patellar tendonitis ( jumper ' s knee ) click image to enlarge jumper ' s knee, also known as patellar tendonitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation of the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to shin bone ( tibia ). the condition may be caused by overuse of the knee joint, such as frequent jumping on hard surfaces. the following are the most common symptoms of jumper ' s knee. however, each individual may experience symptoms differently. symptoms may include : - pain and tenderness around the patellar tendon - pain with jumping, running, or walking - pain with bending or straightening the leg - tenderness behind the lower portion of the kneecap the symptoms of jumper ' s knee may resemble other conditions or medical problems. always consult your doctor for a diagnosis. in addition to a complete medical history and physical examination, diagnostic procedures for jumper ' s knee may include a radiograph of the knee. this would involve a negative image of the knee, taken with photographic film, using exposure to x - rays or gamma rays passing through matter or tissue in the body. specific treatment for jumper ' s knee will be determined by your doctor based on : - your age, overall health, and medical history - extent of the condition - your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - expectations for the course of the condition - your opinion or preference the best course of treatment for jumper ' s knee is to discontinue any activity that is causing the condition, until the injury is healed. other treatment may include : - nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory medications - ice pack application ( to reduce swelling ) - stretching and strengthening exercises click here to view the online resources of men ' s health


al hanisim : concerning the miracles a prayer acknowledging the significance of hanukkah most commonly associated with hanukkah, a variation of this prayer is also recited on purim, and some communities recite a new version on israel ' s independence day. all of these are post - biblical observances. the words recited in al hanisim serve to define god ’ s role in these historical events. as detailed in this article, al hanisim is actually an insertion into a one of the standard amidah prayers - - the prayer of thanksgiving. while the article focuses on the technicalities of this prayer, one additional point should be made. by treating the al hanisim as an insertion into a standard prayer, the status of the holiday is maintained ( as being less then a festival ) while still religiously acknowledging the importance of god ’ s role in post - biblical events. this article is excerpted with permission from the encyclopedia of jewish prayer ( jason aronson ). a prayer that relates briefly to the story of hanukkah and purim, [ al hanisim is ] inserted into the 18th benediction of the amidah ( " modim " ) and into the second benediction of birkat hamazon [ the grace after meals ] ( " nodeh l ' kha " ). the introductory sentence reads as follows : al hanisim - - " we thank thee for the miracles, the redemption, and the triumphant victories, and liberation which thou hast wrought for our fathers in days of old at this season. " following that is a description of the basic events of hanukkah ( " bimay mattityahu - - in the days of mattathias ] and purim ( " bimay mordehcai - - in the days of mordecai " ]. since al hanisim serves as an expression of thanksgiving, it is most fitting that it is placed into the benediction called hoda ' ah ( " thanksgiving " ). a short version of al hanisimis found in soferim ( 20 : 8 ), and the current text is taken from the siddur [ prayer book ] of rav amram gaon ( seder hanukkah ) and siddur r. sa ' adyah gaon ( 256 ). reciting al hanisimis also mentioned in she ' iltot ( va - yishlah ) of gaon aha. variation in text exists between the ashkenazic and sep


families need to think about fire safetypublished 12 : 28am monday, october 8, 2012 if you woke up to a fire in your home, how much time do you think you would have to get to safety? according to the nonprofit national fire protection association, one - third of american households that made an estimate thought they would have at least six minutes before a fire in their home would become life - threatening. unfortunately, the time available is often less. that ’ s why the natchez fire department is teaming up with nfpa during fire prevention week, this week, to urge residents to “ have two ways out! ” this year ’ s team focuses on the importance of fire escape planning and practice. in 2010, u. s. fire departments responded to 369, 500 home structure fires. these fires caused 13, 350 civilian injuries, 2, 640 civilian deaths and $ 6. 9 billion in direct damage. one home structure was reported every 85 seconds in 2010. fire is unpredictable and moves faster than most people realize. having a tried and true escape plan with two ways is essential to ensuring your family ’ s safety should fire break out in your home. the fire department recommends the following tips for planning your family ’ s escape : - 4make a map of your house. - 4mark a door and a window that can be used to get out of every room. - 4choose a meeting place outside in front of your home. this is where everyone can meet once they ’ ve escaped. draw a picture of your outside meeting place on your escape plan. - 4write the emergency telephone number for the fire department on your escape plan. have a grown - up sound the smoke alarm and practice your escape plan with everyone living in your home. - 4keep your escape plan on the refrigerator and remind grown - ups to have your family practice the plan twice a year or whenever anyone in your house celebrates a birthday. to find out more about fire prevention week please contact the fire department at 601 - 442 - 3684. aaron wesley is the fire marshal at the natchez fire department.


what is menstrual cycle? menstruation is the part of the menstrual cycle, the process that helps a woman ’ s body get ready for the possibility of pregnancy each month. the average cycle is 28 days long and starts on the first day of a period. the menstrual cycle can range from 21 days to 35 days. the brain pituitary gland, uterus cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes and vagina all work together to make the menstrual cycle happen. the ovaries produce two important hormones, progesterone and estrogen. the pituitary gland also produces hormones, follicle - stimulating hormone ( fsh ) and luteinizing hormone ( lh ). girls usually start menstruating around the age of 13, sometimes even younger and will continue having monthly periods until the age of 50 when the process of menopause begins. menstrual cycles vary from one woman to the next – some may be short while others may experience longer cycles. a typical menstrual cycle is 28 days and the length is calculated by counting the first day of menstruation as day one. teens often experience long cycles of up to 45 days but it becomes more regular in your 20 ’ s and 30 ’ s lasting between 21 and 35 days. as you get older, particularly in your 40 ’ s, the menstrual cycle becomes more regular until you reach menopause. there are various phases of the menstrual cycle – menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase. menstruation is known as the first part of your cycle and day 1 is the first full day of menstrual bleeding. the thickened lining of the uterus begins to shed to get ready for the new cycle. bleeding occurs because the egg was not fertilized in the previous cycle. a menstrual period can last between 3 and 5 days, sometimes more or less. during the first three days you may experience most of your blood loss as well as symptoms such as pain in the abdominal area and your back. during the follicular phase, the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone which helps to stimulate the growth of about 5 to 20 follicles. each follicle consists of an egg but only one of these follicles will mature into an egg while the other stimulated follicles die. the f


##icle stimulating hormone which helps to stimulate the growth of about 5 to 20 follicles. each follicle consists of an egg but only one of these follicles will mature into an egg while the other stimulated follicles die. the follicle stimulating hormone causes the lining of the uterus ( endometrium ) to grow in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy this usually occurs around day 10 of a 28 day cycle. the ovulation phase occurs during the middle of the cycle, around day 14 of a normal 28 day cycle when the egg leaves the ovary. during the follicular phase, an increase in the level of the sex hormone estrogen occurs as a result of the ripening follicle. when enough estrogen is produced, it sends a signal to the pituitary gland that the egg is ready to be released. the pituitary gland produces luteinising hormone ( lh ) and as a result ovulation is triggered. the egg is transported into the fallopian tube until it meets with the sperm for fertilization. the end of the ovulation phase is marked by the start of the luteal phase. it lasts between 10 to 16 days. when fertilization of the egg takes place, the follicle called the corpus luteum releases the egg. this follicle produces the hormone, progesterone which helps to facilitate and maintain the thickened uterine lining. the corpeus luteum dies ( around day 22 of a normal 28 day cycle ) if pregnancy does not occur. as a result, the menstrual cycle is repeated.


distant starlight has given astronomers the best look yet at a distant icy sibling of pluto, a dwarf planet called makemake that appears to be missing its atmosphere, researchers say. although this icy world currently lacks an atmosphere, there is still a chance it could form one like a comet when it approaches the point in its orbit that is closest to the sun, scientists added. in the past decade, astronomers have discovered a slew of " dwarf planets " that dwell with pluto beyond the orbit of neptune. makemake was a world nicknamed " easterbunny " by its discoverers before officially getting named after the polynesian creator of humanity and the god of fertility. the dwarf planet ' s red - tinged surface is apparently covered by a layer of frozen methane, and is bright enough to be seen by a high - end amateur telescope, despite its current distance of nearly 53 times the distance between the earth and the sun. [ makemake ' s missing atmosphere ( video ) ] makemake : a plutoid revealed makemake is a type of icy dwarf planet known as a plutoid, as are pluto and the newfound trans - neptunian worlds erisand haumea. whereas pluto has a tenuous atmosphere surrounding it, its near - twin eris does not, most likely due to eris ' greater distance from the sun and colder surface temperature. makemake orbits at an intermediate distance from the sun between pluto and eris, raising the question of whether it might possess an atmosphere. in 2011, makemake passed directly in front of the distant star nomad 1181 - 0235723. this eclipse or occultation helped backlight the icy world, and researchers now reveal data from seven telescopes of this eclipse has helped them pin down makemake ' s size, shape and surface properties better than ever. [ dwarf planets of the solar system ( infographic ) ] " for me it is extremely remarkable that we can get an accurate knowledge of important properties of these mysterious dwarf planets even though they are so far away from the earth, " said lead study author jose ortiz, a planetary scientist at the institute of astrophysics of andalucia in granada, spain. " only three years ago we had never observed a single occultation by a trans - neptunian object, and now we have managed to observe 12 such events, nine of them by our international team. " such occultations are extremely difficult to predict and observe. for comparison, these worlds are so distant they appear about the same


neptunian object, and now we have managed to observe 12 such events, nine of them by our international team. " such occultations are extremely difficult to predict and observe. for comparison, these worlds are so distant they appear about the same size " as that of a coin seen at a distance of 30 miles ( 50 kilometers ) or smaller, " ortiz told space. com. " but thanks to our hard work and to an important international collaboration, we were able to beat all the difficulties. " makemake is about 890 miles ( 1, 430 km ) wide, making it about two - thirds the diameter of pluto. light from this distant star appeared and disappeared quickly as makemake passed in front of it. this suggests there was no significant atmosphere around it to smear out the star ' s light. at most, makemake ' s atmosphere is 80 million to 250 million times thinner than earth ' s at sea level, the researchers calculate. still, there might be patches of atmosphere overlying warmer regions on its surface, such as dark patches that absorb more sunlight. " we suspect that these dark patches might be concentrated near the latitude of the subsolar point of the planet — the subsolar point is the point of the planet where the solar rays reach the surface perpendicularly, and therefore cause the maximum heating possible, " ortiz said. " these dark patches might form sort of a dark band in the planet. " wispy atmosphere still possible other bodies with patchy atmospheres include jupiter ' s moon io and saturn ' s moon enceladus, which arise " mostly from gas released by volcanoes or the so - called cryovolcanoes, ' volcanoes ' which instead of releasing magma release liquid water or a liquid mix, " ortiz said. " even mars has areas with a locally denser atmosphere, which in this case arises from sublimation of carbon dioxide ice. " space news from nbcnews. com teen ' s space mission fueled by social media science editor alan boyle ' s blog : " astronaut abby " is at the controls of a social - media machine that is launching the 15 - year - old from minnesota to kazakhstan this month for the liftoff of the international space station ' s next crew. - buzz aldrin ' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media makemake might very well behave like a comet and grow an


' s vision for journey to mars - giant black hole may be cooking up meals - watch a ' ring of fire ' solar eclipse online - teen ' s space mission fueled by social media makemake might very well behave like a comet and grow an atmosphere during the parts of its year when it approaches the sun. " we suspect that this is the case, " ortiz said. " but comets are usually so small and have so little mass that their gravity does not allow them to retain the atmospheres, which escape to space giving rise to the comets ' tails. in the case of makemake, its gravity is much higher and therefore the escape of the gases is not as dramatic as that of the comets. " future research can focus on looking for other stellar occultations by large trans - neptunian objects. " we can now investigate trans - neptunian objects with far more in depth than we could a few years ago, thanks to the stellar occultation technique, " ortiz said. " this will not only shed light on atmospheric phenomena, but also on important physics of these bodies. we would also like to explain and understand the similarities and differences in composition of the trans - neptunian objects in general, which requires theoretical developments, models of different physical phenomena and plenty of work in many fields. " the scientists are to detail their findings thursday in the journal nature. - dwarf planet makemake : icy wonder ( gallery ) - meet the solar system ' s dwarf planets - poll : should pluto be a dwarf planet or full - fledged world? © 2013 space. com. all rights reserved. more from space. com.


international african vaccinology conference, cape town, south africa - results from a pivotal, large - scale phase iii trial, published online today in the new england journal of medicine, show that the rts, s malaria vaccine candidate can help protect african infants against malaria. when compared to immunization with a control vaccine, infants ( aged 6 - 12 weeks at first vaccination ) vaccinated with rts, s had one - third fewer episodes of both clinical and severe malaria and had similar reactions to the injection. in this trial, rts, s demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile. eleven african research centres in seven african countries are conducting this trial, together with glaxosmithkline ( gsk ) and the path malaria vaccine initiative ( mvi ), with grant funding from the bill & melinda gates foundation to mvi. dr. salim abdulla, a principal investigator for the trial from the ifakara health institute, tanzania, said : " we ' ve made significant progress in recent years in our battle against malaria, but the disease still kills 655, 000 people a year - mainly children under five in sub - saharan africa. an effective malaria vaccine would be a welcome addition to our tool kit, and we ' ve been working toward this goal with this rts, s trial. this study indicates that rts, s can help to protect young babies against malaria. importantly, we observed that it provided this protection in addition to the widespread use of bed nets by the trial participants. " when administered along with standard childhood vaccines, the efficacy of rts, s in infants aged 6 to 12 weeks ( at first vaccination ) against clinical and severe malaria was 31 % and 37 %, respectively, over 12 months of follow - up after the third vaccine dose. insecticide - treated bed nets were used by 86 % of the trial participants, which demonstrated that rts, s provided protection beyond existing malaria control interventions. the efficacy observed with rts, s last year in children aged 5 - 17 months of age against clinical and severe malaria was 56 % and 47 %, respectively. follow - up in this phase iii trial will continue and is expected to provide more data for analyses to better understand the different findings between the age categories. dr. abdulla added : " the efficacy is lower than what we saw last year with the older 5 - 17 month age category, which surprised some of us scientists at the african trial sites. it makes us even more eager to gather and analyze more data from


abdulla added : " the efficacy is lower than what we saw last year with the older 5 - 17 month age category, which surprised some of us scientists at the african trial sites. it makes us even more eager to gather and analyze more data from the trial to determine what factors might influence efficacy against malaria and to better understand the potential of rts, s in our battle against this devastating disease. we were also glad to see that the study indicated that rts, s could be administered to young infants along with standard childhood vaccines and that side effects were similar to what we would see with those vaccines. " there was no increase in overall reporting of serious adverse events ( saes ) between the infants vaccinated with the rts, s malaria vaccine candidate and infants in the control group, which received a comparator vaccine. side effects primarily included local injection site reactions, which were less frequent following rts, s vaccinations compared to the dtp - hepb / hib vaccine. fever was reported more frequently following rts, s vaccinations than the control vaccine group ( 30. 6 % versus 21. 1 % of vaccine doses, respectively ). two new cases of meningitis were reported in the 6 - 12 week - old infant age category in addition to the 9 reported last year ; one in the rts, s group and one in the control vaccine group. further analysis revealed a bacterial cause of the meningitis in 7 of the 11 cases. sir andrew witty, ceo, gsk said : " while the efficacy seen is lower than last year, we believe these results confirm that rts, s can help provide african babies and young children with meaningful protection against malaria. they take us another important step forward on the journey towards having a new intervention available against this disease, which is a huge burden on the health and economic growth of africa. we remain convinced that rts, s has a role to play in tackling malaria and we will continue to work with our partners and other stakeholders to better understand the data and to define how the vaccine could best be used to provide public health benefit to children in malaria endemic areas in africa. " david kaslow, director of the path malaria vaccine initiative, said : " determining the role of rts, s in africa will depend on analyses of additional data. we are now an important step closer to that day. success in developing malaria vaccines depends on many factors : at the top of the list are partnerships and robust evidence, coupled with an understanding that different


when the largest blackout the world has ever seen struck last week, it didn ' t come as a surprise to many people in india. smaller, scheduled blackouts are a common way for the country to cope with its explosive growth in demand for electricity. as a result, many of the 600 million indians affected were already prepared with their own systems - solar panels or diesel generators. still, many millions were left in the dark and infrastructure such as train networks ground to a halt. nature is partly to blame, in the form of a poor monsoon season. the indian meteorological department says that rainfall across the country was only 81 per cent of its average during june and july. that forced india ' s hydroelectric plants to run below full capacity, while farmers had to use extra electricity to pump water for crop irrigation - a sharp one - two punch to an already strained power grid. to stay online, any large - scale grid must be able to react quickly to power fluctuations - on the order of a few tens of milliseconds. this was probably a key aspect of the failure in india. the sentinels of most modern grids are devices called phasor measurement units ( pmus ). situated mainly at power plants and high - voltage substations, they match the frequency of the alternating electric current to other locations across the grid, ensuring that the network is in sync using gps timing. drops or outages in power across any part of the grid cause the frequency to dip locally, and pmus make it possible to isolate the problem. the indian central electricity authority ( cea ) only produced its draft plan to install pmus across the grid in april and, as of 31 may, there were just 14 operating in the country. by contrast, the us, which has a similar patchwork infrastructure to india ' s, has thousands, many of which were installed following a blackout in 2003 that affected millions in the country ' s north - east. china has built thousands of pmus to ensure its grid is similarly protected. such monitoring is important in an overtaxed grid like india ' s, where it would help prevent surprise blackouts. scheduled blackouts would still be necessary, though. the ideal, says arshad mansoor of the electric power research institute in washington dc, is to centrally control small reductions in load across the board - turning down the air conditioning across the country for example, or dimming public lighting by a small amount for a short period of time. this is the long - awaited " smart grid " that, despite much hype


reductions in load across the board - turning down the air conditioning across the country for example, or dimming public lighting by a small amount for a short period of time. this is the long - awaited " smart grid " that, despite much hype, has so far eluded widespread implementation, even in rich nations. but progress is being made. centerpoint energy, a regional utility company based in texas, is in the final stages of constructing a network of smart meters across the city and suburbs of houston. by 2013, 2 million smart meters will track energy use in texans ' homes, and even enable centerpoint to turn off air conditioning units during times of high demand - although centerpoint admits it will need customer consent for this. if smart meters are still a way off in the us and other rich countries, they will be even more difficult to deploy en masse in india, particularly in the short term while the government remains focused on generating more power and better managing what it has. for now, the motto in the footer of every cea monthly report rings true : " energy saved is energy produced. " - new scientist - not just a website! - subscribe to new scientist and get : - new scientist magazine delivered every week - unlimited online access to articles from over 500 back issues - subscribe now and save if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article fri aug 10 07 : 38 : 11 bst 2012 by eric kvaalen to solve the problem of excessive demand, they should raise the price of electricity. they could distribute some of the revenue equally to all indians. that would be fair, but would still result in less electricity use. whether it ' s practical in the indian bureaucracy is a different question. fri aug 10 17 : 19 : 58 bst 2012 by hal has this ever been attempted? fri aug 10 19 : 27 : 33 bst 2012 by eric kvaalen raising prices yes, but i don ' t think any country has tried redistributing the proceeds. tue aug 14 08 : 06 : 04 bst 2012 by richard s eric assumes that ' electricity users are the same set as ' general population. the


hubble space telescope we need three wheels in service to give us the pointing precision that ' s necessary for us to find planets... that ' s what makes this mission work, the fact that we can point with extreme precision, as well as the hubble space telescope, in fact. so without three wheels, it ' s unclear whether we can do anything of that order. as a former astronaut who has flown four missions on the space shuttle, including the 1990 flight that deployed the hubble space telescope, i ’ ve learned that scientific discovery and human exploration go hand in hand... nasa ’ s vision is to reach new heights and explore the unknown so that what we do and learn will benefit all humankind. i believe that unraveling the planetary puzzle about life and climate on mars is the essential next step in realizing that vision. more quotes » around the web detailed hubble image of the cat ’ s eye nebula in half, where each skin layer is discernible. this composite of data from nasa ’ s chandra x - ray observatory and the hubble space telescope is another look for ngc 6543, better known as the cat ’ s eye nebula. the bull ’ s - eye patterns seen around planetary nebulae 5 / 22 / 13 from scitech daily read more » cosmic graveyard : looking for life in an unlikely place dwarf yet, a team of astronomers has taken a big step by finding some telltale rocks — or their remnants, anyway. using the hubble space telescope, the scientists report in monthly notices of the royal astronomical society that they ’ ve teased out evidence from time magazine read more » ison is shown in this nasa handout image photographed by the hubble telescope on april 10, 2013. the voice of america, which first went on the air in 1942, is an international multimedia broadcasting service funded by the u. s. government through the broadcasting from hawaii reporter read more » the week : kepler telescope ’ s troubles, a maya pyramid in ruins and more kepler space telescope is 40 million miles from earth, which makes sending a repairman difficult. unlike the hubble telescope, which was designed to be serviced by astronauts, kepler was meant to live far from earth, well beyond a wrench ’ s reach. and its from the new york times read more » want a one - way trip to mars? looms large in a hubble space telescope photo - and in the imaginations of those who have signed up for a one - way trip to the red planet. " it ' s not that i


source newsroom : virginia tech ( virginia polytechnic institute and state university ) newswise — when you ask a supercomputer to tell a story, you might not expect a creative outcome " or any. but a group of virginia tech researchers are using system x, the university ' s supercomputer, to test a new search program that can tell the stories of life " the connections between gene sets, for instance, or the connections between discoveries reported in biomedical articles on the u. s. national library of medicine pubmed database. we are all familiar with search engines that provide a list of hits on the terms we enter. researchers in computer science and biochemistry at virginia tech have created a search capability that they call storytelling that will discover connections between information that appears dissimilar. it discovers a sequence of events or relationships to create a chain of concepts between specified start and end points. imagine, for instance, asking for a connection from the concept " traveling in london, " to the concept " places popes are interred. " the storyteller might postulate " the history of codes " as an intermediary and find the da vinci code " if it existed. " the stories are pieced together by analyzing large volumes of text or other data " said naren ramakrishnan, associate professor of computer science at virginia tech who works with life scientists to create software for data mining and information analysis tasks arising in biology. the aim is to help scientists make connections in the complex, burgeoning world of scientific discovery. " everyday, there are new research results reported in the literature and there are discoveries waiting to be made by exploring connections, " said ramakrishnan. " our minds cannot correlate all available datasets efficiently and with any high degree of confidence without the aid of computational biology, " said richard helm, associate professor of biochemistry. " attempting to find significant correlations within the ocean of online datasets is daunting. however, there may be experiments that have been published in the literature that look at particular subsets of a biological process. the storytelling algorithm links ' distant ' objects by finding these closer connections and drawing them together in a storyline. evaluation of these stories can provide hypotheses that can be tested at the bench, potentially resulting in new insights into the role of a particular molecular event in the process you are interested in. " the design of the storytelling algorithm is modeled after large scale search engines such as google. each " node " in system x, an 1100 apple xserve g


insights into the role of a particular molecular event in the process you are interested in. " the design of the storytelling algorithm is modeled after large scale search engines such as google. each " node " in system x, an 1100 apple xserve g5 cluster supercomputer, is responsible for indexing a portion of the biological literature and the nodes exchange information among each other to help define links and make connections. " some of our larger storytelling runs process hundreds of thousands of papers and work with up to 200 nodes simultaneously, " said ramakrishnan. helm and his colleague malcolm potts, professor of biochemistry, are studying the processes and strategies used by organisms to enter into and exit from a state of reduced metabolic activity, such as dormancy or suspended animation. application of such processes to mammalian cells could lead to the development of robust cell - based biosensors, long - term storage of cell components, and vaccines that do not require refrigeration. so they decided to use storytelling to study such processes on the budding yeast ( saccharomyces cerevisiae ) by exploring connections between yeast papers. they used storytelling to explore article abstracts - - not agreed upon code or nomenclature, but sentences and paragraphs that present thoughts from different people using different phrases and jargon and not thinking about the same problems. the researchers used storytelling to discover the relationship between two pubmed ( pm ) articles " " early expression of yeast genes affected by chemical stress " ( pmid : 15713640 ) and " heat stress transcription factors from tomato can functionally replace hsf1 in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae " ( pmid : 9268023 ). they asked for connections using abstracts of 140, 000 publications about yeast. keywords were developed from 3, 756 abstracts containing the keywords " yeast " and " stress. " " the [ discovered ] story begins with a high throughput experiment that links chemical stress to gene expression in saccharomyces cerevisiae, and ends with heat stress transcription factors in tomato, " they reported at an international meeting. " the ' story line ' was initiated through comparisons between oxidative and heavy metal stresses. this led to a paper identifying a gene from candida sp. that was expressed when the cells are exposed to cadmium but not copper, mercury, lead, or manganese. " it turned out to be a novel protein. " the link between tomato heat stress transcription factors and a cadmium - specific gene with no known match


when the cells are exposed to cadmium but not copper, mercury, lead, or manganese. " it turned out to be a novel protein. " the link between tomato heat stress transcription factors and a cadmium - specific gene with no known match in the current databases was through work with a different species of yeast ( the fission yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe ) where a study looked specifically at heat and cadmium stress responses. this story identifies key players in the systems biology of related chemical stresses, " helm said. " the holy grail of applying computing to biology is to understand a particular organism or process at a higher level than we are used to considering, " said helm. the study aging in humans is an example of such " systems biology " " the study of integrated systems. and it is an example of an area where the storytelling approach can make a difference. " there are a lot of molecular components to the aging process, yielding physical and emotional " phenotypes. " all these interactions generate an aged human, the results of which are slightly different for everybody, " said helm. " can we make connections between seemingly dissimilar molecular events to piece together the complex aging process? that is a tall question, but there may be experiments performed and published in the literature that look at smaller subsets of the problem. " the article, " algorithms for storytelling, " by graduate student deept kumar, ramakrishnan, helm, and potts, was published in the proceedings of the twelfth acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining ( kdd ' 2006 ), in august 2006 http : / / people. cs. vt. edu / % 7eramakris / papers / kdd06 - storytelling. pdf. " in future work, we aim to investigate other ways to construct stories that mimic or complement how biologists make connections between concepts, " said ramakrishnan. " our eventual goal is a product that is an important tool for reasoning with data and domain theories. " system x is an 1100 apple xserve g5 cluster supercomputer. learn more about system x at http : / / www. tcf. vt. edu / system x. html. learn more about dr. ramakrishnan ' s work at http : / / people. cs. vt. edu / ~ ramakris /.


free nexus articlesclick here to view a selection of nexus articles. each issue we add an article or two free of charge. if you have an online subscription, click here for the subscription area with unlimited access. sleep apnoea : a cause of heart disease and cancer by dr steven rochlitz. sleep apnoea may affect one in four adults. if left untreated, it can play a role in causing heart attack, chronic fatigue, pain syndromes, stroke and cancer. it may be the result of underlying problems such as hiatal hernia and multiple chemical or emf sensitivity. why stomach acid is essential for our health by elaine hollingsworth. a lack of stomach acid can cause indigestion, malabsorption, bloating and ultimately degenerative diseases, acute and chronic infections and even cancer. fortunately, this deficiency can be overcome with a simple hydrochloric acid treatment. the borax conspiracy by walter last. borax, a naturally occurring mineral and a source of the essential element boron, is an inexpensive and effective antiseptic, antifungal and insecticidal treatment, but it ' s now being outlawed by big pharma and health authorities worldwide. the health risks from corn and agave sweeteners by sally fallon morell & ramiel nagel. recent studies show that refined sweeteners like high - fructose corn syrup and agave " nectar " are neither safe nor natural and are more damaging to our health than is ordinary sugar. miracle mineral supplement : an integrated therapy by walter last. acidified sodium chlorite is a powerful antimicrobial that can reverse cases of malaria, blood poisoning and even cancer, but is best used in conjunction with other natural therapies that strike the right balance between oxidant and antioxidant actions. the cordyceps sinensis medicinal mushroom by richard alan miller. modern scientific studies have confirmed and expanded upon the findings of traditional chinese medicine, that the cordyceps sinensis fungus has myriad health benefits. nanotechnology : the new threat to food by georgia miller and scott kinnear. hundreds of foods on the supermarket shelves now contain unlabelled nanotech - modified ingredients that have not been safety - tested for human consumption. lobby your food authorities and choose organics! combatting the codex alimentarius by gregory damato, phd. billions will suffer from degenerative diseases because of poor nutrition and limited access to health supplements if the global corporations " harmon


consumption. lobby your food authorities and choose organics! combatting the codex alimentarius by gregory damato, phd. billions will suffer from degenerative diseases because of poor nutrition and limited access to health supplements if the global corporations " harmonise " the world. harry oldfield ' s amazing imaging technologies by evy king. the revolutionary imaging systems developed by biologist dr harry oldfield offer practitioners a means of seeing the condition of a patient ' s bio - energetic field prior to diagnosis and treatment. death by doctoring, part 1 of 2 by steven ransom. orthodox anticancer treatments like chemotherapy have dismal success records, yet medical practitioners still inflict them on their patients and ignore the proven alternatives. death by doctoring, part 2 of 2 by steven ransom. vitamins c and b17 ( also known as laetrile ) have a history of success in cancer prevention and treatment, and a history of suppression by the medical orthodoxy. a miracle treatment for malaria by jim v. humble. a formula has been developed that can overcome malaria symptoms in just hours and has healing properties that can help against aids and various immunosuppressive diseases. the extraordinary story of healer alfons ven, part 2 of 2 interview with alfons ven by willem de ridder. belgian engineer turned homoeopath and alchemist alfons ven has developed simple remedies that can restore the body ' s master control system, based on the idea that the invisible controls the visible. vaccine dangers and vested interests by jon rappoport. a retired vaccine researcher goes public on what the pharmaceutical industry and the health authorities don ' t want us to know : that vaccines are unsafe, untested and one of the greatest frauds of our time. seawater – a safe blood plasma substitute? by dianne jacobs thompson. diluted seawater contains almost the same concentration of minerals and trace elements as blood plasma, and its sodium content matches that of blood. it has been used successfully in animal tests as a blood transfusion substitute, but human trials are long overdue. aches to quakes : sensitives who predict earthquakes suffer pain and ridicule by larry a. park. mysterious earth signals that are precursors to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions can be detected by " sensitives " whose physical symptoms can provide accurate warnings. meanwhile, new technologies are being developed that can tune into these subtle energies. the placebo effect : the triumph of mind over body by peter arguriou. a growing body of research reveals not


##s " whose physical symptoms can provide accurate warnings. meanwhile, new technologies are being developed that can tune into these subtle energies. the placebo effect : the triumph of mind over body by peter arguriou. a growing body of research reveals not just psychological and perceptual components to the placebo effect but also a biochemical substrate to the mechanism. junk pet food by dr tom lonsdale. dogs, cats and ferrets fed a regular diet of processed food suffer from a range of cruel and debilitating diseases. pet owners can improve their pets ' health by feeding them a natural, chewy diet primarily of whole raw carcasses or at least raw meaty bones. is the cause of cancer a common fungus? by dr tullio simoncini. according to this hypothesis based on years of scientific and clinical research, the cause of cancer is infection by a common fungus, candida albicans. the good news is that it can be treated with a powerful antifungal agent that can ' t be patented. the extraordinary story of healer alfons ven, part 1 of 2 interview by willem de ridder. alfons ven, a belgian engineer turned homoeopath / alchemist, has endured persecution by the church, health authorities and the media over his ven - cures. your cart is currently empty.


scientists are a step closer to harnessing a technique that “ literally mends broken hearts ”, according to the daily express. the newspaper says that the simple procedure “ uses patients ’ own cells to regrow muscle damaged by a heart attack ”. this story is based on an early - stage trial that examined the safety of using stem cells to heal the scars and cardiac tissue damage experienced after a heart attack. in the study researchers recruited patients who had recently had a heart attack and took a sample of healthy tissue from their hearts. they then used the tissue to grow stem cells that could turn into any type of heart cell and injected them directly into the hearts of 17 patients. next they assessed the safety of the treatment over 12 months and compared the results from these patients with those from eight patients who received standard care. the researchers determined that the approach was safe. they speculated that there may be some interesting clinical results, such as a reduction in scar tissue and an increase in new heart tissue. however, as this was a trial of the technique ’ s safety, the effectiveness of the process will need to be examined in further studies. this small, early - stage study identified a potential application of stem cells for the treatment of heart attacks, but a great deal of additional research is required to see whether or not this therapy will literally mend broken hearts. where did the story come from? the study was carried out by researchers from cedars - sinai heart institute, the emmes corporation and the johns hopkins university in the us. it was funded by the us national heart, lung and blood institute, and the cedars - sinai board of governors heart stem cell center. the study was published in the peer - reviewed medical journal the lancet. despite some contradictory reporting on the degree of scarring reduction, the research was covered appropriately by the media, with the daily telegraph, bbc, daily mail and daily express all reporting that this was an early - stage study designed to investigate the safety of the procedure. the daily telegraph also mentioned the need for further research to determine the long - term implications of the study. what kind of research was this? this was a small phase i clinical trial designed to assess the safety of using stem cells found within the heart as a treatment for repairing the damage experienced following a heart attack. such small, early - stage studies are required to ensure that a procedure is safe and feasible before larger studies to assess the effectiveness of the treatment are started. although stem cells can be obtained from a variety of sources, the stem cells used to treat this study


small, early - stage studies are required to ensure that a procedure is safe and feasible before larger studies to assess the effectiveness of the treatment are started. although stem cells can be obtained from a variety of sources, the stem cells used to treat this study ’ s participants were derived from their own bodies rather than embryos or foetal tissue. treating a person using their own stem cells may provide an effective therapy as the cells are not at risk of being rejected. this study used a type of stem cell called a cardiac - derived cell ( cdc ), which is found in a layer on the surface of the heart. these particular stem cells can grow, or differentiate, into any type of cell found within the heart tissue. what did the research involve? researchers recruited 31 patients who had had a heart attack within the previous 30 days, 25 of whom were included in the study ’ s final set of analyses. these patients were randomly allocated to receive either cardiac - derived cells ( cdc ) or standard care. all of the patients had shown a reduction in a measure called the ‘ left ventricular ejection fraction ’ ( lvef ). the left ventricle is one of four chambers of the heart, and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. lvef is a measure of the amount of blood the left ventricle is able to pump in one heart contraction. the researchers took a sample of healthy heart tissue from the patients in the group allocated to receive cdc treatment. they used this tissue to grow cdcs, which were later injected directly back into the particular artery that had been involved in their heart attacks. this injection occurred between 1. 5 and 3 months after the heart attack. participants in both the cdc and the standard care group had been given a scan using magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) at the start of the study, which provided an image of heart damage following their heart attack but before treatment. researchers followed up the progress of the participants two weeks after the start of the study, then again at one, two, three, six and twelve months. the researchers assessed several safety measures at these follow - up points, including any instances of death immediately following the cdc injection, sudden or unexpected death, and a range of heart - related safety outcomes such as another heart attack, the development of new tumours of the heart and being admitted to hospital for heart failure. although this was primarily a trial assessing safety, the researchers also collected data on a range of relevant clinical factors in order to


outcomes such as another heart attack, the development of new tumours of the heart and being admitted to hospital for heart failure. although this was primarily a trial assessing safety, the researchers also collected data on a range of relevant clinical factors in order to form a preliminary idea of whether the treatment might prove effective or feasible. this included conducting additional mris at six and twelve months to determine the extent of heart damage, scarring and the amount of healthy heart tissue in the left ventricle. the researchers then compared the proportion of patients in each group who experienced any of the study ’ s predefined negative outcomes. they also compared the degree of heart scarring and the amount of healthy heart tissue between the two groups. what were the basic results? the researchers found that no patients in the cdc group experienced complications during the cell injection procedure or in the day after. the researchers further determined that : - at six and twelve months, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the proportion of patients who experienced a serious adverse event ( cdc group : 24 %, standard care group : 13 %, p = 1. 00 ). - there were no deaths in either group, and no patients were admitted to hospital for heart failure or for another heart attack. no patients were found to have developed heart tumours. when assessing preliminary effectiveness data, the researchers found that : - at baseline ( the start of the study ) the average scar size ( proportion of the left ventricle that was scarred ) was 24 % in both groups. - the proportion of the left ventricle that was scarred did not significantly change in the standard care group between the start of the study and six months ( difference in size : 0. 3 %, p = 0. 894 ), but significantly decreased in the group given cdc treatment ( difference in size : - 7. 7 %, p < 0. 0001 ). - at twelve months, patients treated with standard care still did not experience a significant difference in scar size from the start of the study ( difference in size - 2. 2 %, p = 0. 452 ), while the cdc - treated group had a decrease in scar size of 12. 3 % ( p = 0. 001 ). - similarly, at six months, the standard care group showed no significant difference in the amount of healthy left ventricle tissue ( mass difference 0. 9g, p = 0. 703 ), but this significantly increased in the cdc group ( mass difference 13. 0g,


the standard care group showed no significant difference in the amount of healthy left ventricle tissue ( mass difference 0. 9g, p = 0. 703 ), but this significantly increased in the cdc group ( mass difference 13. 0g, p = 0. 001 ). this pattern held at 12 months. - no patients in either group demonstrated significant changes in lvef at six months. how did the researchers interpret the results? the researchers conclude that the results of this safety trial offer a preliminary indication that it may be possible to regenerate heart tissue that has been damaged during a heart attack. they say that the apparent ability of cdcs to reduce both the amount of scarring and to generate new heart tissue is promising, but requires further research. this was a small, early - stage clinical trial that was designed to assess the safety and feasibility of using adult cardiac - derived stem cells to treat patients who have suffered a heart attack. while it has helped support the safety of the technique, it is too early to tell whether this will be a viable and effective treatment. the study should be seen as leading the way to larger trials of the technique, rather than directly supporting its use in an everyday medical setting. the study ’ s analysis looked at data from just those participants who successfully completed the trial according to the original criteria laid down by the researchers ( 25 of the 31 patients randomised ). while this approach is commonly used to assess the safety of a treatment, it is not the best approach for assessing effectiveness. further trials designed to determine the effectiveness of the technique will need to be larger and in their data analysis they will need to include all participants who started the trial, not just those who adhered to particular rules or procedures. analysing all participants is of paramount importance during trials of effectiveness ( which are typically larger than safety trials ), as it allows researchers to assess factors such as whether patients will realistically be able to complete a treatment if it is given in a clinical setting. based on this initial study, it is unclear how the cdcs might regenerate a heart damaged by a heart attack. additionally, it is still not known whether such a ‘ repaired ’ heart will affect cardiac functioning in a significant manner. the researchers say that although there were reductions in scar size after cdc treatment, there was not significant improvement in cardiac function, as measured by lvef. the reasons for this are unclear. while this study was a randomised controlled trial, its primary aim was to assess the safety of the procedure and it


research guide of the legal system of kingdom of nepal by md. ershadul karim and sirjana sharma pokhrel sirjana sharma pokhrel works at the law office of sirjana sharma in nepal. she has been practicing law since 1996. she holds a ll. m. degree from nepal law campus, tribhuvan university specializing in commercial law and international and comparative ll. m. from dedman school of law, southern methodist university, usa. published october 2012 table of contents the kingdom of nepal, also referred to as the gorkha kingdom, is the world ’ s only hindu monarchy and a landlocked country situated between india and china ’ s tibetan autonomous region. as an independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive and a fully democratic state ( art. 4 ( 1 ), the interim constitution ), the country is a federal democratic republic since may 2008. the country, with a unique landscape, and a fabulous biodiversity, is multi - cultural, multi - religious and multi - lingual, where more than 100 ethnic people live in nepal and around 70 languages are spoken. geographically the country is divided into three main geographical regions the himalayas, the hills and the terai ( plain land ). the country held elections to the constituent assembly in april 2008. the 601 - member constituent assembly is the most representative legislative body nepal has ever had, with wider representation from various ethnic groups, geographic regions, social classes, dalits, madhesi and women. read more about the history of kingdom of nepal, here. read more about the geography of nepal, here. historically, the nepalese legal system is based on hindu philosophy and its growth and development is largely influenced by hindu religious texts. after the successful revolution of 2007 b. s., new political system based on the democratic norms and values was recognized in nepal. since then modernization process of the nepalese legal system has been taking place at various levels and fields. nepalese legal system has started to introduce new concept through different sub systems and the influence of hindu legal system was minimized and it became hybrid legal system for last fifty years. after the change of 2007 b. s. the concept of rule of law, fundamental right of people, independent judiciary etc. were introduced in the legal system. these concepts were the voluntary reception of foreign laws by the nepalese natives. in 2017 b. s., the government cases act introduced some new concept in the process of criminal justice. likewise muluki ain 2020 b. s. brought changes


. these concepts were the voluntary reception of foreign laws by the nepalese natives. in 2017 b. s., the government cases act introduced some new concept in the process of criminal justice. likewise muluki ain 2020 b. s. brought changes in the penal system and introduced the concept of equality before he law in practice which was adopted by previous constitution but it was not fully enforced in practice. in 2047 b. s., the new constitution was promulgated as per the aspiration of people ’ s popular movement. this constitution has adopted all the concepts, which were necessary for a democratic country. such as rule of law, fundamental human right, independent judiciary etc have become the basic principles of nepalese legal system. the legal and political history of nepalese legal system can broadly be divided into the following parts : post unification era dissemination of the muluki ain after the period of 1951 after the period of 1990 modern trend ( nepalese legal system in a transition phase ) i. early history nepalese legal system has over two thousand years of history. the discussion about the legal history of nepal starts from kirants. dynasty of kirants ( early - b. s. 307 ) is commonly known as the first ruling dynasty in nepal. they formed crude form of government and judicature there under. the lichhavis conquered the kirants kingdom of kathmandu in b. s. 307 and introduced state system based on religious myth and realities. they paid sufficient attention towards the development of well - managed justice system in the country. however, the rulers could not be free from religious prejudice. as a result, the king becomes source of all state powers. in b. s. 1197, mallas started to rule over the country. they also accepted the religious influence. however, some of the malla kings did a lot for the reformation of judicial system. they composed each one central court for civil ; appeals known as kotlinga and itachapali. besides, mallas issued legislative incorporations, known as thitis ( a kind of obligatory legal rule in society ). basically, administration of justice was governed under the thitis. rana shah, the king of gorkha, was probably the most illustrations judicial reformist in the history of nepal. he issued thitis and followed the rule of “ justice according to thitis ( law ) ”. he was interested to deliver the judgments also. before the unification of nepal in the 18th century by king prithivi narayan shah, the country was divided into numerous independence


and important cases, before the king for the final decision. the chief dharmadhikari sat in the king court at the center. king prithivi narayan, not only unified the country but also made legal and judicial reforms in the country. he abolished almost all earlier courts. he established many courts in most of the district. besides, he established new courts at the capital. though, kotlinga and itachapli courts were continued. his system was more or less followed until the ranas. the laws and institutions left by king prithivi narayan shah were by and large maintained by his royal decedents with necessary amendments and modifications till jung bahadur seized power and became prime minister after a bloody massacre in 1846 during the reign of king surendrea bikram shah. the kind had to delegate all his powers to the prime minister jung bahadur who became supreme in all spheres, i. e. executive legislative judicial and so like. he brought significant changes in the court organization in nepal. he composed many court of more or less quasi - judicial nature. normally military officials were deputed as chief of the courts. besides, he formed kausala ( law commission ) and later on, it was converted into a central court. similarly, he made a unified code on civil and criminal procedure. the court came into effect from 22 december 1854. iii. dissemination of the muluki ain in 1883, the muluki ain ( country code ) was promulgated which amended and codified all laws of nepal - civil and criminal including religious and customary. it also abolished the much - abused method of trial by ordeal which was in vogue in those days and about which brain h. hodgson has given a graphic account in his works. the muluki ain was originally accompanied by three special enactments one relating to the throne known as the gadiko ain, another relating to the affairs of the state known as the rajako ain ( the law of the king ) and the third one relating to the affairs of the armed forced known as the jangi ain. the preamble to the muluki ain throws light on the conditions of those times particularly in respect of the administration of criminal justice and thereby shows the necessity of the legislation. there was no uniformity in the disposal of cases similar cases being decided differently at different times. therefore, it became expedient to promulgate a code so that all persons of whatever rank could be punished uniformly according to their crime and none should be awarded a lesser or a higher penalty than that ordained


cases being decided differently at different times. therefore, it became expedient to promulgate a code so that all persons of whatever rank could be punished uniformly according to their crime and none should be awarded a lesser or a higher penalty than that ordained by law. brahmins, and women were, however, exempted under the muluki ain, from capital punishment in lieu of which they had to undergo damal i. e., life imprisonment with confiscation and some other legal consequences when convicted of capital crimes. so far as criminal law is concerned, india also in 1860, seven years after the promulgation of muluki ain. in nepal a penal code under the british government which did not attempt to codify the then existing criminal law of the land but on the other hand defined crimes and prescribed punishments for all sections of the people irrespective of race, caste, sex or creed. in the absence of authentic documents it is difficult to say what prompted or inspired prime minister jung bahadur to produce voluminous muluki ain so swiftly and within seven years of his coming to power whether, on his return journey from england, his tour of france where he might have been appraised of the napoleon code or his close association with the british government which was actively considering enactment of a penal code for british india, or his absolute authority under a legal framework. perhaps, it would be nearer truth to summaries that the third factor, i. e. his self - interest dictated prime minister jung bahadur to take this course. it may be worthwhile to note that the king while affixing his lalmohar ( red seal of assent ) on his epoch - making muluki ain commands his subjects and commits himself too follow the muluki ain. iv. later developments : the muluki ain, 2020 is main pillar of the nepalese legal system during the rana regime more than a century. this is based on the supremacy of the prime minister ’ s powers and principles of punishment are according to caste. though, necessary amendments and modifications were happen during the rana regime. some of the improvements brought about by the succeeding rana prime minister got the bulky and detailed muluki ain redrafted in a hand and abridged from for promulgation in 1886. during prime minister chandra shamsher ’ s rule the practice of “ sati ” ( burring alive the wife on pyre with the dead husband ) and the practice of slavery were made in the muluki ain was initiated on


muluki ain based on the principle of equality before law and doing away with cast and other religious consideration. there was spate of legislation including the acts relating to the supreme court and the subordinate courts. king mahendra publicly declared that there must be complete rule of law in nepal. the legal profession, which had begun to develop in nepal in only 1951, received its first statute i. e. the legal practitioners act, in 1968. simultaneously, various law - marking bodies and law administering agencies were created at different levels with necessary powers under the constitution and the laws. the list includes the then rastriya panchayat as the central legislature, the mantri parishad as the central executive and sarbocha adlat as the supreme court. all this has helped the nepalese legal system to expand further and adopt more modern legal concepts to meet the needs of the changing nepalese society without losing its identity. it would be no exaggeration to say that this has been possible mainly because of the muluki ain, which has served not only as a common criminal code but also as a common civil code equally applicable to hindus, mohammedans and others in personal law matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, succession, etc. this has brought homogeneity in the legal system. but certain trends in legislation are disquieting from the juristic point of view. recent amendment in the muluki ain to introduce capital punishment for certain crimes may be cited as an example. what was accomplished fifty - years ago even in an autocratic regime was thrown away with one stroke of pen in the present democratic set - up without seeking public opinion on the bill of such a far reaching consequence and without placing before the public in general convincing statistic of growing crime rate. on the other hand, latest trend in countries with capital punishment is to abolish it from their legal system as far as possible. vi. after the period of 1990 after 1990, the multi - party democracy in nepal was restored and some major changes were introduced in the arena of nepalese legal system. the mode of legal system started to change through the constitutional reforms. the basic structure as designed by the 1990 constitution is as follows : - rule of law protection of human rights independent and competent judiciary in order to achieve the above objectives, all the nepalese laws, made under the constitution, also started to mend in accordance with the tune of the constitutional norms. many discriminatory laws were amended as per the declaratory order of the supreme court. in this respect


objectives, all the nepalese laws, made under the constitution, also started to mend in accordance with the tune of the constitutional norms. many discriminatory laws were amended as per the declaratory order of the supreme court. in this respect, many discriminatory provisions remaining in different chapters of the muluki ain, 2020 were also amended with equal legal provisions to men and women. for example, before the amendments, women would be provided only a less right in comparison to that of men in women ’ s property right provisions, discriminatory punishment provisions, etc. many other changes are brought scene in recent time. nepalese parliament has just declared nepal to be a secular state. most of the constitutional powers of the king are also suspended and curtailed by the declarations of the parliament. the demands of constitutional assembly and republican type of government system have become the current hot issue of debate in these days. in nepal, the present constitution is “ the interim constitution of nepal ”, which came into force on january 15, 2007. it is an “ interim ” constitution as it is intended to exist only until a new constitution has been made by the people of nepal through the constituent. read the interim constitution of nepal, 2007, here. read the old constitutions of nepal, here. nepal is a multi - party republic. the president ( as the head of state ) performs his / her duties in accordance with part ( 4a ) article 36 ( a ) through 36 ( k ) of the constitution and laws in force. the position of prime minister ( head of government ) is held by dr. baburam bhattarai. the day to day functioning of the government is done by the prime minister appointed by the parliament. according to article 37 of the interim constitution the executive power of nepal shall, pursuant to this constitution and other laws, be vested in the council of ministers. the council of ministers also performs the responsibility of issuing general directives, controlling and regulating the administration of nepal subject to the constitution and other laws. there is a unicameral parliament in nepal, which consists of 330 members. the parliament performs its responsibilities through three main committees - ( a ) thematic committee, ( b ) procedural committee and ( c ) constitutional committee. the thematic committees are preserve national interest committee, form of legislative body committee, cultural social commitments committee, natural reso. fina. right & pub rev. committee, struct constitutional bodies committee, judicial system committee, restruct state & dist. state power, protection fund.


form of legislative body committee, cultural social commitments committee, natural reso. fina. right & pub rev. committee, struct constitutional bodies committee, judicial system committee, restruct state & dist. state power, protection fund. rights minority marginalized communities, fundamental rights & directive principles, etc. there are committees like committee on citizens, public opinion collection & coordination committee, capacity building & source management in the procedural committee. read details on the parliament, here. authority to introduce a bill a bill may be introduced in the house by any member of the legislature - parliament. any finance bill and any bill concerning the security agencies, including the nepal army, the armed police force or the nepal police, shall be introduced only as a government bill. ( part 8, articles 84 - 88 ) procedure for passage of bills any member who wants to introduce a bill in the house shall give at least seven day ’ s notice to the secretary general or secretary of the legislature - parliament about the bill. withdrawal of the bill the member who introduces a bill may withdraw the bill with the approval of the house. certification of the bill a bill passed by the house shall become an act after it is certified by the president. provided that, until the president holds office after the president ’ s election, the speaker shall certify the bill. in nepal, the delegated legislation are made by - ( a ) ministry of council and ministers, ( b ) public bodies or corporations, ( c ) local bodies, ( d ) judges, ( f ) government departments, ( g ) legislature. the delegated legislation is controlled procedurally by : consultation, recommendation or approval and publication. the delegated legislation is discussed in the concerned committee in the parliament formed as per the legislature - parliament regulation, 2063. while doing this, the committee checks whether the legislation is made in accordance with the aim of the constitution or any other acts. then, the concerned committee makes the detailed reports mentioning the provisions to be amended if they are unconstitutional or any new things to be added and submitted to the house for discussion. then after, the house discusses the report in detail in a comprehensive manner. after the satisfaction and discussion of each detail through question and answer, the provisions are added or amended as per the regulation. thus, the subordinate legislation is made. the constitution provides three tiers of court, which include the supreme court, the court of appeal and the district courts. there is no distinction between criminal and civil court other than some basic procedures. district court is the court


the subordinate legislation is made. the constitution provides three tiers of court, which include the supreme court, the court of appeal and the district courts. there is no distinction between criminal and civil court other than some basic procedures. district court is the court of first instance against the judgment of which court of appeal hears appeal. besides, the constitution provides for establishing special types of courts or tribunals under the judicial control of the supreme court to deal special types of cases, which include - four revenue tribunals, one administrative court, one labor court and one special court. power and functions of supreme court the supreme court has both judicial and extra judicial powers. the judicial powers include the power of hearing the writ petitions, appeal, the power of reviewing its own judgments, the power to revise the judgments delivered by the court of appeal and the power to try certain cases article 107 of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007. power of hearing writ petitions under article 107 ( 2 ) of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007, the supreme court as the guardian of the constitution is responsible for the protection of human rights of the people. legal and judicial remedies against the violation of the fundamental rights are provided under the original writ jurisdiction of the supreme court, which is commonly known as extraordinary jurisdiction of the court. the supreme court has jurisdiction to issues writs ( applicable to the respective issues ) such as the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, quo - warrant and prohibition. ( article 107 ( 2 ) of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007 ) the writs are issued particularly in the following conditions : · if any illegal restriction is made against the fundamental rights of the people, · if any legal remedy is not available under any law or the remedy available under the law is inadequate or ineffective, and · if any issue relating to public rights or interest requires constitutional or legal resolution. power of hearing appeal under article 107 ( 3 ) of the interim constitution of nepal, 2007, the supreme court has the power to hear appeals ( as specified by the law ) against the final decisions of the court of appeal. the following cases fall under the appellate jurisdiction of the supreme court : · cases decided by the court of appeal under their original jurisdiction, · if the court of appeal overrules the decision of the district court with a substantially different effect, · cases in which more than 10 years of imprisonment was imposed by a subordinate court, and · cases referred to the supreme court by the court of appeal ( i. e. in cases


. jurisdictions of the these benches are as follows ; the special bench hears petitions concerning the constitutionality of the law, provides advisory opinion to his majesty the king of nepal and any other case referred to it by the chief justice of nepal. the full bench, composed of three or more judges, renders the final decision upon the cases are not unanimity in the decision of the division bench or the cases referred to the full bench concerning serious issue of interpretation of law or legal principles by division bench or by the chief justice. the chief justice in his discretion may refer any cases to the full bench. the division bench, composed of two judges hears the appeal preferred against the decision of the court of appeal, hears the writ petition, makes review of its own judgments and makes revision of the decision of the court of appeal as specified by the law. single bench, formed of a single judge, hears the writ petition, petition filed against the interim and interlocutory order of the subordinate court, petition against the order of the registrar concerning procedure of the cases and any other application, which does not fall under the jurisdiction of the special, full, or division bench. the court of appeal is empowered to hear appeals against the judgments delivered by the district courts and various quasi - judicial bodies, issue the writs of habeas corpus and mandamus in the cases of violation of civil rights of individual and try certain cases under their respective jurisdiction. similarly, the court may issue an order of injunction for this purpose. the court of appeal has the power to try certain cases as specified by law and to try cases transferred by the supreme court ( from among the cases filed in the district courts ) taking into consideration the complexity of the issue, or to provide speedier justice in prolonged disputes. read more about the court of appeal here. the district courts are the court of first instance. the district courts are responsible for trying all the civil and criminal cases. section 7 of the administration of justice act of 1991 has empowered the district courts to try all the cases under their respective jurisdiction. read more about the district courts here. supreme court judges the president of nepal appoints the chief justice of the supreme court on the recommendation of the constitutional council, and the chief justice appoints other judges of the supreme court on the recommendation of the judicial council. the responsibility of chief justice shall have the ultimate responsibility to make the administration of justice effective, and for this purpose he / she may, subject to this constitution and other laws, give necessary instructions to the supreme court and other subordinate


of the judicial council. the responsibility of chief justice shall have the ultimate responsibility to make the administration of justice effective, and for this purpose he / she may, subject to this constitution and other laws, give necessary instructions to the supreme court and other subordinate courts. to be appointed as a judge of the supreme court a person should fulfill the following criteria - · working as a judge of the supreme court for at least three years will eligible him for appointment as chief justice. · working as a judge of an appellate court or in any equivalent post in the judicial service for at least seven years, or working as a gazette officer first class or above of the judicial service for at least twelve years, or practicing law for at least fifteen years as a law graduate advocate or senior advocate, or a distinguished jurist working for at least fifteen years in the judicial or legal field will eligible him for appointment as a judge of the supreme court. the tenure of office of the chief justice shall be six years from the date of appointment, subject to sub - clause ( b ) of clause ( 1 ) of article 105. the chief justice and other judges of the supreme court shall hold office until they attain the age of sixty - five years. if the office of the chief justice becomes vacant, or the chief justice is unable to carry out the duties of his / her office due to illness or any other reason, or he / she cannot be present in office due to a leave of absence or his / her being outside of nepal, the senior most judge of the supreme court shall be the acting chief justice. the chief justice or other judges of the supreme court shall be deemed to have ceased to hold office in the following situations ; · if the chief justice submits his / her, resignation to the president or a judge submits his / her resignation to the chief justice. · if he / she attains the age of sixty - five years. · if the parliament passes a resolution of impeachment on the ground of inability to perform duties due to incompetence, misbehavior, failure to discharge the duties of their office in good faith, physical or mental condition etc. · if he / she dies. appellate courts judges the chief justice shall, on the recommendation of the judicial council, appoint the chief judge and judges of the appellate courts and judges of the districts courts. while doing so, the judicial council shall consider, inter alia, the qualifications, capacity, experience, dedication and contribution to justice, reputation earned in public life and high moral character of a person


of the appellate courts and judges of the districts courts. while doing so, the judicial council shall consider, inter alia, the qualifications, capacity, experience, dedication and contribution to justice, reputation earned in public life and high moral character of a person and make recommendations accordingly. any nepali citizen who has a bachelor ’ s degree in law and has worked as a district judge or worked in any post of gazette first class officer of the judicial service for a period of at least seven years ; or has a bachelors degree in law and has practiced as a senior advocate or advocate for at least ten years ; or, for at least 10 years, has either taught law or conducted research thereon or worked in any other field of law or justice shall be considered eligible for appointment as chief judge or other judge of an appellate court. district court judge any nepali citizen who has a bachelor ’ s degree in law and has worked for at least three years as a gazette second class officer in the judicial service, or has practiced law for at least eight years as an advocate after having obtained a bachelor ’ s degree in law, is eligible for appointment as a district judge. a person who is an advocate with a bachelor ’ s degree in law and has passed the written and oral examination conducted by the judicial council may be appointed to the post of the district judge. judges of the district courts are appointed by the chief justice under the recommendation of the judicial council. the district judges are appointed from among the individuals who have a minimum of three years experience as a class ii officer of the nepalese judicial service or advocate with minimum practicing experience of eight years. junior level officials of the court are appointed by the respective courts under the recommendation of the public service commission of nepal. the district judges hold their office till the age of sixty - three. they may resign from their office by tendering resignation to the chief justice or chief justice under the recommendation of the judicial council may dismiss them on the ground of incompetence or bad moral conduct or dishonesty. editor ’ s note : if someone comes to nepal and has a case pending in the court then he / she needs to do a thorough research about that case. first, he / she has to visit the law libraries of different courts, law schools and also contact private law firms. there is in nepal a law books management committee from the government sector who publishes all laws in the book form. the supreme court is the main resources for the case law. the court publishes a monthly law journal of all landmark cases. the title of the


there is in nepal a law books management committee from the government sector who publishes all laws in the book form. the supreme court is the main resources for the case law. the court publishes a monthly law journal of all landmark cases. the title of the supreme court ' s monthly journal is " nepal kanoon ( law ) patrika ( journal ) " ; the e - copy can be found at for all other issues, the nepal bar council and the nepal bar association offer reviews of laws and articles on legal issues. national judicial academy national judicial academy was established in 2004 to serve trainings and research needs for the judges, government attorneys, government legal officers, judicial officers, private law practitioners, and others who are directly involved in the administration of justice in nepal. it is a member of international organization of judicial training. it runs under national judicial academy act and works under the broad policy guidelines of sixteen members ’ governing council headed by chief justice of nepal. it conduct trainings, conferences, workshop, seminar, symposium, interaction programmes, undertake training in the field of law and justice and to make available legal literature of scholarly and practical significance to judges, judicial officers and others who are involved in judicial administration. it promotes a competitive, professional competent, service oriented and effective private bar. it publishes annual report, nja law journal, research paper and other publications. read more about the national judicial academy here. nepal bar association, the federal organization of nepalese practicing lawyers, is a statutory organization, which issues license and also regulates conduct of lawyers and grants license to candidates to practice who succeed in the bar council ' s licensing examination. the bar association sets the requirement to become a lawyer, conduct bar exam and regulate the conduct of nepali lawyers. usually to be eligible to participate in the licensing examination the applicant should have at least graduate degree of law ( b. l / ll. b. ). all licensed lawyers have to update their license in the nepal bar council in every five years. the bar association is led by the supreme executive body, the central executive committee ( cec ), which is popularly known as neba. direct voting of all members elects central executive committee. in addition to cec, neba has 83 units, spread all over the country. composition of such units is based upon structure of courts. the cec has 17 officials containing president - 1, vice - president - 5 ( from 5 regions ), secretary - general - 1, treasurer - 1 and members - 9. read more about the nepal bar association here. constitutional bodies of nepal


. the cec has 17 officials containing president - 1, vice - president - 5 ( from 5 regions ), secretary - general - 1, treasurer - 1 and members - 9. read more about the nepal bar association here. constitutional bodies of nepal the interim constitution of nepal provides for the following constitutional bodies - 1. election commission 2. national human rights commission 3. public service commission 4. commission for the investigation of abuse of authority 5. office of attorney general 6. office of auditor general the election commission is consists of one chief election commissioner and up to four other commissioners. if, apart from the chief election commissioner, other election commissioners are appointed, the chief election commissioner shall act as the chairperson of the election commission. the president, on the recommendation of the constitutional council, appoints the chief election commissioner and the election commissioners for six years from the date of appointment. however, the tenure will expiry if the chief election commissioner and the election commissioner attains the age of sixty - five and they may be removed from the office on the same grounds and in the same manner as has been set out for the removal of a judge of the supreme court. read details about election commission of nepal here. the national human rights commission ( nhrc ) is an independent body established in 2000 as a statutory body under the human rights commission act 1997 and later recognized as a constitutional body under the interim constitution of nepal 2007. the commission is consists of a chairperson appointed from among the retired chief justices or judges of the supreme court of nepal and four members having outstanding contribution to the protection and promotion of human rights. the interim constitution vests primary responsibility in nhrc to protect and promote the human rights of nepalese people. nhrc is headed by full - time commissioners who are appointed by the prime minister upon the recommendation of the constitutional council. nhrc has been frequently receiving complaints on killing, abduction, physical and mental torture, extortion and disappearance that cause violation and abuse of human rights. thus, nhrc has been focusing on protecting human rights including the criminal and forensic field. the chairperson and the members of the national human rights commission are appointed for six years from the date of appointment and may be removed on the same ground and in the same manner as has been set out for removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the national human rights commission of nepal here. the independent constitutional body, the public service commission ( psc ) as established on 15 june 1951 a. d. is involved in selecting meritorious candidates required by the government in various


supreme court. read more about the national human rights commission of nepal here. the independent constitutional body, the public service commission ( psc ) as established on 15 june 1951 a. d. is involved in selecting meritorious candidates required by the government in various vacant posts of the civil service. the commission is consists of a chairperson and such number of other members as may be required. they are appointed by the president with the recommendation of the constitutional council for 6 years. however, the tenure will expiry if the chairman and members attain the age of sixty - five and they may be removed from their offices on the same grounds and in the same manner as has been set forth for removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the public service commission here. the commission for the investigation of abuse of authority conducts inquiries and investigations of improper conduct or corruption by a person holding any public office. the commission is consist of a chief commissioner and other commissioners as required. the president shall, on the recommendation of the constitutional council, appoint the chief commissioner and other commissioners for six years from the date of appointment. however, the tenure will expiry if the chief commissioner or a commissioner attains the age of sixty - five and they may be removed from his / her office on the same ground and in the same manner as has been set out for the removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the commission for the investigation of abuse of authority here. the interim constitution of nepal, 2063 ( part 16 ) and other legislative enactments govern the appointment, power, function, and extra jurisdictional status of attorney general of nepal. the attorney general is appointed by the president, on the recommendation of the prime minister and holds office during the pleasure of the prime minister. any person is eligible to be appointed as the attorney general if he or she is qualified to be appointed as a judge of the supreme court. the attorney general, as the chief legal advisor to the government of nepal, gives opinions and advices on constitutional and legal matters to the government of nepal and such other authorities as the government of nepal may specify. the attorney general has the right to appear and express his or her opinion on any legal question in any meeting of the parliament, the constituent assembly or any of their committees but he or she shall not have the right to vote. read more about the office of the attorney general here. there are total 242 public prosecutors / government attorneys in different status working throughout the country. under the broad judicial service category of employees, a sub - group


she shall not have the right to vote. read more about the office of the attorney general here. there are total 242 public prosecutors / government attorneys in different status working throughout the country. under the broad judicial service category of employees, a sub - group of government attorneys has been classified under judicial service. fresh law graduates can sit for the competitive examination conducted by public service commission every year. on the recommendation of the public service commission, the government appoints the successful candidates for the post of assistant district government attorneys ( gazated third - class ). the post of public prosecutor / government attorney is a cadre - based job in the judicial service. the cadre is promoted on the basis of file promotion after a certain time he / she spent in the same post. there are four categories of cadre based public prosecutor / government attorney under attorney general. as : · deputy attorney general, ( secretary level, special class ) · joint government attorneys, ( gazated first - class ) · deputy government attorneys / district government attorneys, ( gazated second - class ) · assistant district government attorneys, ( gazated third - class ) after their appointment, they come under the purview of the judicial service commission ( jsc ) for their posting, transfer and promotion within the organization. jsc is a high - level constitutional body headed by chief justice, chairman of the public service commission and the attorney general as its member. thus except the attorney general all other public prosecutors / government attorneys including the four deputy attorneys general are career civil servants. read more about the public prosecutors / government attorneys here. article 114 of the interim constitution of nepal has made provisions for judicial service commission for the purpose of appointment, transfer, promotion and any department actions to the employee of judicial service. office of auditor general the auditor general of nepal is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the constitutional council for six years from the date of appointment. however, the tenure will expire if the auditor general attains the age of sixty - five and may be removed from his / her office on the same ground and in the same manner as has been set out for the removal of a judge of the supreme court. read more about the auditor general of nepal here. nepal law journal published by supreme court is the only one law report in nepal. currently, the nepal bar association is developing a database for the judicial decision of supreme court in their website, which will only be available to the members. national judicial academy of nepal also publishes nja law journal. the following websites contain legal materials like laws


the events in ohio demonstrate that the united states has an exotic animal regulation problem. our country has not been able to address the lack of proper control over the keeping of wild animals as pets. to a zoo community that cares about the welfare of animals, those in the wild and those in captivity everywhere, this event was sad on many levels. my heart breaks for the wide variety of precious animals that were killed, but the 18 bengal tigers lost on this day hit close to home. first of all, this gorgeous species, and asia ’ s most iconic predator, is vanishing in the wild. at the turn of the 20th century, an estimated 100, 000 wild tigers inhabited a range extending across asia. there are only an estimated 3, 000 – 4, 000 wild tigers left, and only 7 % remains of the tiger ’ s once vast geographic range. threatened by habitat loss, diminished prey, human – wildlife conflict, and the demand for tiger parts, especially bones for traditional chinese medicine, tigers are now classified as endangered. considering how few tigers now roam the earth in their natural habitat, it seems unnatural that between 6, 000 and 8, 000 tigers live as captive pets in the united states. regulations around these issues in the united states are divided into federal laws and state laws. the us fish and wildlife agency oversees the import and export of live animals. most of the exotic animals in the united states under private ownership are not imported, but bred from animals already here. each state has very different policies regarding what exotic pets residents can own, and the care that must be given them. while the state of california has some of the strictest exotic pet laws, ohio is one of ten us states that allows people to keep dangerous exotic animals like tigers. this bifurcation of regulations makes it difficult to track the welfare and safety of privately owned tigers. the government has no way of knowing how many tigers there are in captivity, where they are, who owns them, their quality of life, or what happens to their body parts when they die. authorities also have no way of knowing if the bones and skins of thousands of tigers in private hands in the united states are entering the wildlife trade and fueling the global demand for tiger parts. it is my hope that the events in ohio will awaken these sleepy policies, inspire tighter regulations within states, or even tougher federal laws. meanwhile, we can act more awake in our own actions by avoiding all entertainment that uses tigers or other wild animals. we can also support organizations, such as the performing animal welfare


from ohio history central an image of the viceroy butterfly viceroy butterflies ( limenitis archippus ) look almost identical to the monarch butterfly. the identifying difference is that viceroys have a black line across the hindwing and white dots in the black band along the edge. their wingspan reaches two and a half to three and three - eighths inches. because they resemble the foul - tasting monarch it has few, if any, predators. viceroys are found in habitats that include moist open or shrubby areas such as willow thickets, wet meadows, and lake and swamp edges males perch or patrol for females around caterpillar host plants, including willow, poplar and cottonwood trees. females will lay eggs on the tip of the leaves. they will lay only two or three eggs per plant. when the caterpillars emerge, they will eat the eggshell and then begin at night to feed on catkins and leaves of the host trees. young caterpillars construct a ball made of leaf bits, animal waste and silk, hanging off the leaf on which they are feeding. scientists believe this hanging ball may distract predators because they look like bird droppings. older caterpillars will roll a leaf tip in order to make a shelter for the winter. after the completion of metamorphosis, adult viceroys emerge and begin to feed. in the spring, before flowers are available their food consists of aphid honeydew, carrion, animal waste and rotting fungus. later, asters, goldenrod, joe - pye weed, and thistle make up their diet. viceroy butterflies can be found throughout most of ohio. however, in other areas of the united states, it is threatened because of a loss of habitat.


in october of 2010, less than ten months after being hit by a devastating earthquake, haiti experienced a cholera epidemic that quickly spread throughout the small nation. the waterborne disease has now killed at least 7, 050 haitians and sickened over 531, 000 others. meanwhile, nearly half a million earthquake victims remain without adequate housing, and haitians continue to face one of the most challenging clean water and sanitation situations in the world. as the rainy season sets in, the country is experiencing a notable increase in the number of deaths attributed to cholera, according to the un. on april 18, 2012, the o ’ neill institute for national and global health law and the center for economic and policy research ( cescr ) co - sponsored a u. s. congressional briefing that examined u. s. and international efforts to address what has become the world ’ s worst active cholera epidemic. with u. s. representative john conyers, jr. ( d - mi ) giving introductory remarks and u. s. representative maxine waters ( d - ca ) giving concluding remarks, the panel of speakers was composed of dr. luiz augusto galvao, manager of sustainable development and environmental health area at the pan - american health organization / world health organization ; donna barry, director of policy and advocacy at partners in health ; brian concannon, jr., director of the institute for justice and democracy in haiti ; mario lopez - garelli, senior human rights specialist at the inter - american commission on human rights ( inter - american commission ) ; and mark weisbrot, co - director of cescr. the briefing was organized and moderated by j. p. shuster, research associate at the o ’ neill institute. the group of panelists discussed urgent measures needed to contain the spread of the disease and the longer - term proposals for preventing cholera from becoming endemic to haiti, as well as the role of international legal mechanisms for protecting health and human rights violations in haiti ’ s greater post - earthquake context. public health perspective donna barry set the context of the discussion by recalling that health and water are basic human rights and that it is the government ’ s responsibility to provide access to both, which is why partners in health ’ s work in focuses on strengthening government systems. barry emphasized the importance of recognizing that, prior to the earthquake, haiti had the worst health indicators and worst access to clean water in the western hemisphere and had one of the world ’ s worst sanitation systems. barry also highlighted partners in health ’ s recently launched haiti cholera vaccine project