sludge and therefore is discounted from further consideration here. the total production of sludge from ships is estimated as 130 million • 0. 015 = 1. 95 million tonnes ( 499 million gallons ) of sludge per year. as noted above, marpol requires that all sludge must either be retained on board for discharge to a reception facility ashore or for other legal treatment on board the vessel. on - board treatment includes mixing and homogenizing sludge with the fuel oil, use of on - board incinerators, and on crude oil tankers, transferring the sludge to the cargo or slop tanks. not all vessels are equipped with incinerators or slop tanks or have the capability to otherwise treat all produced sludge on board. waste reception facilities exist throughout the world. there are over 1, 000 such facilities in the united states alone. it is widely acknowledged that such facilities are not used to the fullest extent due to a variety of reasons table e - 9 bilge oil discharge from tankers greater than 100 gt — worldwide crude oil carriers product tankers dry bulk / oil carriers marpol compliant no. of tankers 1, 782 5, 269 219 total bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 12, 038 6, 059 1, 021 percent of tankers assumed marpol compliant 96 percent 91 percent 93 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 2 percent 0. 2 percent 0. 2 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 23. 2 11. 0 1. 9 total discharge from compliant tankers ( tonnes / year ) 36 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 4 percent 9 percent 7 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 percent 100 percent 100 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 457. 5 563. 5 71. 5 total discharge from non - compliant tankers ( tonnes / year ) 1, 092 total discharge ( tonnes / year ) 1, 129 total discharge ( gallons / year ) 313, 121 ocr for page 210 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 10 bilge oil discharge from non - tankers greater than 100 gt — worldwide commercial vessels other vessels bilge oil generation no. of ships 38, 732 40, 815 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 7, 500 500 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation (


generation no. of ships 38, 732 40, 815 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 7, 500 500 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 1. 9 0. 1 assumed time in service ( days / year ) 350 100 bilge oil generation ( gallons / year ) 25, 417, 875 510, 188 bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 99, 289 1, 809 marpol compliant percent of vessels assumed marpol compliant 85 percent 70 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 2 percent 0. 2 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 168. 8 2. 5 total discharge from compliant ships ( tonnes / year ) 171 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 15 percent 30 percent discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 percent 100 percent bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 14, 893 543 total discharge from non - compliant tankers ( tonnes / year ) 15, 436 total discharge ( tonnes / year ) 15, 607 total discharge ( gallons / year ) 4, 009, 662 including cost and timeliness. therefore, it is generally assumed that some quantity of oily sludge is discharged to the sea in contravention of marpol. the previous study ( imo, 1990 ) estimated that quantity to be 10 percent for tankers and 25 percent for non - tankers. recognizing improvements in vessel operations and enforcement regimes since then, for these calculations non - compliance is taken as 5 percent for tankers and 15 percent for non - tankers. as shown in table e - 11, total sludge discharge to the sea from both compliant and non - compliant vessels is estimated at 255, 700 tonnes ( 65 million gallons ) per year. oily ballast from fuel tanks discharges of oily ballast from fuel tanks are considered to be negligible. placing seawater in fuel tanks as ballast water introduces contaminants into those tanks, increasing engine maintenance and the risk of malfunction. thus, the practice is avoided whenever possible. summary of bilge oil and fuel oil inputs bilge oil and fuel oil inputs are summarized in table e - 12. the total amount of oil entering the sea from these table e - 11 fuel oil sludge discharge — worldwide tankers non - tankers no. of ships 7, 270 79, 547 average size of propulsion machinery (


in table e - 12. the total amount of oil entering the sea from these table e - 11 fuel oil sludge discharge — worldwide tankers non - tankers no. of ships 7, 270 79, 547 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 8, 281 3, 908 fuel oil consumption — residual fuel ( million tonnes ) 24. 5 105. 5 fuel oil consumption — distillate fuel ( million tonnes ) 0. 0 40. 0 sludge content of residual fuel 1. 5 percent 1. 5 percent sludge content of distillate fuel 0. 0 percent 0. 0 percent sludge generation ( tonnes / year ) 368, 004 1, 581, 996 percent of ships assumed non - marpol compliant 5 percent 15 percent sludge discharge ( tonnes / year ) 18, 400 237, 299 total sludge discharge ( tonnes / year ) 255, 700 total sludge discharge ( gallons / year ) 65, 459, 110 ocr for page 211 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 12 total amount of oil entering the sea from bilge and fuel ( 1989 figures from imo, 1990 ) — worldwide imo 1989 ( tonnes ) year 1999 ( tonnes ) best estimate ( gallons ) machinery space bilges 64, 400 16, 736 4, 322, 783 fuel oil sludge 186, 800 255, 700 65, 459, 110 oily ballast from fuel tanks 1, 400 0 0 total 252, 600 272, 435 69, 781, 893 sources is estimated as 272, 435 tonnes ( 70 million gallons ). the discharge of sludge accounts for about 94 percent of the total bilge oil and fuel oil input. fuel oil and bilge oil inputs in north american waters bilge oil discharges into u. s. marine waters for vessels greater than 100 gt in size are summarized in table e - 13. intentional discharges of cargo oil washings and sludge within u. s. and canadian waters are believed to be small due to rigorous regulatory enforcement programs, and are assumed to be included in the spill data. transit miles for tankers and cargo ships operating in u. s. waters are obtained from acoe transit data ( u. s. army corps of engineers navigation data center, 1997b ). the number and average horsepower of commercial vessels other than tankers and cargo ships is obtained from the u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database. these data are used


corps of engineers navigation data center, 1997b ). the number and average horsepower of commercial vessels other than tankers and cargo ships is obtained from the u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database. these data are used to estimate operating days in u. s. coastal waters for these other vessels. recreational vessels and government vessels were not considered in this estimate. the quantity of bilge oil generated is calculated assuming 0. 25 gallons of bilge oil is produced per 1, 000 hp per day. for marpol compliant vessel, it is estimated that less than 0. 2 percent of bilge oil is discharged overboard. for non - compliant vessels, 100 % discharge of bilge oil is assumed. recognizing the strong port state control measures in effect in both the u. s. and canada, for these calculations 98 % compliance with marpol regulations is assumed for vessels greater than 400 gt. for smaller vessels, which are not required to have oil / water separators and therefore must transfer contaminated bilge water ashore, 90 % compliance is assumed. assuming these levels of compliance, the total estimated operational discharges of bilge oil into marine u. s. waters per year is 81 tonnes ( 22 thousand gallons ) table e - 14 summarizes total operation discharges in north american waters. the figures for canada and mexico were derived by multiplying the estimated operational discharge in u. s. waters by the ratio of cargo movements in u. s. waters to the cargo movements in canadian and mexican waters respectively. the best estimate of total discharge in north american waters is 99 tonnes ( 26 thousand gallons ). approximately 38 tonnes ( 11 thousand gallons ) are diesel oil, with the remaining 61 tonnes ( 16 thousand gallons ) comprised primarily of heavy fuel oil and lube oil. the tonnes of cargo moved through each region were used as a basis for distributing the total operational discharge of table e - 13 bilge oil discharge — u. s. marine waters ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) tankers vessels > 400 gt in size cargo ships other 100 gt to 400 gt days operating in u. s. coastal waters ( days / year ) 67, 000 209, 000 110, 000 235, 000 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 7, 500 8, 300 3, 900 1, 200 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 1. 9 2.


, 300 3, 900 1, 200 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 1. 9 2. 1 1. 0 0. 3 bilge oil generation ( gallons / year ) 125, 625 433, 675 107, 250 70, 500 bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 491 1, 694 380 250 marpol compliant total bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 491 1, 694 380 250 percent assumed marpol compliant 98. 0 98. 0 98. 0 90. 0 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 2 0. 2 0. 2 0. 0 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 1. 0 3. 3 0. 7 0. 0 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 2 2 2 10 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 100 100 100 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 9. 8 33. 9 7. 6 25. 0 total bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 81 total bilge oil discharge ( gallons / year ) 21, 687 ocr for page 212 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 14 total bilge oil discharge — north american waters ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) ( tonnes ) ( gallons ) united states 81 canada 11 mexico 7 best estimate 99 26, 465 bilge oil amongst the various zones. these results are summarized in table e - 15. summary of fuel oil and bilge oil inputs ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) estimated operational discharges for both north american waters and international waters are summarized in tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6. considering the high level of uncertainty in the assumptions on the extent of marpol compliance, the minimum estimate is taken as 50 % of the best estimate, and the maximum estimate at twice the best estimate. fuel oil and bilge oil inputs in north american waters ( for vessels less than 100 gt ) bilge oil discharges into u. s. marine waters for vessels less than 100 gt in size are summarized in table e - 16. according to u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database, in year 2000 there were 41, 313 registered vessels in the u. s. under 100 gt, other than tankers, cargo ships, and recreational vessels


. according to u. s. coast guard marine safety management system ( msms ) database, in year 2000 there were 41, 313 registered vessels in the u. s. under 100 gt, other than tankers, cargo ships, and recreational vessels. this average size for propulsion machinery was 350 hp. it was assumed that these vessels generated 0. 09 gallons of bilge oil per day, operated 50 days per year, and that 60 % of the vessels operated in marine ( non inland ) waters. these estimates were the best judgment of the committee, as data were not available. based on the above, the total bilge oil generation in the vessels less than 100 gt was calculated to be 385 tonnes per year ( 108 thousand gallons per year ). a 70 % compliance level was assumed for these smaller vessels. for marpol compliant vessels, it is assumed that all bilge oil is retained onboard and disposed at suitable reception facilities. for non - compliant vessels, 100 % discharge of bilge oil is assumed. the calculated value, also considered the best estimated, was therefore 30 % of 385 tonnes per year, or 115 tonnes per year ( 33 thousand gallons per year ). all of these discharges are assumed to be diesel oil and other light distillates. the distributions by zone are summarized in table e - 18. due to the very high level of uncertainty in these calculations, a range from 23 tonnes per year ( 20 % of the best estimate ) to 575 tonnes per year ( five times the best estimate ) was selected. worldwide estimates for vessels under 100 gt were not developed due to the lack of data. also, estimates were not developed for canadian and mexican waters. accidental spills from vessels in north american waters spill trends in u. s. waters figure e - 1 shows the oil spillage in u. s. waters from tank vessels during the period from 1973 to 1999. the oil spill data are from the environmental research consulting spill table e - 15 operational discharge summary ( for vessels greater than or equal to 100 gt ) best estimate ( tonnes ) minimum ( tonnes ) minimum ( tonnes ) best estimate ( gallons ) maximum ( gallons ) maximum ( gallons ) north american waters machinery space bilges 99 26, 465 fuel oil sludge 0 0 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total — north american waters 99 33 300 26, 000 9, 000 80, 000 international waters machinery space bilges 16, 637 0 fuel oil sludge 255, 700 0 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total — international


0 0 total — north american waters 99 33 300 26, 000 9, 000 80, 000 international waters machinery space bilges 16, 637 0 fuel oil sludge 255, 700 0 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total — international waters 270, 000 90, 000 810, 000 70, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 worldwide machinery space bilges 16, 736 4, 322, 783 fuel oil sludge 255, 700 65, 459, 110 oily ballast from fuel tanks 0 0 total — worldwide 270, 000 90, 000 810, 000 70, 000, 000 23, 000, 000 210, 000, 000 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 213 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 16 total bilge oil discharge — north american waters ( for vessels less than 100 gt ) number of registered vessels < 100 gt in size 41, 313 estimated percentage operating in marine waters 60 estimated operating days per year 50 days operating in u. s. coastal waters ( days / year ) 1, 240, 000 days operating in u. s. coastal waters ( days / year ) 1, 240, 000 average size of propulsion machinery ( hp ) 350 assumed bilge oil generation ( gal / 1000 hp / day ) 0. 250 average bilge oil generation ( gal / day / ship ) 0. 088 bilge oil generation ( gallons / year ) 108, 500 bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 385 marpol compliant total bilge oil generation ( tonnes / year ) 385 percent assumed marpol compliant 70 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 0. 0 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 0. 0 non - compliant percent of tankers assumed non - marpol compliant 30 discharge as a percent of bilge oil generated 100 bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 115. 4 total bilge oil discharge ( tonnes / year ) 115 total bilge oil discharge ( gallons / year ) 32, 885 databases, which collate data from a number of sources, including the u. s. coast guard, u. s. national response center, the u. s. minerals management service, and the oil spill intelligence report. as illustrated in figure e - 1, oil spillage dropped off significantly after 1991. this improvement followed the grounding of the exxon valdez in 1989, and the subsequent passage of the oil pollution act of 1990 ( opa 90


intelligence report. as illustrated in figure e - 1, oil spillage dropped off significantly after 1991. this improvement followed the grounding of the exxon valdez in 1989, and the subsequent passage of the oil pollution act of 1990 ( opa 90 ). estimated spill rates for north american waters in recognition of the fundamental changes to the maritime industry that took place after the exxon valdez accident, spill data from 1990 onward were used as the basis for estimating the amount of oil entering u. s. waters from marine vessel accidents. because complete spill data for canadian and mexican waters are not available, the estimated input from these waters was based on u. s. spill data adjusted for the relative tonnage moved through canadian and mexican waters as compared to u. s. waters. although effort is required to carefully evaluate data from the u. s. coast guard spill database to avoid double counting, the data were consistently collected during the 1990s and are considered reliable, particularly with regard to the larger spills. the database, which contains generally conservative estimates of outflow from all reported incidents, is assumed to establish the minimum estimate. table e - 17 lists the amount of petroleum hydrocarbons spilled in the sea in u. s. marine waters from 1990 through 1999. a total of 1, 745 spills of 0. 34 tonnes ( 100 gallons ) or more occurred during this ten year period, discharging some 9, 111 tonnes ( 2, 520, 134 gallons ) into marine waters. 175 of these spills were greater than 34 tonnes ( 10, 000 gallons ) in size, and these large spills accounted for about 87 % of the total spillage. table e - 18 shows the breakdown of the spillage by types of vessels and types of oil. tankers and tank barges were responsible for 82 % of the total spillage. oil types were separated into four categories. spillage by oil type was as follows : crude oil ( 36 % ), heavy distillate ( 36 % ), light distillate ( 25 % ), and gasoline ( 3 % ). estimation of spills in canadian and mexican waters because a comprehensive spill database for canadian and mexican waters were not available, the spill volumes were estimated by adjusted u. s. figures by the relative movements of cargo. in 1997, approximately 715 million tonnes of crude oil and products were moved in u. s. international and coastwise trade ( usace, 1997b ). in comparison, about 68 million tonnes were moved through canadian ports ( statistics


of cargo. in 1997, approximately 715 million tonnes of crude oil and products were moved in u. s. international and coastwise trade ( usace, 1997b ). in comparison, about 68 million tonnes were moved through canadian ports ( statistics canada, 1997 ), or 9. 5 percent of the u. s. movements. similarly, about 112 million tonnes of crude and products were moved through mexican ports ( bp world statistics, 1997 ), or 15. 7 percent of the u. s. movements. inputs from accidental spills from tank vessels in canada and mexico were taken as 9. 5 percent and 15. 7 percent of the u. s. values respectively. canadian and mexican dry cargo movements are approximately one - third and one - twentieth of the u. s. international and coastwise movements respectively. however, freighters are responsible for only 18 percent of the spillage from other vessels in u. s. waters. it was assumed that spills in canadian water from other vessels equals 15 percent of the u. s. totals, and that spills in mexican waters from other vessels equals 6 percent of the u. s. totals. summary of spills in north american waters the u. s. coast guard database, which contains generally conservative estimates of outflow from all reported incidents, is assumed to establish the minimum estimate. recognizing the completeness of the data, the spill quantities were increased by just 5 percent to obtain the best estimate, and further increased by 20 percent to obtain the maximum estimate. results are summarized in table e - 19. the recording of the location of spills was not as consistently maintained within the u. s. coast guard spill database. this data has been reviewed and summarized in tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6, in order to provide a sense of the distribution of spills within u. s. waters. accidental spills from vessels in international waters for this study, spill data from the environmental research consulting database is applied. this database includes information gleaned from the international maritime organization, itopf, and other national and regional agencies. the international data excludes spills in north american waters. as shown in table e - 20, a total of 745, 292 tonnes of oil spillage was recorded during the years 1990 through 1999, ocr for page 214 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects figure e - 1 historical trend ( 1973 - 1999 ) in oil spills from vessels into u. s. marine waters ( data from u. s. coast guard


ocr for page 214 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects figure e - 1 historical trend ( 1973 - 1999 ) in oil spills from vessels into u. s. marine waters ( data from u. s. coast guard and mms databases by environmental research consulting. ) averaging 74, 529 tonnes ( 22 million gallons ) per year during this ten year period. not included in these totals is the spillage associated with the gulf war, which is estimated to be in excess of 600, 000 tonnes. the international data are not consistently collected and are therefore regarded as underestimates. smaller spills are frequently not included, and reporting is sometimes compromised for political and logistical reasons. recognizing the table e - 17 summary of oil input from accidental spills ( for vessels in u. s. waters ) tanker tank barge other vessels year # spills > 100 gal amount spilled ( gallons ) amount spilled ( tonnes ) # spills > 100 gal amount spilled ( gallons ) amount spilled ( tonnes ) # spills > 100 gal amount spilled ( gallons ) amount spilled ( tonnes ) 1990 24 4, 605, 092 16, 963 58 1, 389, 000 5, 061 193 437, 584 1, 589 1991 13 43, 348 154 39 631, 934 2, 431 176 279, 274 1, 020 1992 22 114, 431 422 41 342, 823 1, 319 236 319, 337 1, 131 1993 26 78, 729 300 42 661, 848 2, 562 213 301, 703 1, 111 1994 17 62, 502 237 46 900, 841 3, 442 186 191, 300 679 1995 10 84, 369 304 33 70, 492 251 169 304, 268 1, 110 1996 11 275, 223 1, 032 40 1, 116, 606 3, 983 179 226, 322 819 1997 5 3, 952 15 27 139, 447 482 142 145, 493 531 1998 9 39, 330 153 27 169, 490 622 162 247, 736 875 1999 4 4, 590 17 19 157, 680 511 89 67, 117 246 totals 141 5, 311, 566 19, 597 372 5, 580, 161 20, 665 1745 2, 520, 134 9, 111 ave. / yr 14 531, 157 1, 960 37 558, 016 2, 067 175 252, 013


597 372 5, 580, 161 20, 665 1745 2, 520, 134 9, 111 ave. / yr 14 531, 157 1, 960 37 558, 016 2, 067 175 252, 013 911 total — all vessels — u. s. waters ( average over period from 1990 - 1999 ) number of spills 226 spills > 100 gallons in size per year amount of spillage 1, 341, 186 gallons spilled per year ( average ) 4, 937 tonnes spilled per year ( average ) ocr for page 215 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 18 summary of average total load from accidental spills during years 1990 - 1999, for vessels in u. s. waters by type of vessel and by type of oil ( tonnes ) tankers tank barges other vessels totals % of total crude oil 16, 525 1, 184 162 17, 872 36 % gasoline 187 1, 459 50 1, 697 3 % light distillate 545 5, 466 6, 247 12, 259 25 % heavy distillate 2, 340 12, 556 2, 651 17, 546 36 % totals 19, 597 20, 665 9, 110 49, 373 ( percent of total ) 40 42 18 incompleteness of the data and the fact that the smaller spills, under 10, 000 gallons ( 34 tonnes ), comprised about 13 percent of the u. s. totals, the international spill quantities were increased by 25 percent to obtain the minimum estimate, by an additional 10 percent to obtain the best estimate, and further increased by 25 percent to obtain the maximum estimate. results are summarized in table e - 21. accidental spills from vessels worldwide the north american and international spill estimates are combined to provide worldwide estimates ( tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6 ). the best estimate for total spillage worldwide is 110, 000 tonnes ( 30 million gallons ) per year. the 1985 report ( national research council, 1985 ) and the 1990 study ( imo, 1990 ) both used data from the international tanker owners pollution federation ltd. ( itopf ) to estimate the quantity of oil entering the marine environment from tanker accidents. in the 1990 study, the spillage was averaged for the 10 - year period from 1981 to 1989, establishing an annual average of 114, 000 tonnes per year. in the 1990 report no adjustments were made for the deficiencies in the database, so care should taken when comparing these figures.


was averaged for the 10 - year period from 1981 to 1989, establishing an annual average of 114, 000 tonnes per year. in the 1990 report no adjustments were made for the deficiencies in the database, so care should taken when comparing these figures. inputs to the sea from the aircraft industry there are inputs to the sea from deliberate and continual releases of fuel from aircraft. there are two sources : deliberate discharge due to emergency conditions aboard the aircraft, and normal operation releases including the release of partially burned fuel in inefficient engines or inefficient operating modes and emptying of fuel injection bypass canisters. modern aircraft have take - off weights exceeding their landing weights, sometimes by as much as 150 tonnes. for example, a 747 can carry as much as 220, 000 l of fuel weighing about 175, 000 kg or 175 tonnes. if a fully laden 747 jettisoned its fuel because it was required to return to an airport, it could dump as much as 150 tonnes of the fuel to enable it to land safely. fuel dumping is infrequent but not rare. one airport reported on 16 fuel dumps in one year out of 7, 000 flights conducted [ canadian environmental assess table e - 19 summary of average annual loads from accidental spills ( for vessels in north american waters ) tank vessels ( gallons ) other vessels ( gallons ) all vessels ( gallons ) tank vessels ( tonnes ) other vessels ( tonnes ) all vessels ( tonnes ) spill volume — u. s. waters ( per year ) 1, 089, 173 252, 013 1, 341, 186 4, 026 911 4, 937 est. spill volume — canada ( per year ) 100, 000 38, 000 138, 000 384 137 521 est. spill volume — mexico ( per year ) 170, 000 15, 000 185, 000 631 55 686 1, 359, 173 305, 013 1, 664, 186 5, 042 1, 102 6, 144 tank vessels other vessels ( gallons ) ( tonnes ) ( gallons ) ( tonnes ) north american waters minimum ( based on 1990 ’ s data ) 1, 400, 000 5, 000 300, 000 1, 100 best estimate ( 1990 ’ s data + 5 percent ) 1, 400, 000 5, 300 300, 000 1, 200 maximum ( best estimate + 20 percent ) 1, 700, 000 6, 400 400, 000 1, 400 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 216 oil in the sea iii


, 300 300, 000 1, 200 maximum ( best estimate + 20 percent ) 1, 700, 000 6, 400 400, 000 1, 400 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 216 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects table e - 20 summary of oil input from accidental spills for vessels ( international waters — spills in north american waters excluded ) year tank vessels amount spilled ( tonnes ) other vessels amount spilled ( tonnes ) all vessels amount spilled ( tonnes ) 1990 39, 687 4, 757 44, 444 1991 169, 077 4, 315 173, 393 1992 113, 171 2, 454 115, 624 1993 107, 895 3, 269 111, 164 1994 96, 652 6, 220 102, 872 1995 12, 439 4, 358 16, 797 1996 62, 507 7, 358 69, 864 1997 62, 846 3, 344 66, 190 1998 20, 516 3, 839 24, 355 1999 17, 613 2, 976 20, 589 totals 702, 402 42, 890 745, 292 ave. / yr 70, 240 4, 289 74, 529 total — all vessels — international waters ( average over period from 1990 - 1999 ) amount of spillage 21, 911, 596 gallons spilled per year ( average ) 74, 529 tonnes spilled per year ( average ) ment agency ( ceaa ), 1995 ]. the u. s. military reports on 938 dumps, for 7, 300 tonnes per year, worldwide ( clewell, 1980 ). reporting on dumping is required but is not enforced or monitored. because of fears of dumping over residential areas, most dumping is conducted over preassigned areas of little habitation. airports near lakes or oceans designate areas over these waters. evaporation reduces the amount that directly deposits to between 5 and 70 percent of dump volume, depending on fuel type and weather conditions. older engines can emit relatively large amounts of unburned fuel. in older jet and turbine engines, jet fuel is cycled through engine parts as a coolant and is then passed into the injection system. because this flow must be maintained at certain levels, about 5 to 15 percent of fuel consumption can be emitted through the engines without fuel combustion. this loss occurs primarily during idle and take - off conditions and is least during cruise conditions. little documentation on this has been found, and it


at certain levels, about 5 to 15 percent of fuel consumption can be emitted through the engines without fuel combustion. this loss occurs primarily during idle and take - off conditions and is least during cruise conditions. little documentation on this has been found, and it may not contribute much oil to the sea. some older engines also have an injection bypass tank that is emptied automatically after take - off. this is believed to be restricted to very few aircraft at this time. the preliminary estimate of oil reaching the sea is based on the probability of a dump occurring. from literature, the rate of military jettisoning varies between 0. 001 and 0. 002 dumps per flight ( clewell, 1980a, b ; ceaa, 1995 ) ; this averages 0. 0015. if civilian rates were one - third of this, then the rate for civilian aircraft would be about 0. 0005, or 5 flights out of 10, 000. the flights over the oceans are relatively well known ( european commission, 1996 ). flights over the north atlantic average about 700 daily, over the north pacific about 100 ( not counting those over land on polar routes ), and those over the southern hemisphere, are estimated at about 200 per day. this is 1, 000 flights per day, with most flights consisting of large, wide - bodied aircraft such as the 757, 767, md - 11, and similar aircraft. the dumping of fuel typically releases 50 tonnes ( 50, 000 l ), of which about 50 percent would reach the sea surface, based on experimental deposition studies ( clewell, 1980a ; cross and picknett, 1973 ). this would yield 4, 500 tonnes per year. the u. s. military averaged 7, 262 tonnes per year in 1975 to 1978, with a steady decrease. if we place this value at 4, 000 tonnes currently and presume that only one - quarter of this was over water and would hit the water, then about 1, 000 tonnes per year is the u. s. military table e - 21 summary of oil input from accidental spills for vessels worldwide best estimate ( tonnes ) best minimum ( tonnes ) maximum ( tonnes ) estimate ( gallons ) minimum ( gallons ) maximum ( gallons ) north american waters tank vessels 5, 300 5, 000 6, 400 1, 400, 000 1, 400, 000 1, 700, 000 other vessels 1, 200 1, 100 1, 400 300, 000 300, 000 400, 000 total — north american waters 6, 500 6, 100 7,


, 400 1, 400, 000 1, 400, 000 1, 700, 000 other vessels 1, 200 1, 100 1, 400 300, 000 300, 000 400, 000 total — north american waters 6, 500 6, 100 7, 700 1, 700, 000 1, 700, 000 2, 100, 000 international waters tank vessels 96, 580 87, 800 120, 725 28, 394, 621 25, 813, 292 35, 493, 276 other vessels 5, 897 5, 361 7, 372 1, 733, 823 1, 576, 203 2, 167, 279 total — international waters 100, 000 93, 000 130, 000 30, 000, 000 27, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 worldwide tank vessels 100, 000 93, 000 130, 000 30, 000, 000 27, 000, 000 37, 000, 000 other vessels 7, 100 6, 500 8, 800 2, 000, 000 1, 900, 000 2, 600, 000 total — worldwide 110, 000 100, 000 140, 000 32, 000, 000 29, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 note : all totals rounded to two significant figures. ocr for page 217 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects input. if the world input from military aircraft is triple this amount, then the world input is 3, 000 tonnes. the sum total of aircraft dumping input is then estimated at 7, 500 tonnes. it is estimated that 1 / 5 of these releases would take place over north american territorial waters on the basis of air traffic loading to and from north america, compared to the rest of the world. this again is subdivided by the approximate numbers of trans - ocean flights arriving / departing from airports in the designated regions ( tables 2 - 2 through 2 - 6 ). ocr for page 218 oil in the sea iii : inputs, fates, and effects this page in the original is blank. representative terms from entire chapter :


mosses, liverworts & hornworts " bryophytes " is a resource devoted to bryology, the branch of plant science concerned with the study of mosses, liverworts and hornworts. it provides information on the classification, structural features, natural history, ecology and evolutionary relationships of these plants. although small in stature, bryophytes play significant roles in diverse terrestrial ecosystems. they are found growing on soil, rocks and / or trees throughout the world, from coastal antarctica to the peat bogs of the northern hemisphere, from the deserts of australia to the rain forests of the amazon. they are an essential part of this planet ' s biodiversity. click on any of the topics listed to learn more about these fascinating organisms. li zhang, fairy lake botanical garden, shenzhen, china ( szg ) and si he, missouri botanical garden ( mo ) visit s. i. u. carbondale. new publication : crandall - stotler, b. & r. e. stotler. 2012. ontogenetic studies, sporophyte anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of phyllothallia nivicola ( phyllothalliaceae, marchantiophyta ). nova hedwigia 95 : 277 - 294. the absh herbarium and the personal liverwort collections of r. stotler & b. crandall - stotler are moved to the field museum of natural history, chicago ( f ). translation : the entry " about this site " translated into the russian by vlad brown. an update of the bryophyta ( mosses ) classification page


sustainability issues grow as large urban centers add a million people, or or up to about 5 %, per year. social responses to acts of nature need to be tempered in order to prevent environmental disasters. demand increases for tech solutions. automation extends to robotics and space. recent links ( about 23 ) : ai “ the age of assistants ” : the view from inside sri augmented - reality “ what mountain is that? ” new app takes ar outside the city limits database | em - dat international strategy for disaster reduction international strategy for disaster reduction ( isdr ) death to humans! visions of the apocalypse in movies and literature : scientific american email how to : undo “ send ” in gmail events online event registration a€ “ sell tickets online with eventbrite robotics ieee spectrum : cyborg fly pilots robot through obstacle course security david ignatius – pentagon ’ s cybersecurity plans have a cold war chill smartgrid ieee spectrum : $ 25 billion european smart grid market by 2020 space bbc news – alien hunters ‘ should look for artificial intelligence ’ ui make : online : multitouch robot swarm controller world ’ s fastest - growing megalopolis hides in fog | raw file reinventing the city to combat climate change visualization david mccandless : the beauty of data visualization | video on ted. com urban risk reduction : an asian perspective, shaw et al, 2009 urbanization is outpacing general population growth in asia. case studies are described for localities and types of environmental disaster. urban issues range from household, community, city, region, to nation. lifestyles create hazards which induce, or worsen natural, events. the culture can be built on safety and resilience. action planning may require assistance of specialized agencies. pilot cities demonstrate projects such as local resource organization, citizen empowerment, and smaller units and chain of command. lessons are learned from disaster recovery. a management information system was useful in at least one case. the decision - making pyramid includes global, national, city, building, and individual. environmental issues include air and water pollution, waste and sewage, noise, land use, drainage and transport congestion, slums, flood and other common issues such as disease, fire, or crime. strategies are sensitive to survival, peace, innovation from tradition, and sustainability. the disaster management cycle has its own information and communication issues in each phase, non, before, during and after. risk reduction involves knowledge, perception, deepening, preparedness and dissemination. surveys measure public awareness. frameworks are provided by millennium development goal, hyo


has its own information and communication issues in each phase, non, before, during and after. risk reduction involves knowledge, perception, deepening, preparedness and dissemination. surveys measure public awareness. frameworks are provided by millennium development goal, hyogo framework for action, and un international strategy for disaster reduction. there are eighteen chapters, two parts, twenty - four authors. disaster risk management systems analysis : a guide book, baas, 2008 this book has a toolset for the characterization and strengthening of drm at the international, national, province / district / municipality, community and institution layers. a framework enumerates initiatives for each of the periods for disaster risk reduction, response, and recovery. preparedness links both development, through mitigation and prevention, and humanitarian assistance, through relief and recovery. another framework for sustainable livelihoods indicates which households are most vulnerable. there is a list of key questions for leaders. a form is shown to document the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats across levels. there are six modules, two annexes and many figures, relational maps, and checklists. it can be downloaded as a pdf from the web. ecological engineering : principles and practices, patrick c. kangas, 2004 humans stress natural ecosystems through simplification of species and metabolic shifts. research in emergent ecosystems includes agriculture, urban, and coastal or estuarine. since prediction is limited, engineering epistemology requires building improvement based on design and test. future directions include ecological nanotech, terraforming, biosensors, ecosensors, universal pollution treatment, and aquaculture. technoecosystems maintain a balance between living and hardware systems. since the laboratory includes the environment, the hacker code of ethics applies to ecological engineering. treatment reduces costs of pollution. ecological economics adds measures of emergy or embodied energy, natural capital, sustainability, carrying capacity and many types of ecosystem services to improve life - support value. sold waste management discusses landfills, composting, and industrial ecology. the energy value of the waste is the same as that used to make the product. wetlands are used for wastewater treatment by spiraling. an identical decay equation for decomposition evolved in parallel, linking design intuitions for both biodegradation in ecology and wastewater engineering. restoration ecology connects to succession and is explained for salt marshes, artificial reefs, and educational exhibits. microcosmology includes living models and replication issues. soil bioengineering is shown for urban imperviousness, stormwater management bioretent


. restoration ecology connects to succession and is explained for salt marshes, artificial reefs, and educational exhibits. microcosmology includes living models and replication issues. soil bioengineering is shown for urban imperviousness, stormwater management bioretention and agricultural erosion control. this realm includes beavers, coastal vegetation and self - building machines. biodiversity is increased by exotic species. the food web describes feeding interactions. the series of multiple states in catastrophe theory is used to explain invasion. control theory ranges from machine analogies to biotech. circuit symbols are used for ecosystem models. h t odum coined a lot of the names of new ecosystems. principles include energy signature, self - organization and preadaptation. there are nine chapters building safer cities : the future of disaster risk, edited by kreimer et al, 2003 actual and new types of disasters are discussed, e. g. due to rapid urbanization or climate change. impact and preparedness affect several geographic scales of security, environmental and human, including economics. politics, and society. there are several major worldviews. the main concerns are globalization, environment, social vulnerability, and protecting infrastructure. the various methods of balancing costs of risks include privatization, government taxation and globalization. africa often suffers export losses, which leads to tens of thousands of youth mortalities, when other countries have disasters. hazard reduction involves robust design, flexible and adaptable systems, reversal of vulnerability trends, and societal preparedness. coastal zone classifications include protect, retreat and accommodate. resilience measures how much disturbance can be absorbed, and the capability for self - reorganization. regional analysis, management and action are required for flooding. study approaches include scenarios and consequences. the fact that life support networks, e. g. utilities, affect eachother as external technological causes has not been taken into account traditionally. critical infrastructure includes telecom, power, energy, storage, transportation, water, financial, emergency services, and government. buildings can be retrofit using new tech for earthquakes risk. these were papers for a conference of international financial institutions. there are four parts, twenty chapters, twenty - six authors. they may develop literacy for the terminology. most chapters have conclusions or recommendations. the web had pdfs and google books has full content. counting heads, david marusek, 2005 this novel is a scifi cyberpunk mystery. there are three parts, forty - five chapters, and an epilogue. chapters are numbered, e. g. up to 1. 3 or 2.


cervical cancer ranks high on the list of common cancers that plague women worldwide ; it comes second after breast cancer in prevalence. more than 300, 000 women die of cervical cancer every year, worldwide, while in the united states alone, 13, 000 cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed every year, with about 4, 000 deaths. most cases of cervical cancer are reported in women between 40 and 55years of age, though it is not unusual for women in their late thirties to be infected. there are five common types of ovarian cysts. there are the functional cysts which are grouped into the follicle cyst and the corpus luteum cysts. both of these functional cysts are the result of the normal functions of the ovary. treatment for this type includes the method they call ‘ watch and wait ’. the doctor usually advises the patient to come for a regular check up as the cysts inside the ovary are under observation. if however, the cysts start to grow to about two inches in diameter, a surgery called laparoscopy is employed in order to remove the cyst. as prevention still proves to be better than any known treatment for ovarian cysts, the physician generally recommends the use of birth control pills to decrease the risk of having further appearance of ovarian cysts. polycystic ovaries come about when the follicular sacs are no longer being ripped apart to release the eggs. the most popular sign of this type is that of infertility, and if the woman is trying to have her own child doctors generally recommend drug therapy which would induce ovulation, and if by any chance the patient prefers to stay childless and is having irregular periods a drug that restores normal menstrual flow are most commonly advised to be taken. pap smears are the only established method for cervical cancer screening. this test involves brushing cells off the surface of the cervix and examining the cells under a microscope for the presence of cancerous or precancerous changes or lesions. presently, pap smear is a routine test for women in most developed countries and this has really helped to reduce the number of deaths that are recorded due to cervical cancer. however, some critics have argued that the pap smear test is not always completely accurate. it is advisable to carry out the test in at least two laboratories, seek at least two professional opinions and then compare, especially if you observe early symptoms of cervical cancer or you believe you are perfectly


smear test is not always completely accurate. it is advisable to carry out the test in at least two laboratories, seek at least two professional opinions and then compare, especially if you observe early symptoms of cervical cancer or you believe you are perfectly alright but the test result shows otherwise. treatment for ovarian cysts of these types generally involves surgery. the severity of the condition is basically the basis for choosing the type of surgery to be employed. ovarian cystectomy is focused on the removal of the cyst itself, while partial oophorectomy refers to the elimination of the part of the ovary where the cysts have taken root. the most drastic of measures involves those of salpingo - oophorectomy which takes away the ovary and the fallopian tube and total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy that removes the cysts, ovary, fallopian tube and the uterus to totally rid the body of further harm from this type of cysts sinji mikami presents the following posts our customers could save up to £617. 83 on automobile insurance by comparing. what is high risk automobile insurance? tips for getting the cheapest automobile insurance quotes online


mapp v. ohio what is mapp v. ohio ( 1961 )? mapp v. ohio is considered to be amongst the most famous supreme court cases to have taken place within the 20th century ; this case was an appeal to the prior arrest of dollree mapp by the cleveland police department. prior to mapp v. ohio, dollree mapp – the plaintiff – was arrested after police officers had entered her home in order to search for a fugitive whom mapp was believed to be harboring ; the cleveland police department – following several denials for entry on the part of mapp – were reported to have falsified a search warrant and forcibly enter the residence of dollree mapp. subsequent to their entry, the police were unable to locate the alleged fugitive ; however, they discovered material within the mapp household that was determined to be “ lewd and lascivious ” according to police reports – these items were described as books dollree mapp was arrested upon this discovery, but was not charged ; however, she maintained that not only did the police lack the grounds to arrest her, but her 4th amendment rights had been violated, as well the 4th amendment prohibits the unlawful search and seizure of resident belonging to citizens of the united states of america ; this amendment also defines the rights of privacy awarded to citizens of the united states the case profile of mapp v. ohio the following is a case profile of the legal trial eponymously titled ‘ mapp v. ohio ’ : date of the trial : 1961 legal classification : administrative law ; this legal field associated with events and circumstances in which the federal government of the united states engages its citizens, including the administration of government programs, the creation of agencies, and the establishment of a legal, regulatory federal standard united states reports case number : 367 u. s. 643 legal venue : the supreme court of the state of ohio judicial officer responsible for ruling : chief justice earl warren involved parties : the following are the parties named with regard to their involvement in the mapp v. ohio case : dollree mapp – the plaintiff the state of ohio – the defendant verdict delivered : the verdict ruled that ms. mapp ’ s rights were indeed violated as a result of the failure of the cleveland police departments failure to adhere to the tenets of the 4th amendment of the constitution of the united states associated legislation with regard to mapp v. ohio : the following statutory regulations were employed with regard to the mapp v. ohio trial : subsequent to the delivery of the verdict in mapp v


issue date : july 27, 2009 making graphene in a flash no time to make graphene via conventional routes? then make it " in a flash. " northwestern university scientists have just demonstrated that graphite oxide can be converted instantly to graphene via photothermal deoxygenation by exposing the material to a pulse of light from an ordinary camera flash ( j. am. chem. soc., doi : 10. 1021 / ja902348k ). because of its low cost and wide availability, graphite oxide is a promising precursor for making graphene - based materials, which are being studied for use in polymer composites and electronics. the oxide is typically treated at high temperature or with potent reducing agents such as hydrazine to yield graphene. now, laura j. cote, rodolfo cruz - silva, and jiaxing huang of northwestern have shown in a video that the flash method is an instantaneous, chemical - free way to transform graphite oxide, an electrical insulator, into graphene, a conductor, at room temperature. the team has also shown that by applying masking and photolithography methods, the flash technique can be used to fabricate complex patterns, a key step in developing electronic components. - chemical & engineering news - issn 0009 - 2347 - copyright © american chemical society


may 1912 brings vital growth — colored women ’ s equal suffrage league and grange endorsement by may 1912 suffrage organizations across oregon had established a strong foundation and new groups were forming to bring the votes for women message to male voters in their communities. activists in portland ’ s african american community formed the colored women ’ s equal suffrage league on may 13. endorsements of woman suffrage by existing organizations also brought potential voters to the cause. on may 18 the delegates to the oregon state grange convention in roseburg voted to support woman suffrage in the state. and when the press covered these events valuable publicity expanded awareness of the movement. “ mrs. coe temporary head, ” oregonian, may 15, 1912, 11. african american women in portland had established the colored women ’ s council of portland three months earlier, part of a growing number of african american women ’ s clubs across the nation. at a meeting of the council on may 12 members decided to form a suffrage association for women who were members of portland ’ s five african american church congregations. their goal was “ spreading equal suffrage ideas among those of the race. ” katherine gray served as the first president of the colored women ’ s equal suffrage league with mrs. lancaster as vice president, edith gray as treasurer and hattie redmond as secretary. redmond later served as president. the cwesl worked within the african american community and also as part of the coalition of suffrage groups in the city, including the state suffrage central committee. “ equal suffrage endorsed by state grange, ” oregon journal, may 18, 1912, 6. the oregon state grange, a social and political organization representing farmers, had been an important supporter of woman suffrage in oregon and other state granges had supported votes for women in other western states. the national grange waited until 1915 to endorse the suffrage cause. the oregon journal, reporting on the grange convention in roseburg, noted that “ woman suffrage came in for a full share of attention ” and reprinted the resolution that passed “ without opposition ” endorsing the votes for women measure on the november ballot : “ ‘ whereas, the social relations of the family and state have from the beginning of the history of the human race shown man and woman, through of different spheres of activity and frequently of different viewpoints, to be essentially necessary in the social, economical and intellectual welfare of the home, the community, and the state. “ ‘ whereas, the evidence of examples shown by trial in other states proves that women are not only entitled to participate in the practical duties of the state but that


the social, economical and intellectual welfare of the home, the community, and the state. “ ‘ whereas, the evidence of examples shown by trial in other states proves that women are not only entitled to participate in the practical duties of the state but that they have shown themselves to exhibit an interest and judgment the equal of their enfranchised brothers, “ ‘ therefore, be it resolved, that the oregon state grange organization goes on record as favoring the granting of suffrage to the women of the state of oregon and command the same to the consideration of all those persons who now exercise the right of citizenship. ’ ” may 1912 marks a milepost in both the growth in individual organizations appealing to voters within specific communities, as was the case with the colored women ’ s equal suffrage league, and endorsements from organizations representing particular constituencies such as the oregon state grange. each group made important contributions to the 1912 oregon suffrage victory with appeals to particular male voters in their communities. just as vital were their contributions to a broader vision of equality in oregon. members of the cwesl contributed to the coalition of suffrage groups and were part of the umbrella organization of the state suffrage central committee. they also worked to achieve an end to discrimination by gender and an end to discrimination by race. the grange resolution certainly targeted the votes of male grange members. but the assembly also urged “ all those persons who now exercise the right of citizenship ” to support woman suffrage. want to read more articles from oregon suffrage campaigns? click here


skip to content skip to navigation menu 04 september 2009 the discovery of two new genes associated with alzheimer ' s disease could provide valuable new leads in the race to find treatments and possibly cures for the devastating condition, according to a leading university scientist. professor julie williams, school of medicine, has completed the largest - ever joint alzheimer ' s disease genome - wide association study ( gwas ) involving 16, 000 individuals. the study, published in nature genetics, uncovered two new genes associated with alzheimer ' s disease. previously only one gene, apoe4, had been shown to be a risk factor for alzheimer ' s disease. the study reveals, for the first time, that two further genes, clu and picalm, are related to alzheimer ' s disease. professor julie williams, who led the study, said : " both clu and picalm highlight new pathways that lead to alzheimer ' s disease. clu is a clusterin - a type of protein - which normally protects the brain in a variety of ways. variation in this gene could remove this protection and contribute to alzheimer ' s development. " picalm is important at synapses - connections between brain cells - and is involved in the transport of molecules into and inside of nerve cells, helping form memories and other brain functions. " we know that the health of synapses is closely related to memory performance in alzheimer ' s disease, thus changes in genes which affect synapses are likely to have a direct effect on disease development. " the study was funded by the wellcome trust, medical research council, alzheimer ’ s research trust and the welsh assembly government. the university - led research also involved scientists from universities in london, cambridge, nottingham, southampton, manchester, oxford, bristol and belfast, who collaborated with irish, german, belgian, greek and american institutions. the findings are some of the first to emerge from the university ’ s new flagship medical research centre ( mrc ) research centre. the centre for neuropsychiatric genetics and genomics at the university – the only mrc centre of its type in wales, is aimed specifically at harnessing the genetics revolution for research in mental disorders. it is also supported by funding from the welsh assembly government ’ s wales office of research and development ( word ) and the university itself, totalling more than £4m. the first minister for wales, rhodri morgan, has hailed the findings as a ‘ feather in the cap ’ for wales ’ reputation as a centre for world - class research.


and the university itself, totalling more than £4m. the first minister for wales, rhodri morgan, has hailed the findings as a ‘ feather in the cap ’ for wales ’ reputation as a centre for world - class research. rhodri morgan said : " this major breakthrough in the battle to understand and develop treatments for alzheimer ' s is good news for the 37, 000 people in wales and their carers who are affected by alzheimer ' s or other forms of dementia. " it is a real feather in the cap of welsh science that this important global study has been led by a welsh scientist, professor julie williams and that the welsh assembly government was able to give financial support for her work. world - class research like this will help lead to improved treatment for this distressing disease, and may one day even mean we can cure dementia. " the centre was opened in april 2009 under the directorship of professor mike owen of the university ’ s school of medicine and officially launched by the first minister. professor mike owen, school of medicine, who co - directed the research with professor williams said : " these findings are the result of over 15 years hard work by many young scientists and doctors and i ' d like to pay tribute to them as well as the many patients and families who have helped us with our work. " the challenge now is to try and understand how relatively subtle genetic influences like these lead to disease and how we can intervene to stop this happening. " professor williams added, " the mrc centre and research like this is changing our understanding of what causes the common form of alzheimer ' s disease and provides valuable new leads in the race to find treatments and possibly cures. " it also shows that other genes can be identified using this method, and we are already planning a larger study involving 60, 000 people, which can be achieved within the next year. " it is also important to recognise the contribution many welsh people who have acted as subjects for this research over the years. " the eu : what ’ s in it for wales? new treatment for eczema trialled new drugs in development for treatment of osteoarthritis shaping public policy innovation and impact awards linking climate change and human evolution rise in type 2 diabetes amongst young uniting to solve the mystery of mental illness this is an externally hosted beta service offered by google.


friday, may 30, 2008 apalachicola river, part 23 the earthworks of fort gadsden, seen here, remain in remarkably good condition today and obviously were still substantial at the time of the civil war. following the evacuation of apalachicola in march of 1862, the confederates withdrew up the apalachicola river to ricco ' s bluff. southern engineers, however, soon began an examination of points along the river that might be better suited for defenses. one of the points they considered was fort gadsden. at least one confederate engineer recommended the construction of artillery emplacements at the site, but the bluff ' s reputation for sickness overruled the recommendation. even so, the confederates did use the fort as an advanced post from 1863 until 1865. small detachments of men, sometimes accompanied by a battery of field artillery, camped within the old seminole war earthworks and erected what was described as a " guardhouse " here. sickness remained an issue, however, and the men were constantly ill from fevers. by 1865, only a small squad of men from the 5th florida cavalry were at fort gadsden when the union navy sent a boat party over from st. andrew bay to attack ricco ' s bluff. a portion of this force dropped down the apalachicola to fort gadsden and captured the handful of men there, apparently without firing a shot. it is not clear if the fort was occupied by confederates after that point. in our next post, we will look at fort gadsden historic site as it appears today.


fatigue in healthy individuals - people with many different diseases have symptoms of fatigue, which is a general sense of tiredness ; however, the causes are not fully understood. fatigue symptoms may be related to a person ' s level of fitness, health, and blood chemistries. - researchers are studying the potential role of plasma cytokines ( signaling molecules ) and hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal ( hpa ) axis ( part of the neuroendocrine system that controls stress ) functioning in symptoms of fatigue. - to characterize the symptoms of fatigue in healthy individuals. - to collect information on fatigue, pain, depression, stress, sleepiness, and quality of life from healthy adults of all ages. - to compare results obtained from people with various illnesses to better understand possible causes of fatigue that are associated with those diseases. - physically and mentally healthy volunteers18 years of age or older who can speak and read the english language. - exclusion criteria include individuals with a disease or condition causing significant fatigue ( congestive heart failure, cancer, or sleep disorders ), individuals taking medicines that cause fatigue ( beta blockers, diuretics, or narcotics ), and individuals who have a major psychiatric condition ( major depression, anxiety disorder, or schizophrenia ). - the following individuals may not participate : those who have two more alcoholic drinks per day, who use illicit drugs, or who drink more than 4 cups of coffee, 8 cups of soda or tea, or similar amounts of other caffeine - containing beverages a day, or eat more than 1 pound of chocolate per day ; and individuals who worked evenings or night shifts in the past month. - women who are pregnant or breastfeeding are not eligible. - participants must make two outpatient visits to the clinical center. each visit will last 5 hours and participants must refrain from smoking and consuming alcohol and caffeine for at least 24 hours. during the first study visit, researchers will conduct the following tests : - psychiatric interview, medical history, pregnancy test, and drug test. - urine test to measure the levels of stress hormones. - questionnaires that measure fatigue, pain, depression, stress, daytime sleepiness, and activity. - physical fitness test, including strength tests, walking tests, and physical activity monitoring. before the second study visit, patients must refrain from smoking and consuming caffeine and alcohol for at least 24 hours and have nothing, even water, by mouth after midnight. during the second study visit, the following tests will be conducted : -


. before the second study visit, patients must refrain from smoking and consuming caffeine and alcohol for at least 24 hours and have nothing, even water, by mouth after midnight. during the second study visit, the following tests will be conducted : - stress hormone test ( participant will receive a cortisol - releasing hormone ). - four intravenous blood draws to determine cytokine profiles, gene expression, and levels of stress hormones ( immune and gentic analysis ). - participants will receive a small financial compensation for participation in the study. | study design : | | time perspective : prospective | | official title : | | fatigue in healthy individuals | - the primary outcome of the study is the fatigue score of healthy individuals using standardized questionnaires. - physical activity, pain, depression, stress, and daytime sleepiness scores ; the hpa axis function of healthy individuals ; the proinflammatory cytokine profile and gene expression in response to stress. | study start date : | | april 2009 | this protocol is designed to characterize the symptoms of fatigue in healthy individuals using standardized questionnaires and determine if physical activity, pain, depression, fatigue catastrophizing, stress, and daytime sleepiness play a role in the experience. this study will also examine the potential role of plasma cytokines and hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( hpa ) functioning in symptoms of fatigue in healthy individuals. eligible participants will complete questionnaires that measure fatigue, pain, depression, fatigue catastrophizing, perceived stress, daytime sleepiness, neurological health, and physical activity. participants will also perform strength testing ( e. g. hand grips ), walk testing ( 6 - minute walk test ), exercise testing on a treadmill, and physical activity monitoring using a portable activity device. blood samples will be obtained to determine cytokine profiles, gene expression, and levels of stress hormones ( cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone [ dhea ], catecholamines ). urine samples will also be obtained to measure the levels of stress hormones excreted. information collected in this protocol will be used to make comparison in subjects who experience extreme symptoms of fatigue due to many different disorders, in order to better understand the mechanisms of fatigue. | contact : leorey n saligan, c. r. n. p. | | ( 301 ) email @ example. com | | united states, maryland | | national institutes of health clinical center


a history of crawl stroke techniques to the 1960s : an australian perspective : section iv at the olympic games in 1932, japanese men dominated the swimming events, winning five out of a possible six gold medals and gaining 11 out of a possible 18 places. the usa took four places. japan first entered swimmers at the olympics in 1920, but none advanced beyond the semi - finals. at paris in 1924 several japanese qualified for finals, including takaishi ( fifth in 100 m and 1, 500 m ) and saiti ( sixth in back - stroke ). in amsterdam four years later takaishi moved up to third place in the 100 m, tsuruta won the gold medal for the 200 m breast - stroke, and the japanese 4 x 200 m team finished second. following this, a surge of confidence and optimism swept through japanese swimming circles. the world ' s best swimmers, including weissmuller and borg, accepted invitations to compete in japan practically every year in the 1920s and 1930s, and japanese swimmers competed in international meets all over the world, just as once again they have since 1960. they were making every effort to learn. their training was well organized and for those days severe. during a period of three months of hard training a total of four or five miles was covered each day. this was done in two training sessions. stretching and flexibility exercises were a feature of their preparation. progress was rapid under the centrally organized and enthusiastic japanese national swimming association. by 1932, japan ' s swimmers in all strokes were nearly unbeatable. throughout the 1930s there was a great deal of discussion about the japanese successes. the world wanted to know why. naturally their techniques came under close observation. this is what matsuzawa, the chief japanese coach said after the los angeles games : " the 1932 victory of the japanese was probably due to the better use of the american crawl and european racing strokes than the americans or europeans themselves. added to this, the japanese swimmers were imbued with the national spirit and if there be any one main difference it was this fact. but for the japanese swimmers to adopt the foreign racing style in its entirety was disadvantageous. in the crawl and back - strokes japanese swimmers endeavored to aid the pull of the arms by the very strong beating of the legs. they have flexible ankles which gives them a lot of propulsion from their kicks without much effort. " although it was claimed by the japanese coach that there was nothing new about the japanese crawl technique, certainly by 1936 a distinct stroke had emerged. the famous japanese swimmer katsuo


which gives them a lot of propulsion from their kicks without much effort. " although it was claimed by the japanese coach that there was nothing new about the japanese crawl technique, certainly by 1936 a distinct stroke had emerged. the famous japanese swimmer katsuo takaishi, veteran of three olympic games and a great student of swimming, maintained that there was a gulf of difference between the japanese style and either the american or the european styles when he wrote in 1936 for ashi sports magazine. the model the japanese had studied most was john weissmuller, and miyazaki the sprint winner at los angeles, carried his arms around in the recovery with an arm sweep characteristic of the american. however, as we shall see, this feature soon disappeared from the japanese crawl, then developing along its own lines. the japanese crawl the arm recovery became quickened and shortened, the hand entering only a short distance in front of the shoulder, followed by a long underwater glide forwards. the arm pull was made on a line under the shoulder parallel to the backbone with the elbow slightly bent. there was a ' snap " finish to the arm drive by most japanese, although the hands came out relatively short at the line of the hips. some japanese swimmers also developed a marked " over - lapping " action of the arms, due to the very quick recovery. both arms were clearly in the water at the same time, one finishing its drive whilst the other was pushing forwards and downwards. during the arm recovery and early arm drive a continuous, powerful leg beat drove the body forward over the leading hand. in contrast to the americans the japanese did not carry their heads and shoulders high in the water, although the body position was sloping, the knees were the lowest part of the body. with this stroke considerable body roll was introduced for the first time amongst modern champions. as the arms drove downwards, the shoulders in turn were allowed to follow. the leg action was based on the low hip position. the knees were moderately bent during the kick - - very distinctly a downward and backward thrust with the feet. the feet did not come below the level of the knees so that the kick was relatively shallow. the japanese leg action was generally a continuous, " independent " six - beat without accent, like kitamura ' s, the 1, 500 m winner at los angeles. kitamura ' s kick can best be described as a continuous 123 - 123 - 123, but it is very interesting to find that the 1, 500 m winner terada in 1936 was using a leg action with


500 m winner at los angeles. kitamura ' s kick can best be described as a continuous 123 - 123 - 123, but it is very interesting to find that the 1, 500 m winner terada in 1936 was using a leg action with a resting phase. we shall have more to say later about this " resting phase " in the leg action. because of the generally small stature of the japanese, with rounded shoulders and short legs with well developed calves, the stroke they evolved was probably with good reason, called a " masterpiece of adaptation. " it is a style well suited to the body build of most japanese, who are not tall and broad - shouldered like weissmuller and devitt, with their tapered bodies. takaishi in the book swimming in japan, published in 1935, wrote an article on the crawl - stroke explaining the japanese line of thought, and what he said then is still worthy of careful study today. i believe it is an excellent analysis : " there are a few who have the opinion that the pressing movement of the arm at the beginning of the stroke is of no use or can even be detrimental for increasing speed, but the writer believes that this very movement decides whether one is a good swimmer or not. a good swimmer must learn to press the water skillfully. it is better to let the arm into the water before it is completely extended. if one extends the arm fully before letting it into the water, the time for pressing will be too long. both shoulders draw ellipses while swimming. one of them should be lifted when the other is dropped. accordingly, the upper part of the body should roll to both sides, but the position of the body line does not change. this movement is called rolling the body and it has a very close relation with the crawl stroke. if one swims without rolling the body on the longitudinal axis he must swim in a very unnatural position, such as pushing the head above the surface of the water or floating the upper part of the body by sinking the legs deeply in order to breathe easily. if one tries to stroke without rolling the body the power required is produced only by the muscles of the arms and shoulders, but when the power of the rolling of the body is added to that of the arms the force will be greatly increased. but one must understand that there is a limit even for rolling, as too much will destroy the form or will slow down the stroke. rolling of the body is necessary and the power produced by it greatly strengthens the stroke when it is combined


increased. but one must understand that there is a limit even for rolling, as too much will destroy the form or will slow down the stroke. rolling of the body is necessary and the power produced by it greatly strengthens the stroke when it is combined with the arm movements. this strength is increased according to the degree of rolling, consequently it is natural that the more one rolls the body, the larger the arm movement becomes. the larger the movement, the slower the tempo of the stroke. the best method of speed swimming for a fixed distance is to swim with the largest and strongest stroke and with as high a tempo as possible. however it is difficult for a swimmer of limited power and strength to enlarge his stroke without dropping his tempo. thus, we must consider the limit of rolling. in considering this it is important to decide whether the rolling suits a swimmer or not for on this decision rests whether he will succeed. this limit cannot be decided uniformly for every person. it is very difficult to find the limit of rolling which is most suitable for each individual. if one rolls the body too much he is compelled to let the arm stop while pressing on the water before it commences the catching movement. in short, the maximum of rolling is when the power gained by that rolling is all applied to the arm movement and each arm carries on its stroke without wasting time and energy. if the secret of speed swimming is to swim with the largest and strongest strokes and at the highest tempo, then the ideal would be for one with great strength to swim a certain distance with very strong strokes of the arms without rolling of the body because rolling drops the tempo. it is more understandable to call the pressing movement the supporting movement. one may think that this movement is done only by hand and wrist but in the crawl - stroke every part of the arm must press the water and even the shoulder helps this movement. it is the power of the finishing movement of the arms which actually increases the speed. consequently the finishing movement should be done very quickly and strongly. while an arm is above the surface of the water it is of no use for increasing the speed. at this time the arm should be relaxed, and the only effort should be raising the elbow by using the muscles of the shoulder. the form of the arm recovery varies in each individual, but in general the best form is this - - lift up the elbow after an arm finishes the stroke movement and take it out of the water as if pulling the hand with the elbow. carry it forward drawing a circle with the shoulder


in each individual, but in general the best form is this - - lift up the elbow after an arm finishes the stroke movement and take it out of the water as if pulling the hand with the elbow. carry it forward drawing a circle with the shoulder as the center and extend the arm forward and straighten the elbow when it is parallel with the body line. if one takes this method, the hand from the point of catching traces a parallel line with the central line of the body. even though the hand is let into the water before the elbow is straightened one can bring it to the proper position by straightening the elbow in the water. even the highest tempo cannot affect the position. inhaling is done at the moment the roll on the breathing side is at its height. when the arm of the breathing side is near the end of its pull, gradually begin to turn up the face sideways and finish breathing when the arm makes its last snap, because at this time the rolling of the body is at full swing. then the face must be carried back to its former position as the arm is carried forward. the mouth must be above the surface of the water for as short a time as possible. then one must inhale through the mouth as much as possible in that short time. then hold the air and exhale little by little until the mouth appears again above the water. " shozo makino, only 5 feet 1 inch tall and weighing 119 lb., one of japan ' s outstanding swimmers and holder of the world record for 800 m and runner - up to kitamura in the 1, 500 m at los angeles, made these interesting and provocative comments : " i pull out my hand before it has completed the stroke and stretch out immediately, not stroking to my waist thoroughly. this form is the best to keep a fast pace without much weariness in a long distance race. however, the form of long distance swimmer honda, who won the japanese and world records for the 1, 000 m in 1934 is not that of a high tempo but that of long large strokes. i do not know which form is best, but each swimmer should choose that which suits him. the most important and common point is that the swimmer has to push the water firmly away as soon as he puts his hands in, without resting. " it is interesting that although the predominant feature of their stroke of the 1930s was usually interpreted as a long glide combined with a strong, continuous leg action and this was the stroke " borrowed " by many unsuccessful australian swimmers at this time, the


register now for free, or sign in with any of these services : we have this very cool report from michael gochfeld, author with joanna burger of " butterflies of new jersey : a guide to their status, distribution, conservation and appreciation " ( rutgers university press, 1997 ) : giant swallowtails appear in new jersey the giant swallowtail, a southern species of butterfly, that rarely visits new jersey, is showing up in unprecedented numbers in many north jersey localities in recent weeks. butterfly watchers from the north american butterfly association have been seeing giant swallowtails in various favorite butterflying haunts since early august, and numbers continue to increase, as new individuals arrive from the south. several butterfly species tend to migrate northward in late summer, but some of the giant swallowtails may be the offspring of the few that were seen in new jersey in 2007. although called “ giant ”, this swallowtail is only slightly larger than the very familiar and common tiger swallowtail from which it can be distinguished, by its entirely yellow under surface, and the broad yellow band across the black upper wing surface. in the south the giant swallowtail caterpillars feed on various types of citrus, but in new jersey their main plant host species is the prickly ash, zanthoxylum americanum ( which is not an ash at all ). this bush is common in northern and western new jersey, and giant swallowtails have been seen laying eggs which may give rise to future generations. these striking butterflies can turn up anywhere in the state. several butterfly - gardeners have reported individuals in central and even southern new jersey, where giant swallowtails have been photographed nectaring at butterfly bush. the " butterflies of new jersey " book by michael gochfeld and joanna burger considers this a vagrant, with only one or two records per decade, although it occurred more regularly fifty years ago. it was one of the victims of widespread pesticide use in the 1950s and 60s to control mosquitoes in residential communities and gypsy moths in state forests. hi, tb - this video was actually part of a larger story that appeared in print on sunday. hardy varieties were identified in that story, with details concerning their origin and culture contained in a graphic. click here to read the story : or go to the nj. com home page and search on " palms. " we plant and we hope, but chances are we will have unripe tomatoes at the end of the season. reader pat winecker of flemington has kindly sent along a recipe for a green tomato relish.


and search on " palms. " we plant and we hope, but chances are we will have unripe tomatoes at the end of the season. reader pat winecker of flemington has kindly sent along a recipe for a green tomato relish. here is something to do with those green tomatoes, don ' t throw them on the compost pile. sweet green tomato relish 2 quarts of chopped green tomatoes 2 chopped green pepppers 2 cups of chopped onion 1 pint of vinegar 1 / 4 cup of salt 3 cups of sugar 1 / 2 mixed pickling spices tied in a bag the tomatoes don ' t need to be peeled, just coarsely chopped. this recipe is from wwii and was one that my mother made every summer with the red tomato chili. mix all ingredients together in a large pot and bring to a boil. turn heat down and simmer slowly for 30 minutes, stirring occasionally. remove the spice bag and pack the relish into pint or half pint jars. process in a hot water bath * * for 10 minutes. yield about 4 pints. * * a hot water bath means putting the jars in a single level in a large flat bottom pot, cover the jars with water and bring to a boil, turn the heat down to simmer for 30 minutes. lift the jars out of the water and allow them to cool, you ' ll know they sealed when each lid clicks or stays depressed in the center. note : i realize this may seem daunting to today ' s working woman, but it is very simple and requires no special equipment. canning jars are available in supermarkets and the half pint jars with pretty lids make a terrific hostess gift. this relish tastes like the kind of green relish you put on hot dogs, only better!!


the philadelphia experiment, the nazi bell, and secret technology _ featured _, conspiracies, videos friday, january 25th, 2013 investigator of alternative technologies, joseph p. farrell discussed his research into secret military projects such as ‘ the bell ’ made by the third reich and the philadelphia experiment conducted in the united states. both projects may have incorporated einstein ’ s unified field theory, and made use of rotating magnetic fields and torsion physics, working with spirals of space itself, he explained. such technology could be at use in a secret space program, that runs parallel to nasa, he added. he cited the philadelphia experiment research of howard strom and debra cunningham, and suggested that some of what happened in 1943 may have been an unexpected result of a goal to achieve radar stealth. farrell also spoke about the work of morris jessup, the letters of carlos allende, and the curiously annotated ‘ varo ’ edition ( pdf link ) of jessup ’ s book. the varo edition suggested that the technology which made the uss eldridge invisible in the philadelphia experiment was also involved in ancient cosmic wars. according to ancient texts, such wars might have played out 3. 2 million years ago when a planet was exploded in our solar system, said farrell. he further hypothesized that the pyramid at giza could have been used as a kind of hyperdimensional weapon to blow up a planet - sized object. richard c. hoagland appeared for a segment in the last hour to comment on farrell ’ s theories. joseph p. farrell is a recognized scholar whose credentials include a phd in philosophy from the university of oxford. his literary contribution is a veritable resume unto itself covering such fields as nazi germany, sacred literature, physics, finances, the giza pyramids, and music theory. a renowned researcher with an eye to assimilate a tremendous amount of background material, farrell is able to condense the best scholastic research in publication and draw insightful new conclusions on complex and controversial subjects. the philadelphia experiment was an alleged naval military experiment reported to have been carried out at the philadelphia naval shipyard in philadelphia, pennsylvania, usa sometime around october 28, 1943. it is alleged that the u. s. navy destroyer escort uss eldridge was to be rendered invisible ( or “ cloaked ” ) to enemy devices. the experiment is also referred to as project rainbow. the story is widely regarded as a hoax. the u. s. navy maintains that no such experiment was ever conducted, and details of the story contra


treaty of tripoli the treaty of tripoli was a peace agreement made between the united states and tripoli. it was drafted and signed by the bey in algiers in 1796, the ratified by congress and signed by president john adams in 1797. the treaty has been lauded by atheists in modern times because of article 11, which states, in part, that " the government of the united states of america is not, in any sense, founded on the christian religion. " authored by american diplomat joel barlow in 1796, the following treaty was sent to the floor of the senate, june 7, 1797, where it was read aloud in its entirety and unanimously approved. john adams, having seen the treaty, signed it and proudly proclaimed it to the nation. treaty of peace and friendship between the united states and the bey and subjects of tripoli of barbary annals of congress, 5th congress art 1. there is a firm and perpetual peace and friendship between the united states of america and the bey and subjects of tripoli, of barbary, made by the free consent of both parties, and guarantied by the most potent dey and regency of algiers. art. 2. if any goods belonging to any nation with which either of the parties is at war, shall be loaded on board of vessels belonging to the other party, they shall pass free, and no attempt shall be made to take or detain them. art. 3. if any citizens, subjects, or effects, belonging to either party, shall be found on board a prize vessel taken from an enemy by the other party, such citizens or subjects shall be set at liberty, and the effects restored to the owners. art. 4. proper passports are to be given to all vessels of both parties, by which they are to be known. and considering the distance between the two countries, eighteen months from the date of this treaty, shall be allowed for procuring such passports. during this interval the other papers, belonging to such vessels, shall be sufficient for their protection. art. 5. a citizen or subject of either party having bought a prize vessel, condemned by the other party, or by any other nation, the certificates of condemnation and bill of sale shall be a sufficient passport for such vessel for one year ; this being a reasonable time for her to procure a proper passport. art. 6. vessels of either party, putting into the ports of the other, and having need of provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished at the market price. and if any such vessel shall so put


to procure a proper passport. art. 6. vessels of either party, putting into the ports of the other, and having need of provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished at the market price. and if any such vessel shall so put in, from a disaster at sea, and have occasion to repair, she shall be at liberty to land and re - embark her cargo without paying any duties. but in case shall she be compelled to the land her cargo. art. 7. should a vessel of either party be cast on the shore of the other, all proper assistance shall be given to her and her people ; no pillage shall be allowed ; the property shall remain at the disposition of the owners ; and the crew protectedand succored till they can be sent to their country. art. 8. if a vessel of either party should be attacked by an enemy, within gun - shot of the forts of the other, she shall be defended as much as possible. if she be in port she shall not be seized on or attacked, when it is in the power of the other party to protect her. and when she proceeds to sea, no enemy shall be allowed to pursue her from the same port, within twenty - four hours after her departure. art. 9. the commerce between the united states and tripoli ; the protection to be given to merchants, masters of vessels, and seamen ; the reciprocal right of the establishing consuls in each country ; and the privileges, immunities, and jurisdiction, to be on the same footing with those of the most favored nations respectively. art. 10. the money and presents demanded by the bey of tripoli, as a full and satisfactory consideration on his part, and on the part of his subjects, for this treaty of perpetual peace and friendship, are acknowledged to have been received by him previous to his signing the same, according to a receipt which is hereto annexed, except such as part as is promised, on the part of the united states, to be delivered and paid by them on the arrival of their consul in tripoli ; of which part a note is likewise hereto annexed. and no pretense of any periodical tribute of further payments is ever to be made by either party. art. 11. as the government of the united states of america is not, in any sense, founded on the christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquillity, of mussulmen ; and, as the said states never


states of america is not, in any sense, founded on the christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquillity, of mussulmen ; and, as the said states never entered into any war, or act of hostility against any mahometan nation, it is declared by the parties, that no pretext arising from religious opinions, shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries. art. 12. in case of any dispute, arising from a violation of any of the articles of this treaty, no appeal shall be made to arms ; nor shall war be declared on any pretext whatever. but if the consul, residing at the place where the dispute shall happen, shall not be able to settle the same, an amicable referrence shall be made to the mutual friend of the parties, the dey of algiers ; the parties hereby engaging to abide by his decision. and he, by virtue of his signature to this treaty, engages for himself and successors to declare the justice of the case, according to the true interpretation of the treaty, and to use all the means in his power to enforce the observance of the same. signed and sealed at tripoli of barbary the 3d day of junad in the year of the hegira 1211 — corresponding with the 4th day of november, 1796, by jussof bashaw mahomet, bey. mamet, treasurer. amet, minister of marine. soliman kaya. galil, general of the troops. mahomet, commander of the city. amet, chamberlain. ally, chief of the divan. mamet, secretary. signed and sealed at algiers, the 4th day of argill, 1211 — corresponding with the 3d day of january, 1797, by hassan bashaw, dey, and by the agent plenipotentiary of the united states of america,


optical validation data were collected using the tethered optical assessment device ( toad ), a sled equipped with underwater video camera, still camera, and lights. these data are used to provide ground - truth validation that for benthic habitat maps based on multibeam echosounder surveys. camera sled deployments were conducted at night, usually between 1800 and midnight. the toad was deployed from a pot hauler mounted on the starboard side of the fantail on noaa ship townsend cromwell. it was lowered slowly to the bottom by the deck crew with the use of a capstan. the toad operator monitored a live video feed from the camera and began recording data on two video tape recorders. when the camera reached bottom the deck crew was notified by radio to stop lowering. the toad was a minibat 8820 unit manufactured by guideline, and was towed by the ship at 1 - 2 knots while remotely guided from the ship using adjustable wing controls to keep the unit close to the underwater substrate. equipment description : the toad is a camera sled based on the guildline minibat model 8820 tow body. the frame was configured with a single sony dcr - pc110 digital video camera in a modified gates underwater housing, a canon power shot g1 still camera ( modified by cred engineers ) in an ikelite housing rated to 60 m slaved to an ikelite ds - 50 strobe, and two 500 w deepsea power and light model 710 - 0400601 underwater lights. the canon camera had a custom - built timer that enabled the user to select a constant time interval ( ranging from approximately 5 seconds to 2 minutes ) between photographs. an interval of 30 seconds was typically selected, which, assuming a mean velocity for the camera sled of 1. 5 knots, resulted in one photograph approximately every 20 m. photograph resolution is 2048 by 1536 pixels and file names are assigned sequentially and automatically by the camera, starting at 100 - 0000 after the camera ' s memory is cleared. the minibat pressure sensor and wing controller were also mounted on the frame but the pressure sensor was not operational. the cable between the sled and the surface was an underwater load - bearing electrical cable. the toad computers were located in the electronics lab of the townsend cromwell. the electronics box containing the power switches was secured to the ship ' s fantail, and all other toad surface components were secured in the ship ' s wet lab. name and address of person collecting data : joyce miller and ronald hoeke noaa pifs


electronics box containing the power switches was secured to the ship ' s fantail, and all other toad surface components were secured in the ship ' s wet lab. name and address of person collecting data : joyce miller and ronald hoeke noaa pifsc 1125b ala moana blvd honolulu, hi 98614 data files : video data were recorded on two video tape recorders. still photos were recorded on digital camera and downloaded to the toad computer after the tow. the position of the camera sled was recorded using guildline minibat in - tow data acquisition software. file naming convention : each tow is given a name consisting of a 3 - letter designator for the island area, ffs in this case followed by a five - digit tow number. the first two digits indicate the last two digits of the calendar year., i. e., 01 is used for this cruise, which took place in 2001. the last three numbers indicate the consecutive number of the tow for that island and year, and start on the next hundred for subsequent cruises in that year to the same island. during tc0110 the consecutive numbers started at 001. video tape labels, the navigation files (. glo ) and paper log forms are all annotated with the tow name. metadata were extracted from the navigation data and recorded to a file with the same name as the navigation file except that a file type of. met was appended ; for example, ffs01001. glo. met time correlation : all times are based on utc. two clocks were set manually synchronized prior to starting data collection ; the clock in the video character generator that was used to annotate the video tape and the toad data acquisition computer clock was used to annotate the navigation (. glo ) files. these clocks were set to utc at the beginning of each evening ' s operations and then compared to one another prior to ( and during ) each tow. resource description : digital video images that are geo - referenced to navigation files


planetary habitability lab / upr this " periodic table " of exoplanets, including confirmed planets as well as candidates from nasa ' s kepler mission, places exoplanets into 18 categories based on mass and temperature. the numbers keep track of how many worlds are in which categories. click on the image to see a larger, more readable version. researchers have set up an online " periodic table " for extrasolar planets ranging from hot mercurians to cold jovians, with earthlike worlds right in the middle. the habitable exoplanets catalog, drawn up by the university of puerto rico ' s planetary habitability laboratory, is aimed at pigeonholing the hundreds of worlds that are being identified by nasa ' s kepler space telescope and other planet - hunting projects. eventually, the tally of exoplanets is expected to mount into the thousands, and that ' s where researchers hope the proposed catalog will come in handy. " one important outcome of these rankings is the ability to compare exoplanets from best to worst candidates for life, " abel mendez, the laboratory ' s director and principal investigator for the project, said today in a news release. also today, kepler ' s scientists said they ' ve confirmed the existence of their first exoplanet solidly within the habitable zone of its solar system, where water could exist in liquid form at a pleasant 72 degrees fahrenheit ( 22 degrees celsius ). that certainly sounds livable, but mendez told me that the planet, known as kepler - 22b, doesn ' t quite fit into the sweet spot for habitability because it ' s closer in size to neptune than to earth. " i confirmed its radius, and kepler - 22b is a low - end warm neptunian, very close to a superterran, " mendez said in a twitter back - and - forth from nasa ' s ames research center in california, where he was presenting his research at the kepler science conference. neptunians are likely to have a gaseous rather than a rocky composition, which might make it tough for life as we know it on kepler - 22b. however, the situation might be more hospitable on a moon orbiting the planet, just as it is in the movie " avatar " for the inhabitants of pandora, a fictional moon orbiting the gas giant prometheus. how the catalog was created the habitable exoplanets catalog sets up a matrix of 18 pigeonholes based on temperature and mass : planets