| 2014 grammy awards | the grammy awards are named from the trophy : a small, gilded reproduction of a gramophone. | awarded for | | outstanding achievements in the music industry | | presented by | | national academy of recording arts and sciences | a grammy award ( originally called gramophone award ) – or grammy – is an accolade by the national academy of recording arts and sciences of the united states to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. the annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and some of the awards of more popular interest are presented in a widely viewed televised ceremony. it is the music equivalent to the emmy awards for television, the tony awards for stage performances, and the academy awards for motion pictures. the first grammy awards ceremony was held on may 4, 1959, and it was set up to honor musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958. following the 2011 ceremony, naras overhauled many grammy award categories for 2012. the 55th grammy awards were held on february 10, 2013, at the staples center in los angeles, california. the grammy awards had their origin in the hollywood walk of fame project in the 1950s. as the recording executives chosen for the walk of fame ( tabinda walk ) committee worked at compiling a list of important recording industry people who might qualify for a walk of fame star, they realized there were many more people who were leaders in their business who would never earn a star on hollywood boulevard. the music executives decided to rectify this by creating an award given by their industry similar to the oscars and the emmys. this was the beginning of the national academy of recording arts and sciences. after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it ; one working title was the eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, thomas edison. they finally settled on using the name of the invention of emile berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, which were first given for the year 1958. the gold - plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by billings artworks in ridgway, colorado. in 1990 the original grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, made of slumped and reformed pre - war gibson flat head banjo tone rings, making the trophy bigger and grander. the trophies with the recipient ' s name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements, so " stunt " trophies are re - used each year for the


- war gibson flat head banjo tone rings, making the trophy bigger and grander. the trophies with the recipient ' s name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements, so " stunt " trophies are re - used each year for the broadcast. as of february 2009, 7, 578 grammy trophies had been awarded. the " general field " are four awards which are not restricted by genre. other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other contributions such as artwork and video. special awards are given for longer - lasting contributions to the music industry. because of the large number of award categories ( 78 in 2012 ), and the desire to feature several performances by various artists, only the ones with the most popular interest - typically about 10 to 12, including the four general field categories and one or two categories in the most popular music genres ( i. e. pop, rock, country, rap ) - are presented directly at the televised award ceremony. other awards are presented in a pre - telecast ceremony earlier in the afternoon of the grammy awards ceremony. on april 6, 2011, the recording academy announced a drastic overhaul of many grammy award categories for 2012. the number of categories were diminished from 109 to 78. the most important change is the elimination of the distinction between male and female soloists and between collaborations and duo / groups in various genre fields ( pop, rock, r & b, country, and rap ). also, several categories for instrumental soloists were discontinued. recordings in these categories now fall under the general categories for best solo performances. the most eliminations occurred in the roots category. up to and including 2011, there were separate categories for various regional american music forms, such as hawaiian music, native american music and zydeco / cajun music. due to the consistently low number of entries for these categories, the recording academy decided to combine all these music variations into the new best regional roots music album, including polka, which lost its own separate category in 2009. in the same genre field, the traditional and contemporary blues categories and the traditional and contemporary folk categories each were consolidated into one per genre, due to the number of entries and given the challenges in distinguishing between contemporary folk and americana, and contemporary and traditional blues. in the world music genre field, the traditional and contemporary categories have also been merged. in the classical genre field, its main category best classical album has been discontinued because most recipients in this category had also won in one of the other classical categories for the same album. classical recordings are


, the traditional and contemporary categories have also been merged. in the classical genre field, its main category best classical album has been discontinued because most recipients in this category had also won in one of the other classical categories for the same album. classical recordings are now eligible for the main album of the year category. there are also a few minor name changes to better reflect the nature of the separate categories. it was determined by the recording academy that the word " gospel " in the gospel genre field tends to conjure up the images and sounds of traditional soul gospel and leaves out the current contemporary christian music ( ccm ). therefore the genre field and some categories have been renamed as gospel / contemporary christian music. record companies and individuals may submit recordings to be nominated. nominations are made online and a physical copy of the work is sent to the national academy of recording arts and sciences. once a work is entered, reviewing sessions are held, by more than 150 experts from the recording industry, to determine whether the work is eligible and entered in the correct category for official nomination. the resulting list is circulated to all naras members, each of whom may vote to nominate in the general field ( record of the year, album of the year, song of the year, and best new artist ) and in no more than nine out of 30 other fields on their ballots. the five recordings that earn the most votes in each category become the nominees. there may be more than five nominees if there is a tie in the nomination process. whereas members of the academy of motion picture arts and sciences are generally invited to screenings or are sent dvds of movies nominated for oscars, naras members do not receive nominated recordings. after nominees have been determined, final voting ballots are sent to recording academy members, who may then vote in the general fields and in no more than eight of the 30 fields. naras members are encouraged, but not required, to vote only in their fields of expertise. ballots are tabulated secretly by the major independent accounting firm deloitte touche tohmatsu. following the tabulation of votes the winners are announced at the grammy awards. the recording with the most votes in a category wins and it is possible to have a tie. winners are presented with the grammy award and those who do not win are given a medal for their nomination. in both voting rounds, academy members are required to vote based upon quality alone, and not to be influenced by sales, chart performance, personal friendships, regional preferences or company loyalty. the acceptance of gifts is prohibited. members are


medal for their nomination. in both voting rounds, academy members are required to vote based upon quality alone, and not to be influenced by sales, chart performance, personal friendships, regional preferences or company loyalty. the acceptance of gifts is prohibited. members are urged to vote in a manner that preserves the integrity of the academy. the eligibility period for the 2013 grammy awards was october 1, 2011 to september 30, 2012. prior to 1971, the grammy award ceremonies were held in different locations on the same day. originally new york city and los angeles were the host cities. chicago joined being a host city in 1962, and then nashville became the fourth location in 1965. the 1971 ceremony, held at the hollywood palladium in los angeles, was the first to take place in one location. the ceremony was then moved to madison square garden ' s felt forum in new york city, and then nashville ' s tennessee theatre in the following two years. then from 1974 to 2003, the grammys were held in various venues in new york city and los angeles. notable locations included new york city ' s madison square garden and radio city music hall ; and los angeles ' shrine auditorium, the staples center and the hollywood palladium. in 2004, the staples center became the permanent home of the award ceremonies. the grammy museum was built across the street from staples center in la live to preserve the history of the grammy awards. embedded on the sidewalks at the museum streets are bronze disks, similar to the hollywood walk of fame, honoring each year ' s top winners, record of the year, best new artist, album of the year, and song of the year. with 31 grammy awards, sir georg solti is the artist with the most grammy wins. alison krauss is the biggest winner among female artists with 27 awards. u2, with 22 grammy awards, holds the record for most awards won by a group. the grammy awards has received criticism from various recording artists and music journalists. when his band pearl jam won a grammy in the category best hard rock performance in 1996, singer eddie vedder commented on stage : " i don ' t know what this means. i don ' t think it means anything. " glen hansard, leader of the irish rock group the frames, stated in 2008 that the grammys represent something outside of the real world of music " that ' s fully industry based. " he said he wasn ' t that interested in attending that year ' s ceremony, even though he had been nominated for two different awards. maynard james keenan, lead singer


something outside of the real world of music " that ' s fully industry based. " he said he wasn ' t that interested in attending that year ' s ceremony, even though he had been nominated for two different awards. maynard james keenan, lead singer of metal band tool, did not attend the grammy awards ceremony to receive one of their awards. he explained his reasons : i think the grammys are nothing more than some gigantic promotional machine for the music industry. they cater to a low intellect and they feed the masses. they don ' t honor the arts or the artist for what he created. it ' s the music business celebrating itself. that ' s basically what it ' s all about. it has also been criticized for generally awarding or nominating more commercially successful albums rather than critically successful albums. in a 2011 article, los angeles times writer randall roberts was critical of the nominations for the 54th grammy awards, particularly for the album of the year category, noting the exclusion of kanye west ' s my beautiful dark twisted fantasy, " the most critically acclaimed album of the year, a career - defining record ", as a snub in favor of nominating less substantial albums. roberts went on to criticize the grammy awards for being " mired in the past " and out of touch with " new media " and trends amongs music listeners such as music sharing, stating : the major nominations for the 54th annual awards clearly show that the recording academy has been working overtime to be all - inclusive, but more significantly, they also reveal a deep chasm between its goals and the listening habits of the general population. [... ] and if one were to measure the vitality of american music through the filter of the grammy nominations for song of the year and record of the year, one might think the economy wasn ' t the only thing that was sluggish. [... ] [ t ] he focus is still on the old music industry model of cash - cow hits, major label investments and commercial radio. [... ] falling behind the times is nothing new for the grammys, but once they ' ve lost sight of the artistry that makes music soar, they ' ll not just be irrelevant, they ' ll be out of business. — randall roberts in an article for time, journalist toure also responded to the snub and expressed his general displeasure with the awards, stating " i don ’ t pretend to understand the grammys. i have never been able to discern a consistent logic around who gets nominated


for time, journalist toure also responded to the snub and expressed his general displeasure with the awards, stating " i don ’ t pretend to understand the grammys. i have never been able to discern a consistent logic around who gets nominated or who gets statues. i comprehend the particular logic of the oscars, but not the big awards for music. my normal state of confusion around what drives grammy decisions was exponentialized this week when, to the shock of many, kanye ’ s masterpiece my beautiful dark twisted fantasy was not nominated for a grammy for album of the year. " he went on to compare understanding the grammy awards to kremlinology and commented on the recording academy ' s exclusion of more " mature " hip hop albums as album of the year nominees, noting that it occasionally opts to nominate " pop - friendly " hip hop albums instead. in a 2011 profile for the new york times following the 53rd grammy awards, frontman justin vernon of indie band bon iver was asked his opinion of the grammys and how he would react to a nomination for his group, to which he responded, you know i was thinking about that a couple of months ago, someone asked me that, and i was like " i would go and i would " – and i don ’ t think the bon iver record is the kind of record that would get nominated for a grammy – " i would get up there and be like, ' this is for my parents, because they supported me, ' because i know they would think it would be stupid of me not to go up there. but i kinda felt like going up there and being like : " everyone should go home, this is ridiculous. you should not be doing this. we should not be gathering in a big room and looking at each other and pretending that this is important. " that ' s what i would say. he reaffirmed this sentiment and felt the grammys are held in too, saying : [ ninety - eight ] percent of the people in that room, their art is compromised by the fact that they ’ re thinking that, and that they ’ re hoping to get that award. and who is that award given by? it ’ s like they think it ’ s literally handed down by the musical - history gods. and i don ’ t know who the voters are. like, i have a friend who ’ s a voter who was like, “ i had to be a voter because i don ’ t trust the other voters. ” and i was like, “


and i don ’ t know who the voters are. like, i have a friend who ’ s a voter who was like, “ i had to be a voter because i don ’ t trust the other voters. ” and i was like, “ me either! ” and it ’ s just not important and people spend too much time thinking about it. — justin vernon bon iver subsequently received four nominations in november for the 54th grammy awards. after winning the award, vernon said in his acceptance, " it ' s really hard to accept this award. there ' s so much talent out here [... ] and there ' s a lot of talent that ' s not here tonight. it ' s also hard to accept because you know, when i started to make songs i did it for the inherent reward of making songs, so i ' m a little bit uncomfortable up here. " in his article " everything is praised again ", jon caramanica of the new york times criticized grammy voters for being " conservative " and disregarding more " forward - looking " music, and wrote in response to the 54th grammy awards, " for the umpteenth time, the grammys went with familiarity over risk, bestowing album of the year honors ( and several more ) on an album that reinforced the values of an older generation suspicious of change. " he cited the grammy successes of lauryn hill ' s the miseducation ( 1999 ), norah jones ' come away with me ( 2003 ), and adele ' s 21 ( 2011 ) as examples of " the grammys dropp [ ing ] a boatload of awards on a young female singer - songwriter and her breakthrough album. " of kanye west ' s absence from the ceremony, caramanica stated, " he didn ’ t even bother to show up for the broadcast, which was well enough, because hip - hop was almost completely marginalized ". in an article for the huffington post, music executive and author steve stoute criticized the recording academy and the grammy awards for having " lost touch with contemporary popular culture " and noted " two key sources " for it : " ( 1 ) over - zealousness to produce a popular show that is at odds with its own system of voting and ( 2 ) fundamental disrespect of cultural shifts as being viable and artistic. " stoute accused them of snubbing artists with more cultural impact, citing respective losses by the critical and commercial successes in eminem ' s the marshall mathers lp ( 2000 )


##srespect of cultural shifts as being viable and artistic. " stoute accused them of snubbing artists with more cultural impact, citing respective losses by the critical and commercial successes in eminem ' s the marshall mathers lp ( 2000 ) and kanye west ' s graduation ( 2007 ) in the album of the year category, and stated : as an institution that celebrates artistic works of musicians, singers, songwriters, producers and technical specialists, we have come to expect that the grammys upholds all of the values that reflect the very best in music that is born from our culture. unfortunately, the awards show has become a series of hypocrisies and contradictions, leaving me to question why any contemporary popular artist would even participate. [... ] while there is no doubt in my mind of the artistic talents of steely dan or herbie hancock, we must acknowledge the massive cultural impact of eminem and kanye west and how their music is shaping, influencing and defining the voice of a generation. it is this same cultural impact that acknowledged the commercial and critical success of michael jackson ' s thriller in 1984. — steve stoute prior to the first live grammys telecast in 1971 on american broadcasting company ( abc ), a series of taped annual specials in the 1960s called the best on record were broadcast on national broadcasting company ( nbc ). the first grammy award telecast took place on the night of november 29, 1959, as an episode of the nbc anthology series sunday showcase, which was normally devoted to plays, original tv dramas, and variety shows. until 1971, awards ceremonies were held in both new york and los angeles, with winners accepting at one of the two. pierre cossette bought the rights to broadcast the ceremony from the national academy of recording arts and sciences and organized the first live telecast. cbs broadcasting bought the rights in 1973 after moving the ceremony to nashville, tennessee ; the american music awards were created for abc ( by dick clark ) as a result. the recording academy announced on june 21, 2011 that it had reached a new deal with cbs to keep the awards show on the network for another 10 years. cbs also broadcasted the annual nominations concert special on november 30, 2011 from los angeles. the grammys aired on february 12, 2012. the 2011 grammy award show had 26. 6 million viewers. | look up grammy in wiktionary, the free dictionary. | here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.


a major focus in tissue engineering is to create materials that improve and direct cellular interaction. this interaction can be probed by measuring the relative number of cells adhered to a surface, which is thought to be an important step in the cascade of cellular fate processes such as stem cell renewal or differentiation into a specialized cell type. now, in new work, a group of australian researchers have utilized the industrially - relevant plasma polymerization technique to chemically modify the surface of a biologically inert substrate for the purpose of enhancing cell adhesion. specifically, they examined the effect of two plasma polymerization parameters, discharge power and deposition time, on properties such as film thickness, chemical composition, and cellular attachment. in all cases, the plasma polymers deposited onto the substrates as thin, 8 to 40 nm, films. the chemical composition of the films was found to be more dependent on discharge power than deposition time. they showed that this outcome could be related to way in which the precursor ( monomer ) fragments and the plasma polymer film forms ( e. g. by crosslinking ). of the two plasma polymers examined, i. e. those formed from either an amine or aldehyde precursor, it was found that the stem cells adhered best to plasma polymers that closely resembled the aldehyde monomer, i. e. plasma polymers formed under lower power and shorter times. these results have practical implications for the fast, efficient, and inexpensive surface functionalization of materials for tissue engineering.


this paper is an update of a paper prepared for the june 2002 ipma conference in berlin. it contains content from various training materials developed for the world bank. the current paper is copyright to robert youker, © 2007. module 1 : understanding the project and project management - review the existing project documentation, such as the project analysis report, to understand the project ' s history. - identify end - of - project objectives and deliverables. - review or establish a hierarchy of objectives and identify higher - level project objectives. - analyze the project to assess if it is likely to meet its higher - level objectives. - identify the assumptions underlying the project. - identify changes or errors in these assumptions, including technological, financial, economic, institutional, social, and environmental issues. - determine if these changes or problems justify recommending to management a reappraisal of the project. module 2 : structuring the project organization - review the project analysis report and the initial project charter ( obtained from superiors ) that define the responsibility, authority, and relationships of the project manager, project staff, and functional department heads. - specify staff responsibilities. - assess the level of authority of the project manager and project staff. - evaluate the probability of successful implementation under the current charter and determine if there is a need to renegotiate the charter. - determine how to strengthen the project manager ' s authority if necessary. - create a proposal for a revised project charter. - have the revised charter approved and distributed. module 3 : building the team - select appropriate staffing for a project office if not assigned. - identify team members and other stakeholders. - agree on procedures. - prepare a team building strategy. - form the team and hold a project start - up workshop for the core team. - provide leadership to the team. - manage core team meetings. - build the team ' s commitment to the objectives of the project. - make sure that team members know their roles and responsibilities. - use forms of power that are appropriate to the situation, including gaining influence without formal authority. - keep the team motivated. - be aware of interpersonal relations among team members. - identify sources of conflict and apply conflict resolution strategies. - analyze communications and perceptions within the team. - use information on personality styles and types to improve collaboration. - plan and convene project launch workshop ( s ) for stakeholders.


definition of team a team is defined as a group of people working together to achieve common objectives or goals. teamwork is the cumulative actions of the team during which each member of the team subordinates his individual interests and opinions to fulfill the objectives or goals of the group. the objective or goal is a need to accomplish something, such as solve a problem and improve a process. members of a team will need to focus on how they relate to each other, listen to the suggestions of others, build on previous information and use conflict creatively. they will need to set standards, maintain discipline, build team spirit and motivate each other. each member of the team has their own history of experience to help achieve the objectives. they should have a need to see the task completed, but also the need of companionship, fulfillment of personal growth and self - respect. why teams work? teams work because many heads are more knowledgeable than one. each member of the team has special abilities that can be use to solve problems. many processes are so complex that one person cannot be knowledgeable concerning the entire process. second, the whole is greater than the sum of its members. the interaction within the team produces results that exceed the contribution of each member. third, team members develop a rapport with each other than allows them to do better job. finally, team provides the vehicle for improved communication, thereby increasing the likelihood of a successful solution. types of teams the early history suggests that work simplification efforts by management and labour were most likely the first production – oriented teams. the current type of teams can be divided into four main groups. they may be called by different names and slightly different characteristics to accommodate a particular organization. 1. process improvement teams the members of the process improvement team represent each operation of the process or sub - process. usually, the scope of the team ’ s activity is limited to the work unit. a team of labour six to ten members will come from the work unit and depending on the, marketing accounting location of the sub - process, an external or internal customer would be included on the team. during the course of the team ’ s life, additional expertise from other work areas may be added on a permanent or temporary - it is disbanded when the objective has been obtained. when the targeted process includes many work units or the entire organization, a cross functional team may be more appropriate with work unit teams as sub teams. 2. cross functional teams a team about six to ten members will represent a number of different functional areas, such as


targeted process includes many work units or the entire organization, a cross functional team may be more appropriate with work unit teams as sub teams. 2. cross functional teams a team about six to ten members will represent a number of different functional areas, such as engineering, marketing, accounting, production, quality and human resources. it may also include the customer and supplier. a design review team is a good example of cross functional team. this type of team is usually temporary. an exception would be a product support team, which would be permanent and have as an objective to serve a particular product line, service activity, or a particular customer. this type of team breaks down functional area boundaries. 3. natural work teams this type of team is now voluntary – it is composed of all the members of the work unit. it differs from quality control circles because a manager is a part of the team and the projects to be improved are selected by management. some employees may not to work in teams for various reasons and managers should anticipate this action and be prepared to help employees become comfortable in the team environment or alternatively find work in another unit that still performs work as individuals. even through, “ team work ” is technically feasible ; there may be such resistance that its introduction should be delayed until there has been substantial turnover. 4. self directed / self management teams they are an extension of natural work teams without the supervisor. thus, they are the epitome of the empowered organization – they not only do the work but also manage it. there is wide direction to organize their work subject to organizational work flow requirements. there is a team coordinator to liaison with senior management that may rotate among members. the team meets daily to plan their activities, and decisions are usually by consensus. additional responsibilities may include ; hiring, dismissal, performance evaluation, customer relations, supplier relations, recognition / reward and training. the team must have access to business information in order to plan, control and improve their processes.


posted on tue, may. 01, 2012 last updated : may 01, 2012 06 : 45 : 04 am like the prow of a ship, the granite mountains rise sharply from the creamy - white playa of the black rock desert in nevada. here, in rugged terrain owned by the american public, a little - known federal agency called wildlife services has waged an eight - year war against predators to try to help an iconic western big - game species : mule deer. with rifles, snares and aerial gunning, employees have killed 967 coyotes and 45 mountain lions at a cost of about $ 550, 000. but like a mirage, the dream of protecting deer by killing predators has not materialized. " it didn ' t make a difference, " said kelley stewart, a large - mammal ecologist at the university of nevada, reno. for decades, wildlife services, part of the u. s. department of agriculture, has specialized in trapping, poisoning and shooting predators in large numbers, largely to protect livestock and, more recently, big game. now such killing is coming under fire from scientists, former employees and others who say it often doesn ' t work and can set off a chain reaction of unintended, often negative consequences. in biological shorthand : kill too many coyotes and you open a pandora ' s box of disease - carrying rodents, meadow - munching rabbits, bird - eating feral cats, and, over time, smarter, more abundant coyotes. you also can sentence the deer you are trying to help to slow death by starvation. " there is a widespread perception that predators are the root of all evil and i ' m tired of it, " said stewart. " more often than not, if you have predation on a mule deer population, you ' re going to have a healthier population. " agency officials say controlling predators is a must, especially in the west where livestock graze large tracts of unfenced land. " the intent is not to prevent predation, " said william clay, deputy administrator of wildlife services. " all we ' re trying to do is remove the problem animals. " killing predators is part of wildlife services ' dna, a mission it pursues along with a wide range of other animal control work largely outside public view. some details, though, can be gleaned from the agency ' s web page, where it posts a sea of data showing species by species the millions of birds and mammals its employees kill each year. sift through the numbers and you find that


some details, though, can be gleaned from the agency ' s web page, where it posts a sea of data showing species by species the millions of birds and mammals its employees kill each year. sift through the numbers and you find that about 560, 000 predators were killed across america from 2006 to 2011, an average of 256 a day. the body count includes more than 25, 000 red and gray foxes, 10, 700 bobcats, 2, 800 black bears, 2, 300 timber wolves and 2, 100 mountain lions. but the vast majority about 512, 500 were coyotes. " when they see a coyote, all they got is one thing in mind : killing it, " said gary strader, a former wildlife services hunter in nevada. " they don ' t know if it was a coyote that killed a sheep. it ' s just a coyote, and it ' s got to be killed. " while fewer bobcats are killed today, the numbers of three other major predators shot, trapped and snared by the agency have risen. in 1970, agency employees killed 73, 100 coyotes, 400 black bears, 120 mountain lions. by 2011, the tally had climbed to 83, 200 coyotes ( up 14 percent ), 565 black bears ( up 41 percent ) and 400 mountain lions ( up 230 percent ). " if you look at their mandate, we could not have written it better for them, " said suzanne stone, northern rockies representative for defenders of wildlife, who has worked with wildlife services employees to promote nonlethal control. " it ' s all about supporting wildlife conservation and promoting humane tools. " that ' s not what is happening on the ground, " stone said. " unfortunately, in parts of the western united states it just seems like they are still in the dark ages. they go at this as a kill mission. they are at war with wildlife. " most surprising may be the fate of the agency ' s longtime adversary, the coyote, an animal that mark twain once called " a living, breathing allegory of want. " after several decades of intense federal hunting, there are more coyotes in more places than ever. " i call it the boomerang effect, " said wendy keefover, a carnivore specialist with wildearth guardians. " the more you kill, the more you get. " in california, researchers have found that having coyotes in the neighborhood can be good for quail, towhees and other birds. the reason? they eat skunk


with wildearth guardians. " the more you kill, the more you get. " in california, researchers have found that having coyotes in the neighborhood can be good for quail, towhees and other birds. the reason? they eat skunks, house cats and raccoons that feast on birds. " the indirect effects ( of predators ) are often more important than the direct effects, " said reg barrett, professor of wildlife ecology and management at the university of california, berkeley. " we just don ' t know enough about what ' s going on. " the most dramatic example of how predators shape the land is playing out in yellowstone national park where wolves, after a 70 - year absence, were returned in 1995 and began preying on one of the densest populations of elk in north america. before long, aspen, willows and cottonwoods that had been overgrazed by elk began to thrive again, attracting beavers, migratory songbirds and other wildlife. ravens, magpies, eagles and grizzly bears benefited, too, from a smorgasbord of elk carcasses. but tracking the ecological effects of predators is a fine art not widely practiced. " we could sure use more research, " said barrett. last year, something curious caught stewart ' s attention in nevada : an email informing her that a mule deer had tested positive for the plague a disease sparked by rodent outbreaks and potentially deadly to humans in an area where wildlife services was killing predators. " it makes you wonder, " said stewart. " in this area where we ' ve been doing rampant predator control, we ' re seeing a disease show up. frankly, i ' d rather see a deer get eaten by a coyote than show up symptomatic for a disease like plague. " a few years back, nevada rancher marti hoots noticed that jack rabbits were out of control. then, while rounding up cattle on horseback, she spotted a wildlife services plane over her pasture. a man leaned out and began shooting coyotes. " i was irate, " said hoots. " it was the dead of winter, and i found no reason for them to be shooting because the coyotes weren ' t bothering anything. " the jack rabbits were everywhere, " hoots said. " so the coyotes were doing some good, and they were shooting them. " aerial gunning is the agency ' s most popular predator - killing tool. since 2001, more than 340, 000 coyotes have been gunned down from planes and helicopters across 16


so the coyotes were doing some good, and they were shooting them. " aerial gunning is the agency ' s most popular predator - killing tool. since 2001, more than 340, 000 coyotes have been gunned down from planes and helicopters across 16 western states, including california an average of 600 a week, agency records show. " when they take that plane up, they kill every single coyote they can, " said strader, the former wildlife services hunter who worked with aerial gunning crews in nevada. " if they come back and say, ' we only killed three coyotes, ' they are not very happy. if they come back and say, ' oh, we killed a hundred coyotes, ' they ' re very happy. " some of the gunners are real good and kill coyotes every time. and other ones wound more than they kill, " strader said. " who wants to see an animal get crippled and run around with its leg blown off? i saw that a lot. " the agency does not disclose the specific locations where aerial gunning takes place, but records show coyotes are killed on public land in nevada, including the humboldt - toiyabe national forest. in california, coyotes are hunted from the air in calaveras, glenn, kern, lassen, madera, merced, modoc, san joaquin, san luis obispo, shasta, siskyou and stanislaus counties. clay, the agency ' s deputy administrator, defended the practice, calling it is a valuable preventive strategy to clear swaths of land of predators in the winter before livestock arrive to graze in the spring. " if you can remove the predators, you can reduce the losses, " clay said. but carter niemeyer, a former wildlife services district manager who scheduled coyote - killing flights in montana, said the cost exceeds the value of livestock protected. " it absolutely calls for a cost - benefit study, " said niemeyer. " aerial gunning is very, very expensive. you are talking $ 700 to $ 1, 000 an hour to be hunting these coyotes. " if private landowners want every coyote on their property shot, you got no bone to pick with me. but go hire your own helicopter at 700 bucks an hour and do it yourself. " the practice remains popular, he said, because it keeps hunters busy during the slow winter months. " these guys don ' t have a heck of a lot to do in the winter, so to stay employed, they need to go fly around in


" the practice remains popular, he said, because it keeps hunters busy during the slow winter months. " these guys don ' t have a heck of a lot to do in the winter, so to stay employed, they need to go fly around in a helicopter and shoot coyotes that might kill a sheep next spring, " niemeyer said. " there is not enough money on earth to kill all the coyotes that might kill a sheep out there. " there is something else about the effort that made niemeyer skeptical : the coyote itself. no matter how many were killed, there were always more of them. coyotes are known for their cunning. but their response to hunting takes craftiness to a new level : they are expanding their numbers and colonizing new territories. " the more you shoot, the more you need to shoot, " said steve searles, wildlife management officer in mammoth lakes. " we go easy on the gun because if you start shooting up the population, you ' re not part of the cure. you ' re part of the problem. " in nevada, scientists found that when wildlife services began killing coyotes to protect deer south of ely in 2004, the average coyote litter size jumped from one pup to 3. 5. in 2007, one coyote killed by a wildlife services hunter in nevada had 13 fetuses in its uterus. just how coyotes prosper amid persecution remains a mystery. but many believe they benefit from better dining opportunities that emerge over time as coyotes are killed and rabbits and mice begin to multiply. " a lot of it comes down to nutrition and competition. when you have fewer animals ( coyotes ) on the landscape, you have more food available per individual. there is a ton of food on the landscape. why not have a bigger litter? " said stewart, the nevada ecologist. many also believe killing coyotes en masse only makes them smarter, through natural selection. " i ' m sure of it, " said barrett, the uc berkeley professor. " how can an animal like that be so successful if there wasn ' t strong selection for individuals that take care of themselves under intense pressure? you ' ve got to hand it to them. it ' s pretty amazing. " " we ' ve raised a super race of coyotes, " said bill jensen, a sheep rancher in marin county. " there is nothing more cunning than these things now. " wildlife services spends about $ 30 million a year to protect livestock from predators mostly coyotes. on its web page, it says losses to predators top more


, a sheep rancher in marin county. " there is nothing more cunning than these things now. " wildlife services spends about $ 30 million a year to protect livestock from predators mostly coyotes. on its web page, it says losses to predators top more than $ 127 million a year. but niemeyer said those losses, which are based on unverified reports from ranchers, are exaggerated. " to paint this picture that the whole livestock industry is under siege by predators is grossly misrepresented, " he said. " there are individuals who sustain losses, but not everyone. " sheep and lambs are most at risk. " they are easy to kill, and lots of animals key on them, " niemeyer said. but cattle are less in danger. " calves, when they ' re small, are vulnerable, " said niemeyer. " but it doesn ' t take very many weeks before they outgrow coyotes. in my 33 - year tenure, i have less than 20 calves that i would attribute to being killed by coyotes. " like a crime scene investigator, niemeyer journeyed into the field to inspect sheep and cattle that ranchers said had been killed by predators. often, his verdict was not guilty. " you start looking and you realize nothing killed this, " said niemeyer. " they died from a multitude of things : birthing problems, old age, bad hooves, cut by barbed wire. there were an awful lot of things attributed to predation that really were not. " niemeyer is not the only former wildlife services employee to raise questions about agency practices. in california, biologist mike jaeger did, too, with studies in mendocino county that showed most coyotes don ' t prey on sheep at all and those that do are the hardest to kill with nonselective traps and poison. " the research showed quite clearly that nonselective control doesn ' t work, " said jaeger, who has since retired. " you can remove a lot of coyotes and have no effect at all. absolutely none. " but his calls for more selective control often went unheeded, he said, because of a disconnect between the agency ' s scientific and field personnel and its close ties to the livestock industry, which helps fund predator control. " i think there is a lot of political pressure, " jaeger said. " they have to make the landowners happy. and many of them perceive the solution of the problem as population reduction. " federal officials decline


, which helps fund predator control. " i think there is a lot of political pressure, " jaeger said. " they have to make the landowners happy. and many of them perceive the solution of the problem as population reduction. " federal officials decline to disclose the ranches on which wildlife services employees work. such information " would cause a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, " wrote tonya woods, director of the freedom of information & privacy act office for the usda ' s animal and plant health inspection service. " also, disclosing this information will not shed any light on ( federal ) duties and responsibilities. " but a document obtained by the bee provides a look at one wildlife services job in nevada where predators were targeted indiscriminately, and innocent animals died. the email by a nevada department of wildlife biologist details work on the 3, 200 - acre rafter 7 ranch on the east walker river in nevada. " with no evidence of any kind that any predation had occurred wildlife services set snares around the area to kill any predators that may wander through, " the biologist, russell woolstenhulme, wrote. officials concluded the snares killed at random, taking the lives of four bears and four mountain lions that had not harmed sheep. the state is now demanding that wildlife services target predators more selectively. " we realize some of this stuff is not publicly acceptable, " said rob buonamici, chief game warden for the nevada department of wildlife. but wildlife services continues to kill nonselectively in many places, including the granite mountains north of reno where the goal is protecting a big - game species mule deer and is funded by a predator control fee assessed on hunters. stark, majestic and isolated, the granites loom like an island over the desert terrain. but that beauty is deceiving because the range is a place of rough justice for predators, internal wildlife services records show. after slicing open a mountain lion killed in a federal neck snare in 2008, one agency hunter filled out a handwritten report : " stomach contained deer hair and bone fragments, " he noted. eleven days later, he cut open another lion with different results : " he had nothing in his stomach. " in some cases, animals had rotted away by the time the agency hunter found them. " only the skull was saved due to decay. pelt not saved due to decay / slippage. decomposition did not allow for accurate weight estimate, " he wrote in a series of reports about


can solar panels replace nuclear energy? a traditional view is that solar power is cool and hip but doesn ’ t have nearly the production muscle that nuclear has. solar panels are certainly safer than nuclear energy, but will they ever be able to replace nuclear power plants? one blogger, dan hahn, seems to think that solar can replace nuclear. dan hahn writes that in 2010, enough solar panels were shipped and installed to produce the equivalent energy of seventeen nuclear power plants. each nuclear power plant can produce one gigawatt of energy annually. in 2010 alone, new solar panel systems generated seventeen gigawatts, the same amount of energy as seventeen nuclear power plants. not only is solar power safer than nuclear power, but nuclear plants can take years, even decades, to build. solar panel installation helps get people the power they need without having to wait decades. the relative ease of solar panel installation is another reason solar panels might one day replace nuclear power plants. another argument for solar versus nuclear is that residential solar panels have been decreasing in cost. in the past, solar panel installation has been too expensive for most homeowners to be able to afford. however, this might be already starting to change. dan hahn writes that the price of a residential solar panel system is decreasing. he writes that in many areas of the country, baltimore for example, residential solar panels can pay for themselves “ in just six years ” so cites one href = " http : / / www. solargaines. com / residential. html " > baltimore residential solar installer. solar panels are not just good for the environment, but they are also good for consumers ' wallets as well. the decreasing costs of residential solar panel systems and ever - growing environmental awareness bodes well for the future of solar power - especially to the tune of 17 gigawatts of power generated last year! there is hope that this green technology will one day be able to power many of our homes and businesses, safely and affordably. a solar - powered future is a bright, safe future. last week ' s ideas sata raid storage system advanced storage systems with the constant, rapid advance in technology,... readmetal suppliers a full line metal distributor metal is one of the earthly elements that... click heremetal supplier the right steel supply for you the economy of today has made us all dig... read more


the charter of the ‘ memorial ’ memorial is a movement which arose in the years of perestroika. its main task was the awakening and preservation of the societal memory of the severe political persecution in the recent past of the soviet union. memorial is a community of dozens of organizations in different regions of russia, ukraine, kazakhstan, latvia, and georgia. memorial is a group of specialized research, human rights, and education centers in moscow, st. petersburg, and several other cities. memorial is a museum, a repository of documents, and a number of specialized libraries. memorial is the solovetskii stone on lubianka square in moscow, placed across from the kgb headquarters on 30 october 1990. on that date in 1974 prisoners in the mordvinian and perm ' political camps voted to declare a day of political prisoners in the ussr. in 1991, on the initiative of memorial, the supreme soviet of the rsfsr officially recognized this date as a day of remembrance of the victims of political repression. memorial is a great number of different memorials reaching to the far corners of the former ussr – from the gigantic monument of ernst neizvestnii close to magadan to the modest memorial signs at mass burial sites of the victims of terror near moscow. it is the search for and preservation of the graves of our fathers and grandfathers, killed anonymously by bullets in the cellars of the cheka and by forced labor in hundreds of camps throughout the former soviet union. it is a unique museum, established on the ground of the last soviet political camp close to the town chusovii in perm ' province. memorial is dozens of books, newspaper and magazine articles, radio programs, and exhibits dedicated to the tragedies of the past decades and to the current attempts to limit the freedoms and dignity of citizens of russia and the commonwealth of independent states. memorial is the law on rehabilitation of victims of political repression. it was passed in 1991 and reinstated civil rights to tens of thousands of living russian citizens and to tens of thousands of those who had already passed away. memorial is a series of corrections and additions to the law on rehabilitation, which improved the original text. memorial is a consistent and sometimes successful attempt to compel the government fulfil all statutes of the law which pertain to compensation. memorial is a number of regional associations of former prisoners of political prison camps and members of their families. this encompasses tens of thousands of direct and indirect victims of political repression. it is adequate assistance – legal, and sometimes also material – needed


to compensation. memorial is a number of regional associations of former prisoners of political prison camps and members of their families. this encompasses tens of thousands of direct and indirect victims of political repression. it is adequate assistance – legal, and sometimes also material – needed by the elderly who emerged from the hell of soviet prisons and political prison camps. memorial is wide - ranging and simultaneous scrupulous historical research of topics that were until recently inaccessible to russian scholars : the gulag, the history of the security organizations vchk ( the cheka ) - ogpu - nkvd - mgb - kgb, statistics on political repression in the soviet union, and dissidents ' resistance during the khrushchev - brezhnev era. memorial is a number of international research projects, in which internationally recognized research centers in the humanities acts as partners. it is a support program for young researchers throughout russia. it is the struggle for free access to historical information, to the past, which was hidden from us for so long. memorial is information about the violation of human rights on the territory of the former soviet union. this information is valued highly not only by international human rights organizations, but also by international organizations, such as the united nations, the organization for security and cooperation in europe, and the parliamentary assembly of the council of europe. memorial is the undertaking of risky observation missions to " hot spots " on the territory of the cis. memorial is mountains of factual material, collected in regions of armed conflict. it is painstaking verification and analysis of the collected material, and the preparation and publication of reports on the conditions in nagorno - karabakh, tajikistan, transdnistria, in the zone of ossetian - ingushetian conflict, and, finally, in chechnya. memorial is the initiator for the formation of an anti - war front, memorably uniting more than 100 social and political organizations in january 1995. memorial is an organization for social and legal counseling for refugees and displaced persons in many regions of russia. it is the collection of information about current political prisoners on the territory of the former soviet union. it is an ongoing struggle against ethnic discrimination. memorial is protests, meetings, and miscellaneous publications that seek to protect freedoms and peace. and, finally, memorial is many very different people. what unites us? first, we are friends. second, we respect one another. we are very different : old and quite young ; historians and legal advocates ; liberals and not so liberals ; atheists, agnostic


stay awake behind the wheel would you ride in a car with a driver who ’ s been drinking alcohol? no way. how about riding with someone who just pulled an all - nighter? if you ’ re not sure, consider this : every year, sleepy drivers cause about 100, 000 automobile accidents in the united states. according to a recent poll conducted by the national sleep foundation, 60 percent of americans have driven while drowsy in the past year. you may believe that you can stop yourself from falling asleep, but you can ’ t. you may not even know you ’ ve dozed off. this is more likely to happen if you ’ re sleep - deprived, driving long distances without rest breaks, traveling at night, driving alone, riding long rural highways, taking medication that causes sleepiness, or drinking alcohol. how to stay alert try these tips from the national highway traffic safety administration : never drink and drive. alcohol impairs your driving ability and worsens fatigue. it ' s also illegal to drive under the influence of alcohol. if possible, don ’ t drive long distances alone. if you have a companion on your drive, you ’ ll have someone to talk with, and you can take turns driving. get enough shut - eye. you ’ re more likely to nod off at the wheel if you have slept for less than eight hours the night before. don ’ t begin a trip so late that you ’ re driving when you usually sleep. start when you ’ re fresh and alert. watch your posture. hold your head up and don ’ t slouch. take a break at least every two hours. stop in a place that is safe and well - populated to walk around and stretch. have two cups of a caffeinated drink, such as coffee, if you can have caffeine. signs of sleepiness you may be about to doze off if you : can ’ t remember the last few miles you drove. experience wandering or disconnected thoughts. have difficulty focusing or keeping your eyes open. have trouble keeping your head up. drift from your lane or hit a rumble strip. in these cases, it ’ s imperative to pull over to a safe place. turn off your car, lock your doors and nap for 15 to 20 minutes in a busy, well - lit rest area or truck stop. you ’ ll wake up refreshed and ready to reach your destination safely.


- mercy nurse - symptom navigator - levitt medical library - health information - body guide - multimedia encyclopedia - in - depth health reports - complementary & alternative medicine - drug information center - drug interactions - wellness tools - today ' s medical news - pregnancy health center - recursos espaa±oles de la salud - enciclopedia multimedia - centro de information sobre el embarazo the lungs are comprised of lobes. the right lung has an upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobe. the left lung has an upper and a lower lobe. if a cancer or lesion is within a lobe of the lung, removal of the involved lobe may be indicated. under general anesthesia with the patient deep asleep and pain free, an incision is made between the ribs to expose the lung. the chest cavity is examined and diseased lung tissue is removed. a drainage tube ( chest tube ) is inserted to drain air, fluid, and blood out of the chest cavity, and the ribs and skin are closed. the remaining lung tissue expands to fill the chest. hospital stay is usually 7 - 10 days. deep breathing is important to help prevent pneumonia and infection, and to re - expand the lung. the chest tube remains in place until the lung has fully re - expanded. pain is managed with medications. the patient recovers fully in 1 - 3 months after the operation. reviewed by : harvey simon, md, editor - in - chief ; associate professor of medicine, harvard medical school ; physician, massachusetts general hospital.


va benefits for mesothelioma between world war ii and 1970, the use of asbestos was widespread in the u. s. military. this means that many veterans and civilian employees of the u. s. military were subjected to exposure to the dangerous substance that has been linked to mesothelioma, asbestosis, lung cancer and other respiratory illnesses many years later. often called “ asbestos cancer, ” mesothelioma is highly aggressive and is resistant to many standard cancer treatments, with most cases diagnosed 30 years or more after exposure. the latency period can sometimes be as long as 50 years. personnel who may have been exposed to asbestos includes occupants of base housing constructed prior to 1970 and all assignments, both military and civilian, on or near military shipping installations, including navy or merchant marine shipyards. for military personnel between the 1940s and 1970s, the nature of their work put them at the greatest risk for developing mesothelioma or asbestosis. some jobs required military workers to cut asbestos - laden materials, releasing deadly fibers into the air. other workers were in enclosed spaces, such as ship interiors, where loose asbestos fibers circulated freely. for this reason, nearly 30 percent of all mesothelioma cases are veterans. important : many of the cases involving military personnel have only recently come to light because of the potentially long latency period ( 10 - 50 years ) between first exposure and development of the disease. veterans exposed to asbestos during active duty who are diagnosed with an asbestos - related disease are eligible for service connection benefits. applications for these benefits are handled through the u. s. department of veteran affairs ( va ). when deciding a claim for service connection for mesothelioma, the va administrator must determine whether records demonstrate the veteran was exposed to asbestos during service. if the veteran was exposed to asbestos before or after service, the claim is much less likely to be successful. some specific groups of veterans receive service connection benefits without having to provide evidence of exposure. this is termed a “ presumptive service connection, ” which means the military automatically accepts that your illness is a direct result of your military service. for veterans who served in vietnam in the years from 1962 to 1975 and have been diagnosed with mesothelioma, the va presumes that the circumstances of his or her service caused the condition, and disability compensation can be awarded. while va medical claims may sound straightforward since the asbestos cancer has been approved as connected to service, the actual process of filing and pursuing a claim with the va


espanol | francais | deutsch | italiano | portugues milan and the surrounding countryside, early 18th century. bertarido, king of lombardy and milan, has been attacked and deposed by grimoaldo, an ally of his estranged brother, gundeberto. gundeberto was killed in the battle and bertarido vanished, leaving his queen, rodelinda, and a young son, flavio, in the power of the victorious ally, grimoaldo. as a reward for defeating bertarido, grimoaldo was promised the hand of bertarido ’ s sister, eduige — which would grant him a legitimate claim to the throne at milan. eduige and grimoaldo fell in love, but she would not marry him while mourning two brothers — one dead, one presumed so. from abroad bertarido has sent word of his own death, intending to return to milan in disguise, rescue his wife and son, and escape to an anonymous life far from the vagaries of politics and the burden of government. the news of his death has devastated both rodelinda and eduige. grimoaldo, intent on gaining the throne, weighs his options, counseled by two advisers — garibaldo, his closest aide, and unulfo, a member of bertarido ’ s cabinet who maintains intimate ties with the royal family and is the only person who knows that bertarido still lives. rodelinda and her son are being held in a sparsely furnished room in the palace in milan. grimoaldo enters with eduige and his advisers and announces his wish to marry rodelinda, thereby gaining the throne. the outraged rodelinda refuses him and storms away. eduige is appalled at grimoaldo ’ s overture to rodelinda, but despite the rules of mourning offers him her hand, heart, and throne. grimoaldo, however, is still stung by her previous postponements and, though still in love with her, fiercely declines eduige ’ s offer. now garibaldo makes overtures to eduige, hoping to gain the throne for himself. eduige, furious with grimoaldo, does not discourage him. when he is left alone garibaldo reveals his ambition for the throne. bertarido arrives at the stables, where unulfo has left a soldier ’ s uniform for his disguise. he finds in the cemetery a memorial built


discourage him. when he is left alone garibaldo reveals his ambition for the throne. bertarido arrives at the stables, where unulfo has left a soldier ’ s uniform for his disguise. he finds in the cemetery a memorial built for him by grimoaldo to appease those loyal to him. bertarido yearns to see rodelinda but knows he cannot yet reveal himself. his reunion with unulfo is interrupted when rodelinda brings her son to plant flowers at the memorial. unulfo succeeds in restraining bertarido, who wants desperately to reach out to his family. garibaldo appears with an ultimatum from grimoaldo, to which bertarido must also be silent witness : either rodelinda agrees to wed grimoaldo, or garibaldo kills the boy. rodelinda is forced to agree. she takes back her child, lashes out at garibaldo, and rushes away. bertarido cannot see past rodelinda ’ s surrender to grimoaldo ’ s demand. unulfo promises to find some resolution to the dilemma. alone and disconsolate, bertarido grieves over rodelinda ’ s seeming loss of faith. in the palace library garibaldo again offers his services to eduige in exchange for her hand — he will kill grimoaldo if necessary. but he sees from her response that eduige loves grimoaldo still. rodelinda appears with her child and reassures eduige that her son ’ s future is her greatest concern. eduige shares with rodelinda her confused anger over grimoaldo ’ s rejection of her. grimoaldo enters with garibaldo and unulfo, and rodelinda presents him with an ultimatum of her own : she will marry him on one condition, that he personally kill her son before her eyes. her gambit works — grimoaldo backs down ; but he is very taken with rodelinda ’ s courage and constancy and feels that he might actually come to love her, though he cannot forget his feelings for eduige. garibaldo and unulfo are left alone to debate grimoaldo ’ s options. garibaldo believes power should be seized and ensured at any cost. unulfo, musing alone, decides to take rodelinda to bertarido and finds a breath of hope. walking near the stables, edui


s options. garibaldo believes power should be seized and ensured at any cost. unulfo, musing alone, decides to take rodelinda to bertarido and finds a breath of hope. walking near the stables, eduige happens upon and recognizes bertarido. she is overjoyed to find him alive. she assuages his fears about rodelinda ’ s constancy, and they move away deep in conversation as unulfo brings rodelinda to the stables. unulfo goes off to look for bertarido, who soon returns with eduige to be reunited at last with his wife. when they are discovered together by grimoaldo, he orders bertarido taken into custody and, enraged, bids them take their final farewells. bertarido will soon die. eduige sends a servant to the dungeon with a concealed weapon that is to be given to bertarido. she and unulfo plan for bertarido ’ s escape : unulfo, who has access to the prison, will lead bertarido through a hidden tunnel from the cell to the palace garden, where eduige will wait with rodelinda and the child. from there they will escape. grimoaldo enters with garibaldo, who advises him to kill the prisoner or lose the kingdom, but grimoaldo ’ s conscience prevents him from taking this action : he is caught in a web of conflicting feelings — fear, suspicion, love, and remorse. bertarido is reassured when a weapon is dropped through the bars of his prison cell. in the darkness he strikes out at what he believes to be an assassin — but it is unulfo, come to help him. even though he is wounded, unulfo manages to get bertarido to change out of the clothes he has been seen in. as the two men escape into the tunnel, rodelinda and eduige arrive — rodelinda has insisted on rescuing bertarido herself but finds only his clothes covered with unulfo ’ s blood. she imagines the worst. at the foot of bertarido ’ s memorial grimoaldo ’ s internal struggle continues. he ultimately acknowledges his cruelty and guilt. exhausted, he falls asleep. garibaldo attempts to assassinate grimoaldo, but is stopped and killed by bertarido, who gives himself up to grimoaldo. following grimoaldo into the library, bertarido dare


protozoa have been found in almost every kind of soil environment from peat bogs to arid desert sands. they teem in the deep sea as well as near the surface of waters, and can be found even in frigid arctic and antarctic waters. some species of protozoa are part of the normal microbial flora of animals, and live in the guts of insects and mammals, helping to break down complex food particles into simpler molecules. a very small number of species cause disease in people, including plasmodium vivax, which causes malaria. the four main subgroups of protozoa are the ciliates, the flagellates, the sarcodina, and the apicomplexans. the word protozoa means " little animal. " they are so named because many species behave like tiny animals — specifically, they hunt and gather other microbes as food. protozoa mainly feed on bacteria, but they also eat other protozoa, bits of stuff that has come off of other living things — what ' s generally called organic matter — and sometimes fungi. some protozoa absorb food through their cell membranes. others, like the amoebas < ah - me - buhs >, surround food and engulf it. others have openings called mouth pores into which they sweep food. all protozoa digest their food in stomach - like compartments called vacuoles < vac - you - ohls >. as they chow down, they make and give off nitrogen, which is an element that plants and other higher creatures can use. protozoa range in size from 1 / 5, 000 to 1 / 50 of an inch ( 5 to 500 µm ) in diameter. they can be classified into three general groups based on their shape. one group is the ciliates < silly - ates >, which are generally the largest protozoa. they have hair - like projections called cilia < silly - uh > and they eat the other two types of protozoa as well as bacteria. you can just see the thin cilia poking out around the edges of the protozoan in the image to the right. the second group is the amoebae < ah - me - bee >, which can be subdivided into the testate amoebae, which have a shell - like covering, and the naked amoebae, which don ' t have this covering. finally, the third group is the flagellates < flah - geh - lets >


testate amoebae, which have a shell - like covering, and the naked amoebae, which don ' t have this covering. finally, the third group is the flagellates < flah - geh - lets >, which are generally the smallest of the protozoa and have one or several long, whip - like projections called flagella poking out of their cells. to hunt, protozoa have to be able to move about. amoebas ooze about by extending parts of their cells as pseudopods < sue - doh - pods > or " false feet. " amoebae have fluid cell membranes or coverings that they can stretch out, bend and curve. as the membrane moves outward, the fluid and other parts inside the cell follow, flowing into the new bulge created by the moving membrane. many ciliates swim along by beating their cilia in a rhythmic pattern, like so many tiny oars. flagellates swim by waving their flagella, using them much like a fish uses its tail push itself through water. some protozoa prefer to latch themselves in one place. for example, a ciliate called vorticella < vor - tih - sell - uh > attaches to a spot on a long, springy stalk. it creates a mini whirlpool around its mouth pore by beating the cilia ringing its bulbous top end so that food particles get sucked in. whenever anything too big to be eaten hits a vorticella, it springs back out of the way by by rapidly coiling up its stalk. ( to see video clips of vorticella doing their thing, visit this web page. ) the vast majority of protozoa do us no harm. but, yes, there are a few that cause disease. one type of amoeba can live in human intestines. it feeds on red blood cells and causes a disease known as dysentery < dis - in - tear - ee >. the parasitic protozoan cryptosporidium parvum < cryp - toe - spore - id - ee - um par - vum > sickened around 400, 000 people in milwaukee in 1993 when it got into the tap water. perhaps the best - known protozoal menace is plasmodium < plaz - mo - dee - um >, the parasite that causes malaria. this terrible disease leads to about 800, 000 deaths each year worldwide.


war projects act ( or wpa ) a scheme of the federal arts project, a program which helped artists from 1935 to 1943 by commissioning works of art across america. example : diego rivera ' s man at the crossroads was completed for the federal arts project in rockefeller center, 1933 a collective term for pottery and ceramic objects. colors often associated with fire and sun, which suggest warmth. these are colors which contain red and yellow and appear on one side of the color wheel opposite the cool colors. in weaving, the vertical threads attached to the top and bottom of a loom, through which the weft is woven. a thin, translucent layer of pigment, usually watercolor or india ink. often it is the background of a picture, prepared using watery paint applied quickly using large, sweeping brush strokes. example : helen frankenthaler ' s bay side, 1967 a flat metal or rubber disk placed beneath a bolt head or nut which helps to secure the bolt and distribute its pressure, lessen friction, or prevent leakage. this term is used in two contradictory ways. in its most common use : a piece mold made from a model ( usually of clay or wax ) when the model must be broken apart ( wasted ) in removing it from the mold. the other use : a mold from which only one cast can be taken, because the mold must be broken apart and discarded in order to release the cast. this is how lost - wax casting is accomplished, for instance. the use of this term is highly problematic then, unless the user immediately explains the meaning intended. the application of gold leaf to a surface of gesso ( or whiting ) which may have been coated with bole, and this covered with a water and glue. the gold is then burnished. this is a better technique than oil ( mordant ) gilding, when the surface is a gessoed one, although it is more difficult. any paint that uses water as a medium. paintings done with this medium are known as watercolors. when made opaque with white, watercolor is generally called gouache or bodycolor. tempera is another exception. in the making of paper, a translucent design impressed on it when still moist by a metal pattern, and visible when the paper is held before light. in digital imaging, bits altered within an image to create a pattern which indicates proof of ownership ; so that unauthorized use of a watermarked image can then be traced. soluble in water ; capable of being dissolved in water, especially if a wetting


in digital imaging, bits altered within an image to create a pattern which indicates proof of ownership ; so that unauthorized use of a watermarked image can then be traced. soluble in water ; capable of being dissolved in water, especially if a wetting agent is added, like detergents and soaps. any of various natural, oily or greasy heat - sensitive substances, the most common being beeswax. these consist of hydrocarbons or esters of fatty acids that are insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents. may also refer to a solid, plastic or liquid substance, such as ozocerite or paraffin, a petroleum by product, used in coating papers, in crayons, and other products. both natural and synthetic waxes are used in painting as a binder, and as an important ingredient in candles and polishes. they are also important materials used for casting and modeling, generally over an armature. lost wax casting, modeling in wax. or a figure made of wax, especially a life - size wax effigy of a famous person. also, the plural form, used with either a singular or plural verb, refers to an exhibition of wax figures in a museum. the interlacing of yarn or thread to make cloth. in printing, a rotary press that prints on a long roll of paper. in sculpture, the retention of a supporting membrane of material between fingers or other thin extremities, especially in stone sculpture. a piece of material, such as wood or metal, tapered at one edge and thick at the opposite end, used for tightening, securing, levering, or splitting, as when driven into wood along its grain, or when driven into the interlocking corners of wooden stretchers to produce tension on canvas support. these last are also called keys. a technique in which clay is thoroughly kneaded and cut before use in modeling or pottery, to make it plastic and remove air pockets. the threads or strands of yarn that are woven over and under the warp threads to make a weaving. a less commonly used equivalent term is woof. the process of joining metals by fusing them together under direct, intense heat. a commonly used source of heat for welding is an oxyacetylene torch. a metal rod may be applied to the joint which melts into any gaps and strengthens the bond. paper with a coating of silicon carbide, used as an abrasive ; a type of sandpaper. its


##cetylene torch. a metal rod may be applied to the joint which melts into any gaps and strengthens the bond. paper with a coating of silicon carbide, used as an abrasive ; a type of sandpaper. its common name derives from the fact that it can be used wet or dry, as suitable with the materials abraded and the surface finish required. a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, causing the liquid to spread across or penetrate more easily the surface of a solid, making anything that is water - soluble more quickly solved. detergents and soaps generally accomplish this with water. ground and dried chalk used in plate cleaning and in the preparation of gesso. a usually pliable metallic strand made in many lengths and diameters ( gauges ), sometimes clad or coated with insulation, as are electrical wires. a group of wire strands twisted or braided together as a functional unit is called cable. a print similar to a woodcut, in that it is made by cutting a design into a block of wood. however unlike a woodcut, the artist cuts the design on the end grain of hardwood rather than the side grain of soft wood. the print ' s design can therefore be more intricate than the typical woodcut. a print made by cutting a design in side - grain of a block of wood. the ink is transferred from the raised surfaces to paper. example : katsushika kokusai ' s thirty - six view of mount fuji, c. 1823 - 1829 the threads or strands of yarn that are woven over and under the warp threads to make a weaving. the more common contemporary term is weft. the description for a point of view set in the bottom of the picture place, as if a worm were looking at a scene. example : andrea mantegna, st. james led to martyrdom, c. 1455 an iron which is forged - - formed by heating in a furnace and hammering, bending, etc. and welded - - joining two pieces of metal by applying heat, sometimes with pressure, and sometimes with an additional melted metal. it contains less than. 3 % carbon and 1 - 2 % slag. cast iron, on the other hand, is a more brittle, nonmalleable alloy of iron and carbon, which is shaped by from pouring it molten into a mold.


big sunspot unleashes intense solar flare a sunspot known as ar1654 produced the m1 - class flare, according to officials with nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory. fri, jan 11 2013 at 6 : 40 pm this view of the flare on jan. 11, 2013, was recorded by nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory. ( photo : nasa ) the surface of the sun erupted in a solar flare early today ( jan. 11 ), unleashing a blast of super - heated plasma into space. a huge sunspot known as ar1654 produced the m1 - class flare at 4 : 11 a. m. est ( 0911 gmt ), officials with nasa ' s solar dynamics observatory said in a description of the event. the sdo spacecraft is one of several sun - watching space telescopes keeping tabs on solar flares and other sun weather events. according to spaceweather. com, sunspot ar1654 is growing more active and is now " crackling with m - class solar flares " like the one that erupted today. " ar1654 is getting bigger as it turns toward earth, " the website reported. " not only is the chance of flares increasing, but also the chance of an earth - directed eruption. this could be the sunspot that breaks the recent lengthy spell of calm space weather around our planet. " the sun is in an active phase of its current 11 - year weather cycle, which scientists call solar cycle 24. the sun ' s activity cycle is expected to reach its peak ( or " solar maximum " ) in 2013, astronomers have said. the most powerful solar flares, x - class flares, have the most significant effect on earth. they can cause long - lasting radiation storms in our planet ' s upper atmosphere and trigger radio blackouts. medium - size m - class flares can cause brief radio blackouts in the polar regions and occasional minor radiation storms. c - class flares, the weakest in scientists ' three - tiered classification system, have few noticeable consequences. related on space. com and mnn :


blair walk project featured in wusa ' s " cool schools " segment! to see the video, click here. to see more about the blair walk project ' s spring 2012 pedestrian safety education campaign, click here. if you are a blair high school student and would like to volunteer with this project, please contact joana conklin : firstname. lastname @ example. org. you will receive ssl hours for your participation! there is no winner in a contest between a vehicle and a pedestrian. on average, about 100 pedestrians are killed each year in maryland. it ’ s hard to fathom that the cost to cross the street could be one ’ s life, but in 2011, 11 pedestrians were killed in montgomery county. the four corners area, where blair high school is located, is one of the areas in the county with the highest incidence of pedestrian crashes, and more than a third of those involve pedestrians under the age of 20. - pedestrian fatalities comprise about 20 percent of all traffic deaths in maryland. - nearly 3, 000 pedestrians are injured annually in maryland. on average, 400 are struck by vehicles in montgomery county. - pedestrians 5 - 15 years of age are at the greatest risk for pedestrian injuries – over 30 percent of injured pedestrians are under the age of 15. - a pedestrian hit by a car traveling at 40 mph has an 85 % chance of dying. would you want to take that chance? a pedestrian hit by a car traveling at 20 mph has a 95 % chance of surviving. want to see what we mean? click here. what can you do to stay safe? walk with and avoid getting a $ 50 ticket ( fail! ) * ee them see you : make eye contact with drivers so you know they see you. * * ait for the walk : never begin crossing the street on solid or flashing “ don ’ t walk ” signals. * * lways cross at crosswalks and intersections : don ’ t cross mid - block. * * o reflective, so drivers can see you! ( especially at night and in bad weather ) * here are a few other tips to remember when you ' re walking : - stop and look left, right, left and over your shoulder for turning vehicles before crossing the street. remember, you have the right - of - way in a crosswalk, but still look out for cars as you cross! - use sidewalks. if there are none, walk facing traffic so you see vehicles and drivers see you. driving is a privilege - so once you have your license,


- way in a crosswalk, but still look out for cars as you cross! - use sidewalks. if there are none, walk facing traffic so you see vehicles and drivers see you. driving is a privilege - so once you have your license, remember these key tips for keeping pedestrians safe : - stop for pedestrians at crosswalks and intersections – it ’ s the law! a pedestrian is in the crosswalk when their foot is placed on the painted roadway. if you don ’ t stop, you could get a $ 500 ticket! epic fail! - if a car driving in front of you stops for a pedestrian in a crosswalk, you need to stop as well. - crosswalks exist at all intersections, even if the crosswalk is unmarked. - slow down, pay attention and obey the posted speed limit. - always look out for pedestrians and cyclists, especially before turning at a green light or making a “ right on red ” or “ left on green. ” - stay alert and slow down, particularly in residential areas, school zones and commercial areas. young children are more vulnerable because they have not yet developed the ability to judge speed and distance, as shown in this video. for any mcdot service request or complaint, call 311 when dialing outside of the county, call 240 - 777 - 0311 or submit via their website. for website comments or to report website problems or broken links, please email us. this email address does not handle service requests or complaints. director ' s office · montgomery county department of transportation 101 monroe street, 10th floor · rockville, maryland 20850 · email @ example. com · telephone : 240 - 777 - 7170 · fax : 240 - 777 - 7178 ·


posted on : apr 1st 2011 the great destructive power of the first atomic bomb persuaded many leaders of the need to constrain that power. thus was born the goal of nonproliferation and the search for a nonproliferation regime : a set of norms, rules, institutions, and practices to prevent both the spread of nuclear weapons and the material and know - how necessary to acquire them. the nuclear non - proliferation treaty ( npt ) of 1968 established such a regime, but today ’ s challenges threaten its stability and effectiveness. only measures to reinforce the relationship between verifiable disarmament by the existing nuclear powers and nonproliferation by non - nuclear states can strengthen cooperation and make us all more secure. the united states alone could not stop the spread of nuclear weapons. once the soviet union acquired the bomb in 1949 and others prepared to follow, nonproliferation became feasible only through cooperation. this was not simple. not only would geopolitical adversaries have to agree, but states that possessed nuclear weapons would need to find common ground with the vast majority of nations that did not. the former group could not be forced to give up their weapons just as the latter could not be forced to give up the right to build their own. only a regime of mutually agreed - upon nonproliferation rules could do that. these rules had to satisfy the core interests of the “ have - not ” states while tolerating, at least temporarily, the possession of nuclear weapons by the states that already had them. after a series of false starts, the united states and the soviet union joined the multilateral negotiation that produced a draft of what became the npt. the two superpowers shared an interest in preventing others from acquiring nuclear weapons. each also served as protective patron for many non - nuclear nations. these states could eschew building their own nuclear weapons if they were certain “ their ” superpower would protect them from a threat by the other. the npt entered into force march 5, 1970. it comprises a set of bargains. the nuclear weapon states agree to work in good faith toward nuclear disarmament, to transfer neither nuclear weapons nor the wherewithal to make them to non - nuclear weapon states, and to recognize the “ inalienable right ” of non - nuclear weapon states to access nuclear energy for peaceful uses. in return, non - nuclear weapon states promise not to acquire nuclear weapons. under the npt, disarmament and nonproliferation should be mutually reinforcing


right ” of non - nuclear weapon states to access nuclear energy for peaceful uses. in return, non - nuclear weapon states promise not to acquire nuclear weapons. under the npt, disarmament and nonproliferation should be mutually reinforcing. as more states adhere to the npt, each nation should gain confidence that its neighbor or adversary is not developing nuclear weapons and so be more secure in its decision not to proliferate. existing nuclear states similarly should feel able gradually to reduce their stockpiles with an eye toward full nuclear disarmament. this nonproliferation regime has been remarkably successful, if imperfect. the npt is among the most universal of treaties : all nations except india, israel, and pakistan have joined. north korea joined but subsequently withdrew and has tested a nuclear device, becoming the only state to develop nuclear weapons despite its npt obligation not to do so. many states have abandoned or reversed clandestine efforts to acquire nuclear weapons. iraq was pursuing such a program at the time of the 1990 - 1991 gulf war. fearing isolation and outside coercion, libya ended its effort in 2003 and instead sought international cooperation. taiwan and south korea stopped nuclear weapons work under secret pressure from the united states and after extracting reaffirmation of u. s. guarantees of their security. belarus, kazakhstan, and ukraine agreed to join the npt in the early 1990s as the united states and russia reduced their nuclear arsenals and cultivated a climate hospitable for nuclear disarmament. argentina and brazil shut down their nascent nuclear weapons programs, and south africa relinquished a secret nuclear weapons stockpile — largely for domestic reasons — but no doubt post - cold war nuclear arms reductions created norms that pulled them in that direction. since 2001, the nonproliferation regime has adapted to address the previously unimaginable threat of nuclear terrorism. initiatives to keep nuclear fuel and technology away from terrorists include : • bilateral cooperation between the united states and russia ; • multilateral commitments from the group of eight major industrialized countries ; • a nuclear terrorism convention ; • the proliferation security initiative ; • the global initiative to combat nuclear terrorism ; • u. n. security council resolution 1540, requiring all u. n. members to take and enforce measures against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery, and related materials. despite these successes, real risks remain. one is that the mutually reinforcing relationship between disarmament and nonproliferation may be weakening. if iran ignores a u. n. security


destruction, their means of delivery, and related materials. despite these successes, real risks remain. one is that the mutually reinforcing relationship between disarmament and nonproliferation may be weakening. if iran ignores a u. n. security council prohibition against acquiring nuclear weapons capabilities, and if north korea maintains its nuclear weapons, further proliferation among their neighbors becomes more likely as confidence in the nonproliferation regime weakens. skeptics in nuclear - armed nations, including the united states, argue that neither nuclear arms reductions nor measures like the global ban on all nuclear tests — the comprehensive test ban treaty ( ctbt ) — will discourage rule - violators like iran from seeking nuclear weapons. nor, these critics argue, will they persuade leading non - nuclear weapon states such as brazil and south africa to cooperate in enforcing nonproliferation rules. history suggests this view is too cynical. means exist to buttress confidence. if all states will agree to accept what is called the additional protocol to the npt, the international atomic energy agency ( iaea ) would have the means to undertake more effective inspections to ensure that nuclear materials and facilities are not being diverted from peaceful purposes. this would be especially important in iran. through the iaea, states also could negotiate new rules to prevent the further spread of those uranium enrichment and plutonium - reprocessing capabilities that heighten proliferation risks. but key non - nuclear weapon states such as brazil, south africa, and egypt now block efforts to make the additional protocol universal and to shift from national to international mechanisms for supplying nuclear fuel, in part because they do not believe the established nuclear powers are doing enough to make the nuclear order more equitable. past successes demonstrate how to meet these challenges. great power cooperation lies behind those successes. if today ’ s major global powers disagree on how to address changing technology and new threats, proliferation becomes more likely. the iranian crisis shows most vividly that cooperation among the united states, russia, and china is required to mobilize the u. n. security council ’ s legitimate enforcement authority. the russians and chinese are more reluctant than the americans to pursue sanctions and other coercive tactics against noncompliant states. among their reasons is a sense that the united states seeks military superiority over them. by addressing these concerns, the u. s. - russian nuclear arms reduction process and strategic dialogue can augment cooperation and build consensus for a stronger stand against suspected proliferators. the united states and china are beginning a similar process that could lead


by addressing these concerns, the u. s. - russian nuclear arms reduction process and strategic dialogue can augment cooperation and build consensus for a stronger stand against suspected proliferators. the united states and china are beginning a similar process that could lead to cooperation in preventing nuclear competition and instability in asia. similarly, cooperation among the united states, russia, and china will be necessary to bring the ctbt into force and to negotiate a ban on further production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons. the relationship between disarmament and nonproliferation remains crucial. if existing nuclear weapon states do not reduce their arsenals, key non - nuclear weapon states will likely resist stronger nonproliferation rules. if these weapons remain the currency of great power, emerging powers such as brazil, egypt, south africa, and iran might oppose further limits on acquiring them. even if the security advantages of nuclear proliferation are debatable ( is a nuclear power more secure if its neighbors feel threatened and themselves build nuclear arsenals? ), considerations of perceived justice and national pride may prove politically more compelling. multilateral nuclear arsenal reductions may require first ending both nuclear tests and all production of fissile material for weapons. treaties achieving these objectives may be the most feasible ways to bring india, pakistan, and israel into the disarmament process, and therefore closer to the nonproliferation regime. tension over the trade - offs among nonproliferation, disarmament, and of a third factor — nuclear energy trade — impedes progress on the specific steps that would advance each objective, leaving the world less secure and prosperous than it could otherwise be. no longer can one or two superpowers impose rules. the number of states that must now cooperate — a number that only begins with the united states, russia, and china — means that a satisfactory outcome cannot be grounded in double standards. as long as a small number of states have advantages that they would deny others, the others will resist. president obama has recognized this problem and concluded that the most effective way to deter nuclear weapons use is to stop proliferation and that the only sustainable way to prevent proliferation is to motivate all states to live without nuclear weapons, however long it takes to achieve this ultimate goal. as the president put it in his april 2009 speech in prague : “ some argue that the spread of these weapons cannot be stopped, cannot be checked — that we are destined to live in a world where more nations and more people possess the ultimate tools of destruction. such fatalism is a deadly adversary


the temporomandibular joints, called tmj, are the joints and jaw muscles that make it possible to open and close your mouth. located on each side of the head, your tmj work together when you chew, speak or swallow and include muscles and ligaments as well as the jaw bone. they also control the lower jaw ( mandible ) as it moves forward, backward and side to side. each tmj has a disc between the ball and socket. the disc cushions the load while enabling the jaw to open widely and rotate or glide. any problem that prevents this complex system of muscles, ligaments, discs and bones from working properly may result in a painful tmj disorder. possible causes of tmj disorders include : - tooth and jaw alignment - stress and teeth grinding diagnosis is an important step before treatment. part of the dental examination includes checking the joints and muscles for tenderness, clicking, popping or difficulty moving. depending on the diagnosis, the dentist may refer you to a physician or another dentist. there are several treatments for tmj disorders. this step - by - step plan from the national institute of dental and craniofacial research allows you to try simple treatment before moving on to more involved treatment. the nidcr also recommends a “ less is often best ” approach in treating tmj disorders, which includes : - eating softer foods - avoiding chewing gum and biting your nails - modifying the pain with heat packs - practicing relaxation techniques to control jaw tension, such as meditation or biofeedback. if necessary for your symptoms, the following treatments may be advised : - exercises to strengthen your jaw muscles - medications prescribed by your dentist ; for example, muscle relaxants, analgesics, anti - anxiety drugs or anti - inflammatory medications - a night guard or bite plate to decrease clenching or grinding of teeth. in some cases, your dentist may recommend fixing an uneven bite by adjusting or reshaping some teeth. orthodontic treatment may also be recommended. your dentist can suggest the most appropriate therapy based on the suspected cause.


the history of bingo the history of bingo goes all the way back to italy, when lo giuoco del lotto d ' italia, the first lotto - type game, was born in 1530. it slowly gained popularity among the italian citizenry, and eventually spread to france in the late eighteenth century. the catholic church opposed the lottery game in both italy and france, but that was only more reason for the people to play it. centuries later, the church would reconsider their position and accept bingo as a fun pasttime to entertain nuns and followers and make them spend more time in church. as the lotto became more and more popular in italy and france, by the early nineteenth century, it began spreading throughout europe. the classic lotto game was played with a card, similar to a modern bingo card, with 3 lines ( horizontal ) and 9 columns ( vertical ). each horizontal line or row had 5 numbered squares and 4 blank squares. the first vertical line or column had the number range 1 through 10, the second column had the range 11 - 20, the third column 21 - 30, and so on up to the last column ( 81 - 90 ). the numbers were randomly arranged throughout the card following this pattern. by the early 1920 ' s, the lotto game, well - known in europe, reached the united states with the new name of beano, due to players using beans to mark their cards ( this was before the modern ballpoint pen was invented and people wrote with dip pens and fountain pens ). how did beano become bingo? the story goes that a new york salesman named edwin lowe overheard a beano player mistakenly exclaiming " bingo! " instead of " beano " upon winning. lowe saw that term as better sounding and better for marketing purposes, and began marketing the game throughout new york, and later the u. s. the renamed game saw some opposition from the anti - gambling sentiment that was growing along with the ( gangster - dominated ) casino industry, but most people thought it to be harmless entertainment. lowe perfected the game with the help of a mathematics professor, carl leffler, who found out that by making more random bingo cards, only one player could win per round. they eventually made over 6, 000 unique card, up from the original 24 card. it is said that leffler went mad after a while. it was thanks to these two men that bingo has the popularity it has today. bingo is played today by millions all around the world, and in recent