it to the brain for processing and reaction. because the brain controls just about everything, when something goes wrong with it, it ' s often serious and can affect many different parts of the body. inherited diseases, brain disorders associated with mental illness, and head injuries can all affect the way the brain works and upset the daily activities of the rest of the body. problems that can affect the brain include : brain tumors. a brain tumor is an abnormal tissue growth in the brain. a tumor in the brain may grow slowly and produce few symptoms until it becomes large, or it can grow and spread rapidly, causing severe and quickly worsening symptoms. brain tumors in children can be benign or malignant. benign tumors usually grow in one place and may be curable through surgery if they ' re located in a place where they can be removed without damaging the normal tissue near the tumor. a malignant tumor is cancerous and more likely to grow rapidly and spread. cerebral palsy. cerebral palsy is the result of a developmental defect or damage to the brain before or during a child ’ s birth, or during the first few years of life. it affects the motor areas of the brain. a person with cerebral palsy may have average intelligence or can have severe developmental delays or mental retardation. cerebral palsy can affect body movement in many different ways. in mild cases of cerebral palsy, there may be minor muscle weakness of the arms and legs. in other cases, there may be more severe motor impairment — a child may have trouble talking and performing basic movements like walking. epilepsy. this condition is made up of a wide variety of seizure disorders. partial seizures involve specific areas of the brain, and symptoms vary depending on the location of the seizure activity. other seizures, called generalized seizures, involve a larger portion of the brain and usually cause uncontrolled movements of the entire body and loss of consciousness when they occur. although the specific cause is unknown in many cases, epilepsy can be related to brain injury, tumors, or infections. the tendency to develop epilepsy may be inherited in families. headaches. of the many different types of headaches, the most frequently occurring include tension headache ( the most common type ), caused by muscle tension in the head, neck, and shoulders ; migraine, an intense, recurring headache with an unclear cause ; and cluster headache, considered by some to be a form of migraine. migraines occur with or without warning and may last for several hours or days. there seems


and shoulders ; migraine, an intense, recurring headache with an unclear cause ; and cluster headache, considered by some to be a form of migraine. migraines occur with or without warning and may last for several hours or days. there seems to be an inherited predisposition to migraines as well as certain triggers that can lead to them. people with migraines may experience dizziness, numbness, sensitivity to light, and nausea, and may see flashing zigzag lines before their eyes. meningitis and encephalitis. these are infections of the brain and spinal cord that are usually caused by bacteria or viruses. meningitis is an inflammation of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord, and encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. both conditions may result in permanent injury to the brain. mental illness. mental illnesses are psychological and behavioral in nature and involve a wide range of problems in thought and function. certain mental illnesses are now known to be linked to structural abnormalities or chemical dysfunction of the brain. some mental illnesses are inherited, but often the cause is unknown. injuries to the brain and chronic drug or alcohol abuse also can trigger some mental illnesses. signs of chronic mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia may first show up in childhood. mental illnesses that can be seen in younger people include depression, eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa, obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ), and phobias. head injuries. head injuries fit into two categories : external ( usually scalp ) injuries and internal head injuries. internal injuries may involve the skull, the blood vessels within the skull, or the brain. fortunately, most childhood falls or blows to the head result in injury to the scalp only, which is usually more frightening than threatening. an internal head injury could have more serious implications because the skull serves as the protective helmet for the delicate brain. concussions are also a type of internal head injury. a concussion is the temporary loss of normal brain function as a result of an injury. repeated concussions can result in permanent injury to the brain. one of the most common reasons kids get concussions is through sports, so it ' s important to make sure they wear appropriate protective gear and don ' t continue to play if they ' ve had a head injury.


strength training is a vital part of a balanced exercise routine that includes aerobic activity and flexibility exercises. regular aerobic exercise, such as running or using a stationary bike, makes your muscles use oxygen more efficiently and strengthens your heart and lungs. when you strength train with weights, you ' re using your muscles to work against the extra pounds ( this concept is called resistance ). this strengthens and increases the amount of muscle mass in your body by making your muscles work harder than they ' re used to. most people who work out with weights typically use two different kinds : free weights ( including barbells, dumbbells, and hand weights ) and weight machines. free weights usually work a group of muscles at the same time ; weight machines typically are designed to help you isolate and work on a specific muscle. most gyms or weight rooms set up their machines in a circuit, or group, of exercises that you perform to strengthen different groups of muscles. people can also use resistance bands and even their own body weight ( as in pushups, sit - ups, or body weight squats ) for strength training. many people tend to lump all types of weightlifting together, but there ' s a big difference between strength training, powerlifting, and competitive bodybuilding! strength training uses resistance methods like free weights, weight machines, resistance bands, or a person ' s own weight to build muscles and strength. olympic lifting, or powerlifting, which people often think of when they think of weightlifting, concentrates on how much weight a person can lift at one time. competitive bodybuilding involves evaluating muscle definition and symmetry, as well as size. powerlifting, competitive weightlifting, and bodybuilding are not recommended for teens who are still maturing. that ' s because these types of activity can cause serious injuries to growing bones, muscles, and joints. if you ' ve started puberty, your body will have begun making the hormones necessary to help build muscle in response to weight training. if you haven ' t started puberty, though, you ' ll still be able to get stronger — you just won ' t see your muscles getting bigger. before you start strength training, you should be checked out by your doctor to make sure it ' s safe for you to lift weights. any time you start a new sport or activity, start out slowly so that your body gets used to the increase in activity. even if you think you ' re not exerting yourself very much, if you ' ve never lifted weights before, your muscles may be sore when


new sport or activity, start out slowly so that your body gets used to the increase in activity. even if you think you ' re not exerting yourself very much, if you ' ve never lifted weights before, your muscles may be sore when you wake up the next day. and, because of something called delayed onset muscle soreness, the pain may be at its worst 2 or 3 days after you first exercise. before you begin any type of strength training routine, get some guidance and expert advice. your coach or trainer can give you advice on how many times a week you should lift and what kinds of warm - up and cool - down activities you should do before and after lifting to avoid soreness or injury. many trainers who work at schools, gyms, and in weight rooms are knowledgeable about strength training, but it ' s best to get advice from someone who is a certified fitness expert and experienced working with teens. when lifting weights — either free weights or on a machine — make sure that there ' s always someone nearby to supervise, or spot, you. this person, called a spotter, encourages you and also can act as your coach, telling you if you ' re not doing a particular exercise correctly. having a spotter nearby is particularly important when using free weights. even someone in great shape sometimes just can ' t make that last rep. it ' s no big deal if you ' re doing bicep curls ; all you ' ll have to do is drop the weight onto the floor. but if you ' re in the middle of a bench press — a chest exercise where you ' re lying on a bench and pushing a loaded barbell away from your chest — it ' s easy to become trapped under a heavy weight. a spotter can keep you from dropping the barbell onto your chest. many schools offer weight or circuit training as units in their gym classes. check to see if you can sign up. don ' t be afraid to ask for pointers and tips about how much weight to start with and how to develop a routine. what are some dangers of strength training? you may love the challenge of lifting, especially if you and your friends do it together. you ' ll definitely see results over a few months in your ability to progressively lift more weight. but there are a few things to look out for. because your bones, joints, and tendons are still growing and developing, it ' s easy to overdo it and strain or even permanently damage them. when you ' re in the middle


. but there are a few things to look out for. because your bones, joints, and tendons are still growing and developing, it ' s easy to overdo it and strain or even permanently damage them. when you ' re in the middle of a strength - training session and something doesn ' t feel right to you, you feel pain, or if you hear or feel a " pop " when you ' re in the middle of a workout, stop what you ' re doing and have a doctor check it out before you resume training. it ' s possible you may need to modify your training or even stop lifting weights for a while to allow the injury to heal. another danger surrounding strength training is the use of anabolic steroids or other performance - enhancing drugs and preparations that supposedly help muscles develop. steroid use is widespread in many sports — including football, swimming, biking, track and field, and baseball. but because many of their long - term effects on the body are still unknown ( and because they are linked to health problems like cancer, heart disease, and sterility ), resist the urge to try them. the benefit is definitely not worth the risk! what is a healthy routine? if you take a few minutes to watch the guys and girls lift weights at your school, you ' ll see there are lots of different ways to train with weights. try a few good basic routines that you can modify as you start to train harder later on. if you ' re just starting out in the weight room, most fitness experts recommend you begin by training three sessions a week, ranging from 20 minutes to 1 hour ( including warm - up and cool - down periods ), allowing at least a day off between sessions. it ' s best to work only two or three muscle groups during each session. for example, you can work your leg muscles one day, your chest, shoulders, and triceps at the next session, and your back and biceps on the last. before you head for the weight bench, warm up your muscles by spending 5 - 10 minutes pedaling on a stationary bicycle or by taking a brisk walk around the gym. after finishing your workout, cool down by stretching all the major muscle groups to avoid injuries and keep your muscles flexible. you can use many different exercises for each body part, but the basics — like bench presses, lat pull - downs, and squats — are great to start with. learn proper technique first, without any added weight. perform three sets of 8 - 10 repetitions ( or


for each body part, but the basics — like bench presses, lat pull - downs, and squats — are great to start with. learn proper technique first, without any added weight. perform three sets of 8 - 10 repetitions ( or reps ) of each exercise, starting out with a light weight to warm up and increasing the weight slightly with the second and third sets. ( add more weight only after you can successfully perform 8 - 15 repetitions in good form. ) perform two to three different exercises for each body part to make sure you work each muscle in the group effectively. here are some basic rules to follow in strength training : start with body weight exercises for a few weeks ( such as sit - ups, pushups, and pull - ups ) before using weights. work out with weights about three times a week. avoid weight training on back - to - back days. warm up for 5 - 10 minutes before each session. spend no more than 40 minutes in the weight room to avoid fatigue or boredom. work more reps ; avoid maximum lifts. ( a coach or teacher can give you specifics based upon your needs. ) ensure you ' re using proper technique through supervision. improper technique may result in injuries, particularly in the shoulder and back. cool down for 5 - 10 minutes after each session, stretching the muscles you worked out. don ' t rely on strength training as your only form of exercise. you still need to get your heart and lungs working harder by doing some kind of additional aerobic exercise for a minimum of 20 - 30 minutes per session. doctors recommend an hour a day of moderate to vigorous activity — so on days when you ' re not lifting weights, you may want to get more aerobic activity. strength training is a great way to improve strength, endurance, and muscle tone. but remember to start slowly, use proper form, avoid heavy weights, and increase workouts gradually to prevent injury. just a few short sessions a week will really pay off — besides better muscle tone and definition, you may find that you have more energy and focus in both sports and school.


a home filled with reading material is a good way to help kids become enthusiastic readers. what kind of books should you have? ask your kids about their interests. if they ' re too young to have a preference, your local librarian can offer suggestions about age - appropriate books. here are some other tips : keep a varied selection. collect board books or books with mirrors and different textures for babies. preschoolers enjoy alphabet books, rhyming books, and picture books. elementary - age kids will enjoy variety : fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, plus dictionaries and other reference books. kids can understand stories they might not be able to read on their own. if a more challenging book interests your child, make it something to read together. younger kids can look at illustrations in books and ask questions as they follow along. and don ' t limit reading material to books. kids might also enjoy : magazines ( for kids ) postcards, e - mails, and text messages from relatives photo albums or scrapbooks beginning reading and alphabet games on a computer magnetized alphabet letters e - readers or e - books keep reading material handy. keep sturdy books with other toys for easy exploration. books near the changing table and high chair can be helpful distractions for younger kids at appropriate moments. plastic books can even go in the bathtub. keep books next to comfy chairs and sofas where you cuddle up so you can read after feedings and before naps. create a special reading place. as kids grow, keep age - appropriate books and magazines on shelves they can reach in their favorite hangouts around the house. make these shelves appealing and keep them organized. place some of the books with the covers facing out so they ' re easy to spot. put a basket full of books and magazines next to their favorite places to sit. create a cozy reading corner, and encourage kids to use it by setting up " reading corner time " each day. keep it appealing. make sure reading areas have good lighting. change the materials often — add seasonal books, rotate different magazines, and include books that relate to what kids are interested in or studying in school. decorate the corner with your child ' s artwork or writing. place a cd or tape player nearby for audio books. encourage kids to create the reading. set up a writing and art center and encourage kids to make books, posters, or collages that they decorate with their own pictures and writing. kids love to read things they ' ve written themselves or to share their creations with family and friends.


shots - health news fri february 1, 2013 quick tb test builds up arsenal against drug - resistant bacteria originally published on sat february 2, 2013 4 : 56 pm the people on the front lines of tuberculosis control have their hands full, but their biggest challenge for the moment may be containing strains of the disease that are resistant to drugs. worldwide the number of tb cases is going down. the bad news is that the number of drug - resistant cases is going up. the world health organization estimates that the number of reported tb cases that were multi, extremely - or totally - drug resistant doubled between 2009 and 2011. until recently, it was extremely difficult to even diagnose drug - resistant tb, particularly in developing countries where the disease is most prevalent. tests had to be sent to fancy labs and could take up to three months to process. but hope arrived a few years ago, in the form of a new screening tool called xpert. it was designed to identify tb bacteria and the most common form of drug resistance in only two hours. but as a new technology, no one was quite sure how effective it was. now, a comprehensive analysis of xpert ' s performance, published thursday in the influential cochrane library, validates the test as an accurate tool for detecting resistance to one of the leading tb drugs, rifampicin. at $ 17, 000 for the machine and $ 9. 98 for each test, xpert is pricey. but this stamp of approval could encourage more health departments in tb endemic countries to spend the dough on this new method of testing. in the study, researchers at the university of washington and mcgill university analyzed 18 previously published studies involving almost 8, 000 tb patients. they found that, compared to the conventional methods, xpert could accurately detect a tb infection 88 percent of the time and rifampicin resistance 94 percent of time. health workers in the field are a fan of it, too. doctors in cape town, south africa working with doctors without borders tell shots the xpert is a " game changer " in tb control. they say that by identifying drug - resistant tb earlier, these highly dangerous strains of the air - borne bacteria can be contained and kept from spreading. the xpert machine examines the nucleic acid in a patient ' s sputum – the mucus coughed up from the upper respiratory tract. the spit is put in a cartridge, which is then stuck into the xpert machine. within two hours, a doctor will know if the patient has tb and if that form


there are many contemporary strategies for naming children. you can echo family traditions or heritage. you can try to balance given names with too - unusual or too - common family names. you can refer to people, places and qualities you admire. our you can name children purely for the poetry of the sound, or in nod to the circumstances of the times, or your aspirations for them. you can find names that either fit in or stand out. all these ways work. recently i ' ve noticed two new strategies in naming children. one i call the global brand naming strategy. here the object is to devise names that work in as many languages and regions of the world as possible. these names are kind of esperanto names. names without language specific sounds. names that can be easily pronounced by japanese, russian, spanish, french and english speakers for instance. names that don ' t have negative connotations in certain cultures. they are usually short. punchy. almost nicknames. they may often seem generic. but they are easy to say and remember. they work just about anywhere on the planet. they are similar to brand names. names like leo. maya. tasi. kip. they work best with family names that are not common. finding them is a little bit like settling on a global brand. it requires a particular mindset and international awareness that some may find pretentious, and others invigorating and exciting. the other recent strategy is to find googleunique names. these are invented names, or name combinations, which will yield singular results in a google search. in other words, when you search for the child ' s name, your child is the only result. these can work with either uncommon last names or family names that are common. like mine. we did not set out to make googleunique names for our kids ( they were born before or at the dawn of the web ), although we did hope they would be special. i have an extremely common last name ( in the us ), so we choose first names for our children that meant something in both irish ( my family ) and chinese ( my wife ' s family ) for contrast. but it turns out all three of our kids full names, which work both in gaelic and mandarin ( kaileen kelly and tywen kelly and ting kelly ), are also googleunique. they are the only people with that name the results point to ( although there are more results from the reverse of the name, or from two people with parts of the


##leen kelly and tywen kelly and ting kelly ), are also googleunique. they are the only people with that name the results point to ( although there are more results from the reverse of the name, or from two people with parts of the name, and so forth ). in the small but growing world indexed by the web, they are unique. i have not plotted this out, but my impression is that there are more baby names used now ( in the us and the world ) than before. baby name books would have thousands. now they have 100, 000. many of the new ones are unique to a single individual. in the future, perhaps most people will have a unique name. some adults may object to naming a kid like you were searching for a domain name, ( or a brand ), but our kids are delighted about this uniqueness and international sensibility. from our limited experience i can recommend a googleunique name. all things being equal, a name which is unique and works for all the other namely considerations a fine name needs is a better name. there are a lot of ways a name can go amiss, and uniquenss alone won ' t prevent a name from making it onto the bad baby name list. ( from one of those lists of real names : fanny whiffer ; nice carr ; hugh jass ; al caholic ; anita bath. ) thinking about the global searchability of a name may actually help prevent such disasters. oh, and i have a googlecommon name. i share my name with so many other people that we have our own kevin kelly disambiguation website.


drought was nothing new to the farmers of western kansas. since their fathers and grandfathers had settled there in the 1870s, there had been dry periods interspersed with times of sufficient rainfall. but the drought that descended on the central plains in 1931 was more severe than most could remember. many factors led to the dust bowl. the increased demand for wheat during world war i, the development of new mechanized farm machinery along with falling wheat prices in the 1920s, led to millions of acres of native grassland being replaced by heavily disked fields of straight row crops. four years of drought shriveled the crops and left the loose top soil to the mercy of the ever - present winds. on sunday, april 14, 1935, called black sunday, a massive front moved across the great plains from the northwest. packing winds of 60 miles per hour, the loose topsoil was scooped up and mounded into billowing clouds of dust hundreds of feet high. people hurried home, for to be caught outside could mean suffocation and death. the dust and darkness halted all forms of transportation and the fine silt sifting through any crack or joint forced the closure of hospitals, flour mills, schools and businesses. some met this incredible hardship and gave up. others stayed, living on hope, humor and stubbornness. farmers listened to the advice of the u. s. soil conservation service and began strip farming and contour farming, restoring pastureland and planting hundreds of miles of wind breaks. with concerted effort and favorable weather conditions, the land was made to bloom again as the breadbasket of the nation. entry : dust bowl author : kansas historical society author information : the kansas historical society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state ' s history. date created : june 2003 date modified : february 2013 the author of this article is solely responsible for its content.


most active stories thu march 22, 2012 from abe lincoln to donald duck : history of the income tax the story of how the u. s. wound up with the income tax is the story of two wars, a supreme court justice on his death bed, and donald duck. it ' s also the story of how the government overcame three obstacles. obstacle no. 1 : logistics how do you make sure people pay? before the civil war, the government received most of it revenue through tariffs — taxing goods as they came into the ports. this had its limits, though. " tariff duties are a great way to raise money as long as [ you ' re ] not fighting a war, " says joe thorndike, co - author of the book war and taxes. in the 19th century, war meant blockaded ports, sunk ships — and almost no revenue from tariffs. so during the civil war, congress decided it had to try an income tax. it devised a really clever plan to get people to pay. it made the tax returns public. " your neighbor would see you driving around on a brand new plow and he ' d say, ' wait a minute, ' " thorndike says. " ' i ' m going to see how much he reported on his income tax. ' " even the president ' s tax returns were public. here is a tax assessor ' s list from 1864. note the entry for " lincoln abraham " right there below " linney edward. " president lincoln paid $ 1, 296 in taxes. the list also includes a retail liquor dealer and an eating house owner. obstacle no. 2 : the constitution in the 19th century, the income tax fell almost exclusively on the rich — who, as it turns out, had some pretty good lawyers. they argued that a " direct tax " had to be divvied up among the states according to their populations. the income tax didn ' t work that way. in 1895, the case went all the way to the supreme court. one justice was on his death bed, and the remaining eight split evenly. the dying justice came back, and the court re - heard the case. by a 5 - 4 vote, the court found the income tax unconstitutional. it wasn ' t until 1913, when congress and the states amended the constitution to allow for the income tax, that the tax became legal again. obsacle no. 3 : the love until world war ii, the income tax was levied only on the rich. but wartime spending meant


congress and the states amended the constitution to allow for the income tax, that the tax became legal again. obsacle no. 3 : the love until world war ii, the income tax was levied only on the rich. but wartime spending meant the government needed money, and ordinary folks are now asked to pay. " there was a lot of concern that americans just wouldn ' t do it, " thorndike says. " or that they wouldn ' t understand that they were supposed to... or even just how to do it. " the government needed to get the word out. it needed a spokesperson. someone credible, and easy to understand. the government needed donald duck. the movie at the top of this post is from 1943. in it, donald duck marches around his house, listening to the radio and filling out his tax form. occupation : actor. dependents : three ( huey, dewey and louie ). this wartime patriotic motivation campaign worked. maybe we didn ' t love the income tax. but we paid it. david greene, host : get ready, because tax day is fast approaching. it seems like the appropriate time to note that the income tax is the major source of revenue for the u. s. government. but that was not always the case. in fact, the story of how we got the income tax is the story of several wars, a supreme court justice on his death bed and a duck. david kestenbaum with our planet money team has a brief history. david kestenbaum, byline : before you can have an income tax, you have to overcome three basic obstacles. the first, logistics. like, how do you make sure people pay? in the early days, the government got most of its revenue a simpler way. taxing stuff that came into the ports. though, that had its limits. joe thorndike : tariff duties are a great way to raise money as long as you ' re not fighting a war. kestenbaum : yeah, because someone ' s blocking your port, right? thorndike : or sinking your ships on the way across the ocean. kestenbaum : that ' s joe thorndike, who co - authored a book called " war and taxes. " during the civil war, he says, congress decided it had to try an income tax. and the government does this really very clever thing to get people to pay it. it makes tax returns public. thorndike : during the civil war, anyone could go in and look up


says, congress decided it had to try an income tax. and the government does this really very clever thing to get people to pay it. it makes tax returns public. thorndike : during the civil war, anyone could go in and look up your income tax return or at least your report of how much you earned. and the idea was that this would help improve compliance, because your neighbor would see you driving around on your brand new plow and he ' d say wait a minute. that guy, how did he get all that money? i ' m going to see how much he reported on his income tax. kestenbaum : a tax assessors list from 1864 shows a mr. abraham lincoln, address : white house, taxes paid : $ 1, 296. also entries for restaurant owners and liquor dealers. the income tax - people paid it. the income tax faced a second obstacle though, a legal obstacle. the income tax at this point taxed mainly the rich. the rich didn ' t like it and the rich, have lawyers. in 1895, the case reaches the u. s. supreme court. john steele gordon : my great, great uncle was one of the lead lawyers in that case. and guess which side he was on? kestenbaum : trying to shoot down income tax. gordon : you got it. he was a morgan partner five years later. ( soundbite of laughter ) kestenbaum : this is economic historian john steele gordon. the argument his great, great uncle made in court was that the income tax violated the u. s. constitution, which said any direct tax had to be divvied up among the states according to their populations. and the income tax wasn ' t taxing according to population, it was taxing according to income. gordon : a very interesting thing happened in the supreme court. one justice was ill - in fact, he was dying, justice jackson from tennessee. it was argued before eight justices, split four - four. kestenbaum : that ' s why we have an odd number of justices, so you can ' t have a tie. kestenbaum : the court decides to haul justice jackson out of his death bed and rehear the case. jackson is a supporter of the income tax. so, he is going to break the tie in favor of the income tax. and the tie is broken, but it ' s five - four the other way, against. income tax is ruled unconstitutional. gordon : one of the other justices, we don '


he is going to break the tie in favor of the income tax. and the tie is broken, but it ' s five - four the other way, against. income tax is ruled unconstitutional. gordon : one of the other justices, we don ' t know who because the opinion was unsigned, switched his vote. ( soundbite of laughter ) gordon : and so, the tax was unconstitutional, no income tax. kestenbaum : the legal problem is finally overcome in 1913 with a constitutional amendment. so, logistics, check. legality, check. the income tax needs one more thing - love. the income tax up to this point has been a tax on the rich. everyone else was exempt. this changes with world war ii. the government needs money and now ordinary folks are asked to pay. thorndike : there was a lot of concern that americans just wouldn ' t do it. kestenbaum : again, joseph thorndike. thorndike : that they wouldn ' t understand that they were supposed to, or that they had to, or even just how to do it. kestenbaum : the government needs to get the word out. it needs a spokesperson for the income tax. someone with credibility, someone who ' s instantly recognizable, someone who ' s easy to understand. ( soundbite of donald duck ) kestenbaum : donald duck. ( soundbite of music ) kestenbaum : this film is from 1943. in it, donald duck is marching around his house patriotically listening to the radio and talking back to it. ( soundbite of movie, " spirit of ' 43 " ) unidentified man # 1 : are you a patriotic american? clarence nash : ( as donald duck ) yes, sir. unidentified man # 1 : eager to do your part? nash : ( as donald duck ) yes, sir. kestenbaum : donald duck runs and gets a gun and a sword and boxing gloves. ( soundbite of movie, " spirit of ' 43 ) unidentified man # 1 : then there ' s something important you can do. nash : ( as donald duck ) oh, boy. oh, boy. oh, boy. unidentified man # 1 : your income tax. nash : ( as donald duck ) income tax? unidentified man # 1 : yes, your income tax. nash : ( as donald duck ) ( unintelligible ) income tax. kestenbaum : the film walks donald duck through filling out his tax form. occupation, he writes actor. dependents :


as obesity rates in children have climbed, so has the incidence of type 2 diabetes, and a new study adds another worry - the disease progresses more rapidly in children than in adults and is harder to treat. one of the biggest threats to our children ’ s health may be underestimated. obesity and the form of diabetes linked to it are setting kids up for runaway medical problems. “ an obese child is potentially more at risk for high cholesterol, high blood pressure, sleep apnea, type 2 diabetes, joint related problems, liver disease, gall bladder disease. that ’ s a big list, ” says lee memorial health system pediatrician dr. nancy witham. with upwards of 30 percent of florida ’ s kids weighing in as obese, pediatricians are intervening. “ the first thing we would do is look at where the child is on a growth chart, take a good family history and find if there ’ s some of the things like the diabetes, high blood pressure, already present in the family which would put the child at increase risk, ” says dr. witham. new studies suggest diabetes in children is harder to treat and it progresses more quickly, meaning they get sicker quicker. “ adults who are overweight may take 15 years before they develop diabetes. and in children that can be as short as a couple of years, ” says lee memorial health system pediatric endocrinologist dr. asjad khan. doctors believe the speed and severity may be linked to hormones. “ such as growth hormone and testosterone, estrogen. they are much higher in children in puberty. so these excess hormones, plus the overweight together, cause even more insulin resistance, ” says dr. khan. in theory, people who develop diabetes as children may suffer complications much earlier in life than previous generations who became diabetic as adults. type 2 diabetes is typically avoidable by improving diet and exercise. “ it ’ s all about choices and making the appropriate choices, ” says dr. witham. the best advice : eliminate the risk by preventing the problem.


internet ' s impact on museums and libraries open lib / info sci education forum [ jesse @ listserv. utk. edu ] ; on behalf of ; kevin oconnell [ koconnell @ imls. gov ] jesse @ listserv. utk. edu fri 7 / 03 / 2008 for immediate release march 6, 2008 imls press contacts jeannine mjoseth, email @ example. com mamie bittner, firstname. lastname @ example. org wanda monroe, email @ example. com imls announces results of study on the internet ' s impact on museums and libraries " museums and libraries are alive and well in the digital world! " radice said. " the interconnections report shows how people currently search for information and makes the case that the libraries and museums must provide service both online and in person. " imls sponsored this national study through a cooperative agreement with a libraries and museums are the most trusted sources of online information among adults of all ages, education levels, races, and ethnicities. libraries and museums rank higher in trustworthiness than all other information sources including government, commercial, and private web sites. the study shows that the public trust of museums and libraries migrates to the online environment. the explosive growth of information available in the " information age " actually whets americans ' appetite for more information. people search for information in many places and since the use of one source leads to others, museums, public libraries, and the internet complement each other in this information - rich environment. the internet is not replacing in - person visits to libraries and museums and may actually increase onsite use of libraries and museums. there is a positive relationship between internet use and in - person visits to museums and public libraries. the interconnections report provides evidence that public libraries and museums are thriving in the internet age as trusted providers of information to people of all ages. to view the report, please go to http : / / interconnectionsreport. org < http : / / interconnectionsreport. org >. the 2008 webwise conference on libraries and museums in the digital world on march 6, 2008. the annual late winter webwise conference draws museum, library, information systems, and other professionals to explore new research and innovation in digital technology. the 2008 conference, co - hosted by imls and the wolfsonian – florida international university ( the wolfsonian – fiu ), with support from the national endowment for the humanities,


professionals to explore new research and innovation in digital technology. the 2008 conference, co - hosted by imls and the wolfsonian – florida international university ( the wolfsonian – fiu ), with support from the national endowment for the humanities, highlights the growing convergence between libraries and museums in collection and information management. for more information, go to http : / / webwise2008. fcla. edu < http : / / webwise2008. fcla. edu >. joint use conference proceedings now available open lib / info sci education forum [ jesse @ listserv. utk. edu ] ; on behalf of ; sarah mcnicol [ ebase @ hotmail. co. uk ] jesse @ listserv. utk. edu mon 5 / 11 / 2007 for any public, academic, special or school library considering any form of joint / dual use library or library based service partnership. full proceedings of the first international joint use libraries conference, twenty - six papers from overseas $ 70. 00 plus $ 20. 00 p & h each from auslib press, fax ( 08 ) 8278 4000 international + 61 8 8278 4000 jsc document 2008 / 01 / 25 mcgarry, dorothy [ firstname. lastname @ example. org ] sla - dst sun 27 / 01 / 2008 the following document was posted on the jsc web site on 2008 / 01 / 25 : - 5jsc / chair / 9 / chair follow - up / 6 [ appendix on initial articles ] knowledge 2008 : map of human knowledge chaim zins [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org wed 6 / 02 / 2008 dear friends & colleagues, knowledge 2008 is an ongoing r & d project aimed at mapping human knowledge and facilitating efficient information searching. the project is composed of 6 parts : map, portal, smart search, encyclopedia, overview, and forum : knowledge 2008 : map of human knowledge < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / map / map. html > overview. a systematic map of human knowledge. the knowledge map maps 500 major fields. human knowledge is composed of 10 pillars. each pillar is divided into relevant categories and presents the relevant field. unique characteristics. to better evaluate the map let us look at its unique characteristics : 1. the 10 pillar structure, which is based on the knowledge - supernatural - universe - humans model is unique. 2. the distinction between categories of the map ( e


unique characteristics. to better evaluate the map let us look at its unique characteristics : 1. the 10 pillar structure, which is based on the knowledge - supernatural - universe - humans model is unique. 2. the distinction between categories of the map ( e. g., theory ) and fields of knowledge ( e. g., philosophy of knowledge ) is unique. imagine that the map mirrors a library. the pillars are bookcases. the categories are shelves, and the fields of knowledge are books. the library of human knowledge has 10 bookcases, 100 shelves, and a collection of 500 books. 3. the theory - embodiment structure is unique. the map has a theory - embodiment structure. it is manifested within the map level, the pillar level, and the field level. [ in the map level : pillar 1 is ' the theory ' part of human knowledge ( hk ). it is composed of the meta - knowledge of hk. pillars 2 - 10 are ' the embodiment ' of hk. they are composed of our knowledge on the explored phenomena ( the supernatural, the universe, the living world, and humans. in the pillar level : each pillar has ' a theory ' category. in the field level : each field has ' a theory ' sub - field ( e. g., philosophy of medicine, literary theory, philosophy of art ) 4. the categories of the map were formulated in this research. knowledge 2008 : portal to human knowledge < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / portal / portal. html > overview. a systematic portal to top quality resources. currently, the portal includes hundreds links to top resources in all fields of knowledge. knowledge 2008 : smart search < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / search / index. html > overview. a systematic user interface of internet search engines. it is designed to facilitate an efficient information searching. currently, it is implemented for google search engine. rationale. search words are essential for formulating effective search queries. unfortunately, most searchers are not familiar with the relevant search terms. it is assumed that in every field there are main keywords that relate to the core knowledge of the field. the idea is to develop a systematic user interface that presents the main keywords in the major fields of knowledge. knowledge 2008 : encyclopedic portal to wikipedia < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / encyclopedia / index. html > overview. a systematic portal


that presents the main keywords in the major fields of knowledge. knowledge 2008 : encyclopedic portal to wikipedia < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / encyclopedia / index. html > overview. a systematic portal to the wikipedia encyclopedia. the portal implements the knowledge map for facilitating systematic access to wikipedia ' s encyclopedic articles. rationale. wikipedia is a general encyclopedia. it is free and popular. undoubtedly, wikipedia is a significant international, intercultural, and interdisciplinary project despite the poor quality of many articles. note that the map can be implemented in other encyclopedias. a concise overview of the knowledge map. an academic and professional forum ( via email ) on the theoretical and practical aspects of the project. please feel free to reflect. thanks. knowledge 2008 < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / index. html > : map < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / map / map. html > - portal < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / portal / portal. html > - encyclopedia < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / encyclopedia / index. html > - smart search < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / search / index. html > - overview < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / overview / 1. html > - forum < http : / / www. success. co. il / knowledge / forum / forum. html > knowledge map of information science < http : / / www. success. co. il / is / index. html > chaim zins, phd. knowledge mapping research homepage : www. success. co. il < http : / / www. success. co. il / > knowledge 2008 : map of human knowledge lc releases final report on future of bib control open lib / info sci education forum [ jesse @ listserv. utk. edu ] ; on behalf of ; b. g. sloan [ bgsloan2 @ yahoo. com ] jesse @ listserv. utk. edu fri 11 / 01 / 2008 library of congress subject headings report mcgarry, dorothy [ email @ example. com ] science - technology division wed 5 / 03 / 2008 from : miller, david [ mailto : firstname. lastname @ example. org ] sent : tuesday, march 04, 2008


report mcgarry, dorothy [ email @ example. com ] science - technology division wed 5 / 03 / 2008 from : miller, david [ mailto : firstname. lastname @ example. org ] sent : tuesday, march 04, 2008 7 : 21 am subject : [ ccs - sac ] library of congress subject headings report hello, everyone - pardon me if you ' ve all seen this announced already ( i ' m only on a couple of mailing lists and look at a handful of blogs ), but this doesn ' t seem to have received a lot of play yet. the report " library of congress subject headings : pre - vs. post - coordination and related issues " is out from cpso, and is available at http : / / www. loc. gov / catdir / cpso / pre _ vs _ post. pdf. mark perkins lists [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org thu 1 / 11 / 2007 5 : 52 pm isoc netherlands and isoc belgium participate in the launch of opendoc society a new member - based organisation, opendoc society, will try to bring a global community of users, technologists, and decision makers together around open document format ( odf ). the opendoc society will be trying to build a community around the open document format ( iso 26300 : 2006 ) and related document standards as key technologies for our society and the internet in a pre - competitive way. open document format ( odf ) is an oasis / iso - standardized, vendor neutral file format that enables cross - platform collaboration between people and many different types of applications - from office suites to server software. having such a standard will re - establish full ownership of documents to users, guaranteeing unhindered access to content now and in the future. at the same time, it will contribute to interoperability and innovation across platforms and applications. this will help people work more efficiently and take away the dependency on specific software companies and versions of software for having access to one ' s own content. it is not about converting people to use specific software. it promotes all odf - based technology alike : may the best offering in any given situation win. this pragmatic and positive approach is what makes the opendoc society unique. a growing number of governments, including the dutch, belgian, south - african and danish governments, is moving away from the proprietary formats such as. doc,. wpd and. xls and


approach is what makes the opendoc society unique. a growing number of governments, including the dutch, belgian, south - african and danish governments, is moving away from the proprietary formats such as. doc,. wpd and. xls and converting to odf. on 23 october 2007, the new initiative was launched with a large event in the royal library in the founding board of opendoc society will consist of bert bakker ( director of center for media and communication, and former member of the the organization wants to expand internationally and hopes it can play a strategic role in creating awareness and building a community to further the growth of odf. more information can be found at : there is already interest from a number of isoc chapters to set up local branches. if you want to start a chapter of opendoc society in your region, contact : email @ example. com or alternatively contact one of the people below : isoc netherlands, nlnet foundation phone : + 31 ( 0 ) 20 8884251 cell phone : + 31 ( 0 ) 6 27050947 sip : michiel [ @ t ] isoc. nl machtelt. garrels [ @ t ] isoc. be m : + 32 ( 0 ) 473 94 68 78 if you have any questions regarding your membership please contact isoc membership team at < membership at isoc. org >. copyright ( c ) 2007 internet society. permission to duplicate and redistribute in any form is granted as long as this copyright and this notice remain intact. pioneers in information management scoop top awards federation for information & documentation [ lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk ] ; on behalf of ; dcsa dst - im4 [ dcsadst - im4 @ defence. mod. uk ] lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk wed 28 / 11 / 2007 pioneers in information management scoop top awards ukeig are delighted to announce today the winners of the strix and jason farradane awards, which will be presented at the online information conference and exhibition at both awards celebrate achievement in the broad field of information management. the 2007 strix award, created in honour of dr tony kent, is made to mats lindquist, senior executive officer at the national library of sweden. " we ' re delighted to award the tenth annual strix award to professor lindquist, " said adrian dale, editor of the journal of information science and online information conference chairman. " in


, senior executive officer at the national library of sweden. " we ' re delighted to award the tenth annual strix award to professor lindquist, " said adrian dale, editor of the journal of information science and online information conference chairman. " in the world of practical full text information retrieval he is one of the " giants ", wholly in the spirit of tony kent ' s contribution in chemical information ". professor lindquist won the strix award for his key role in the development and significant improvement in accessibility to an information service through the business development of the jason farradane award, which recognises brilliant work in information science, is made to executive director of intute, caroline williams and the intute community network. intute is a free online service, created in partnership with university subject specialists, with over 100, 000 links to academic content on the web, as well as a suite of virtual training tutorials and internet information services. adrian dale praised highly the winners. " intute is a great example of the intute ' s origins lie in the 1996 electronic libraries programme, where a number of librarians and researchers won jisc ( joint information systems committee ) funding to develop their ideas for new internet gateway services. the service has thrived as it has always actively pursued exploring original ways of working online, as a community. intute has also innovated with new technologies - such as web 2. 0 - but always against balanced judgements about their relative value to education and research. the awards will be presented at the online conference to be held from 4 - 6 december at contact : chris armstrong, ukeig and information automation ltd tel : ( + 44 ) 1974 251302 notes for editors ukeig is an established professional group for all information professionals, users and developers of electronic information resources. the group encourages communication and the exchange of best practice and knowledge across all sectors ; and offers an e - journal, a mailing list, an annual programme of training courses ; and an array of awards and bursaries. ukeig is a special interest group of cilip : the chartered institute of library and information professionals. www. cilip. org. uk sage is a leading international publisher of journals, books, and electronic media for academic, educational, and professional markets. since 1965, sage has helped inform and educate a global community of scholars, practitioners, researchers, and students spanning a wide range of subject areas including business, humanities, social sciences, and science, technology and medicine. an independent company, sage has


. since 1965, sage has helped inform and educate a global community of scholars, practitioners, researchers, and students spanning a wide range of subject areas including business, humanities, social sciences, and science, technology and medicine. an independent company, sage has principal the journal of information science is an international journal of high repute covering topics of interest to all those researching and working in the sciences of information and knowledge management. the journal seeks to achieve a better understanding of the principles that underpin the effective creation, organization, storage, communication and utilization of information and knowledge resources. it also seeks to understand how policy and practice in the area can be built on sound theoretical or heuristic foundations to achieve a greater impact on the world economy. http : / / jis. sagepub. com / the strix award is presented in memory of dr tony kent, a past fellow of the past winners have been stella dextre clarke ( 2006 ) ; jack mills ( 2005 ) ; professor cornelis joost ( keith ) van rijsbergen ( 2004 ) ; dr herbert van sompel ( 2003 ) ; malcolm jones ( 2002 ) ; professor peter willett ( 2001 ) ; dr martin porter ( 2000 ) ; dr donna harman ( 1999 ) ; professor stephen robertson ( 1998 ). jason farradane graduated in chemistry in 1929 at what is now the centre for information science in 1966. on the research side his main contributions lay in relational analysis, which can now perhaps be seen as providing a precursor to work in the area of a. i., and the concept of information. he saw information science as a step towards understanding and better organizing ourselves. the iis first presented the award in 1979, to jason farradane. previous award winners have proceedings of the 1st african information ethics conference firstname. lastname @ example. org ; on behalf of ; m. j. menou [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org ; sigiii - l ; sigifp - l ; eurchap tue 30 / 10 / 2007 the 7th volume of irie ( 01 / 2007 ) is dedicated entirely to the publication of the proceedings of the first african information ethics conference ( www. africainfoethics. org < http : / / www. africainfoethics. org > ) that was held in february, 5 - 7, 2007 in dr. michel j. menou visiting professor, slais, consultant in ict policies and knowledge & information management adviser of somos @


www. africainfoethics. org > ) that was held in february, 5 - 7, 2007 in dr. michel j. menou visiting professor, slais, consultant in ict policies and knowledge & information management adviser of somos @ telecentros board http : / / www. tele - centros. org member of the founding steering committee of telecenters of the americas partnership http : / / www. tele - centers. net / b. p. 15 f - 49350 les rosiers sur phone : + 33 ( 0 ) 2 41511043 publishing trade associations issue clear rules for orphan works " safe harbor " for users of academic and scholarly journals mark perkins lists [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org fri 26 / 10 / 2007 publishing trade associations issue clear rules for orphan works " safe harbor " for users of academic and scholarly journals london, 24 october 2007 - three trade associations, the association of learned and professional society publishers ( alpsp ), the international association of scientific, technical & medical publishers ( stm ) and the professional / scholarly division ( psp ) of the association of american publishers today released a further step towards establishing clear rules for users of copyright works who cannot locate the owners of such works ( so - called " orphan works " ) to obtain permission to include such content in new works, course - packs, and compilations. the " safe harbor " statement we are releasing today is an evolution in policy and practice from statements and positions announced previously ( see prior stm, ipa and aap stakeholders around the world are currently debating whether orphan works should be dealt with as a matter of a copyright exception, a reduction in copyright penalties once a " parent " is located, or a blanket collective license. the view of alpsp, stm and psp is that private market solutions are almost always to be preferred, since they are the most likely to provide tangible results, and that solution is put forward in the new " safe harbor " the safe harbor document outlines a need for a viable and diligence search request, and identifies resources that should be consulted, including a list of journal publisher imprints that the associations have compiled. users who conduct such a search where the owner of such a work is later identified, will be subject only to a normal license fee and will not be subject to any statutory, punitive or special fees or damages. a significant number of alpsp, stm and psp members have acceded to the safe


work is later identified, will be subject only to a normal license fee and will not be subject to any statutory, punitive or special fees or damages. a significant number of alpsp, stm and psp members have acceded to the safe harbor principles, and it is hoped many more will join shortly. in a sense this effort creates an actual legal right that would otherwise only be available through extensive formal legislation. the safe harbor that members of the three associations are providing will significantly increase the ability of scholarly users, researchers and writers, to utilize the rich resources of scholarly and academic journal content for the benefit of all. the association of learned and professional society publishers ( alpsp ) is the international trade association for not - for - profit publishers and those who work with them. http : / / www. alpsp. org stm - international association of scientific, technical and medical publishers - is an international association of about 100 scientific, technical, medical and scholarly publishers, collectively responsible for more than 60 % of the global annual output of research articles, over half the active research journals and the publication of tens of thousands of print and electronic books, reference works and databases. the professional & scholarly publishing ( psp ) division of the association of american publishers, inc. ( aap ) serves over 140 commercial, not - for - profit, and university press publishers who provide scholarly information in the sciences, technology, medicine, business, law, and the humanities and social sciences. psp engages in educational and advocacy activities for the advancement of scholarship and the broad interests of information services community. http : / / www. pspcentral. org for further information, please contact : mark seeley eu information officer tel. : + 31 70 309 05 52 fax : + 31 70 309 05 58 lobbying for archives and libraries rda vocabularies work begun mcgarry, dorothy [ email @ example. com ] science - technology division thu 21 / 02 / 2008 announcement : work begins on the rda vocabularies the dcmi / rda task group was formed in april of 2007, when members of the joint steering committee for the development of rda, dublin core and the w3c semantic web deployment working group met in 1. definition of an rda element vocabulary 2. disclosure on the public web of rda value vocabularies using rdf / rdfs / skos technologies the rda vocabularies project proposes to surface these underlying bibliographic elements in the form of semantic web voca


. disclosure on the public web of rda value vocabularies using rdf / rdfs / skos technologies the rda vocabularies project proposes to surface these underlying bibliographic elements in the form of semantic web vocabularies, thereby making them reusable in semantic web applications and citable with uniform resource identifiers ( uris ). this will be based on rdf ( resource description framework ), a generic grammar for expressing data for use not just by humans, but also in automated processes of data integration and " intelligent " reasoning. the work will be lead by the dcmi / rda task group chairs : gordon dunsire of the * karen coyle ( independent consultant well known in the library world ) * alistair miles ( editor for the simple knowledge organization system ( skos ) and member of the w3c swdwg ) * mikael nilsson ( researcher in the knowledge management research group, royal institute of technology, sweden and co - chair of the dcmi architecture forum ) partial funding for the effort has been secured, and sources of additional funding are still being sought. potential funders should contact diane hillmann at firstname. lastname @ example. org for further information. public information on the progress of the project is available on the dcmi / rda task group wiki, see : http : / / dublincore. org / dcmirdataskgroup /. continuing discussion on the work of the task group will take place on the public mailing list maintained by the task group and available for open subscription at : http : / / www. jiscmail. ac. uk / lists / dc - rda. html. feedback, comment and experimentation with the products that the group will be presenting is both welcome and essential to the success of the work. socrs ( serials and other continuing resources section ) - proceedings ann okerson [ email @ example. com ] ifla mailing list tue 26 / 02 / 2008 we are very happy to let you know that the proceedings of our august 2007 socrs ( serials and other continuing resources section ) satellite conference are now up on line at the web site, located at : the title of this satellite conference was : electronic resource management systems : a solution with its own challenges, held at the university of the western cape, cape town, south africa august 16 - 17, 2007. the papers presented are of an exceptional caliber and bring together state of the art information about erms, which will be of value to librarian


challenges, held at the university of the western cape, cape town, south africa august 16 - 17, 2007. the papers presented are of an exceptional caliber and bring together state of the art information about erms, which will be of value to librarians in many institutions around the world. when you click on " papers, " you will arrive at the section where the speakers ' abstracts and full text presentations are available. the speakers ' bios are all available on the link called " speakers. " the full contents are listed below. editing of the papers was done over the last few months by graziano kratli, international program support librarian at yale university library, and we owe him immense gratitude for this painstaking work. we also owe, again, huge thanks to the various socrs members who helped to plan and organize this event, as well as to our hosts at the university of the as they say, " enjoy " this substantive contribution to current serials and library work, and please share this information with your various e - mail lists and contacts. cordially, ann okerson chair, serials and other continuing resources section associate university librarian, collections & international programs yale university library firstname. lastname @ example. org rochelle ballard and jennifer lang the hidden benefits of implementing an electronic resources management system. text & ppt robert bley ( ex libris ) dis - integration and re - integration : ermss in the wider context - predictions. text & ppt. richard burke ( scelc ) a consortial approach to information management. text & ppt. ted fons ( innovative interfaces ) the present and future of electronic resource management systems : public and staff. text & ppt. brian green ( editeur ) licenses and erms : standards for the expression of publisher / library licenses. text & ppt. dalene hawthorne ( kimberly parker ( text & ppt. oliver pesch ( ebsco information services ) connecting e - resource management systems and usage statistics. text & ppt. dorette snyman ( wilhelm widmark ( alicia wise ( publishers licensing society ) electronic resource management : copyright and licensing context presentation. ppt only. federation for information & documentation [ lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk ] ; on behalf of ; paul nieuwenhuysen [ pnieuwen @ vub. ac. be ] lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk wed 7 / 11 / 2007 an international training program on "


; on behalf of ; paul nieuwenhuysen [ pnieuwen @ vub. ac. be ] lis - fid @ jiscmail. ac. uk wed 7 / 11 / 2007 an international training program on " information " : scientific and technological information management in universities and libraries : an active training environment ( edition 8 ) announcement information about this training program can be found on the www starting from : the program is planned to take place mainly in october 1 - december 19, 2008. language used is english. our motto is : " helping educators and innovators to advance knowledge and to enrich lives " context and evolution of the program : the initiative has been approved by the flemish interuniversity council ( vlir ) and is sponsored by the belgian government ( the directorate named dgos since december 2002 ). this fits in a series of similar international training activities that have been organized since 1991, named mist 1, 2, 3, know - how, and stimulate 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. this initiative is aimed primarily at persons with a university degree ( bachelor or master ), who work in universities, information and documentation centres, and libraries, including of course university libraries, and who have a few years of practical experience. the term active training environment in the title of the training program reflects our wish to create an environment in which each participant is stimulated to get involved actively, supported by the lecturers and the infrastructure provided by the training program. this fits well into the general, worldwide trend away from " teaching " to " learning management ". aim / goal of the training program : the main aim and goal of this international training program is to offer a stimulating learning environment to the participants. these are young scientists and professionals who have a function as information intermediary in the area of science and technology, so as to sharpen their skills in collecting, storing, retrieving, presenting and managing information. this can be of great benefit to the teaching and research activities going on in their institute and to the further development of their organisation and region. this initiative corresponds well with the basic, general aim of all the international training programs that are supported by vlir : to train young scientists and professionals from developing countries in a domain that is relevant for the further development of the country, and to stimulate the participants to transfer their increased knowledge and skills to their colleagues and other stakeholders in their home country. more specific objectives of the training program : - - to provide participants with a


domain that is relevant for the further development of the country, and to stimulate the participants to transfer their increased knowledge and skills to their colleagues and other stakeholders in their home country. more specific objectives of the training program : - - to provide participants with a clearer view on the importance of information in general and for their environment in particular, and on how to manage information : summarised : " management in libraries and information centres " - - to learn the participants to cope with modern technology, in view of the increasing importance of ict ; summarised : " information and communication technology for libraries and information centres " - - to guide them in retrieving information that is publicly accessible on an international scale : summarised : " information retrieval / searching " and - - to learn them to store, organise, present, manage, publish information resources at personal, institutional, regional or national level : summarised : " information architecture " after being actively involved in this international training program, every participant will have improved the ability - - to appreciate and explain the importance of access to information for their organisation - - to present information to users and potential users, using appropriate information technology - - to train interested persons in the use and management of information, using appropriate presentation techniques - - to contribute to the planning of the ( further ) development of an information service - - to communicate through the internet with users of information, information providers, colleagues, … - - to apply quantitative methods in decision making related to information systems and services - - to retrieve information from the internet - - to store information for later retrieval and access by potential users, using information technology contents of the program : 3 months means about 10 weeks or about 50 days. during about 3 days per week for 10 weeks = 30 days, the participants will be guided by professors and other experts. during the other 2 days per week for 10 weeks = 20 days, they will work on tasks = assignments as individuals or in groups, and their reports will be presented and discussed afterwards again guided by professors and other experts. the sessions are organised in such a way that - - the first month = introduction level, - - the second month = intermediate level, and - - the third month = more advanced level. thanks to this approach and organisation, it may make sense to participate exceptionally during only one or two of the three months, depending on expertise. however, the available scholarships are granted only to persons who will participate for the full three months. to start with, the participants are offered an orientation tour of the university and the university


during only one or two of the three months, depending on expertise. however, the available scholarships are granted only to persons who will participate for the full three months. to start with, the participants are offered an orientation tour of the university and the university library. then some of the following subjects are covered. of course, due to the limited available time, not all the mentioned subjects can be discussed in each training program, but a selection will be made by the organisers. the concrete content of each training program depends on the availability of suitable expert lecturers from during the period of the training program. as soon as possible, the concrete schedule is made available through the www site of the program. 1. management in libraries and information centers : statistics to support decision making for information science and for library management. business plans for libraries and information centers. using spreadsheets in the management of libraries and information centers. consortia of libraries for the acquisition of electronic journals and databases. scientific writing methods. isbd = international standard bibliographic description. formats for computer - based cataloguing ; marc formats. national libraries and national bibliographies. knowledge organisation : subject classification schemes ; thesaurus systems, ontologies. assessing the influence of scientific journals ; citations and impact factors. the bibliometric laws. architecture of libraries and information centers. orientation of information users ; relations with information users. interlibrary lending and co - operation ; document delivery. development of a national or regional information network. the information society. cultural aspects of the information society and information technology transfer. copyright ; information security ; trans - border data flow. writing a project proposal ( for instance related to the establishment of an information network ). conservation / preservation of printed documents. conservation / preservation of digital documents. informetric aspects of the internet. artificial intelligence and knowledge representation in information science. electronic journals : implementation in a library. integration of e - learning environments and library services. libraries involvement in scientific publishing. international co - operation projects. 2. information and communication technology for libraries and information centers : microcomputer systems : evolution of hardware. disks for computers. cd - rom in a local area network. cd - r, cd - rw, dvd - r, dvd + r, dvd - rw, dvd + rw. microcomputer operating systems. microcomputer systems : applications software. text editing ; word processing ; desktop publishing. presentation of data, using a microcomputer. creating charts to present information


- rw, dvd + rw. microcomputer operating systems. microcomputer systems : applications software. text editing ; word processing ; desktop publishing. presentation of data, using a microcomputer. creating charts to present information. image processing ; graphics file formats ; photo / image editing. multimedia / hypermedia. data communication ; computer networks ; internet. world - wide web ; hypertext and hypermedia. data - communications networks and librarians. selecting and procuring a computer system ; writing a proposal for a computer implementation. providing access to information through public internet workstations. methods for access to databases through internet : telnet, http / www, z39. 50 and iso239. 50, open archives initiative - metadata harvesting protocol. 3. information retrieval / searching : introductory concepts about information. internet - based information resources : introduction. the information industry and the information market. online information retrieval and database searching ; search tactics and strategies. internet search engines. information available free of charge ; open access. online access databases about books and about journal articles. electronic newsletters and journals. computer - network based interest groups. online systems versus cd - rom. theoretical and quantitative aspects of information retrieval. evaluation of information retrieval strategies and systems. evaluating the quality of information sources. 4. information architecture and digital libraries : basic, fundamental, theoretical concepts. software packages for local storage and retrieval of bibliographic information. introduction to the the application of printer ; developing a database structure ; indexing data for fast retrieval ; windows ; winisis ; history and future of isis ; programming in formats : marc ; application of marc in downloading of information and record format conversion. online public access catalogues ( opacs ). archives and records management. archives in the domain of science and technology. geographic information systems ( gis ) : an introduction. developing a web site ; html, css, xml, xsl ; intranets ; developing an intranet. evaluating web sites. dynamic web pages. developing co - operative community www sites ; web contents management systems. setting up an electronic newsletter. extensions of the classical www. ( client - based and server - based ). in addition to the courses taking place at the university campus, study visits are organised. a selection from the following possible visits is made : - - to the royal ( national ) - - to the european patent office - - to the information service of the geology department of the - - to the inter - university postgraduate school on information and library


a selection from the following possible visits is made : - - to the royal ( national ) - - to the european patent office - - to the information service of the geology department of the - - to the inter - university postgraduate school on information and library science at the university of antwerp, belgium - - to the library of the university of antwerp, belgium - - to the human sciences library of the - - to the library of the - - to the city library of - - to the old central library and to the modern science and technology library of the kul ( university ) in - - to the vliz marine science information and documentation centre near the sea coast in oostende / - - to the central library of - - to the documentation department of the kit ( the royal tropical institute ), and to the high school on libraries, documentation and information, both in - - to the headquarters of ifla and to the national, royal library in den haag / - - to the institute for social studies ( iss ) in den haag / more culturally oriented guided visits are also organised ; these may include trips to the old cities of soon after the start of the program, each participant presents to the other participants and to interested lecturers his / her interests, working environment, planning, tasks, experience. this is organised with printed posters in a small poster exhibition with time allotted for stimulating and ice - breaking discussions. at the end of the course, each participant completes a presentation supported by slides managed on computer, with constructive comments on the training program experienced and with concrete recommendations to the organisers of this training program and to the director of their own organisation. about half of the time, the participants are guided by experts who are invited to the university. they use the other half time to solve problems, to make exercises, to use microcomputers and the internet, to prepare discussions, for self study... besides the formal, guided course activities, the participants have access like any regular student at our university - - to several rooms equipped with microcomputers connected to the internet, - - to the university library which offers printed material, cd - roms and pcs with internet access, - - to the university restaurant and to sport facilities at low student prices. at the end of the program all participants obtain a certificate stating that they have indeed participated, with a reference to the full detailed overview of the program contents on the www site of the program. several substantial parts of the program are followed by an evaluation by the responsible expert of


the program all participants obtain a certificate stating that they have indeed participated, with a reference to the full detailed overview of the program contents on the www site of the program. several substantial parts of the program are followed by an evaluation by the responsible expert of the knowledge and skills acquired by each participant ; this can lead to a certificate of active and successful participation. notebook pc for each participant : participants should of course bring a notebook or laptop computer, if they have one available. this notebook pc should ideally include a wireless network card ( wifi ) to connect to the internet through the university wireless network. if however that is not possible, then the participant should communicate about this problem with the secretariat of the training program, as soon as possible ; then the program organisers can try to rent a personal notebook computer for the participant at a reasonable price. poster session by participants : each participant is expected to create a poster about ongoing activities related to information management in their home institution. this poster is presented in a poster session as early as possible early in the program. in this way, participants and some professors get to know each other efficiently and the participants learn to present information in the format of a scientific poster. therefore, participants are encouraged to bring supporting materials like folders, leaflets, photos, maps, etc … for inclusion in their poster. scientific tutorial presentations by participants : each participant is expected to present a tutorial presentation during the program of maximum 15 minutes, with 10 minutes of questions and answers plus discussion foreseen. the audience is composed of the other participants. the topic of each presentation is one aspect of their expertise. the aims are the following : - participants improve their scientific presentation, teaching and communication skills, - they share their knowledge with the other participants, - participants get to know each other better, - the session may form a basis for possible later co - operation, etc … teachers, professors, experts, resource persons : the following will be invited. they may contribute as they did in previous programs, if their agenda and the limited duration of the training program allow this : " collier, kul, " dekeyser, kul, " de keyser, hogeschool, and " de smet, " koninckx, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium " holans, kul, " nieuwenhuysen, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium " nyssen, vrije universiteit brussel, bruss


brussel, belgium " holans, kul, " nieuwenhuysen, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium " nyssen, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium " rousseau, universiteit antwerpen, " van audenhove, vrije universiteit brussel, brussel, belgium " vanderpijpen, royal / national library, social and cultural activities planned : - poster presentation by each participant to the other participants and to invited guests, about information management in their home institute, on the same evening as the welcome reception with drinks and appetizers, early in the program. - evening with the opportunity to learn more about beer tasting and to taste some of the world - famous belgian beers and some belgian food. - photography contests. - farewell gathering with drinks and snacks. ( final evening of the program ) furthermore the participants can join some of the many activities at the university and in participation, registration = tuition fee and costs : participation is free of charge (! ) for 12 participants from developing countries. they are selected by the steering committee of the program, by vlir ( the flemish inter - university council ) section for university co - operation vlir - uos, and by dgos. they also receive a return flight ticket plus a scholarship to cover the costs of transport from the airport upon arrival to their room, accommodation, health insurance during the stay in and finally transport from their room to the airport. the detailed forms that are needed to request a grant = scholarship should be available through the internet from the www site of vlir - uos. their site is http : / / www. vliruos. be / at the time of writing this text, the required forms, one for the request and one for the recommendation letters could be downloaded primarily from http : / / www. vliruos. be / index. php? navid = 380 & direct _ to = scholarships _ programme and from http : / / www. vliruos. be / index. php? navid = 322 & direct _ to = downloads grant applications must be received by vlir before the end of january! ( and not before the end of february as in previous years up to 2005 ). official and formal requests for a grant - scholarship or any other correspondence about the grants should be sent to vlir - uos in the ideal participant applying for a grant is younger than


the end of february as in previous years up to 2005 ). official and formal requests for a grant - scholarship or any other correspondence about the grants should be sent to vlir - uos in the ideal participant applying for a grant is younger than 40 years, and will be able to apply what has been learned directly in a professional scientific or technical environment afterwards. besides the persons who receive a grant from the belgian government through vlir, 8 persons can participate after paying a registration = tuition fee that is small in comparison with similar programs. the costs mentioned do not include air travel, - to participate during the full period : 2400 euro - exceptionally, persons who cannot participate for the whole period can nevertheless participate during 2 months only ( 1800 euro ) or during 1 month only ( 1000 euro ). it makes sense to attend for instance the first month or the first two months only. it makes less sense to participate only during the second or the third month, as introductions to some activities or topics may be missed. - to participate to particular items selected from the program : 30 euro per half day. to register and pay the registration = tuition fee, send the form ( see below ) by classical mail or by private courier, together with an international bank transfer / bank cheque / bank draft, payable to university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussel, belgium, with no need for any bank account numbers. if however this simple procedure is not suitable for you, then you can transfer the required sum of money to the following bank account of the vrije universiteit brussel : fortis bank located at warandeberg 3 in account number 001 - 0686459 - 66 or iban = be07 0010 6864 5966 and do not forget (! ) to mention as a remark : for internal account vopa21 biblink3 university library stimulate international training program. the money received by the vrije universiteit brussel financial department must be transferred internally ; this transfer takes about 1 week, which means a delay in the registration procedure, which is better avoided. ( without your remark, the money may be not retraceable and lost. ) realize that some bank transfer costs are involved and that these should be paid besides the requested participation fee that is transferred. there is no formal deadline. however, we recommend you to register as early as possible, because " first come, first served " : the arrival of


bank transfer costs are involved and that these should be paid besides the requested participation fee that is transferred. there is no formal deadline. however, we recommend you to register as early as possible, because " first come, first served " : the arrival of your participation fee determines who can participate. furthermore the later a participant is registered, the more difficult it becomes to find cheap and suitable accommodation. there is no need to " apply " prior to the registration, to request permission to participate or to be accepted, from the organizers of the program or from their universities. also there is no age limit. the decision if the program is suitable and appropriate for an interested person is to be made by that person and not by the organizers. this is similar as participation to a conference. invitation letters can be sent on request if needed, but in principle only when the participation = registration fee has been received. this announcement is in fact an invitation. it is a waste of time to ask the organisers of the program about sponsors besides vlir mentioned above. participants are covered during their stay by a full medical insurance. this costs about 40 euro per month. this is formalised as soon as possible after arrival in the organisers of this program normally book in advance a single, cheap, basic room with access to a shared kitchen, as accommodation for each participant, unless a participant writes us that he / she wants to take care of accommodation personally, for instance by staying with a friend or by renting a room that offers more luxury. participants pay for their accommodation directly to the person or organisation providing accommodation in the cost of living in according to previous participants and in agreement with the grants provided by vlir - uos, 1100 euro per month should be enough to cover all expenses, including accommodation, transport, food … how to contact the organizers? e - mail ( internet ) : stimulate at vub. ac. be ( or in case that this does not seem to work, to paul. nieuwenhuysen at vub. ac. be ) ( change at in @ when you want to use an address ) fax 32 2 629 2693 ( or 2282 ) tel. 32 2 629 2629 or 32 2 629 2429 or 32 2 629 2609 telex 61051 vubco - b stimulate - itp ( or paul nieuwenhuysen ), university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussels, belgium the training is


61051 vubco - b stimulate - itp ( or paul nieuwenhuysen ), university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussels, belgium the training is mainly organized at the university library of the vrije universiteit brussel. the campus is located south of the older centre of the city of http : / / wikitravel. org / en / brussels http : / / www. agenda. be / about events going on in http : / / www. disgruntled. ca / writings / brussels / offers information on based on the experience of living there for some time http : / / www. eric - maerschalck. be / brussels / bruxelles. php? log = no offers photos made in http : / / www. ilotsacre. be / site / en / default _ en. htm offers an interactive map and photos of http : / / www. sievers. nl / visitbrussels / shows some photos made in interesting trips are possible to places in neighbouring countries like the netherlands and france. therefore, participants should try to obtain also a visa for those countries ( a so called schengen - visa ). program and steering committee : the course director is dr. paul nieuwenhuysen, professor at the vrije universiteit brussel and guest professor at universiteit antwerpen, science and technology librarian of the vrije universiteit brussel. http : / / www. vub. ac. be / biblio / nieuwenhuysen / professional / an official, formal steering committee is composed of members from the co - operating universities in - vrije universiteit brussel, - universiteit antwerpen - katholieke universiteit leuven this steering committee supervises the organisation, the program and the budget. this committee reports formally to vlir. this version is dated 2007 - 11 - 06 to stimulate, university library, vrije universiteit brussel, pleinlaan 2, b - 1050 brussel, i want to participate. therefore i send this as a letter and i pay the registration = tuition fee as described in the announcement of the international training program on information. ( so the following is not the form to apply for a grant. use this form only when you pay the registration = tuition fee. ) a. family name ( surname ) :.


as described in the announcement of the international training program on information. ( so the following is not the form to apply for a grant. use this form only when you pay the registration = tuition fee. ) a. family name ( surname ) :............................... ( married female participants please fill in maiden - name as well as name of husband ) b. first or given names ( according to your official passport ) :.............. personal address :................................... electronic mail address telephone, fax, telex : date of birth : place of birth : nationality : sex : male / female a. name and address of employer :................. b. since :.. /.. /.. c. position - function - specialization d. telephone, fax, telex and / or e - mail of the employer : education - studies : name of institute degree date knowledge of english : writing :........ speaking :........ reading :....... have you been abroad earlier? please specify : duties that you will carry out after returning to your country : please book a room for me or do not book a room for me ; i will take care myself of accommodation date and signature :..................... please include a recent photograph, as this will simplify identifying you upon arrival. tape publishes audio tape digitisation workflow anne muller [ email @ example. com ] ; on behalf of ; ecpa e - mail [ firstname. lastname @ example. org ] iflaemail @ example. com fri 7 / 03 / 2008 tape has published web - based guidelines for digitisation. they describe the digitisation workflow for analogue open reel tapes as a step by step approach for the production of digital copies from analogue tapes from a technical point of view. most of the workflow may also be applied to audio cassettes. the workflow was written by juha henriksson ( finnish jazz & pop archive ) & nadja wallas


production of digital copies from analogue tapes from a technical point of view. most of the workflow may also be applied to audio cassettes. the workflow was written by juha henriksson ( finnish jazz & pop archive ) & nadja wallaszkovits the workflow is mainly aimed at newcomers in the world of audio tape digitization. it contains references to other literature and many detailed photographs. you will find the workflow at http : / / www. jazzpoparkisto. net / audio / the tape project, training for audiovisual preservation in european commission on preservation and access ( ecpa ) c / o royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences p. o. box 19121, nl - 1000 gc amsterdam, the netherlands visiting address : trippenhuis, kloveniersburgwal 29, nl - 1011 jv amsterdam t + + 31 - 20 - 551 08 39 f + + 31 - 20 - 620 49 41 unesco grants usd 5, 000 for information for development success stories sjoerd koopman [ sjoerd. koopman @ ifla. nl ] ifla - l mon 3 / 03 / 2008 win us $ 5, 000 funding for your project through ifap success stories platform < http : / / www. unesco - ci. org / newsletter / lt / t _ go. php? i = 1193 & e = mzuxnje = & l = - http - - www. unesco - ci. org / cgi - bin / ifapstories / page. cgi - - q - g - - e - ; d - - e - 1 > unesco ' s information for all programme ( ifap ) encourages communities using information for development to submit their success stories to the online platform where others could learn from them and adapt them to their own local situations. for more information see http : / / www. unesco - ci. org / cgi - bin / ifapstories / page. cgi? g = ; d = 1 web search : multidisciplinary perspectives firstname. lastname @ example. org ; on behalf of ; amanda spink [ email @ example. com ] firstname. lastname @ example. org mon 25 / 02 / 2008 we ' re pleased to announce the publication of web search : multidisciplinary perspectives in the information science and knowledge management series by springer. contents include contributions approaching web search engines from philosophical, cultural, critical, legal, economic, historical,


2008 we ' re pleased to announce the publication of web search : multidisciplinary perspectives in the information science and knowledge management series by springer. contents include contributions approaching web search engines from philosophical, cultural, critical, legal, economic, historical, political, and information scientific perspectives. the table of contents is pasted below. more information can be found at these links : springer : < http : / / www. springer. com / computer / database + management + % 26 + information + retrieval / book / 978 - 3 - 540 - 75828 - 0 our thanks to all the contributors! web search : multidisciplinary perspectives part i : introduction o introduction ( amanda spink and michael zimmer ) part ii : social, cultural, and philosophical perspectives o through the google goggles : sociopolitical bias in search engine design ( alejandro diaz ) o reconsidering the rhizome : a textual analysis of web search engines as gatekeepers of the internet ( aaron hess ) o exploring gendered notions : gender, job hunting and web o searching ethics : the role of search engines in the distribution of knowledge ( o the gaze of the perfect search engine : google as an infrastructure of dataveillance ( michael zimmer ) part iii : political, legal, and economic perspectives o search engine liability for copyright infringement ( brian fitzgerald, damien o ' brien, and anne fitzgerald ) o search engine bias and the demise of search engine ( eric goldman ) o the democratizing effects of search engine use : on chance exposures and organizational hubs ( azi lev - on ) o ‘ googling ' terrorists : are northern irish terrorists visible on internet search engines? ( paul reilly ) o the history of the internet search engine : navigational media and the traffic ( elizabeth van couvering ) part iv : information behavior perspectives o toward a web search information behavior model ( shirlee ann knight and amanda spink ) o web searching for health : theoretical foundations and connections to health related outcomes ( mohan dutta and graham. bodie ) o search engines and expertise about global issues : well - defined landscape or undomesticated wilderness? ( jenny fry, shefali virkar, and ralph schroeder ) o conceptual models for search ( david hendry and efthimis o web searching : a quality measurement perspective ( dirk lewandowski and nadine hochstotter ) part v : conclusion o conclusions and further research ( amanda spink and michael michael zimmer, phd world book capital