournaments and closed helmets, the sporting and military uses of heraldry became less important and it became rather a decorative art. founded in 1484 by king richard iii ( 1452 - 1485 ) this private corporation was granted to sole privilege of granting arms in england. considering the plentiful use of arms, crest and seals before this point, it has always been a daunting task to enforce the authority. no one knows how many arms were created and used before the college came into power. before the college ' s creation, there was no central registry of arms in england. so, by the time the college came into power, the famous scrope v. grosvenor duplicate arms case had already been brought before the courts in 1389. richard scrope, 1st baron scrope of bolton, yorkshire and sir robert grosvenor from cheshire both discovered they were using the same arms on the battlefield and both lay claim to the same arms. the college of arms serves england, wales and northern ireland. as far as the rest of the world is concerned, most countries have authorities of their own. - ^ fairbairn james, fairbairn ' s crests of the families of great britain and ireland, great britain : mackays of chatham plc, ( 1892 ) pp. vii - ^ williamson david, debrett ' s guide to heraldry and regalia, london : headline book publishing ( 1992 ) pp 10 - ^ foster joseph, the dictionary of heraldry, feudal coats of arms and pedigrees, london : bracken books ( 1989 ) pp xiii - ^ williamson david, debrett ' s guide to herald", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46514911957513105, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.372755"} {"text": "bird feeding is helpful and fun feeding wild birds can help them get through the stressful winter cold and provide needed nutrition when ice covers most of their natural food. some people feed birds during the harshest weather. others enjoy it as a hobby. if your feeder goes empty, birds will not starve. \u201c most birds move to food sources, so if you feed them just during winter, it does not confuse or bother them, \u201d said karen neill, of the n. c. cooperative extension office in guilford county. mixed seed blends are good for most wild birds. experienced bird watchers know the feed you offer depends on the birds you \u2019 d like to help or observe. it is a good idea to have a variety of feeders and feeds and water available, neill said. \u201c you should buy your feeds carefully and buy in bulk to save money, \u201d neill said. \u201c some bags can have bad seeds. and you can make your own feeds too. \u201d sunflower seeds : \u201c oil seeds \u201d are preferred by experts and are attractive to cardinals, chickadees, nuthatches and finches. using tube hanging feeders or platform feeders works well for these species. millets : work best for birds that feed on the ground, such as juncos, towhees and some species of sparrows. suet : placed in wire baskets, this feed is attractive to woodpeckers. melted fat is a good base for a homemade suet that can include fruit pieces and nuts. \u201c making this can be a project for kids, \u201d neill said. thistle feeder : for goldfinches, house finches and purple finches. fruit : mockingbirds, cat birds, robins and jays like raisins and chopped fruit, especially apples. use a flat tray for feeding. \u201c there will always be competition with squirrels, \u201d neill said. \u201c you might want to create a feeding area for them with peanuts or corn. keep the bird feeders far enough away so that squirrels can \u2019 t jump to get there. \u201d feeding birds in winter offers other opportunities. \u201c get a book to help with feeding and learning about the birds you see, \u201d neill said. email @ example. com | 888 - 3626 shape : you can attract certain bird species by the type of feeders you use. predators : to protect against squirrels, use metal feeders designed to close off the food source when an animal heavier than a bird jumps on the feeder. on pole feeders, use a \u201c squirrel baffle \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3893030736084174, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.376349"} {"text": "we want the right to follow our consciences, to worship our god, and to live out our faith by making a contribution within the public square, which is our patrimony and our heritage : our blessed liberties. we have concluded the \u201c fortnight for freedom, \u201d instigated by the united states conference catholic bishops. we now draw near to the decisive hour. it is an hour of decision in the history of our great nation ; for it is an hour that truly challenges american catholics \u2019 sense of discipleship. it was a fortnight in which our bishops asked us to reflect upon our liberties, our history, and our current state of affairs. if you have thought about these issues at all, you know that our history has not lied in this case : america is a nation that was built upon reverence for god, his natural law, and respect for the primacy of individual conscience and religious tradition. in 1636, 140 years before thomas jefferson penned the declaration of independence, the founder of the little colony of rhode island, roger williams, made freedom of conscience and religion the keystone of his community. in 1776, in the declaration of independence, and again in 1789, in the constitution of the united states, both documents clearly stated the \u201c limitations of government. \u201d in 1791, the bill of rights, also carefully enunciated the rights of each individual citizen \u2014 the first right being freedom of religion. james madison, a delegate to the constitutional convention, as well as its secretary and recorder, described the legitimacy of conscience as : \u201c the most sacred of all property. \u201d 1 he wrote : \u201c the religion, then, of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man ; and it is the right of every man to exercise it as they may dictate. \u201d 2 george washington wrote, \u201c the establishment of civil and religious liberty was the motive that induced [ him ] to the field of battle. \u201d 3 in 1804, president thomas jefferson assured the ursuline sisters of louisiana \u2014 who had, for 77 years, been serving an indigenous population by operating schools, hospitals, and an orphanage \u2014 that their ministry would be free \u201c to govern itself according to its own voluntary rules, without, interference from the civil authority. \u201d 4 this is a matter of history. it is not a matter of conjecture, dispute, or equivocation. yet, it is clear that the vast majority of our current state and federal government leaders do not accept this understanding of what the founding fathers of our nation wrote, lived", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4788853553120511, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.382902"} {"text": "history. it is not a matter of conjecture, dispute, or equivocation. yet, it is clear that the vast majority of our current state and federal government leaders do not accept this understanding of what the founding fathers of our nation wrote, lived, and established as our heritage. so, we are at this hour of decision, an hour that will determine the depth of our discipleship, testing our understanding of who we are as american catholics. many pundits, commentators, and, yes, even catholic politicians, have remarked that there is nothing to worry about with this supreme court approved health care law. however, our church leaders ( our bishops ) are united in telling us that there is, in fact, something drastically wrong with this law. the american bishops have been united and clear on this issue. 5 they tell us that this fortnight for freedom has been about getting american catholics \u2014 all 52 million of us \u2014 to understand that our federal government will force our church to provide for certain types of medical procedures, even though it is in direct violation of our collective conscience. but, the federal government \u2019 s actions are wrong and must be opposed. our society may well ask : \u201c what do you want? \u201d our church responds, as we respond, that as catholics we ask nothing more than what sts. peter and paul, all the martyred ones, and true disciples of jesus christ, wanted. as citizens of the united states, we ask nothing more than what roger williams, george washington, james madison, thomas jefferson, and all true american statesmen and women have wanted. simply put, we want the right to follow our consciences, to worship our god as we see fit, and to live out our faith by making a contribution within the public square. we ask nothing more of our government than what our history has told us is our patrimony and our heritage : our blessed liberties. this is the hour of demonstrating our discipleship in christ jesus. we must not shrink back in fear, for our sense of commitment to our nation \u2019 s heritage, and our loyalty to jesus christ and our church, demands that we do not compromise on this issue. we believe that all americans, of all religious persuasions \u2014 not just our federal and state governments \u2014 must be allowed to make a contribution to the common good as prescribed by our faith and sense of duty. this is a liberty that has always been granted under our system of laws until this critical moment in our country \u2019 s history. what should we do? we should use all the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4704200439371998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.384164"} {"text": "contribution to the common good as prescribed by our faith and sense of duty. this is a liberty that has always been granted under our system of laws until this critical moment in our country \u2019 s history. what should we do? we should use all the law - abiding and peaceful means at our disposal to inform our elected officials of this singular outrage against freedom of conscience. if they don \u2019 t address and rectify our concerns, we must remember it, responding accordingly when we select our state and federal representatives. we can do no less. let us pray that, through the intercession of the holy spirit, we may have the courage, individually and collectively, to act as disciples of christ \u2014 remaining peaceful, courageous, and steadfast in the face of imperial tyranny. - james madison, \u201c property, \u201d march 29, 1792, in the founding fathers, eds. philip b. kurland and ralph lerner ( chicago : the university of chicago press, 1987 ), presspubs. uchicago. edu \u2026 - james madison, \u201c memorial and remonstrance against religious assessment, \u201d june 20, 1785, in the founding fathers. - michael novak and jana novak, washington \u2019 s god, 2006. - anson phelps stokes, church and state in the united states ( harper & brothers publishers, 1950 ), 678. - commentary based on statements from the united states conference of catholic bishops ad hoc committee for religious liberty document : \u201c our first, most cherished liberty : a statement on religious liberty. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43339918297228447, "token_count": 312, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.386020"} {"text": "the huntington library : treasures from ten centuries written by : the director and curators category : about the huntington format : 160 pages, 190 illustrations, softcover release date : 2004 - 06 - 01 about this book award winner, 35th annual bookbuilders west book show the huntington is one of america \u2019 s premier cultural, research, and educational centers, with holdings that are among the most treasured artifacts of western civilization. its most famous treasures include a lavishly decorated fifteenth - century manuscript of chaucer \u2019 s canterbury tales, one of only eleven known vellum copies of the gutenberg bible, benjamin franklin \u2019 s handwritten autobiography, a rare double - elephant folio of audubon ' s birds of america, and george washington \u2019 s own survey of mount vernon. the collections comprise more than five million rare books, manuscripts, photographs, maps, prints, and ephemera, with extraordinary resources for the study of british and american history and literature, the history of science, and the history of printing. the huntington library : treasures from ten centuries opens the doors of what is known as a scholar ' s paradise, exploring the value of these holdings in history and for the present. read an excerpt from this book about the author this book features articles from many of the curators at the huntington library : david zeidberg is avery director of the huntington library. mary l. robertson is the william a. moffett chief curator of manuscripts. john rhodehamel is the norris foundation curator of american historical manuscripts. peter j. blodgett is the h. russell smith foundation curator of western american manuscripts. sara s. hodson is the curator of literary manuscripts. stephen tabor is the curator of early printed books. alan jutzi is the chief curator of rare books. daniel lewis is the curator of the history of science and technology. jennifer a. watts is the curator of photographs. cathy cherbosque is the curator of historical prints and ephemera. bill frank is the curator of hispanic, cartographic and western historical manuscripts. robert c. ritchie is the w. m. keck foundation director of research. review of treasures from ten centuries : \u201c the huntington library : treasures from ten centuries \u2026 highlights some of the rare books, manuscripts, photographs, maps, prints, and ephemera which comprise the library \u2019 s renowned research holdings \u2026 it is the first major book to celebrate these distinguished holdings \u2026 chapters written by the huntington curators present highlights from the collections. \u201d \u2013 the quarterly magazine for more information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43298918872108155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.390451"} {"text": "over 60 % of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) sent to the atmosphere comes from fired heaters and utility or industrial power systems based on fossil - fuel combustion. 1 the industrial capture of co2 from emissions is possible with low pressure solvent absorption, a simple process operation that becomes particularly important for combustion furnaces, burners and incinerators. traditionally, the absorption of acidic gases has been done under pressure with amine solutions, but typical combustion flue gases have large flowrates. inert n2 is the bulk constituent and co2 is generally diluted to 10 % vol15 % vol. fig. 1 shows the example of a tenfold polytropic compression at the 80 % optimistic efficiency for 100, 000 nm3 / h, a relatively small industrial gas flowrate. the compression requires 12 mwh or 3. 2 kw per kmole of gas and determines a net loss, in spite of the power that can be recovered through a turbine expander, located on the lighter co2 - free gas returning from the absorber, and the heat recuperated from various intercoolers plus the reheated gases to the chimney. higher losses are incurred if the gas is compressed to 4, 000 kpa or more, for deepsea or sealed - cavern remote confinement, possibilities that lead to comparing co2 sequestering costs versus carbon tax savings and other virtual benefits in specific regions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5664542592288481, "token_count": 282, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.392099"} {"text": "| short name : | | johan olof wallin | | full name : | | wallin, johan olof, 1779 - 1839 | johan olof wallin, ( 15 october 1779 \u2013 30 june 1839 ), was a swedish minister, orator, poet and later archbishop of uppsala, sweden. he is most remembered today for his hymns he was born in stora tuna in dalarna ( now part of borlange municipality, dalarna county ) as the oldest son in a large family, and went to school in falun. his parents did not have much money, but because he was a bright student he managed to get enrolled at the university of uppsala in 1799. four years later he obtained his master of arts, and after another three years he was ordained minister. while he was studying, he got his first poem published in upsala tidningar ( 1802 ). the following years he wrote and translated several other poetic works, and received several awards from the swedish academy for his work. among his awarded works were translatations of horace and virgil ; and for a song about gustav iii he was awarded the high sum of 200 ducats. his poetry was, however, by some considered too rhetorical and out - dated compared to the then flourishing romantic poets. wallin did not take the criticism light - hearted, but adapted to the new style which was more emotional and less influenced by the latin poets. in 1810 he married anna maria dimander. in the same year, he was elected to the swedish academy. in addition to this, he took upon himself to commission the creation of a new swedish book of hymns. the project was finished in 1816. it was approved by king in 1819, and printed the same year. of the 500 hymns, wallin had written 128, translated 23, and involved himself in the revision of another 178. additionally the structure or arrangement of the hymnal was mainly his creation. in 1827, he was elected a member of the royal swedish academy of sciences. he held many different clerical posts throughout his life. ultimately he was ordained archbishop of sweden in 1837. but before he even had moved to uppsala ( seat of the bishoprick ), he died a sudden death in 1839, and was buried in stockholm. the swedish biographical dictionary of 1906 indicates that he at his death was \" mourned by the entire swedish people \". the swedish literature in summary ( 1904 ) writes that no swedish orator or preacher ever had his distinctive glow as a speaker. he was undoubtedly a talented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.36903126773081285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.398648"} {"text": "of 1906 indicates that he at his death was \" mourned by the entire swedish people \". the swedish literature in summary ( 1904 ) writes that no swedish orator or preacher ever had his distinctive glow as a speaker. he was undoubtedly a talented person in literature and a most pious man. but he was weak in body, and this trait in combination with his strong work ethic may have caused stress on his health. during the remainder of the 19th century he was highly beloved and praised by writers and intellectuals in sweden. in some places his 100th anniversary was celebrated in 1879. a monument of him was also erected in his hometown, and a bust of him was unveiled in falun in 1917. during the 20th century, the harsh lutheranism associated with wallin was being increasingly scorned in sweden as being oppressive and guilt stricken, and this trend in combination with increased secularization has diminished his reputation ; today he is remembered for merely those hymns still in use in swedish churches, the traditional christmas hymn \" var halsad, skona morgonstund \" among them. besides hymns, wallin wrote several secular poems highly praised in his time. he published several sermons and speeches. of his hymns still in use in swedish hymnbooks today, a few have also been translated into english and published in hymnals such as the lutheran book of worship. these include \u2014 \u2014 besides \" var halsad skona morgonstund \" ( \" all hail to you, o blessed morn \" ) \u2014 \u2014 \" du som fromma hjartan vardar \" ( \" christians, while on earth abiding \" ) and \" vi lovar dig, o store gud \" ( \" we worship you, o god of might \" ). his style is described as melancholic but ravishing, often dealing with death, with frequent references and quotes from the bible. his grand work was the long poem angel of death, finished only about year before his death. compared to swedish poets contemporary with wallin, some consider him second only to esaias tegner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43168109920097886, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.399894"} {"text": "john wesley work, jr. john wesley work is said to have been the first black collector of negro folksongs, and was most likely born on august 6, 1871 in nashville, tennessee. his father, john wesley work, was a church choir director in nashville, where he wrote and arranged music for his choirs. some of his choristers were members of the original fisk jubilee singers. he attended fisk university in nashville where he studied latin and history. singing in the mozart society while at school sparked an interest in negro spirituals in work. following graduation, work went on to teach for a year, studying for one year at harvard university, and a year as a library assistant at fisk university. in 1898, he received a master \u2019 s degree from fisk and took an appointment as a latin and greek instructor. while teaching, work became a leader in the movement to preserve, study, and perform negro spirituals. he organized fisk singing groups about 1889. with the help of his brother, frederick jerome work, john wesley work, jr., collected, harmonized, and published a number of collections of slave songs and spirituals. the first of these collections was new jubilee songs as sung by the fisk jubilee singers, in 1901. among the other solo songs he published, the spiritual, \" go, tell it on the mountain \" was issued in 1907. in 1915, work published \" folk song of the american negro. \" for as many as eighteen years, work trained and performed with professional and student groups of the jubilee singers. his wife, agnes haynes work, was a singer who helped train the fisk group. because of negative feelings toward black folk music at fisk, he was forced to resign in 1923. john wesley work, jr. then served as president of roger williams university in nashville, until his death on september 7, 1925. one son, julian, became a professional musician and composer. another son, john wesley work iii became famous in his own right as a collector, composer and educator at fisk. he wrote american negro songs and spirituals ; a comprehensive collection of 230 folk songs, religious and secular in 1940. additional biographical materials on this son follow. john wesley work, jr. ( 1871 - 1925 ) john wesley work, jr. was most likely born on august 6, 1871 in nashville, tennessee. he attended fisk university in nashville where he studied latin and history. singing in the mozart society while at school sparked an interest in negro spirituals in work. following graduation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.425928492418573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.412124"} {"text": ". was most likely born on august 6, 1871 in nashville, tennessee. he attended fisk university in nashville where he studied latin and history. singing in the mozart society while at school sparked an interest in negro spirituals in work. following graduation, work went on to teach for a year, studying for one year at harvard university, and a year as a library assistant at fisk university. in 1898, he received a master \u2019 s degree from fisk and took an appointment as a latin and greek instructor. while teaching, work became a leader in the movement to preserve, study, and perform negro spirituals. with the help of his brother, work collected, harmonized, and published a number of collections of slave songs and spirituals. the first of these collections was new jubilee songs as sung by the fisk jubilee singers, 1901. for as many as eighteen years, work trained and performed with professional and student groups of the jubilee singers. because of negative feelings toward black folk music at fisk, he was forced to resign in 1923. work then served as president of roger williams university in nashville, until his death on september 7, 1925. notes from the hymnuts, http : / / hymnuts. luthersem. edu / hcompan / writers / work _ jr. htm the source for the photographs above was the davidson county, tennessee website, http : / / travel. nostalgiaville. com / tennessee / davidson / 37208 & 28nnshvl / nnshvl1. htm see also perkins holly, ellistine. biographies of black composers and songwriters ; a supplementary textbook. iowa : wm. c. brown publishers, 1990. john wesley work iii composer, educator, choral director, and ethnomusicologist john wesley work iii was born on june 15, 1901, in tullahoma, tennessee, to a family of professional musicians. his grandfather, john wesley work, was a church choir director in nashville, where he wrote and arranged music for his choirs. some of his choristers were members of the original fisk jubilee singers. his father, john wesley work jr., was a singer, folksong collector and professor of music, latin, and history at fisk, and his mother, agnes haynes work, was a singer who helped train the fisk group. his uncle, frederick jerome work, also collected and arranged folksongs, and his brother, julian, became a professional musician and composer. work began his musical training at the fis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4249042365236656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.413208"} {"text": "haynes work, was a singer who helped train the fisk group. his uncle, frederick jerome work, also collected and arranged folksongs, and his brother, julian, became a professional musician and composer. work began his musical training at the fisk university laboratory school, moving on to the fisk high school and then the university, where he received a b. a. degree in 1923. after graduation, he attended the institute of musical art in new york city ( now the julliard school of music ), where he studied with gardner lamson. after agnes work ' s death in 1927, john returned to nashville and completed his mother ' s appointment as a trainer of singing groups at fisk university, where he remained for thirty - nine years. he spent summers in new york studying with howard talley and samuel gardner. in 1930 he received an m. a. degree from columbia university with his thesis american negro songs and spirituals. he was awarded two julius rosenwald foundation fellowships for the years 1931 to 1933 and, using these to take two years leave from fisk, he obtained a b. mus. degree from yale university in 1933. work spent the remainder of his career at fisk, until his retirement in 1966. he served in a variety of positions, notably as a teacher, chairman of the fisk university department of music from 1950 to 1957, and director of the fisk jubilee singers from 1946 until 1956. when he became the director of the jubilee singers, he reorganized the group into an ensemble of mixed voices. in 1956, after touring europe for twelve weeks, his health waned, causing him to relinquish conducting and administrative duties and concentrate on composing, speaking, teaching, and writing. he retired in 1966. he published articles in professional journals and dictionaries over a span of more than thirty years. his best known articles were \" plantation meistersingers \" in the musical quarterly ( jan. 1940 ), and \" changing patterns in negro folksongs \" in the journal of american folklore ( oct. 1940 ). work began composing while still in high school \u2013 his first composition was titled mandy lou and was written when he was 17 years old \u2013 and continued throughout his career, completing over one hundred compositions in a variety of musical forms - - for full orchestra, piano, chamber ensemble, violin and organ - - but his largest output was in choral and solo - voice music. he was awarded first prize in the 1946 competition of the federation of american composers for his cantata the singers, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4122651828855093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.414227"} {"text": "- for full orchestra, piano, chamber ensemble, violin and organ - - but his largest output was in choral and solo - voice music. he was awarded first prize in the 1946 competition of the federation of american composers for his cantata the singers, and in 1947 he received an award from the national association of negro musicians. from 1946 to 1956, john work, iii, published more than fifty compositions. he received an award from the fellowship of american composers for his composition, the singers, in 1946. based upon a poem by henry w. longfellow, this cantata was performed first at the 1946 fellowship of american composers convention in detroit. after spending three months in haiti, work wrote a suite for strings centered on haitian themes. the string symphony performed this suite, yenvalou, at the 1946 saratoga spring festival. he completed a manuscript composition, golgotha, based upon a poem by arna bontemps. the fisk choir performed this composition during the 1949 festival of music and art. work ' s composition, my lord, what a morning, was performed for the festival of music and art in 1956 by choruses representing choirs form germany, sweden, great britain, south america, france, yugoslavia, japan, canada, and the united states. the choir toured the united nations and performed this composition in philharmonic hall for the festival ' s gala concert. although many musicians did not consider black folk songs to have musical credence, john work, iii, gave the negro folk song a musical form. his book, american negro songs and spirituals ( 1960 ) made an invaluable contribution to musicology. the book contains 230 religious and secular songs, as well as the origins and nature of the various types of black folk songs. work was a member of the american society of composers, authors and publishers ( ascap ), among other organizations. in 1963 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from fisk university. following work ' s collection negro folk songs, the bulk of which was recorded at fort valley, he and two colleagues from fisk university, charles s. johnson, head of the department of sociology ( later, in october 1946, chosen as the university ' s first black president ), and lewis jones, professor of sociology, collaborated with the archive of american folk song on the library of congress / fisk university mississippi delta collection ( afc 1941 / 002 ). this project was a two - year joint field study conducted by the library of congress and fisk university during the summers of 1941 and 1942. the goal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4204168343325869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.415282"} {"text": "on the library of congress / fisk university mississippi delta collection ( afc 1941 / 002 ). this project was a two - year joint field study conducted by the library of congress and fisk university during the summers of 1941 and 1942. the goal of the partnership was to carry out an intensive field study documenting the folk culture of a specific community of african americans in the mississippi delta region. the rapidly urbanizing commercial area of coahoma county, mississippi, with its county seat in clarksdale, became the geographical focus of the study. some of the correspondence included in this collection between work and alan lomax ( b. 1915, d. 20 july 2002 ), then head of the archive of american folk song, touches on both the fort valley and the emerging fisk university recording projects. john wesley work died on may 17, 1967. materials on the work family are in the special collections department of the fisk university library. fisk university ( 1866 - ) fisk university began as fisk free colored school, one of several schools founded for freedmen during the union military occupation of nashville. in october of 1865, the american missionary association, the western freedmen ' s aid commission, and the u. s. bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands opened the school to help fulfill the educational needs of freed slaves. in december of 186s, general clinton bowen fisk, head of the kentucky - tennessee freedmen ' s bureau, secured housing for the school in several old union army hospital buildings between church and cedar ( charlotte ) streets near shaftesbury avenue and the union army ' s contraband camp. on january 9, 1866, the school ' s founders and governor william g. brownlow participated in dedication ceremony for the institution. the principal founders and organizers included john ogden and erastus cravath and black businessmen nelson walker and richard harris. like ogden, walker was a leading member of the local republican party. with the reopening of the nashville public schools in the fall of 1867, the institution was chartered as fisk university on august 22. as a college, fisk needed new quarters. in 1871, the surplus union fort gillem was purchased. a student choir under the leadership of professor george l. white was organized ( 1867 ) and began touring the nation in 1871 to raise building funds. the jubilee singers raised over $ 50, 000 for the construction of jubilee hall at salem ( eighteenth avenue, north ) and jefferson streets. in january of 1876, fisk university dedicated its new campus. under its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.452530931658687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.416292"} {"text": "nation in 1871 to raise building funds. the jubilee singers raised over $ 50, 000 for the construction of jubilee hall at salem ( eighteenth avenue, north ) and jefferson streets. in january of 1876, fisk university dedicated its new campus. under its first president, erastus cravath, some 130 of fisk ' s students and graduates became teachers in black schools. the physical plant continued to expand and by the 1890s fisk ' s curriculum had expanded to include liberal arts, theology, teacher training, and a secondary school. at the turn of the century, with the arrival of a second generation of freed blacks, the school bea undergo changes as black expectations began to rise. demands were made for more blacks on the faculty and in administration. in june of 1911, there was a black protest because president george gates dismissed six of twelve black teachers for financial reasons. in 1924 - 25, a student strike forced president fayette a. mckenzie to resign under a cloud of charges of racism and oppression. in 1947, charles s. johnson became the first black to head fisk university. during the 1960s, the civil rights movement radicalized the student body, causing support from white donors to diminish. facing increasing financial burdens, fisk unwisely dipped into its $ 15 million endowment. nineteen eighty - three found the school with a greatly diminished endowment and serious debts, but also undergirded with determination to carry on. presidents and acting presidents of fisk have been : erastus milo cravath ( l875 - 1900 ), james merrill ( 1901 - 1908 ), george augustus gates ( 1909 - 1915 ), fayette avery mckenzie ( 1915 - 1925 ), thomas elsa jones ( 1926 - 1946 ), charles spurgeon johnson ( 1947 - 1956 ), stephen junius wright ( 1957 - 1966 ), james raymond lawson ( 1967 - 1975 ), rutherford hamlet adkins ( acting, 1975 - 1976 ), george w. gores jr. ( acting, 1976 - 1977 ), walter j. leonard ( 1977 - 1984 ), and henry ponder ( 1984 - ). source : reavis l. mitchell and haywood farrar, http : / / www. picard. tnstate. edu / ~ library / digital / fisku. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41841410786196104, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.417270"} {"text": ", the first of handel \u2019 s italian operas, was presented at the cocomero theatre in florence in november 1707 under the title vincer se stesso e la maggior vittoria ( \u2018 self - conquest is the greatest victory \u2019 ). the shorter title ( used by handel \u2019 s early biographers ) is more commonly used, however, not only for convenience but also as a reminder that the opera has come down to us only in the draft version of handel \u2019 s autograph ( apart from the start of act 1, which is lost ), not in the revised version actually performed. francesco silvani \u2019 s libretto is a serious and often powerful drama based vaguely on events in spain around ad710. rodrigo, the last of the visigothic kings, is portrayed as a dissolute tyrant whose seduction of a young noblewoman under a false promise of marriage stirs up a rebellion and leads to his downfall. his long - suffering wife, esilena, remains touchingly loyal to him throughout, eventually saving his life and following him into a humble exile. at the start of act 3 the couple are in a temple in seville, fearfully awaiting the arrival of the rebel forces. in the aria \u2018 perche viva il caro sposo \u2019 esilena prays fervently to the gods that she may be sacrificed to spare her husband. the introductory recitative illustrates the lofty rhetorical style of the libretto, which even the original singers seem to have found excessive : in the performing version the section from \u2018 e se, perche egli e tardo \u2026 \u2019 to \u2018 \u2026 sara dell \u2019 are vostre \u2019 was cut. from notes by anthony hicks \u00a9 1996", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3823508153311129, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.420441"} {"text": "technically, today ( 18th dec ) marks the 120th anniversary of the first passenger journeys on what was at the time known as the city and south london railway, but is today better known as the northern line. not only the first multi - station deep level tube train service in the world, but also the first to use electric locomotives. initially, the line ran from stockwell, past ( but not to ) london bridge then under the river to king william street. the railway was opened officially by edward, prince of wales ( later edward vii ) on 4 november 1890 \u2013 but not to the general public until the 18th december. so today marks its 120th anniversary. the railway was extended in 1900, with a station finally at london bridge, and the closure of king william street and its replacement with bank thanks to a new tunnel between borough and bank stations. the abandoned tunnel that originally ran between borough and king william street still exists, and was used during ww2 as deep level air raid shelters. in the 1960s, the tunnels acted as ventilation for london bridge station, then was cut in half by the later jubilee line extension. the tunnels were also plugged with concrete either side of the river, just in case of flooding. on the north side of the thames, king william street station is quite famous as it was on a steep slope, and the early electric locomotives struggled at times to get up the slope. the remains of that station also exist though \u2013 apparently accessible via a manhole cover. between 1922 and 1924, the then quite narrow tunnels were widened to the width we are accustomed to today. later in 1933, the line was nationalised. while technically, the original design can be considered to have been flawed, with expansions and closures all over the place, it did demonstrate that a deep level train network was possible at a time when only sub - surface steam railways were available. the first attempts at anything new usually have problems, so we shouldn \u2019 t be to critical of their mistakes. however, one thing that should be thought about is the silence. steam trains were what people were used to \u2013 and they are dirty and noisy at the best of times. the streets of london were incredibly noisy, with horses clattering and iron shod wheels rolling over pebbled roads. suddenly, here was this nearly silent train that magically glides into stations without any apparent form of mechanical engine then swiftly slides down the tunnels to the next station. to the victorians, it would have been truly a wondrous sight.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4398480103473612, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.423622"} {"text": "sphere packing and kissing numbers problems of arranging balls densely arise in many situations, particularly in coding theory ( the balls are formed by the sets of inputs that the error - correction would map into a single the most important question in this area is kepler ' s problem : what is the most dense packing of spheres in space? the answer is obvious to anyone who has seen grapefruit stacked in a grocery store, but a proof remains elusive. ( it is known, however, that the usual grapefruit packing is the densest packing in which the sphere centers form a the colorfully named \" kissing number problem \" refers to the local density of packings : how many balls can touch another ball? this can itself be viewed as a version of kepler ' s problem for spherical rather than euclidean geometry. and 2nd ajima - malfatti points. how to pack three circles in a triangle so they each touch the other two and two triangle sides. this problem has a curious history, described in wells ' penguin dictionary of curious and interesting geometry : malfatti ' s original ( 1803 ) question was to carve three columns out of a prism - shaped block of marble with as little wasted stone as possible, but it wasn ' t until 1967 that it was shown that these three mutually tangent circles are never the right answer. this cabri geometry page, malfatti circles page, and the wikipedia malfatti circles page. - algorithmic packings compared. anton sherwood looks at deterministic rules for disk - packing on spheres. - apollonian gasket, a fractal circle packing formed by packing smaller circles into each triangular gap formed by three larger circles. - basic crystallography diagrams, b. c. taverner, witwatersrand. - the charged particle model : polytopes and optimal packing of p points in n dimensional spheres. packing and discrete complex analysis. research by ken stephenson including pictures, a bibliography, and downloadable circle packing - circle packings. gareth mccaughan describes the connection between collections of tangent circles and conformal mapping. includes some pretty postscript - circles in ellipses. james buddenhagen asks for the smallest ellipse that contains two disjoint unit circles. discussion continued in a thread on circles in an ellipse. - dense sphere - packings in hyperbolic space. packings of equal spheres in a cube, hugo pfoertner. with nice ray - traced images of each packing. see also martin erren ' s applet for visualizing the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5166061970866087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.429939"} {"text": ". - dense sphere - packings in hyperbolic space. packings of equal spheres in a cube, hugo pfoertner. with nice ray - traced images of each packing. see also martin erren ' s applet for visualizing the sphere packings. dream about sphere kissing numbers. - edge - tangent polytope illustrating koebe ' s theorem that any planar graph can be realized as the set of tangencies between circles on a sphere. placing vertices at points having those circles as horizons forms a polytope with all edges tangent to the sphere. rendered by povray. packing page. erich friedman enjoys packing geometric shapes into other geometric shapes. - figure eight knot / horoball diagram. research of a. edmonds into the symmetries of knots, relating them to something that looks like a packing of spheres. the msri computing group uses diagram as their logo. - the fractal art of wolter schraa. includes some nice reptiles and sphere packings. - hermite ' s constants. are certain values associated with dense lattice packings of spheres part of mathsoft ' s dense packing of equal disks in a square, d. boll et al., elect. j. combinatorics. - the kepler conjecture on dense packing of spheres. numbers. eric weisstein lists known bounds on the kissing numbers of spheres in dimensions up to 24. - maximizing the minimum distance of n points on a sphere, ray - traced by hugo pfoertner. sample. ed dickey advocates teaching about sphere packings and kissing numbers to high school students as part of a strategy involving manipulative devices. configurations of electrons on a sphere, k. s. brown. - maximum volume arrangements of points on a sphere, hugo pfoertner. illumination of a sphere. an interesting variation on the problem of equally spacing points, by hugo pfoertner. circles in circles and circles on a sphere, mostly about optimal packing but includes also some nonoptimal spiral and pinwheel packings. circles in the hyperbolic plane, java animation by kevin pilgrim illustrating the effects of changing radii in the pennies in the plane, an illustrated proof of kepler ' s conjecture in 2d by bill casselman. results, d. boll. c code for finding dense packings of circles in circles, circles in squares, and spheres in spheres. - pennies in a tray, ivars peterson. packing on a circle and on a sphere, - points", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5744329941298878, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.431594"} {"text": "results, d. boll. c code for finding dense packings of circles in circles, circles in squares, and spheres in spheres. - pennies in a tray, ivars peterson. packing on a circle and on a sphere, - points on a sphere. paul bourke describes a simple random - start hill - climbing heuristic for spreading points evenly on a sphere, with pretty pictures and c source. constellations. sort of a dynamic version of a sphere packing problem : how to arrange a bunch of satellites so each point of the planet can always see one of them? schramm ' s mathematical picture gallery primarily concentrating in square tilings and circle packings, many forming fractal patterns. j. a. sloane ' s netlib directory includes many references and programs for sphere packing and clustering in various models. see also his of sphere - packing and lattice theory publications. - soddy ' s hexlet, six spheres in a ring tangent to three others, bowl of integers, a sphere packing combining infinitely many hexlets, - sphere distribution problems. page of links to other pages, collected by anton sherwood. and lattices. razvan surdulescu computes sphere volumes and describes some lattice packings of spheres. - spheres with colorful chickenpox. digana swapar describes an algorithm for spreading points on a sphere to minimize the electrostatic potential, via a combination of simulated annealing and conjugate gradient optimization. patterns in disk packings, lubachevsky, graham, and stillinger, visual mathematics. a procedure for packing unit disks into square containers produces large grains of hexagonally packed disks with sporadic rattlers along the grain boundaries. - waterman polyhedra, formed from the convex hulls of centers of points near the origin in an see also paul bourke ' s waterman polyhedron page. - what is arbelos you ask? from the geometry junkyard, and recreational geometry pointers. send email if you know of an appropriate page not listed here. from a common source file.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5551188165626654, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.433074"} {"text": "1. what is bmi? bmi ( body mass index ) is a measurement of body fat of an individual based on weight and height. 2. what is normal bmi? bmi of 18. 5 to 24. 9 is considered normal bmi of 25 - 29. 9 is considered overweight bmi of greater than 30 is considered obese click here to calculate your bmi 3. what is lifestyle modification? it is a combination of dietary changes and physical activity in daily life. obesity is a chronic disease and needs life style modification on a day today basis. it plays a very important role in weight loss in addition to medications. it is very crucial part in keeping the weight off. 4. what is obesity? obesity results from complex interaction of genetic, behavioral and environmental factors causing an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. a body weight of 20 % or more above the desired weight loss is the point at which excessive weight becomes an established health hazard. 5. what are the health consequences of obesity? obesity is associated with the following diseases : - high cholesterol - heart disease - sleep apnea - liver and gallbladder disease - abnormal menses and infertility 6. what tests will be done during initial evaluation? you will have blood tests for sugar, thyroid, liver and kidney function. these results will be discussed with you at your first follow - up visit. an ekg will be done to make sure that the heart rate and rhythm is normal. a body composition analysis will be done using inbody 230. the results will be discussed with you and will help you to focus on your diet and exercise needs. 7. how frequently will i need to follow up? you will be seen one week after the initial visit to discuss the lab results and to address your concerns and any questions you might have about your medicine. thereafter, you will be seen every two weeks to ensure that the treatment is effective. body composition analysis will be repeated as indicated. 8. what type of medicines will be used? appetite suppressants are the most commonly prescribed medications for weight loss. these include medicines like phentermine. the medicine will be dispensed to you, only, at the time of the visit. in addition to oral medicines, such as vitamins, will be given at the visit. 9. how effective is the treatment for weight loss? weight loss medicines along with life style modification are a very effective way of losing weight. you can lose 1 - 2 pounds every week in the first month on an average", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4721765165528973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.440444"} {"text": "first west nile virus related death reported in illinois first human southern illinois west nile virus case also reported ; idph urges vigilance protecting against infection chicago \u2013 the illinois department of public health ( idph ) is reporting the first west nile virus related death in illinois for 2012. a dupage county man in his 70s, who had underlying health conditions, was diagnosed with west nile virus earlier this month and died last weekend. the first human case of west nile virus also was reported in southern illinois. the crawford county health department confirmed that a woman in her 80s tested positive for west nile virus. \u201c this year there are record levels of west nile virus activity nationwide and very high mosquito activity in illinois, \u201d said idph director dr. lamar hasbrouck. \u201c we urge people to continue to protect themselves by following the three r \u2019 s \u2013 reduce exposure to mosquitoes, repel them by wearing insect repellent, and report areas where mosquitoes typically breed. \u201d through the second week in august, 693 cases had been reported to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ). that is the highest number of west nile virus disease cases reported to cdc through the same period since west nile virus was first detected in the u. s. in 1999. more than 80 percent of the cases have been reported from six states ( texas, mississippi, louisiana, oklahoma, south dakota, and california ). idph currently is reporting 21 human cases of west nile virus in illinois. the first human case of west nile virus was reported on july 24 \u2014 about a month earlier than most human cases in previous years. there were 34 human cases for the entire year in 2011. so far this year, 38 counties have reported mosquito batches, birds or people testing positive for west nile virus. the first west nile virus positive bird, a crow, was collected on may 16 in chicago, and idph and dupage county health department environmental health staff collected positive mosquito samples on may 17, 2012 from lemont and norridge in cook county, and clarendon hills, hinsdale, lisle, westmont and woodridge in dupage county. west nile virus is transmitted through the bite of a mosquito that has picked up the virus by feeding on an infected bird. common west nile virus symptoms include fever, nausea, headache and muscle aches. symptoms may last from a few days to a few weeks. however, four out of five people infected with west nile virus will not show any symptoms. in rare cases, severe illness including meningitis or en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3841866513106548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.448460"} {"text": "objectives and roadmap the objectives this subtask is addressing are the following : - to establish and demonstrate, with comprehensive and transparent studies over the full life cycle, that pv systems are environmentally friendly compared to other energy systems. - to show that future very large - scale implementation will provide clear environmental benefits. the activities to achieve the announced objectives are the next : - compare the environmental impact profiles of pv technologies with those of other energy technologies - show the trends in pv environmental profiles by certain indicators ( e. g., energy pay - back time, green - house gas emissions, environmental impacts, waste reduction, materials \u2019 recycling and recovery ). - continue showing such progress in annual updates over the course of task 12 ( 5 years ). - valuate the environmental benefits of pv by showing avoided impacts or avoided \u201c external \u201d costs. - credible communication and dissemination of results. these activities have started with developing guidelines for a consistent methodological approach in lci ( life cycle inventory ) databases and life cycle assessment ( lca ), enabling well - balanced and transparent comparisons among pv and other energy technologies. this will allow : - benchmarking of the pv technology performance against other energy technologies - monitoring and reporting progress in the environmental area ( process and product ) - benchmarking of individual company performance within the whole pv industry - credible communication and dissemination of results", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48640321721397317, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.452043"} {"text": "this project aims to inform the public policy debate on higher education funding and access. the researchers will analyse several datasets to help shed light on the drivers of the socio - economic gap in higher education participation, as well as key features of the university experience. specifically, the project will focus on exploring these seven commonly held beliefs : - ' many talented 18 year olds from poorer backgrounds are not going to university ' - ' young people from poor backgrounds do not aspire to go to university ' - ' qualified 18 year olds from poorer backgrounds do not apply to university - and if they do, they face discrimination ' - ' tuition fees prevent students from poorer backgrounds from going to university ' - ' poorer children do badly at university ' - ' university is for full - time students ' - ' all degrees are worth the same ' the data that the researchers will analyse include : - newly available waves of data from the longitudinal study of young people in england ( lsype ), which follows pupils first eligible to enter university in 2008 - 09. - data from the avon longitudinal study of parents and children ( alspac ) - household survey data from the labour force survey ( lfs ) and the british household panel study ( bhps ) - administrative records for entire cohorts of students in england from the national pupil database ( npd ) linked to databases from further and higher education, e. g. higher education statistics authority ( hesa ) data and applications records from ucas. the researchers aim to bring together existing research and their new analyses of these datasets. the findings will be disseminated widely to policy makers, prospective students and their parents. in addition, the researchers plan to publish a short accessible book aimed at the general public. this research will be carried out in collaboration with professor john micklewright and professor anna vignoles from the institute of education.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5163439858023664, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.455376"} {"text": "cornell university geneticist ray wu, a pioneer in genetic engineering who developed pest -, drought - and salinity - resistant rice strains that are poised for widespread use throughout the world, died of cardiac arrest feb. 10 at cayuga medical center in ithaca, n. y. he was 79. the new strains have the potential to sharply increase the supply of rice, which is the staple food for more than half the world ' s population. \" where rice is grown, everyone knows ray wu, \" said cornell geneticist susan mccouch. \" he made enormous contributions to the development of rice transformation systems that are widely used to address crop production constraints throughout the rice - growing world. \" in 1970, wu developed the first method for determining the nucleotide sequence of dna. his technique was adopted and made more efficient by frederick sanger, who received the 1980 nobel prize in chemistry for his efforts. during the 1980s, wu pioneered techniques for transferring foreign genes into rice. in one study, he inserted into rice a potato gene for a protein called proteinase inhibitor ii. the rice then produced the protein, which interferes with the digestive process of the pink stem borer, a common rice pest. in a second study, he inserted a barley gene that enabled rice plants to produce a protein that makes them salt - and drought - resistant so they can grow in salty soil and recover quickly from dry conditions. a third study increased the tolerance of rice for drought, salt and heat by introducing the bacterial gene for a sugar called trehalose. special promoters were inserted along with the gene so that the sugar is produced only when the rice plants need it. wu said the technology could easily be extended to a variety of other grain crops to improve their output. the strains of rice produced by wu are now being cross - bred with commercial rice varieties in countries to introduce these desirable traits into widely used strains. the resultant varieties could be in commercial use within as few as five years, mccouch said. wu also founded the china - united states biochemistry and molecular biology examination and application program, which during the 1980s brought more than 400 top chinese students to the u. s. for graduate study. that program produced more than 100 faculty members for chinese universities. in advisory roles to both the chinese and taiwanese governments, wu was instrumental in establishing the institute of molecular biology, the institute of bioagricultural sciences of academica sinica in taiwan and the national institute of biological sciences in beijing. he also served as a scientific advisor to several other chinese", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190796290839184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.459462"} {"text": "finance & development, listen to our podcast : managing the pain of fiscal consolidation although advanced economies need medium - run fiscal consolidation, slamming on the brakes too quickly will hurt incomes and job prospects when british prime minister david cameron announced his government \u2019 s deficit reduction plans earlier this year he said, \u201c those who argue that dealing with our deficit and promoting growth are somehow alternatives are wrong. you cannot put off the first in order to promote the second \u201d ( cameron, 2011 ). the challenge facing the united kingdom and many advanced economies is how to bring debt down to safer levels in the face of a weak recovery. will deficit reduction lead to stronger growth and job creation in the short run? recent imf research provides an answer to this question. evidence from data over the past 30 years shows that consolidation lowers incomes in the short term, with wage - earners taking more of a hit than others ; it also raises unemployment, particularly long - term unemployment. for the advanced economies, there is an unmistakable need to restore fiscal sustainability through credible consolidation plans. at the same time, we know that slamming on the brakes too quickly will hurt the recovery and worsen job prospects. hence the potential longer - run benefits of fiscal consolidation must be balanced against the short - and medium - run adverse impacts on growth and jobs. the twin challenges the great recession of 2007 \u2013 09 has led to the most pronounced increase in unemployment the advanced countries have seen in the post \u2013 world war ii period. unemployment averaged 5 percent in 2007 but shot up to 8 percent by 2009 and has remained high since then ( see chart 1, left panel ). in many countries, such as ireland and spain, unemployment is at double - digit levels ; in the united states, two year after the recession was officially declared to have ended, unemployment remains above 9 percent and net job creation is at a virtual standstill. the great recession has also been a factor in increasing public debt, in large part because of the collapse in tax revenues as incomes fell. other contributors to the debt buildup were the costs of financial bailouts of banks and companies and the fiscal stimulus provided by many countries to stave off a depression. in advanced economies public debt has increased from 70 percent of gdp in 2007 to about 100 percent of gdp \u2014 its highest level in 50 years ( see chart 1, right panel ). looking ahead, population aging could create even more serious problems for public finances ( see f & d, june 2011 ). will it hurt? many governments are already undertaking or planning policies to reduce government debt and deficits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4300935603060795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.476798"} {"text": "chart 1, right panel ). looking ahead, population aging could create even more serious problems for public finances ( see f & d, june 2011 ). will it hurt? many governments are already undertaking or planning policies to reduce government debt and deficits ( fiscal consolidations ), through a combination of spending cuts and tax hikes. what are the likely short - term effects of these plans? because such plans have been quite common, history offers a good guide. over the past 30 years, there have been 173 episodes during which 17 advanced economies undertook budgetary measures aimed at fiscal consolidation. ( the countries are australia, austria, belgium, canada, denmark, finland, france, germany, ireland, italy, japan, the netherlands, portugal, spain, sweden, united kingdom, and the united states. ) the average size of fiscal consolidation was about 1 percent of gdp a year. to obtain estimates of the effects of fiscal consolidation, the imf research draws on historical accounts and records of policy actions \u2014 tax hikes and spending cuts \u2014 motivated by a desire to bring about deficit reduction. this is a more accurate measure of policy actions than those used in previous studies, which often rely on the observed change in the budget deficit adjusted for the economic cycle ( see box ). using this better measure, the evidence from the past is clear : fiscal consolidations typically have the short - run effect of reducing incomes and raising unemployment. a fiscal consolidation of 1 percent of gdp reduces inflation - adjusted incomes by about 0. 6 percent and raises the unemployment rate by almost 0. 5 percentage point ( see chart 2 ) within two years, with some recovery thereafter. spending by households and firms also declines, with little evidence of a handover from public to private sector demand. in economists \u2019 jargon, fiscal consolidations are contractionary, not expansionary. this conclusion reverses earlier suggestions in the literature that cutting the budget deficit can spur growth in the short term. no pain relievers? the reduction in incomes from fiscal consolidations is even larger if central banks do not or cannot blunt some of the pain through a monetary policy stimulus. the fall in interest rates associated with monetary stimulus supports investment and consumption, and the concomitant depreciation of the currency boosts net exports. ireland in 1987 and finland and italy in 1992 are examples of countries that undertook fiscal consolidations, but where large depreciations of the currency helped provide a boost to net exports. unfortunately, these pain relievers are not easy to come by in today \u2019 s environment. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4852068067886438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.477958"} {"text": "italy in 1992 are examples of countries that undertook fiscal consolidations, but where large depreciations of the currency helped provide a boost to net exports. unfortunately, these pain relievers are not easy to come by in today \u2019 s environment. in many economies, central banks can provide only a limited monetary stimulus because policy interest rates are already near zero ( see \u201c unconventional behavior \u201d in this issue of f & d ). moreover, if many countries carry out fiscal austerity at the same time, the reduction in incomes in each country is likely to be greater, since not all countries can reduce the value of their currency and increase net exports at the same time. simulations of the imf \u2019 s large - scale models suggest that the reduction in incomes may be more than twice as large as that shown in chart 2 when central banks cannot cut interest rates and when many countries are carrying out consolidations at the same time. these simulations thus suggest that fiscal consolidation is now likely to be more contractionary ( that is, to reduce short - run income more ) than was the case in past episodes. the historical evidence also shows that fiscal consolidations based on spending cuts are less painful than those based on tax hikes. this is largely because central banks have cut interest rates more after spending cuts. again, this avenue is not one that many countries can rely on today. fiscal consolidation may also seem less painful when markets are more concerned about the risk of a government defaulting on its debt. this could reflect so - called confidence effects : the fact that the country is tackling the fiscal situation can impart confidence to financial markets and to consumers and firms, leading them to spend more. but the imf research found that even in such cases, on average, the effects are contractionary, with no evidence of any surge of consumption and investment. fiscal contractions raise both short - term and long - term unemployment, as shown in chart 3, but the impact is much greater on the latter. long - term unemployment refers to spells of unemployment lasting more than six months. moreover, within three years the rise in short - term unemployment due to fiscal consolidation comes to an end, but long - term unemployment remains higher even after five years. fiscal consolidations thus add to the pain of those who are likely to be already suffering the most \u2014 the long - term unemployed. this is a particular worry today since the share of long - term unemployed increased in most organization for economic cooperation and development countries during the great recession. and even in countries where it did not increase \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5013143694887362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.480442"} {"text": "already suffering the most \u2014 the long - term unemployed. this is a particular worry today since the share of long - term unemployed increased in most organization for economic cooperation and development countries during the great recession. and even in countries where it did not increase \u2014 such as france, germany, italy, and japan \u2014 the share had already been very high even before the recession. job loss is associated with persistent earnings loss, adverse impacts on health, and declines in the academic performance and earnings potential of the children of displaced workers ( see \u201c the tragedy of unemployment, \u201d in f & d, december 2010 ). these adverse effects are exacerbated the longer a person is unemployed. moreover, long spells of unemployment reduce the odds of being rehired. for instance, in the united states today, a person unemployed for more than six months has only a 1 in 10 chance of being rehired in the next month, compared with 1 in 3 odds for a person unemployed less than a month. the increase in long - term unemployment thus carries the risk of entrenching unemployment as a structural problem because workers lose skills and become detached from the labor force \u2014 a phenomenon referred to as \u201c hysteresis \u201d ( blanchard and summers, 1986 ). long - term unemployment also threatens social cohesion. an opinion survey conducted in 69 countries around the world found that an experience with unemployment leads to more negative opinions about the effectiveness of democracy and increases the desire for a rogue leader. the effects were found to be more pronounced for the long - term unemployed. a traditional way of splitting the economic pie is into wages, profits, and rents. this harks back to times when the roles of workers, capitalists, and landlords were fairly distinct. although these distinctions have eroded somewhat over time, the split between wages and other forms of income represents a starting point for describing how income is divided between main street and wall street. how does fiscal consolidation affect the distribution of income between wage - earners and others? the research shows the pain is not borne equally. fiscal consolidation reduces the slice of the pie going to wage - earners. for every 1 percent of gdp of fiscal consolidation, inflation - adjusted wage income typically shrinks by 0. 9 percent, while inflation - adjusted profit and rents fall by only 0. 3 percent. also, while the decline in wage income persists over time, the decline in profits and rents is short - lived ( see chart 4 ). the reasons wage income declines more than profits and rents have not yet been studied much by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48852591432677817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.481656"} {"text": ". 3 percent. also, while the decline in wage income persists over time, the decline in profits and rents is short - lived ( see chart 4 ). the reasons wage income declines more than profits and rents have not yet been studied much by economists. some fiscal austerity plans call for public sector wage cuts, thus providing a direct channel for this effect. but there could be indirect channels as well, for instance because consolidations increase unemployment, and particularly the share of long - term unemployed in the total. ( see \u201c unemployed in europe \u201d in this issue of f & d for evidence that unemployment raises income inequality. ) the bottom line the research described here shows that it is important to have realistic expectations about the short - term consequences of fiscal consolidation : it is likely to lower incomes \u2014 hitting wage - earners more than others \u2014 and raise unemployment, particularly long - term unemployment. these costs must be balanced against the potential longer - term benefits that consolidation can confer \u2014 such as reducing interest rates and lightening the burden of interest payments, permitting cuts to distortionary taxes ( those that discourage desirable behavior ). accordingly, fiscal measures that are approved now but kick in to reduce deficits only in the future \u2014 when the recovery is more robust \u2014 would be particularly helpful. examples include linking statutory retirement ages to life expectancy and improving the efficiency of entitlement programs. in contrast, fiscal consolidations that are unduly hasty risk prolonging the jobless recovery in many advanced economies. so countries with the scope to do so should opt for a slower pace of consolidation combined with policies to support growth ( lagarde, 2011 ). in countries such as the united states, where unemployment remains at historical highs and long - term unemployment is at alarming levels, more active policies are needed to spur job creation and increase consumer confidence, including measures such as mortgage relief for distressed homeowners. fiscal consolidation plans should also spell out how policies would respond to shocks, such as slower growth than envisaged in the plan. for instance, plans could specify that unemployment benefits would be shielded from cuts in the event of slower growth than assumed in the plan. history shows that fiscal plans succeed when they permit \u201c some flexibility while credibly preserving the medium - term consolidation objectives \u201d ( imf, 2011 ; see also mauro, 2011 ). \u25a0 laurence ball is professor of economics at johns hopkins university. daniel leigh is an economist and prakash loungani is an advisor, both in the imf \u2019 s research department. this article draws", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46698251393701706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.483301"} {"text": ", 2011 ; see also mauro, 2011 ). \u25a0 laurence ball is professor of economics at johns hopkins university. daniel leigh is an economist and prakash loungani is an advisor, both in the imf \u2019 s research department. this article draws on research one of the authors conducted jointly with jaime guajardo and andrea pescatori. alesina, alberto, and silvia ardagna, 2010, \u201c large changes in fiscal policy : taxes versus spending, \u201d in tax policy and the economy, vol. 24, ed. by jeffrey r. brown ( cambridge, massachusetts : national bureau of economic research ). blanchard, olivier j., and lawrence h. summers, 1986, \u201c hysteresis and the european unemployment problem, \u201d nber macroeconomics annual 1986, vol. 1 ( cambridge, massachusetts : mit press ), pp. 15 \u2013 90. cameron, david, 2011, \u201c full transcript : speech to world economic forum annual meeting 2011, \u201d new statesman, january 28. giavazzi, francesco, and marco pagano, 1990, \u201c can severe fiscal contractions be expansionary? tales of two small european countries, \u201d in nber macroeconomics annual, vol. 5, ed. by olivier jean blanchard and stanley fischer ( cambridge, massachusetts : mit press ), pp. 75 \u2013 122. guajardo, jaime, daniel leigh, and andrea pescatori, 2011, \u201c expansionary austerity : new international evidence, \u201d imf working paper 11 / 158 ( washington : international monetary fund ). international monetary fund ( imf ), 2010, \u201c will it hurt? macroeconomic effects of fiscal consolidation, \u201d world economic outlook ( washington : october ). \u2014 \u2014 \u2014, 2011, \u201c what failed and what worked in past attempts at fiscal adjustment, \u201d appendix 4 in fiscal monitor ( washington : april ). lagarde, christine, 2011, \u201c don \u2019 t let fiscal brakes stall global recovery, \u201d the financial times, august 15. mauro, paolo, ed., 2011, chipping away at the public debt : sources of failure and keys to adjustment in public debt ( hoboken, new jersey : john wiley & sons, inc. ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48622257759144083, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.487679"} {"text": "( last updated on : 04 / 02 / 2011 ) chamar, dalit sub caste from india, are generally involved with leather works. the word chamar is derived from the sanskrit word ` charmakara ` meaning tanner. they generally reside in certain parts of the northern states of india. some are scattered around himachal pradesh, western punjab, uttar pradesh and in nepal. in fact, they are mostly found in hindi speaking states of the country. the chamars are also called by the names of chambar boli, chambari and chamari. the chamars are considered as a scheduled caste in india. though the name of the chamar suggest the meaning of hide workers, the people of this community are also engaged in some other occupations like agricultural activities, field workers, weaving etc. sometimes they work as coolies and some are engaged in taking care of the hides and the animals and some related works for making hide materials. though the chamars are engaged in other jobs, basically their main occupation is agriculture. it has been said that the chamars residing in some parts of nepal are of indo - aryan lineage. 300 years ago, this group migrated from bihar and uttar pradesh. the chamars residing in punjab are ramified in groups like ravidasis and ad - dharmis. most of the chamars are concentrated in punjab near the doaba region. in this region, the chamars have proper education and are affluent. some of them are engage din different services in india and some are migrated to abroad. thus the economic status of the chamars of this region is better from the other groups residing in different parts of india. there are several traditions suggesting the origin of chamars. the name ravidasi chamars basically derived from the term ` ravidasias `. the people of this group were influences by the saint ravidass and those who follow the paths said by the saint are called ravidassia chamars. another group of chamars are called raigar, which is considered as the sub caste of the chamars. though raigar is not directly the sub caste of chamars, but there are similarities in economic and occupation that made them similar to the chamars. the people of raigar community are leather tanners inhabiting in some parts of delhi. the raigar community is divided in three major groups namely lashkaria raiger, sindhi raiger and raigar and these sub groups have a number of clans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37888753856461066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.494963"} {"text": "people of raigar community are leather tanners inhabiting in some parts of delhi. the raigar community is divided in three major groups namely lashkaria raiger, sindhi raiger and raigar and these sub groups have a number of clans. as per history, the chamar group either came from the aryans or there is a chance that they are the descendants of the original community of the chamars. according to manu, the kara vera or worker in leather has descended from a nishada father and vaidiha mother. again, on the same authority, the nishada is the offspring of a brahman husband and sudra wife. and vaidiha has been born of a vaishya husband and brahmin wife. if the workers in leather of the present day are lineal descendants of the workers in leather in manu ` s time, the chamars may fairly consider themselves of no mean degree as they may hold up their heads boldly in the presence of the superior castes. the chamars of the past were the followers of hinduism. apart from following hindu religion, the chamars also follow islam. some of the chamars are the part of smaller religious groups namely ravidasi, ad - dharm and arya samaj. they took part in the small movements that were conducted by these groups. the chamars are divided into various endogamous sub - castes and some of these sub - castes are of occupational nature. further, chamar community is also divided into a number of exogamous groups or sections, whose names suggest huge diversity of character. like for example, some are taken from rajput clans, as suryavanshi, gaharwar and rathor ; while others have been taken from gond tribe. they have certain indigenous customs and they are religious by nature. apart from being engaged in some other professions, the chamars take active parts in politics. history says that a huge number of chamars were involved in military service and took active part in several major wars. during the british rule, many were recruited in the army for world war i and ii in british india army.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40755895073081105, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.496152"} {"text": "equine - assisted psychotherapy : a mental health promotion / intervention modality for children who have experienced intra - family violence source : health & social care in the community, volume 15, number 3, may 2007, pp. 265 - 271 ( 7 ) abstract : equine - assisted psychotherapy ( eap ) is a specialized form of psychotherapy using the horse as a therapeutic tool. this modality is designed to address self - esteem and personal confidence, communication and interpersonal effectiveness, trust, boundaries and limit - setting, and group cohesion. substantial numbers of children witness family violence. there is evidence that violence between parents has adverse effects on the children in the family. these children are at greater risk of behavioural problems and mental health disorders, including anxiety, anger, depression and suicidal ideations, withdrawal, low self - esteem, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. the purpose of the present pilot study was to test the efficacy of eap in a cross - sectional group of children referred to a psychotherapist for various childhood behavioural and mental health issues over an 18 - month period ( june 2003 - january 2005 ). sixty - three children received a mean number of 19 eap sessions. scores on the children ' s global assessment of functioning ( gaf ) scale were determined pre - and post - treatment. the mean ( \u00b1 standard deviation, sd ) pretreatment score was 54. 1 ( sd 3. 2 ) and post treatment mean score was 61. 7 \u00b1 5. 0 ( t = 9. 06, d. f. = 96, p < 0. 001 ). all children showed improvement in gaf scores, and there was a statistically significant correlation between the percentage improvement in the gaf scores and the number of sessions given ( r = 0. 73, p = 0. 001 ). univariate analysis showed that the greatest improvement in the gaf scores occurred in the youngest of the subjects. children in the group who had a history of physical abuse and neglect had a statistically significant greater percentage improvement in gaf scores after treatment than those who did not have a history of abuse and neglect. this study has demonstrated a quick response to eap, especially in younger children, but it remains to be determined what kind of long - term effects this type of intervention may provide. document type : research article publication date : 2007 - 05 - 01", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5212081231755229, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.511321"} {"text": "technology and technology changes what are the types of technology changes? there are three types of trends and conditions \u2014 technology diffusion and disruptive technologies, the information age, and increasing knowledge intensity \u2014 through which technology is significantly altering the nature of competition and in doing so, is contributing to unstable competitive environments. technology diffusion is the rate at which new products become available and are used. for example, when consumers switched to computers or other types of word processing technology, it caused a decrease of sales for typewriters. perpetual innovation is how fast and consistently new information technologies replace their predecessors. the product life cycles are shorter, and as a result these rapid diffusions of new innovations place a competitive premium of being able to quickly introduce new, innovative goods and services into the market place. when products become somewhat impossible to differentiate because of the extensive and rapid diffusion of technologies, rapidity to market with innovative products may be the primary source of completive advantage. another pointer of rapid innovation diffusion is that today, it may take only 12 to 18 months for firms to gather information about their competitor \u2019 s research and development and product decisions. disruptive technology is an innovation that destroys the value of an existing technology and creates new market for a particular product or service. new markets are created by the technologies underlying the development of products such as ipods and pdas, but based on price or image, appeal to a different target demographic than what the pioneer products of the technologies may have initially been marketed to. products of these types are thought by some to represent breakthrough innovations. a disruptive innovation technology can create what is essentially a new industry or can harm a learning process for a particular industry. some industries are able to adapt based on their superior resources, experience, and ability to gain access to the new technology through multiple resources ( such as acquisitions, alliaces, and ongoing internal basic research ). when a disruptive technology creates a new industry, competitors usually follow. one example for disruptive innovation is amazon. com \u2013 amazon. com \u2019 s launching created a new industry by making use of the disruptive technology we know as the internet today! in addition to making innovative use of the internet to create amazon. com, jeff bezos also uses core competence in technology to study information about its customers. these efforts result in opportunities to understand individual consumers \u2019 needs and then target goods and services to satisfy those needs. ( amazon. com : using technology to create change ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5212052364312343, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.530201"} {"text": "a discovery reported in the august 5 issue of science could speed the design of materials that approach the hardness of diamond yet remain supple enough to be worked like metal. in a massive computer simulation involving 128 computer processors and nearly 19 million atoms, materials scientist izabela szlufarska of the university of wisconsin - madison and colleagues at university of southern california demonstrated the precise atomic mechanisms that explain why \" nanostructured \" ceramic materials - some of the hardest substances known - also exhibit unusual pliability. unlike other exceptionally hard materials, these advanced ceramics tend to bend rather than break, meaning they could be shaped into extremely long - lasting yet lightweight parts for everything from automobile engines and high - speed machining tools to medical implants in the body. but they are also notoriously difficult to engineer, because as their name implies they possess a grain structure that falls into the nano - size range of molecules and atoms. \" how to optimize their design is an open question, \" says szlufarska, who is also a professor of engineering physics. \" people have used a trial and error approach to make these materials harder. but there is still much to be understood as to why they are harder. \" simulations can help to answer this by providing a level of detail unavailable to experiments. using atomic - scale simulations, the team observed for the first time how atoms moved and interacted as a super - hard ceramic deformed under stress. the advance has not only provided unprecedented insight into the properties of these materials, but also a tool that researchers can use to systematically nano - engineer them. \" this study is just the first step, \" says szlufarska. \" the goal is to design the strongest material possible. \" the particular nanostructured ceramic szlufarska focuses on, called nanocrystalline silicon carbide, is also exceptionally resistant to high temperature and radiation, which has nasa eyeing it as a coating for the space shuttle. another important application is micro - electro mechanical systems ( mems ), tiny machines that are currently made of silicon. \" todays mems cant have two surfaces rubbing against one another because the silicon is brittle and tends to break, \" says szlufarska. \" if we could instead make mems out of silicon carbide, the sky would be the limit in terms of applications. \" normal ceramics, like clays, become brittle when fired. but when ceramic is made from particles spanning mere atoms in diameter, the material exhibits dramatically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5616788484694454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.554975"} {"text": "mems out of silicon carbide, the sky would be the limit in terms of applications. \" normal ceramics, like clays, become brittle when fired. but when ceramic is made from particles spanning mere atoms in diameter, the material exhibits dramatically improved ductility after bonding at high temperature and pressure. this unusual combination of strength and suppleness is derived from the materials two - phase nature. in nanocrystalline silicon carbide, says szlufarska, highly ordered, crystalline grains are surrounded by a more disordered, or amorphous, matrix of grain boundaries - much like tiny stones cemented by a semi - fluid mortar. and the volume of grain boundaries exceeds that in other nanostructured materials such as metals. to understand, at the atomic scale, how nanocrystalline silicon carbide deforms under force, the team performed a simulation in which they pressed a tiny, virtual probe, called an indenter, into the materials surface and watched how the atoms moved in response. initially, the grains deformed and then sprang back as a unit, an illustration of the materials hardness. \" at this point, the grains all moved together because the grain boundaries held them together like glue, \" says szlufarska. but as the probe pressed deeper and exerted greater pressure, the researchers witnessed a surprising shift in the materials response. at a specific indentation depth, the grain boundaries began to yield, allowing individual grains to rotate and glide independently under the probes force. \" because the grain boundaries are flowing, the material is more ductile than normal ceramic would be, \" says szlufarska. \" and the grain boundaries initially take part of the deformation, so in essence they protect the grains from breaking. \" in contrast, nano - structured metals go through no such phase ; instead their grains take the brunt of the force, immediately developing defects, like tiny cracks, when the material begins to yield. \" once defects occur in the system, the system is just weaker and its going to break, \" says szlufarska. this crossover in response - from cooperative grain movement and hardness, to individual movement and ductility - is unique to nano - structured ceramics, she says. the researchers next want to learn how to control the crossover point so as to engineer greater hardness into nano - crystalline silicon carbide without compromising pliability. for example, they could vary the volume of the grain boundaries or the size of the grains. impurities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5188236377685147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.556762"} {"text": "to learn how to control the crossover point so as to engineer greater hardness into nano - crystalline silicon carbide without compromising pliability. for example, they could vary the volume of the grain boundaries or the size of the grains. impurities, or dopants, might also be added to the grain boundaries to make the material stronger. key to it all is the enormous computing power that allows scientists to simulate the materials atomic details. \" the experiments and devices have become smaller and smaller, while the simulations have grown larger and larger, \" says szlufarska. \" this is a unique time when the leading edge of materials design is exactly at the same length scale where fully atomic simulations are possible. \" izabela szlufarska | source : eurekalert! further information : www. wisc. edu more articles from materials sciences : new filtration material could make petroleum refining cheaper, more efficient 24. 05. 2013 | national institute of standards and technology ( nist ) innovation could bring flexible solar cells, transistors, displays 23. 05. 2013 | purdue university this morning at 05 : 45 cest, the earth trembled beneath the okhotsk sea in the pacific northwest. the quake, with a magnitude of 8. 2, took place at an exceptional depth of 605 kilometers. because of the great depth of the earthquake a tsunami is not expected and there should also be no major damage due to shaking. professor frederik tilmann of the gfz german research centre for geosciences : \" the epicenter is exceptionally deep, far below the earth ' s crust in the mantle. such strong... the ring nebula ' s distinctive shape makes it a popular illustration for astronomy books. but new observations by nasa ' s hubble space telescope of the glowing gas shroud around an old, dying, sun - like star reveal a new twist. \" the nebula is not like a bagel, but rather, it ' s like a jelly doughnut, because it ' s filled with material in the middle, \" said c. robert o ' dell of vanderbilt university in nashville, tenn. he leads a research team that used hubble and several ground - based telescopes to obtain the best view yet of... new indicator molecules visualise the activation of auto - aggressive t cells in the body as never before biological processes are generally based on events at the molecular and cellular level. to understand what happens in the course of infections, diseases or normal bodily functions, scientists would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5493355589018714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.558560"} {"text": "indicator molecules visualise the activation of auto - aggressive t cells in the body as never before biological processes are generally based on events at the molecular and cellular level. to understand what happens in the course of infections, diseases or normal bodily functions, scientists would need to examine individual cells and their activity directly in the tissue. the development of new microscopes and fluorescent dyes in... a fried breakfast food popular in spain provided the inspiration for the development of doughnut - shaped droplets that may provide scientists with a new approach for studying fundamental issues in physics, mathematics and materials. the doughnut - shaped droplets, a shape known as toroidal, are formed from two dissimilar liquids using a simple rotating stage and an injection needle. about a millimeter in overall size, the droplets are produced individually, their shapes maintained by a surrounding springy material made of polymers. droplets in this toroidal shape made... frauhofer fep will present a novel roll - to - roll manufacturing process for high - barriers and functional films for flexible displays at the sid displayweek 2013 in vancouver \u2013 the international showcase for the display industry. displays that are flexible and paper thin at the same time?! what might still seem like science fiction will be a major topic at the sid display week 2013 that currently takes place in vancouver in canada. high manufacturing cost and a short lifetime are still a major obstacle on... 24. 05. 2013 | life sciences 24. 05. 2013 | ecology, the environment and conservation 24. 05. 2013 | physics and astronomy 17. 05. 2013 | event news 15. 05. 2013 | event news 08. 05. 2013 | event news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5637372585774975, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.559339"} {"text": "we would appreciate your feedback to help with continued improvement of this resource. ms merrin angwin dr dee nandurkar date last modified : july 16, 2009 a thyroid scan is a nuclear medicine test that provides information about the function and structure of the thyroid gland. the scan involves injection of a radiopharmaceutical into a vein in your arm and imaging with a gamma camera. the thyroid gland consists of two lobes ( rounded parts or divisions ) and is located in the lower part of the front of the neck. the thyroid gland takes up iodine from the bloodstream. iodine is found in foods we eat such as sea fish, milk, eggs and iodised salt. it stores the iodine and makes thyroid hormones. thyroid hormones are responsible for controlling the body ' s metabolism ( where food is converted into energy ) and growth. sometimes you may need to stop taking certain medications before you have a thyroid scan. when you need to stop taking it will depend on the type of medication. you should consult with your doctor about the need to stop any medication. it is also very important that you have not had any other radiology procedures that require the injection of a contrast medium containing iodine ( such as a computed tomography ( ct ) scan with contrast injection ) at least 8 weeks prior to a thyroid scan. if you have had a test using iodine contrast medium, your thyroid scan may need to be rebooked for a later time. it is important that you let staff at the hospital or radiology practice where you are having the scan done know if you are ( or think you could be ) pregnant or are breast feeding. this study may not be suitable for pregnant women because of the radiation dose to the growing foetus. please discuss this with your doctor. women who are breastfeeding and people who are the primary or sole carer for small children may need to make special preparations for after the test, to stop breastfeeding for a short time, and to avoid close contact with young children. this is due to the small amount of radioactivity your body may release for a while after the test. talk to your referring doctor or the nuclear medicine practice where you will have the test for details. the australian radiation protection and nuclear safety agency has recommendations about breastfeeding and close contact with children after nuclear medicine tests. certain foods, vitamin supplements and medicines containing iodine can also affect the scan. examples are kelp, cough mixtures, betadine and fish oil tablets. it is important that you check with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49563173727438836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.564389"} {"text": "what is it? a knee sprain is an injury of the ligaments, tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect the bones of the upper and lower leg at the knee joint. the knee joint has four major ligaments. - anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ). the acl and the posterior cruciate ligament ( pcl ) bridge the inside of the knee joint, forming an \" x \" pattern that stabilizes the knee against front - to - back and back - to - front forces. the acl typically sprains during one of the following knee movements : a sudden stop ; a twist, pivot or change in direction at the joint ; extreme overstraightening ( hyperextension ) ; or a direct impact to the outside of the knee or lower leg. these injuries are seen among athletes in football, basketball, soccer, rugby, wrestling, gymnastics and skiing. - posterior cruciate ligament ( pcl ). the pcl works with the acl to stabilize the knee. it most often sprains because of a direct impact to the front of the knee, such as hitting the knee on the dashboard in a car crash or landing hard on a bent knee during sports. in athletes, pcl injuries are most common among those who play football, basketball, soccer and rugby. - medial collateral ligament ( mcl ). the mcl supports the knee along the inner side of the leg. like the acl, the mcl can be torn by a direct sideways blow to the outside of the knee or lower leg, the kind of blow that can happen in football, soccer, hockey and rugby. the mcl can be injured by a severe knee twist during skiing or wrestling, particularly when a fall twists the lower leg outwards, away from the upper leg. - lateral collateral ligament ( lcl ). the lcl supports the outer side of the knee. it is the least likely knee ligament to be sprained because most lcl injuries are caused by a blow to the inside of the knee, and that area usually is shielded by the opposite leg. like other types of sprains, knee sprains are classified according to a grading system : - grade i ( mild ). this injury stretches the ligament, which causes microscopic tears in the ligament. these tiny tears don ' t significantly affect the overall ability of the knee joint to support your weight. - grade ii ( moderate ). the ligament is partially torn, and there is some mild to moderate instability ( or periodic giving out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4783767208327889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.578155"} {"text": "in the ligament. these tiny tears don ' t significantly affect the overall ability of the knee joint to support your weight. - grade ii ( moderate ). the ligament is partially torn, and there is some mild to moderate instability ( or periodic giving out ) of the knee while standing or walking. - grade iii ( severe ). the ligament is torn completely or separated at its end from the bone, and the knee is more unstable. when one knee ligament suffers a serious sprain, there is a good chance that other parts of the knee may also be injured. for example, because the mcl helps to protect the acl from certain types of extreme knee forces, the acl can become vulnerable to injury when the mcl is torn. in more than half of moderate or severe mcl sprains, the acl also is sprained. knee sprains are very common. acl sprains tend to cause more significant symptoms compared to mcl injuries. many mcl sprains are so mild that they don ' t result in a visit to a doctor. more than any other group, competitive athletes have a very high risk of knee sprains and other types of knee problems. in u. s. high schools, the knee is the most frequently injured joint among athletes who compete in football, soccer or wrestling. symptoms of a knee sprain vary depending on the specific ligament that is torn : - a pop inside your knee at the moment of injury - significant knee swelling within a few hours after injury - severe knee pain that prevents you from continued participation in your sport - black - and - blue discoloration around the knee - knee instability - - the feeling that your injured knee will buckle or give out if you try to stand - mild knee swelling, with or without knee instability - mild difficulty in moving the knee - mild pain at the back of the knee that worsens when you kneel - knee pain and swelling - knee buckling toward the outside - an area of tenderness over the torn mcl ( at the inner side of the knee ) - knee pain and swelling - knee buckling toward the inside - an area of tenderness over the torn lcl ( at the outer side of the knee ) your doctor will want to know exactly how you hurt your knee. he or she will ask about : - the type of movement that caused the injury ( sudden stop, twist, pivot, hyperextension, direct contact ) - whether you felt a pop inside your knee when the injury happened - how long it took for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42482333299838404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.579314"} {"text": "or she will ask about : - the type of movement that caused the injury ( sudden stop, twist, pivot, hyperextension, direct contact ) - whether you felt a pop inside your knee when the injury happened - how long it took for swelling to appear - whether severe knee pain sidelined you immediately after the injury - whether your knee immediately felt unsteady and could not bear weight the doctor will examine both your knees, comparing your injured knee with your uninjured one. during this exam, the doctor will check your injured knee for signs of swelling, deformity, tenderness, fluid inside the knee joint and discoloration. if you don ' t have too much pain and swelling, the doctor will evaluate your knee ' s range of motion and will pull against the ligaments to check their strength. during the exam, you will bend your knee and the doctor will gently pull forward or push backward on your lower leg where it meets the knee. if the results of your physical exam suggest you have a significant knee injury, you will need diagnostic tests to further evaluate your knee. these may include standard x - rays to check for ligament separation from bone or fracture. tests may also include a magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) scan or camera - guided knee surgery ( arthroscopy ). how long a knee sprain lasts depends on the type of knee sprain, the severity of your injury, your rehabilitation program and the types of sports you play. in general, milder grade i and grade ii mcl or lcl sprains heal within 2 to 4 weeks, but other types of knee sprains may take 4 to 12 months. to help prevent sports - related knee injures, you can : - warm up and stretch before you participate in athletic activities. - do exercises to strengthen the leg muscles around your knee, especially the quadriceps. - avoid sudden increases in the intensity of your training program. never push yourself too hard, too fast. increase your intensity gradually. - wear comfortable, supportive shoes that fit your feet and fit your sport. if you have problems in foot alignment that may increase your risk of a twisted knee, ask your doctor about shoe inserts that can correct the problem. - if you play football, ask your sports medicine doctor or athletic trainer about specific types of shoe cleats that may help reduce your risk of knee injuries. - if you ski, use two - mode release bindings that are properly installed and adjusted. make sure that the binding mechanism is in good working", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3868824478982114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.580774"} {"text": "or athletic trainer about specific types of shoe cleats that may help reduce your risk of knee injuries. - if you ski, use two - mode release bindings that are properly installed and adjusted. make sure that the binding mechanism is in good working order and that your boots and bindings are compatible. if you have a grade i or grade ii knee sprain, your doctor probably will recommend that you follow the rice rule : - rest the joint. - ice the injured area to reduce swelling. - compress the swelling with an elastic bandage. - elevate the injured knee. your doctor may suggest that you wear a knee brace for a short period of time and that you take a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug ( nsaid ), such as ibuprofen ( advil, motrin and others ), to relieve pain and ease swelling. as your knee pain gradually goes away, your doctor will prescribe a rehabilitation program to strengthen the muscles around your knee. this program should help to stabilize your knee joint and prevent you from injuring it again. if you have a grade iii knee sprain or if multiple ligaments are injured, treatment depends on the specific type of sprain : - grade iii acl or pcl sprain. your torn ligament may be reconstructed surgically using either a piece of your own tissue ( autograft ) or a piece of donor tissue ( allograft ). almost all knee reconstructions use camera - guided ( arthroscopic ) surgery. - grade iii mcl sprain. this injury usually is treated conservatively with rice, nsaids ( such as ibuprofen ) and physical therapy. in certain cases, surgery may be used to repair a torn mcl. - grade iii lcl sprain. in a severe lcl sprain, the torn ligament often is repaired surgically. - simultaneous injury of multiple ligaments. your doctor will discuss the various surgical options available. when to call a professional if you injure your knee, call your doctor to request an urgent evaluation if the knee : - becomes very painful or swollen - cannot bear weight - feels as if it will buckle or give out about 90 % of people with acl injuries and 80 % with pcl injuries can expect a full recovery after proper treatment and a good physical therapy program. almost all mcl sprains and most lcl sprains have an excellent prognosis. as a long - term complication, some people with acl or pcl sprains eventually", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3660366766571515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.583592"} {"text": "energy storage economics 101 readers offer expert insights on storage applications, costs we have illuminated numerous angles on the subject of energy storage over the past two weeks. our astute readers added several thought - provoking angles to the discussion that in themselves are worthy of attention. expert reader input ranged from the big - picture economics of storage alternatives to life - cycle environmental impacts to project - specific evaluations of cost effectiveness. \" energy storage research just published, \" discussed a new epri report that suggested that \" energy storage \" is a meaningless term because it ' s all about the application and location - specific needs first. then a utility can assess the business value of applying a storage medium or process, compare competing technologies ( traditional and nascent ) and determine the most cost - effective alternative. this approach makes generalizations difficult. one reader provided a bracing ( to borrow a phrase ) \" it ' s the economics, stupid. \" \" there ' s no question storage will work and many of the options outlined in the epri report will work just fine, \" one reader, focused on the california market, wrote. \" the issues are cost and value. \" for vertically integrated utilities operating in a stand - alone mode, value is likely determined by the long - run cost of alternatives that are avoided if storage is installed, \" this reader suggested. \" those estimates are uncertain, they rely on a number of critical assumptions and they typically assume storage will displace some other peaking plant. \" however for utilities and others who operate in regional wholesale markets, the important but missing factor is that value is determined largely based on the price of capacity, energy, frequency regulation and contingency reserves that can be sold from a storage project. when regulators step in to guarantee reliability or minimize the cost of capacity by mandating new build, their actions have the effect of artificially depressing prices for these grid level services, which makes storage look less cost effective. \" another correspondent illuminated the cradle - to - grave environmental impacts of storage options. \" you have not touched on the potential lifecycle environmental impact of storage, \" this reader wrote. \" all energy solutions, including storage solutions, have an environmental footprint and some are more significant than others. pumped hydro requires that land be set aside for holding the water that is used in that technology. batteries have significant environmental impacts both in their manufacturing and their eventual disposal. that is not to say that these technologies do not have a net positive environmental impact, but it is important that the entire lifecycle impacts of each technology be evaluated and compared.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5172511735845504, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.610898"} {"text": ". batteries have significant environmental impacts both in their manufacturing and their eventual disposal. that is not to say that these technologies do not have a net positive environmental impact, but it is important that the entire lifecycle impacts of each technology be evaluated and compared. \" in one specific case in iowa, discussed in \" the business case for compressed air, \" one reader dialed in on the caes ( compressed air energy storage ) project ' s goal of providing energy for the \" intermediate use cycle \" \u2014 that is, to meet load between baseline and peak from 6 a. m. to 6 p. m. \" i ' m glad to see that [ the iowa stored energy plant agency is ] planning an intermediate use cycle, because ( mysteriously ) some caes analyses put it in the peaking column, which would seem to be a waste of generating capacity and high efficiency, \" our correspondent wrote. \" being recognized for its intermediate generation capabilities means that [ caes ] is competing against a combined cycle rather than simple - cycle combustion turbines, which is more fair, given the much higher cost of combined cycle than simple - cycle cts. \" finally, in \" four ways to think about energy storage, \" we listened in on the testimony of four leading california utilities before the california energy commission that agreed on two major themes : it ' s all about the application and mandates or set - asides for storage technologies lead to ill - considered investments and higher end - user costs. our readers applauded. \" pg & e has it right! \" one reader exulted. \" first a utility should ' identify the need ' in the form of a written problem statement. potential solutions can then be evaluated based upon how well they solve the problem. a benefit - to - cost ratio for each solution that solves the problem can then be calculated. \" because the practical approach to \" energy storage \" ( and discussions of the options ) is highly application - and site - specific, we ' ll be bringing you details on more actual projects in the near future. here are two more articles you might enjoy : intelligent utility daily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5373445219617743, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.615735"} {"text": "london - when we see their spindly legs scuttling across the floor, many of us quake with fear. scientists believe they may have worked out why we fear spiders more than other creepy - crawlies. psychology professor jon may says their angular shaped legs, dark colours and the fact they move unpredictably are all things we are hard - wired to fear. he said studies have shown that people tend to dislike angular shapes and prefer curved ones, have bad associations with dark colours, and prefer creatures we feel we can \u201c understand \u201d. professor may, from plymouth university, added : \u201c spiders just tick all these boxes, and like any phobia, when it builds up in someone \u2019 s mind they can become scared even seeing a picture. we like bright - coloured butterflies and ladybirds, but spiders are dark coloured with long angular legs \u2013 and the shape and colour both have strong negative associations. \u201c we are also very sensitive to seeing things moving out of the corner of our eye and immediately notice it, and insects move quickly and unpredictably. people scared of spiders will often report them being bigger than they were or say they saw one crawl into someone \u2019 s mouth, which spiders never do. we don \u2019 t understand their behaviour. \u201d professor may said fear is also \u2018 socially conditioned \u2019, which means we are more likely to develop it as children if we encounter it at home from our parents or siblings. he added that arachnophobics can be deal with their fears by trying to sympathise with the insects and learn about them. he and dr adam hart, a reader in science communication at the university of gloucestershire, are to hold a public session at cheltenham science festival looking at the reasons people fear insects. other people have phobias about insects such as moths, beetles and cockroaches. dr hart said small children are happy to handle creepy - crawlies in the garden and find them fascinating, but become scared of them as they get older. he said one of the ways to learn to appreciate them is to eat them \u2013 and he will be cooking a mealworm stir fry for visitors to the festival. - daily mail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4474182314338451, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.623363"} {"text": "over a century ago, tanganyika had virtually no port facility. though there was the indian ocean, indigenous tanganyikans used the waters specifically for fishing with extremely low technology. other uses were slave trade from mainland to zanzibar. in tanga, for example, the area where the present port is was initially a military base during the german colonial era. in course of time, it was decided that a port facility be built in 1889 to serve the local economy, particularly sisal, brought to the colony several years earlier. from then on, tanga grew rapidly. it was at this time that a railway line was built with tanga, which later earned township status in 1891, established as railway terminus far the usambara railway line, then stretching from tanga to moshi. a few years that followed, tanga port was handling agricultural exports - - sisal, coffee and tea - - from estates primarily owned by settlers. the commodities were loaded into railway wagons at various rail heads and railed downwards to the port. but a few decades later, it was discovered that congestion at the port was the order of the day as traffic, mainly imports, choked the maritime facility. the other reason was the onset of the era of containerization - - a preferred mode of transport which was moving very fast - - compared with the traditional modal, when bulk transport was commonplace. noticing the seemingly turn of events, tanga ports authority ( tpa ) embarked on an ambitious programme to expand the container stacking yard to counter the growing demand of containerised traffic. under the programme, old warehouses not in use would be demolished to pave way for extension of the port yard. at a forum where two consultants presented an interim report of the feasibility study for development of the new mwambani port recently, the stakeholders were told that expansion of present port programme notwithstanding, the port would be congested by around 2016. the consultants, alan stacey and christopher fewtrell from the uk - based united research services ( urs ), whose specialist is in ports engineering and environment, said in the report that soda ash exports from lake natron in manyara region, would only be possible with the new port facilities. \u201c the new port should be predominantly relocated to a new development at mwambani bay, the existing fishing activities remaining at tanga, \u201d according to the report. \u201c the port will not be connected to the rail network until the natron soda ash project is confirmed, \u201d says the report, adding that the rail will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3891527861221875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.633264"} {"text": "process or product monitoring and control 6. 4. introduction to time series analysis 6. 4. 4. univariate time series models seasonal subseries plots 1993 ) are a tool for detecting seasonality in a time series. this plot is only useful if the period of the seasonality is already known. in many cases, this will in fact be known. for example, monthly data typically has a period of 12. this seasonal subseries plot containing monthly data of co2 concentrations reveals a strong seasonality pattern. the co2 concentrations peak in may, steadily decrease through september, and then begin rising again until the may peak. this plot allows you to detect both between group and within group patterns. if there is a large number of observations, then a box plot may be preferable. seasonal subseries plots are formed by the user must specify the length of the seasonal pattern before generating this plot. in most cases, the analyst will know this from the context of the problem and data collection. sometimes the series will need to be detrended before generating the plot, as was the case for the co2 data. the seasonal subseries plot can provide answers to the following questions : | importance | | it is important to know when analyzing a time series if there is a significant seasonality effect. the seasonal subseries plot is an excellent tool for determining if there is a seasonal pattern. | run sequence plot | software | | seasonal subseries plots are available in a few general purpose statistical software programs. it may possible to write macros to generate this plot in most statistical software programs that do not provide it directly. seasonal subseries plots can be generated using both dataplot code and r code. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4807271689960327, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.647491"} {"text": "value of loans in 1986, the average pell grant covered 98 % of average tuition. by 1999, the same pell grants covered only 57 % of average tuition. in 1980, grants made up 55 % of financial aid and loans made up only 41 % of financial aid. by 2000, these numbers were reversed with grants providing only 41 % of financial aid and loans providing 58 % of financial aid. given the rise in the cost of education, the reduced purchasing power of pell grants, and the shift from grants to loans, many students and families have turned to student loans to pay for postsecondary education. if they cannot borrow money through the federal student loan program, they may borrow it from other sources. compared to home equity loans, personal loans, and credit cards, student loans are the cheapest way to borrow for postsecondary education. according to the u. s. department of education, in 1987, an undergraduate student who graduated with $ 8, 000 in student loan debt and an interest rate of 9 percent could expect to pay about $ 4, 200 in interest costs. today, if an undergraduate student graduates with $ 18, 000 in student loan debt, thanks to lower interest rates and tax deductibility of student loan interest, the student still pays only $ 4, 200 in interest. this information provided by america student loan providers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4000980004963095, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T03:56:52.657027"}