childhood obesity is a very real and very dangerous problem in guam, and as a community we all must do more to address the issues. about 38 percent of the students in public schools are overweight or obese, according to the local education agency - - a full six percentage points higher than the national average. local doctors say they ' ve seen more young children and adolescents being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, a lifestyle disease that normally isn ' t seen until adulthood. the guam department of education has been striving to make children healthier. its been phasing in parts of president barack obama ' s 2010 healthy hunger - free kids act, serving more brown rice, less meat and more fruits and vegetables. cafeterias run by the school system soon will start purchasing fresh produce from local farmers. and guam ' s state agency for child nutrition programs recently unveiled a mascot to help push healthy eating and nutrition - - super chef. he will be making appearances at schools and elsewhere to speak to children about the importance of eating healthy and having healthy habits. on top of these nutritional efforts, the school system needs to find a way to make physical education classes a regular part of the curriculum at elementary, middle and high schools. this would give our public school children the opportunity to exercise and keep active on a regular basis, and teach them healthy habits they ' ll need for their entire lives. a large part of the child obesity problem starts at home. parents need to evaluate what and how often they feed their children. fast food is sometimes the most convenient way for families to eat, but it ' s not the healthiest. try to serve more home - cooked meals that are balanced. try baking or grilling instead of frying. give kids fruits and vegetables for snacks. if you do get food to go from fast - food outlets, focus on healthier options. another idea is to find family activities on the weekends that get you and your children active and moving - - go for hikes or boonies stomps, or swimming at the beach, or take long bike rides. it ' s important for parents to set examples. it doesn ' t do much good to tell your children to eat better and exercise more if you don ' t do the same.


noble life and everyday life like many civilizations, aztec society was hierarchical and a person ’ s social position, and therefore one ’ s way of life, was largely determined by birthright. commoners worked as farmers, fishermen, or craftsmen. noblemen served as government officials, scribes, and teachers. although the class structure was reasonably rigid, some social mobility was possible through entry into the priesthood, achievement in warfare, or success in trade. the aztec ruler, however, had to have been born into the right family. as the only figure allowed to wear the precious color turquoise, he lived in a sumptuous palace with spectacular gardens, a banqueting hall, a large zoo, and gold cutlery. attended by an abundance of bodyguards and beautiful women ( who had to approach him with downcast eyes and bare feet ), the ruler possessed an almost godlike status. the ruler at the time of the spanish invasion was the ninth aztec emperor, motecuhzoma ii, who could trace his ancestry back to the first ruler, acamapichtli. to maintain his luxurious lifestyle, the great motecuhzoma demanded one - third of everything his people produced in taxes. he also demanded regular payments, known as tribute, from the subjects of conquered provinces. at the opposite end of the social hierarchy were peasant farmers, landless commoners, and slaves. they had few rights or luxuries and spent their lives growing crops for food and tribute. a privileged upper class was formed by nobles and priests, both of whom played an important role in government and lawmaking. the higher classes were distinguished by their fine decorated textiles and sandals, which were important symbols of rank. they lived in palatial complexes and enjoyed objects of the finest quality. only nobles were allowed to wear clothes made of cotton, and they frequently adorned themselves with intricate ornaments — pendants, lip plugs, and earspools. commoners wore clothes woven from the much coarser fiber of the maguey plant. below the nobles were the merchants and skilled craftsmen. it was to this middle class that professional warriors belonged. young boys would be educated at home by their parents until the age of 15, at which point they would either be trained in warfare or sent for priestly instruction in writing, philosophy, and astronomy. ( girls were educated at home until 15 as well, but then married. ) although already respected members of society, warriors could improve their rank by capturing an ever - greater number of victims, and were rewarded with increasingly impressive costumes and


, and astronomy. ( girls were educated at home until 15 as well, but then married. ) although already respected members of society, warriors could improve their rank by capturing an ever - greater number of victims, and were rewarded with increasingly impressive costumes and precious tribute items. although we tend to think of gold as the most precious of materials, as did the spanish conquistadors, the aztecs did not. they worked the gold into exquisite pieces of jewelry, but referred to it as the excrement of the gods. perhaps surprisingly to us, the most venerated material was feathers. brightly colored plumes were gathered, often from farmed birds, and sent to tenochtitlan as tax payment or tribute. they were fashioned into objects of great beauty, such as fans, shields, and headdresses. featherworks were insignia of wealth and power, and an important element of the ritual outfit of warriors. mosaics made of shell, turquoise, and other stones were also highly prized. - this figure represents a warrior who holds a serpent - headed spear - thrower in one hand and a shield, darts, and banner in the other. experts believe that he represents someone of elite status. how can you tell that this warrior is part of a respected group within his society? - stone figures, clay pots, and jade ornaments are some of the objects that preserve our knowledge of aztec civilization. what objects or images would you select to represent life today? why do these objects serve as a valid representation of contemporary society? - although only nobles had objects made from precious metals and stones, all aztec homes had small shrines to the gods that might help to protect the family. do you have religious objects in your home? describe what they are, where they are placed, and how they are used. within aztec society a person ’ s status and social class were clearly delineated. look through magazines and newspapers for indications of how people from various levels of contemporary society are depicted. cut out your examples and have a class discussion about current indicators of status. what are contemporary “ status symbols ”? social studies read over the section above and write a parallel essay about social class and status in contemporary society. english / language arts


become a fan of h2g2 more and more coffee lovers are promoting organic coffee as a consumer - conscious alternative to ' conventional ' coffee that is better for the environment and for the farmers that grow the coffee. as the market for organic coffee grows, it is becoming ever more important to understand what organic coffee is and how to know when you ' re really buying ' green beans '. what is organic coffee and how is it grown? organic coffee is grown without using pesticides, herbicides or other chemicals. organic techniques focus on maintaining good soil quality and plant health as the most effective means of boosting productivity and protection against disease. typically, organic farmers fertilise with compost, and use disease - resistant mulch. crops are rotated and plantations are interspersed with fruit and nut trees to ensure that the soil is replenished regularly with nutrients. as a result, the land can remain fertile for coffee production for generations, which prevents farmers from having to cut down trees to clear new land. organic coffee is often grown on small, family - owned farms that also benefit economically from having these secondary crops. in addition, although organic farming is more labour - intensive, certified organic coffee growers are paid an average of 15 cents more per pound for their product than they would be for conventional beans. organic coffee is typically ' shade grown ' under a canopy of trees that filters the sun. this is sometimes referred to as ' bird - friendly coffee ' because the trees preserve habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. in this regard, the smithsonian migratory bird center is said to have documented sightings of up to 150 species of birds on a shaded coffee farm, compared to just five to 20 on a conventional coffee farm. the trees also help to conserve water and topsoil by providing a mulch cover, and the birds act as a natural defence against bugs and other pests. shade - grown coffees also tends to mature more slowly, which many people believe produces a superior tasting bean. interestingly, shade - tree growing was the traditional way of growing coffee before the industry became as commercialised as it is today. in contrast, conventional ' full sun ' coffee, which was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to increase productivity, is grown without tree cover to allow the coffee plants to be grown closer together. chemical fertilisers and pesticides, such as ddt, malathion and benzene hexachloride, must be used to compensate for the lack of nutrients and biological diversity. who decides what is organic? several independent


together. chemical fertilisers and pesticides, such as ddt, malathion and benzene hexachloride, must be used to compensate for the lack of nutrients and biological diversity. who decides what is organic? several independent third - party certification agencies, such as the organic crop improvement association, have been established to verify the claims of organic coffee producers. if an agency determines that a grower ' s operations adhere to its standards, they are allowed to market coffee under the certifier ' s label. certification can, however, be expensive, and some organic farmers choose not to spend the extra money to have their farming practices validated by an outside party. organic coffee is also closely linked with ' fair trade coffee ', which involves paying coffee producers a fair price for their product. as with organic coffees, various third - party agencies have been established to certify fair trade producers. despite the growing recognition of the benefits of organic coffee, not everyone is anxious to buy these green beans. in most places, organic coffee commands a higher price than conventional coffee and some people are not willing to pay the extra money. it pays to shop around, however. many coffee wholesalers sell their beans directly to consumers at a lower rate than many retail chains, but you need to seek them out. in addition, some people suggest that organic coffee is less flavoursome than conventional coffee. before you judge, however, remember that it can take a few tries to find your perfect bean. as with conventional beans, you may need to sample a few different kinds before you find one that works for you. simply buy a small quantity of beans each visit or, better yet, see if you can sample a cup of fresh brew before you buy the beans. take the opportunity to sample beans from the various coffee regions of the world until you find one that strikes your fancy. finally, amid the increasing consumer interest in organic and fair trade coffee, there are also opportunists who are trying to capitalise on the demand. even though there are several reputable certifying agencies, there is no single standard that has gained general consumer acceptance, and thus it can be difficult to sort out competing claims. for example, coffee labels that simply state ' shade grown ' can be misleading, because some shade - grown coffee still uses chemicals, and sometimes the trees are pruned so severely that they do not provide a suitable habitat for birds. if you are interested in purchasing organic or fair trade coffee it is best to do some research


early colon cancer detection means earlier treatment - what are the treatment options? ( bpt ) - colon cancer is the no. 2 cancer killer in the united states because it frequently catches people unaware, according to the national cancer institute. but half of the colon - cancer deaths each year could be avoided if every adult older than 50 is screened, according to the american cancer society. preventative screening is an important first step in detecting colon cancer ; however, it is the decisions you need to make if a screening comes back positive that can influence your future health. when caught early, colon cancer is highly treatable. treatment for colon cancer ranges from chemotherapy to surgery. minimally invasive - also called laparoscopic - colon cancer surgery has been made possible thanks to advances in technology. minimally invasive surgery uses state - of - the - art technology to reduce the damage to human tissue during a procedure. in most procedures, a surgeon makes several small 3 / 4 - inch incisions and inserts thin tubes, or access ports, into the patient ' s abdomen. a miniature camera is then placed through one of the port sites so the surgical team can view the procedure as a magnified image on video monitors in the operating room. then, specialized instruments are placed through the other port sites to perform the procedure. surgery for colon cancer usually entails removing the cancer, along with a section of colon on either side of the cancer spot. finally one of the port site incisions is elongated several inches so that the specimen can be removed along with nearby lymph nodes. minimally invasive procedures have been proven to be as effective as traditional open surgery. more than 20 million americans have had a minimally invasive procedure. not only do these procedures usually provide the same outcomes to open surgery, they may offer significant benefits as well : * quicker recovery. since a minimally invasive procedure requires smaller incisions than conventional surgery ( usually about the diameter of a dime ), patients may heal much faster ( e. g., patients who underwent minimally invasive colectomy for colon cancer returned to work five to 26 days quicker than with a traditional procedure, according to a study conducted by the advisory board company. ) * decreases the risk of acquiring infections. laparoscopic surgery for hysterectomy, cholecystectomy ( gall bladder ) and appendectomy reduced the risk of hospital - acquired infections by 52 percent when compared to open surgery, according to a study published in surgical endoscopy. * shorter hospital stays. minimal


cholecystectomy ( gall bladder ) and appendectomy reduced the risk of hospital - acquired infections by 52 percent when compared to open surgery, according to a study published in surgical endoscopy. * shorter hospital stays. minimally invasive procedures help get patients out of the hospital ( up to seven days ) and back to their normal routine ( average of 36. 4 days ) sooner than conventional open surgery, according to studies published in surgical innovation and the journal of the american college of surgeons. * less scarring. most incisions are so small that it ' s hard to even notice them after the incisions have healed. * less pain. because these procedures are less invasive than conventional open surgery, there is typically less pain involved. * cost savings. patients who undergo minimally invasive surgery save between $ 438 and $ 8, 286 in hospital costs, compared to those who undergo conventional open surgery, according to studies published in surgical innovation and the journal of the american college of surgeons. colon cancer can be a deadly and costly disease, but if caught early, can be treated successfully and with less invasive or costly options. getting screened when recommended can help a person start treatment early, potentially without having ever experienced a symptom of colon cancer. if you are over 50 and have never been screened, now is the time. if you have been diagnosed with colon cancer, talk with your doctor about the potential for minimally invasive surgery treatment. for additional information, visit www. smarterpatient. com / coloncancer. this article is sponsored by ethicon endo - surgery.


thursday, april 28 ( healthday news ) - - men who are both obese and tall face a much higher risk for developing potentially fatal blood clots, though overall the risk remains quite small, according to a new study. the researchers report that extra weight and extra inches together seem to raise the risk more than either alone. " tall and obese men had more than a fivefold higher risk, compared to short and lean men, " said the study ' s co - author, sigrid k. braekkan, who warns the vertically and horizontally gifted to avoid sitting in one place for too long. women also face a higher risk if they ' re both obese and tall, but just being tall alone doesn ' t seem to be a problem, the study the clots lead to a condition known as deep vein thrombosis, which may be best known as an affliction that strikes passengers on long plane flights who don ' t have much chance to move around. immobilization of the legs can contribute to the condition. other causes include injury and a genetic condition that makes people ' s blood more likely to clot. " and there are some people who seem to get clots when they don ' t have any clear, obvious risk factors, " said dr. victor tapson, director of the center for pulmonary vascular disease at duke university. though the clots start in the leg, they can move to the lung, where they may cause a deadly pulmonary embolism. venous thromboembolism is the term used to describe the two conditions - - deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism - - together. in the new study, published online april 28 in arteriosclerosis, thrombosis and vascular biology, researchers collected data on 26, 714 people from 1994 to 2007, including 461 reports of venous thromboembolism. obese and tall men - - those at least six feet tall - - had more than five times the risk for a clot, compared with normal - weight men shorter than 5 feet 7 inches. the risk was three times higher for women who were obese and at least 5 feet 6 inches than for normal - weight women shorter than 5 feet 3 inches. the higher risk for tall people appears to be related to their circulatory system. " the distance for blood to return to the heart and lungs is longer, " braekkan said. " since the blood must be pumped upwards against the


. the higher risk for tall people appears to be related to their circulatory system. " the distance for blood to return to the heart and lungs is longer, " braekkan said. " since the blood must be pumped upwards against the force of gravity by the calf - muscle pump, the longer distance may cause reduced flow in the legs and, thereby, higher risk of clotting. " he said that obesity causes pressure in the abdomen that may hinder the ability of the calf - muscle pump to send blood back up into the body. the study found, however, that the risk for developing blood clots remained low, even for the tall and obese. but what should obese and tall people do to lower their risk even more? until pounds can be shed, the best thing to do is to avoid situations where you ' re not moving for long periods of time, even in the cramped space of a plane, try " just moving your legs, shifting your legs, going up and down on your toes and flexing your feet back and forth to keep your calf muscles stimulated, " he said. it ' s also a good idea to keep hydrated ( and alcohol doesn ' t help on that front ). some people use elastic socks, although tapson said they may be troublesome if they crimp the the u. s. national heart, lung and blood institute has more on deep vein thrombosis.


sudden, repetitive, involuntary muscular movement or vocal pattern. tic disorders feature involuntary repetitive ( but non - rhythmic ) patterns, and may be either motor tics ( muscle movements ) or vocal tics. although tics are involuntary, the individual with a tic disorder can often repress the tic for a period of time. the occurrences of tics appear to be more likely when the individual is under stress or concentrating on a task, such as reading or writing. most tics seem to nearly disappear during sleep. the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition, lists the following examples : both motor and vocal tics may be categorized as simple or complex, although the distinction between the two is not precise. generally, a simple motor tic involves only one part of the body, while a complex tic is more involved and takes the form of some recognizable action. they also include imitating the actions of others and making involuntary obscene gestures. complex vocal tics involve recognizable words or animal sounds as opposed | motor tics | | eye blinking | | facia! gestures | | neck jerking | | grooming behaviors | | sniffing an object | | echokinesis, i. e., imitation of someone else ' s movements | | vocal tics | | throat clearing | | repeating words or phrases out of context | | grunting | | coprolalia, i. e., use of socially unacceptable words, usually obscene | | sniffing | | palilalia, i. e., repeating one ' s own sounds or words | | snorting | | echolalia, i. e., repeating the last word, sound, or phrase heard | to simple noises. these may include the repetition of short phrases,. such as " oh, boy, " the repetition of a single word, repetition of the words of others, called echolalia, or involuntary swearing, known as coprolalia. the health care professional will distinguish a tic disorder from other categories of involuntary movements, such as those that are related to other problems such as medical conditions, alcohol or drug abuse, side effects from medication, or other behavior or psychological disorders. when a tic disorder has been diagnosed, further definition of the nature and scope of the tic will be made. factors such as age at onset and duration of the tic will be taken into account. transient tic disorder as the name implies, transient tic disorder is characterized by motor or vocal tics that are not permanent and chronic motor or tic


. factors such as age at onset and duration of the tic will be taken into account. transient tic disorder as the name implies, transient tic disorder is characterized by motor or vocal tics that are not permanent and chronic motor or tic disorder chronic motor or vocal tic disorder features tics that persist for more than 12 consecutive months. the factor that distinguishes this disorder from tourette ' s is that only one type of tic — motor or vocal, not both — is present. the other factors for diagnosis are the same. these include tics that first appear before age 18, occur many times a day, and persist for longer than one year. ( periods of up to three months with no tic occurrences do not rule out tic disorders ). the person with chronic tic disorder is adversely affected in his or her ability to function in social or school settings because of the tic, although the impairment is usually less than for tourette syndrome. school - aged children with any tic disorder may have problems functioning in social and school settings. it is not uncommon for them to experience other learning difficulties such as attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder, or problems with visual motor integration or auditory processing. parents and educators should be alert to warning signs of learning problems related to tic disorders to prepare for intervention and remedial help. davidovicz, herman, et al. fact sheets on tourette syndrome. bayside, ny : tourette syndrome association, inc., 1994. ( set of three fact sheets, " learning problems and the ts child, " " specific classroom strategies and techniques for students with tourette syndrome, " " techniques to aid students with ts in completing written assignments. " ) tourette syndrome association, inc. address : 42 - 40 bell blvd. bayside, ny 11361 - 2874


energy in water ( in the form of kinetic energy, temperature differences or salinity gradients ) can be harnessed and used. since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. there are many forms of water energy : hydroelectric energy is a term usually reserved for large - scale hydroelectric dams. examples are the grand coulee dam in washington state and the akosombo dam in ghana. micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kw of power. they are often used in water rich areas as a remote area power supply ( raps ). there are many of these installations around the world, including several delivering around 50 kw in the solomon islands. damless hydro systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans without using a dam. ocean energy describes all the technologies to harness energy from the ocean and the sea. marine current power, similar to tidal stream power, uses the kinetic energy of marine currents. ocean thermal energy conversion ( otec ) uses the temperature difference between the warmer surface of the ocean and the colder lower recesses. to this end, it employs a cyclic heat engine. otec has not been field - tested on a large scale. tidal power captures energy from the tides. two different principles for generating energy from the tides are used at the moment. tidal motion in the vertical direction – tides come in, raise water levels in a basin, and tides roll out. around low tide, the water in the basin is discharged through a turbine, exploiting the stored potential energy. tidal motion in the horizontal direction – or tidal stream power. using tidal stream generators, like wind turbines but then in a tidal stream. due to the high density of water, about eight - hundred times the density of air, tidal currents can have a lot of kinetic energy. several commercial prototypes have been build, and more are in development. wave power uses the energy in waves. wave power machines usually take the form of floating or neutrally buoyant structures which move relative to one another or to a fixed point. wave power has now reached commercialization. osmotic power or salinity gradient power, is the energy retrieved from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water. reverse electrodialysis ( pro ) is in the research and testing phase. vortex power is generated by placing obstacles in rivers in order to cause the formation of vortices which can then be tapped for energy. deep lake water cooling


and river water. reverse electrodialysis ( pro ) is in the research and testing phase. vortex power is generated by placing obstacles in rivers in order to cause the formation of vortices which can then be tapped for energy. deep lake water cooling, although not technically an energy generation method, can save a lot of energy in summer. it uses submerged pipes as a heat sink for climate control systems. lake - bottom water is a year - round local constant of about 4°c. wave farms expansion portugal now has the world ’ s first commercial wave farm, the agucadoura wave park, officially opened in september 2008. the farm uses three pelamis p - 750 machines generating 2. 25 mw. initial costs are put at 8. 5 million. a second phase of the project is now planned to increase the installed capacity to 21mw using a further 25 pelamis machines. funding for a wave farm in scotland was announced in february, 2007 by the scottish government, at a cost of over 4 million pounds, as part of a £13 million funding packages for ocean power in scotland. the farm will be the world ’ s largest with a capacity of 3mw generated by four pelamis machines. the major advantage of hydroelectric systems is the elimination of the cost of fuel. other advantages include longer life than fuel - fired generation, low operating costs, and the provision of facilities for water sports. operation of pumped - storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system. overall, hydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuels or nuclear energy, and areas with abundant hydroelectric power attract industry. however, there are several major disadvantages of hydroelectric systems. these include : dislocation of people living where the reservoirs are planned, release of significant amounts of carbon dioxide at construction and flooding of the reservoir, disruption of aquatic ecosystems and birdlife, adverse impacts on the river environment, potential risks of sabotage and terrorism, and in rare cases catastrophic failure of the dam wall. hydroelectric power is now more difficult to site in developed nations because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or may be unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations


steps you can take to lower your risk for alzheimer ' s disease there are currently 5. 4 million americans living with alzheimer ' s disease, a progressive neurological condition that affects memory, behavior and the ability to carry out everyday tasks. there are no known cures for the disease, and even slowing its progression has proven to be quite difficult. for the most part, researchers believe that this form of dementia can be genetic or related to environmental or lifestyle factors. genes and surroundings can be difficult to control, but your diet, as well as your physical and mental exercise, are pretty easy to modify and may make a difference in your risk of developing alzheimer ' s disease. studies link poor health to alzheimer ' s some research links an unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle to the onset of dementia. the following are just a few examples of such studies. one piece of research conducted at japan ' s kyushu university and published last year in the journal neurology indicated that high cholesterol levels may increase a person ' s risk of alzheimer ' s disease. authors of the study observed more than 2, 500 subjects between the ages of 40 and 79 and followed them from 10 to 15 years. the scientists discovered that 86 percent of individuals with high cholesterol had brain plaques associated with alzheimer ' s, compared to 62 percent of people with lower blood lipid levels.


lesson in history at fashion show published : tuesday, march 5, 2013 at 9 : 36 a. m. last modified : tuesday, march 5, 2013 at 9 : 36 a. m. unable to swim and hamstrung by corsets, three times as many women than men drowned as the titanic sank into the ocean. as a result, a sea of change in women ' s fashion occurred, according to the narrators of the first centennial titanic fashion luncheon on feb. 24 at the florida maritime museum in cortez. wearing a tea dress as worn by the character rose in the movie " titanic, " seamstress tracie l. arnold, along with lisa hiller of brandon - based past & present creations, told a rapt audience how the titanic disaster was a pivotal point in women ' s fashion. " dresses prior to this time were created by men, " arnold said. after the sinking of the titanic, women started to take control of what they wore, explaining " i ' ll look pretty but on my own terms, " hiller said. pointing to a pin - striped day outfit, arnold called it " hobble style, " explaining that the skirt prevented women from walking in strides. " you would walk but at a hobble, " she said. two cosmetic industry giants were among those who died on the titanic. up until that time, arsenic and lead were makeup ingredients. that practice ended after the ship sank, arnold said. as the women spoke, first about production aspects of creating all of the dresses the character rose wore in the movie, then why women wore the clothing, it became evident fashion was a reflection of how society viewed women and their role. more than a fashion show, it became a discussion about the economics of making a young woman marketable for marriage. women ate tapeworms to lose weight and laced themselves tightly to form an 18 - inch waist ; anything wider was considered matronly. corsets shifted organs to form a " wasp waist. " " i never thought women ' s rights were tied into fashion. i thought it was very interesting, " els vinhage of bradenton said. adding dimension to the show, florida maritime museum at cortez was built as a schoolhouse in 1912, the same year as the sinking of the titanic. at each seat, luncheon patrons were assigned a female survivor of the titanic, often with a photograph telling her age during the journey, ticket number and price paid, lifeboat number and other salient information.


same year as the sinking of the titanic. at each seat, luncheon patrons were assigned a female survivor of the titanic, often with a photograph telling her age during the journey, ticket number and price paid, lifeboat number and other salient information. most of the female survivors were well - to - do. edith graham, the wife of w. t. graham, founder of dixie cup co., was assisted to lifeboat no. 3 by washington roebling and howard b. case. both men stayed aboard and went down with the ship. not limited to the edwardian or titanic period of fashion, past & present creations also exhibits victorian and civil war clothing styles. the women presented a performance for the catholic women ' s association of saints peter and paul the apostles catholic church in bradenton. " they know their history, " association president diane clark said. at the civil war show at the church, clark learned that hoop skirts were outlawed after too many women were caught up in flames when sparks from fires hit their dresses. " they talked about that day and age, and it was very well - received, " clark said. the audience in cortez was equally enthusiastic with a question - and - answer period following the show. " i learned how lucky we are now, " robin mcdonald of cortez said. church donates $ 40, 000 to elementary school members and guests contributed more than $ 40, 000 in offerings during christmas eve services at harvest united methodist church. church representatives will present a check for $ 40, 660 at 3 : 15 p. m. today to samoset elementary staff and children at the school. the money will be used to buy items to meet basic needs of the children and to allow every child to buy a book each semester to enrich his or her reading experiences. " our business partners at harvest united methodist have made real the proverb that ' it takes a community, or village, to raise a child, ' " assistant principal mike kelley said in a statement. " they have become a part of our community by donating not only their resources, but also their time. " since christmas eve, more than 40 harvest members signed up to become volunteer mentors. samoset students look forward to weekly visits with church volunteers, including pastor steve price, who reads to kindergarten students. ninety - eight percent of the children at the school qualify for free or reduced - price lunches. harvest began its ministry at samoset in 2011. the lakewood ranch church started the pack - a - sack program


union contracts frequently require employees to pay union dues or lose their jobs. this forces workers to support the union financially even if the union contract harms them or they oppose the union ’ s agenda. several states, including new hampshire and indiana, are considering right - to - work laws, which protect workers from being fired for not paying union dues. unions oppose these laws because they reduce union membership and income. however, the rest of the economy benefits from right - to - work laws. right - to - work laws reduce the financial benefit from organizing workplaces where unions have limited support. this makes unions less aggressive and encourages business investment, creating jobs. states can and should reduce unemployment by becoming right - to - work states. unions often negotiate contracts requiring all workers to pay union dues or lose their jobs. workers must pay 1 percent to 2 percent of their wages in dues, whether or not they support the union. but many workers reject unions. some do so because union contracts reduce their pay. others oppose unions ’ political agendas : unions almost exclusively support democrats, despite 37 percent of their members voting republican in the last election. to prevent workers from being forced to support unions financially, 22 states have passed right - to - work laws. such laws prevent companies from firing workers who do not pay union dues. workers may still pay voluntarily, but unions cannot threaten their jobs if they do not join. lawmakers in several states, including new hampshire, indiana, and michigan, are considering right - to - work bills. unions lose money when workers opt out the union movement strongly opposes right - to - work laws. it has self - interested motives in doing so : union membership fell 15 percent after idaho and oklahoma passed right - to - work laws. most of the union - represented workers who choose not to pay dues when given the option are those who do not benefit from union contracts. disproportionate numbers of highly educated workers, for example, choose not to pay dues — the very workers held back by union seniority systems. without the threat of losing their jobs, the union movement will not persuade these workers to pay dues. making union membership voluntary would save workers — and cost unions — a lot of money. losing 15 percent of their dues - paying members would cost private - sector new hampshire unions $ 1. 9 million a year. right - to - work would similarly save private - sector workers in indiana $ 18. 4 million a year. in michigan, right - to - work would save


paying members would cost private - sector new hampshire unions $ 1. 9 million a year. right - to - work would similarly save private - sector workers in indiana $ 18. 4 million a year. in michigan, right - to - work would save workers $ 46. 4 million a year. giving workers a choice means less money for unions. less aggressive union organizers for the same reason, right - to - work reduces the aggressiveness of union organizers. making union membership voluntary reduces the financial incentives for unions to target workplaces where they have lukewarm support. even if they win, unions cannot force reluctant workers to pay dues. research shows that union organizing falls 50 percent within five years of a state passing a right - to - work law. workers who feel mistreated have the right to unionize. right - to - work laws encourage union organizers to restrict their attention to such workers. increased investment in right - to - work states right - to - work states are much more attractive for businesses investment. unionized firms earn lower profits, invest less, and create fewer jobs than comparable nonunion firms. boeing ’ s decision to build a new plant in south carolina — a right - to - work state — illustrates a larger trend. businesses consider the presence ( or absence ) of a right - to - work law a major factor when deciding where to locate. it was no accident that foreign automobile brands located their u. s. plants primarily in right - to - work states like alabama, mississippi, and tennessee. research suggests that foreign direct investment in oklahoma and idaho increased after these states passed right - to - work laws. states that attract more investment should create more jobs. in fact, right - to - work states have lower unemployment rates ( 9. 2 percent ) than states without right - to - work laws ( 9. 9 percent ). however, right - to - work states exist predominantly in the south and west. their lower unemployment rates could simply reflect regional differences. to get around this problem, researchers have studied neighboring counties on state borders with and without right - to - work laws. such counties share the same geography and economic environment, but their main difference is the presence of a right - to - work law on one side of the border. the share of manufacturing jobs in counties in right - to - work states is one - third higher than in adjacent counties in non – right - to - work states. right - to - work laws attract jobs. wage effects small economic theory does not predict how right - to - work


counties in right - to - work states is one - third higher than in adjacent counties in non – right - to - work states. right - to - work laws attract jobs. wage effects small economic theory does not predict how right - to - work laws affect wages. unions restrict the supply of jobs in unionized companies. this reduces the pay of nonunion workers — they do not have as many good job opportunities — while raising the wages of union members. the additional business investment a right - to - work law attracts usually raises the demand for labor, increasing wages. yet unions argue that businesses will cut wages if the risk of union organizing falls. these factors largely cancel each other. most studies show that right - to - work laws have little effect on wages in either direction. right - to - work states do have lower average wages than non – right - to - work states, but this is because they are located primarily in the south, which was once much less developed than the north and still has a lower cost of living. research controlling for this shows that workers in right - to - work states have, if anything, slightly higher wages. members - only contracts permissible in a free society, workers should not have to financially support organizations they oppose. unions justify forced dues by arguing that the law requires them to represent non - members. they argue that right - to - work laws allow workers to free - ride off of union contracts — enjoying the benefits without paying the costs. this interprets the law selectively. unions do not have to represent workers who do not pay dues. they can negotiate contracts that apply only to their members. the law requires unions to represent nonmembers only if they negotiate as “ exclusive bargaining representatives. ” that status lets them negotiate on behalf of all workers, union and nonunion alike. if they do so, the law requires unions to bargain fairly. they cannot selectively negotiate the minimum wage for nonmembers. but unions do not have to claim exclusive representative status ; they could negotiate contracts covering only dues - paying members. unions almost never do this. they prefer exclusive representative status because it enables them to get a better contract for their supporters. consider seniority systems : they ensure that everyone gets raises and promotions at the same rate, irrespective of individual performance. if a union negotiated a members - only contract with a seniority system, high - performing workers would refuse to join. those workers would negotiate a separate contract with performance pay. the best workers would get ahead


, irrespective of individual performance. if a union negotiated a members - only contract with a seniority system, high - performing workers would refuse to join. those workers would negotiate a separate contract with performance pay. the best workers would get ahead faster, leaving less money and fewer positions available for those on the seniority scale. the union wants everyone in the seniority system — especially those it holds back. in non – right - to - work states, the law allows unions to force nonmembers to accept the union contract. the law should not force workers who are disadvantaged by these contracts to pay union dues. unions could choose to represent only their members. forced unionization is not an american value the government should not force workers to pay for unwanted union representation. in a free society, workers alone should make that choice. right - to - work laws also make good economic sense. they reduce the incentive for union organizers to target companies that treat their workers well. since unions hurt businesses, less aggressive union organizing attracts investment — and jobs. however, right - to - work laws appear to have little effect on wages. lawmakers considering right - to - work proposals should ignore the union movement ’ s self - interested opposition. unions could negotiate contracts that apply only to their members — they simply prefer not to. unions should not be able to force workers to choose between financially supporting them and losing their jobs. james sherk is senior policy analyst in labor economics in the center for data analysis at the heritage foundation.


an 18th century feat of engineering helped transform bombay from seven small islands in the arabian sea into the megacity of mumbai, india ’ s largest metropolis. known as the ‘ seven islands of bombay ’, this hilly volcanic archipelago was earmarked by the british east india company in the 18th century as a base for nautical trade across the arabian sea. as bombay began to grow into a major trading town, the population swelled with the influx of migrants from across india and more space was needed. to solve the problem a major civil engineering project was proposed to join the islands together, known as the hornby vellard project, after the british governor who commissioned it. work began in 1782 to connect the islands by draining creeks and constructing a series of causeways that would initially join the islands together ; at the same time it was necessary to protect the land from being flooded at high tide. most of the 22 hilltops that made up the seven islands were razed and their debris was used to fill the gaps between the islands and to create a large sea - wall embankment around the low - lying areas. the islands were all connected by the mid - 19th century, but land reclamation continued until well after india gained independence in 1947. the resulting landmass is known as salsette island, and is almost unrecognisable from the shape of the original archipelago it was built around. the city of mumbai occupies the southern peninsula of salsette, wedged between harbours that fringe much of the coast, while the majority of the rest of the island is taken up by the greater mumbai area. today, salsette island is the fourth most densely populated island in the world, inhabited by both the metropolis of mumbai and the city of thane on its northeast corner.


cardinal richelieu was born in september 1585 and died in december 1642. richelieu dominated the history of france from 1624 to his death as louis xiii ’ s chief minister, succeeding luynes who died in 1621. richelieu is considered to be one of the greatest politicians in french history. richelieu ’ s time in office is dominated by his campaign against the huguenots, the modernisation of the military in france, especially the navy, and involvement in the thirty years wars. as an ardent roman catholic, richelieu detested the huguenots. however, in his grand scheme to elevate the international status or france, he was willing to tolerate them as long as they were loyal to france. richelieu, in this sense was willing to turn a blind eye to the huguenots freedom to worship. however, the huguenots did not show loyalty. they were frequently associated with rebellion and disloyalty and this richelieu could not tolerate. by 1624, when richelieu was appointed chief minister, the huguenots had 8 " circles " in the south of france and a commander - in - chief with an army. they had created provincial assemblies and a general assembly – they were essentially a republic within a monarchy! to richelieu this was a " political monstrosity " which could not be tolerated. his views were shared by the devots who were becoming more and more influential at court. the huguenots viewed richelieu appointment with great concern. richelieu worked on the logic that france needed international respect in europe. he wanted france to be respected abroad and an attractive ally which could bring in much needed funds via military alliances. any french involvement in european affairs might have given the huguenots the freedom to expand in southern france. for richelieu wishes to succeed, france needed internal stability and security. the huguenots threatened this – hence the need to attack them. in 1624, the french became involved with the spanish in the thirty years war over the valtelline affair. with the central government so occupied, the huguenots took the opportunity to expand their power base. in 1625, the huguenots seized the strategically important islands of re and oleron. both of these defended the sea entrance of la rochelle and thus aided what was considered to be the huguenots capital. such actions, seen as base treachery by richelieu could not be tolerated. richelieu sent a royal army to tame the huguenots but


entrance of la rochelle and thus aided what was considered to be the huguenots capital. such actions, seen as base treachery by richelieu could not be tolerated. richelieu sent a royal army to tame the huguenots but in february 1626 he signed the treaty of la rochelle. this was a truce inspired by the english. however, richelieu viewed the involvement of the english with concern as this was a protestant nation seemingly supporting the huguenots rebels, as richelieu would have viewed them. the truce only gave the huguenots more time to build up their strength. by 1627, they were in open revolt yet again – this time aided by england. the english sent troops to help the huguenots. they had this flexibility as england was not physically involved in the thirty years war. there was public support in england for this as the french were still seen as england ’ s traditional enemy. such actions by the english made firm action by richelieu imperative. in 1627, he directed a campaign against the huguenots himself. the english, lead by the duke of buckingham, were driven off and out of the area. richelieu decided to cut off la rochelle and starve out the people. he ordered that a huge mole be built across the harbour at la rochelle which made any huguenot attempt to land supplies impossible. royal troops surrounded la rochelle inland. all richelieu had to do was wait. the huguenots were starved out. richelieu then showed his political acumen by letting louis xiii enter la rochelle at the head of his army on november 1st 1628. richelieu knew that this would appeal to the king who loved to ‘ lead ’ his troops. it certainly appealed to his vanity. richelieu ' s tactic had a devastating impact on the huguenots in la rochelle. before the blockade, the city ' s population stood at 25, 000. after it was lifted, only 5000 remained alive and many of these people were in a very weak state. richelieu insisted on unconditional surrender but was generous in victory. in june 1629, the grace of alais was signed. this reaffirmed the edict of nantes but ordered that the huguenot military organisation should be broken up, huguenot fortresses should be destroyed and roman catholicism should be restored to areas where it had formally existed between the edict of nantes and alais. the political rights of the huguenots were removed and the government no longer made money available to educate and


the mothers of some autistic children may have made antibodies against their fetuses ’ brain tissue during pregnancy that crossed the placenta and caused changes that led to autism, suggests research led by johns hopkins children ’ s center investigators and published in the february issue of the journal of neuroimmunology. the causes of autism, a disorder manifesting itself with a range of brain problems and marked by impaired social interactions, communication disorders and repetitive behaviors, remain unknown for an estimated 90 percent of children diagnosed with it. genetic, metabolic and environmental factors have been implicated in various studies of autism, a disorder affecting 1 in 150 u. s. children, according to estimates by the centers for disease control and prevention. “ now our research suggests that the mother ’ s immune system may be yet another factor or a trigger in those already predisposed, ” says lead investigator harvey singer, m. d., director of pediatric neurology at hopkins children ’ s. researchers caution that the findings needn ’ t be cause for alarm, but should be viewed instead as a step forward in untangling the complex nature of autism. mostly anecdotal past evidence of immune system involvement has emerged from unusual antibody levels in some autistic children and from postmortem brain tissue studies showing immune abnormalities in areas of the brain. antibodies are proteins the body makes in response to viruses and bacteria or sometimes mistakenly against its own tissues. yet, the majority of children with autism have no clinical evidence of autoimmune diseases, which prompted researchers to wonder whether the antibodies transferred from mother to child during pregnancy could interfere with the fetal brain directly. to test their hypothesis, the research team used a technique called immunoblotting ( or western blot technology ), in which antibodies derived from blood samples are exposed to adult and fetal brain tissue to check whether the antibodies recognize and react against specific brain proteins. comparing the antibody - brain interaction in samples obtained from 100 mothers of autistic children and 100 mothers of children without autism, researchers found either stronger reactivity or more areas of reactivity between antibodies and brain proteins in about 40 percent of the samples obtained from the mothers of autistic children. further, the presence of maternal antibodies was associated with so - called developmental regression in children, increasingly immature behaviors that are a hallmark of autism. while the findings suggest an association between autism and the presence of fetal brain antibodies, the investigators say further studies are needed to confirm that particular antibodies do indeed cross the placenta and cause damage to the fetal brain.


the question is still unanswered : " where does mere ornamentation end, and where does heraldry ' as we know it ' begin? " many of the symbols adopted into armory have been used since the time of the ancient egyptians, but heraldry itself did not begin until the 11th century. in continental europe, the most ancient recorded coat - of - arms was discovered upon the monumental effigy of a count of wasserburg in the church of st. emeran, at ratisbon ( regensburg ), germany. the ensigns were " per fesse argent and sable, a lion rampant counterchanged ", dated 1010. some argue that the bayeux tapestry gave the first clue that by that time heraldry was well established on both the norman and the english side, but this claim can easily be dismissed as : " furthermore, accounts of the battle of hastings relate that a rumour duke william had been killed was only countered when he removed his helmet and showed himself to his followers, an expedient which would not have been necessary had he borne a shield with a recognizable device or surmounted his helmet with a recognizable crest. " the argument continues. which came first arms or seals? or perhaps the real question is were both in use at the same time? generally it is agreed that the first known use of seals was during the reign of stephen ( 1135 - 54. ) richard i ( 1157 - 1199 ) used at least two version of his seal : " on his great seal ( 1189 ) he bore the two lyons for the duchies of normandy and of poictou or maine. in his second great seal ( 1198 ) he added a third lyon for the duchy or actquatine, or as some say for anjou " for the reader, we leave this question unanswered, but in our opinion the practical use of seals for identification in sealed documents of the time in all probability came first. the term coats of arms may seem a bit difficult to the lay person. why not just use the term shield or use the root arms? the answer lies in a more practical explanation of the reason for the term and must first look at the crusades ( 11th - 13th centuries ). " to combat the effect of the heat of the eastern mediterranean sun on their metal armour, the crusaders devised white linen surcoats and these, painted also with their heraldic emblems, became the original ' coats of arms '. " by the reign of edward ii ( 1327


the heat of the eastern mediterranean sun on their metal armour, the crusaders devised white linen surcoats and these, painted also with their heraldic emblems, became the original ' coats of arms '. " by the reign of edward ii ( 1327 - 1377 ) heraldry was in general use and marked clothes, furniture, metal work, tombs, houses and church pews. such was the enthusiasm that arms were designed for kings and nobles that had long since passed away. " egbert ( 802 - 839 ), is credited with bearing azure, a cross moline argent. " so well developed had heraldry become by the 13th century that it acquired the rules and terminology which are the basis of its present laws and language. the specialists in this field became known as heralds. with the suppression of private armies, and the gradual disappearance in the 16th century of both tournaments and closed helmets, the sporting and military uses of heraldry became less important and it became rather a decorative art. founded in 1484 by king richard iii ( 1452 - 1485 ) this private corporation was granted to sole privilege of granting arms in england. considering the plentiful use of arms, crest and seals before this point, it has always been a daunting task to enforce the authority. no one knows how many arms were created and used before the college came into power. before the college ' s creation, there was no central registry of arms in england. so, by the time the college came into power, the famous scrope v. grosvenor duplicate arms case had already been brought before the courts in 1389. richard scrope, 1st baron scrope of bolton, yorkshire and sir robert grosvenor from cheshire both discovered they were using the same arms on the battlefield and both lay claim to the same arms. the college of arms serves england, wales and northern ireland. as far as the rest of the world is concerned, most countries have authorities of their own. - ^ fairbairn james, fairbairn ' s crests of the families of great britain and ireland, great britain : mackays of chatham plc, ( 1892 ) pp. vii - ^ williamson david, debrett ' s guide to heraldry and regalia, london : headline book publishing ( 1992 ) pp 10 - ^ foster joseph, the dictionary of heraldry, feudal coats of arms and pedigrees, london : bracken books ( 1989 ) pp xiii - ^ williamson david, debrett ' s guide to herald


bird feeding is helpful and fun feeding wild birds can help them get through the stressful winter cold and provide needed nutrition when ice covers most of their natural food. some people feed birds during the harshest weather. others enjoy it as a hobby. if your feeder goes empty, birds will not starve. “ most birds move to food sources, so if you feed them just during winter, it does not confuse or bother them, ” said karen neill, of the n. c. cooperative extension office in guilford county. mixed seed blends are good for most wild birds. experienced bird watchers know the feed you offer depends on the birds you ’ d like to help or observe. it is a good idea to have a variety of feeders and feeds and water available, neill said. “ you should buy your feeds carefully and buy in bulk to save money, ” neill said. “ some bags can have bad seeds. and you can make your own feeds too. ” sunflower seeds : “ oil seeds ” are preferred by experts and are attractive to cardinals, chickadees, nuthatches and finches. using tube hanging feeders or platform feeders works well for these species. millets : work best for birds that feed on the ground, such as juncos, towhees and some species of sparrows. suet : placed in wire baskets, this feed is attractive to woodpeckers. melted fat is a good base for a homemade suet that can include fruit pieces and nuts. “ making this can be a project for kids, ” neill said. thistle feeder : for goldfinches, house finches and purple finches. fruit : mockingbirds, cat birds, robins and jays like raisins and chopped fruit, especially apples. use a flat tray for feeding. “ there will always be competition with squirrels, ” neill said. “ you might want to create a feeding area for them with peanuts or corn. keep the bird feeders far enough away so that squirrels can ’ t jump to get there. ” feeding birds in winter offers other opportunities. “ get a book to help with feeding and learning about the birds you see, ” neill said. email @ example. com | 888 - 3626 shape : you can attract certain bird species by the type of feeders you use. predators : to protect against squirrels, use metal feeders designed to close off the food source when an animal heavier than a bird jumps on the feeder. on pole feeders, use a “ squirrel baffle ”


we want the right to follow our consciences, to worship our god, and to live out our faith by making a contribution within the public square, which is our patrimony and our heritage : our blessed liberties. we have concluded the “ fortnight for freedom, ” instigated by the united states conference catholic bishops. we now draw near to the decisive hour. it is an hour of decision in the history of our great nation ; for it is an hour that truly challenges american catholics ’ sense of discipleship. it was a fortnight in which our bishops asked us to reflect upon our liberties, our history, and our current state of affairs. if you have thought about these issues at all, you know that our history has not lied in this case : america is a nation that was built upon reverence for god, his natural law, and respect for the primacy of individual conscience and religious tradition. in 1636, 140 years before thomas jefferson penned the declaration of independence, the founder of the little colony of rhode island, roger williams, made freedom of conscience and religion the keystone of his community. in 1776, in the declaration of independence, and again in 1789, in the constitution of the united states, both documents clearly stated the “ limitations of government. ” in 1791, the bill of rights, also carefully enunciated the rights of each individual citizen — the first right being freedom of religion. james madison, a delegate to the constitutional convention, as well as its secretary and recorder, described the legitimacy of conscience as : “ the most sacred of all property. ” 1 he wrote : “ the religion, then, of every man must be left to the conviction and conscience of every man ; and it is the right of every man to exercise it as they may dictate. ” 2 george washington wrote, “ the establishment of civil and religious liberty was the motive that induced [ him ] to the field of battle. ” 3 in 1804, president thomas jefferson assured the ursuline sisters of louisiana — who had, for 77 years, been serving an indigenous population by operating schools, hospitals, and an orphanage — that their ministry would be free “ to govern itself according to its own voluntary rules, without, interference from the civil authority. ” 4 this is a matter of history. it is not a matter of conjecture, dispute, or equivocation. yet, it is clear that the vast majority of our current state and federal government leaders do not accept this understanding of what the founding fathers of our nation wrote, lived


history. it is not a matter of conjecture, dispute, or equivocation. yet, it is clear that the vast majority of our current state and federal government leaders do not accept this understanding of what the founding fathers of our nation wrote, lived, and established as our heritage. so, we are at this hour of decision, an hour that will determine the depth of our discipleship, testing our understanding of who we are as american catholics. many pundits, commentators, and, yes, even catholic politicians, have remarked that there is nothing to worry about with this supreme court approved health care law. however, our church leaders ( our bishops ) are united in telling us that there is, in fact, something drastically wrong with this law. the american bishops have been united and clear on this issue. 5 they tell us that this fortnight for freedom has been about getting american catholics — all 52 million of us — to understand that our federal government will force our church to provide for certain types of medical procedures, even though it is in direct violation of our collective conscience. but, the federal government ’ s actions are wrong and must be opposed. our society may well ask : “ what do you want? ” our church responds, as we respond, that as catholics we ask nothing more than what sts. peter and paul, all the martyred ones, and true disciples of jesus christ, wanted. as citizens of the united states, we ask nothing more than what roger williams, george washington, james madison, thomas jefferson, and all true american statesmen and women have wanted. simply put, we want the right to follow our consciences, to worship our god as we see fit, and to live out our faith by making a contribution within the public square. we ask nothing more of our government than what our history has told us is our patrimony and our heritage : our blessed liberties. this is the hour of demonstrating our discipleship in christ jesus. we must not shrink back in fear, for our sense of commitment to our nation ’ s heritage, and our loyalty to jesus christ and our church, demands that we do not compromise on this issue. we believe that all americans, of all religious persuasions — not just our federal and state governments — must be allowed to make a contribution to the common good as prescribed by our faith and sense of duty. this is a liberty that has always been granted under our system of laws until this critical moment in our country ’ s history. what should we do? we should use all the


contribution to the common good as prescribed by our faith and sense of duty. this is a liberty that has always been granted under our system of laws until this critical moment in our country ’ s history. what should we do? we should use all the law - abiding and peaceful means at our disposal to inform our elected officials of this singular outrage against freedom of conscience. if they don ’ t address and rectify our concerns, we must remember it, responding accordingly when we select our state and federal representatives. we can do no less. let us pray that, through the intercession of the holy spirit, we may have the courage, individually and collectively, to act as disciples of christ — remaining peaceful, courageous, and steadfast in the face of imperial tyranny. - james madison, “ property, ” march 29, 1792, in the founding fathers, eds. philip b. kurland and ralph lerner ( chicago : the university of chicago press, 1987 ), presspubs. uchicago. edu … - james madison, “ memorial and remonstrance against religious assessment, ” june 20, 1785, in the founding fathers. - michael novak and jana novak, washington ’ s god, 2006. - anson phelps stokes, church and state in the united states ( harper & brothers publishers, 1950 ), 678. - commentary based on statements from the united states conference of catholic bishops ad hoc committee for religious liberty document : “ our first, most cherished liberty : a statement on religious liberty. ”


the huntington library : treasures from ten centuries written by : the director and curators category : about the huntington format : 160 pages, 190 illustrations, softcover release date : 2004 - 06 - 01 about this book award winner, 35th annual bookbuilders west book show the huntington is one of america ’ s premier cultural, research, and educational centers, with holdings that are among the most treasured artifacts of western civilization. its most famous treasures include a lavishly decorated fifteenth - century manuscript of chaucer ’ s canterbury tales, one of only eleven known vellum copies of the gutenberg bible, benjamin franklin ’ s handwritten autobiography, a rare double - elephant folio of audubon ' s birds of america, and george washington ’ s own survey of mount vernon. the collections comprise more than five million rare books, manuscripts, photographs, maps, prints, and ephemera, with extraordinary resources for the study of british and american history and literature, the history of science, and the history of printing. the huntington library : treasures from ten centuries opens the doors of what is known as a scholar ' s paradise, exploring the value of these holdings in history and for the present. read an excerpt from this book about the author this book features articles from many of the curators at the huntington library : david zeidberg is avery director of the huntington library. mary l. robertson is the william a. moffett chief curator of manuscripts. john rhodehamel is the norris foundation curator of american historical manuscripts. peter j. blodgett is the h. russell smith foundation curator of western american manuscripts. sara s. hodson is the curator of literary manuscripts. stephen tabor is the curator of early printed books. alan jutzi is the chief curator of rare books. daniel lewis is the curator of the history of science and technology. jennifer a. watts is the curator of photographs. cathy cherbosque is the curator of historical prints and ephemera. bill frank is the curator of hispanic, cartographic and western historical manuscripts. robert c. ritchie is the w. m. keck foundation director of research. review of treasures from ten centuries : “ the huntington library : treasures from ten centuries … highlights some of the rare books, manuscripts, photographs, maps, prints, and ephemera which comprise the library ’ s renowned research holdings … it is the first major book to celebrate these distinguished holdings … chapters written by the huntington curators present highlights from the collections. ” – the quarterly magazine for more information


over 60 % of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) sent to the atmosphere comes from fired heaters and utility or industrial power systems based on fossil - fuel combustion. 1 the industrial capture of co2 from emissions is possible with low pressure solvent absorption, a simple process operation that becomes particularly important for combustion furnaces, burners and incinerators. traditionally, the absorption of acidic gases has been done under pressure with amine solutions, but typical combustion flue gases have large flowrates. inert n2 is the bulk constituent and co2 is generally diluted to 10 % vol15 % vol. fig. 1 shows the example of a tenfold polytropic compression at the 80 % optimistic efficiency for 100, 000 nm3 / h, a relatively small industrial gas flowrate. the compression requires 12 mwh or 3. 2 kw per kmole of gas and determines a net loss, in spite of the power that can be recovered through a turbine expander, located on the lighter co2 - free gas returning from the absorber, and the heat recuperated from various intercoolers plus the reheated gases to the chimney. higher losses are incurred if the gas is compressed to 4, 000 kpa or more, for deepsea or sealed - cavern remote confinement, possibilities that lead to comparing co2 sequestering costs versus carbon tax savings and other virtual benefits in specific regions.


| short name : | | johan olof wallin | | full name : | | wallin, johan olof, 1779 - 1839 | johan olof wallin, ( 15 october 1779 – 30 june 1839 ), was a swedish minister, orator, poet and later archbishop of uppsala, sweden. he is most remembered today for his hymns he was born in stora tuna in dalarna ( now part of borlange municipality, dalarna county ) as the oldest son in a large family, and went to school in falun. his parents did not have much money, but because he was a bright student he managed to get enrolled at the university of uppsala in 1799. four years later he obtained his master of arts, and after another three years he was ordained minister. while he was studying, he got his first poem published in upsala tidningar ( 1802 ). the following years he wrote and translated several other poetic works, and received several awards from the swedish academy for his work. among his awarded works were translatations of horace and virgil ; and for a song about gustav iii he was awarded the high sum of 200 ducats. his poetry was, however, by some considered too rhetorical and out - dated compared to the then flourishing romantic poets. wallin did not take the criticism light - hearted, but adapted to the new style which was more emotional and less influenced by the latin poets. in 1810 he married anna maria dimander. in the same year, he was elected to the swedish academy. in addition to this, he took upon himself to commission the creation of a new swedish book of hymns. the project was finished in 1816. it was approved by king in 1819, and printed the same year. of the 500 hymns, wallin had written 128, translated 23, and involved himself in the revision of another 178. additionally the structure or arrangement of the hymnal was mainly his creation. in 1827, he was elected a member of the royal swedish academy of sciences. he held many different clerical posts throughout his life. ultimately he was ordained archbishop of sweden in 1837. but before he even had moved to uppsala ( seat of the bishoprick ), he died a sudden death in 1839, and was buried in stockholm. the swedish biographical dictionary of 1906 indicates that he at his death was " mourned by the entire swedish people ". the swedish literature in summary ( 1904 ) writes that no swedish orator or preacher ever had his distinctive glow as a speaker. he was undoubtedly a talented


of 1906 indicates that he at his death was " mourned by the entire swedish people ". the swedish literature in summary ( 1904 ) writes that no swedish orator or preacher ever had his distinctive glow as a speaker. he was undoubtedly a talented person in literature and a most pious man. but he was weak in body, and this trait in combination with his strong work ethic may have caused stress on his health. during the remainder of the 19th century he was highly beloved and praised by writers and intellectuals in sweden. in some places his 100th anniversary was celebrated in 1879. a monument of him was also erected in his hometown, and a bust of him was unveiled in falun in 1917. during the 20th century, the harsh lutheranism associated with wallin was being increasingly scorned in sweden as being oppressive and guilt stricken, and this trend in combination with increased secularization has diminished his reputation ; today he is remembered for merely those hymns still in use in swedish churches, the traditional christmas hymn " var halsad, skona morgonstund " among them. besides hymns, wallin wrote several secular poems highly praised in his time. he published several sermons and speeches. of his hymns still in use in swedish hymnbooks today, a few have also been translated into english and published in hymnals such as the lutheran book of worship. these include — — besides " var halsad skona morgonstund " ( " all hail to you, o blessed morn " ) — — " du som fromma hjartan vardar " ( " christians, while on earth abiding " ) and " vi lovar dig, o store gud " ( " we worship you, o god of might " ). his style is described as melancholic but ravishing, often dealing with death, with frequent references and quotes from the bible. his grand work was the long poem angel of death, finished only about year before his death. compared to swedish poets contemporary with wallin, some consider him second only to esaias tegner.


john wesley work, jr. john wesley work is said to have been the first black collector of negro folksongs, and was most likely born on august 6, 1871 in nashville, tennessee. his father, john wesley work, was a church choir director in nashville, where he wrote and arranged music for his choirs. some of his choristers were members of the original fisk jubilee singers. he attended fisk university in nashville where he studied latin and history. singing in the mozart society while at school sparked an interest in negro spirituals in work. following graduation, work went on to teach for a year, studying for one year at harvard university, and a year as a library assistant at fisk university. in 1898, he received a master ’ s degree from fisk and took an appointment as a latin and greek instructor. while teaching, work became a leader in the movement to preserve, study, and perform negro spirituals. he organized fisk singing groups about 1889. with the help of his brother, frederick jerome work, john wesley work, jr., collected, harmonized, and published a number of collections of slave songs and spirituals. the first of these collections was new jubilee songs as sung by the fisk jubilee singers, in 1901. among the other solo songs he published, the spiritual, " go, tell it on the mountain " was issued in 1907. in 1915, work published " folk song of the american negro. " for as many as eighteen years, work trained and performed with professional and student groups of the jubilee singers. his wife, agnes haynes work, was a singer who helped train the fisk group. because of negative feelings toward black folk music at fisk, he was forced to resign in 1923. john wesley work, jr. then served as president of roger williams university in nashville, until his death on september 7, 1925. one son, julian, became a professional musician and composer. another son, john wesley work iii became famous in his own right as a collector, composer and educator at fisk. he wrote american negro songs and spirituals ; a comprehensive collection of 230 folk songs, religious and secular in 1940. additional biographical materials on this son follow. john wesley work, jr. ( 1871 - 1925 ) john wesley work, jr. was most likely born on august 6, 1871 in nashville, tennessee. he attended fisk university in nashville where he studied latin and history. singing in the mozart society while at school sparked an interest in negro spirituals in work. following graduation,


. was most likely born on august 6, 1871 in nashville, tennessee. he attended fisk university in nashville where he studied latin and history. singing in the mozart society while at school sparked an interest in negro spirituals in work. following graduation, work went on to teach for a year, studying for one year at harvard university, and a year as a library assistant at fisk university. in 1898, he received a master ’ s degree from fisk and took an appointment as a latin and greek instructor. while teaching, work became a leader in the movement to preserve, study, and perform negro spirituals. with the help of his brother, work collected, harmonized, and published a number of collections of slave songs and spirituals. the first of these collections was new jubilee songs as sung by the fisk jubilee singers, 1901. for as many as eighteen years, work trained and performed with professional and student groups of the jubilee singers. because of negative feelings toward black folk music at fisk, he was forced to resign in 1923. work then served as president of roger williams university in nashville, until his death on september 7, 1925. notes from the hymnuts, http : / / hymnuts. luthersem. edu / hcompan / writers / work _ jr. htm the source for the photographs above was the davidson county, tennessee website, http : / / travel. nostalgiaville. com / tennessee / davidson / 37208 & 28nnshvl / nnshvl1. htm see also perkins holly, ellistine. biographies of black composers and songwriters ; a supplementary textbook. iowa : wm. c. brown publishers, 1990. john wesley work iii composer, educator, choral director, and ethnomusicologist john wesley work iii was born on june 15, 1901, in tullahoma, tennessee, to a family of professional musicians. his grandfather, john wesley work, was a church choir director in nashville, where he wrote and arranged music for his choirs. some of his choristers were members of the original fisk jubilee singers. his father, john wesley work jr., was a singer, folksong collector and professor of music, latin, and history at fisk, and his mother, agnes haynes work, was a singer who helped train the fisk group. his uncle, frederick jerome work, also collected and arranged folksongs, and his brother, julian, became a professional musician and composer. work began his musical training at the fis


haynes work, was a singer who helped train the fisk group. his uncle, frederick jerome work, also collected and arranged folksongs, and his brother, julian, became a professional musician and composer. work began his musical training at the fisk university laboratory school, moving on to the fisk high school and then the university, where he received a b. a. degree in 1923. after graduation, he attended the institute of musical art in new york city ( now the julliard school of music ), where he studied with gardner lamson. after agnes work ' s death in 1927, john returned to nashville and completed his mother ' s appointment as a trainer of singing groups at fisk university, where he remained for thirty - nine years. he spent summers in new york studying with howard talley and samuel gardner. in 1930 he received an m. a. degree from columbia university with his thesis american negro songs and spirituals. he was awarded two julius rosenwald foundation fellowships for the years 1931 to 1933 and, using these to take two years leave from fisk, he obtained a b. mus. degree from yale university in 1933. work spent the remainder of his career at fisk, until his retirement in 1966. he served in a variety of positions, notably as a teacher, chairman of the fisk university department of music from 1950 to 1957, and director of the fisk jubilee singers from 1946 until 1956. when he became the director of the jubilee singers, he reorganized the group into an ensemble of mixed voices. in 1956, after touring europe for twelve weeks, his health waned, causing him to relinquish conducting and administrative duties and concentrate on composing, speaking, teaching, and writing. he retired in 1966. he published articles in professional journals and dictionaries over a span of more than thirty years. his best known articles were " plantation meistersingers " in the musical quarterly ( jan. 1940 ), and " changing patterns in negro folksongs " in the journal of american folklore ( oct. 1940 ). work began composing while still in high school – his first composition was titled mandy lou and was written when he was 17 years old – and continued throughout his career, completing over one hundred compositions in a variety of musical forms - - for full orchestra, piano, chamber ensemble, violin and organ - - but his largest output was in choral and solo - voice music. he was awarded first prize in the 1946 competition of the federation of american composers for his cantata the singers, and


- for full orchestra, piano, chamber ensemble, violin and organ - - but his largest output was in choral and solo - voice music. he was awarded first prize in the 1946 competition of the federation of american composers for his cantata the singers, and in 1947 he received an award from the national association of negro musicians. from 1946 to 1956, john work, iii, published more than fifty compositions. he received an award from the fellowship of american composers for his composition, the singers, in 1946. based upon a poem by henry w. longfellow, this cantata was performed first at the 1946 fellowship of american composers convention in detroit. after spending three months in haiti, work wrote a suite for strings centered on haitian themes. the string symphony performed this suite, yenvalou, at the 1946 saratoga spring festival. he completed a manuscript composition, golgotha, based upon a poem by arna bontemps. the fisk choir performed this composition during the 1949 festival of music and art. work ' s composition, my lord, what a morning, was performed for the festival of music and art in 1956 by choruses representing choirs form germany, sweden, great britain, south america, france, yugoslavia, japan, canada, and the united states. the choir toured the united nations and performed this composition in philharmonic hall for the festival ' s gala concert. although many musicians did not consider black folk songs to have musical credence, john work, iii, gave the negro folk song a musical form. his book, american negro songs and spirituals ( 1960 ) made an invaluable contribution to musicology. the book contains 230 religious and secular songs, as well as the origins and nature of the various types of black folk songs. work was a member of the american society of composers, authors and publishers ( ascap ), among other organizations. in 1963 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from fisk university. following work ' s collection negro folk songs, the bulk of which was recorded at fort valley, he and two colleagues from fisk university, charles s. johnson, head of the department of sociology ( later, in october 1946, chosen as the university ' s first black president ), and lewis jones, professor of sociology, collaborated with the archive of american folk song on the library of congress / fisk university mississippi delta collection ( afc 1941 / 002 ). this project was a two - year joint field study conducted by the library of congress and fisk university during the summers of 1941 and 1942. the goal


on the library of congress / fisk university mississippi delta collection ( afc 1941 / 002 ). this project was a two - year joint field study conducted by the library of congress and fisk university during the summers of 1941 and 1942. the goal of the partnership was to carry out an intensive field study documenting the folk culture of a specific community of african americans in the mississippi delta region. the rapidly urbanizing commercial area of coahoma county, mississippi, with its county seat in clarksdale, became the geographical focus of the study. some of the correspondence included in this collection between work and alan lomax ( b. 1915, d. 20 july 2002 ), then head of the archive of american folk song, touches on both the fort valley and the emerging fisk university recording projects. john wesley work died on may 17, 1967. materials on the work family are in the special collections department of the fisk university library. fisk university ( 1866 - ) fisk university began as fisk free colored school, one of several schools founded for freedmen during the union military occupation of nashville. in october of 1865, the american missionary association, the western freedmen ' s aid commission, and the u. s. bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands opened the school to help fulfill the educational needs of freed slaves. in december of 186s, general clinton bowen fisk, head of the kentucky - tennessee freedmen ' s bureau, secured housing for the school in several old union army hospital buildings between church and cedar ( charlotte ) streets near shaftesbury avenue and the union army ' s contraband camp. on january 9, 1866, the school ' s founders and governor william g. brownlow participated in dedication ceremony for the institution. the principal founders and organizers included john ogden and erastus cravath and black businessmen nelson walker and richard harris. like ogden, walker was a leading member of the local republican party. with the reopening of the nashville public schools in the fall of 1867, the institution was chartered as fisk university on august 22. as a college, fisk needed new quarters. in 1871, the surplus union fort gillem was purchased. a student choir under the leadership of professor george l. white was organized ( 1867 ) and began touring the nation in 1871 to raise building funds. the jubilee singers raised over $ 50, 000 for the construction of jubilee hall at salem ( eighteenth avenue, north ) and jefferson streets. in january of 1876, fisk university dedicated its new campus. under its


nation in 1871 to raise building funds. the jubilee singers raised over $ 50, 000 for the construction of jubilee hall at salem ( eighteenth avenue, north ) and jefferson streets. in january of 1876, fisk university dedicated its new campus. under its first president, erastus cravath, some 130 of fisk ' s students and graduates became teachers in black schools. the physical plant continued to expand and by the 1890s fisk ' s curriculum had expanded to include liberal arts, theology, teacher training, and a secondary school. at the turn of the century, with the arrival of a second generation of freed blacks, the school bea undergo changes as black expectations began to rise. demands were made for more blacks on the faculty and in administration. in june of 1911, there was a black protest because president george gates dismissed six of twelve black teachers for financial reasons. in 1924 - 25, a student strike forced president fayette a. mckenzie to resign under a cloud of charges of racism and oppression. in 1947, charles s. johnson became the first black to head fisk university. during the 1960s, the civil rights movement radicalized the student body, causing support from white donors to diminish. facing increasing financial burdens, fisk unwisely dipped into its $ 15 million endowment. nineteen eighty - three found the school with a greatly diminished endowment and serious debts, but also undergirded with determination to carry on. presidents and acting presidents of fisk have been : erastus milo cravath ( l875 - 1900 ), james merrill ( 1901 - 1908 ), george augustus gates ( 1909 - 1915 ), fayette avery mckenzie ( 1915 - 1925 ), thomas elsa jones ( 1926 - 1946 ), charles spurgeon johnson ( 1947 - 1956 ), stephen junius wright ( 1957 - 1966 ), james raymond lawson ( 1967 - 1975 ), rutherford hamlet adkins ( acting, 1975 - 1976 ), george w. gores jr. ( acting, 1976 - 1977 ), walter j. leonard ( 1977 - 1984 ), and henry ponder ( 1984 - ). source : reavis l. mitchell and haywood farrar, http : / / www. picard. tnstate. edu / ~ library / digital / fisku. htm


, the first of handel ’ s italian operas, was presented at the cocomero theatre in florence in november 1707 under the title vincer se stesso e la maggior vittoria ( ‘ self - conquest is the greatest victory ’ ). the shorter title ( used by handel ’ s early biographers ) is more commonly used, however, not only for convenience but also as a reminder that the opera has come down to us only in the draft version of handel ’ s autograph ( apart from the start of act 1, which is lost ), not in the revised version actually performed. francesco silvani ’ s libretto is a serious and often powerful drama based vaguely on events in spain around ad710. rodrigo, the last of the visigothic kings, is portrayed as a dissolute tyrant whose seduction of a young noblewoman under a false promise of marriage stirs up a rebellion and leads to his downfall. his long - suffering wife, esilena, remains touchingly loyal to him throughout, eventually saving his life and following him into a humble exile. at the start of act 3 the couple are in a temple in seville, fearfully awaiting the arrival of the rebel forces. in the aria ‘ perche viva il caro sposo ’ esilena prays fervently to the gods that she may be sacrificed to spare her husband. the introductory recitative illustrates the lofty rhetorical style of the libretto, which even the original singers seem to have found excessive : in the performing version the section from ‘ e se, perche egli e tardo … ’ to ‘ … sara dell ’ are vostre ’ was cut. from notes by anthony hicks © 1996


technically, today ( 18th dec ) marks the 120th anniversary of the first passenger journeys on what was at the time known as the city and south london railway, but is today better known as the northern line. not only the first multi - station deep level tube train service in the world, but also the first to use electric locomotives. initially, the line ran from stockwell, past ( but not to ) london bridge then under the river to king william street. the railway was opened officially by edward, prince of wales ( later edward vii ) on 4 november 1890 – but not to the general public until the 18th december. so today marks its 120th anniversary. the railway was extended in 1900, with a station finally at london bridge, and the closure of king william street and its replacement with bank thanks to a new tunnel between borough and bank stations. the abandoned tunnel that originally ran between borough and king william street still exists, and was used during ww2 as deep level air raid shelters. in the 1960s, the tunnels acted as ventilation for london bridge station, then was cut in half by the later jubilee line extension. the tunnels were also plugged with concrete either side of the river, just in case of flooding. on the north side of the thames, king william street station is quite famous as it was on a steep slope, and the early electric locomotives struggled at times to get up the slope. the remains of that station also exist though – apparently accessible via a manhole cover. between 1922 and 1924, the then quite narrow tunnels were widened to the width we are accustomed to today. later in 1933, the line was nationalised. while technically, the original design can be considered to have been flawed, with expansions and closures all over the place, it did demonstrate that a deep level train network was possible at a time when only sub - surface steam railways were available. the first attempts at anything new usually have problems, so we shouldn ’ t be to critical of their mistakes. however, one thing that should be thought about is the silence. steam trains were what people were used to – and they are dirty and noisy at the best of times. the streets of london were incredibly noisy, with horses clattering and iron shod wheels rolling over pebbled roads. suddenly, here was this nearly silent train that magically glides into stations without any apparent form of mechanical engine then swiftly slides down the tunnels to the next station. to the victorians, it would have been truly a wondrous sight.


sphere packing and kissing numbers problems of arranging balls densely arise in many situations, particularly in coding theory ( the balls are formed by the sets of inputs that the error - correction would map into a single the most important question in this area is kepler ' s problem : what is the most dense packing of spheres in space? the answer is obvious to anyone who has seen grapefruit stacked in a grocery store, but a proof remains elusive. ( it is known, however, that the usual grapefruit packing is the densest packing in which the sphere centers form a the colorfully named " kissing number problem " refers to the local density of packings : how many balls can touch another ball? this can itself be viewed as a version of kepler ' s problem for spherical rather than euclidean geometry. and 2nd ajima - malfatti points. how to pack three circles in a triangle so they each touch the other two and two triangle sides. this problem has a curious history, described in wells ' penguin dictionary of curious and interesting geometry : malfatti ' s original ( 1803 ) question was to carve three columns out of a prism - shaped block of marble with as little wasted stone as possible, but it wasn ' t until 1967 that it was shown that these three mutually tangent circles are never the right answer. this cabri geometry page, malfatti circles page, and the wikipedia malfatti circles page. - algorithmic packings compared. anton sherwood looks at deterministic rules for disk - packing on spheres. - apollonian gasket, a fractal circle packing formed by packing smaller circles into each triangular gap formed by three larger circles. - basic crystallography diagrams, b. c. taverner, witwatersrand. - the charged particle model : polytopes and optimal packing of p points in n dimensional spheres. packing and discrete complex analysis. research by ken stephenson including pictures, a bibliography, and downloadable circle packing - circle packings. gareth mccaughan describes the connection between collections of tangent circles and conformal mapping. includes some pretty postscript - circles in ellipses. james buddenhagen asks for the smallest ellipse that contains two disjoint unit circles. discussion continued in a thread on circles in an ellipse. - dense sphere - packings in hyperbolic space. packings of equal spheres in a cube, hugo pfoertner. with nice ray - traced images of each packing. see also martin erren ' s applet for visualizing the


. - dense sphere - packings in hyperbolic space. packings of equal spheres in a cube, hugo pfoertner. with nice ray - traced images of each packing. see also martin erren ' s applet for visualizing the sphere packings. dream about sphere kissing numbers. - edge - tangent polytope illustrating koebe ' s theorem that any planar graph can be realized as the set of tangencies between circles on a sphere. placing vertices at points having those circles as horizons forms a polytope with all edges tangent to the sphere. rendered by povray. packing page. erich friedman enjoys packing geometric shapes into other geometric shapes. - figure eight knot / horoball diagram. research of a. edmonds into the symmetries of knots, relating them to something that looks like a packing of spheres. the msri computing group uses diagram as their logo. - the fractal art of wolter schraa. includes some nice reptiles and sphere packings. - hermite ' s constants. are certain values associated with dense lattice packings of spheres part of mathsoft ' s dense packing of equal disks in a square, d. boll et al., elect. j. combinatorics. - the kepler conjecture on dense packing of spheres. numbers. eric weisstein lists known bounds on the kissing numbers of spheres in dimensions up to 24. - maximizing the minimum distance of n points on a sphere, ray - traced by hugo pfoertner. sample. ed dickey advocates teaching about sphere packings and kissing numbers to high school students as part of a strategy involving manipulative devices. configurations of electrons on a sphere, k. s. brown. - maximum volume arrangements of points on a sphere, hugo pfoertner. illumination of a sphere. an interesting variation on the problem of equally spacing points, by hugo pfoertner. circles in circles and circles on a sphere, mostly about optimal packing but includes also some nonoptimal spiral and pinwheel packings. circles in the hyperbolic plane, java animation by kevin pilgrim illustrating the effects of changing radii in the pennies in the plane, an illustrated proof of kepler ' s conjecture in 2d by bill casselman. results, d. boll. c code for finding dense packings of circles in circles, circles in squares, and spheres in spheres. - pennies in a tray, ivars peterson. packing on a circle and on a sphere, - points